FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

AUG 27, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 07-15458

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 06-00259-CR

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

BRUCE MICHAEL ORR, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Alabama

_________________________

(August 27, 2008)

Before ANDERSON, HULL and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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Bruce Michael Orr appeals his conviction and 168-month sentence for (1)

receiving child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2), (b)(1); and

(2) possessing child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). 

For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

Facts

Bruce Orr (“Bruce”) was married to Salinda Orr and lived with her and

Salinda’s daughter from a previous relationship, “M.” Mr. and Mrs. Orr had been

having marital difficulties and agreed that Salinda and M would live on the bottom

floor of the house while Bruce would live upstairs. A computer with internet

access was accessible to all three and was kept downstairs.

In March of 2005, Salinda took the computer to John Goodman, the teacher

in a computer class taught at Salinda’s church. She complained to Goodman that

the computer was running slowly and that it crashed often. Goodman took the

computer to a technician who discovered pornographic images of children on the

computer and the technician returned the computer to Goodman. Goodman

informed Salinda of the images and removed the original hard drive (referred to as

Q-2) and placed it into an antistatic bag for protection from static interference or

anything that might erase its contents. Goodman then installed a hard drive onto

the computer (referred to as Q-3), along with a new operating system, Windows
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XP. Goodman then created three accounts with password protection, one each for

Bruce, Salinda, and M. It was possible, however, that each user could change the

passwords of other users and log-in as those other users by way of the

administrator account. Goodman then returned the computer to Salinda sometime

in mid-to-late April. Bruce was not told that anybody knew of the images on the

Q-2.

The events of June 18, 2005 were disputed at trial. According to the

Government, Bruce was using the computer and stepped away. M then went to the

computer and found images of child pornography and notified Salinda, who then

took pictures of the screen using a digital camera. An argument ensued in which

Salinda told Bruce that she knew of the images on Q-2 and that Goodman had the

hard drive. Bruce responded, threatening Salinda, and stating that she had better

get the hard drive back. Salinda then notified the FBI.

According to Bruce, he entered the house on the 18th and noticed Salinda

and M at the computer. He stated that they were shielding the screen from him. 

He claimed that Salinda was using the threat of child pornography as an attempt to

blackmail him in their divorce proceedings.

Between the two hard drives, forensic experts found thousands of images

containing child pornography. They also found that the Bruce account had
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accessed child pornography on multiple occasions. On some days, thousands of

images were accessed. Evidence also showed that the user of the Bruce account

searched the internet using terms such as “Lolita,” “kids,” “child,” “porno,” and

“illegal.” The Bruce account also visited a website containing references to

“extreme Lolitas” 328 times.

No evidence existed that the other two accounts ever accessed child

pornography, nor was there evidence that any other child pornography existed at

the house or in any other disc, CD, or DVD. On June 18th, a user logged in under

the M account, changed Bruce’s account password and deleted the files contained

in the temporary internet folder, a folder that saves images of the websites visited. 

A shortcut to all the child pornographic images that were stored in the “favorites”

folder in the Bruce account was also deleted. Both the temporary internet files and

the shortcut were restored by the Government’s forensic expert, who stated that

the index.dat file could not be deleted and that this file contained a list of all the

websites visited.

Bruce testified that he used the terms “Lolita” and “teen” to search for adult

pornography. He stated that child pornography would “pop-up” on the screen

when he would search for adult pornography but that he would close the windows

because he was not interested in it. 
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Bruce obtained a forensic expert, Michael Black. Prior to the trial, Bruce’s

trial counsel failed to comply with requirements relating to the disclosure of his

forensic expert’s report and the judge limited the extent to which Black could

testify. 

The jury returned a guilty verdict for both receiving and possessing child

pornography. At sentencing, the judge applied an enhancement for obstruction of

justice based on Bruce’s testimony that he did not intend to view child

pornography by using the search terms “Lolita” or “preteen,” etc. The judge then

sentenced Bruce to 168 months, the bottom of the Sentencing Guidelines range.

Discussion

(1) Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Bruce argues that he was constitutionally deprived of his Sixth Amendment

right to effective assistance of counsel and that the district court erred in denying

his motion for a new trial because his trial counsel was ineffective. 

Whether a criminal defendant’s trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective

is a mixed question of law and fact, subject to de novo review. United States v.

Bender, 290 F.3d 1279, 1284 (11th Cir. 2002). We review a district court’s denial

of a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Tokars, 95

F.3d 1520, 1531 (11th Cir. 1996). This court does not generally consider claims
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of ineffective assistance of counsel raised on direct appeal where the district court

did not entertain the claim or develop a factual record. Bender, 209 F.3d at 1284. 

However, this court can review an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct

appeal so long as there is sufficient evidence in the trial record regarding the

claim. Id. An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is considered under the

two-prong test announced in Strickland v. Washington 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). 

Under the first, deficient performance prong, the appellant must show that counsel

made errors so serious he was not functioning as the counsel guaranteed by the

Sixth Amendment. Id. There is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell

within the range of reasonable professional assistance. Id. at 689. Under the

prejudice prong, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.” Id. at 694. 

Here, the record is sufficiently developed for this court to hear the

ineffective assistance claim on appeal; Bruce raised this issue in his Motion for

New Trial and the court addressed it at length. See United States v. Camacho, 40

F.3d 349, 355 n.6 (11th Cir. 1994). Bruce’s claim fails, however, because he has

not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by the fact that Black’s expert testimony

was limited. According to Bruce’s brief, had Black been able to testify without
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limitation, he would have testified to the following: (1) although the Bruce

account on the computer had administrative rights to the computer, so did all user

accounts; (2) the password to the Bruce account was changed on June 18th by the

user of the M account; and (3) the shortcut to the temporary internet file folder

which was created when the computer was under Goodman’s care was also

accessed and deleted.

The record on appeal demonstrates that these issues were presented at trial

when Bruce’s counsel cross-examined the Government’s expert. Further, Bruce

fails to explain how any testimony Black would have provided would have

influenced the outcome. Thus, even assuming that Bruce meets the first Strickland

prong, he fails to show that but-for any trial counsel error, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. 

(2) Sentencing Enhancement for Obstruction of Justice, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 

Bruce contends that although a § 3C1.1, two-level enhancement is

appropriate if a defendant commits perjury, the district court erred in concluding

that Bruce perjured himself. 

We review a district court’s factual findings regarding the imposition of a

sentencing enhancement for obstruction of justice for clear error and its

application of the factual findings to the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United
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States v. Tampas, 493 F.3d 1291, 1303 (11th Cir. 2007). We give great deference

to the district court’s credibility determinations where the court must make an

assessment of the credibility or the demeanor of the defendant, such as when

applying the obstruction of justice enhancement for perjury. United States v.

Banks, 347 F.3d 1266, 1269 (11th Cir. 2003).

Under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, a defendant may qualify for a two-level

enhancement if he or she “willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to

obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the course of the

investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of conviction, and

[] the obstructive conduct related to [] the defendant’s offense of conviction and

any relevant conduct.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. One may obstruct or impede justice by

“committing, suborning, or attempting to suborn perjury.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1,

comment. (n.4(b)). For the purpose of an obstruction finding pursuant to § 3C1.1, 

perjury has been defined as “false testimony concerning a material matter with the

willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion,

mistake, or faulty memory.” United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94 (1993). 

For purposes of U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, “‘Material’. . . means evidence, fact, statement,

or information that, if believed, would tend to influence or affect the issue under

determination.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, comment. (n.6). “When applying this
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enhancement, the district court [should] make specific findings as to each alleged

instance of obstruction by identifying the materially false statements individually. .

. . However, a general finding that an enhancement is warranted suffices if it

encompasses all of the factual predicates necessary for a perjury finding.” United

States v. Singh, 291 F.3d 756, 763 (11th Cir. 2002). Four elements must be

present in order for a court to make a finding that a defendant perjured himself: (1)

the testimony must be under oath or affirmation; (2) the testimony must be false;

(3) the testimony must be material; and (4) the testimony must be given with the

willful intent to provide false testimony and not as a result of a mistake, confusion,

or faulty memory. Id. at 763 n.4. 

The Government’s expert witness testified that when he performed his

analysis of Q-3, he found internet searches containing the terms “Lolita,”

“preteen,” “kids,” “child,” “porno,” and “illegal.” He further testified that he

found over 3,000 images of child pornography in the temporary internet folder and

that there were 328 visits by the Bruce account to a website containing references

to “extreme Lolitas.” 

Bruce testified that when he used the search terms “Lolita,” “teen,” and

“preteen,” he did so to find adult—not child—pornography. The district court
Bruce specifically states that he is not alleging on appeal that the sentence is procedurally 1

unreasonable.

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found Bruce’s testimony to be incredible in light of the evidence. We cannot say

that the court’s finding is clearly erroneous.

(3) Reasonable Sentence

Bruce further contends that his sentence is substantially unreasonable

because the district court did not adequately weigh all the § 3553(a) factors and

placed too much weight on the need for deterrence and punishment. 

1

We review the final sentence imposed by the district court for

reasonableness. United States v. Agbai, 497 F.3d 1226, 1229 (11th Cir. 2007). 

We review for reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall, 552

U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 597. 

The district court must impose a sentence that is both procedurally and

substantively reasonable. Id. If the district court made no procedural errors, then

the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed is reviewed to determine

whether the sentence is supported by the § 3553(a) factors. Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 600. 

The § 3553(a) factors include: 

(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and

characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness

of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just

punishment for the offense; (3) the need for deterrence; (4) the need
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to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with

needed educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the

kinds of sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8)

pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the

need to avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to

provide restitution to victims.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). When a district court sentences a defendant within the

Guidelines range, only a brief discussion of the reasons for the sentences is

required and the district court need not explicitly address each of the sentencing

factors. See United States v. Scott, 426 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir. 2005).

Bruce’s argument is without merit. The sentence imposed by the court was

at the bottom of the advisory Guidelines range. The record demonstrates that

when imposing Bruce’s sentence, the district court stated that a Guideline sentence

was appropriate in this case given the statutory purposes for sentencing -

specifically deterrence and incapacitation. After imposing the sentence, the court

stated “I find the guideline range appropriate to the facts and circumstances of this

case and find that the sentence imposed addresses the seriousness of the offense

and the sentencing objectives of punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation, while

being reasonable in light of the statutory purposes of sentencing.” Only a brief

discussion of the reasons for the sentences is required, and the district court need
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not explicitly address each of the sentencing factors. Scott, 426 F.3d at 1329. We

cannot say that the district court erred in imposing the sentence. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM.