These lightweight linings are very easily installed and are suf-
ficiently pliable to conform well to minor irregularities in the subgrade
on which they are laid. Glass fibers impart slightly greater strength to
the linings than do most other types of reinforcing mats.

Lightweight glass-fiber reinforced asphaltic prefabricated mate-
rials are being manufactured by the following firms:

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Toledo, Ohio
Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Incorporated, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma. (Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation specifi-
cations. )

Glass Fibers, Incorporated, Toledo, Ohio

American Asphalt Roof Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri

Asbestos-reinforced Prefabricated Asphaltic Linings

The asbestos-reinforced prefabricated asphaltic lining mate-
rial is very similar to the glass fiber reinforced material except that
in the former an asbestos mat weighing about 9 pounds per square is
used for reinforcing.

Two test installations using asbestos-reinforced prefabrica-
tions were made in the early part of 1952.

Both the glass- and asbestos-reinforced materials are quite
resistant to rotting or decay in the soil. Bureau tests of canal lining
materials, in the A.S,T,M. standard compost material, show that the
type of asphalt recommended for canal lining is very resistant to attack
by soil micro-organisms. Both glass and asbestos reinforcing mats
are pratically immune to such attack.

Asbestos-reinforced prefabricated linings are available from
Johns-Manville Products Corporation, Pittsburg, California and Waukegan,
Illinois, and the Rubberoid Company, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York City,
New York.

Organic-felt Reinforced Prefabricated Asphaltic Linings

Reinforcing felts of organic materials (rag fibers, wood fibers,
etc. ), also are saturated and coated with asphalt foi use as canal linings.
The weight of these materials is within 40 to 50 pou«s per roll and the
price is expected to be under 35 cents per square yard. One test instal-
lation of this type of lining has been made.

These lining materials are available from the Ruberoid Com-

pany, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York and from Pabco Incorporated, Fourth
and Brannan Streets, San Francisco, California.

13


relining job was not a real big one it does demonstrate the possibilities
of carrying out minor canal relining programs by maintenance personnel
during the non-irrigation season, at substantial savings over contract costs

for similar work.

A recent inspection of this work revealed no apparent defects.

ak ok Kk

A Convenient Storage Rack for Small Parts

The storage rack depicted above is located in the warehouse of
the Twin Falls Canal Company at Twin Falls, Idaho. The accessibility
of all compartments and bins, and their arrangement to permit good light-
ing so that one can readily see what is in each bin, makes this a rather
noteworth piece of equipment.

mek


This system eliminates the use of the "Abstract of Form 7-332"
form and the laborious copying of the data from the Form 7-332 card to
the summary sheet.

In collecting the data from the farmers, each ditchrider is sup-
plied with the cards for all of the units on his beat and is instructed to
obtain, in addition to the data on page 1 and the acreage data on page 4
of the card, only the acres in each crop and the yields of those crops,
He is not to compute total values. Every other day he sends the project
office the cards completed at that time.

As the cards reach the project office, the acreage figures are
balanced to agree with the irrigable acreage figure for each unit and the
cards are sorted according to the way they are to be summarized, that
is, by counties, by land classes, etc. A group of cards, from a dozen
to fifty or more, is then summarized by taking individual items from the
cards directly to the adding machine, the totals being entered on a new
7-332 card marked "Summary." For instance, the item "Acres of
Barley" is taken from each card, totaled, and entered on the summary
card, Then another item such as "Yield of Barley" is handled likewise
and so on until all of the data on the group of cards have been summarized
on the summary card, If two adding machines are used, two items may
be summarized each time through the cards. The summary cards are
then summarized and the totals of acreages and yields are entered on
Form 7-316 where values are computed and totaled to complete the re-
port,

ok ok oe


The Northport Irrigation District has rebuilt the Hyster boom
on this tractor and uses it to handle the remodeled Chattin
ditcher. They have found that the boom is very handy to give
greater maneuverability to the ditcher and to lift it out of the
lateral in by-passing structures, The draft of the ditcher is
taken by the tractor drawbar.

The Farmer's Irrigation District on the North Platte Project also
recognizes the usefulness of a boom and hoist arrangement ona
tractor. While the equipment is being used as a crane for placing
pipe in this photo, the machine is also used in the manner shown
in the foregoing picture.

6


Tractor Attachments

This ditch cleaning plow, built and used by the Northport
Irrigation District on the North Platte Project, was made
by modifying an ordinary snow plow. Laterals in sandy
soils, such as prevail on the Northport system, are par-
ticularly well adapted to the use of this implement.

Here is another invention of the Northport Irrigation District.
They find this cat mounted blade very useful in removing over~
hanging berms and in dressing up their canal banks,


While relatively few of our projects are troubled with crayfish
to as great an extent as the Belle Fourche Project is, the burrowing of
gophers is a problem common to most irrigation systems. It is believed
that the pumping of lean cement grout into the burrows with a mud jack
machine, as was practiced in controlling crayfish damage, might be ap-
plied to repairing gopher damage as well.

The machine shown here is a Koehring Mud Jack owned and used
by the Belle Fourche Irrigation District. A slurry of 4 parts of top soil
to one part of portland cement is pumped into the burrow under 20 to 40
pounds per square inch pressure. Solvent naptha is added to the slurry
to kill any crayfish which might be trapped in the burrow. If this treat-
ment was being used on gopher holes it might be advisable to use Rosin-
Amine-D Acetate as the chemical addative since that substance repels
gophers.

ek ok

Crop Report Card Summarizing Simplified

Summarizing crop report data is recognized as one of the most
unwanted and tirne consuming jobs falling upon the operating project.
Nevertheless, it must be done and any means of simplifying the process
are uSually welcomed. Following is a description of a proceedure orig-
inated by F, C. Winkler, Project Manager of the Belle Fourche Project,
which has saved that project thousands of dollars in labor over a few
years. Some other projects in Region 6 have adopted this system also
‘and it is understood that similar systems are in use in some areas,

8


Department of the Interior

Bureau of Reclamation

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

RELEASE NO. 1

November-December 1952

CONTENTS

Canal Relining with Pneumatically Applied Cement Mortar
A Convenient Storage Rack for Small Parts

Tractor Attachments for a Number of Jobs

Portable Power for Electric Hand Tools

Filling Animal Burrows in Canal and Lateral Banks

Crop Report Card Summarizing Simplified

Prefabricated Asphaltic Canal Lining Materials


a. Bureau-type, paper-backed (heavyweight)
(An unreinforced film of asphalt on kraft paper)

b. Glass-fiber reinforced (heavyweight)
(A glass fiber mat, coated on both sides with asphalt)

c. Giass-fiber reinforced (lightweight)
(Similar to b. )

d. Asbestos reinforced (lightweight)
(Saturated asbestos felt, coated on both sides with asphalt)

e. Organic-felt reinforced (lightweight)
(Saturated rag-felt (organic), coated on both sides with
asphalt)
All of the above types of linings were designed for use with a
protective cover. (See attached drawing. )

Bureau-type Paper-backed Prefabricated Asphaltic Lining

The Bureau-type paper-backed prefabricated asphaltic lining
consists of catalytically-blown asphalt equivalent to 1 gallon per square
yard spread on Kraft paper. This amount of asphalt provides a mem-
brane approximately 3/16-inch in thickness. It is, like all available
prefabricated materials, packaged in rolls 36 inches in width and 36
feet in length. The weight per roll is about 130 pounds. The Kraft
paper is intended only to facilitate in manufacture and handling.

This product has been found quite difficult to handle because of
its weight, and the fact that it tends to stick together in the rolls upon
storing. It also has a tendency to crack as it is unrolled, especially
when temperatures of 50° F and below prevail. However, existing in-
stallations of this type, carefully placed, are giving excellent results.

The disadvantages cited could be easily corrected by the manu-
facturers. Should a demand develope for the Bureau-type lining mate-
rial, the following steps would be taken. Finished weight of the lining
would be reduced to 70 or 80 pounds per roll, which would provide greater
flexibility. A substantial layer of mica or other dusting material would
be used which would eliminate the tendency to stick in the rolls during
shipping and storage. Rolls would be prepared with the asphalt coating
face out, which would minimize cracking when unrolled during low tem-
peratures.

Several field installations have been made using paper-backed
prefabricated liners of P2Os5 catalytically-blown asphalt. While the use
of "cat-blown" asphalts in which FeClg was employed as the catalyst
has been discouraged and is not acceptable under existing specifications,
one field installation was made of FeCl "eat-blown" asphalt on Kraft

paper.
11


UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
Office of the Chief Engineer
Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado

PREFABRICATED ASPHALTIC CANAL LINING MATERIALS

There are numerous types of prefabricated asphaltic mate-
rials which may be used for lining irrigation canals and laterals for
seepage control. Many of these are in the laboratory investigational
phase. Some are proposed but have not yet reached the testing stage.
Others have passed through the preliminary laboratory testing phase
and are in service in a number of experimental and demonstrational
installations.

Test installations of prefabricated asphaltic linings date from
early 1950. Recent inspections of these test sections reveal that the
materials are giving good service and many more years of useful life
are expected from them.

Any or all of the materials briefly discussed herein are con-
sidered satisfactory for use as prefabricated canal linings. They have
been subjected to intensive examination and testing in the laboratory
and most of them have been installed in canals as experimental or
demonstrational linings.

Light-weight prefabricated asphaltic membranes weigh 40 to
50 pounds per roll of 12 square yards. These have been designed to
be competitive pricewise to other lower-cost types of canal linings.
The width of prefabricated materials has been more or less standard-
ized at 36 inches due to the influence of ready-roofing manufacturers.
However, some manufacturers have expressed a willingness to produce
canal linings at widths up to 60 inches if desired.

Prefabricated linings are particularly well adapted to conditions
where the job proposed is rather small; where funds and time are limited;
and where, for various reasons, it is not desired or possible to use con-
tractual facilities. Linings of these types can be quickly and easily placed
with unskilled labor and with a minimum of equipment. Smoothness of the
subgrade upon which the lining is placed and care in placement of a good
quality protective cover of earth and/or gravel are of prime importance
in lining a canal with a prefabricated asphaltic membrane. The Bureau
of Reclamation's tentative standards for membrane covers are given on
Drawing No. 103-D-188, accompanying this report. These standards
may serve to guide those individuals who may be unfamiliar with mem-
brane lining installation practices.

The types of prefabricated asphaltic membrane canal lining ma-
terials now available and which have been thoroughly tested in the labora-

tory are:
10


This Hyster dragline attachment, mounted on a D-6 tractor-
dozer, is owned by the Farmers Irrigation District on the
North Platte Project. The District uses this piece of equip-
ment for a number of jobs such as; cleaning canals and drains
that are not readily accessible for other cleaning equipment,
loading trucks and excavating structure foundations,

OK OK
Portable Power for Electric Hand Tools

The Carlsbad Irrigation District at Carlsbad, New Mexico,
reports that they have found that a portable generator furnishing power
for electric hand tools has been a big help to them in getting their
maintenance and structure work done. The generator is powered by
a 3h.p. air cooled gasoline engine and the set if mounted on a two
wheeled truck for easy maneuverability. It is readily hauled to field,
with the other tools, where it furnishes power for two skill saws, an
electric drill, an electric chipping hammer, electric buffing brushes,
paint spray guns, concrete vibrators or other electrical equipment. The
generator puts out 120 volts AC so that the same tools used in the head-
quarters shops may be used in the field.

eK ok ok

Filling Animal Burrows in Canal and Lateral Banks

The April 1951 issue of the Reclamation Era carried an article
entitled, ''Belle Fourche vs Crayfish", which told of the damage done to
the project canal and lateral banks and structures by these pests. The
control methods utilized were also discussed,

7


Orland Project South Canal after relining

A summary of the various costs follows:

Units of cost in dollars
Items of work Lin, TE. 3q._yds. Cu. yds.

Oil Spray - lining edge and 0, 00628 0, 0022 0, 0506
canal embankment

Cleaning - patching - setting 0.434 0.153 3.502
head boards for lining, etc.

Guniting 1.911 0.671 15.404
Equipment - repairs 0.058 0, 0204 0.467
Supervision 0,123 0, 0433 0.994
Subtotal 2.532 0. 889 20,417
Replacement equipment 0,251 0, 088 2,024
Grand total 2.78 0.977 22,44

The completed installation cost amounted to $10, 086. 78, re-
quiring 2,730 man-hours to place 494 cubic yards of cement mortar.
The aggregate consisted of 3, 215 sacks of cement and 760 tons of sand.
Total cost of $10, 086.78 does not include depreciation of the "Jetcrete"
equipment, placed at $1,000 per annum for ten years.

This relining job accomplished by Bureau O&M personnel and
costing an average of $22.44 per cubic yard of mortar placed, compares
with a similar relining job performed by contract during the winter of
1950-51, The contract job cost $44 per cubic yard of mortar placed or
nearly twice as much as the force account job. It is believed that costs
could be reduced below $22.44 per cubic yard as maintenance personnel
become more familiar with the various operations entailed. While this


Laboratory tests have shown that organic types of reinforcing
felts require very thorough saturation with asphalt to obtain necessary
resistance to attack by soil micro-organisms,

Lap Cements

Asphalt cut-backs, either RC-O or RC-1 have been used as
lap cements in cementing the edges of the lining material together where
it is lapped. Several manufacturers of lining materials have developed
lap cements which have been found superior to the lighter cut-backs
used heretofore. These lap cements are obtainable with the lining ma-
terial. A good quality lap cement should dry rapidly to a tacky consist-
ency and should be sufficiently viscous to make a firm water-tight joint.
They, therefore, should be the ''quick-setting" type.

Costs

The prices for the various types of materials that have been
mentioned are based on information from the manufacturers and are
for car-load lots. The minimum car-load is 40, 000 pounds, shipping
weight. Purchase of less than car-load lots would of necessity increase
the cost of the materials.

If any further information is desired, it may be obtained by
writing the Chief Engineer, United States Bureau of Reclamation, Denver
Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, attention 295. Manufacturers also
may be contacted directly.

14


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PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED CEMENT MORTAR
Relining of South Canal - Orland Project
Installation Procedure and Summary of Costs

The reach of canal treated extends below the outlet of Newville
Road crossing siphon for 3, 983 lineal feet (Station 348+45 to 308+62).
The original concrete lining was placed better than 30 years ago, aver-
aging about 2" thick and varying in perimeter from 22.6' to 30.1'. The
old lining was cleaned with steel bristle brushes and washed down with
water. All cavities in the lining were cleaned, and those exceeding an
area of one square foot were filled with a soil cement mix (7 to 1) sev-
eral days prior to the guniting. The smaller cavities were filled with
cement mortar and incorporated in the relining during the guniting proper.

The relining of the canal slopes was extended six inches beyond
the top of original lining, butting against 1" x 4" forms. Weeds and grass
growing at the edges of the lining and on the earth embankments were oil
sprayed. The cement mortar was pneumatically applied at about 60 or
70 pounds, utilizing a "Jetcrete" machine, Model "240-C", through 150!
of 1 1/2" high pressure hose and controlled with a Hamm type nozzle.
Mix proportion of the mortar was generally one part by weight of cement
to four parts by weight of sand. Sand meeting Government specifications
with particle size 3 16", or under was obtained locally out of Stony Creek
channel, Cement from Permanente was delivered to the project head-
quarters in sack, It was found to be most economical to dry batch the
aggregates at the project headquarters in a 7 sack concrete mixer and
deliver to the ''Jetcrete" machine on the job, The dry batch was shoveled
continuously and directly into the hopper of the machine. A 500 gallon
tank carried on a flat bed truck supplied water. The dump trucks pro-
viding the aggregate picked up the sand at the gravel plant on their re-
turn trips to the concrete mixer at the project headquarters. This pro-
cedure was highly successful as it eliminated any stock piling of either
sand or cement along side the canal adjacent to the county road and nec-
essitated no clean up as the work progressed. No cement or sand was
lost over weekends or periods of close-down.

No unusual trouble occured during the installation, although the
personnel engaged in the work were unfamiliar with it. As might be ex-
pected, there was an excess of "rebound" which materially lessened as
the job continued. An average of nine men were engaged daily in the op-
erations which covered a total of 37 working days. The guniting required
23 days with an average daily production of 150 lineal feet of canal relined
or approximately 21.5 cubic yards of cement mortar placed 1 1/2" thick.
Occasionally, daily runs reached 200 lineal feet or better.

False joints at 8' centers were struck transversely across the
green surface of the mortar on about half the total length; in the remain-
ing reach, they were omitted. No membrane curing was applied to any
of the new surface.


INTRODUCTION

This is the first of a series of information bulletins on Opera-

tion and Maintenance equipment and procedures which is being issued

as a joint endeavor of the Divisions of Operation and Maintenance and
Design and Construction. The bulk of the information material is being
furnished by the Operation and Maintenance people, who are also dis-
tributing the bulletin. The organization of the material and the issuance
of the publication is being done by the Chief Engineer's O&M Liaison
Representative. Information available in the Chief Engineer's office
which is considered to be of value to the operators is also being included,

The purpose of this bulletin is to provide a means of exchang-
ing ideas and operating kinks between regions and projects and to serve
as an outlet for general information items which are of value to operating
people.

In addition to the issuance of this bulletin, the Chief Engineer's
O&M Liaison Representative has been given the job of coordinating the
Bureau-wide effort to have specialized and improved O&M equipment
developed and made available by the equipment manufacturers. The
details of this assignment are given in the Assistant Commissioner's
letter, dated June 9, 1952, to all of the regions on the subject, 'Organ-
ization to assure exchange of information and to facilitate research and
development of operation and maintenance equipment and labor saving
devices

Most of the ideas for the improvement of O&M equipment will
have to come from the project people who are actually using the machines
and who recognize the need for certain modifications or changes in the
commercial models to better adapt them for O&M use. So please do
not be backward about funneling your ideas in to your Regional Chief of
Irrigation Operations who will pass them on the the Chief Engineer's
office, Code 206. If people on several projects want a certain improve-
ment made on a piece of equipment, they stand a much better chance of
getting the manufacturer to make that improvement if they join their
voices through this means.

The various information items contained in this release will,
no doubt, remind you operators of a number of kinks you have developed
to simplify your own work and which some other operator could use to
very good advantage. Ideas for small items are often as valuable as
more impressive ones but, whatever the size of the gadget, let us have
a full description of its construction and use together with a photo or
drawing - at least enough information so we can pass the idea on to the
next fellow - and we will carry on from there.

Oe Ok


The best information available indicates that costs will be 50
to 60 cents per square yard fob factory for this type of lining.

The Lloyd A. Fry Roofing Company, Fifty-ninth and Archer
Road, Chicago, Illinois, manufactures the heavy, paper-backed, cata-
lytically-blown asphaltic material.

A lightweight paper-backed material is being produced by the
Certainteed Corporation, 1014 Chesley Avenue, Richmond, California.
This product, based on laboratory examination, seems to be a very
satisfactory lining material. Most of the objections to the earlier heavy
paper-backed type of lining materials have been successfully overcome.
This material consists of a low-penetration, high-softening point, filled,
air-blown asphalt. It is pliable and tough. Its resistance to cracking
is high at low temperatures. Its weight is about 70 to 80 pounds per
roll, and it does not stick together in the roll during storage. There
is no available information relative to price.

Glass-fiber Reinforced Prefabricated Asphaltic Lining (Heavy-type)

The heavy-type glass-fiber reinforced lining material has been
produced by the Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Oklahoma City, on manu-
facturing specifications of the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation of
Toledo, Ohio. The glass-fiber mat is saturated and coated with a filled
air-blown, low-penetration, high-softening-point asphalt.

This material weighs about 80 pounds per roll and costs 50 to
55 cents per square yard fob factory. It handles very easily, is easy
to install, does not stick together in the rolls during storage, and is
not as liable to crack as the paper-backed type when unrolled during
low temperatures, It is a little stiffer than some of the subsequently
developed lighter materials. This stiffness is likely to cause "fish
mouths" occasionally at the laps during placement, but does not seem
to prevent it from conforming well to the subbase.

Several very successful and satisfactory test installations have
been made using this material. Recent inspections of materials installed
early in 1950 indicate that where the lining was covered with a protective
earth cover it is in very good condition, having retained much of its orig-
inal characteristics, and appearing watertight.

Glass-fiber Reinforced Prefabricated Asphaltic Lining (Lightweight)

The industrial firms which have become interested in the manu-
facture of the lightweight prefabricated linings have suggested that prices
can be expected to be 30 to 35 cents per square yard delivered. These
prices are, however, based on quantity shipments.

12


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