Detailed Sections from Auger Holes in the Emporia 

1:100,000-Scale Quadrangle, North Carolina and 

Virginia

By Robert E. Weems, J. Stephen Schindler, and William C. Lewis

Open-File Report 2010–1121

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
ii

U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010

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Suggested citation:

Weems, R.E., Schindler, J.S., and Lewis, W.C., 2010, Detailed sections from auger holes in the Emporia 

1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010–

1121, 288 p.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.

Cover: Sediments from the upper part of the Yorktown Formation (Pliocene) at the Old Hickory Heavy 

Mineral Deposit, located west of Stony Creek, Va. This exposure no longer exists because it has been 

reclaimed. Natural outcrops of coastal plain sediments are uncommon in the Emporia quadrangle; hence the 

need for borehole data, as published in this report. Photograph by J. Stephen Schindler, U.S. Geological 

Survey.
iii

Contents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Methods......................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Structural Geology ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Hydrogeology................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................................... 4

References Cited........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Locality Descriptions and Detailed Lithologic Logs ...................................................................................................... 13

Adams Grove Quadrangle........................................................................................................................................ 13

Barley Quadrangle ................................................................................................................................................... 23

Boykins Quadrangle................................................................................................................................................. 25

Capron Quadrangle.................................................................................................................................................. 31

Cherry Hill Quadrangle............................................................................................................................................. 37

Claresville Quadrangle............................................................................................................................................. 77

Courtland Quadrangle.............................................................................................................................................. 83

Drewryville Quadrangle............................................................................................................................................ 87

Emporia Quadrangle ................................................................................................................................................ 89

Jarratt Quadrangle ................................................................................................................................................... 99

Littleton Quadrangle............................................................................................................................................... 109

Manry Quadrangle ................................................................................................................................................. 136

Margarettsville Quadrangle .................................................................................................................................... 156

Purdy Quadrangle.................................................................................................................................................. 167

Sebrell Quadrangle ................................................................................................................................................ 174

Skippers Quadrangle ............................................................................................................................................. 178

Stony Creek Quadrangle........................................................................................................................................ 202

Sunbeam Quadrangle ............................................................................................................................................ 261

Sussex Quadrangle................................................................................................................................................ 265

Yale Quadrangle .................................................................................................................................................... 284

Supplementary Basement Data ................................................................................................................................. 288

Figures

1. Map of the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, showing area underlain by Atlantic Coastal Plain 

sediments, names and locations of constituent 1:24,000-scale quadrangles, and county names and 

boundaries........................................................................................................................................................ 6

2. Structure contour map of the base of the coastal plain in the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, 

showing areas where basement is overlain by Cretaceous sediments and middle Miocene or younger 

sediments ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

3. Faults and subsurface updip limits of Yorktown Formation and older units ...................................................... 8

4. Structure contour map of the base of the surficial aquifer in the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle............ 9
iv

Tables

1. Age and relative position of stratigraphic units penetrated during augering.................................................... 10

2. Nomenclature and maximum elevation for terrace units in map area. ............................................................ 12
v

Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in) 2.54 centimeter (cm)

inch (in) 25.4 millimeter (mm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

mile, nautical (nmi) 1.852 kilometer (km)

yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m)

SI to Inch/Pound

Multiply By To obtain

Length

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.)

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)

kilometer (km) 0.5400 mile, nautical (nmi) 

meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) 
1

Detailed Sections from Auger Holes in the Emporia 

1:100,000-Scale Quadrangle, North Carolina and 

Virginia

By Robert E. Weems, J. Stephen Schindler, and William C. Lewis

Introduction

The Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle straddles the Tidewater Fall Line in southern 

Virginia and includes a small part of northernmost North Carolina (fig. 1). Sediments of the coastal 

plain underlie the eastern three-fifths of this area. These sediments onlap crystalline basement rocks 

toward the west and dip gently to the east, reaching a maximum known thickness of 821 feet (ft) in 

the extreme southeastern part of the map area (fig. 2). The gentle eastward dip is disrupted in 

several areas due to faulting delineated during the course of mapping.

In order to produce a new geologic map of the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, the 

U.S. Geological Survey drilled one corehole to a depth of 223 ft and augered 192 shallow research 

test holes (maximum depth 135 ft) to supplement sparse outcrop data available from the coastal 

plain part of the map area. The recovered sediments were studied and data from them recorded to 

determine the lithologic characteristics, spatial distribution, and temporal framework of the

represented coastal plain stratigraphic units. These test holes were critical for accurately 

determining the distribution of major geologic units and the position of unit boundaries that will be 

shown on the forthcoming Emporia geologic map, but much of the detailed subsurface data cannot 

be shown readily through this map product. Therefore, the locations and detailed descriptions of the 

auger test holes and one corehole are provided in this open-file report for geologists, hydrologists, 

engineers, and community planners in need of a detailed shallow-subsurface stratigraphic 

framework for much of the Emporia map region.

Methods

Surface elevations for each drill site were obtained by hand leveling from a locality of 

known elevation, commonly a bench mark or spot elevation point on the appropriate 7.5-minute 

quadrangle. At each test site, lithologic data were gathered by augering with a truck-mounted, 

Mobile Drill B–40 power auger, using 5-ft drill stem sections. At first, one stem was augered into 

the ground and pulled to describe the soil profile. Subsequent runs added one, two, or three new 

stems, depending on depth and on how easily the augering proceeded. For greater accuracy, we 

attempted to keep sample rise on the drill stems to a minimum.

Along the Tidewater Fall Line (Weems, 1998), most auger holes targeted either the Lower 

Cretaceous Patuxent Formation or saprolite overlying basement rocks where the Patuxent 

Formation was absent. Occasionally at the base of the coastal plain section, the drill bit would not 

penetrate the underlying rock (here termed “refusal”). Generally, the nature of this rock could be 

inferred either by small chips on the end of the drill bit or by comparison to nearby outcrops or 

auger holes. Lithologic descriptions were made with the aid of a 10X hand lens, grain-size chart, 

and color charts.
2

Stratigraphy

A full listing of stratigraphic names used herein, their ages, and their general lithologic 

descriptions are given in table 1. Coastal plain formational units are bounded by unconformities; 

formations generally start with a relatively coarse basal lag bed and fine upward. Members within 

formations, where present, generally represent distinctive lithologic facies that occur within that 

formation. Surficial stratigraphic units, bounding scarps, and overlying terrace surface names are 

summarized in table 2. Unit names mostly conform to those used in this region by Mixon and 

others (1989) and Ward and Powars (1989) with the following exceptions.

Older coastal plain units, mostly encountered in the subsurface or along valley walls of 

deeply incised streams, include the nonmarine Patuxent Formation (Lower Cretaceous), the 

nonmarine Patapsco Formation (Lower Cretaceous), the marginal marine to shallow marine 

Clubhouse Formation (Upper Cretaceous), the nonmarine Cape Fear Formation (Upper 

Cretaceous), the marine Aquia Formation (upper Paleocene), the marine St. Marys Formation 

(upper Miocene), the marine Eastover Formation (upper Miocene), the marine Sunken Meadow 

Member of the Yorktown Formation (lower Pliocene; zone 1 of Mansfield, 1944), and the marine 

Rushmere and Morgarts Members of the Yorktown Formation (upper Pliocene; zone 2 of 

Mansfield, 1944). The updip limits of these units in the subsurface are shown in figure 3. The 

identity of the Patapsco Formation was verified by palynomorphs (Norman Frederiksen, written 

commun., 1994), and the identity of the Clubhouse Formation was verified by dinoflagellates (Lucy 

Edwards, written commun., 1994). The identity of the marine units was verified on site where 

possible by mollusks.

Surficial units include very high level fluvial gravels and sands that occur at elevations 

above 300 ft. These represent the Bon Air gravels of Johnson and others (1987a,b), which are 

equivalent in age to the Bryn Mawr Formation in Pennsylvania and Maryland (Lewis, 1881) and 

the Altamaha Formation in Georgia (Dall and Harris, 1892; Huddlestun, 1988) and South Carolina 

(Fallaw and Price, 1992). Recent mapping to the north of this area (Weems and Edwards, 2007) 

indicates that this unit is late middle Miocene in age and probably represents prograding onshore 

strata that locally overlie (but regionally are laterally equivalent to) the upper Choptank Formation.

East of the Altamaha outcrop belt, two lithologically distinct sand units overlie the upper 

Pliocene clay-silt Morgarts Beach Member of the Yorktown Formation. The older unit underlies 

the Richmond plain (Johnson and others, 1987a,b), but no name has been applied to the plain that 

caps the younger unit. Therefore, the name “Ashland plain” is used here because it is well 

developed in the vicinity of Ashland, Va. The lithologic characteristics of the older unit (a wellsorted, heavy-mineral-rich sand that underlies the plain at elevations of 240 to 270 ft) matches the 

lithology and stratigraphic position of occasionally fossiliferous marine deposits ascribed to the 

Duplin Marl just east of the Orangeburg scarp in South Carolina (Dall, 1898). This marine to 

marginal marine unit locally overlies the Morgarts Beach Member of the Yorktown Formation, and 

thus could represent either a regressive sandy phase of the Rushmere-Morgarts Beach transgressive 

event, or else may be the shoreline deposits of the succeeding Moore House Member of the 

Yorktown. So far, the proper name for this unit remains enigmatic so it is here simply designated 

“Yorktown Formation (zone 3),” adding an additional zone to the two-fold zonation of the 

Yorktown established by Mansfield (1944). The second unit (a marginal marine, poorly sorted, 

clayey sand at elevations of 195 to 230 ft) appears to be a northern extension of the Coharie 

Formation of North Carolina. In the southeastern part of the Emporia 1:100:000-scale quadrangle, a 

deep estuary fill underlies this terrace and links it southeastward with sediments of the Chowan 
3

River Formation in the Chowan River area. Therefore, this terrace unit is composed of coastal 

strata of the lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) Chowan River Formation (Gibbard and others, 2010).

Terrace deposits between the elevations of 105 and 185 ft previously have been lumped 

together as the Bacons Castle Formation. There are, however, two distinct units represented within 

this complex, separated by a scarp at 137 to 147 ft. This scarp has been called the Parler scarp in 

South Carolina (Colquhoun, 1965) and the Mechanicsville scarp in northern South Carolina and 

southern North Carolina (DuBar and others, 1974). The name “Parler scarp” is used here. The older 

terrace deposit above the Parler scarp, here termed “lower Bacons Castle Formation,” roughly is 

equivalent to a unit called the Varina Grove Member of the Bacons Castle Formation by Johnson 

and others (1987a,b). The younger part of the Bacons Castle, here termed “upper Bacons Castle 

Formation,” includes what has been called the Bahramsville Member and Moorings unit of the 

Bacons Castle Formation (Johnson and others, 1987a,b). The Bacons Castle in its type area 

represents only the upper Bacons Castle Formation. The geomorphic terrace that the lower Bacons 

Castle Formation underlies has not been separately named, so the name “Essex plain” is used here 

because it is well developed in Essex County, Va. With these exceptions, existing nomenclatural 

usage is followed here. Strata equivalent to the upper Bacons Castle unit in southern North Carolina 

include lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) marine beds (Newton and others, 1978; Graybill and others, 

2009), and these have recently been shown to be age equivalent to the type section of the 

Waccamaw Formation (Badyrka and others, 2010; Appleby and others, 2010). Thus the upper 

Bacons Castle unit is correlative with the type Waccamaw Formation in South Carolina.

Structural Geology

Seven faults have been recognized in the Emporia map area (fig. 2). These are here 

designated the Thornburg fault (demarcated by the Thornburg scarp), Spring Meadow fault 

(documented by Berquist and Bailey, 1999), Fountains Creek fault (found by Jerre Johnson, The 

College of William and Mary, retired), Dutch Gap fault (documented by Dischinger, 1987), Stony 

Creek fault, and City Point fault (implicit in the mapping of Dischinger, 1987). The Palmyra fault 

was traced into the map area from the south (Weems and Lewis, 2007). The Stony Creek fault 

prominently offsets Early Cretaceous strata of the Patuxent Formation (fig. 3) but does not show 

any obvious effect on younger strata. The other six faults show obvious to subtle effects on younger 

strata at least as young as late Pliocene (zones 2 and 3 of the Yorktown Formation). This can be 

seen most readily on the structure contour plot shown in figure 4. The Spring Meadow fault (in 

detail a fault zone) includes en echelon northwest-striking, high-angle, southwest-side-up reverse 

faults that experienced oblique dip-slip movement with a maximum demonstrable displacement of 

6 meters on individual fault traces. The north-northeast-trending Dutch Gap fault, which trends 

north-south farther north, is an east-side-up reverse fault, and the Fountains Creek fault is a northnortheast-trending, high-angle, west-side-up reverse fault. The sense of motion on the other three 

faults has not been determined.

Hydrogeology

In the coastal plain part of the map, the surficial aquifer lies unconformably above the top of 

the Morgarts Beach Member of the Yorktown Formation (zone 2) in most areas. In some areas 

where the larger streams have cut down through the Yorktown, the Eastover, Patuxent, or 

crystalline basement may locally define the base of this water body (Trapp, 1992). The surficial 

aquifer is composed of clean, sandy to gravelly sediments that lie at the base of fining-upward 
4

depositional packages that form the widespread upper Pliocene and Pleistocene terrace stratigraphic 

units of the region. The surficial aquifer is the main recharge unit for streams and rivers in the 

eastern three-fifths of the map area and is particularly vulnerable to surface pollutants. Deeper 

wells generally tap aquifer horizons in the Patuxent Formation or (in the extreme northeastern part 

of the map area) the Patapsco Formation. To the west of the coastal plain, groundwater mostly 

flows along joints and faults.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Lucy E. Edwards and David S. Powars for their thorough review of this 

manuscript. Dinoflagellate age calls cited in description MA–94–12 were provided by Lucy E. 

Edwards.

References Cited

Appleby, C.A., Harris, W.B., Dietl, G.P., Kelley, P.H., Badyrka, K.A., and Visaggi, C.C., 2010, 

Paleontologic and strontium isotope age analysis of the Waccamaw Formation, Waccamaw River 

and Intracoastal Waterway, Horry County, South Carolina [abs.]: Geological Society of America 

Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 1, p. 137.

Badyrka, K.A., Kelley, P.H., Harris, W.B., Dietl, G.P., and Graybill, E.A., 2010, North and South 

Carolina Plio-Pleistocene strontium isotope geochronology [abs.]: Geological Society of America

Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 1, p. 187.

Berquist, C.R., Jr., and Bailey, C.M., 1999, Late Cenozoic reverse faulting in the Fall Zone, 

southeastern Virginia: Journal of Geology, v. 107, no. 6, p. 727–732.

Brown, P.M., Miller, J.A., and Swain, F.M., 1972, Structural and stratigraphic framework and 

spatial distribution of permeability of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, North Carolina to New Jersey:

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 796, 79 p., 59 pls.

Colquhoun, D.J., 1965, Terrace sediment complexes in central South Carolina: Atlantic Coastal 

Plain Geological Association, 6th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, 62 p.

Dall, W.H., 1898, A table of the North American Tertiary formations, correlated with one another 

and with those of western Europe, with annotations: U.S. Geological Survey 18th Annual Report, 

part 2, p. 323–348.

Dall, W.H., and Harris, G.D., 1892, Correlation papers; Neocene: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

84, 349 p.

Dischinger, J.B., Jr., 1987, Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphic and structural framework 

near Hopewell, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1567, 48 p., 2 pls. in pocket.

DuBar, J.R., Johnson, H.S., Jr., Thom, Bruce, and Hatchell, W.O., 1974, Neogene stratigraphy and 

morphology, south flank of the Cape Fear arch, North and South Carolina, in Oaks, R.Q., Jr., and 

DuBar, J.R., eds., Post-Miocene stratigraphy, central and southern Atlantic Coastal Plain: Logan, 

Utah, Utah State University Press, p. 139–173.

Fallaw, W.C., and Price, Van, 1992, Outline of stratigraphy at the Savannah River site, in Fallaw, 

W.C., and Price, Van, eds., Geological investigations of the central Savannah River area, South 

Carolina and Georgia: Carolina Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, November 13–15, 

1992, no. 22, p. II1–II33.

Gibbard, P.L., Head, M.J., Walker, M.J.C., and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, 

2010, Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with 

a base at 2.58 Ma: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 25, p. 96–102.
5

Graybill, E.A., Harris, W.B., Kelley, Patricia, Dietl, Gregory, and Visaggi, C.C., 2009, Age of the 

Duplin and Waccamaw Formations, Cape Fear River basin, North Carolina [abs.]: Geological 

Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 71, no. 1, p. 45.

Huddlestun, P.F., 1988, A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the coastal plain of Georgia; 

The Miocene through Holocene: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, p. 1–162.

Johnson, G.H., Goodwin, B.K., Ward, L.W., and Ramsey, K.W., 1987a, Tertiary and Quaternary 

stratigraphy across the Fall Zone and western coastal plain, southern Virginia, in Whittecar, G.R., 

ed., Geological excursions in Virginia and North Carolina—Guidebook for field trips nos. 1–7, 

Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, March 25–27, 1987: Norfolk, Va., Old 

Dominion University, p. 87–144.

Johnson, G.H., Ward, L.W., and Peebles, P.C., 1987b, Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pliocene 

and Pleistocene deposits of southeastern Virginia, in Whittecar, G.R., ed., Geological excursions 

in Virginia and North Carolina—Guidebook for field trips nos. 1–7, Geological Society of 

America, Southeastern Section, March 25–27, 1987: Norfolk, Va., Old Dominion University, p. 

189–218.

Lewis, H.C., 1881, The Trenton gravel and its relation to the antiquity of man: Proceedings of the 

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, v. 32, p. 258–309.

Mansfield, W.C., 1944, Stratigraphy of the Miocene of Virginia and the Miocene and Pliocene of 

North Carolina, in Gardner, Julia, Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and 

North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 199–A, p. 1–16.

Mixon, R.B., Berquist, C.R., Jr., Newell, W.L., Johnson, G.H., Powars, D.S., Schindler, J.S., and 

Rader, E.K., 1989, Geologic map and generalized geologic cross sections of the coastal plain and 

adjacent parts of the Piedmont, Virginia : U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations 

Series Map I–2033, scale 1:250,000.

Newton, C.R., Belknap, D.F., and Lynts, G.W., 1978, Early Pleistocene (Calabrian) age of the 

Waccamaw Formation at Walker’s Bluff, Elizabethtown, N.C.[abs.]: Geological Society of 

America Abstracts with Programs, v. 10, no. 4, p. 194.

Trapp, Henry, Jr., 1992, Hydrogeologic framework of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain in parts 

of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1404–G, p. G1–G59. 13 pls.

Ward, L.W., and Powars, D.S., 1989, Tertiary stratigraphy and paleontology, Chesapeake Bay 

region, Virginia and Maryland, July 15–17, 1989: Field Trip Guidebook T216 for the 28th

International Geological Congress: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, 64 p.

Weems, R.E., 1998, Newly recognized en echelon fall lines in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge 

provinces of North Carolina and Virginia, with a discussionof their possible ages and origins: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98–374, 40 p.

Weems, R.E., and Edwards, L.E., 2007, Post-middle Miocene origin of modern landforms in the 

eastern Piedmont of Virginia: Stratigraphy, v. 4, no. 1, p. 35–48.

Weems, R.E., and Lewis, W.C., 2007, Detailed sections from auger holes in the Roanoke Rapids

1:100,000 map sheet, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1092, p. 

155p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1092/.)
6

Figure 1. Map of the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, showing area underlain by Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments (white), names and 

locations of constituent 1:24,000-scale quadrangles, and county names and boundaries. White circles indicate auger hole locations; black circle 

indicates corehole location. Gray area to west is the Roanoke Rapids terrane of the Piedmont province.
7

Figure 2. Structure contour map of the base of the coastal plain in the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, showing areas where basement is 

overlain by Cretaceous sediments (white) and middle Miocene or younger sediments (light gray). Piedmont region is dark gray; contour interval 

is 100 feet. Faults indicated by heavy dashed lines with U for upthrown side and D for downthrown side. Black circles are basement control 

points. Negative values indicate below sea level.
8

Figure 3. Faults and subsurface updip limits of Yorktown Formation and older units. Two outliers of St. Marys Formation (Tsm) and one outlier of 

Aquia Formation (Ta) are labeled. Circles and labels denote localities of subsurface control points described in auger logs and supplementary 

data sections.
9

Figure 4. Structure contour map of the base of the surficial aquifer in the Emporia 1:100,000-scale quadrangle. Subsurface control points are 

shown as black circles with elevations (in feet) indicated next to them; outcrop data point are shown as white circles. In most of the region, the 

shallow aquifer immediately overlies zone 2 of the Yorktown Formation. Piedmont region is dark gray; high areas on top of Yorktown Formation 

are green; contour interval is 20 feet. Faults indicated by heavy dashed lines with U for upthrown side and D for downthrown side.
10

Table 1. Age and relative position of stratigraphic units penetrated during augering.

Unit Lithology Age

Artificial fill Materials variable Holocene

Dune sand Fine to medium quartz sand Holocene

Alluvium Fine to coarse quartz sand, silty or clayey, pebbly Holocene and 

Pleistocene(?)

Tabb Formation1 Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted, clayey Pleistocene

Shirley Formation Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted, clayey Pleistocene

Chuckatuck Formation Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted, clayey Pleistocene

Charles City Formation Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted, clayey Pleistocene

Windsor Formation Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted,

locally gravelly Pleistocene

Upper Bacons Castle Fm. (Moorings unit) Fine to medium quartz sand, well-sorted Pleistocene

Upper Bacons Castle Fm. (Bahramsville 

Member)

Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted,

muddy, gravelly Pleistocene

Lower Bacons Castle Fm.

(Varina Grove Member)

Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted,

muddy, gravelly Pleistocene

Chowan River Formation Fine to coarse quartz sand, poorly sorted, clayey, silty Pleistocene

Yorktown Formation:

Moore House Member(?)

(zone 3)

Fine to coarse quartz sand; heavy minerals 

often abundant Pliocene

Morgarts Beach Member

(zone 2)

Silt to very fine quartz sand, silty and 

clayey, fossiliferous Pliocene

Rushmere Member

(zone 2)

Medium to very coarse sand; sparsely to abundantly 

shelly; locally pebble to cobble gravel Pliocene

Sunken Meadow Member

(zone 1)

Fine to medium quartz sand, silty, shelly, phosphatic; 

calcite-cemented lumps often abundant Pliocene

Eastover Formation Fine to medium quartz sand, well-sorted, 

glauconitic, shelly Upper Miocene

St. Marys Formation: 

Unnamed member Clayey silt to silt, dense, sticky Upper Miocene

Windmill Point Member Clayey silt to silt, dense, sticky Upper Miocene

Altamaha Formation Fine to coarse clayey quartz sand, poorly sorted,

gravelly; most clasts soft and rotten Middle Miocene
11

Unit Lithology Age

Aquia Formation Fine to medium silty sand, glauconitic; contains 

scattered rounded quartz granules Upper Paleocene

Cape Fear Formation Medium to coarse sand, pebbly,

garnetiferous, dense, varicolored Upper Cretaceous

Clubhouse Formation

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, varicolored, 

interbedded with fine to medium quartz sand 

and dense varicolored clays

Upper Cretaceous

Patapsco Formation Fine to very coarse feldspathic quartz sand interbedded 

with gravel and dense varicolored clays Lower Cretaceous

Patuxent Formation1 Fine to very coarse feldspathic quartz sand,

pebbly, garnetiferous; rare clay lenses Lower Cretaceous

Petersburg Granite Medium-grained granite, weathering 

to angular quartz-rich saprolite

Upper

Carboniferous

Rocks of the eastern Carolina slate belt:

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks Fine to medium schists and gneisses, sometimes 

carbonaceous, weathering to quartz and (or) 

staurolite-rich banded clays

Upper Paleozoic

Metamorphosed granite Medium-grained granite, strongly foliated, weathering 

to subangular to subrounded quartz-rich saprolite Cambrian(?)

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks Fine to medium feldspar-rich schists and gneisses,

weathering to banded clays

Cambrian and (or)

Neoproterozoic

1

Within map area, but not augered.
12

Table 2. Nomenclature and maximum elevation for terrace units in map area.

Unit Overlying surface Maximum elevation Intervening scarp

Altamaha Formation Midlothian uplands 410 feet

Thornburg scarp

Yorktown Formation (zone 3) Richmond plain 275 feet

Chippenham scarp

Chowan River Formation Ashland plain 235 feet

Broad Rock scarp

Lower Bacons Castle Formation Essex plain 182 feet

Parler scarp

Upper Bacons Castle Formation Norge uplands 137 feet

Surry scarp

Windsor Formation Lackey plain 105 feet

Ruthville scarp

Charles City Formation Grove plain 80 feet

Lee Hall scarp

Chuckatuck Formation Grafton plain 62 feet

Kings Mill scarp

Shirley Formation Huntington flat 49 feet

Suffolk scarp

Tabb Formation Todds flat 26 feet
13

Locality Descriptions and Detailed Lithologic Logs

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adams Grove Quadrangle

AG–1: 4.9 miles west of eastern quadrangle border, 3.76 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6808o N., longitude 77.4632o W.). Surface 

elevation 71 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill, sandy clay, orange (5YR 6/7).................................................................................. 0–1

Alluvium

Clay, silty, sandy (very fine), plastic, dense, slightly micaceous,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/2) with moderate yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) mottles, grading down to brownish gray (5YR 4/1).................................................... 1–6

Clay, silty, sandy (very fine), grading down to very fine, 

clayey, silty sand; medium gray (N 5) .......................................................................................... 6–9

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to medium to coarse,

micaceous sand; contains occasional rounded to subrounded quartz

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; sand fraction includes garnet,

kyanite, and dark heavy minerals; medium gray (N 5)................................................................. 9–21

Gravel containing rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles up 

to 5 cm in diameter; coarse to very coarse sand matrix;

medium gray (N 5)...................................................................................................................... 21–23

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, dense; garnets abundant; contains 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter, grading down to 

fine to medium sand with polished egg-shaped quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter; light gray (N 7)...................................................................................... 23–31

Base of alluvium: +48 feet elevation

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
14

AG–2: 1.87 miles west of eastern quadrangle border, 0.70 mile north of southern quadrangle 

border, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6808o N., longitude 77.4090o W.). Surface 

elevation about 59 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chuckatuck Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, brown (5YR 5/5) ............................................................................. 0–2

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, micaceous, brown (5YR 5/5)

with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and very pale orange 

(10YR 8/6) mottles, grading back to brown (5YR 5/5) at 

6 feet; lower contact gradational................................................................................................... 2–10

Sand, fine to medium, orange (5YR 5/7); lower contact gradational......................................... 10–13

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains rounded quartz pebbles

up to 3 cm in diameter; very pale orange (10YR 8/2) (10–15 feet) 

grading down to orange (5YR 5/7)............................................................................................. 13–30

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains rounded quartz pebbles up

to 3 cm in diameter; coarsely micaceous, greenish gray (5G 6/1) 30–34

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, kaolinitic; contains rare, moderately 

polished, subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

light bluish gray (5B 8/1); stiff drilling....................................................................................... 34–41

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +25 feet elevation

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
15

AG–3: 0.16 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, 6.85 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7247o N., longitude 77.3775o W.). Surface 

elevation about 77 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill, sand with mixed colors........................................................................................... 0–3

Alluvium

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, humic A-horizon, brownish

gray (5YR 4/1)............................................................................................................................... 3–4

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, clayey in basal foot, light

brownish gray (5YR 6/1); lower contact somewhat gradational ................................................... 4–8

Sand, medium to coarse, grading to coarse to very coarse 

and granular, clean sand; light brownish gray (5YR 6/1).............................................................. 8–11

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, shelly 

(Turritella) at 13 feet, bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)............................................................... 11–25

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine; includes phosphate sand fraction; shelly 

(including Chesapecten, oysters, and other fossils); some 

shells encrusted by nodules; greenish gray (5G 6/1) .................................................................. 25–29

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, very sparsely shelly, olive

gray (5Y 5/1) (29–32 feet) grading down to dark 

greenish gray (5G 4/1); lower contact gradational ..................................................................... 29–47

Sand, medium to coarse; contains quartz pebbles up 

to 2 cm in diameter; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)....................................................................... 47–49

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; very light bluish gray 

(5B 8/1) ........................................................................................................................................ 49–56
16

Base of alluvium: +66 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +52 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +48 feet elevation

Base of Eastover Formation: +28 feet elevation

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
17

AG–4: 1.00 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, 2.05 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6549o N., longitude 77.3926o W.). Surface 

elevation about 120 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to medium, silty, clayey, pale yellowish

orange (10YR 8/4) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ......................................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, dense and stiff, grading down 

to clayey, sandy (very fine) silt; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6), with red (5R 5/6), very light gray (N 8), and 

orange (5YR 6/7) mottles, grading down to very light gray (N 8) ................................................ 1–7

Silt, sandy (very fine), ranging to very fine, silty, finely micaceous

sand; orange (5YR 6/7) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) with streaks of very light gray (N 8)............................................................... 7–15

Sand, coarse to very coarse, granular, angular, silty, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)....................................................................................................... 15–17

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, very light gray (N 8) mixed 

with reddish orange (5YR 5/6) grading through pinkish gray 

(5YR 9/1) (21–29 feet) to bluish gray (5B 5/1) ........................................................................... 17–30

Silt, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, yellowish gray 

(10YR 9/1); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................ 30–32

Sand, fine to coarse, angular, silty, yellowish gray 

(10YR 9/1); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................ 32–39

Sand, coarse to very coarse, angular; contains angular to 

subangular quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; yellowish 

gray (10YR 9/1); lower contact abrupt........................................................................................ 39–41

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, orange (5YR 6/6) 

(41–43 feet) grading down to bluish gray (5B 4/1)..................................................................... 41–51
18

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +103 feet elevation

Base of Chowan River Formation: +79 feet elevation

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
19

AG–5: 6.25 miles west of eastern quadrangle border, 5.30 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7027o N., longitude 77.4878o W.). Surface 

elevation about 150 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine with scattered medium to coarse grains; very 

fine dark heavy minerals present; pale grayish orange (10YR 8/3) .............................................. 0–1

Sand, dominantly fine, poorly sorted, silty, orange (5YR 6/6)

with blotches of dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and dark 

red (5R 3/6); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................ 1–4

Sand, mostly fine with some medium to coarse grains, 

subangular, poorly sorted, clayey, grayish orange (10YR 7/4) 

with blotches of pale orange (10YR 7/2)....................................................................................... 4–6

Sand, fine, grading down to dominantly medium to coarse, 

subangular, clayey sand; very pale orange (10YR 8/2) with 

blotches of dark red (5R 3/6) ........................................................................................................ 6–11

Sand, coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted, granular, subangular 

to subrounded, very pale orange (10YR 8/2) with blotches of dark 

red (5R 3/6) ................................................................................................................................. 11–12

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, angular to subangular, silty, 

clayey, micaceous, brown (5YR 5/6) with sparse blotches of 

light gray (N 7)............................................................................................................................ 12–16

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very coarse, 

granular, subangular to subrounded sand; dense clay bed present

from 21 to 21.5 feet; light gray (N 7) with blotches of grayish 

orange pink (5YR 7/2) and dark red (5R 3/6).............................................................................. 16–22

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to medium and then back 

to fine to medium; subrounded to rounded and well sorted

throughout; contains scattered grains of very fine dark heavy 

minerals; sparsely micaceous; clay balls or disrupted clay lenses 

present below 23 feet; thixotropic, orange pink (10R 7/3); lower 

contact somewhat gradational 22–31

Sand, fine, silty with clay lenses; very fine dark heavy minerals

scattered throughout sand fraction; bluish gray (5B 5/1)............................................................. 31–43
20

Sand, dominantly fine but with scattered medium to coarse 

grains; very fine dark heavy minerals present; grayish orange 

pink (5YR 7/2) and grayish orange (10YR 7/4) with minor 

orange (5YR 6/7) intervals ........................................................................................................... 43–47

Sand, medium, grading down to coarse to very coarse sand;

contains scattered subangular quartz granules and pebbles up 

to 1 cm in diameter; very pale orange (10YR 8/2) ....................................................................... 47–51

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, denser than 

beds above; clams (Mulinia) abundant between 65 and 68 feet;

top 6 inches dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and below that,

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ....................................................................................................... 51–68

Sand, fine to medium, phosphatic; contains diverse shell fauna 

(Chesapecten, Mercenaria, and other fossils);

light bluish gray (5B 6/1)............................................................................................................. 68–72

Granite

Saprolite from granite, coarse; polygonal clear quartz grains 

in clay matrix; light greenish gray (5G 8/1)................................................................................. 72–76

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +128 feet elevation

Base of Chowan River Formation: +99 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +78 feet elevation

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
21

AG–6: 3.83 miles west of eastern quadrangle border, 4.78 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6951o N., longitude 77.4439o W.). Surface 

elevation about 130 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine, clean, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).................................................................... 0–1

Sand, mostly fine but with scattered medium to coarse grains, 

subrounded, slightly silty and clayey, pale grayish orange (10YR 8/3)......................................... 1–6

Sand, medium to coarse, subrounded to subangular, clean, pale

grayish orange (10YR 8/3) ............................................................................................................. 6–8

Chowan River Formation

Silt, very clayey, yellowish orange (10YR 7/7); lower contact

somewhat gradational .................................................................................................................... 8–14

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, soft, grayish

red (10R 4/2) ................................................................................................................................ 14–30

Sand, fine to medium; very fine dark heavy minerals abundant;

grayish red (10R 4/2) ................................................................................................................... 30–31

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, soft, grayish

red (10R 4/2) ................................................................................................................................ 31–33

Sand, fine to medium; very fine dark heavy minerals abundant;

grayish red (10R 4/2) .................................................................................................................. 33–34

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, soft, grayish red 

(10R 4/2) ...................................................................................................................................... 34–37

Sand, fine to medium; contains scattered subangular to subrounded

quartz granules; grayish red (10R 4/2)......................................................................................... 37–38

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, dense, light gray (N 7) (38–41 feet) grading down 

to medium bluish gray (5B 5/1); lower contact gradational ....................................................... 38–58

Sand, fine, grading down to medium, finely micaceous sand;

medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)..................................................................................... 58–61
22

Gravel containing clasts 1 to 2 cm in diameter of indurated Eastover(?) 

matrix and quartz pebbles; medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1) .......................................... 61–62

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted; contains sparse rotten shell material;

greenish gray (5G 4/1) ................................................................................................................. 62–66

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +122 feet elevation

Base of Chowan River Formation: +92 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +68 feet elevation

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
23

Barley Quadrangle

BA–1: At intersection of dirt roads, 1.3 miles northeast of Gum Forks and 0.1 mile west of power 

line, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5183o N., longitude 77.6618o W.). Surface 

elevation 200 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, poorly sorted, subangular, 

granular, silty, slightly clayey, reddish brown (10R 4/7) 

(0–6 feet) grading down to grayish orange (10YR 7/4)................................................................. 0–12

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter in matrix of dark yellowish orange, silty,

fine to very coarse sand................................................................................................................ 12–13

Sand, fine to medium, moderately well sorted; very fine to 

fine dark heavy minerals abundant; light orange (5YR 7/6) ........................................................ 13–16

Sand, coarse to very coarse, rounded; contains rounded to 

discoidal pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; clayey below 

44 feet; clay balls present in basal 2 feet; grayish 

orange (10YR 7/4) (16–38 feet) grading down to very 

pale orange (10YR 8/2)................................................................................................................. 16–49

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, medium, grading down to medium to coarse, 

subrounded to rounded, well-sorted, clean sand; contains 

about 1 percent fine dark heavy minerals; thixotropic; basal 

foot contains rounded to discoidal, slightly polished quartz 

pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; white (N 9)................................................................................ 49–55

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, fine, silty, clayey, coarsely micaceous; rounded quartz 

and rotten diorite pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter common, 

as well as a subangular metavolcanic pebble; moderate 

brown (5YR 4/4) grading rapidly down to dark bluish 

gray (5B 4/1) ............................................................................................................................... 55–56
24

Base of Chowan River Formation: +151 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +145 feet elevation

Bottomed in basal lag bed of Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
25

Boykins Quadrangle

BO–1: On short dirt road on eastern side of N.C. State Road 35, 300 feet south of the Meherrin 

River, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5380o N., longitude 77.1880o W.). Surface 

elevation 25 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine with scattered medium grains; sparse very fine 

dark heavy minerals present; soft; color ranges from dusky 

yellow (5Y 6/4) to yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)................................................................................... 0–14

Sand, fine, clayey, medium light gray (N 6)................................................................................ 14–14.5

Sand, very fine to fine; abundant very fine dark heavy 

minerals; thixotropic, medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................ 14.5–18

Sand, very fine to very coarse, poorly sorted, clayey, 

woody, brownish black (5YR 2/1)............................................................................................... 18–19

Sand, very fine to mostly coarse to very coarse, poorly 

sorted; contains subrounded quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm 

in diameter; medium olive gray (5Y 5/1).................................................................................... 19–22

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey and greenish gray (5GY 5/1) 

in top foot, grading down rapidly to silty and dark greenish gray 

(5G 4/1) sand............................................................................................................................... 22–26

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, finely micaceous; contains 

very fine dark heavy minerals; sparse shell fragments;

sparse rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter 

present at base; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1) .............................................................................. 26–37

Cape Fear Formation

Sand, fine to medium, grading down through medium to 

coarse and through fine to medium (47–49 feet) back to 

medium to coarse, micaceous with flakes up to 4 mm 

across; sparse dark heavy minerals present;contains sparse 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter, scattered 

very coarse blue quartz grains, and one clay ball, 2 cm in 

diameter; medium greenish gray (5GY 5/1)................................................................................ 37–51
26

Base of alluvium: +3 feet elevation

Base of Eastover Formation: -12 feet elevation

Bottomed in Cape Fear Formation
27

BO–2: On southern side of abandoned house, 300 feet southwest of power line, at end of short 

road off of N.C. State Road 35, 0.75 mile south of Meherrin River bridge, in south-central 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.5306o N., longitude 77.1761o W.). Surface elevation 58 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chuckatuck Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, slightly clayey, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down through dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles (3–6 feet) 

to pale orange (10YR 7/2) sand; lower contact gradational .......................................................... 0–8

Sand, very fine to fine, grading down to fine to medium sand; very 

fine dark heavy minerals abundant; clean, thixotropic, finely 

micaceous, pale orange (10YR 7/2)............................................................................................... 8–16

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous; shelly below 20 feet (Mulinia and Turritella);

color of top 4 inches is an orange (5YR 5/7) weathering rind that overlies

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................... 16–38

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, very fine, grading down to fine, silty, shelly sand; fine 

phosphate sand abundant; calcite-cemented lumps abundant 

below 42 feet; greenish gray (5GY 5/1)...................................................................................... 38–47

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine, clayey and dense, finely micaceous; contains 

very sparse shells; greenish gray (5G 5/1); lower contact 

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................. 47–57

Sand, fine, silty, greenish gray (5G 5/1)..................................................................................... 57–58

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +42 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +20 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +11 feet elevation

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
28

BO–3: On southern side of N.C. State Road 1333 on 100-foot contour line, 1.65 miles east of 

western quadrangle border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5168o N., longitude 

77.2202o W.). Surface elevation 100 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, slightly clayey; sparse very fine 

dark heavy mineral grains present; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles below 4 feet.......................................................... 0–10

Sand, fine to medium, silty, clayey; contains abundant 

subrounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with 

very light gray (N 8) mottles....................................................................................................... 10–11

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, medium to coarse to medium to very coarse;

contains subangular to subrounded quartz granules;

quartz pebbles at base up to 2.5 cm in diameter;

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) grading down to orange 

(10YR 6/8)................................................................................................................................... 11–20

Chowan River Formation

Silt, very clayey, very light gray (N 8)........................................................................................ 20–21

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, scattered very 

fine to fine dark heavy mineral grains and fine mica;

thixotropic, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading 

down to orange (5YR 5/8); basal contact abrupt but 

no coarse basal bed ..................................................................................................................... 21–29

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, interbedded with

laminae of very fine clean sand with very fine dark 

heavy minerals; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)............................................................................ 29–44

Sand, very fine, silty, medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................... 44–45

Silt, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, interbedded with

laminae of very fine clean sand with very fine dark heavy 

minerals; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ...................................................................................... 45–61
29

Sand, very fine to fine; base of bed contains subrounded

lumps of calcite-cemented glauconitic sand up to 0.5 cm in 

diameter; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ...................................................................................... 45–61

Sand, fine, silty, shelly, medium greenish gray (5G 5/1) ........................................................... 61–66

Base of Windsor Formation: +89 feet elevation

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +80 feet elevation

Base of Chowan River Formation: +71 feet elevation

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
30

BO–4: In wooded area south of N.C. State Road 1333 and north of N.C. State Road 1444, 0.45 

mile east of western quadrangle border and 1.15 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5167o N., longitude 77.2416o W.). Surface elevation 

121 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, fine, well-sorted; sparse very fine dark heavy mineral 

grains present; dark yellowish brown (10Y 4/2) grading down 

through pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/3) (1–2 feet) 

through dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) (2–3 feet) through 

pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/3) with black streaks of humate 

(3–4 feet) and through pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) (4–6 feet) 

to grayish brown (5YR 4/2) (6–8 feet) .......................................................................................... 0–8

Sand, very fine, silty; very fine dark heavy minerals abundant;

thixotropic, very pale orange pink (5YR 8/2) grading down and through 

grayish orange (10YR 7/2) (32–34 feet) and through medium 

light gray (N 6) (34–39 feet) to pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/3)

(39–40 feet)................................................................................................................................... 8–40

Silt, very clayey, lignitic, medium light gray (N 6) .................................................................... 40–40.5

Sand, medium, grading down to coarse to very coarse sand; pale 

yellowish orange (10YR 8/3).................................................................................................... 40.5–42

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, coarse to very coarse, subangular, orange (5YR 6/7),

except for 2-inch-thick layer of bluish gray (5B 5/1), clayey and 

silty, coarse to very coarse sand.................................................................................................. 42–46

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit): +79 feet elevation

Bottomed in upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)
31

Capron Quadrangle

CA–1: In wooded area on northern side of dirt road, 0.25 mile east of 114-foot spot elevation on 

Va. State Road 757, 0.33 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.65 miles south of northern

quadrangle border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7259o N., longitude 77.1307o W.). 

Surface elevation 131 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, fine, well-sorted; abundant very fine dark heavy mineral 

grains present; very pale orange (10YR 8/2) grading down to dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) in top foot then; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) (1–5 feet) grading down through very pale orange 

(10YR 8/2) (5–6 feet) and pale yellowish brown (10YR 7/2) (6–15 

feet) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) again in basal foot ..................................................... 0–16

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous; lenses of very fine sandy silt 

present; very light gray (N 8) grading down to brown (5YR 6/6)................................................ 16–22

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, bluish gray (5B 5/1) ................................................................... 22–26

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, interbedded with very fine 

sandy silt and very fine silty sand; greenish gray (5G 5/1)......................................................... 26–41

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, much denser than unit above;

burrows filled with fine sand present in upper 3 feet;

dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) ............................................................................................................ 41–49

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, fine, clayey, silty; clayey fraction has sparse lignite 

and coarse mica flakes; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) 

interbedded with light gray (N 7) clean sand.............................................................................. 49–51

Silt, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, medium bluish

gray (5B 5/1), much denser than above; small shells 

(Mulinia) present below 59 feet.................................................................................................. 51–61
32

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit): +115 feet elevation

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member): +82 feet elevation

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
33

CA–2: 0.1 mile south of Angelico on western side of Va. State Road 657 and northern side of 

unnamed creek branch, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7163o N., longitude 77.2362o

W.). Surface elevation 50 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine, clean, mostly well-sorted but with scattered 

medium and coarse grains, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) (0–1 foot) grading down to yellowish gray 

(5Y 8/1).......................................................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, medium to coarse, clean, light gray (N 9)........................................................................... 6–7

Chuckatuck Formation

Sand, fine, grading down to medium to coarse sand; dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down through 

pinkish gray (5YR 8/1) back to dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................... 7–11

Silt, sandy (very fine), grading down to very fine, silty

sand; brownish gray (5YR 4/1) grading down to olive 

gray (5Y 5/1) ............................................................................................................................... 11–12

Sand, medium to coarse, granular, olive gray (5Y 5/1)............................................................... 12–13

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous;

Mulinia present below 21 feet; greenish gray (5GY 5/1)............................................................ 13–28

Sand, fine to medium, very shelly (Mulinia, Chesapecten, 

oyster, and other mollusks), greenish gray (5G 5/1)................................................................... 28–31

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine; phosphate sand abundant; light greenish 

gray (5GY 7/1)............................................................................................................................. 31–32

Indurated ledge; no recovery ...................................................................................................... 32–34

Sand, fine; phosphate sand abundant; contains calcitecemented lumps and shell fragments; light greenish 

gray (5GY 7/1)............................................................................................................................. 34–36

Indurated ledge; no recovery ...................................................................................................... 36–37
34

Sand, fine; phosphate sand abundant; contains calcitecemented lumps and shell fragments; light greenish 

gray (5GY 7/1)............................................................................................................................. 37–42

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted at top but grading downward to 

less well sorted, dark greenish gray (5G 4/1) ............................................................................. 42–46

Sand, medium to very coarse, silty; phosphate and 

quartz granules and rounded pebbles up to 3 cm in 

diameter abundant; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1)....................................................................... 46–51

Clubhouse Formation

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, interbedded 

with very fine, silty, finely micaceous sand; dominantly 

greenish gray (5GY 6/1) ............................................................................................................. 51–56

Base of alluvium: +43 feet elevation

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +37 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +19 feet elevation

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +8 feet elevation

Base of Eastover Formation: -1 foot elevation

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
35

CA–3: On northern side of Va. State Road 658, 0.1 mile northeast of western intersection of Va. 

State Road 657 and Va. State Road 658, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6790o N.,

longitude 77.2081o W.). Surface elevation 128 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, slightly clayey, pale

orange (10YR 8/3) ......................................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, slightly clayey, pale orange 

(10YR 8/3), prominently mottled dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) and dark brownish gray (5YR 4/1) and 

sparsely mottled light brownish gray (5YR 6/1) ........................................................................... 1–5

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, slightly clayey; very fine 

dark heavy minerals abundant; light brownish gray 

(5YR 6/1) grading down through dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) (8–9 feet) to very pale orange (10YR 9/1) .................................................................. 5–12

Silt, very clayey, very thin (less than 1 inch thick), 

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ......................................................................................................... at 12

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, slightly clayey; very fine 

dark heavy minerals abundant; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)........................................................ 12–15

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Barhamsville Member)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), interbedded with lenses of 

very fine sand; grayish orange (10YR 7/4).................................................................................. 15–16

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit): +113 feet elevation

Bottomed in upper Bacons Castle Formation (Barhamsville Member)
36

CA–4: On western side of Va. State Road 693, 100 feet north of 122-foot spot elevation, in southcentral 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6491o N., longitude 77.1841o W.). Surface elevation 122 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, clean; very fine dark heavy minerals 

abundant; humic near base; pale orange (10YR 8/3) grading 

down through dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) (3–9 feet), 

very pale orange (10YR 9/1) (9–10 feet), orange (5YR 6/7) 

(10–14 feet), moderate brown (5YR 4/4) (14–15 feet), and 

dusky brown (5YR 2/2) (15–16 feet) to reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) and reddish orange (10R 6/6)........................................................................................ 0–18

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Barhamsville Member)

Silt, clayey, interbedded with thin lenses of very fine sand;

reddish orange (10R 6/6) grading down to grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4), lower contact somewhat gradational ....................................................................... 18–26

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, sandy (very fine), medium

bluish gray (5B 5/1) ..................................................................................................................... 26–29

Silt, very clayey, interbedded with very fine sand; greenish 

gray (5G 6/1)............................................................................................................................... 29–35

Sand, fine, clean, well-sorted; sparse very fine heavy minerals 

present; grades downward to sparsely lignitic, silty, clayey, 

medium to coarse sand; greenish gray (5G 6/1) ......................................................................... 35–37

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), much denser than unit above, bluish

gray (5B 5/1); burrows filled with fine sand from unit above extend 

downward to base of unit............................................................................................................ 37–40

Siltstone containing molds and casts of small clams and a 

chalky oyster fragment at base; dark greenish gray (5GY 3/1)................................................... 40–41

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit): +104 feet elevation

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation (Barhamsville Member): +85 feet elevation

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
37

Cherry Hill Quadrangle

CH–93–1: 5.04 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.31 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, near Abernathy Cemetery, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9233o 

N., longitude 77.5912o W.). Surface elevation about 285 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, reddish brown (10R 5/7)......................................................................... 0–6 

Sand, fine, well-sorted, clayey, finely micaceous, 

yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/8); rounded plinthite 

nodule present; stiff drilling........................................................................................................... 6–14 

Sand, fine to medium, yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/8) 

(14–16 feet), grading down to moderate reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) (16–25 feet) ................................................................................................................. 14–25 

Sand, fine, silty; very fine heavy minerals abundant;

pale reddish brown (10R 5/4) with mottles of dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading to 

all dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) (25–35 feet)...................................................................... 25–41 

Sand, very fine to fine, soft, thixotropic; very fine dark 

heavy minerals abundant; discoidal quartz pebbles up to 

3.5 cm in diameter present near base; dominantly very 

light gray (N 8) (41–46 feet) but near bottom dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) (46-48 feet) .................................................................................................... 41–48

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks 

 

Clay, sandy(fine); very pale orange (10YR 8/2) to grayish 

orange (10YR 7/4) ........................................................................................................................ 48–51 

Clay, sandy (fine to medium), micaceous, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down through yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/2) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2) 

with streaks of bluish white (5B 9/1)........................................................................................... 51–71 

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): 237 feet elevation

Bottomed in felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
38

CH–93–2: 6.57 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.69 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, near Rocky Mountain Church, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9287o N., longitude 77.6189o W.). Surface elevation about 330 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Altamaha Formation

Large rounded quartz cobbles scattered across ground surface................................................... at 0

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Clay, dry, crumbly, stiff and dense, moderate red (5R 4/6), 

moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6), and dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6), very light gray (N 8) streaks

are present below 6 feet ................................................................................................................ 0–21

Base of Altamaha Formation: Higher than +330 feet elevation

Bottomed in felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
39

CH–93–3: 6.66 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.66 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, near radio tower, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9429o N.,

longitude 77.6205o W.). Surface elevation about 340 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Altamaha Formation

Clay, dense; large rotten quartzite clast present at base 

easily broken by hand; light brown (5YR 5/6)................................................................................ 0–3 

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Clay, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/5) with mottles of

very light gray (N 8)........................................................................................................................ 3–6 

Clay, moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6) grading down 

to dark yellowish brown (10YR 6/6) and moderate yellowish 

brown (10YR 5/4) with mottles of very light gray (N 8)............................................................... 6–16 

Base of Altamaha Formation: +337 feet elevation

Bottomed in felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
40

CH–93–4: 4.63 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.90 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on southeastern side of intersection of Va. State Road 40 and Va. State Road 619, 

in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9463o N., longitude 77.5837o W.). Surface elevation 

242 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains scattered quartz 

granules down to 6 feet and rounded, polished 

elongate quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter below 

6 feet; red (7.5R 5/8)..................................................................................................................... 0–9 

Clay, sandy (fine), dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/5), 

very light gray (N 8), and moderate dusky red (5R 4/4)............................................................... 9–11 

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains elongate and 

polished quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; light 

brown (5YR 5/6 to 5YR 6/4)........................................................................................................ 11–16 

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Clay containing platy fragments of vein quartz; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4), becoming very light gray (N 8) with streaks 

of pale red (10R 6/2) in basal foot .............................................................................................. 16–26 

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +226 feet above sea level

Bottomed in felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
41

CH–93–5: 4.73 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 5.91 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on southern side of intersection of Va. State Road 619 and Va. State Road 609, in 

northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9613o N., longitude 77.5857o W.). Surface elevation 215 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay ............................................................................................................................... 0–6

No coastal plain sediments present

Bottomed in felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
42

CH–93–6: 2.88 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.28 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, near 222-foot spot elevation, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9665o

N., longitude 77.5518o W.). Surface elevation 221 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to coarse, mostly fine to medium, silty, 

light brown (5YR 5/6).................................................................................................................... 0–6 

Sand, very fine to coarse, mostly fine to medium, silty;

very fine dark heavy minerals and quartz granules 

present; yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/7)........................................................................................... 6–11 

Sand, very fine to coarse, mostly fine to medium, silty;

dark very fine heavy minerals very abundant; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)....................................................................................................... 11–17 

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in 

diameter, in very fine to coarse sand matrix; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 17–18 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains scattered quartz 

granules and pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; dark very 

fine heavy minerals abundant (10–15 percent of volume 

between 21 and 22 feet); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2)....................................................... 18–22

Silt, very clayey, sandy (coarse), white (possible 

saprolitized granite clast)............................................................................................................ 22–22.5

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains subangular to 

rounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)............................................................................................ 22.5–27

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay; contains large angular grains of black 

smoky quartz up to 1 cm in diameter; light brownish gray (5YR 6/1)........................................ 27–31

Base of Chowan River Formation: +203 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +194 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
43

CH–93–7: 3.19 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.88 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, at northeastern corner of intersection of Va. State Route 40 and Va. State Route 

659, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9459o N., longitude 77.5578o W.). Surface elevation 

221 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to coarse, silty, clayey, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down through light brown 

(5YR 5/6) to moderate brown (5YR 4/4) ....................................................................................... 0–11

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to medium; dark very fine heavy minerals 

abundant; pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2)............................................................................... 11–16

Sand, medium to coarse; dark very fine heavy minerals 

sparsely present; some sand intervals have a subordinate 

very coarse fraction and other intervals have a subordinate 

fine fraction; kaolinite ghosts of feldspar grains 

recognizable; pinkish gray (5YR 8/1).......................................................................................... 16–44

Sand, medium to very coarse, gravelly with rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3.5 cm in diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) ........................................................ 44–47

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, fine sand and clay; blades of staurolite present;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 47–51 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +210 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +174 feet above sea level

Bottomed in aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
44

CH–93–8: 2.25 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 5.00 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.2 mile north-northwest of intersection of Va. State Route 40 and Va. State 

Route 665 on western side of Va. State Route 665, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9479o N., longitude 77.5406o W.). Surface elevation about 200 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to medium, silty, clayey; contains plinthite;

reddish brown (10R 5/7) ............................................................................................................... 0–6 

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted; rounded quartz 

granules present from 6–15 feet; yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/7) ................................................... 6–21 

Sand, fine to medium, unit better sorted than above; rounded

quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter abundant from 

23–26 feet; yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/7)................................................................................... 21–26 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; dark very fine heavy 

minerals abundant (5–10 percent of volume); pale 

yellowish orange (10YR 8/6); lower contact abrupt.................................................................... 26–30 

Sand, coarse to very coarse, rounded, clean; a few 

clay lenses present near base; pale yellowish 

orange (10YR 8/6) ....................................................................................................................... 30–31 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with large crystals of 

angular dark gray smoky quartz; moderate yellowish 

brown (10YR 6/4); impenetrable rock at base of hole................................................................. 31–37 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +174 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +169 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
45

CH–93–9: 2.15 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.99 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.2 mile north-northeast of intersection of Va. State Route 40 and Va. State Route 

665, on western side of Va. State Route 665, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9476o N.,

longitude 77.5388o W.). Surface elevation 195 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to coarse, dominantly fine to medium, 

slightly silty; scattered quartz granules present between

6 and 11 feet; yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/7) (0-6 feet) 

grading down to grayish orange (10YR 7/4) and grayish 

orange pink (5YR 7/2) (6-11 feet)................................................................................................. 0–11

Sand, very fine to coarse, dominantly fine to medium, 

slightly silty; scattered quartz granules present; sparse 

(about 1 percent) dark very fine heavy minerals present;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) and light brown (5YR 5/6)................................................................ 11–16

Silt, very clayey, sandy (medium to coarse), moderate

reddish orange (10R 6/6) with mottles of pale reddish 

brown (10R 5/4) and light gray (N 7).......................................................................................... 16–17

Sand, dominantly fine to medium; quartz granules 

scattered throughout; sparse (about 1 percent) dark very 

fine heavy minerals present; grayish orange brown 

(5YR 7/4); lower contact gradational .......................................................................................... 17–21

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains quartz pebbles up to 

1 cm in diameter; grayish orange brown (5YR 7/4) (21-25 

feet) grading down to yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) (25-27 feet)............................................... 21–27

Gravel containing pebbles of brownish black (5YR 2/1),

subangular smoky quartz up to 2.5 cm in diameter 

and rounded to discoidal vein quartz up to 5 cm in diameter..................................................... 27–29

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with subangular grains of smoky 

quartz; moderate yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) ........................................................................... 29–31

Base of Chowan River Formation: +166 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
46

CH–93–10: 4.12 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.88 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on southern side of Va. State Route 40, 0.2 mile east of Millrun Branch, in central 

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9460o N., longitude 77.5746o W.). Surface elevation 212 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse, dominantly fine to 

medium, silty, moderately clayey to very clayey 

(4–5 feet), moderate brown (5YR 5/4) (0–4 feet) 

grading down to pale reddish brown (10R 5/4) and 

light gray (N 7)................................................................................................................................ 0–6 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to coarse; dark very fine heavy minerals 

abundant; quartz granules present from 11–12 feet; pale 

yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) (6–9 feet) grading down 

to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ............................................................................................ 6–12 

Sand, very fine to coarse; dark very fine heavy 

minerals sparse in upper two-thirds but abundant in 

lower one third; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).................................................................... 12–13 

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains subrounded pebbles 

of quartz up to 2 cm in diameter; sparse dark very 

fine heavy minerals present; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) 

to light olive gray (5Y 5/2).......................................................................................................... 13–17 

Sand, fine to very coarse, clayey and silty; contains 

abundant subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm 

in diameter; dark yellowish brown (10YR 6/6)........................................................................... 17–20 

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, silt, micaceous, clayey; very light gray 

(N 8) mica flakes present in dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) to very pale orange (10YR 8/2) matrix ..................................................................... 20–21

Base of Chowan River Formation: +206 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +192 feet above sea level

Bottomed in aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
47

CH–93–11: 4.36 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 7.69 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on eastern side of Va. State Route 619, 0.4 mile north-northwest of Wharfs Store, 

in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9868o N., longitude 77.5789o W.). Surface elevation 

254 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but up to coarse, 

silty, plinthitic; subangular quartz pebble about 1 cm 

in diameter present near base; red (7.5R 5/7) ............................................................................... 0–6 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with angular quartz grains; moderate 

reddish brown (10R 4/6) and grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ............................................................. 6–11 

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +248 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
48

CH–93–12: 2.99 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 8.24 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on southwestern corner of intersection of Va. State Route 609 and Va. State 

Route 664, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9950o N., longitude 77.5540o W.). Surface 

elevation 218 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty, stiff, reddish

brown (10R 5/7)............................................................................................................................ 0–6 

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty; sparse dark 

very fine heavy minerals present; rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter also present; grayish 

orange (10YR 7/4) ......................................................................................................................... 6–11 

Sand, dominantly medium, grading down to dominantly 

coarse sand; scattered quartz pebbles increase in size

downward to a maximum diameter of 3 cm; yellowish 

gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................................................................................................... 11–19 

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 5 cm 

in diameter interspersed with subrounded smoky quartz 

granules; fine to very coarse quartz sand matrix with sparse 

very fine dark heavy minerals present; yellowish 

gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................................................................................................... 19–21 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay containing grains of angular, brownish 

black (5YR 2/1) smoky quartz and a 1-cm-wide 

muscovite book; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

and very light gray (N 8)............................................................................................................. 21–26 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +197 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
49

CH–93–13: 2.28 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 7.66 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on northern corner of intersection of Va. State Road 664 and unnumbered road, 

0.1 mi. northwest of Boisseau Cemetery, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9865o N.,

longitude 77.5409o W.). Surface elevation 191 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains rounded quartz 

granules; moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6)................................................................................. 0–4 

Gravel in a sandy matrix; rounded quartz pebble 

4 cm in diameter recovered, but very tough drilling 

suggests that there are much larger clasts present 

but not recovered and there are clasts in adjacent

field that are up to 12 cm in diameter; moderate

reddish orange (10R 6/6)................................................................................................................. 4–8 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with coarse grains of 

angular smoky quartz; moderate reddish brown 

(10R 4/6), pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6),

and very light gray (N 8)............................................................................................................... 8–11 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +183 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
50

CH–93–14: 0.33 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.76 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on northern side of Va. State Road 40 immediately east of power line, in eastcentral 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9442o N., longitude 77.5055o W.). Surface elevation 140 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, dominantly fine to medium with a minor coarse 

to very coarse fraction; sparse quartz pebbles up to 

1 cm in diameter and sparse grains of dark very fine 

heavy minerals present; light olive gray (5Y 7/1) grading down

through dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to pale 

yellowish brown (10YR 7/2) ......................................................................................................... 0–7 

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), light gray (N 7) ............................................................................. 7–7.5 

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty, dominantly coarse 

to very coarse at base with abundant quartz granules;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ......................................................................................................... 7.5–11 

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), yellowish

gray (5Y 8/1), grayish orange (10YR 7/4), and 

grayish orangish pink (5YR 7/2) (0–15 feet) grading 

down to light olive gray (5Y 7/1)................................................................................................ 11–17 

Sand, coarse; contains abundant subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 3.5 cm in diameter; moderate 

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) ....................................................................................................... 17–18 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with angular smoky quartz 

grains; yellowish brown (5YR 5/2) ............................................................................................. 18–21 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +129 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +122 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
51

CH–93–15: 0.60 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.27 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, at intersection of Va. State Route 681 and unnumbered road with 159-foot spot 

elevation, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9097o N., longitude 77.4932o W.). Surface 

elevation 159 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine to medium), yellowish gray 

(5Y 7/2) grading down to medium light gray (N 6) streaked 

with light brown (5YR 5/6) ........................................................................................................... 0–6 

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), pale yellowish

brown (10YR 6/2) and medium gray (N 5) grading down 

to light brownish gray (5YR 5/1) and pale olive (10Y 6/2 

to 5Y 6/1)....................................................................................................................................... 6–9 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with coarse-grained, angular smoky 

quartz; light greenish gray (5GY 7/1) and very light gray (N 8)................................................... 9–11 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +150 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
52

CH–93–16: 1.85 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.58 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on unnumbered road, 0.1 mile south of spillway for pond, 0.2 mile east of Harris 

Swamp stream, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9127o N., longitude 77.5331o W.). 

Surface elevation 179 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to coarse, silty and clayey; rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter scattered throughout;

orangish brown (7.5YR 5/7).......................................................................................................... 0–6 

Sand, medium to very coarse; quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter very abundant; grayish 

orangish pink (5YR 7/2) grading down to light 

brown (5YR 6/4)............................................................................................................................ 6–11 

Gravel containing rounded to subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter; medium to very coarse 

sand matrix; light brown (5YR 6/4)............................................................................................. 11–13 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to fine, very light gray (N 8),

interbedded with fine to medium, pale yellowish orange 

(10YR 8/6), well-sorted sand; dark very 

fine heavy minerals sparsely present .......................................................................................... 13–16 

Sand, coarse to very coarse, rounded; contains 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

kaolinite abundant in matrix; very light gray (N 8) .................................................................... 16–22 

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted; dark very fine 

heavy minerals (1–2 percent by volume) present;

matrix rich in kaolinite; very light gray (N 8)............................................................................. 22–27 

Sand, fine to very coarse, poorly sorted; quartz pebbles

up to 1 cm in diameter present; very light gray (N 8)

grading down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ................................................................... 27–29 

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clayey and muscovitic fine sand, dusky

yellow (5Y 6/4), grading down to grayish brown 

(5YR 3/2), clayey and biotitic, fine sand; impenetrable

layer at base................................................................................................................................. 29–34 
53

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +166 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +150 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
54

CH–93–17: 3.16 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.79 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on western side of Va. State Route 665, 0.1 mile south of intersection with Va. 

State Route 617, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9154o N., longitude 77.5571o W.). 

Surface elevation 189 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, silty, clayey; dark very 

fine heavy minerals sparsely present at top but increasing 

to 1–2 percent by volume below 6 feet; dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 4/4) grading down through pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/2) (3–6 feet) and light brownish gray (5YR 6/1) 

(6–9 feet) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) (9–10 feet)......................................................... 0–10

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), grading down to 

clayey and silty fine sand; medium light gray (N 6)................................................................... 10–11

Sand, very fine to fine; sparse dark very fine heavy 

minerals present; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).................................................................. 11–14

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), yellowish

gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................................................................................................... 14–15

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine with minor 

medium to coarse fraction; sparse dark very fine 

heavy minerals present; medium yellowish orange 

(10YR 7/6); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................ 15–20

Sand, fine to medium, orangish brown (7.5YR 5/7);

lower contact gradational............................................................................................................ 20–22

Sand, medium to coarse; contains rounded to 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in 

diameter at base; medium dark gray (N 4).................................................................................. 22–25 

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, sandy (very fine to fine); schist fragments 

present; dark gray (N 3); impenetrable bed at base..................................................................... 25–26 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +164 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
55

CH–93–18: 4.24 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.00 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.6 mile east-northeast of Bolsters Store on northwestern side of right-angle turn 

on Va. State Route 617, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9189o N., longitude 77.5766o W.). 

Surface elevation 262 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, dominantly fine but with minor very fine 

to coarse fractions, silty, clayey; contains rounded 

plinthite lumps up to 1 cm in diameter; reddish 

brown (10R 4/7)............................................................................................................................ 0–6

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine with minor

medium to coarse fractions; rounded plinthite 

lumps increase in abundance downward; reddish brown 

(10R 4/7) grading down to moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6).................................................... 6–11

Sand, very fine to very coarse; pebbly with sparse 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter at top 

grading down to abundant rounded to subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter at base; light 

brown (5YR 5/6) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 11–18

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, sandy (fine to medium), dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with streaks of very light gray (N 8) 

grading down to light brown (5YR 5/6) ...................................................................................... 18–31

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +244 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
56

CH–93–19: 3.73 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.57 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, beside abandoned house, 0.9 mile north-northwest of intersection of Va. State 

Route 617 and Va. State Route 665, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9271o N., longitude 

77.5674o W.). Surface elevation 220 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to coarse, silty, reddish brown 

(10R 4/7); lower contact gradational............................................................................................... 0–7 

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains subrounded to 

subangular quartz granules that become more 

abundant downsection; light brown (5YR 5/6).............................................................................. 7–14 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to medium; sparse well-rounded quartz 

granules present; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) .............................................................................. 14–22 

Sand, very fine to fine; contains about 1 percent

dark very fine heavy minerals; pale yellowish orange 

(10YR 8/6)................................................................................................................................... 22–24 

Sand, very fine to medium; contains rounded to 

subrounded white quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in 

diameter and about 7 percent dark very fine heavy 

minerals; matrix rich in kaolin; grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4) and very light gray (N 8) .......................................................................................... 24–26 

Sand, fine to medium; contains about 15–20 percent

very fine dark heavy minerals; moderate yellowish 

brown (10YR 6/4) grading down to grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4)................................................................................................................................... 26–29 

Sand, very fine to fine; polished and wellrounded granules of quartz scattered throughout;

contains about 35–40 percent dark very fine grained 

heavy minerals; rounded to subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter present in basal 

foot (some oblate to discoidal in shape);

yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) to light gray (N 7)................................................................................. 29–35 
57

Sand, very fine; dark very fine heavy minerals 

abundant; sparse oblate to discoidal quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter present in basal 2 feet;

pinkish gray (5YR 7/1)................................................................................................................ 35–43 

Aluminous slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, micaceous and sandy; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) streaked dusky 

brown (5YR 2/2); lower contact somewhat gradational.............................................................. 43–46 

Saprolite, clay, very micaceous; flattened angular 

quartz grains and chips of vein quartz abundant;

garnetiferous; grayish green (5GY 6/1), greenish 

gray (5GY 7/1), grayish yellowish green (5GY 7/2), 

light red (5R 6/6), and very light gray (N 8) ............................................................................... 46–51 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +206 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +177 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
58

CH–93–20: 3.91 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.13 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.9 mile east-northeast of Bolsters Store on unnumbered road, 0.15 mile north of 

Va. State Route 617 at 241-foot spot elevation, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9208o N.,

longitude 77.5709o W.). Surface elevation 240 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to coarse, clayey, silty, dark

reddish brown (10R 3/6); lower contact gradational..................................................................... 0–9 

Sand, very fine to coarse; contains lenses of 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

dark reddish brown (10R 3/6) ....................................................................................................... 9–15 

Sand, very fine to coarse; dark very fine heavy 

minerals abundant; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)................................................................................................................................... 15–21 

Sand, fine to medium; quartz pebbles abundant 

down to 25 feet; dark very fine heavy minerals 

abundant throughout; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)................................................................................................................................... 21–28 

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, sparse sand (very fine); black blebs 

scattered throughout (weathered mafic minerals?);

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7)............................................................................................... 28–36 

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +212 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
59

CH–93–21: 1.73 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.99 mile north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.45 mile southeast of Mayes Cemetery, 0.05 mile southeast of 180-foot spot 

elevation at right-angle bend in Va. State Route 649, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8895o N., longitude 77.5284o W.). Surface elevation 178 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, contains quartz 

pebbles, silty and clayey; orange (5YR 5/7) 

grading down to orange with very light 

gray (N 8) streaks at base ............................................................................................................. 0–11 

Sand, fine to coarse, clayey and silty; contains 

subrounded quartz granules; orange (10YR 6/7) 

grading down to yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) ........................................................................... 11–28 

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), micaceous, 

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)....................................................................................................... 28–29 

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains rounded

quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter;

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)....................................................................................................... 29–30 

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains quartz 

pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/6) ....................................................................................................................... 30–31 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine; contains sparse dark very 

fine minerals and polished quartz granules;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) grading down to 

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2)............................................................................................... 31–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, interbedded with silty, very fine 

sand; grayish yellow (5Y 8/4) ..................................................................................................... 34–38 

Sand, mostly very fine to fine but with 

minor medium to very coarse fraction;

contains sparse quartz pebbles up to 

3 cm in diameter; grayish yellow (5Y 8/4).................................................................................. 38–41 
60

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, micaceous clay interlayered with 

platy angular quartz grains; probably some 

staurolite present; white (N 9), gray (N 5), 

and black (N 1) with yellowish and orangish 

staining; originally a quartz-muscovite-biotite 

schist ........................................................................................................................................... 41–42 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +147 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +144 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +137 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
61

CH–93–22: 1.01 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 7.27 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, at 168-foot spot elevation on western side of Va. State Route 664, in northeastern

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9808o N., longitude 77.5182o W.). Surface elevation 168 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine with scattered quartz grains up to

very coarse, silty and clayey; variably moderate

reddish brown (10R 4/6), dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6), yellowish gray (5Y 8/1), and light

gray (N 7); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................... 0–7

Sand, very fine to very coarse, modally medium 

to coarse, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

grading down through light gray (N 7) (8.5–9 feet) 

and dark reddish brown (10R 3/6) (9–11 feet) to 

light brown (5YR 6/4) (11–20 feet); subrounded to 

subangular quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter 

present in basal foot ...................................................................................................................... 7–20 

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine); very fine 

sand fraction includes dark heavy minerals below 

27 feet; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) grading through 

very light olive gray (5Y 7/1) (22–32 feet) to 

medium dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) .............................................................................................. 20–37 

Gravel containing vein quartz pebbles up to 5.5 cm 

in diameter; well rounded to subrounded, medium 

dark bluish gray (5B 4/1); very tough drilling ............................................................................ 37–41 

Petersburg Granite

Wisps of saprolite, composed of clay with angular 

quartz grains; medium gray (N 5) and dark greenish 

gray (5G 4/1); refusal on hard rock............................................................................................ at 41 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +148 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +127 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
62

CH–93–23: 0.82 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 8.52 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, near northern map border at T-intersection of unnumbered private roads, in 

northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9990o N., longitude 77.5147o W.). Surface elevation 

165 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine with scattered quartz grains up to 

very coarse, silty and clayey, light brown (5YR 5/6);

lower contact somewhat gradational............................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, dominantly medium to coarse, grading down 

to coarse to very coarse sand in basal foot; silty;

scattered very fine to very coarse grains present 

throughout; dusky red (5R 3/4) with mottles of light 

brownish gray (5YR 6/1) and orangish gray (10YR 7/4)............................................................... 6–9 

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey, sandy (fine to medium), light gray (N 7), 

pale red (5R 6/2), and light brown (5YR 6/4)................................................................................ 9–11 

Sand, dominantly fine with scattered grains up to 

coarse, silty, light gray (N 7), pale red (5R 6/2), 

moderate red (5R 4/6), and light brown (5YR 6/4)...................................................................... 11–20 

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), moderate red 

(5R 4/6) and light red (5R 5/6).................................................................................................... 20–21 

Sand, very fine, silty, pale reddish brown (10R 5/4) 

grading down to light brown (5YR 6/4) ...................................................................................... 21–24 

Silt, clayey, dusky yellow (5Y 6/4); lower contact

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................. 24–26 

Silt, clayey, pale olive (10Y 6/2) with semi-indurated 

light brown (5YR 5/6) mottles; lower contact 

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................. 26–33 

Silt, clayey, light gray (N 7) grading down to dark 

bluish gray (5B 4/1); contains lenses of very fine,

clean, micaceous sand................................................................................................................. 33–37 
63

Gravel containing subrounded quartz clasts up to 

2 cm in diameter; one 3-cm-long chip present from 

a much larger white (N 9) flint pebble or cobble;

smaller chips of dark gray (N 3) quartzite also 

present with their unbroken surfaces smooth.............................................................................. 37–38 

Petersburg Granite(?)

No penetration; stopped on top of granite or perhaps 

very large cobble or boulder ...................................................................................................... at 38 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +156 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +145 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +128 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
64

CH–93–24: 1.72 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.36 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, 1.0 mile northwest of Lloyds Church on western side of unnumbered private 

road, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9676o N., longitude 77.5307o W.). Surface 

elevation 165 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, mostly fine but ranging from very fine to 

coarse, silty, light gray (N 7) and dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) ......................................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, fine to medium grading down to coarse to 

very coarse, subrounded to subangular; subrounded

to subangular quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in 

diameter in basal foot; light gray (N 7) and dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................... 6–10 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite; clay, grayish yellow (5Y 8/4), 

light olive gray (5Y 5/2), and dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 3/2) grading down to very light gray (N 8);

contains grains of angular, coarse, dark gray 

(N 3) quartz ................................................................................................................................. 10–11 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +155 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
65

CH–93–25: 0.19 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 5.57 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on Va. State Route 663, 0.8 mile east-southeast of Lloyds Church, in east-central 

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9563o N., longitude 77.5032o W.). Surface elevation 135 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, dominantly fine to medium but ranging 

from very fine to coarse, grading through 

dominantly medium to coarse to dominantly 

coarse to very coarse, silty; subangular to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter abundant;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................................. 0–5

Gravel containing subrounded to subangular quartz 

clasts up to 3 cm in diameter; matrix composed of 

clay and coarse to very coarse rounded to angular 

quartz sand; grayish yellow (5Y 8/4), very light gray 

(N 8), and medium light gray (N 6)............................................................................................... 5–7 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay, grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4) with very coarse, angular, dark

gray (N 3) quartz grains; refusal at 10 feet ................................................................................... 7–10 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +128 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
66

CH–93–26: 0.99 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.75 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on southern side of abandoned house, 0.05 mile east of power line and 0.05 mile 

southeast of Dinwiddie-Sussex county line, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9296o N.,

longitude 77.5176o W.). Surface elevation 180 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty; contains sparse 

quartz granules; orangish brown (7.5YR 5/7) grading 

down to reddish brown (10R 4/7); rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter present in basal half-foot ............................................................ 0–7

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to fine with sparse medium to coarse 

grains, silty, clayey; muscovite flakes scattered throughout; very fine dark heavy minerals present; reddish 

brown (10R 4/7) with yellowish gray mottles (5Y 8/1)................................................................. 7–11 

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; contains occasional polished 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; light 

brown (5YR 5/6) grading down through light brown 

(5YR 5/7) (14–21 feet) to grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ................................................................. 11–24 

Silt, very clayey, 4-inch-thick layer, light brown 

(5YR 5/7) with very light gray (N 8) mottles ................................................................................ at 24 

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but with significant 

medium to coarse fraction; 3-cm-long polished quartz 

discoid present at top; subrounded to subangular quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter present at 29 feet; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/6) ....................................................................................................................... 24–32 

Sand, fine to medium, dense; sparse very fine dark 

heavy minerals present; yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)................................................................ 32–35 

Petersburg Granite(?)

No penetration; presumed contact with granite ......................................................................... at 35 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +173 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +145 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
67

CH–93–27: 2.88 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.93 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on eastern side of Va. State Route 665, 0.27 mile south-southwest of intersection 

with Va. State Route 659, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9322o N., longitude 77.5520o W.). 

Surface elevation 210 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to fine with minor medium to coarse 

fraction, silty, humic, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4).............................................................. 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine with minor medium to coarse, 

silty; sparse very fine dark heavy minerals present;

plinthite nodules present from 6–8 feet; orangish brown 

(7.5YR 5/7) grading down through reddish brown 

(10R 4/7) (6–8 feet) to light brown (5YR 5/6)............................................................................... 1–10 

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), light gray (N 7), 

2-inch-thick layer......................................................................................................................... at 10 

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, coarsens down section; 

contains 1–2 percent very fine dark heavy minerals;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to 

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) at base .............................................................................................. 10–16 

Sand, fine to medium; polished quartz granules and 

well-rounded, medium to coarse quartz grains abundant;

contains clump of iron-cemented quartz grains, 1.5 cm 

in diameter; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) grading down

through pale orange (10YR 7/2) to grayish orangish

pink (5YR 7/2)............................................................................................................................. 16–19 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to fine; scattered, polished medium 

to coarse grains present; contains about 2-3 percent

very fine dark heavy minerals; well-rounded quartz 

granules and small ellipsoidal quartz pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter scattered throughout; sparse 

muscovite flakes near base; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1)

grading down to yellowish gray (5Y 7/2).................................................................................... 19–44 
68

Sand, mostly medium to very coarse but with a 

minor fine fraction, polished and subrounded grains, 

grading down to mostly very fine to fine sand with 

about 2 percent very fine dark heavy minerals; yellowish

gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................................................................................................... 44–48 

Silt, very clayey, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2), about 4 inches thick................................................... at 48 

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine with medium to 

very coarse polished and subrounded grains; contains polished 

and rounded to discoidal quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in 

diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) interbedded with yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) layers; basal pebbles stained brownish gray 

(5YR 3/1) and yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)........................................................................................ 48–50 

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, predominantly composed of very muscovitic and 

graphitic(?) schist; contains garnets up to 0.5 cm in diameter;

moderate brown (5YR 4/4) grading down to bluish gray (5B 6/1).............................................. 50–51 

Base of Chowan River Formation: +191 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +160 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
69

CH–93–28: 2.99 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.25 mile north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.58 mile west-southwest of bridge where Va. State Route 616 crosses Stewart 

Branch on northern side of abandoned house, 0.82 mile east-southeast of intersection of Va. State 

Route 619 and Va. State Route 616, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8791o N.,

longitude 77.5540o W.). Surface elevation 219 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to fine with scattered rounded medium 

to coarse fraction; medium to coarse fraction decreases 

downward; silty, moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 

grading down through light brown (5YR 4/6) (2–4 feet)

through reddish brown (10YR 4/7) (4–6 feet) through 

brick red (10R 5/7) (6–14 feet) through light brown 

(5YR 4/6) (14–16 feet) through moderate reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) (16–22 feet) to grayish orange (10YR 7/4) 

near base......................................................................................................................................... 0–23

Silt, very clayey, moderate red (5R 4/6) with light

greenish gray (5GY 8/1) mottles grading down through dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray 

(N 8) mottles to entirely very light gray (N 8) by 26 feet ............................................................ 23–29 

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to very coarse; coarse to very coarse 

fraction well rounded; contains 1–2 percent very fine dark 

heavy minerals; scattered dark and light well-rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter present but more 

abundant downward; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)......................................................................... 29–41 

Sand, very fine to very coarse; gravelly with rounded

to subrounded quartz clasts up to 3.5 cm in diameter;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ........................................................................................................... 41–43 

Sand, very fine, silty; contains about 2 percent very fine 

dark heavy minerals; yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); some 

scattered rounded coarse to very coarse grains of smoky quartz 

present; rounded clasts of dark quartz up to 2 cm in 

diameter present at base ............................................................................................................... 43–45
70

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, predominantly composed of sandy (very fine) clay; 

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) with streaks of light gray (N 7);

sparse, angular, medium to coarse quartz grains present............................................................. 45–51

Base of Chowan River Formation: +190 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +174 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
71

CH–93–29: 2.22 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.18 mile north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.25 mile southeast of bridge over Stewart Branch on northeastern side of Va. 

State Route 616, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8777o N., longitude 77.5400o W.). 

Surface elevation 180 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, clayey, silty, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) .......................................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, very fine to very coarse, pebbly with subrounded to 

subangular quartz clasts up to 2 cm in diameter, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with streaks of light gray (N 7) 

and light brown (5YR 6/4).............................................................................................................. 6–16

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; sparse very fine dark heavy 

minerals present; pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6).................................................................... 16–26 

Sand, very fine to fine with scattered medium to coarse;

1–2 percent very fine dark heavy minerals present; yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/6) grading down to yellow (5Y 7/4)................................................................... 26–30

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, grading down by 

33 feet to dominantly medium to coarse; scattered 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter present;

2–4 percent very fine dark heavy minerals present; yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/6) ........................................................................................................................ 30–43

Gravel containing rounded to subrounded dark quartz pebbles 

up to 3 cm in diameter in coarse to very coarse sand matrix;

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)........................................................................................................ 43–44

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, predominantly composed of moderate yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4), sandy (fine to medium), silty clay................................................................. 44–46

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +164 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +136 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
72

CH–93–30: 2.45 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.37 mile north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.05 mile west-northwest of bridge over Stewart Branch on northern side of Va. 

State Route 616, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8804o N., longitude 77.5441o W.). 

Surface elevation 150 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, very fine to fine, loose; scattered pebbles up to 2 cm

in diameter present with a slightly greater concentration 

near base; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) to olive gray (5Y 4/1).............................................................. 0–3

Chowan River Formation

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but with medium to 

coarse fraction, clayey; very fine dark heavy minerals 

abundant; pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter on basal contact;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).................................................................................................. 3–10

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, predominantly composed of clay with 

rock fragments; blebs of quartz present; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to dusky 

yellow (5Y 6/4); refusal at base.................................................................................................... 10–32

Base of alluvium: +147 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +140 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
73

CH–93–31: 0.88 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.73 mile north of southern quadrangle

border, 0.41 mile north-northwest of Barnes Cemetery on northeastern side of Va. State Route 649, 

in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8859o N., longitude 77.5158o W.). Surface elevation 

171 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to fine with scattered medium to coarse 

grains that become more abundant downward, silty, 

clayey, becoming more clayey downward; thin 

stringers of medium to coarse sand between clay 

laminae present below 6 feet; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with light gray (N 7) and moderate

reddish brown (10R 5/5) mottles, grading by 6 feet to 

light gray (N 7) with moderate red (5R 5/4) mottles...................................................................... 0–10

Sand, very fine to fine; well sorted but with bimodal 

scattered medium to coarse grains present; light gray 

(N 7), moderate red (5R 5/4), and pale red (5R 6/2) .................................................................... 10–11 

Sand, very fine to very coarse, clayey, silty; quartz 

granules scattered throughout; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6); 6-inch-thick very sandy clay lense at 

16 feet;; pale brownish gray (5YR 6/1) ........................................................................................ 11–18 

Sand, very fine to very coarse; contains abundant 

rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter; pale brownish gray (5YR 6/1) ...................................................................................... 18–20 

Sand, very fine to very coarse, clayey; broken up 

lenses of dense clay present; rounded dark quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter on basal contact;

yellowish gray (5Y 8/1)................................................................................................................ 20–29 

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite; refusal at 30 feet ......................................................................................................... 29–30 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +142 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
74

CH–93–32: 2.43 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.85 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, 0.47 mile west of Harris Swamp on northeastern side of private road, 0.36 mile 

north of Va. State Route 681, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9020o N., longitude 

77.5439o W.). Surface elevation 175 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty, clayey; quartz 

granules and pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter present 

in upper 6 feet; moderate red (5R 5/4) to pale reddish 

brown (10R 5/4) grading by 6 feet to moderate 

reddish orange (10R 6/6)............................................................................................................... 0–10

Silt, very clayey, sparsely to abundantly sandy, moderate

reddish orange (10R 6/6) streaked with very light gray (N 8) .................................................... 10–11 

Sand, dominantly medium to coarse; rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter abundant; moderate 

reddish orange (10R 6/6)............................................................................................................. 11–12 

Sand, very fine to fine with bimodal medium to coarse 

well-rounded fraction; very fine dark heavy minerals 

present; moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6)............................................................................... 12–14 

Silt, very clayey, sandy, very light gray (N 8) with 

pale reddish purple (5RP 6/2) and moderate red 

(5R 4/6) mottles........................................................................................................................... 14–16 

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine; very fine dark 

heavy minerals moderately abundant; bimodal coarse 

to very coarse fraction present, which increases in 

abundance downward; pale yellowish gray (5Y 9/1) 

grading down to white (N 9)....................................................................................................... 16–21 

Sand, medium to coarse; rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter present; white (N 9)................................................................................ 21–23 

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, very well sorted; very fine 

dark heavy minerals sparsely present to moderately 

abundant; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1).............................................................................................. 23–26 
75

Sand, very fine to fine but with a bimodal medium 

to coarse fraction; rounded quartz pebbles up 

to 5 cm in diameter and one quartz discoid 7 cm in 

diameter present; brownish gray (5YR 4/1) with dusky

yellow (5Y 6/4) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)

mottles ........................................................................................................................................ 26–27 

Aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, predominantly composed of carbonaceous,

very micaceous, sandy clay; brownish gray (5YR 4/1)

with mottles of dusky yellow (5Y 6/4) and dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ...................................................................................................... 27–28 

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +152 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +148 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from aluminous Carolina slate belt rocks
76

CH–93–33: 3.40 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.57 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, on southern side of Va. State Route 616, 0.32 mile east-southeast of intersection 

with Va. State Route 619 near 239-foot spot elevation, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8834o N., longitude 77.5610o W.). Surface elevation 241 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine to fine with scattered rounded very 

coarse grains present; rounded plinthite lumps up to 

1 cm in diameter abundant; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)...................................................................................................................................... 0–4

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, sand, very fine to fine; tough clay matrix;

moderate red (5R 4/6) to pale yellowish orange 

(10YR 8/6)........................................................................................................................................ 4–6 

Saprolite, clay, sandy (fine to medium) with dark and 

angular sand grains; moderate red (5R 4/6) to 

pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6) grading by 11 feet 

to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); bands of 

white (N 9) present below 19 feet.................................................................................................. 6–21 

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +237 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
77

Claresville Quadrangle

CL–1: 0.85 mile southeast of Concord Church, opposite 92-foot benchmark on unnumbered road, in 

southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5198o N., longitude 77.4613o W.). Surface elevation 93 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill composed of pebbly sand ......................................................................................... 0–2

Alluvium

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, finely micaceous, brownish gray 

(5YR 4/1) grading down to light brownish gray (5YR 6/1); in 

basal foot grades to medium coarse sand with rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter ...................................................................................................... 2–8

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, grayish yellow (5YR 8/4);

lower contact somewhat gradational.............................................................................................. 8–8.5

Sand, coarse to very coarse, granular, orange (5YR 6/7) 

grading down to moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6) .................................................................8.5–12.5

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter in 

coarse to very coarse sand matrix; moderate reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) ................................................................................................................................... 12.5–13

Chowan River Formation

Silt, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous; burrows present in 

top of bed filled with coarse sand; very fine sand lenses or 

filled burrows occur throughout interval; bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................... 13–27

Sand, fine, grading down to medium sand with minor fraction 

of coarse, medium dark gray (N 4) sand ...................................................................................... 27–31

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted; clay balls and shell chips 

present below 43 feet; subangular metavolcanic clast 3 cm in 

diameter present on basal contact; bluish gray (5B 5/1).............................................................. 31–51

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine, locally interbedded with silty and clayey lenses;

bluish gray (5B 5/1); lower contact gradational........................................................................... 51–57
78

Silt, sandy (very fine), dense, finely micaceous, greenish gray 

(5G 5/1); lower contact gradational ............................................................................................. 57–73

Sand, fine, grading rapidly down through medium to coarse to 

very coarse and granular sand; greenish gray (5G 5/1) ............................................................... 73–79

Clubhouse Formation

Silt, very clayey, dense, very light gray (N 8) grading down to 

moderate brown (5YR 5/5) with very light gray (N 8) mottles.................................................... 79–81

Base of alluvium: +85 feet above sea level

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +80 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +42 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +14 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
79

CL–2: In Fountains Creek valley at entrance to dirt road on southeastern side of Va. State Road 625, 

0.05 mile east of 55-foot bench mark, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5620o N., longitude 

77.4404o W.). Surface elevation 55 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chuckatuck Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, grayish yellow (5Y 8/4) grading 

down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey and silty, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) and very light gray (N 8); lower contact somewhat 

gradational...................................................................................................................................... 1–5

Sand, coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted; well-rounded 

quartz granules and pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter abundant;

very pale orange (10YR 8/2) .......................................................................................................... 5–9

Sand, coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted, clayey; wellrounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter 

abundant; light gray (N 7).............................................................................................................. 9–10

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, grading down to medium, well-sorted, sparsely 

shelly sand; greenish gray (5GY 4/1)........................................................................................... 10–21

Sand, medium to coarse, clayey; rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter present; greenish gray (5GY 5/1) ............................................................ 21–22

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine, coarsely micaceous, kaolin-rich; upper foot 

burrowed; light gray (N 9) ........................................................................................................... 22–26

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +45 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +33 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
80

CL–3: On northeastern side of abandoned house, 0.85 mile north-northeast of Fountain Grove 

Church and 0.3 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.5850o N., longitude 77.3811o W.). Surface elevation 55 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chuckatuck Formation

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, orange (5YR 5/7); lower 

contact gradational......................................................................................................................... 0–5

Sand, fine, well-sorted, finely micaceous, grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................... 5–10

Sand, medium, grading down to coarse, grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4) sand; lower contact gradational................................................................................. 10–14

Sand, coarse to very coarse; rounded quartz granules and 

pebbles abundant; yellowish gray (5Y 8/2).................................................................................. 14–16

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, clean; upper foot burrowed and 

filled with coarse sand from unit above; greenish gray (5GY 4/1) .............................................. 16–29

Sand, fine to medium; rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm 

in diameter abundant; greenish gray (5GY 4/1).......................................................................... 29–30

Clubhouse Formation

Silt, clayey, sticky, massive, grading down to poorly sorted,

silty and clayey sand; upper foot burrowed and filled 

with sand from unit above; bluish gray (5B 5/1) ........................................................................ 30–36

Silt, very clayey, stiff, reddish brown (10R 4/6) with 

medium gray (N 5) mottles, grading down through 

unmottled pale orange (10YR 8/3) (44–47 feet) to 

dusky yellow (5Y6/4) with pale red (5R 6/2) and light 

gray (N 7) mottles ....................................................................................................................... 36–51

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +39 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +25 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
81

CL–4: On dirt road, 0.05 mile north of intersection with Va. State Route 660 at 80-foot spot 

elevation, on eastern bank of Mill Swamp, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6096o N.,

longitude 77.4845o W.). Surface elevation 81 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, angular, silty, pebbly, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, fine to very fine, silty, clayey, grading down to 

finely micaceous, dense, clayey, silty, very fine sand;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with very light 

gray (N 8) mottles ......................................................................................................................... 1–21

Sand, fine to medium, medium brown (5YR 5/5) ....................................................................... 21–22

Sand, medium to coarse, granular, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) grading down to pale orange (10YR 8/2).................................................................. 22–33

Sand, dominantly coarse; subangular to rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter abundant; pale orange 

(10YR 8/2)................................................................................................................................... 33–37

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, coarsely micaceous, 

dense, stiff; contains clay balls and rounded to subrounded

polished quartz pebbles; pinkish gray (5YR 8/2) ........................................................................ 37–41

Base of Windsor Formation: +44 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
82

CL–5: On eastern side of unnumbered road, 0.15 mile south of southern end of dam for Jordans 

Millpond and 0.05 mile north of 96-foot spot elevation, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.5170o N., longitude 77.4250o W.). Surface elevation 90 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

grading down to very pale orange (10YR 8/2) .............................................................................. 0–1

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, micaceous, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with very pale orange (10YR 8/2) mottles...................................................... 1–5

Sand, medium, poorly sorted, granular, orange (5YR 6/7)............................................................ 5–6

Sand, medium to coarse; subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 4 cm in diameter abundant; very pale orange (10YR 8/2).................................................... 6–10

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous; very fine sand 

lenses or filled burrows scattered throughout; yellowish gray 

(5Y 7/2) blotched orange (5YR 6/7) grading at 13 feet to 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................................... 10–34

Sand, fine, silty, clayey, shelly (Chesapecten and other mollusks),

dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................................................................................ 34–42

Sand, fine to medium, silty; contains quartz pebbles up to 3 cm 

in diameter; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1).................................................................................... 42–43

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, very sparsely shelly, dark greenish

gray (5GY 4/1)............................................................................................................................. 43–46

Base of Windsor Formation: +80 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +47 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
83

Courtland Quadrangle

CO–1: At southwestern end of Va. State Road 674 on eastern bank of Nottoway River, in central 

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6746o N., longitude 77.0427o W.). Surface elevation 5 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, very fine to fine with silt and scattered rounded grains of 

medium to coarse sand; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................................... 0–6

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted; contains 

scattered very fine dark heavy minerals and subangular to 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter; yellowish 

brown (10YR 6/4) grading at 14 feet to medium dark gray (N 4)................................................. 6–18

Silt, very clayey, plastic, sandy (very fine to fine), medium

bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................................... 18–21

Sand, fine to medium; contains scattered fine grains of dark 

heavy minerals and scattered subrounded to rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; medium greenish gray (5G 5/1)............................................... 21–25

St. Marys Formation

Sand, very fine, grading down to very fine to fine, micaceous, 

phosphatic sand; much denser than units above; rare clayey 

lenses present; dark bluish gray (5B 3/1) grading down to 

greenish black (5G 2/1)............................................................................................................... 25–30

Sand, very fine to medium, shelly, sparsely woody; fine 

phosphate sand abundant; contains rounded phosphate pebbles 

up to 3 cm in diameter, quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter, 

and a shark’s tooth; greenish black (5G 2/1) .............................................................................. 30–32

Aquia Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, phosphatic and glauconitic, 

greenish black (5G 2/1)............................................................................................................... 32–42

Sand, fine to coarse; contains rounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm 

in diameter and mud balls; greenish black (5G 2/1)................................................................... 42–45
84

Cape Fear Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, garnetiferous; sparse quartz 

pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter present; contains medium

greenish gray (5GY 5/1) clay balls up to 2.5 cm in diameter;

dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) grading down to light gray 

(N 7) by 52 feet ........................................................................................................................... 45–56

Base of alluvium: -20 feet below sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: -27 feet below sea level

Base of Aquia Formation: -40 feet below sea level

Bottomed in Cape Fear Formation
85

CO–2: At entrance to dirt road on southwestern side of Va. State Road 651, 0.15 mile northwest of 

crossing over Norfolk and Western Railroad, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7173o N.,

longitude 77.0879o W.). Surface elevation 17 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Fill

Sand, very fine to very coarse and granular, very poorly 

sorted, grayish orange (10YR 6/4) grading down to 

yellowish brown (10YR 5/2) ........................................................................................................... 0–3

Tabb Formation

Sand, very fine to coarse, poorly sorted, silty, medium

olive gray (5Y 4/2) .......................................................................................................................... 3–4

Sand, medium to coarse, clean, medium yellowish

gray (5Y 6/2) grading down to pale olive (10Y 6/2)........................................................................ 4–6

Sand, medium to very coarse, subangular to subrounded;

subangular to rounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 

0.5 cm in diameter abundant; pale olive (10Y 6/2); 

lower contact gradational............................................................................................................... 6–13

Sand, medium to coarse, silty, greenish gray (5GY 6/1); 

lower contact gradational............................................................................................................ 13–19

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains granules and 

pebbles of quartz up to 0.5 cm in diameter; light olive 

brown (10Y 5/4) .......................................................................................................................... 19–20

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, coarsely micaceous, 

dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................................................................................ 20–25

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, micaceous; basal foot 

contains subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles up 

to 5 cm in diameter; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)....................................................................... 25–29

St. Marys Formation

Sand, very fine to medium, poorly sorted, in very silty 

and clayey matrix; intensely burrowed; dark greenish

gray (5GY 4/1)............................................................................................................................. 29–30
86

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), stiff, dense, 

grayish green (10GY 5/2); very fine to fine sand 

laminae present below 34 feet..................................................................................................... 30–38

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, medium gray (N 4);

phosphate granules abundant at base .......................................................................................... 38–41

Clubhouse Formation

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), stiff, dense; contains abundant fine

mica; dusky yellowish orange (10YR 5/6); lower contact gradational ....................................... 41–47

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, finely micaceous, medium olive gray (5Y 4/2) 

grading by 50 feet to moderate brown (5YR 4/4)........................................................................ 47–53

Sand, very fine, very micaceous, silty, medium greenish gray (5GY 5/1) 

interbedded with moderate brown (5YR 4/4).............................................................................. 53–56

Base of Tabb Formation: -3 feet below sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: -12 feet below sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: -24 feet below sea level

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
87

Drewryville Quadrangle

DV–1: In Three Creek valley on southwestern side of Va. State Road 659, 0.7 mile northnorthwest of Drewryville and 0.15 mile northwest of 54-foot spot elevation, in north-central 

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7250o N., longitude 77.3114o W.). Surface elevation 57 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine, well-sorted, clean, grayish orange (10YR 7/4)............................................................ 0–1

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, angular to subrounded, 

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) grading down to pale yellowish 

brown (10YR 6/4); lower contact gradational ............................................................................... 1–6

Sand, coarse to very course; subangular to subrounded quartz 

granules abundant; pale grayish orange (10YR 6/4) grading down

through pale yellowish brown (10YR 7/2) back to pale grayish 

orange (10YR 6/4); lower contact somewhat gradational ............................................................. 6–11

Sand, fine to medium, moderately well sorted, slightly clayey 

and silty; scattered wood fragments present; dusky brown 

(5YR 2/2) grading down through pale orange (10YR 7/2) to 

moderate olive gray (10Y 5/1); lower contact gradational.......................................................... 11–16

Sand, medium to coarse, slightly silty, loose, yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/1)................................................................................................................................... 16–23

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, medium olive gray (5Y 4/2) ......................................................... 23–41

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles and discoids up to 

3 cm in diameter; matrix dominantly fine sand but with minor 

medium and coarse fractions, silty, medium olive gray (5Y 4/2) ............................................... 41–44

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted; kaolin silt matrix abundant;

sparsely micaceous; contains scattered subrounded polished 

quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; light olive gray (5Y 6/1)................................................ 44–46
88

Base of alluvium: +34 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +13 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
89

Emporia Quadrangle

EM–1: On northwestern side of Va. State Road 627, 0.45 mile southwest of Round Hill Cemetery, 

in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6490o N., longitude 77.6027o W.). Surface elevation 

165 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill .................................................................................................................................. 0–1

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to medium; very fine dark heavy minerals abundant;

rounded pebbles present in basal 2 feet; pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/2) grading down through dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)

with light gray (N 7) mottles (2–6 feet) to yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................. 1–10

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, micaceous; no quartz; light brown 

(5YR 5/6) grading rapidly to reddish brown (10R 4/6) ............................................................... 10–16

Saprolite, texture as above; smooth drilling to 42 feet and 

then stiffened considerably; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2).................................................. 16–46

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +155 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
90

EM–2: On dirt road, 200 feet south of Va. State Road 639, 0.45 mile west-southwest of intersection 

of Va. State Road 639 and Va. State Road 650, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6313o 

N., longitude 77.5999o W.). Surface elevation 180 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse, clayey, silty; contains rounded

quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in diameter; quartz discoids up 

to 2 cm in maximum length on basal contact; light olive gray 

(5Y 6/2) grading down through grayish yellow (5Y 8/4) intermingled 

with light gray (N 7) (1–11 feet) and through very light gray 

(N 8) (11–12 feet) to pale yellowish gray (5Y 9/1)....................................................................... 1–17

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), light gray (N 7), 3-inch-thick

layer.............................................................................................................................................. at 17

Sand, very fine to fine; contains abundant very fine dark heavy 

minerals; minor fraction of rounded medium to coarse grains 

present; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................. 17–26

Sand, fine to medium; contains rounded quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm 

in diameter; sparsely micaceous, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ......................................... 26–28

Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay, plinthitic; contains angular quartz 

sand; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading 

down to yellowish gray (5Y 7/3)................................................................................................. 28–31

Base of Chowan River Formation: +163 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +152 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
91

EM–3: On dirt road, 400 feet north of Va. State Road 639, 0.7 mile west-southwest of intersection 

of Va. State Road 639 and Va. State Road 650, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6302o 

N., longitude 77.6063o W.). Surface elevation 200 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse, clayey, silty; contains scattered 

subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter;

light gray (N 7) grading down to very light gray (N 8) with 

moderate red (5R 4/6) mottles....................................................................................................... 1–6

Sand, medium to coarse, clayey, silty, very light gray (N 8)........................................................ 6–15

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), light gray (N 7), 3 inches thick ........................................... at 15

Sand, very fine to fine with bimodal coarse fraction, pale yellowish

orange (10YR 8/6) ....................................................................................................................... 15–26

Metamorphosed granite

Saprolite from granite, predominantly composed of quartzose, silty 

clay; denser than units above; light olive gray (5Y 6/1) grading 

down to moderate olive brown (5Y 5/4) ..................................................................................... 26–33

Base of Chowan River Formation: +185 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +174 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from metamorphosed granite
92

EM–4: On dirt road (not shown), 0.4 mile west of intersection of Va. State Road 639 and Va. State 

Road 650, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6336o N., longitude 77.6024o W.). Surface 

elevation 185 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to coarse; scattered very fine to fine dark heavy 

mineral grains present; pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)............................................................................. 0–4

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), pinkish gray (5YR 8/1), 

about 2 inches thick ....................................................................................................................... at 4

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey, light gray (N 7) (4–6 feet) 

grading down to yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) with moderate

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles............................................................................................ 4–19

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted; coarse 

to very coarse grains rounded; contains rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1)......................................................................... 19–21

Sand, modally coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted; light and 

dark rounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter increasingly 

abundant downward and very abundant in basal 6 inches; light 

greenish gray (5GY 8/1).............................................................................................................. 21–29

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, very fine; silty and clayey in lenses; abundant mica;

dusky yellow (5Y 6/4) intermingled with light brown (5YR 5/6)................................................ 29–33

Gravel containing dark and light rounded quartz pebbles up to 

3 cm in diameter; very fine to very coarse sand matrix, dusky 

yellow (5Y 6/4) intermingled with light brown (5YR 5/6).......................................................... 33–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine to fine; contains fluted echinoid spines, shell 

fragments, and irregular lumps of cemented material up to 3–4 

cm in length; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2).......................................................................................... 34–36

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter;

very fine to fine sand matrix, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................................... 36–38
93

Granite

Saprolite from granite, predominantly composed of very micaceous, 

sandy (medium to coarse) silty clay; orange (5YR 5/8) grading

down in basal few inches to dark gray (N 3) and pale green 

(10G 6/2); very dense and tough; refusal at base........................................................................ 38–45

Base of Chowan River Formation: +156 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +151 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +147 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
94

EM–5: On eastern side of Va. State Road 658, 0.55 mile south of intersection of Va. State Road 658 

and Va. State Road 611, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6797o N., longitude 77.6044o

W.). Surface elevation 205 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Clay, silty, sandy (fine to medium), reddish brown (10R 4/6) 

grading down through pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6) to 

very light gray (N 8)........................................................................................................................ 0–6

Saprolite, clay, silty, sandy (fine to medium); numerous platy crystals present;

swirled schistose banding visible; colors range from moderate red 

(5R 5/6) to pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6)............................................................................... 6–16

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
95

EM–6: On northern side of unnumbered dirt road, 100 feet west of power line, 1.0 mile southsoutheast of intersection of Va. State Road 658 and Va. State Road 611, in west-central 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.6734o N., longitude 77.6013o W.). Surface elevation 222 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but with a minor medium 

to coarse fraction, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)................................................................................... 0–2

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but with a minor medium 

to coarse fraction, clayey; contains rounded plinthite lumps up 

to 1 cm in length; dark very fine to fine heavy mineral grains 

present below 6 feet; light brown (5YR 5/6)................................................................................. 2–11

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but with a minor medium 

to coarse fraction, clayey; contains dark very fine to fine heavy 

mineral grains and scattered subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 7/3)......................................................................... 11–19

Sand, medium to coarse; rounded quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in 

diameter abundant; yellowish gray (5Y 7/3)............................................................................... 19–20

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, silty, sandy (fine), very pale yellowish gray (5Y 9/1)........................................ 20–21

Saprolite, clay, silty, moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6) grading 

down to moderate red (5R 5/4) .................................................................................................... 21–41

Base of Chowan River Formation: +202 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
96

EM–7: On eastern side of unnumbered dirt road, 0.25 mile north of Va. State Road 611, 0.9 mile 

east-northeast of intersection of Va. State Road 658 and Va. State Road 611, in west-central 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.6917o N., longitude 77.5897o W.). Surface elevation 215 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse; contains subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; reddish brown (10R 5/7) 

grading down by 4 feet to reddish orange (10R 6/6); lower contact 

gradational..................................................................................................................................... 0–16

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter, 

largest at base, reddish orange (10R 6/6).................................................................................... 16–23

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, silty; very fine to fine angular sand present;

moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6) with thin bands of very 

light gray (N 8) in basal 3 feet .................................................................................................... 23–36

Base of Chowan River Formation: +192 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
97

EM–8: Along dirt road running north-northwest from Va. State Road 619, 0.4 mile south of 

northern quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7445o N., longitude 

77.5552o W.). Surface elevation 158 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Fill

Road gravel ................................................................................................................................... 0–1

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, slightly clayey, yellowish gray (5Y 6/2) 

grading down to light grayish brown (5YR 4/2)............................................................................ 1–6

Sand, very fine to fine, angular, with scattered medium to very 

coarse, subangular grains; silty, clayey, medium light gray (N 6) 

grading down through pale olive (10Y 6/2) to light gray (N 7); 

lower contact somewhat gradational............................................................................................. 6–10

Sand, fine to medium, slightly silty, dusky yellow (5Y 6/6) 

grading down to pale grayish orange (10YR 8/4)........................................................................ 10–11

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), stiff and dense, pale grayish

orange (10YR 8/4) ....................................................................................................................... 11–14

Sand, fine to coarse, subangular, silty, slightly clayey, 

yellowish gray (5Y 8/1)............................................................................................................... 14–17

Silt, dense, clayey, dark grayish yellow (5Y 7/4)........................................................................ 17–17.5

Gravel containing rounded quartz clasts up to 1 cm in 

diameter; dark grayish yellow (5Y 7/4).................................................................................... 17.5–18

Sand, very fine to coarse, very poorly sorted, angular to 

subangular, clayey, silty, dusky yellow (5Y 6/4) grading 

down through dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to dusky 

yellow (10Y 6/6).......................................................................................................................... 18–21

Gravel containing rounded to discoidal quartz clasts up 

to 3 cm in diameter, in clayey and silty, very fine to medium 

sand matrix; dark grayish yellow (5Y 7/4).................................................................................. 21–22

Gravel; no recovery; very tough drilling .................................................................................... 22–33
98

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Impenetrable bed; drill bit recovered wisps of banded 

saprolite with angular quartz; pale brown (5YR 5/2) ............................................................... 33–33.5

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +125 feet above sea level

Bottomed on felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
99

Jarratt Quadrangle

JA–93–1: On northern side of Va. State Route 610, 0.35 mile east-northeast of intersection with Va. 

State Route 608 and on western bank of Hickory Swamp, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8137o N., longitude 77.4862o W.). Surface elevation 141 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) .............................................. 0–1

Sand, fine to medium with scattered rounded coarse to very 

coarse grains, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2).......................................................................................... 1–6

Sand, dominantly coarse to very coarse but with minor fine to 

medium fraction; subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles up to 2 

cm in diameter present below 9 feet; very light pinkish gray (5YR 9/1) ...................................... 6–14

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), light olive gray (5Y 6/1) 

(14–15 feet) grading down to medium gray (N 5)...................................................................... 14–21

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains quartz pebbles up to 

1 cm in diameter; moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) .......................................................... 21–24

Chowan River Formation

Silt, very clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); lower contact

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................ 24–25

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), micaceous; contains 

thin lenses of very fine sand, tough, dense with greasy, dense 

lumps; bluish gray (5B 5/1)......................................................................................................... 25–37

Sand, very fine with scattered medium to coarse grains; sparse 

quartz pebbles at base up to 2 cm in diameter; olive gray (5Y 3/1)............................................ 37–38

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, shelly (mostly Mulinia, some Turritella, and 

oysters) below 51 feet, dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) ................................................................ 38–61
100

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +117 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +103 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
101

JA–93–2: On western side of Va. State Route 609, 0.55 mile east of western quadrangle border and 

0.3 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7542o 

N., longitude 77.4903o W.). Surface elevation 110 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse, clayey and silty, reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) to dusky yellow (5Y 6/4)............................................................................................... 0–1

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to medium), yellowish gray 

(5Y 8/1), dusky yellow (5Y 6/4), and light yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/8); scattered kaolinitized medium to coarse grains 

of potassium feldspar present........................................................................................................ 1–9

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty and clayey; contains quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................. 9–10

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, light olive gray (5Y 7/1) grading down through 

light brown (5YR 5/6); lower contact gradational....................................................................... 10–11

Silt, clayey, shelly below uppermost foot (oyster, Turritella, 

and annelid tubes), bluish gray (5B 4/1)..................................................................................... 11–22

Gravel containing quartz pebbles in matrix of sandy and clayey silt;

bluish gray (5B 4/1) .................................................................................................................... 22–23

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Metabasalt(?); angular fragments recovered; dark gray (N 2); some 

slight recovery and then refusal ................................................................................................... at 23

Base of Chowan River Formation: +100 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +87 feet above sea level

Bottomed in felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
102

JA–93–3: Along dirt road, 0.05 mile southeast of Nottoway River and 0.1 mile south of northern

quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8740o N., longitude 77.4430o W.). 

Surface elevation 85 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium on Patuxent Formation

Hole not logged in detail; bottomed in dense sand....................................................................... 0–35

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
103

JA–93–4: At T-intersection of dirt roads at 89-foot spot elevation point, 0.2 mile east of Nottoway 

River and 0.55 mile south of northern quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8667o N., longitude 77.4565o W.). Surface elevation 89 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium 

Sand, gravelly at base; not logged in detail .................................................................................. 0–24

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay containing angular black grains 

of quartz; not logged in detail ...................................................................................................... 24–35

Base of alluvium: +65 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
104

JA–93–5: Along dirt road, 0.45 mile southeast of 89-foot spot elevation point, and 0.8 mile south 

of northern quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8632o N., longitude 

77.4516o W.). Surface elevation 91 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium on Patuxent Formation 

Hole not logged in detail; bottomed in dense 

sand containing quartz pebbles, clay balls, and, 

garnetiferous sand ......................................................................................................................... 0–30

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
105

JA–93–6: On southern side of Va. State Route 631, 0.05 mile west of bridge over Poplar Swamp 

and 0.85 mile south-southwest of Henry, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7916o N.,

longitude 77.4075o W.). Surface elevation about 95 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine but with minor fraction of medium and coarse, silty, 

clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with yellowish

brown (10YR 5/2) mottles............................................................................................................. 0–1

Sand, fine, grading down through medium to dominantly 

coarse sand; contains quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with grayish orange (10YR 7/4) mottles......................................... 1–6

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, fine, silty, interbedded with clayey silt; yellowish orange 

(10YR 7/6) with yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) mottles grading down 

to medium greenish gray (5G 5/1)................................................................................................ 6–11

Silt, clayey, medium greenish gray (5G 5/1).............................................................................. 11–30

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), medium greenish gray (5G 5/1) ..................................... 30–39

Sand, dominantly fine but with abundant medium and coarse, clayey, 

silty; rotten shells present; quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter 

present in basal foot; greenish gray (5GY 5/1)............................................................................ 39–43

Eastover Formation

Sand, mostly fine and well-sorted; sparse medium to coarse grains 

present; slightly silty and clayey; moderate olive gray (5Y 4/2) 

grading down to moderate olive gray (5Y 5/1) ........................................................................... 43–51

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 7 cm in diameter; matrix 

fine and well sorted sand, slightly silty and clayey; moderate olive 

gray (5Y 5/1) ............................................................................................................................... 51–59

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine, silty, pale olive gray (5Y 7/1) grading rapidly down 

to light olive gray (5Y 6/1), granular, medium to coarse sand.................................................... 59–65

Silt, very clayey, micaceous, dense, sticky, dark olive gray (5Y 3/1).......................................... 65–66
106

Base of alluvium: +89 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +52 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +36 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
107

JA–06–7: 0.25 mile northwest of U.S. Route 301 on northeastern side of dirt road on eastern side of 

Seaboard Railroad line, 0.48 mile north-northeast of 150-foot spot elevation on railroad, in northcentral 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8469o N., longitude 77.4416o W.). Surface elevation 136 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine, slightly silty, grayish orange (10YR 7/4) grading 

down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)..................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, slightly clayey, dense, bright

orange (10YR 6/8) ......................................................................................................................... 1–6

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey, dark grayish orange 

(10YR 6/4)..................................................................................................................................... 6–11

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but ranging up to coarse,

silty, slightly clayey; contains scattered subangular to 

subrounded granules; dark grayish orange (10YR 6/4)................................................................ 11–14

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), moderate reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) intermingled with grayish yellow (5Y 8/4)................................................................. 14–16

Sand, dominantly very fine, silty, slightly clayey; contains

scattered subrounded to rounded, fine to coarse grains;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 16–17

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), yellowish gray (5Y 7/2).............................................................. 17–17.5

Sand, dominantly very fine, silty and slightly clayey;

contains scattered subrounded to rounded, fine to coarse

grains; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................ 17.5–19

Sand, very fine to medium, poorly sorted, silty, soft, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); lower contact somewhat 

gradational.................................................................................................................................... 19–24

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, more compacted than above

unit, light orange (10YR 7/8)....................................................................................................... 24–29

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, thixotropic, dark greenish

gray (5G 4/1)............................................................................................................................... 29–31
108

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty; contains fine to medium mica;

light olive gray (10Y 5/2); lower contact gradational................................................................. 31–44

Sand, dominantly fine but very fine to medium; contains 

rounded to discoidal quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter

in basal foot; medium dark gray (N 4)........................................................................................ 44–47

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), medium greenish gray (5G 5/1)................................................. 47–61

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +112 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +91 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
109

Littleton Quadrangle

LI–93–1: On southeastern side of Va. State Route 634, 0.4 mile southwest of intersection of

Va. State Route 634 and Va. State Route 622, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9057o N., longitude 77.1891o W.). Surface elevation 42 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, medium to very coarse, slightly feldspathic, poorly sorted; contains

angular to mostly rounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter;

brownish gray (5YR 4/1) grading down through grayish orange (10YR 6/4) 

(1–2 feet) to pale yellowish orange (10YR 9/6) ............................................................................ 0–14

Sand, fine to coarse, modally medium, grading down to very fine to 

medium but modally fine sand; contains scattered very fine to fine grains 

of dark heavy minerals; silty, yellowish gray (5Y 9/1)............................................................... 14–19

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains subrounded to rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 9/1) with orange 

(5YR 5/8) mottles in basal 6 inches............................................................................................. 19–24

Patuxent Formation

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), stiff, dense, orange (5YR 5/8) grading 

down to dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1)........................................................................................ 24–24.5

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, very micaceous with flakes up to 1 mm 

in diameter, greenish gray (5GY 6/1) grading down to greenish gray 

(5G 5/1).................................................................................................................................... 24.5–30

Sand, fine to coarse, modally medium, garnetiferous, sparsely 

micaceous; contains dense waxy mud lumps up to 1 cm in diameter;

light bluish gray (5B 7/1)............................................................................................................ 30–31

Base of alluvium: +18 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
110

LI–93–2: On northwestern side of Va. State Route 622, 0.17 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, 

in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9057o N., longitude 77.1276o W.). Surface elevation 

48 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine, well-sorted; contains very fine grains of dark heavy 

minerals; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) (0–1 foot) grading down 

through very pale orange (10YR 6/4) (1–2 feet) to pale yellowish 

orange (10YR 8/2) ......................................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, fine to very coarse, modally medium, grading down to 

medium to very coarse sand, modally coarse; pale orange (10YR 7/2) ........................................ 6–10

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains subrounded to rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3.5 cm in diameter; pale orange (10YR 7/2)......................................................... 10–11

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, dominantly fine but ranging up to coarse, very shelly 

(including barnacles, Chesapecten, Pleuromeris, and other 

mollusks); contains calcite-cemented lumps; light olive gray 

(5Y 6/1)........................................................................................................................................ 11–13

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine to medium, modally fine, grading down to modally 

medium, silty sand; contains scattered grains of phosphate sand and 

chalky shells (including Chesapecten); dark greenish gray (5G 5/1)......................................... 13–28

St. Marys Formation

Silt, very clayey; contains sparse grains of dense, sticky, very fine sand;

contains burrows in upper foot filled with sand from unit above; 

dark greenish gray (5G 5/1); lower contact somewhat gradational ............................................ 28–56

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, dark greenish gray (5GY 5/1)...................................................... 56–60

Sand, very fine to medium, modally fine; contains scattered grains 

of coarse to granule-size quartz and phosphate pebbles up to 0.5 

cm in diameter; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1).............................................................................. 60–62

Aquia Formation

Sand, quartz-phosphate, silty, glauconitic; quartz fraction angular to 

subangular, very fine to fine; phosphate fraction rounded, fine to 

medium; olive black (5Y 2/1)...................................................................................................... 62–70
111

Sand, very fine to very coarse; contains scattered quartz pebbles up 

to 0.5 cm in diameter reworked from bed below; olive black (5Y 2/1) ...................................... 70–71

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, modally medium to coarse, micaceous;

contains small subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter; some pebbles partially polished; greenish gray (5G 6/1) 

grading down to greenish gray (5G 7/1)..................................................................................... 71–76

Base of alluvium: +37 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +35 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +20 feet above sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: -14 feet below sea level

Base of Aquia Formation: -23 feet below sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
112

LI–93–3: Between Va. State Route 35 and Va. State Route 631, 0.05 mile south-southwest 

of their intersection at Barretts Store, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8849o N.,

longitude 77.1551o W.). Surface elevation 123 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to coarse, modally medium, grayish orange (10YR 8/4) 

grading down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ...................................................................... 0–5

Sand, fine to coarse, modally medium, clayey, light brown (5YR 5/7)

with very pale orange (10YR 8/2) mottles........................................................................................ 5–9

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to slightly clayey, fine to 

medium sand; moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6) grading down

to dark yellowish orange (10YR 7/6); plinthite lumps up to 2 cm in 

diameter present at base ................................................................................................................. 9–14

Silt, very clayey, stiff, dense, becoming very fine sandy downward;

moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) grading down to moderate 

orange pink (5YR 8/4).................................................................................................................. 14–19

Sand, very fine to medium, modally fine, moderate orange pink (10R 7/4)................................ 19–20

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), moderate orange pink (10R 7/4) 

with light red (5R 6/6) and grayish orangish pink (5YR 7/2) mottles.......................................... 20–25

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey, grading down to medium to 

coarse sand with scattered quartz granules near base; moderate orange 

pink (10R 7/4) with streaks of dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)

grading down to pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6) near base..................................................... 25–30

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to medium), stiff, dense, moderate

orangish pink (10R 7/4) ............................................................................................................... 30–31

Chowan River Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to fine to medium sand;

clay-rich lense present at 37 feet; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ..................................................... 31–38

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), sparsely micaceous, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) (38–39 feet) grading down rapidly to medium 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) ..................................................................................................................... 38–46
113

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, sparsely micaceous; hard 

greasy clay lumps scattered throughout; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1) ........................................ 46–48

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), sparsely micaceous, shelly (mostly 

Mulinia), dark greenish gray (5G 5/1) grading down to dark 

bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1).................................................................................................... 48–64

Silt, sandy (very fine), sparsely micaceous, more shelly than above

unit and fauna more diverse (Pleuromeris, oyster, and other mollusks);

contains reworked lumps of underlying sand; dark bluish greenish 

gray (5BG 5/1) ............................................................................................................................. 64–69

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine to coarse; contains abundant calcite-cemented lumps up 

to 8 cm in length; medium bluish gray (5B 6/1).......................................................................... 69–81

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +92 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +85 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +54 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 1)
114

LI–93–4: On eastern side of Va. State Route 634, 0.08 mile north of bridge over main channel of 

Assamoosick Swamp, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9729o N., longitude 77.1510o

W.). Surface elevation 65 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine, well-sorted, yellowish gray (5Y 7/1)............................................................................ 0–1

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, stiff, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles ................................................................... 1–2

Sand, dominantly fine but up to medium, well-sorted; contains 

scattered grains of dark heavy minerals and scattered rounded

quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter; light pinkish gray (5YR 9/1) ......................................... 2–6

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to fine to coarse sand near base;

contains scattered grains of dark heavy minerals and scattered 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) .................................. 6–11

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, very fine to fine; contains fine to medium grains of 

phosphate and abundant calcite-cemented lumps of sediment;

very shelly in basal foot (Chesapecten, Pleuromeris, Mercenaria, 

and oyster among other shells); yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)............................................................. 11–26

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty (26–28 feet), but clean and well-sorted 

below that interval; chalky aragonitic shells present at 31 feet and 

a Chesapecten shell present at 34 feet; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................... 26–42

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, slightly micaceous, medium bluish

greenish gray (5BG 5/1)............................................................................................................... 42–44

Sand, fine, well-sorted, sparsely shelly, grading down to fine to 

medium sand in basal foot; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)............................................................. 44–53

St. Marys Formation

Silt, very clayey, sticky, dense, micaceous; thin layer of chalky 

Turritella shells present at 62 feet; greenish gray (5G 5/1); becomes

more sandy downward; lower contact gradational ...................................................................... 53–72
115

Sand, very fine to medium; scattered quartz granules and chalky 

shells present throughout; subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 1.5 cm in diameter abundant in basal foot; medium bluish 

greenish gray (5BG 5/1)............................................................................................................... 72–80

Aquia Formation

Sand, dominantly fine but with a subordinate medium to coarse 

rounded quartz fraction, micaceous, shelly, olive black (5Y 3/1)................................................ 80–83

Gravel containing densely packed subrounded to rounded quartz clasts 

up to 4.5 cm in diameter; pale yellowish gray (5Y 9/1) in olive black 

(5Y 3/1) sand matrix; matrix includes garnets reworked from bed below................................ 83–85.5

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, coarsely micaceous, 

garnetiferous, yellowish green (10GY 5/3)............................................................................... 85.5–86

Base of alluvium: +54 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +39 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +12 feet above sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: -15 feet below sea level

Base of Aquia Formation: -21 feet below sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
116

LI–93–5: On western side of Va. State Route 40, 1.1 mile south-southwest of intersection of Va. 

State Route 40 and Va. State Route 665, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9840o N.,

longitude 77.1475o W.). Surface elevation 109 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, grading down to clayey and silty sand; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with reddish orange (10R 5/7) mottles

(0–4 feet) grading down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with

reddish orange (10R 5/7) and very light gray (N 8) mottles........................................................... 0–7

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), very light gray (N 8) with 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and reddish orange (10R 5/7) mottles.................................... 7–11

Sand, very fine to fine; some intervals silty and clayey; orange 

(5YR 5/8) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................................................... 11–15

Sand, fine, clean; dark heavy mineral grains abundant; subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter present on basal contact; orange 

(5YR 5/8) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................................................... 15–17

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains scattered grains of dark 

heavy minerals; moderate orange pink (10R 7/4) grading down 

to light brown (5YR 7/4) ............................................................................................................. 17–27

Sand, medium to very coarse; subrounded quartz pebbles up to 

1 cm in diameter moderately abundant; light brown (5YR 7/4) 

grading down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) in basal foot............................................... 27–31

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, light brown 

(5YR 6/6) (31–32 feet) grading down through light brown 

(5YR 7/4) (32–33 feet) to medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)............................................................. 31–42

Sand, fine to medium, clayey, silty, shelly (Pleuromeris, Mulinia, 

and oysters), medium bluish gray (5B 5/1).................................................................................. 42–44

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, quartz-phosphate, silty; very fine to fine quartz fraction; 

fine to medium phosphate fraction;contains abundant calcitecemented lumps; medium greenish gray (5G 5/1)...................................................................... 44–51
117

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +92 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +78 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +65 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 1)
118

LI–93–6: On eastern side of Va. State Route 634, 0.23 mile north-northeast of intersection of Va. 

State Route 634 and Va. State Route 604, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9597o N.,

longitude 77.1545o W.). Surface elevation 112 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty grading down to clayey and silty, dense 

and stiff; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with reddish orange 

(10R 5/7) and very light gray (N 8) mottles; reddish orange 

(10R 5/7) mottles decrease in abundance downward.................................................................... 0–11

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted; dark heavy mineral grains 

abundant; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with reddish

orange (10R 5/7) and very light gray (N 8) mottles.................................................................... 11–14

Sand, very fine, clayey, very light gray (N 8)..............................................................................14–15.5

Sand, very fine to medium, dominantly fine, dark heavy mineral 

grains abundant; contains very light gray (N 8) clay balls ranging 

from coarse sand-size to 2 cm in diameter; moderate reddish 

orange (10R 6/6) ...................................................................................................................... 15.5–17

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), micaceous; top 3 inches 

moderate brown (10YR 4/4) and below that dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles; plinthite 

lumps present at 18 feet .............................................................................................................. 17–25

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, yellowish gray 

(5Y 7/2) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles............................................................ 25–36

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +95 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
119

LI–93–7: On southern side of dirt road, 0.63 mile east of 116-foot spot elevation along Va. State 

Route 35, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9329o N., longitude 77.1493o W.). Surface 

elevation 111 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, grading down to very fine to fine, clayey and 

silty, dense and stiff sand; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with very 

light gray (N 8) and red (5R 5/7) mottles; red mottles made of pseudoplinthite .......................... 0–11

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; sparse dark heavy mineral grains present;

moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6) with streaks of very light gray (N 8) .................................. 11–16

Sand, very fine, clayey, sticky, dense, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) and very light gray (N 8); lower contact abrupt ....................................................... 16–17

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, dominantly fine but grains range up to coarse, silty; plinthite 

lumps up to 2 cm in diameter in upper foot; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6); probably a paleosol.................................................................................................. 17–21

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

with streaks of very light gray (N 8); lower contact gradational ................................................ 21–26

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) with pale

yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) mottles and streaks of black (N 1) 

(possibly root ghosts); lower contact gradational ....................................................................... 26–31

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey; articulated shells of Mulinia abundant;

upper foot has subangular to subrounded calcite-cemented lumps up 

to 1 cm in diameter, at least one of which formed around a barnacle;

very fine mica abundant; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ............................................................. 31–36

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +94 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
120

LI–93–8: In triangle on eastern side of Va. State Route 35, at intersection of Va. State Route 35 and 

Va. State Route 634 , 0.35 mile south-southeast of Homeville, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9444o N., longitude 77.1682o W.). Surface elevation 124 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine, loamy, moderate brown (5YR 3/4).............................................................................. 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, grading down through clayey and 

silty sand to silty sand; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with very 

light gray (N 8) and red (5R 5/7) mottles; pseudoplinthite at 9 feet ............................................. 1–11

Sand, very fine to fine, variably silty and clayey; dark heavy 

mineral grains present; light brown (5YR 6/4) with streaks of reddish 

orange (10R 6/6) and very light gray (N 8)................................................................................. 11–17

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine); contains scattered lenses of 

clean very fine sand; very fine mica present; yellowish gray 

(5Y 7/2) with streaks of black (N 1) carbon(?), grading down to 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 17–25

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous; articulated and 

disarticulated Mulinia shells present below 31 feet; medium 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................................... 25–41

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +107 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
121

LI–93–9: On northern side of Va. State Route 622, 0.35 mile west-northwest of intersection of Va. 

State Route 622 and Va. State Route 35 and 0.95 mile northwest of Littleton, in southeastern 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.9095o N., longitude 77.1645o W.). Surface elevation about 65 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Colluvium

Sand, very fine to very coarse, sparsely granular, very silty, 

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)......................................................................................................... 0–2

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, orange (5YR 5/7), 

yellowish orange (5YR 6/6), and yellowish gray (5YR 8/1) grading 

down by 5 feet to yellowish orange (5YR 8/1) and light gray (N 7);

moderate brown (5YR 3/4) plinthite at base.................................................................................. 2–8

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, moderate brown 

(5YR5/4) and dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with sparse light

gray (N 7) mottles ......................................................................................................................... 8–12

Sand, fine to medium, but ranging up to coarse, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6); 3 inches thick................................................................................................ at 12

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, mostly fine but some medium grains present; scattered rounded

dark phosphate grains present; silty, dusky yellow (2.5Y 5/4) ................................................... 12–18

Sand, mostly fine but some medium grains present; calcareous;

calcite-cemented lumps present; at least one lump contains a barnacle;

dusky yellow (2.5Y 5/4).............................................................................................................. 18–23

Eastover Formation

Sand, mostly fine with scattered medium grains, grading down in 

basal foot to fine to coarse sand; sparse shells scattered throughout, 

but locally abundant at 33–34 feet (including Isognomon); quartz 

pebbles at base; greenish gray (5G 5/1)...................................................................................... 23–39

St. Marys Formation

Silt, very clayey, stiff, sticky, grading down to silty and clayey, 

very fine sand; bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1); upper foot burrowed 

and burrows filled with sand from Eastover Formation; rounded

quartz and phosphate pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter present at base........................................ 39–55
122

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to coarse, dominantly medium, micaceous; contains 

subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter;

upper foot burrowed and burrows filled with sand from St. Marys 

Formation; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1)................................................................................... 55–61

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +53 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +42 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +26 feet above sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: +10 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
123

LI–93–10: On southern side of Va. State Route 622, 0.4 mile north-northeast of intersection at 

Littleton of Va. State Route 622 and Va. State Route 35, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9043o N., longitude 77.1429o W.). Surface elevation about 104 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey; contains fine to coarse mica;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) (0–1 foot) grading down 

rapidly to yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) with light gray 

(N 7) and red (5R 5/7) blotches....................................................................................................... 0–6

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to medium, dominantly fine, silty; contains 

coarse mica; reddish orange (10R 6/6).......................................................................................... 6–11

Sand, fine to medium with a minor coarse fraction, micaceous;

very fine to fine dark heavy mineral grains abundant; pale 

yellowish orange (10YR 8/5), moderate orangish pink (10R 7/4), 

and dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); coarsens to medium to 

coarse in basal foot and contains subrounded to rounded quartz 

granules and pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter........................................................................... 11–16

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, light brown 

(5YR 5/6) grading down rapidly through very pale orange (10YR 8/2) 

(16.5–17 feet) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................... 16–21

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +98 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +88 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
124

LI–93–11: On southern side of Va. State Route 622, 0.4 mile south-southeast of intersection of Va. 

State Route 622 and Va. State Route 634, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9078o N.,

longitude 77.1772o W.). Surface elevation 89 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, fine to coarse; contains sparse grains of dark heavy minerals 

and frosted rounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 0.5 cm in 

diameter; pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) grading down through 

brown (5YR 5/5) (1–2 feet) to yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) with 

very light gray (N 8) mottles......................................................................................................... 0–13

Sand, fine to medium with minor subrounded to rounded coarse 

fraction, silty, grayish orangish pink (5YR 7/2).......................................................................... 13–21

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous; upper foot contains 

wood fragments, root casts, and sand-filled burrows; light bluish 

gray (5B7/1) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles.................................................... 21–26

Base of Windsor Formation: +68 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
125

LI–93–12: On western side of Va. State Route 642, 0.5 mile south-southwest of intersection 

of Va. State Route 642 and Va. State Route 634, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8990o N., longitude 77.2485o W.). Surface elevation 79 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Colluvium

Sand, very fine with scattered coarse to very coarse grains, silty, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................................. 0–2

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), very finely micaceous; pseudoplinthite 

nodules abundant; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with light gray 

(N 7) and red (5R 5/7) mottles...................................................................................................... 2–6

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), very finely micaceous, very light gray 

(N 8) with light brown (5YR 6/7) mottles, grading down to very light 

gray (N 8)...................................................................................................................................... 6–18

Sand, medium, silty, clayey, very light gray (N 8) ..................................................................... 18–19

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine to medium, silty; fine phosphate sand present; shelly;

echinoid spine present; calcite-cemented lumps abundant; dusky 

yellow (2.5Y 5/4) grading down to bluish greenish gray (5BG 6/1)........................................... 19–26

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +60 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 1)
126

LI–93–13: On southeastern side of J-shaped right-angle bend in unnumbered dirt road leading to 

unnamed cemetery, 0.05 mile east of cemetery and 1.1 mile north-northwest of intersection 

of Va. State Route 625 and Va. State Route 35, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9867o N., longitude 77.1944o W.). Surface elevation 126 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey, orange (5YR 5/7) ................................................................ 0–6

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey, silty, stiff, variegated moderate

red (5R 5/6), dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6), and pinkish

gray (5YR 8/1)............................................................................................................................... 6–11

Sand, fine, well-sorted; contains blebs of clay-silt interlayered 

with fine to medium sand that includes abundant very fine 

dark heavy minerals probably reworked from underlying unit;

moderate reddish orange (10R 5/8)............................................................................................. 11–25

Silt, clayey, pale red (5R 5/3) and light gray (N 7)..................................................................... 25–29

Sand, medium to coarse; clay-silt matrix; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 29–31

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, massive, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)........................................................................ 31–32

Silt, clayey, greasy, finely micaceous, dark bluish greenish

gray (5BG 4/1) ............................................................................................................................ 32–36

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +95 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
127

LI–93–14: On unnumbered dirt road, 0.1 mile south-southeast of intersection of dirt road 

and Va. State Route 625 at 121-foot spot elevation, in north-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.9942o N., longitude 77.1762o W.). Surface elevation 121 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey; plinthite present at 5 feet, 

variegated moderate red (5R 5/6), dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6), and pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)........................................................................................ 0–7

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, dark red (5R 3/6) and light

gray (N 7)...................................................................................................................................... 7–12

Sand, dominantly fine with minor medium fraction; sand 

interlayered with a few clay-silt beds; very fine dark heavy 

minerals present in basal 2 feet; moderate reddish orange 

(10R 6/6) grading down to pale red (10R 6/2)............................................................................ 12–22

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, medium yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)..................................................................... 22–32

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +99 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
128

LI–93–15: 0.1 mile southwest of Va. State Route 35 at end of unnumbered dirt road, 1.15 mile 

northwest of Homeville, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9619o N., longitude 

77.1849o W.). Surface elevation 121 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................... 0–7

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, moderate red (5R 5/6) 

with light gray (N 7) mottles......................................................................................................... 7–12

Sand, fine with scattered medium grains, bright reddish

orange (5YR 5/6); thin (1–2 inches), light gray 

(N 7), sandy (very fine) clay-silt lenses scattered throughout .................................................... 12–23

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine) in upper 2 feet, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 23–27

Silt, clayey, greasy, grayish orange (10YR 7/4).......................................................................... 27–31

Silt, clayey, silty; contains chalky Mulinia shells;

medium greenish gray (5G 5/1).................................................................................................. 31–32

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +98 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
129

LI–93–16: On northwestern side of Va. State Route 626, 0.6 mile east of western quadrangle border, 

in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9973o N., longitude 77.2390o W.). Surface elevation 

122 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, well-sorted, silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ......................................... 0–2

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, light brown (5YR 5/6);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 2–7

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, slightly clayey, variegated moderate

red (5R 5/6), dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6), and pinkish

gray (5YR 8/1)............................................................................................................................... 7–12

Sand, very fine to medium, dominantly fine, silty, micaceous, 

variegated moderate red (5R 5/6), dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6), and pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)...................................................................................... 12–18

Sand, fine to coarse, dominantly medium, grading down to medium 

to coarse sand; scattered grains of very fine dark heavy minerals; pale 

yellowish orange (10YR 8/6) grading down to variegated pale 

yellowish orange (10YR 8/6), dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6), 

orangish pink (10R 8/4), and white (N 9) ................................................................................... 18–25

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, finely micaceous, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................................... 25–27

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +97 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
130

LI–93–17: On northeastern side of Va. State Route 35, 0.42 mile west-northwest of Plank 

Road, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9747o N., longitude 77.2052o W.). 

Surface elevation 68 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Charles City Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to very light gray 

(N 8) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles.................................................................. 0–8

Sand, fine to medium, silty; about 1 percent very fine dark 

heavy mineral sand; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with

very light gray (N 8) mottles......................................................................................................... 8–9

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, finely micaceous, sandy (fine), dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) .......................................................................................................................... 9–11

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine; includes abundant very fine dark heavy 

mineral grains; calcite-cemented lumps abundant in 

lower two-thirds of unit; Chesapecten fragments 

abundant near base; dusky yellow (5Y 6/4) grading 

down to grayish yellow (5Y 7/4); lower contact abrupt.............................................................. 11–24

Eastover Formation

Silt, very clayey, dense, greasy, massive, medium

bluish gray (5B 5/1); lower contact gradational.......................................................................... 24–27

Sand, fine to medium, clayey, silty; scattered shell 

fragments present throughout including Chesapecten

and Isognomon; bluish gray (5B 5/1); lower contact gradational............................................... 27–45

Sand, fine, clean; contains fine phosphate sand and 

sparse shell fragments; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1);

phosphate pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter at base ....................................................................... 45–60

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to medium; medium to coarse silvery mica abundant;

light gray (N 7)............................................................................................................................ 60–61
131

Base of Charles City Formation: +59 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +57 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +44 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: + 8 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
132

LI–93–18: On southeastern side of right-angle turn to west in dirt road on northern side of Va. State 

Route 634, 0.95 mile north-northeast of Lumberton (at 81-foot benchmark), in south-central 

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8951o N., longitude 77.2067o W.). Surface elevation 84 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, dominantly fine but very fine to coarse, silty, clayey, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with light brownish

gray (10YR 7/1) mottles.................................................................................................................. 0–5

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, dense; sparse grains of very fine to very 

coarse sand scattered throughout as well as spots of kaolin 

(saprolitized potassium feldspar grains); light brownish gray 

(10YR 7/1)..................................................................................................................................... 5–12

Silt, very clayey, light yellowish gray (5Y 9/1) with dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles.......................................................................................... 12–25

Sand, fine to medium with sparse coarse grains, silty, clayey, 

light gray (N 7)............................................................................................................................ 25–28

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine, well-sorted; phosphate sand abundant; contains 

calcite-cemented lumps; greenish gray (5G 5/1) ........................................................................ 28–38

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted; scattered shells present 

throughout including Mercenaria, Isognomon, and Chesapecten; bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1) grading down to 

greenish gray (5G 5/1) ................................................................................................................ 38–49

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, dark greenish gray (5G 4/1).......................................................... 49–52

Base of Windsor Formation: +79 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +56 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +46 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
133

LI–93–19: On northwestern side of Va. State Route 632, 0.5 mile southeast of junction of Va. 

State Route 632 with Va. State Route 634, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8899o N.,

longitude 77.2241o W.). Surface elevation 81 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted; subangular 

to subrounded granules and subangular pebbles up to 1 cm 

in diameter abundant; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

grading down to orange (5YR 6/6)................................................................................................ 0–17

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with 

light gray (N 7) mottles; lower contact somewhat gradational................................................... 17–24

Silt, clayey, greasy, medium bluish gray (5B 5/1);

lower contact somewhat gradational........................................................................................... 24–26

Silt, clayey, greasy, shelly (Mulinia, Turritella, oyster, 

and other mollusks), medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)..................................................................... 26–27

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine, silty; contains calcite-cemented lumps; medium 

bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)................................................................................................... 27–32

Base of Windsor Formation: +64 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +54 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 1)
134

LI–93–20: On southeastern side of Va. State Route 40, on western side of dirt road leading southsoutheast from Va. State Route 40 at 51-foot spot elevation, 0.55 mile west-southwest of Va. 

State Route 40 bridge over Nottoway River, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9296o N.,

longitude 77.2113o W.). Surface elevation 51 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chuckatuck Formation

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), light brownish gray (5YR 7/1) with 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles; lower contact gradational......................................... 0–3

Silt, very clayey with interbedded laminae of very fine sand, light

brownish gray (5YR 7/1) grading down to pale orange (10YR 7/2);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 3–8

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted, silty and clayey, light gray (N 7);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 8–10

Sand, medium to coarse, granular; coarse potassium feldspar grains 

abundant; pinkish gray (5YR 8/1) ............................................................................................... 10–15

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted; contains scattered quartz granules;

medium light gray (N 6).............................................................................................................. 15–16

Eastover Formation

Silt, very clayey, dense, sandy, bluish gray (5B 6/1) with grayish

bluish green (5BG 5/2) mottles................................................................................................... 16–17

Sand, fine, clayey, silty, grayish bluish green (5BG 5/2) with streaks 

of dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................................................................... 17–23

Sand, fine, well-sorted, slightly micaceous, bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)............................. 23–27

Sand, fine to very coarse, clean; contains medium to very coarse grains 

of phosphate sand and scattered subrounded to rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter, very light gray (N 8) ................................................................ 27–33

Gravel containing subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm 

in diameter in medium to coarse quartz sand matrix; greenish gray 

(5GY 6/1) to dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)................................................................................... 33–35

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse; contains polished quartz granules 

and pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter; greenish gray (5G 6/1)................................................... 35–36
135

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +35 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +16 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
136

Manry Quadrangle

MA–93–1: On western side of Va. State Route 620, 0.2 mile southwest of dam for Brittles 

Millpond, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9638o N., longitude 77.0093o W.). Surface 

elevation 80 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very 

coarse, poorly sorted sand; yellowish brown (10YR 5/2) grading 

down through very pale orange (10YR 8/2) to orange (5YR 5/8).................................................. 0–5

Gravel containing subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up to 5 cm in 

diameter, in medium to very coarse sand matrix; orange 

(5YR 5/8)....................................................................................................................................... 5–6

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), very finely micaceous; sparse 

shells near base; medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)............................................................ 6–17

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine to medium; fine to coarse phosphate sand 

abundant at top but decreases in abundance downward;

silty in upper 5 feet but more sandy below; very shelly 

(Mulinia and oysters); medium greenish gray (5G 5/1) 

grading down to medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 6/1).......................................................... 17–35

Sand, fine to medium; phosphate sand abundant; silty;

very shelly and diverse fauna (including Chesapecten

and Crassinella); medium greenish gray (5G 5/1) ..................................................................... 35–45

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, sparsely phosphatic, well-sorted, slightly 

silty and clayey; Isognomon abundant in upper 2 feet;

dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................................................................................ 45–70

Sand, very fine to fine, silty and clayey; scattered lenses of 

clayey silt present; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)......................................................................... 70–75

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted, slightly silty and clayey, 

sparsely shelly; no basal lag bed; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1) ................................................... 75–88
137

St. Marys Formation

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine); upper foot contains burrows 

filled with sand from overlying unit; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1).............................................. 88–100

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +74 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +63 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +35 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: -8 feet below sea level

Bottomed in St. Marys Formation
138

MA–93–2: On northern side of Va. State Route 605 in driveway to abandoned house, 100 feet 

east of intersection of Va. State Route 605 and Va. State Route 633, in southeastern 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.8857o N., longitude 77.0094o W.). Surface elevation 94 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, moderate yellowish orange 

(10YR 7/6) grading down to moderate yellowish orange 

(10YR 7/6) with moderate reddish orange (10R 5/7) and 

very light gray (N 8) mottles........................................................................................................... 0–5

Sand, very fine to fine, silty and clayey, moderate yellowish

orange (10YR 7/6) with moderate reddish orange (10R 5/7) 

and very light gray (N 8) mottles.................................................................................................... 5–9

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium to coarse, slightly silty and clayey; dark 

fine heavy mineral grains abundant; micaceous, moderate 

yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) with moderate reddish orange 

(10R 5/7) and very light gray (N 8) mottles.................................................................................. 9–11

Sand, fine to coarse, subrounded to rounded; dark fine heavy 

mineral grains abundant; moderate orangish pink (10R 8/4) 

grading down to very pale orange (10YR 8/2) by 22 feet ........................................................... 11–26

Sand, coarse to very coarse, subangular to subrounded;

sparse fine heavy mineral grains present; kaolinitic clay 

matrix; quartz granules at top coarsen downward to quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter at base; very pale orange 

(10YR 9/1) grading down to dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/8) in basal foot .............................................................................................................. 26–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), micaceous, greenish gray 

(5G 5/1)....................................................................................................................................... 34–49

Silt; contains hard waxy clay lumps that break rather than 

deform; medium greenish gray (5G 5/1) .................................................................................... 49–50

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, shelly (all Mulinia), greenish

gray (5G 5/1)............................................................................................................................... 50–51
139

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, very fine to fine quartz, fine to medium phosphate, shelly 

(oysters, Chesapecten, Mercenaria, and other shells); abundant 

calcite-cemented lumps present (often around shells); coarsens 

near base to fine to medium and mostly quartz sand; medium 

bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)................................................................................................... 51–63

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted; rare grains of phosphate sand; silty and clayey 

in upper foot; Chesapecten middlesexensis and Isognomon abundant 

at top but less so downward; greenish gray (5G 5/1).................................................................. 63–71

Base of Windsor Formation: +85 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +60 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +43 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +31 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
140

MA–93–3: On eastern side of Va. State Route 628 in driveway to abandoned house, 0.32 mile 

north-northeast of intersection of Va. State Route 628 and Va. State Route 605 at Manry, in 

southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8960o N., longitude 77.0324o W.). Surface elevation 

109 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, minor medium to coarse rounded fraction, 

pale yellowish brown (10YR 7/2).................................................................................................. 0–2

Sand, fine, well-sorted, minor medium to coarse rounded fraction, 

silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7) grading down to grayish 

orange (10YR 6/2) ......................................................................................................................... 2–6

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted; abundant very fine dark heavy 

mineral grains present; very pale orange (10YR 8/2).................................................................... 6–11

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted; abundant very fine dark heavy 

mineral grains present; very pale orange (10YR 8/2); contains 2- to 3-

inch-thick interbeds of very light gray (N 8), very clayey silt.................................................... 11–14

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), stiff, very light gray (N 8).................................................. 14–16

Sand, very fine to fine; sparse very fine dark heavy mineral 

grains present; silty, micaceous, very light gray (N 8) ............................................................... 16–20

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), micaceous, stiff, very light gray 

(N 8), interbedded at 2–3 inch intervals with pale yellowish orange 

(5YR 8/6), micaceous, silty, very fine to fine sand ...................................................................... 20–24

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to coarse, grading down to fine to very coarse, 

subangular to subrounded sand; contains sparse dark heavy mineral 

grains; light pinkish gray (5YR 9/1)............................................................................................ 24–30

Sand, fine to very coarse, subangular to subrounded; contains 

sparse dark heavy mineral grains and subangular to subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)................................................................................................................................... 30–38
141

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous; sparse plinthite lumps present;

olive orange (3Y 5/8)................................................................................................................... 38–40

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1).................................................. 40–55

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +85 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +71 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
142

MA–93–4: On eastern side of dirt road, 0.04 mile north of unnumbered road at 113-foot spot 

elevation, 0.85 mile northwest of spillway of Mill Run Pond, in south-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.8927o N., longitude 77.0626o W.). Surface elevation 112 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, sparsely micaceous, grayish

orange (10YR 7/4) grading down to dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with red (5R 5/7), very light gray (N 8), and 

orange (5YR 5/8) mottles; lower contact gradational.................................................................... 0–7

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)

with red (5R 5/7), very light gray (N 8), and orange (5YR 5/8) mottles....................................... 7–10

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles ............................................................................ 10–15

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), very light gray (N 8) .................................................................. 15–22

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; very fine dark heavy mineral 

grains abundant; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 22–30

Sand, fine to medium; very fine dark heavy mineral grains 

abundant; scattered silvery mica flakes up to 1 mm in 

diameter present; orangish gray (5YR 8/1); lower contact

gradational................................................................................................................................... 30–35

Sand, fine to very coarse; fine dark heavy mineral grains 

abundant; scattered silvery mica flakes up to 1 mm in 

diameter present; orangish gray (5YR 8/1); lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 35–44

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains subangular quartz 

granules; orangish gray (5YR 8/1)............................................................................................... 44–45

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine); small silvery mica flakes 

abundant; bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1) .................................................................................. 45–46
143

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +90 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +67 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
144

MA–93–5: On northeastern side of intersection of dirt road and Va. State Route 605 at 103-foot spot 

elevation, 0.47 mile north-northwest of Union Hill Church, in southwestern 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.9035o N., longitude 77.0964o W.). Surface elevation 103 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, grayish orange (10YR 7/4);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 0–1

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), stiff, dense, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with red (5R 5/7), orange 

(5YR 5/8), and very light gray (N 8) mottles;

pseudoplinthite lumps in basal foot .............................................................................................. 1–7

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to medium with minor coarse fraction; contains 

scattered very fine to fine dark heavy mineral grains; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/7); lower contact gradational.............................................................. 7–15

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to medium to coarse

sand;thixotropic, yellowish orange (10YR 7/6); lower 

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 15–25

Sand, medium to coarse; subangular to subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter increasingly abundant 

downward; yellowish orange (10YR 7/6).................................................................................... 25–29

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), micaceous, orange (5YR 5/8) with 

black (N 1) mottles, grading down to light brown (5YR 6/4)....................................................... 29–30

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), micaceous, medium bluish

greenish gray (5BG 5/1).............................................................................................................. 30–37

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +96 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +74 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
145

MA–93–6: On northwestern side of Va. State Route 620 at entrance to dirt road near 114-foot 

elevation benchmark, 1.0 mile west of Wakefield Community Hunt Club, in east-central 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.9494o N., longitude 77.0327o W.). Surface elevation 114 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, stiff, yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) with light gray (N 7), dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6), and red (5R 5/7) mottles ................................................................................ 0–6

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, stiff, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles .................................................................. 6–11

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), dense, stiff, very light 

gray (N 8) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles........................................................ 11–16

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to medium with minor rounded coarse fraction;

very fine to fine dark heavy minerals abundant; thixotropic, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 16–21

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +98 feet above sea level

Bottomed in lower Bacons Castle Formation
146

MA–93–7: On western side of Va. State Route 628 at entrance to dirt road, 0.52 mile southwest of 

Burton Grove Church, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9201o N., longitude 77.0194o

W.). Surface elevation 118 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted, grayish yellow (5YR 8/4) 

grading down to yellowish orange (10YR 6/8) .............................................................................. 0–6

Sand, very fine to fine with minor medium to coarse fraction, silty, 

clayey, micaceous, moderate yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); lower

contact gradational......................................................................................................................... 6–13

Sand, very fine to fine with minor medium to coarse fraction; dark 

heavy mineral grains present; thixotropic, grayish orangish pink (5YR 7/2)............................... 13–22

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) .............................................. 22–23

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)..................................... 23–26

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), dense, stiff, grayish

orange (10YR 7/4) and moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 

grading down through yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and very 

light gray (N 8) to very light gray (N 8) with sparse mottles of 

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) ....................................................................................................... 26–31

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +96 feet above sea level

Bottomed in upper Bacons Castle Formation
147

MA–93–8: On eastern side of Va. State Route 604 at entrance to dirt road just south of Norfolk 

and Western Railroad line near 112-foot spot elevation, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9926o N., longitude 77.0281o W.). Surface elevation 106 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, grading down to stiff, dense, sandy

(very fine), very clayey silt; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with

light gray (N 7) mottles................................................................................................................. 0–7

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to medium, silty, clayey; scattered grains of dark very 

fine minerals present; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with 

light gray (N 7) mottles................................................................................................................. 7–10

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, silty; abundant grains of dark 

very fine minerals present; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)............................................................... 10–19

Sand, fine to coarse; coarse fraction subrounded to rounded; silty;

scattered grains of dark very fine minerals present; contains 

scattered subrounded to rounded quartz granules and pebbles up 

to 0.5 cm in diameter; light gray (N 7)........................................................................................ 19–28

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in diameter and a single silt clast of

reworked Yorktown Formation, 2 cm in diameter; medium gray (N 6) 

grading down to dark gray (N 4)................................................................................................. 28–31

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), moderate yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/4); about 1 inch of unit on end of auger stem................................................................ at 31

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +99 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +75 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
148

MA–93–9: On southern side of Va. State Route 604 at entrance to dirt road at 113-foot spot 

elevation, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9695o N., longitude 77.0730o W.). Surface 

elevation 113 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, sticky, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) and red (5R 5/7) mottles ....................................... 0–8

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, sticky, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) mottles .................................................................. 8–15

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, sticky, very light gray 

(N 8) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles................................................................ 15–17

Sand, very fine, silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ........................................................... 17–18

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, sticky; contains thin 

lenses of very fine sand; moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 

with light gray (N 7) and very light gray (N 8) mottles.............................................................. 18–27

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to medium, silty; dark heavy mineral grains 

abundant; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 27–32

Sand, medium to coarse; coarse fraction rounded; contains 

scattered grains of dark heavy minerals and subangular to 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)....................................................................................................... 32–42

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), yellowish orange (10YR 6/8) .................................................... 42–43

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, medium

bluish greenish gray 5BG 5/1) .................................................................................................... 43–46

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +86 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +71 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
149

MA–93–10: On eastern side of Va. State Route 606 along northern edge of field, 0.28 mile northeast 

of intersection of Va. State Route 606 and Va. State Route 604, in west-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.9523o N., longitude 77.0972o W.). Surface elevation 109 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, clayey, grading down to stiff, dense, sandy (very fine), 

very clayey silt; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with 

very light gray (N 8) and red (5R 5/7) mottles................................................................................ 0–9

Sand, very fine, silty, light red (5R 6/6)........................................................................................ 9–9.5

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, stiff, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with very light gray (N 8) and red (5R 5/7) mottles .................................... 9.5–12

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty; sparse grains of very fine heavy 

minerals present; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7); lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 12–25

Sand, fine to medium; very fine heavy mineral grains moderately 

abundant; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7); lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 25–31

Sand, fine to coarse; coarse fraction rounded; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)................................. 31–33

Sand, medium to very coarse; subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter abundant; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)..................................................... 33–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, orange (5YR 5/8) grading 

down to light brown (5YR 6/4).................................................................................................... 34–36

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, finely micaceous, medium

bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)................................................................................................... 36–41

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +97 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +75 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
150

MA–93–11: On southern side of Va. State Route 655 at entrance to dirt road at 113-foot spot 

elevation, 0.36 mile east of western quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9940o N., longitude 77.1183o W.). Surface elevation 113 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), plinthitic, red (5R 5/6) with 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles.................................................................................... 0–12

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine, silty; dark very fine heavy mineral grains abundant;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) .......................................................................................................... 12–24

Sand, fine to coarse; coarse fraction rounded; dark fine heavy mineral 

grains abundant; grayish orange (10YR 7/4); at 32 feet is a 1-inchthick layer (or large clay ball) of pale grayish orange 

(5YR 8/2), clayey silt................................................................................................................... 24–35

Silt, very clayey, greasy, grayish orange (5YR 6/2).................................................................... 35–37

Sand, fine to medium, silty; 2-inch-thick, dense pebble bed at base 

with subangular to subrounded quartz clasts up to 3 cm in diameter;

grayish orange (5YR 6/2) ............................................................................................................ 37–39

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, medium bluish

greenish gray (5BG 5/1).............................................................................................................. 39–46

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +101 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +74 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
151

MA–94–12: Continuous core taken on northeastern side of spillway for Brittles Millpond (also 

called Airfield Pond), 0.37 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.03 miles south of northern 

quadrangle border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9706o N., longitude 77.0073o W.). 

Surface elevation 91 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Moorings unit)

Sand, mostly very fine to medium but with minor 

fraction of rounded coarse sand and granules, slightly 

micaceous, pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) 

grading down to grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ................................................................................. 0–1

Sand, fine to medium; goethite and limonite in 

interstitial spaces; light brown (5YR 5/6) with 

yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) mottles.................................................................................................... 1–3

Sand, fine to medium; contains sparse very fine 

to fine dark heavy minerals; sparsely micaceous, 

silty, slightly clayey, grayish orange (10YR 7/4).......................................................................... 3–5

(No recovery)................................................................................................................................ 5–8

Sand, medium, grading down to medium to coarse, 

Subrounded sand; very fine to fine dark heavy minerals 

abundant; sparsely micaceous; contains subrounded

pebble 7 mm in diameter near base; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to pale orange 

(10YR 8/2)..................................................................................................................................... 8–12

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains rare coarse 

flakes of silvery mica; pale orange (10YR 8/2)........................................................................... 12–13.5

Sand, medium to coarse, slightly silty and clayey, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7)............................................................................................ 13.5–15

Sand, coarse to very coarse, pale orange (10YR 8/2).................................................................. 15–15.5

Sand, medium to coarse, feldspathic, pale orange 

(10YR 8/2)................................................................................................................................ 15.5–19

Sand, medium to coarse, feldspathic, clayey and silty;

contains a subrounded quartz pebble; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/7) ....................................................................................................................... 19–20
152

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down through coarse 

to very coarse and back to medium, feldspathic sand;

contains subangular pebbles of quartz in lower half;

pale orange (10YR 8/2) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/7) ....................................................................................................................... 20–22.5

Sand, medium to coarse; contains quartz pebbles and 

discoids up to 3 cm in diameter at base; plinthite at base;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/8)............................................................................................ 22.5–23

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey; fine sand fills burrows; light brown (10YR 5/6) ..................................................... 23–25

Silt, clayey, light brown (10YR 5/6); lower contact somewhat

gradational................................................................................................................................... 25–26

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................... 26–38

Silt, clayey, contains quartz and phosphate sand (very fine);

wavy laminations present; sparsely shelly, bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................ 38–40

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, quartz-phosphate, very fine to fine, glauconitic, shelly 

(Mulinia, Chesapecten, Turritella, and other mollusks); contains 

calcite-cemented intervals; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) .......................................................... 40–50

(No recovery).............................................................................................................................. 50–51

Sand, quartz-phosphate, fine, well-sorted, shelly; no 

indurated zones; dark bluish greenish gray (5BG 4/1)................................................................ 51–56

(No recovery).............................................................................................................................. 56–57

Sand, quartz-phosphate, fine, well-sorted, shelly; no 

indurated zones; broken and rolled fragments of bones 

and Isognomon at base; dark bluish greenish gray (5BG 4/1) .................................................... 57–59

Eastover Formation

Sand, quartz-phosphate, very fine to fine, well-sorted;

Isognomon abundant; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) .................................................................. 59–61

Sand, fine, well-sorted; sparse shells; dark greenish 

gray (5GY 4/1)............................................................................................................................. 61–71
153

Sand, fine, well-sorted, slightly clayey and silty, 

shelly (mostly Chesapecten and Turritella), dark

greenish gray (5GY 4/1).............................................................................................................. 71–74.5

(No recovery)........................................................................................................................... 74.5–76

Sand, fine, well-sorted, shelly (mostly Chesapecten

and Turritella), dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1); lower 

contact abrupt, but no lag bed................................................................................................ 76–104.5

Sand, fine, well-sorted, slightly clayey, finely 

micaceous, shelly (mostly Chesapecten and 

Turritella); contains burrows in top foot filled with 

overlying sand lithology ; grayish green (5G 5/2)............................................................... 104.5–106

Sand, fine, well-sorted, finely micaceous, shelly 

(mostly Chesapecten and Turritella), dark greenish

gray (5GY 4/1)......................................................................................................................... 106–110

Sand, medium to coarse; contains scattered rare 

quartz and phosphate granules; dark greenish 

gray (5GY 4/1)......................................................................................................................... 110–111

St. Marys Formation (unnamed member, DN 9 / lower DN 10?)

Silt, very clayey, finely micaceous, stiff, laminated; upper 

6 inches burrowed; grayish olive green (5GY 3/2) ................................................................. 111–118.5

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, clayey and silty;

contains granules of phosphate and quartz; grayish 

olive green (5GY 3/2); lower contact abrupt........................................................................ 118.5–120.5

St. Marys Formation (Windmill Point Member, DN 9)

Silt, very clayey, massive; contains burrows in top 

foot filled with overlying sand lithology; bluish 

greenish gray (5BG 5/1)....................................................................................................... 120.5–124

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, silty and clayey, 

sparsely shelly; contains phosphate sand and granules 

of phosphate and quartz; bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)....................................................... 124–131

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, silty and clayey,

sparsely shelly; sharks teeth present; phosphate sand 

and granules of phosphate and quartz increasingly 

abundant downward; greenish gray (5G 5/1).......................................................................... 131–132
154

Gravel containing mostly quartz and some phosphate pebbles 

and cobbles up to 8 cm in diameter; greenish gray 

(5G 5/1)................................................................................................................................... 132–133

Aquia Formation

Sand, fine to medium, medium fraction mostly 

phosphate and glauconite, clayey matrix; upper foot 

burrowed with burrows filled with overlying sand and 

gravel lithology; sparsely shelly; indurated lumps 

present; greenish black (5GY 2/1) with grayish bluish

green (5BG 5/2) blotches........................................................................................................ 133–139

(No recovery).......................................................................................................................... 139–140.5

Sand, fine to medium, medium fraction mostly 

phosphate and glauconite, clayey matrix, sparsely 

shelly; indurated lumps present; greenish black 

(5GY 2/1).............................................................................................................................. 140.5–143

(No recovery).......................................................................................................................... 143–144

Sand, fine to medium, medium fraction mostly 

phosphate and glauconite, clayey matrix, sparsely 

shelly; indurated lumps present; greenish black 

(5GY 2/1)................................................................................................................................. 144–145.5

(No recovery)....................................................................................................................... 145.5–147

Sand, fine to medium, mostly glauconite, black (N 1)............................................................ 147–149

(No recovery).......................................................................................................................... 149–152

Sand, glauconite-quartz, dominantly fine to medium;

rare coarse quartz grains, quartz granules, and a quartz 

pebble, 1.5 cm in length; black (N 1)...................................................................................... 152–154

Sand, glauconite-quartz, fine to medium, black (N 1)............................................................ 154–157

Sand, glauconite-quartz, dominantly fine to medium;

contains rare coarse quartz fraction; black (N 1) .................................................................... 157–159

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter;

pebbles only slightly stained; burrows from this 

horizon extend 1.5 feet into layer below................................................................................. 159–159.5
155

Patapsco Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, kaolinitic;

contains rounded quartz granules and small pebbles;

light greenish gray (5G 8/1); lower contact abrupt...............................................................159.5–166.5

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted; contains a few 

quartz granules but no pebbles; sparsely micaceous, 

light greenish gray (5G 8/1)................................................................................................. 166.5–172

Gravel containing quartz pebbles; light greenish gray (5G 8/1)............................................. 172–172.5

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted; contains a few 

quartz granules but no pebbles; sparsely micaceous, 

light greenish gray (5G 8/1)................................................................................................. 172.5–176

Sand, coarse to very coarse, pebbly, light greenish

gray (5G 8/1)........................................................................................................................... 176–192.5

Gravel containing quartz pebbles and granules; light 

greenish gray (5G 8/1); lower contact abrupt ...................................................................... 192.5–193

Silt, clayey, laminated, medium gray (N 4);

contains Patapsco Formation pollen assemblage.................................................................... 193–194

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, light greenish

gray (5G 8/1)........................................................................................................................... 194–196

Sand, coarse to very coarse, pebbly, light greenish

gray (5G 8/1)........................................................................................................................... 196–204

Silt, very clayey, laminated, greenish gray (5G 5/1) 

and light olive brown (5Y 5/6) ................................................................................................ 204–209.5

Silt, very clayey, laminated, light gray (N 7)....................................................................... 209.5–223

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +68.0 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +51.0 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +32.0 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: -20.0 feet below sea level

Base of St Marys Formation (unnamed member): -29.5 feet below sea level

Base of St Marys Formation (Windmill Point Member): -42.0 feet below sea level

Base of Aquia Formation: -68.5 feet below sea level

Corehole bottomed in Patapsco Formation
156

Margarettsville Quadrangle

MV–93–1: On northern side of N.C. State Route 701 at sharp bend in road, 0.83 mile west of 

Branches Bridge, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5312o N., longitude 77.2761o W.). 

Surface elevation 38 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Shirley Formation

Sand, very fine to very coarse, dominantly fine to medium, 

silty, orange (5YR 5/7) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6); lower contact gradational .............................................................................. 0–6

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted; contains subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in diameter; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................... 6–9

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, shelly (mostly Mulinia and Turritella); basal lag bed 

includes subrounded to rounded quartzite and vein quartz pebbles up 

to 3 cm in diameter, oyster fragments, and a shark’s tooth 

(Hemipristis serra); some pebbles have pyrite crystals on them;

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ........................................................................................................ 9–13

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine, well-sorted; phosphate sand abundant; shelly at top but 

less so downward; olive gray (5Y 6/1) grading down to dark 

olive gray (5Y 4/1); at base, grades to fine to coarse, mostly 

medium sand; burrows in top of bed below filled with this lithology........................................ 13–30

Eastover Formation

Silt, clayey, interbedded with silty and clayey, fine sand; greenish

gray (5G 4/1); lower contact somewhat gradational................................................................... 30–33

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty; contains scattered rotten chalky 

shells; greenish gray (5GY 4/1)................................................................................................... 33–39

Sand, fine to coarse, clayey, silty; contains granules of quartz 

and phosphate and pebbles of quartz up to 1 cm in diameter;

greenish gray (5GY 4/1).............................................................................................................. 39–41
157

Sand, medium to very coarse, coarse to very coarse fraction 

polished, garnetiferous, light gray (N 7), contains clay balls

of coarsely micaceous, very clayey silt; medium bluish greenish 

gray (5BG 5/1) ............................................................................................................................ 41–49

Clubhouse Formation

Sand, very fine, clayey; fine to coarse mica very abundant;

olive black (5Y 3/1); upper foot contains burrows filled with

sand from overlying unit............................................................................................................. 49–53

Silt, very clayey, dense, greasy, lumpy, olive black (5Y 3/1); top 

of unit burrowed and filled with sand from overlying unit; lower 

contact somewhat gradational..................................................................................................... 53–57

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), dense; top of bed contains 

graphite fragments; light brownish gray (5YR 6/1) grading down 

to light gray (N 7)........................................................................................................................ 57–61

Silt, very clayey, dense, micaceous, olive black (5Y 3/1)........................................................... 61–69

Silt, very clayey; lignitic near top and near base; light gray (N 7) 

grading down to olive black (5Y 3/1).......................................................................................... 69–80

Silt, very clayey, dense, light gray (N 7)..................................................................................... 80–81

Base of Shirley Formation: +29 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +25 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +8 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: -11 feet below sea level

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
158

MV–93–2: On western side of unnumbered N.C. State road at sharp bend in road, 0.70 mile 

southwest of Sharon Church, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5098o N., longitude 

77.3105o W.). Surface elevation 110 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/2) grading down to grayish orange (10YR 8/2)............................................................... 0–1

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted, silty, slightly clayey, dense, 

stiff; very coarsely micaceous in basal foot; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with red (5R 5/6) and light gray (N 7) mottles........................................................... 1–5

Sand, fine, clayey, silty, dense, stiff, red (5R 5/6) with dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and light gray (N 7) mottles........................................................... 5–11

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 8/6) with white (N 9) streaks, grading down in basal 

foot to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................... 11–25

Silt, very clayey, slightly micaceous, slightly greasy, moderate

pink (5R 7/4) ............................................................................................................................... 25–27

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, angular, moderate

pink (5R 7/4) ............................................................................................................................... 27–29

Silt, very clayey, slightly micaceous, slightly greasy, moderate

pink (5R 7/4) ............................................................................................................................... 29–31

Silt, very clayey, very pale orange (10YR 8/2), interbedded with 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6), very fine to fine sand........................................................... 31–33

Silt, very clayey, slightly greasy, with lenses of very fine to fine 

sand; micaceous, medium bluish gray (5B 5/1).......................................................................... 33–35

Mix of sand, silt, and clay; diverse colors; appears churned ...................................................... 35–43

Sand, medium to coarse, pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/4)....................................................... 43–49

Gravel containing subrounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter;

pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/4)............................................................................................... 49–51
159

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted; very fine dark heavy mineral grains abundant;

silty, clayey, orange (5YR 5/6) grading down to dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with stringers of light gray (N 7).............................................................................. 51–62

Sand, fine, well-sorted; very fine dark heavy mineral grains abundant;

silty, clayey, medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................................. 62–73

Sand, quartz-phosphate, fine, well-sorted; shell hash and bone 

fragment present in basal foot; greenish black (5G 3/1)............................................................. 73–81

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, shelly; polished, rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter and a piece of wood in basal foot; medium 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................................... 81–85

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, clean, olive gray (5Y 4/1)...................................................................... 85–86

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +59 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +29 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +25 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
160

MV–93–3: Along dirt road (not on map) crossing abandoned channel of the Meherrin River, 

0.22 mile north of eastern end of Branches Bridge, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.5355o N., longitude 77.2610o W.). Surface elevation about 27 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), micaceous; layer of light gray 

(N 7) calcite(?) lumps present at 3 feet; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) with

streaks of dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); reddish brown blotches 

(10R 4/6) present in basal foot...................................................................................................... 0–6

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), micaceous; rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter present in basal 6 inches; brownish 

gray (5YR 4/1)............................................................................................................................... 6–9

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine; phosphate sand abundant; shelly; contains calcitecemented lumps; greenish gray (5GY 5/1).................................................................................... 9–11

Eastover Formation

Sand, dominantly fine but with minor medium to coarse fraction,

grading down to fine to medium and better sorted, clayey, silty sand;

Mercenaria shells present below 23 feet; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)...................................... 11–26

Base of alluvium: +18 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +16 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
161

MV–93–4: 0.05 mile south of power line and 0.05 mile north of unnumbered N.C. State Road, 

along eastern edge of field next to wooded area, 0.25 mile east of western quadrangle border, in 

southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5326o N., longitude 77.3701o W.). Surface elevation 

about 80 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, yellowish gray (5Y 7/3) grading 

down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, stiff, reddish orange (10R 5/6) with

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) blotches.................................................................................. 1–6

Sand, fine grading, down to medium to coarse, silty sand; sparse 

quartz pebbles present; reddish orange (10R 5/6) with 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) blotches.................................................................................. 6–12

Sand, dominantly medium, poorly sorted, grading down to 

medium to coarse sand; sparse dark fine heavy mineral grains 

present; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................. 12–20

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), yellowish gray (5Y 7/2); lower

contact somewhat gradational..................................................................................................... 20–24

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty and clayey in upper 2 feet, 

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) grading down to dark bluish 

gray (5B 4/1) ............................................................................................................................... 24–35

Silt, sandy (very fine), medium bluish gray (5B 6/1) ................................................................. 35–36

Sand, very fine, clayey, abundant shell fragments, angular to 

rounded; indurated subrounded sandstone clast 3 cm in diameter 

present; medium bluish gray (5B 6/1)......................................................................................... 36–38

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine); contains lenses of very fine sand; burrows 

filled with fine to medium sand in upper 6 feet; medium bluish 

gray (5B 6/1) ............................................................................................................................... 38–56

Silt, sandy (very fine to fine), sparsely shelly, medium bluish

gray (5B 6/1) ............................................................................................................................... 56–62
162

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted with a scattering of well-rounded coarse 

grains, dark greenish gray (10GY 4/1); lower contact

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................. 62–66

Sand, medium to coarse; contains abundant rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2.5 cm in diameter; dark greenish gray (10GY 4/1) ............................................. 66–67

Clubhouse Formation

Sand, medium, light gray (N 7)................................................................................................... 67–68

Silt, very clayey, silty, micaceous, lignitic, brownish gray 

(5YR 4/1); lower contact gradational .......................................................................................... 68–71

Silt, very clayey; rounded indurated clay balls up to 5 cm in 

diameter on basal contact; brownish gray (5YR 3/1); lower contact

abrupt .......................................................................................................................................... 71–74

Silt, very clayey, micaceous, dense, medium gray (N 5), grading 

down to sand that is fine, silty, micaceous, and greenish gray (5GY 5/1) 

with wisps of olive brown (5Y 5/4)............................................................................................. 74–76

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +60 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +42 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +18 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +13 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
163

MV–93–5: On southeastern side of Va. State Road 665, 0.85 mile west of eastern quadrangle 

border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6045o N., longitude 77.2634o W.). Surface 

elevation 60 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chuckatuck Formation

Sand, fine, finely micaceous; contains sparse scattered quartz 

granules; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)............................................................................................. 0–1

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, angular, silty, clayey, 

orange (5YR 6/7) ........................................................................................................................... 1–6

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, brown 

(5YR 5/6) with streaks of very pale orange (10YR 8/2) 

grading down to light gray (N 6) with splotches of brown 

(5YR 5/6)....................................................................................................................................... 6–16

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous; Mulinia

shells present below 23 feet; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)........................................................ 16–33

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey; contains quartz 

pebble 2 cm in length; calcite-cemented lumps and shell 

hash abundant; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ............................................................................. 33–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine, grading down to fine to medium sand in basal foot;

contains phosphate sand and abundant calcite-cemented 

lumps; shelly, medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1) 

grading down to medium greenish gray (5G 6/1)....................................................................... 34–39

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted; contains sparse shell fragments;

dark greenish gray (5G 4/1); lower contact somewhat gradational ............................................ 39–52

Sand, fine to medium, shelly (including Chesapecten);

3-inch-thick bed of subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up 

to 3 cm in diameter at base; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................................... 52–54

Clubhouse Formation

Silt, very clayey, dense; very tough drilling; reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) ..................................................................................................................................... 54–56
164

Base of Chuckatuck Formation: +54 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +26 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +21 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: + 6 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Clubhouse Formation
165

MV–93–6: On eastern side of Va. State Road 723 in driveway to abandoned house near 103-foot 

spot elevation, 0.62 mile west-southwest of intersection of Va. State Route 665 and Va. State 

Route 663, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6015o N., longitude 77.2994o W.). 

Surface elevation 104 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted, silty, very pale 

orange (10YR 8/2) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ......................................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, granular, 

clayey, silty, stiff, orange (5YR 7/8) ............................................................................................. 1–6

Sand, medium to coarse, better sorted than overlying 

sands, granular, silty, orange (5YR 6/6)........................................................................................ 6–11

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, angular, 

orange (5YR 6/6); contains subangular to subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter at 14–16 feet;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) clay lens or large 

clay ball at 15 feet....................................................................................................................... 11–17

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine); quartz granules 

and quartz pebbles 0.5 cm in diameter on basal contact;

very light gray (N 8).................................................................................................................... 17–19

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to medium, moderately well-sorted, grading 

down to fine, well-sorted, silty sand; contains scattered grains 

of very fine dark heavy minerals; reddish brown (10R 5/7) 

grading through red (5R 5/6) and through dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) to light red (5R 6/6) ...................................................................................... 19–25

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, light red (5R 6/6) grading down rapidly to 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 25–26

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), very light gray (N 8) with 

red (10R 5/6) blotches; 0.5-inch-thick, dark reddish brown 

(10R 3/4) ironstone bed at 40 feet............................................................................................... 26–41
166

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), with lenses of very fine to 

fine sand scattered within; Mulinia shells abundant from 

48 to 51 feet; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................................ 41–51

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +85 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +79 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
167

Purdy Quadrangle

PU–93–1: On northern side of Va. State Road 614, 0.1 mile west of bridge over Otterdam Swamp,

in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7946o N., longitude 77.5087o W.). Surface elevation 

114 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill; sand, very fine to fine, clayey................................................................................. 0–2

Alluvium

Sand, fine to coarse; contains sparse very fine dark heavy 

mineral grains; silty, loose, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) .................................................................... 2–5

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to medium, grading down rapidly to very fine to 

fine sand with a minor medium fraction; clayey, dense, 

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ............................................................................................................ 5–6

Sand, very fine to very coarse; contains subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; medium bluish gray (5B 6/1)..................................................... 6–9

Carolina slate belt rocks

Refusal; ripped-up fragments of greenish metabasalt.................................................................. at 9

Base of alluvium: +109 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +105 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Carolina slate belt rocks
168

PU–93–2: On southern side of Va. State Road 610, 0.4 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, in 

east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8049o N., longitude 77.5068o W.). Surface elevation 155 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to coarse, clayey, silty; clay content 

increases downward; light brown (5YR 6/6)................................................................................. 0–6

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to medium), very 

light gray (N 8) with streaks of moderate red (5R 4/6), light 

red (5R 6/6), and dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) .................................................................... 6–14

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to medium), very 

light gray (N 8)............................................................................................................................ 14–17

Sand, fine to very coarse, subangular to subrounded;

contains quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter;

white (N 9) and dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)..................................................................... 17–18

Chowan River Formation

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), yellowish gray (5Y 8/1); 

lower contact gradational............................................................................................................ 18–19

Sand, fine to medium, grading rapidly down to fine 

to very coarse sand; subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 3 cm in diameter abundant; grayish yellow 

(5Y 8/4) with streaks of black (N 1) (graphite?) ........................................................................ 19–24

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Silt, very clayey, pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) 

grading down to grayish yellow (5Y 8/4), interbedded 

with thin lenses of dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6),

very fine sand.............................................................................................................................. 24–26

Sand, very fine to fine; contains rounded wood fragment 

2 cm in diameter; light gray (N 7); lower contact somewhat 

gradational................................................................................................................................... 26–27

Sand, medium to very coarse, medium gray (N 5) ..................................................................... 27–28
169

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, greasy texture; scattered medium 

to very coarse grains at base; medium gray (N 5)....................................................................... 28–29

Carolina slate belt rocks(?)

No recovery; total refusal, even with carbide bit....................................................................... at 29

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +137 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +131 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +127 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +126 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Carolina slate belt rocks(?)
170

PU–06–3: At entrance to dirt road on southern side of Va. State Road 608, 0.95 mile west of eastern

quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8270o N., longitude 77.5163o W.). 

Surface elevation 160 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey, silty, dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 4/2) grading down to dark olive brown (5Y 5/4)................................................................ 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine with scattered angular medium grains, clayey, 

silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); lower contact somewhat

gradational..................................................................................................................................... 1–7

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), stiff, dense, light reddish

brown (10R 5/6) with yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) mottles................................................................. 7–15

Sand, very fine to coarse, angular to subangular, poorly sorted, silty, 

clayey, stiff, pale yellowish gray (5Y 8/2) grading down to yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/6) ....................................................................................................................... 15–17

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, sand, very fine to fine; contains scattered, ovoid, very 

polished quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in length (burrow-fill clasts?);

bright orange (10YR 6/8); lower contact gradational.................................................................. 17–25

Saprolite, silt, sandy (very fine), yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) grading 

down through light brown (5YR 6/6) to dusky yellow (5Y 6/6) with 

clots of black (N1) and moderate red (5R 4/6)............................................................................ 25–32

Refusal; bit would penetrate no farther....................................................................................... at 32

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +143 feet above sea level

Bottomed on felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
171

PU–06–4: At entrance to dirt road on northern side of Va. State Road 608, 1.30 mile west of eastern

quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8288o N., longitude 77.5232o W.). 

Surface elevation 162 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to medium, silty, dusky yellow (5Y 6/4).............................................................. 0–1

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, silty, clayey, dense, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to grayish orange (10YR 7/4)................................................... 1–7

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, silty, clayey; contains rare subangular 

to subrounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; very light 

gray (N 8)...................................................................................................................................... 7–11

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, angular to subangular, silty;

contains rare subangular quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter; medium 

grayish yellow (5Y 7/4) grading through light orange (10YR 7/8) (13–14) 

and through pinkish gray (5YR 8/2) (14–15) to pale orangish pink (10R 8/4) 

with a streak of grayish brown (5YR 3/2); lower contact somewhat gradational ........................ 11–17

Sand, medium, well-sorted, silty, pale orangish pink (10R 8/4).................................................. 17–18

Felsic Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, silt, yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 18–21

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +144 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from felsic Carolina slate belt rocks
172

PU–06–5: At home site on southern side of Va. State Road 608, 0.05 mile west of eastern

quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8202o N., longitude 77.5010o W.). 

Surface elevation 163 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey, light olive (5Y 5/2) grading down 

to yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)....................................................................................................... 0–1

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, stiff, tough, dark grayish orange 

(10YR 6/4) grading through yellowish brown (10YR 5/2) (2–3) 

to light olive gray (5Y 6/1) with moderate reddish brown 

(10R 4/6) mottles............................................................................................................................. 1–7

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey; sand content increases 

downward; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) grading through pale orange 

(10YR 7/2) (7.5–8.5 feet) and pinkish gray (5YR 8/1) (8.5–9 feet) to 

pale grayish orange (10YR 8/4)..................................................................................................... 7–15

Sand, dominantly fine but very fine to medium, silty, very pale 

orange (10YR 8/2); lower contact gradational ............................................................................ 15–21

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to medium to very 

Coarse sand; subangular quartz granules present; yellowish gray 

(5Y 8/1) grading down to pale grayish orange (10YR 8/4) 

in basal foot................................................................................................................................. 21–26

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine, silty, slightly clayey, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) in upper 3 inches, then yellowish gray (5Y 7/2);

lower contact gradational............................................................................................................ 26–28

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) ................................................................ 28–33

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine), medium greenish gray 

(5GY 5/1); lower contact gradational.......................................................................................... 33–42

Sand, very fine, silty, clayey; sparse shell chips present; dark 

greenish gray (5GY 4/1); lower contact gradational ................................................................... 42–43
173

Sand, medium to very coarse, silty; sparse shell chips present;

light olive gray (5Y 6/1) grading down to medium gray (N 5) ................................................... 43–48

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, medium olive gray (5Y 5/1) grading 

down to grayish brown (5YR 3/2)............................................................................................... 48–50

Sand, fine to medium rapidly grading down to medium to 

very coarse, subangular to subrounded, slightly silty, soft;

light orange (10YR 7/8) grading rapidly down to dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 5/6)....................................................................................................... 50–55

Granite

Saprolite, silt, clayey; contains floating grains of very coarse,

dark gray, angular quartz; slightly micaceous, light greenish 

gray (5G 7/1)............................................................................................................................... at 55

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +137 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +130 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +115 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +108 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
174

Sebrell Quadrangle

SE–93–1: On northwestern side of Va. State Road 631 at entrance to dirt road, 0.41 mile southwest 

of western end of Peters Bridge, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8554o N., longitude 

77.1958o W.). Surface elevation 45 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill; sand, poorly sorted, loose, yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................... 0–1

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, finely micaceous, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) with light gray (N 7) mottles........................................................................... 1–5

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), micaceous, light

gray (N 7)...................................................................................................................................... 5–7

Sand, fine to medium, grading rapidly down to very fine to 

very coarse sand; micaceous; contains very fine to fine dark heavy 

mineral grains, subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter, 

and calcite-cemented lumps up to 4 cm in diameter reworked 

from underlying sand layer; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) ................................................................... 7–12

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, very fine to fine, shelly; contains calcite-cemented lumps 

up to 4 cm in diameter; greenish gray (5G 5/1).......................................................................... 12–15

Sand, very fine to fine, shelly, grayish olive green (5GY 3/2).................................................... 15–22

Sand, fine to very coarse, shelly; contains subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter on basal contact; grayish 

olive green (5GY 3/2).................................................................................................................. 22–24

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey, sparsely micaceous;

quartz pebbles 1–2 cm in diameter scattered throughout;

dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) ............................................................................................................ 24–27

Gravel containing subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up 

to 5 cm in diameter, in clay-rich matrix with medium to very 

coarse sand grains, dark bluish gray (5B 4/1)............................................................................. 27–31
175

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains sparse very fine to 

fine grains of dark heavy minerals; micaceous, garnetiferous;

polished quartz granules and small pebbles up to 0.5 cm in 

diameter present; brownish gray (5YR 5/1) ................................................................................ 31–36

Base of Windsor Formation: +33 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +21 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +14 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
176

SE–93–2: Along dirt road north-northwest of Gaging Station, 0.18 mile north-northwest of western

end of Careys Bridge, along border between southeastern and south-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.7707o N., longitude 77.1665o W.). Surface elevation about 30 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Shirley Formation

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine with minor medium to 

very coarse fraction; scattered grains of very fine to fine 

dark heavy minerals; a few quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter present; yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)............................................................................. 0–6

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine with minor medium to 

very coarse fraction; scattered grains of very fine to fine dark

heavy minerals; a few quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter

present; micaceous, olive gray (5Y 4/2) grading down through 

dark greenish gray (5GY 3/1) to grayish olive (10Y 4/2).............................................................. 6–13

Sand, very fine to fine, very micaceous with flakes up to 

2 mm, moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) grading down 

to light olive gray (5Y 6/2).......................................................................................................... 13–22

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted; very fine dark heavy 

mineral grains present; micaceous; round mud balls up to 

1 cm in diameter in basal foot; light gray (N 6) grading 

down to medium dark gray (N 4)................................................................................................ 22–30

St. Marys Formation

Sand, very fine, clayey, silty, micaceous, dark gray (N 3) 

in top inch and then light bluish gray (5B 7/1); lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 30–34

Silt, very clayey, stiff, lumpy, greenish gray (5G 6/1) to 

dark greenish gray (5G 5/1) grading down through dark 

yellowish brown (10YR 4/2) (36–48 feet) to dark olive 

gray (5Y 3/1) and micaceous....................................................................................................... 34–55

Patuxent Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; silvery mica abundant;

medium light gray (N 6) grading down to light gray 

(N 7); lower contact somewhat gradational ................................................................................ 55–68

Sand, fine to medium, silty; silvery mica abundant;

light gray (N 7); lower contact somewhat gradational................................................................ 68–70
177

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, clayey 

and silty matrix; contains abundant polished quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter and a carbonized wood fragment;

medium dark gray (N 4).............................................................................................................. 70–71

Base of Shirley Formation: 0 feet at sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: -25 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
178

Skippers Quadrangle

SK–94–1: On southern side of Va. State Road 621, 0.54 mile west of Diamond Grove Church, in 

northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5953o N., longitude 77.5937o W.). Surface elevation 150 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, with quartz granules;

loose to firm downward; variegated dark yellow brown 

(10YR 6/8), red (10R 5/6), and light gray (N 7) ...........................................................................0–5

Sand, very fine to medium with quartz granules and 

pebbles up to 1.0 cm in diameter, silt and clay fraction, 

stiff, variegated grayish orange (5YR 6/2) and yellow (5Y 8/4)...................................................5–18

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey; very fine to fine sand, grading down to very fine 

to medium sand; finely micaceous, grayish orange (10YR 7/4).................................................18–25

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very 

coarse; angular to subangular; pebbly with subrounded to 

subangular pebbles up to 3.0 cm in diameter, fraction 

discoidal, fraction silty clay clasts; variegated pale orange 

(10YR 9/2) and brownish gray (5YR 4/1)...................................................................................25–33

Granite

Saprolite from granite, quartz-rich, angular, brown (7.5YR 5/8)...............................................33–35

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +132 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +117 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
179

SK–94–2: Along dirt road (not on map), 0.84 mile east of western quadrangle border and 2.03 miles 

south of northern quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5956o N.,

longitude 77.6099o W.). Surface elevation about 152 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Road gravel ..................................................................................................................................0–1

Chowan River Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, angular; contains pebbles 

up to 2.0 cm in diameter; light gray (N 8)....................................................................................1–6

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous; very fine 

sand lenses; variegated and blotched orange (5YR 7/8), 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6), and light gray (N 7)..............................................................6–13

Sand, fine, silty, clayey, micaceous, shelly with chips of 

Chesapecten and other shells, bluish gray (5B 5/1)....................................................................13–17

Granite

Refusal, presumably granite similar to local outcrops...............................................................at 17

Base of Chowan River Formation: +146 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +135 feet above sea level

Bottomed on granite 
180

SK–94–3: South of Va. State Road 621 along dirt road, 0.02 mile east of western quadrangle border 

and 1.68 miles south of northern quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.6006o N., longitude 77.6243o W). Surface elevation about 185 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine to medium, well-sorted; abundant mica;

loose to firm downward; variegated dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 5/6), reddish brown (10YR 4/6), and pale 

orange (10YR 8/2) ..........................................................................................................................0–7

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to coarse, unsorted, clay and silt fraction;

gravel and pebbles, some discoid; loose but crunchy, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 5/6)................................................................................................7–10

Granite

Saprolite from granite, quartz-rich, remnant feldspar 

grains, angular; loose to firm downward; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); refusal at base.............................................................................10–20

Base of Chowan River Formation: +178 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +175 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
181

SK–94–4: On western side of U.S. Highway 301 at entrance to dirt road, 0.79 mile southwest of 

Corinth Church, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5857o N., longitude 77.5421o W.). 

Surface elevation about 115 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, dominantly medium, unsorted, 

firm, orange (5YR 5/8) .................................................................................................................0–10

Sand, fine to very coarse; clay and silt fraction; very stiff, 

variegated dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6), light gray 

(N 7), orange (5YR 5/8), and moderate red (5R 6/4)..................................................................10–11

Sand, fine to very coarse, unsorted; gravel and pebbles up to 

3 cm in diameter; clay and silt matrix increases downward; firm 

to stiff downward, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)...............................................................11–18

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to very coarse, unsorted; gravel and pebbles up

to 3 cm in diameter; clay and silt matrix; stiff to loose downward, 

variegated light red (5R 5/6), white (N 10), and black (N 1) .....................................................18–25

Chowan River Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, moderately sorted; sparse pebbles;

fine mica; abundant heavy minerals in scattered layers; clay 

clasts near 35 feet; pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6)...............................................................25–44

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Clay and silt; sparse mica; bluish gray (5B 5/1) ........................................................................44–46

Sand, very fine to medium; abundant pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter;

silt and clay fraction; shell fragments; bluish gray (5B 5/1)......................................................46–48

Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite, clay, firm, grayish bluish green (5BG 5/2)................................................................48–49
182

Base of Windsor Formation: +97 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +90 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +71 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +67 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Carolina slate belt rocks
183

SK–94–5: On southeastern side of Va. State Road 632, 0.68 mile southwest of Mitchells Mill, in 

north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5877o N., longitude 77.5783o W.). Surface elevation 

about 130 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse; clay and silt fraction;

sparse granules; stiff, variegated dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6), light gray (N 7), and orange 

(5YR 5/7)........................................................................................................................................0–6

Sand, very fine to very coarse; increased clay and 

silt fraction; sparse granules; stiff, variegated light 

red (5R 5/6) and light gray (N 7)..................................................................................................6–10

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, subrounded to 

subangular; heavy minerals common; loose, dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................10–16

Sand, medium to very coarse, subangular to angular, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)..............................................................................................16–18

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay; sparse fine mica; sparse pebbles 

at base; dusky yellow (5Y 6/4)...................................................................................................18–23

Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz, relict feldspar, 

mica, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2) ....................................................................................23–24

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +120 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +112 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +107 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
184

SK–94–6: In field between Interstate 95 and U.S. Highway 301, 2.91 miles west of eastern

quadrangle border and 2.12 miles south of northern quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map 

area (latitude 36.5945o N., longitude 77.5521o W.). Surface elevation about 112 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Aeolian dune sands

Sand, fine to medium, moderately sorted; sparse 

granules pale yellowish orange (10YR 7/2) grading down

to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7) .............................................................................................0–4

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt and clay, firm, variegated yellowish gray 

(5Y 8/1) with light red (5R 5/6) and reddish

brown (10YR 4/6) mottles; grades downward to very 

fine sand, silt, and clay; abundant mica; sparse heavy 

minerals; greenish gray (5G 5/1) .................................................................................................4–22

Sand, very fine; silt and clay; abundant mica;

sparse heavy minerals; iron pebbles (plinthites) 

at base, firm; variegated dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) and orange (5YR 5/8) .................................................................................22–23

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine, grading down to medium, well 

sorted, subrounded to subangular sand; mica and 

heavy minerals abundant; relict feldspar; loose, 

variegated dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and

very pale orange (10YR 8/2) ......................................................................................................23–31

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay; sparse very fine sand, mica, and 

heavy minerals; uncommon pebbles up to 2 cm in 

diameter; moderately firm, bluish gray (5B 5/1) .......................................................................31–37

Silt and clay; sparse very fine sand, mica, and 

heavy minerals; common pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter;

contains fragments of Chesapecten, Mulinia, 

and vertebrate bones; firm, dark bluish

greenish gray (5BG 4/1).............................................................................................................37–42
185

Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz, relict 

feldspar, mica, pale blue (5B 6/2)..............................................................................................42–44

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +89 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +81 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +70 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
186

SK–94–7: On southern edge of field, 2.73 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.70 miles 

south of northern quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5993o N.,

longitude 77.5486o W.). Surface elevation about 140 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium; pebbles up to 1.0 cm in diameter; abundant 

silt and clay; poorly sorted, stiff, variegated with

mottles of pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6), 

orange (5YR 5/8), moderate red (5R 4/6), and 

light gray (N 7).............................................................................................................................0–14

Sand, fine, well-sorted; sparse heavy minerals;

common clay clasts toward base; moderately 

loose, yellowish orange (5YR 6/6).............................................................................................14–28

Sand, medium to very coarse; rounded to 

subangular pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter;

interbedded silt and clay layers; poorly 

sorted, stiff, variegated moderate 

orange pink (5YR 8/4) and white (N 10)................................................................................... 28–36

Base of Chowan River Formation(?)

Silt and clay and fine sand, firm, light gray (N 7)......................................................................36–37

Sand, fine, grading down to medium;

well sorted; common coarse mica and heavy 

minerals; loose, moderate pink (5R 7/4) to 

moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) ......................................................................................37–56

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay and fine sand, micaceous; shell 

fragments common; bluish gray (5B 5/1) ..................................................................................56–61

Bedrock

Unknown bedrock; refusal.........................................................................................................at 61

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +104 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +84 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +79 feet above sea level

Bottomed on unknown bedrock
187

SK–94–8: Along dirt road (not shown on map), 0.15 mile south-southeast of intersection of 

Interstate Highway 95 and Va. State Road 629, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6050o 

N., longitude 77.5617o W.). Surface elevation about 108 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill, gravel .....................................................................................................................0–5

Windsor Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, grading down to fine; silt and clay fraction;

clay clasts; granules and pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter that are 

rounded to subangular; uncommon discoidal quartz and feldspar;

loose, variegated very pale orange (10YR 8/2), light brown (5YR 6/4),

and dusky brown (5YR 2/2) .........................................................................................................5–18

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay and fine sand; sparse pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter that 

grade down to 6 cm in diamater near base; moderately firm; abundant 

shell fragments (Turritella); greenish gray (5G 5/1) .................................................................18–36

Sand, coarse to very coarse; clay; pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter, rounded 

and spherical; stiff, light gray (N 7)...........................................................................................36–49

Sand, medium; clay; pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; loose, light gray (N 7)...........................49–50

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; clay; pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter, rounded 

and spherical; stiff, light gray (N 7)...........................................................................................50–52

Clay and silt, stiff, medium gray (N 5) ......................................................................................52–54

Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz, relict feldspar, mica, 

pale blue (5B 6/2).......................................................................................................................54–66

Base of Windsor Formation: +90 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +58 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: +54 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
188

SK–94–9: On western side of power line, 0.10 mile southwest of intersection of Interstate Highway 

95 and Va. State Road 629, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.6046o N., longitude 

77.5654o W.). Surface elevation about 110 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill, pebbly mud ........................................................................................................... 0–6

Windsor Formation

Silt and clay, stiff to firm, yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) .....................................................................5–10

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, loose, light gray (N 7)........................................................10–16

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Clay and silt and minor sand; gravel and fossil fragments 

grading down to abundant sand and pebbles (up 

to 6 cm in diameter), common pectenids, Mulinia, Turritella, 

oysters, vertebrate bone fragments, and phosphate 

nodules; firm, bluish gray (5B 5/1)............................................................................................16–25

Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz, relict feldspar, 

mica, light greenish gray (5GY 8/1)...........................................................................................25–28

Base of Windsor Formation: +94 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +85 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
189

SK–94–10: Along dirt road, 0.12 mile south of Va. State Route 625, 0.78 mile west of eastern

border of quadrangle, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5711o N., longitude 77.5137o W.). 

Surface elevation about 75 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, medium, humic-rich, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2)....................................................0–2

Sand, poorly sorted; clay and silt to pebble; coarsening 

downward; carbonaceous fragments; firm, variegated pale 

orange (10YR 7/2), light gray (N 7), dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2)......................................................................2–8

Sand, fine to coarse, moderately sorted, grading down

to medium to coarse; pebbly (up to 4 cm in diameter), firm, 

yellowish gray (5Y 8/1)................................................................................................................8–14

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse with silt and clay; abundant mica;

clay balls; sparse garnets; stiff, light greenish gray (5GY 8/1) .................................................14–18

Base of alluvium: +61 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
190

SK–94–11: On northern side of Va. State Road 632, 0.05 mile east of western quadrangle border, in 

west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5704o N., longitude 77.6239o W.). Surface elevation 

about 180 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine, humic, loose, brown (7.5YR 5/8)...............................................................................0–2

Sand, fine, moderately sorted; contains sparse clay 

and silt laminations; sparse mica and heavy minerals;

discoidal pebble (1 cm) at base; stiff, variegated very

pale orange (10YR 8/2) and yellowish orange (10YR 6/7)...........................................................2–10

Sand, very fine to medium, moderately sorted; sparse 

mica; abundant heavy minerals; discoidal pebbles up 

to 2 cm in diameter at base; stiff, variegated very 

pale orange (10YR 8/2) and yellowish orange (10YR 6/7).........................................................10–15

Yorktown Formation (zone 3?)

Silt and clay, very stiff, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................15–16

Sand, fine, well-sorted; sparse mica; abundant heavy 

minerals; firm, yellowish orange (10YR 7/5).............................................................................16–20

Sand, fine to coarse, moderately sorted; sparse mica;

abundant heavy minerals; firm, yellowish orange 

(10YR 7/5)..................................................................................................................................20–22

Sand, fine, well-sorted; sparse rounded pebbles (1 cm);

sparse mica; abundant heavy minerals; firm, yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/5) ......................................................................................................................22–36

Yorktown Formation (zone 2?)

Silt and clay and very fine sand and common pebbles 

(3 cm), firm, orange (5YR 5/7)...................................................................................................36–37

Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz, relict feldspar, 

mica, very stiff, pale blue (5B 6/2) ...........................................................................................37–39
191

Base of Chowan River Formation: +165 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3?): +144 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2?): +143 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
192

SK–94–12: Along edge of field, 0.05 mile southwest of Va. State Road 621, 1.2 miles east of 

western quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5969o N., longitude 

77.6033o W.). Surface elevation about 160 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to very coarse; sparse granules; silt and clay;

variegated dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/2), yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/7), orange (5YR 6/8), and light gray (N 7) ...........................................................0–9

Sand, fine to very coarse; sparse pebbles (4 cm); abundant 

silt and clay; poorly sorted, very stiff, variegated moderate

red (5R 4/6) and light gray (N 7).................................................................................................9–13

Chowan River Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse; minor silt and clay; coarsens

downward, poorly sorted, firm, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................13–19

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay and abundant fine sand; sparse granules;

abundant mica near top; firm, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................19–24

Silt and clay and fine sand; sparse granules; firm, brown 

(5YR 4/6) ...................................................................................................................................24–25

Silt and clay and abundant medium sand; sparse granules;

pebbles (2 cm) toward bottom; shell fragments; firm, 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) ...................................................................................................................25–26

Bedrock

Unknown bedrock; refusal.........................................................................................................at 26

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +147 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +141 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +134 feet above sea level

Bottomed on unknown bedrock
193

SK–94–13: On northern side of Va. State Road 632, 0.7 mile east of western quadrangle border, in 

west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5687o N., longitude 77.6111o W.). Surface elevation 

about 152 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine, moderately sorted; sparse clay laminae; mica;

heavy minerals; very stiff, variegated light brown (5YR 6/4)

and moderate red (5R 4/6)..............................................................................................................0–9

Sand, medium to very coarse; abundant pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter; minor clay laminae near top; stiff, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to dusky 

red (5R 3/4) ..................................................................................................................................9–17

Sand, medium to very coarse; abundant pebbles up to 

3 cm in diameter; minor clay laminae; small shell 

fragments; stiff, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)...................................................................17–27

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay, sandy (very fine), micaceous, firm, light 

gray (N 7)...................................................................................................................................27–39

Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz, relict feldspar, 

mica, very stiff, pale blue (5B 6/2) ............................................................................................39–41

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +125 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +113 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
194

SK–94–14: Along northeastern side of Va. State Road 631, 0.3 mile northwest of where Va. State 

Road 631 starts at N.C./Va. boundary, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5490o N., longitude 

77.5710o W.). Surface elevation about 140 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium, granular; sparse mica; stiff, orange 

(5YR 5/8) and reddish orange (10R 5/7) ......................................................................................0–6

Sand, fine to medium; sparse mica; stiff, dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ......................................................................................................................6–9

Sand, medium to very coarse, granular; mixed rounded to 

angular pebbles (2 cm; some concretions); sparse mica;

stiff, reddish orange (10R 5/7) .....................................................................................................9–11

Chowan River Formation

Sand, medium, granular; sparse clay laminae; clay clasts 

(1 cm), pebbles (1 cm) and sparse heavy minerals; stiff, 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and moderate pink (5R 7/4) .......................................................11–29

Sand, medium, granular; spherical to discoidal pebbles up 

to 1.5 cm in diameter increasingly abundant downward; 

sparse heavy minerals; stiff, grading down to loose;

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................29–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt and clay, sandy (very fine); sparse pebbles up to 1 cm in

diameter, grading down to pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter near 

base; contains abundant shell fragments of Mulinia, Turritella, 

and Chesapecten; grayish yellow (5Y 8/4) grading down to 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) ...................................................................................................................34–64

Carolina slate belt rocks

Saprolite of phyllite, very stiff, greenish gray (5GY 5/1) .........................................................64–66
195

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +129 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +106 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +76 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Carolina slate belt rocks
196

SK–94–15: On northwestern side of unnumbered road, 0.03 mile south of N.C./Va. boundary and 

0.68 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, on bluff above Fontaine Creek, in east-central 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.5448o N., longitude 77.5120o W.). Surface elevation about 120 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to coarse, sorted, stiff, variegated

moderate red (5R 4/6), orange (5YR 5/8), and light 

gray (N 7).......................................................................................................................................0–6

Sand, very fine; silt and clay; stiff, variegated 

moderate red (5R 4/6) and orange (5YR 5/8) ...............................................................................6–13

Clay and silt, firm, light gray (N 7) ...........................................................................................13–14

Clay, silt, and sand, very fine, loose, dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to grayish orange 

(10YR 6/4) .................................................................................................................................14–30

Sand, very fine to medium, sorted, with clay silt;

clay clasts (1 cm) and minor laminae; loose, orange 

gray (10YR 9/1) .........................................................................................................................30–39

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Clay, silt, and sand (very fine to medium); mica; loose, 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) ..................................................................................................................39–41

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +81 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
197

SK–94–16: On northwestern side of N.C. State Road 1300, 0.33 mile west of eastern quadrangle 

border, north of Corwells Millpond, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5134o N.,

longitude 77.5060o W.). Surface elevation 91 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill, pebbly sand ............................................................................................................... 0–4

Alluvium

Sand, fine to medium, angular, silty, loose; soft drilling;

abundant rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter in 

basal foot; yellowish brown (10YR 5/2) grading down to 

olive gray (5Y 4/1) ........................................................................................................................ 4–11

Chowan River Formation

Silt, sandy (very fine), grading down to silty, very fine sand;

finely micaceous, dark greenish gray (5G 4/1); rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter at base ....................................................................................... 11–22

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted, firm, dark greenish gray (5G 4/1).................................... 22–26

Sand, fine to medium, shelly, greenish gray (5G 5/1) ................................................................ 26–36

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine to medium, sparsely shelly; sparse pebbles up 

to 0.5 cm in diameter at top but pebbles more abundant downward;

dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1)...................................................................................................... 36–48

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, coarsely micaceous, garnetiferous; 

contains quartz pebbles 0.5 cm in diameter; greenish gray (5G 5/1)

grading down to light gray (N 7)................................................................................................. 48–51

Base of alluvium: +80 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +69 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +55 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +43 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
198

SK–94–17: At entrance to dirt road on southern side of N.C. State Road 1203, 1.05 miles (slightly 

north of) west from 103-foot spot elevation at intersection of N.C. State Road 1203 and U.S.

Highway 301, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5166o N., longitude 77.5594o W.). 

Surface elevation 130 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, medium, grading down to medium to coarse; angular, 

orange (5YR 6/7) ............................................................................................................................. 0–5

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, moderate red 

(5R 4/6) with very light gray (N 8) and dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) mottles, grading down to all moderate red (5R 4/6)................................................... 5–14

Sand, medium to coarse; abundant rounded quartz pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter; orangish pink (10YR 8/4)............................................................................... 14–16

Sand, medium to very coarse, angular; contains abundant 

quartz pebbles up to 5 cm in diameter; clay ball at 25 feet;

orangish pink (10YR 8/4) grading down to dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 16–27

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey, very light gray (N 8) grading down through light 

gray (N 7) to medium bluish gray (5B 5/1); lower contact

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................. 27–32

Sand, fine to medium, clayey, silty, grading down to angular, coarse 

to very coarse sand; contains quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter;

light gray (N 7) grading down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................... 32–39

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), slightly clayey, finely micaceous;

contains sporadic lenses of very fine or fine clean sand;

shelly below 50 feet (including Chesapecten, Mulinia, 

and Turritella); medium bluish gray (5B 5/1); lower contact

gradational................................................................................................................................... 39–66

Sand, fine, grading down to fine to medium; shelly;

pebbly in basal 4 feet; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1).................................................................. 66–74
199

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted; phosphate granules along 

basal contact; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1)............................................................................... 74–84

Granite(?)

Total refusal, no recovery, probably granite............................................................................... at 84

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +103 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +91 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +56 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +46 feet above sea level

Bottomed on granite(?)
200

SK–94–18: On western side of power line, 0.85 mile east of western quadrangle border and 0.46 

mile north of southern quadrangle border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5067o N.,

longitude 77.6093o W.). Surface elevation 170 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to medium, subangular, grayish orange (10YR 7/4) 

grading rapidly down to orange (5YR 6/8).................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, fine to medium, silty, clayey, orange (5YR 6/8) with 

very light gray (N 8) and moderate red (5R 4/6) mottles; lower

contact gradational........................................................................................................................ 6–11

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey, silty, micaceous, stiff, orange 

(5YR 6/8) with very light gray (N 8) and moderate red (5R 4/6) mottles ................................... 11–16

Sand, medium to very coarse, angular, silty, yellowish

orange (10YR 7/7); lower contact gradational ............................................................................ 16–19

Sand, coarse to very coarse, angular, granular; contains one 

rounded, elongate quartz pebble 0.75 x 3.0 cm; pale yellowish 

orange (10YR 8/6) ....................................................................................................................... 19–24

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to angular coarse), grading down to 

very fine to fine sand with minor medium to coarse fraction, 

silty, clayey, finely micaceous, grayish orange (10YR 7/4) 

grading rapidly down to light gray (N 7) with brown (5YR 5/6) 

blotches; lower contact gradational ............................................................................................ 24–30

Sand, fine to medium; very fine to fine dark heavy mineral 

grains abundant; clayey matrix; pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)............................................................. 30–32

Sand, dominantly fine to medium but with minor coarse and 

very coarse fraction, granular, silty; clayey matrix; basal foot 

contains abundant rounded quartz pebbles 1–2 cm in diameter;

pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)................................................................................................................ 32–34

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to medium, subrounded to rounded, well-sorted;

contains 1–2 percent very fine to fine dark heavy mineral grains;

very pale orange (10YR 8/2); lower contact gradational............................................................. 34–38
201

Sand, dominantly medium; contains scattered subrounded to 

rounded quartz granules; well sorted; contains 1 to 2 percent very 

fine to fine dark heavy mineral grains; very pale orange (10YR 8/2)......................................... 38–46

Sand, medium to coarse; contains abundant rounded to discoidal 

quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; very pale orange (10YR 8/2)......................................... 46–49

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), finely micaceous, brown 

(5YR 4/1) grading down within 3 feet to medium 

bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................................... 49–62

Sand, fine; contains abundant rotten shells (Chesapecten, 

Mulinia, oyster, and other shells), medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ............................................... 62–70

Coquina; shell hash in granular fine to medium sand matrix ..................................................... 70–71

Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with moderately abundant angular 

quartz sand grains, moderate greenish gray (5G 7/1) ................................................................. 71–76

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +146 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +136 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +121 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +99 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from granite
202

Stony Creek Quadrangle

SC–93–1: On southern side of Va. State Road 643, 0.1 mile west of Hunting Quarter Branch, 0.54 

mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.19 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in 

southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8781o N., longitude 77.3843o W.). Surface elevation 135 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, dominantly fine grained but with a medium to coarse 

fraction, subangular, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) grading 

down to yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) with reddish

yellow (5YR 6/8) and light gray (10YR 7/1) mottles..................................................................... 0–6

Sand, fine-grained, finely micaceous, yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/6) with reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) and light

gray (10YR 7/1) mottles................................................................................................................ 6–11

Sand, dominantly very coarse grained, muddy; contains 

subrounded to subangular quartz pebbles up to 1.5 cm in 

diameter; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) to yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/4) with streaks of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)................................................................. 11–15

Chowan River Formation

Clay, dense, silty, slightly micaceous, grading down to 

clayey, micaceous silt; contains burrows (up to 0.5 cm in diameter)

filled with very fine sand; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) with streaks

and mottles of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8).................................................................................... 15–23

Silt, clayey, micaceous, grading down from pale olive (5Y 6/3) to 

olive (5Y 5/4)............................................................................................................................... 23–24

Silt, clayey, micaceous; subrounded to subangular quartz pebbles 

up to 4 cm long in fine sandy matrix on basal contact; olive 

gray (5Y 5/1) grading down to dark gray (N 3) at base............................................................... 24–27

Sand, fine to medium, muddy, greenish gray (5GY 5/1) ............................................................ 27–31

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very 

coarse sand; angular to subangular; contains subrounded

to subangular pebbles up to 2.5 cm in diameter; greenish 

gray (5GY 5/1)............................................................................................................................. 31–39
203

Yorktown Formation (zone 3)

Sand, fine to medium, silty, carbonaceous (buried 

soil?), olive gray (5Y 4/1)............................................................................................................ 39–40

Sand, fine to medium, clean; pebble bed at base with pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter; white (10YR 8/2) with streaks of 

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)............................................................................................................ 40–43

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, massive, greasy; contains finely disseminated 

pyrite; shelly below 56 feet (from 56 to 78 feet, mostly Mulinia

with sparse Turritella, mostly Turritella with sparse Mulinia

from 78 to 82 feet); top 4 inches weathered to reddish yellow 

(7.5YR 6/8 to 7.5YR 5/8), below that greenish gray 

(5GY 5/1) and olive gray (5Y 4/1)............................................................................................... 43–82

Sand, very fine, silty, shelly with a diverse fauna including 

Mulinia, Turritella, pectenids, and oysters; rounded to subangular 

quartz pebbles up to 5 cm in diameter present near base; greenish 

gray (5GY 5/1) to olive gray (5Y 4/1) ......................................................................................... 82–86

Impenetrable hard bed, probably dense pebble and boulder bed 

at base of Yorktown Formation .................................................................................................. at 86

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +120 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +96 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 3): +92 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): < +49 feet above sea level

Bottomed on impenetrable hard bed near base of Yorktown Formation
204

SC–93–2: On western side of U.S. Route 301, 0.2 mile north of High Hill Branch, 1.57 miles west of 

eastern quadrangle border and 0.72 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in southeastern 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.8854o N., longitude 77.4031o W.). Surface elevation about 92 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, dense, massive, light grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) and 

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) to yellow (10YR 7/8)....................................................................... 0–16

Silt, clayey, dense, massive, shelly, greenish gray (5G 5/1) to 

dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1)...................................................................................................... 16–24

Gravel containing rounded to subrounded vein quartz clasts up to 

4.5 cm in diameter, in matrix of very fine silty sand, shelly; tough 

drilling; greenish gray (5G 5/1) to dark gray (N 3 to N 4).......................................................... 24–28

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted; contains rounded to 

subrounded pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; sparse garnets, light 

greenish gray (5G 7/1) ................................................................................................................ 28–31

Used gravel bit to spin down through sands and gravelly sands ................................................ 31–135

Petersburg Granite(?)

Refusal, presumed top of granite ................................................................................................ at 135

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +64 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: -43 feet below sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
205

SC–93–3: On southeastern side of intersection of Va. State Route 630 and Va. State Route 648, near 

160 foot spot elevation, 6.57 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.90 miles north of 

southern quadrangle border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9028o N., longitude 

77.4935o W.). Surface elevation 159 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine but with a small medium 

to very coarse fraction, silty, dense, brownish yellow 

(10YR 6/8), yellow (10YR 7/8), light red (2.5YR 6/8), and 

pale brown (10YR 7/3); lower contact somewhat gradational ...................................................... 0–12

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, with subangular 

quartz pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter; light reddish 

brown (5YR 6/3); grading down to garnetiferous, 

coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted sand, with subrounded to 

subangular quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; pale 

brown (10YR 8/4 to 10YR 7/3).................................................................................................... 12–23

Sand, medium to coarse, much better sorted than overlying 

sand units, with polished rounded to subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 5 cm in diameter at base, yellow (10YR 8/8)........................................................ 23–24

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine to fine), sparsely micaceous, light

gray (5Y 7/2) ............................................................................................................................... 24–30

Gravel containing polished quartz discoids up to 2.5 cm 

in diameter, in matrix of silt to coarse sand; silvery mica 

abundant; garnet and zircon present; light brownish gray 

(2.5Y 6/2)..................................................................................................................................... 30–32

Petersburg Granite(?)

Refusal; tried rock-bit but stems snapped so

no recovery; presumed top of granite ......................................................................................... at 32

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +135 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +127 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
206

SC–93–4: On eastern side of dirt road leading north to farm house, 0.05 mile north of Va. State Road 

648 and 0.97 mile east-southeast of intersection of Va. State Road 630 and Va. State Road 648, 

5.63 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.64 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8988o N., longitude 77.4766o W.). Surface elevation 145 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains quartz pebbles up to 

0.5 cm in diameter; pale brown (10YR 7/3) (possibly artificial fill)............................................. 0–3

Sand, fine to medium, poorly sorted, clayey, stiff, red 

(2.5YR 4/8), light gray (2.5Y 7/2), and brownish yellow 

(10YR 6/8)..................................................................................................................................... 3–9

Sand, coarse to very coarse, red (2.5YR 4/8); lower contact abrupt ............................................. 9–10

Silt, clayey, greasy, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and light

gray (2.5Y 7/2) to yellow (10YR 7/8); lower contact gradational ............................................... 10–13

Sand, fine, grading down to medium; reddish yellow 

(7.5YR 6/6) to pale yellow (5Y 8/4); lower contact gradational.................................................. 13–15

Sand, coarse to very coarse, with quartz granules and 

pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter, very pale brown 

(10YR 7/3); light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay lens at base ..................................................................... 15–17

Sand, dominantly fine to medium but with minor coarse 

fraction; contains scattered quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in 

diameter; very pale brown (2.5Y 6/2) to light gray (2.5Y 7/2);

light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay lens at base ......................................................................................... 17–21

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains polished quartz 

pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter; brownish yellow 

(10YR 6/8); heavy mineral fraction includes garnet, 

epidote, rutile, and ilmenite ........................................................................................................ 21–25

Sand, medium to coarse, yellow (2.5Y 8/6) to pale

yellow (2.5Y 8/4)......................................................................................................................... 25–26

Gravel containing clasts of rounded to subrounded quartz up to 2.5 

cm in diameter; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)..................................................................... 26–28
207

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, greasy; oxidized in upper foot to strong brown (7.5YR 5/8);

below that, greenish gray (5GY 5/1) to bluish gray (5B 5/1)...................................................... 28–38

Sand, very fine but with medium to coarse fraction; contains 

quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter and some smaller 

granite pebbles; greenish gray (5GY 5/1) to bluish gray (5B 5/1) ............................................... 38–39

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay, silty, silvery mica present; contains 

coarse to very coarse grains of quartz; bluish gray (5B 5/1)....................................................... 39–41

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +117 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +106 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
208

SC–93–5: On northern side of Va. State Route 648, 0.95 mile west-southwest of Va. State Route 

649, 4.45 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.31 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8941o N., longitude 77.4555o W.). Surface 

elevation 111 feet.

LITHOLOGY

DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, micaceous, strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) to light gray (5Y 7/1); lower contact somewhat 

gradational...................................................................................................................................... 0–5

Clay, dense, micaceous; contains very fine sand stringers;

light gray (5Y 7/1) with blobs and streaks of strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8)..................................................................................................................................... 5–14

Sand, very fine grading downward through medium to coarse, 

light gray (5Y 7/1) with mottles of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)......................................... 14–20

Sand, coarse to very coarse, with quartz granules and 

pebbles to 0.5 cm, moderately well-sorted, pale yellow 

(2.5Y 7/4) to light gray (2.5Y 7/2) or white (2.5Y 8/2) 

grading down to dominantly white (2.5Y 8/2), feldspathic......................................................... 20–25

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 3.5 cm in diameter;

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) ....................................................................................................... 25–26

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, greasy, finely micaceous; rotten shells present 

in basal foot; greenish gray (5GY 5/1)........................................................................................ 26–32

Gravel containing polished rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles up 

to 4.5 cm in diameter in shell, sand, and clay matrix;

greenish gray (5GY 5/1).............................................................................................................. 32–33

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, biotitic, bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................... at 33

Base of Windsor Formation: +85 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +78 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
209

SC–93–6: On northeastern side of intersection of Va. State Route 648 and Va. State Route 649 near 

88-foot spot elevation, 3.54 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.12 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8912o N., longitude 77.4391o W.). 

Surface elevation 86 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, dominantly fine to medium but with a minor coarse 

fraction, brown (10YR 6/8) ............................................................................................................ 0–0.5

Sand, fine to coarse, very clayey, brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) ................................................ 0.5–1

Sand, medium to very coarse, modal size varies down section;

finer fractions contain very fine dark heavy minerals; pale 

yellow (2.5Y 7/4) to light gray (5Y 7/1) and white (5Y 8/2);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 1–5

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains sparse quartz pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter; muscovite and very fine dark heavy minerals

abundant; very little clay; light olive gray (5Y 5/1) to greenish 

gray (5GY 5/1)............................................................................................................................... 5–10

Sand, fine to very coarse, gravelly with vein quartz and 

quartzite cobbles up to 4.5 cm in diameter; light olive 

gray (5Y 6/1) ............................................................................................................................... 10–16

Sand, fine to very coarse, gravelly with vein quartz and 

quartzite cobbles up to 8 cm in diameter, brownish gray 

(5YR 4/1) to dark gray (N 3); globs of greasy, dark gray (N 3) 

clay with carbonized wood chips near base (paleosol?)............................................................. 16–29

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, sand, fine to very coarse, scattered 

angular grains up to 0.5 cm in diameter; clayey; very dense;

hard drilling; very light gray (N 8) to light gray (N 7) grading 

down to speckled light gray (N 7) and medium light gray (N 6)................................................ 29–38

Impenetrable bed, presumed top of granite bedrock................................................................... at 38

Base of alluvium: +57 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
210

SC–93–7: On southern side of dirt road, 0.25 mile east of Seaboard Railroad and 0.2 mile north of 

Nottoway River, 2.49 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.73 miles north of southern

quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8858o N., longitude 77.4197o W.). 

Surface elevation 84 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, strong brown 

(7.5YR 5/6).................................................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, clayey and very micaceous, 

well-sorted, olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) to brownish yellow 

(10YR 6/8); lower contact abrupt .................................................................................................. 1–10

Gravel containing mostly clasts of rounded to subrounded

vein quartz up to 3.5 cm in diameter; dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 4/6) grading down to light gray (2.5Y 7/2); large epidote 

crystal and some granite clasts present; sand matrix mostly coarse 

to very coarse sand...................................................................................................................... 10–16

Gravel containing clasts of rounded to subrounded vein quartz, 

quartzite, and granite up to 4.5 cm in diameter; light gray (N 7) to 

medium light gray (N 6); large cobbles at base up to 8 cm 

in diameter; smears of dark gray clay near base (paleosol?)...................................................... 16–21

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains scattered quartz pebbles 

up to 3 cm in diameter; light gray (5Y 7/1 to N 7), very dense................................................... 21–33

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter; light gray

(5Y 7/1 to N 7), very dense.......................................................................................................... 33–34

Sand, fine to coarse with abundant quartz granules, 

very dense, light gray (5Y 7/1 to N 7)......................................................................................... 34–41

Used gravel bit to spin down through sand, gravel, and clay ..................................................... 41–95

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, angular quartz in clay matrix................................................................ 95 –96.5

Refusal ...................................................................................................................................... at 96.5
211

Base of alluvium: +63 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: -11 feet below sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
212

SC–93–8: On western side of U.S. Route 301, 0.5 mile south of High Hill Branch, 1.87 miles west of 

eastern quadrangle border and 0.09 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in southeastern 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.8763o N., longitude 77.4084o W.). Surface elevation 101 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, dominantly fine but very fine to very coarse; stiff and 

clayey from 3 to 5 feet; yellow (10YR 7/8) to brownish 

yellow (10YR 6/8)......................................................................................................................... 0–5

Sand, fine, interbedded at cm scale with sandy (fine) clay;

yellow (10YR 7/8) to brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)....................................................................... 5–7

Clay, sandy to silty; quartz granules and pebbles up to 1 cm

in diameter in basal foot; stiff, dense, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) 

and brown (7.5YR 7/2) grading down to light gray (5Y 7/2) 

and pale olive (5Y 6/3).................................................................................................................. 7–16

Clay containing small quartz pebbles, 0.5 cm in diameter;

light gray (5Y 7/2) and pale olive (5Y 6/3) grading down to 

pale olive (5Y 6/4)....................................................................................................................... 16–21

Sand, fine to very coarse, poorly sorted, clayey, dense;

contains abundant subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter; greenish gray (5GY 6/1) to light 

gray (N 7); lower contact abrupt ................................................................................................. 21–27

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, greasy, greenish gray (5GY 5/1).............................................................................. 27–31

Base of Windsor Formation: +74 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
213

SC–93–9: At entrance to dirt road east of Va. State Route 640, 0.95 mile north of intersection 

of Va. State Route 640 and Va. State Route 662, 0.27 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 

2.67 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9142o 

N., longitude 77.3795o W.). Surface elevation 77 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; scattered rare very coarse 

grains; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) to pale yellow (5Y 7/4) with 

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; lower contact gradational.................................................. 0–5

Sand, fine to medium; contains scattered quartz pebbles up 

to 1 cm in diameter; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) to pale yellow 

(5Y 7/4) with brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles;

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 5–8

Sand, medium to coarse; contains scattered subangular 

to subrounded quartz pebbles and rare granite pebbles up 

to 2.5 cm in diameter; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) to pale yellow 

(5Y 7/4) with brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles;

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 8–11

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains abundant mostly 

subrounded pebbles up to 5 cm in diameter; yellow 

(10YR 7/8) to brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)................................................................................. 11–14

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, soft, micaceous; very fine 

dark heavy minerals abundant; greenish gray (5G 5/1 

to 5G 6/1); lower contact somewhat gradational ........................................................................ 14–16

Sand, coarse to very coarse; very pebbly with rounded to 

subangular clasts of quartz and slate belt rocks up to 3.5 

cm in diameter; darkens downward to dark greenish gray 

(5GY 4/1); cobbles up to 5 cm in diameter at base ..................................................................... 16–28

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains quartz pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter; light gray (N 7) to very light gray (N 8);

sharp color contrast with overlying unit ..................................................................................... 28–41

Sand, coarse to very coarse; quartz pebbles up to 5 cm in 

diameter abundant at base; medium light gray (N 6).................................................................. 41–56
214

Clay, dense, greasy, micaceous, brownish black (5YR 2/1)........................................................ 56–57

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, light gray (N 7) ................................................................... 57–61

Base of alluvium: +49 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
215

SC–93–10: On northern side of Va. State Route 670, 0.85 mile east-northeast of Interstate 95, 0.21 

mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 5.63 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in eastcentral 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9573o N., longitude 77.3787o W.). Surface elevation 79 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Silt, very clayey, dense, sandy, with sparse quartz granules 

and pebbles up to 0.5 cm in diameter, light gray (5Y 7/2) to 

pale yellow (5Y 7/3); lower contact abrupt................................................................................... 0–3

Sand, medium, poorly sorted, grading down to very coarse

and pebbly with quartz clasts up to 1.5 cm in diameter; yellow 

(2.5Y 7/5) to pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) with streaks of brownish 

yellow (10YR 6/8); carbonaceous streaks of yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/8), black (N 1), and light grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) in 

basal foot....................................................................................................................................... 3–7

Gravel containing subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles and 

clay balls from underlying silt; contains quartz clasts up to 5 cm 

in diameter; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) to light grayish brown 

(2.5Y 6/2)....................................................................................................................................... 7–9

St. Marys Formation

Silt, very clayey, micaceous, greasy, dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 4/4) rapidly grading down to grayish black (N 2.5) 

and brownish gray (5YR 4/1) ........................................................................................................ 9–11

Gravel containing quartz clasts up to 3.5 cm in diameter, 

in clayey silt matrix, micaceous, greasy, grayish black 

(N 2.5) and brownish gray (5YR 4/1).......................................................................................... 11–12

Aquia Formation

Sand, very fine, silty, very micaceous; quartz pebbles up 

to 3.5 cm in diameter scattered along basal contact;

yellow (2.5Y 7/6)......................................................................................................................... 12–13
216

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains scattered pebbles 

of quartz up to 2 cm in diameter; white (10YR 8/1), 

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), and yellow (10YR 7/6) ................................................................... 13–16

Base of Windsor Formation: +70 feet above sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: +67 feet above sea level

Base of Aquia Formation: +66 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
217

SC–93–11: On eastern side of Va. State Route 657, 0.8 mile south of intersection with Va. State 

Route 602, 1.52 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.00 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9631o N., longitude 77.4024o W.). Surface 

elevation 75 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Charles City Formation

Sand, mostly fine but up to very coarse, yellow (2.5Y 7/6).......................................................... 0–3

Sand, dominantly fine, very clayey, stiff, white (5Y 8/1) 

to pinkish gray (5YR 8/1) with streaks of brownish 

yellow (10YR 6/8)......................................................................................................................... 3–5

Clay, sandy, white (5Y 8/1) to pinkish gray (5YR 8/1) 

with streaks of brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)................................................................................. 5–6

Windsor Formation

Sand, mostly coarse to very coarse, muddy, with quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; yellow (10YR 8/1) to 

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) ........................................................................................................... 6–14

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter, 

in matrix of coarse to very coarse muddy sand; yellow 

(10YR 8/1) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8)................................................................................... 14–21

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 8 cm in diameter, 

in matrix of coarse to very coarse muddy sand; white (10YR 8/2)............................................. 21–32

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse; contains a few quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter and white (N 9) clay balls up to 

4 cm in diameter; white (10YR 8/2) and yellow 

(10YR 8/6) grading by 35 feet to light gray (N 7)....................................................................... 32–55

Sand, fine to medium, clayey, with small quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter; brownish gray (5Y 4/1) ......................................................................... 55–56

Base of Charles City Formation: +69 feet above sea level

Base of Windsor Formation: +43 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
218

SC–93–12: On eastern edge of field, 0.13 mile west of 121-foot spot elevation, 0.39 mile west of 

eastern quadrangle border and 8.12 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northeastern 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.9938o N., longitude 77.3817o W.). Surface elevation 105 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, but ranges up to very coarse, 

loose, friable, moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)................................................................... 0–1

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to dominantly medium;

contains rare rounded quartz pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter;

clayey, slightly micaceous, light brown (2.5YR 5/8); clay 

lenses at 5 and 14 feet ................................................................................................................... 1–14

Sand, medium, better sorted than sand in unit immediately 

above, sparsely micaceous, grading down to coarse in basal 

foot; plinthite lump on basal contact; yellowish orange 

(10YR 7/5)................................................................................................................................... 14–22

Clay, greasy, dense, silty; some sandy stringers near base;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to bluish 

greenish gray (5BG 6/1); lower contact abrupt........................................................................... 22–29

Sand, fine, silty, well-sorted, micaceous; pebble bed at base 

with rounded quartz clasts up to 6 cm in diameter; dusky 

yellow (5Y 7/4)............................................................................................................................ 29–31

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Clay, silty, stiff, sandy; pebble bed at 32 feet with rounded

quartz clasts up to 2 cm in diameter; micaceous, grayish 

orangish pink (5YR 7/2).............................................................................................................. 31–36

Sand, dominantly fine but with scattered grains up to very 

coarse; contains subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 

cm in diameter; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) .................................................................... 36–38

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; pinkish gray (5YR 8/1).................................................. 38–58

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse, very dense, pale yellowish

orange (10YR 8/6) ....................................................................................................................... 58–60
219

Base of Windsor Formation: +74 feet above sea level

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +47 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
220

SC–93–13: At dirt road entrance near 86-foot bench mark on northern side of Va. State Route 40, 

1.45 miles west of Interstate 95, 2.43 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.84 miles north of 

southern quadrangle border, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9460o N., longitude 77.4187o

W.). Surface elevation 90 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine to medium, loose, brownish gray (5YR 5/2) ................................................................ 0–1

Windsor Formation

Sand, dominantly coarse, poorly sorted, muddy, dense, dusky

yellow (5Y 6/4) grading down to yellowish gray (5Y 6/2)............................................................ 1–5

Clay, yellowish gray (5Y 6/2); contains lenses of pebbles............................................................ 5–8

Gravel containing clasts that include quartz pebbles and 

a fragment (8 cm in diameter) of a large quartzite cobble;

stiff clay and sand matrix; light brown (5YR 6/4)......................................................................... 8–15

Base of alluvium: +89 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Windsor Formation
221

SC–93–14: On corner of abandoned dog leg of Va. State Route 680, 0.15 mile west of Va. State 

Route 618, 2.54 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 7.58 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9860o N., longitude 77.4206o W.). Surface 

elevation 142 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty and clayey, stiff, light brown 

(5YR 5/6) grading down through light brown (5YR 5/6) 

with moderate red (5R 5/7) mottles (4–5 feet) to variegated

dusky red (5R 3/4), moderate red (5R 5/7), and yellowish 

gray (5Y 8/1) ................................................................................................................................. 0–7

Clay, sandy (fine) and silty, dense, sticky, yellowish gray with

(5Y 8/1) dusky red (5R 3/4) and moderate red (5R 4/6) mottles................................................... 7–11

Sand, dominantly medium, but fine to coarse, silty, light

brown (2.5YR 5/6) grading down to dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................ 11–16

Sand, coarse to very coarse, poorly sorted; subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter present in basal 6 inches; pale 

reddish brown (10R 6/4) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) .................................................. 16–22

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, clayey, grading down 

to very clayey, fine to medium sand; moderate red (5R 5/6)..................................................... 22 –27

Sand, coarse to very coarse, muddy; contains granules of quartz 

at some horizons; subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter 

in basal foot; moderate reddish brown (10R 5/6) grading down to 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) near base............................................................................... 27–36

Sand, fine, silty; contains subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 2 cm in diameter in basal 2 feet; dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)................................................................................................................................... 36–41

Silt, very clayey, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/8); 3-inch-thick

layer............................................................................................................................................. at 41

Sand, coarse, poorly sorted; contains abundant pebbles of 

subangular to subrounded quartz up to 2.5 cm in diameter; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/8)....................................................................................................... 41–42
222

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, greasy, yellowish gray (5Y 6/2); lower contact

somewhat gradational ................................................................................................................. 42–44

Silt, clayey, greasy, with scattered lenses of very fine to fine 

sand; medium dark gray (N 4) with a lens of yellowish gray 

(5Y 6/2) silt at 48–49 feet............................................................................................................ 44–51

Silt, clayey, greasy, yellowish orange (10YR 7/6), with a 

lens of moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), very fine sand 

at 52 feet...................................................................................................................................... 51–65

Gravel containing silt and fine-grained sand matrix; subrounded to 

rounded quartz clasts up to 6 cm in diameter present;

moderate yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) ....................................................................................... 65–70

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse, dense; contains subrounded quartz pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter; medium light gray (N 6), interbedded with 

some stiff, very light gray (N 8) clay layers................................................................................ 70–80

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +100 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +72 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
223

SC–93–15: On northern side of Va. State Route 40, 0.00 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 

4.33 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9387o 

N., longitude 77.3748o W.). Surface elevation 66 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, medium to coarse; contains rare subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; loose; carbonaceous and 

light brown (5YR 5/6) in upper 2 feet; grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4) below that depth ......................................................................................................... 0–5

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 7 cm in diameter; grayish orange (10YR 5/6)......................................................... 5–9.5

Sand, fine to medium, very clayey, micaceous, 

olive gray (5Y 5/1) ..................................................................................................................... 9.5–10

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains scattered rounded to 

subrounded polished quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm in diameter, 

more concentrated near base; very dense clayey matrix;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) down to 12 feet, then grades 

rapidly to bluish gray (5B 6/1)................................................................................................... 10 –17

Silt, very clayey, micaceous, dark gray (N 3); 4-inch-thick layer ............................................... at 17

Sand, medium to coarse; contains rounded to subrounded polished

quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; bluish gray (5B 6/1) 

with streaks of carbon near base ................................................................................................. 17–20

Base of alluvium: +56 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
224

SC–93–16: On northern side of Va. State Route 670, 0.18 mile west of eastern quadrangle border 

along road, 0.13 mile west of eastern quadrangle border, and 6.91 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9762o N., longitude 77.3773o W.). Surface 

elevation 69 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, medium to coarse, very poorly sorted; contains granules 

and pebbles dominantly of rounded to subrounded quartz up to 

2 cm in diameter, all in very dense clay-silt matrix; stiff drilling;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)...................................................... 0–5

Gravel containing clasts up to 9 cm in diameter, in matrix of 

medium to coarse sand and stiff clay; very rough drilling............................................................ 5–11

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse, light gray (N 7); contains rounded to 

subrounded, dark gray (N 3) quartz clasts up to 4 cm in diameter 

and brownish gray (5YR 4/1) mud ball clasts up to 3 cm in 

diameter; tough drilling............................................................................................................... 11–16

Base of alluvium: +58 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
225

SC–93–17: On eastern side of Va. State Route 648, 1.45 miles south of point where Va. State Route 

40 crosses over Interstate 95, 1.13 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.30 miles north of 

southern quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9229o N., longitude 

77.3954o W.). Surface elevation 76 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, predominantly fine to medium, but ranges up to coarse, 

poorly sorted, clayey, silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).................................................... 0–1

Sand, coarse to very coarse; rare pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter at top, becoming more abundant and larger 

(up to 6 cm) downward to base; grayish orange (10YR 7/4)......................................................... 1–22

Sand, coarse, pinkish gray (5YR 8/1).......................................................................................... 22–25

Sand, fine, silty, pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)..................................................................................... 25–25.5

Sand, coarse to very coarse, pebbly, light brown (5YR 5/6).................................................... 25.5–26

St. Marys Formation

Silt, very clayey, dense, pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) in 

upper 6 inches grading rapidly down to dark gray (N 3), 

brownish black (5YR 2/1), and brownish gray (5YR 4/1) ........................................................... 26–30

Gravel containing rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 2.5 cm in diameter, in matrix of fine to very coarse 

sand; brownish gray (5YR 4/1).................................................................................................... 30–31

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains polished subrounded to 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; light brownish 

gray (5Y 7/1) ............................................................................................................................... 31–37

Base of alluvium: +50 feet above sea level

Base of St. Marys Formation: +45 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
226

SC–93–18: On western side of new pond at end of Bollings Bridge Road, 0.7 mile south-southwest 

of crossing of Va. State Route 40 over Interstate 95, 0.69 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 

4.03 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9341o 

N., longitude 77.3873o W.). Surface elevation 70 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains quartz pebbles up to 

2 cm in diameter; crunchy drilling suggests larger clasts 

present but not recovered; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) 

except for top foot, which is humic and darker; basal foot 

contains mud balls of greenish gray (10GY 5/1), very fine 

silty Yorktown Formation sand containing fragments of 

Chesapecten and barnacles........................................................................................................... 0–9

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains polished 

rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles to 2 cm in diameter;

light bluish gray (5B 5/1) to medium bluish gray (5B 7/1) 

with some carbonaceous black blobs; garnetiferous..................................................................... 9–11

Base of alluvium: +61 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
227

SC–93–19: At end of dirt road southeast of pond in field on northern edge of Galley Swamp, 

0.7 mile southwest of intersection of Va. State Route 618 and Va. State Route 602, 2.67 miles 

west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.21 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northcentral 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9662o N., longitude 77.4230o W.). Surface elevation 83 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, coarse to very coarse, silty, dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/2)..................................................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains abundant subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; light brown (5YR 5/6)..................................................... 1–4

Sand, medium to coarse; much better sorted than above;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................................................................. 4–5

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains pebbles of subrounded

quartz up to 1 cm in diameter; pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/3) ................................................ 5–10

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains abundant pebbles of 

subrounded quartz up to 3 cm in diameter and some rounded

pebbles up to 5 cm in diameter at base; dark orange (2.5YR 5/8)............................................... 10–13

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, interlaminated with very clayey 

silt; dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) ..................................................................................................... 13–17

Sand, fine to medium; contains abundant rounded to subrounded

pebbles and discoids of quartz; dark bluish gray (5B 4/1).......................................................... 17–20

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains rounded to subrounded

polished quartz pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter and one 

clay ball, 2 cm in diameter; light bluish gray (5B 8/1) ............................................................... 20–21

Base of alluvium: +70 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +63 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
228

SC–93–20: On southeastern side of Va. State Route 680, 0.18 mile east-northeast of Stony Creek, 

3.99 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.58 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9716o N., longitude 77.4467o W.). Surface elevation 80 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty; contains subrounded

to rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................... 0–3

Gravel containing subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 8 cm in diameter, in coarse to very coarse sand matrix;

pinkish gray (5YR 8/1).................................................................................................................. 3–11

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse, pale orange (10YR 7/3);

contains rounded to subrounded polished quartz pebbles 

mostly 2 to 3 cm in diameter (one discoid up to 5 cm 

in diameter) and very pale orange (10YR 8/2) clay balls 

up to 3 cm in diameter ................................................................................................................ 11–22

Base of alluvium: +69 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
229

SC–93–21: On southern side of Va. State Route 666 in old driveway at 111-foot spot elevation, 0.09 

mile west of power line, 4.34 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 8.24 miles north of 

southern quadrangle border, in north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9956o N., longitude 

77.4534o W.). Surface elevation 111 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine, but ranges up to very 

coarse; silty, clayey, dense, tough, yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) ................................................. 0–2

Sand, coarse to very coarse, slightly clayey and silty, 

light brown (10YR 5/6).................................................................................................................. 2–6

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine, but ranges up to very 

coarse; silty, clayey, reddish orange (10R 6/6) to dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................... 6–12

Sand, dominantly coarse to very coarse, but ranges down 

to fine; grayish orange pink (5YR 7/2) grading down to 

pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)................................................................................................................ 12–18

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine, but ranges up to medium;

silty, clayey, yellowish gray (5Y 9/1 to 5Y 8/1).......................................................................... 18–20

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains rounded to subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter at base; yellowish 

gray (5Y 9/1 to 5Y 8/1)................................................................................................................ 20–23

Sand, very fine to fine, very silty, light brown (5YR 5/6);

contains abundant rounded quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in 

diameter in basal 2 feet; lower contact gradational .................................................................... 23–32

Sand, medium to coarse; contains rounded quartz pebbles 

up to 4.5 cm in diameter; light brown (5YR 5/6) ........................................................................ 32–37

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to medium, white (N 9).............................................................................................. 37–39

Clay, dark gray (N 3); 1-inch-thick layer.................................................................................... at 39

Sand, fine to medium; contains rounded to subrounded

polished quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter and 

carbon chunks (wood?) up to 1 cm in diameter.......................................................................... 39–41
230

Base of Windsor Formation: +74 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
231

SC–93–22: On northeastern side of Va. State Route 666, 0.15 mile east of intersection of Va. State 

Route 666 and Va. State Route 626, 5.99 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 8.16 miles 

north of southern quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9944o N.,

longitude 77.4830o W.). Surface elevation 121 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, but ranges up to very 

coarse; contains small quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down 

to grayish orange (10YR 7/4); lower contact gradational.............................................................. 0–5

Sand, coarse to very coarse, grayish orange (10YR 7/4);

contains quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; 6-inch-thick,

light greenish gray (5GY 8/1) clay layer at 7.5 feet ..................................................................... 5–9

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), stiff, light greenish

gray (5GY 8/1) grading down through light greenish gray with 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles to dark yellowish 

orange and pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/2) .............................................................................. 9–19

Gravel containing rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 4.5 cm in diameter, in matrix of sandy clay; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and pale yellowish orange 

(10YR 8/2)................................................................................................................................... 19–23

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse to very coarse, light bluish gray (5B 7/1);

contains subrounded to rounded polished quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter and a light gray (N 7) clay ball,

3 cm in diameter; tough drilling.................................................................................................. 23–26

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +112 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +98 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
232

SC–93–23: On western side of Va. State Route 626, 0.6 mile south of intersection of Va. State 

Route 626 and Va. State Route 665, 6.45 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.81 

miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9747o N.,

longitude 77.4913o W.). Surface elevation 152 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to fine; contains scattered grains up to 

granule size; clayey, silty, reddish brown (10R 5/7);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 0–5

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains quartz pebbles up 

to 2 cm in diameter at base; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

and grayish orange pink (10R 8/2)................................................................................................ 5–8

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6) grading down through light red (5R 6/6)

with grayish pink (5R 8/2) mottles to moderate reddish brown 

(10R 6/6) ....................................................................................................................................... 8–14

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to medium to coarse 

sand; well sorted, moderate red (5R 4/6) with layers of very 

light gray (N 8) grading to moderate reddish brown (10R 6/6) 

in basal foot................................................................................................................................. 14–19

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/8); lower contact gradational ........................................................................................ 19–21

Sand, very fine to fine, grading down to fine to medium sand; silty, 

pale reddish purple (10RP 6/2) grading down through pale reddish 

brown (10R 5/4) to moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6) ............................................................. 21–37

Sand, medium to coarse; band of black heavy minerals and 

quartz pebbles 1–2 cm in diameter at base; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) ....................................................................................................................... 37–38

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, fine to medium, very clayey, grayish orange (10YR 7/4)

with orange (5YR 5/8) mottles, grading down to light olive gray 

(5Y 6/1)........................................................................................................................................ 38–41

Silt, sandy (very fine to fine), interbedded with silty, very fine 

to fine sand; shelly (Mulinia, Anadara transversa, Chesapecten, 

and other mollusks); medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................... 41–49
233

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, but ranges up to coarse;

contains rounded to subrounded quartz pebbles and discoids 

up to 4 cm in diameter; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)................................................................ 49–52

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, very coarse angular quartz grains in 

clayey matrix, grayish bluish green (5BG 6/2); burrowed;

burrows filled with immediately overlying sand lithology, 

shell fragments, and pebbles....................................................................................................... 52–56

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +114 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +100 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
234

SC–93–24: On eastern side of Va. State Route 681, 0.1 mile north of the Dinwiddie-Sussex county 

line, 4.87 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 5.82 miles north of southern quadrangle 

border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9602o N., longitude 77.4628o W.). Surface 

elevation 100 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, but ranges up to very 

coarse; poorly sorted, clayey, silty, pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 7/2) and yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) grading 

down by 4 feet to pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2)..................................................................... 0–9

Sand, fine to medium, silty, grading down to clayey, 

medium to coarse sand; pinkish gray (5YR 7/1);

subangular to subrounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm 

in diameter present at base............................................................................................................ 9–13

Patuxent Formation

Sand, dominantly medium to coarse, but ranges up to very 

coarse; kaolinitic; contains subrounded to rounded polished quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; light bluish gray (5B 7/2)......................................................... 13–16

Base of Windsor Formation: +87 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
235

SC–93–25: On eastern side of Va. State Route 681, 0.7 mile south of intersection of Va. State 

Route 681 and Va. State Route 40, 4.36 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 4.13 

miles north of southern quadrangle border, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9352o N.,

longitude 77.4537o W.). Surface elevation 115 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Gravel containing subrounded to rounded quartz clasts

up to 3 cm in diameter; moderate reddish brown (10R 4/8) ......................................................... 0–3

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very 

coarse, silty sand; rounded quartz pebbles at base up to 1 cm 

in diameter; medium orange (5YR 5/8 to 5YR 6/7)....................................................................... 3–8

Silt, very clayey, light gray (N 7), 2-inch-thick layer................................................................... at 8

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very 

coarse; contains quartz pebbles; moderate reddish brown 

(10R 5/4) ....................................................................................................................................... 8–15

Chowan River Formation

Silt, very clayey, light greenish gray (5GY 8/1); top 

weathered to pale reddish brown (10R 5/4); 3-inch-thick layer ................................................. at 15

Sand, fine to medium, silty, moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6)................................................ 15–16

Silt, very clayey, light greenish gray (5GY 8/1); 4-inch-thick layer........................................... at 16

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................ 16–19

Silt, very clayey, yellowish gray (5Y 8/1), 1-cm-thick layer,

capping light brown (5YR 5/6) to dusky brown (5YR 2/2), very 

fine to fine sand; another yellowish gray, very clayey silt lens, 

0.5 inch thick, at base.................................................................................................................. 19–20

Sand, fine to medium, well-sorted, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)...................................... 20–21

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, greasy, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

in upper 2 feet; medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) below that;

shelly in basal 4 feet (mostly Turritella, some Mulinia) ............................................................ 21–36
236

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey and silty, shelly (more diverse 

fauna than above); contains scattered medium to coarse sand

grains and subrounded to rounded quartz pebbles and discoids 

up to 3 cm in diameter ................................................................................................................ 36–39

Petersburg Granite

Refusal; no saprolite or rock chips, but property owner 

showed us granite cores taken 100 yards away from this 

locality......................................................................................................................................... at 39

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +112 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +100 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +94 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +76 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
237

SC–93–26: On hill in field, 0.17 mile west of Va. State Route 626 bridge over Mortar Branch, 6.21 

miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 7.93 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9910o N., longitude 77.4869o W.). Surface elevation

115 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, poorly sorted, with some grains ranging 

up to very coarse; contains subrounded to subangular quartz 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2); lower

contact gradational........................................................................................................................ 0–7

Sand, dominantly fine to medium, poorly sorted, light brown 

(5YR 5/6) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 6/6); lower

contact gradational........................................................................................................................ 7–12

Sand, medium to coarse, poorly sorted, very pale yellowish 

brown (10YR 7/2)........................................................................................................................ 12–15

Gravel containing quartz, rounded to subrounded clasts up to 

6 cm in diameter at top and up to 9 cm in diameter by base;

very clayey and silty, fine to coarse sand matrix;

very pale yellowish brown (10YR 7/2)........................................................................................ 15–22

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite; angular quartz grains in clay matrix;

kaolin ghosts of feldspar recognizable; light brown (5YR 5/6) 

grading down to greenish gray (5G 6/1)..................................................................................... 22–26

Refusal; hit rock and stopped...................................................................................................... at 26

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +93 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
238

SC–93–27: In northeastern quadrant of intersection of Va. State Route 681 and Va. State Route 40, 

between numbers “9” and “2” of spot elevation label “92,” 4.28 miles west of eastern quadrangle 

border and 4.85 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9462o N., longitude 77.4529o W.). Surface elevation 92 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse to very 

coarse by 5 feet; pebbly below 11 feet; no detailed log kept........................................................ 0–21

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, sandy (very fine), slightly micaceous, 

greenish gray (5G 6/1) ................................................................................................................ 21–24

Refusal; hit rock and stopped...................................................................................................... at 24

Base of Windsor Formation: +71 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
239

SC–93–28: On northern side of Va. State Route 40, 0.1 mile west of power line, 5.76 miles west of 

eastern quadrangle border and 4.73 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in west-central 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.9439o N., longitude 77.4788o W.). Surface elevation 131 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, yellowish brown (10YR 5/2);

road sheet wash(?)......................................................................................................................... 0–2

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty, granular, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to very 

pale orange (10YR 8/2).................................................................................................................. 2–9

Gravel containing rounded quartz clasts up to 2 cm in diameter;

light brown (5YR 6/6).................................................................................................................... 9–11

Sand, very fine to very coarse, silty; contains rounded quartz 

pebbles up to 4 cm in diameter; light red (5R 6/6) ..................................................................... 11–16

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine to fine, light brown (5YR 5/6), interbedded 

with yellowish gray (5Y 8/1), very clayey silt ............................................................................ 16–21

Sand, very fine to fine, dark bluish gray (5B 3/1), 

interbedded with medium bluish gray (5B 5/1), very clayey silt;

clay layers thicken downward and sand layers thin until silt 

predominates over sand............................................................................................................... 21–29

Petersburg Granite(?)

Absolute refusal; no recovery of any kind; presumed 

top of granite ............................................................................................................................... at 29

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +115 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +102 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
240

SC–93–29: On western side of Va. State Route 626 just above number “6” on “146” spot elevation 

label, northwest of power line crossing, 6.64 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 5.69 miles 

north of southern quadrangle border, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9581o N.,

longitude 77.4947o W.). Surface elevation 146 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, silty, 

granular, dark yellowish orange (10YR 5/6) ................................................................................. 0–7

Sand, very fine to fine, very clayey, light gray (N 7).................................................................... 7–9

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, silty, 

granular, light gray (N 7) .............................................................................................................. 9–13

Silt, very clayey, sandy with grains ranging up to very coarse, 

very pale orange (10YR 8/4) ....................................................................................................... 13–17

Silt, very clayey, pale olive (10Y 6/2) (17–21 feet) 

grading down to light olive gray (5Y 6/1)................................................................................... 17–30

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, fine, silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

grading very rapidly to medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) 

and dark bluish gray (5B 4/1); shelly below 35 feet 

(Mercenaria and other mollusk shells)....................................................................................... 30–39

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in 

diameter; dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) ............................................................................................ 39–41

Petersburg Granite(?)

Refusal; no recovery; presumed top of granite ........................................................................... at 41

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +116 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +105 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
241

SC–93–30: On northern side of Va. State Route 657, 0.97 mile east-northeast of intersection of Va. 

State Route 657 and Va. State Route 649, 3.30 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.63 

miles north of southern quadrangle border, in central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9279o N.,

longitude 77.4346o W.). Surface elevation 125 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to fine with sparse medium grains, silty;

kaolin feldspar sand ghosts present from 6 to 7 feet;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) grading down by 2 feet to 

grayish pink (5R 7/2) .................................................................................................................... 0–10

Silt, very clayey, light gray (N 7)................................................................................................ 10–11

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to coarse, very poorly sorted, silty, 

yellowish gray (5Y 8/1), grading rapidly down to silty, 

very fine to very coarse sand; contains subangular to 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; near 

base, color changes to yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) and 

contains quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in diameter.......................................................................... 11–21

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, 

silty; contains quartz pebbles more rounded than 

in overlying unit; grayish yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) 

grading down to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ................................................................... 21–24

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)................................................ 24–25

Silt, clayey, medium gray (N 5).................................................................................................. 25–41

Gravel containing rounded quartz clasts up to 8.5 cm in diameter;

medium gray (N 5)...................................................................................................................... 41–48

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to medium; garnet and mica present; grayish 

red purple (5RP 5/2).................................................................................................................... 48–51

Sand, medium to coarse; contains rounded polished quartz

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; very light bluish gray (5B 8/1)................................................. 51–77
242

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +114 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +101 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +77 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
243

SC–93–31: On southern side of Va. State Route 657, at “120” spot elevation intersection located 1.3 

miles east-northeast of intersection of Va. State Route 657 and Va. State Route 649, 2.97 miles west 

of eastern quadrangle border and 3.76 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in central 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.9301o N., longitude 77.4287o W.). Surface elevation 119 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to medium, clayey and silty, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................... 0–2

Silt, very clayey, dense; possible kaolin feldspar-grain 

ghosts present; light gray (N 7)..................................................................................................... 2–5

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, medium to coarse, silty; quartz pebbles in 

basal 2 feet; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1)............................................................................................. 5–19

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, medium gray (N 5).......................................................................................... 19–34

Gravel containing rounded quartz clasts up to 8 cm in diameter;

medium gray (N 5)...................................................................................................................... 34–43

Patuxent Formation

Sand(?); recovered some fine to very coarse sand, but most 

material lost in this interval; light brownish gray (5YR 6/1)....................................................... 43–52

Clay, dense, brownish black (5YR 3/1)....................................................................................... 52–55

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +114 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +100 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +76 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
244

SC–93–32: On dirt road east of old abandoned house, 0.73 mile west-northwest of crossing 

of Va. State Route 648 and Seaboard Railroad, 2.96 miles west of eastern quadrangle border 

and 2.15 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.9063o N., longitude 77.4281o W.). Surface elevation 102 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, fine to medium, yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 

grading down to light brown (5YR 5/6) (2–6 feet), then 

grading to orangish brown (5YR 4/8); coarsens down to.............................................................. 0–11

Sand, medium to coarse; contains subangular to 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

orangish brown (5YR 4/8); lower contact abrupt ........................................................................ 11–13

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Silt, very clayey, dense, sandy (fine), micaceous, light

gray (N 7) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 5/6) mottles........................................................ 13–16

Silt, sandy, grading down through silty, fine sand to 

medium to coarse sand that contains quartz granules;

grayish orange (10YR 7/4); lower contact abrupt ....................................................................... 16–22

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Silt, very clayey, sandy, pale yellowish brown

(10YR 6/2); lower contact somewhat gradational ....................................................................... 22–25

Gravel containing subangular to rounded quartz clasts up to 

7 cm in diameter, in matrix of medium to coarse sand;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 25–36

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, pale yellowish orange 

(10YR 8/6); contains rounded polished quartz pebbles 

up to 1.5 cm in diameter and pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/2) mud balls up to 1 cm in diameter ............................................................................. 36–41
245

Base of Windsor Formation: +89 feet above sea level

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +80 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +66 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
246

SC–93–33: On eastern side of Va. State Route 630, 0.18 mile north of southern quadrangle border 

along road, 6.37 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.16 mile north of southern quadrangle 

border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8775o N., longitude 77.4900o W.). Surface 

elevation 131 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to medium, silty and clayey, dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) grading down to orange 

(2.5YR 5/8) with light gray (N 7) mottles; lower contact 

gradational..................................................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted;

contains rare quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

light brown (5YR 5/6); lower contact abrupt................................................................................. 6–13

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to fine), dense, 

pale red (5R 6/2).......................................................................................................................... 13–14

Silt, sandy (very fine to fine), grading down to silty, 

very fine to fine sand; very fine dark heavy minerals 

abundant; light gray (N 7), yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), 

and dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)........................................................................................ 14–17

Silt, very clayey, dense, light gray (N 7) with streaks 

of black (N 1) carbon .................................................................................................................. 17–19

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with coarse, angular, sand-size 

quartz and patches of kaolin; crumbly; 5 cm recovered;

refusal at base................................................................................................................................ at 19

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +118 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +112 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite
247

SC–93–34: On southern side of Va. State Route 699, 0.05 mile west of intersection of Va. State 

Route 699 and Va. State Route 630, 6.87 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.54 miles

north of southern quadrangle border, in west-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9268o N.,

longitude 77.4988o W.). Surface elevation 150 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine to fine, clayey and silty, grading down

to sandy (very fine to fine), very clayey silt; moderate 

reddish brown (10R 4/6) (0–2 feet) grading down to 

moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6) with grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4), light gray (N 7), and very light gray (N 8)

mottles; subrounded quartz pebble 3 cm in diameter in 

basal foot....................................................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, fine to medium, grayish orangish pink (5YR 7/2) 

grading down to light brown (5YR 6/4) and grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4); a few quartz granules concentrated near base ........................................................... 6–13

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, very dense, grayish pink (5R 8/2) and 

pale reddish purple (5RP 6/2) ..................................................................................................... 13–16

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +137 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
248

SC–93–35: On dirt road, 0.07 mile west of Va. State Route 640, 0.75 mile south-southwest of 

intersection of Va. State Route 640 and Va. State Route 662, 1.01 miles west of eastern quadrangle 

border and 1.24 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8931o N., longitude 77.3927o W.). Surface elevation 90 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, medium to coarse; contains subrounded quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; pale yellowish 

orange (10YR 7/2) ......................................................................................................................... 0–7

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), light gray (N 7) ............................................................................ 7–9

Sand, dominantly coarse to very coarse, very pale 

orange (10YR 8/2) grading by 15 feet to dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) and then to moderate 

reddish brown (10R 4/6) ............................................................................................................... 9–20

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, very clayey, sandy (fine), light gray (N 7) 

grading through medium light gray (N 6) to 

medium gray (N 5)...................................................................................................................... 20–28

Gravel containing rounded olive black (5Y 2/1) quartz clasts 

up to 6 cm in diameter, in matrix of clay and sand;

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ...................................................................................................... 28–37

Patuxent Formation

Sand, mostly coarse to very coarse, but with layers of 

fine to medium; contains rounded polished quartz 

pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter; light reddish gray 

(5YR 7/1); 10-cm-thick clay layer at 38 feet, 

light brownish gray (5YR 6/1) mingled with brownish 

black (5YR 2/1) ........................................................................................................................... 37–41

Base of Windsor Formation: +70 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +53 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
249

SC–93–36: On northern side of dirt road running east from Va. State Route 649, 0.95 mile westnorthwest of crossing of Va. State Route 648 over Seaboard Railroad (at “BM 86”), 3.22 miles 

west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.06 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in southcentral 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9050o N., longitude 77.4330o W.). Surface elevation 104 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–24

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 24–35

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse; contains rounded polished quartz 

pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter; clay balls; very 

light gray (N 8)............................................................................................................................ 35–42

Base of Windsor Formation: +69 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
250

SC–93–37: On northern side of dirt road running east from Va. State Route 649, 1.12 miles west of 

crossing of Va. State Route 648 over Seaboard Railroad (at “BM 86”), 3.40 miles west of eastern

quadrangle border and 2.01 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map 

area (latitude 36.9043o N., longitude 77.4360o W.). Surface elevation 102 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–27

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 27–35

Patuxent Formation

Silt, very clayey, silty, micaceous, dense, dark brownish

black (5YR 1/1); underlain by fine to medium sand, 

light pinkish gray (5YR 9/1), garnetiferous................................................................................. 35–42

Base of Windsor Formation: +67 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
251

SC–93–38: 660 feet west of SC–93–37, 3.49 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.09 miles 

north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9054o N.,

longitude 77.4381o W.). Surface elevation 102 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–21

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 21–32

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, dark gray (N 4)....................................................................................... 32–33

Refusal; spun 5 minutes without progress.................................................................................. at 33

Base of Windsor Formation: +70 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
252

SC–93–39: 300 feet east of SC–93–38 and 360 feet west of SC–93–37, in south-central 1/9th of 

map area (latitude 36.9051 o N., longitude 77.4374 o W.). Surface elevation 101 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very clayey silt, and gravel; no detailed log kept................................................................ 0–29

Gravel, dense, no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 29–30

Patuxent Formation

Sand and gravel with coarse-grained sand matrix;

contains quartz clasts up to 4.5 cm in diameter .......................................................................... 30–49

Base of Windsor Formation: +71 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
253

SC–93–40: 240 feet east of SC–93–38 and 50 feet west of SC–93–39, in south-central 1/9th of map 

area (latitude 36.9051o N., longitude 77.4375o W.). Surface elevation 101 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–28

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 28–31

Patuxent Formation

Sand, dense; no detailed log kept................................................................................................ 31–39

Gravel and coarse-grained sand; contains

quartz clasts up to 4.5 cm in diameter......................................................................................... 39–66

Base of Windsor Formation: +70 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
254

SC–93–41: 118 feet east of SC–93–38 and 122 feet west of SC–93–40, in south-central 1/9th of map 

area (latitude 36.9052o N., longitude 77.4378o W.). Surface elevation 102 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–28

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 28–32

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse, and gravel; contains subrounded to 

rounded quartz clasts up to 3 cm in diameter, often 

polished; garnetiferous; very gravelly toward base .................................................................... 32–74

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, clay with dark gray (N 4),

coarse-size, angular quartz; very micaceous, 

biotitic, dense .............................................................................................................................. 74–76

Base of Windsor Formation: +70 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: +28 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
255

SC–93–42: 58 feet east of SC–93–38 and 60 feet west of SC–93–41, in south-central 1/9th of map 

area (latitude 36.9053o N., longitude 77.4379o W.). Surface elevation 102 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–21

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 21–33

Patuxent Formation

Sand, coarse, and gravel; quartz clasts; hard

and crunchy drilling .................................................................................................................... 33–58

Petersburg Granite(?)

Micaceous, clayey, brown layers and micaceous 

clayey sand on base of stem (saprolite?, soil 

zone?, fault gouge?); refusal despite full feed ............................................................................ at 58

Base of Windsor Formation: +69 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: +44 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
256

SC–93–43: 28 feet east of SC–93–38 and 30 feet west of SC–93–42, in south-central 1/9thof map 

area (latitude 36.9054o N., longitude 77.4380o W.). Surface elevation 102 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand and very clayey silt; no detailed log kept............................................................................. 0–22

Gravel, dense; no detailed log kept............................................................................................. 22–33

Patuxent Formation

Sand, micaceous and silty, very light gray (N 8)........................................................................ 33–39

Petersburg Granite(?)

Refusal; no recovery ................................................................................................................... at 39

Base of Windsor Formation: +69 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: +63 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite(?)
257

SC–93–44: At sharp bend in unnumbered road, 0.32 mile south of Green Church Bridge 

over Nottoway River, 3.51 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.12 mile north of 

southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8781o N., longitude 

77.4383o W.). Surface elevation 85 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Gravel and gravelly sand, includes pebbles, 

cobbles, and boulders; no detailed log kept.................................................................................. 0–25

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, very light gray (N 8), 

kaolin-rich; brownish gray (5YR 4/1), clayey,

fine to medium sand with fine mica flakes

in basal foot................................................................................................................................. 25–32

Base of alluvium: +60 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
258

SC–93–45: At sharp bend in unnumbered road leading to Fort Nottoway, 0.28 mile south of Va. 

State Route 648 where “88” spot elevation is at intersection, 3.21 miles west of eastern quadrangle 

border and 0.93 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.8887o N., longitude 77.4328o W.). Surface elevation 88 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, pebbly; no soil profile ......................................................................................................... 0–18

Gravel; very tough drilling.......................................................................................................... 18–35

Patuxent Formation

Sand and gravel; slow and tough drilling;

no detailed log kept..................................................................................................................... 35–56

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite, light gray (N 7) clay with black (N 1),

angular, coarse-size quartz grains............................................................................................... 56–60

Refusal ........................................................................................................................................ at 60

Base of alluvium: +53 feet above sea level

Base of Patuxent Formation: +32 feet above sea level

Bottomed on Petersburg Granite 
259

SC–93–46: 0.2 mile southwest of SC–94–44 on side of dirt road (not shown on 1986 quadrangle 

map) beside right (southeastern) bank of Nottoway River, 3.63 miles west of eastern quadrangle 

border and 0.03 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.8758o N., longitude 77.4404o W.). Surface elevation 88 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium/Patuxent Formation

No detailed log kept; bottom part garnetiferous Patuxent sand.................................................... 0–40
260

SC–93–47: On unmarked dirt road, 0.1 mile southwest of Va. State Route 681 and 0.12 mile southsouthwest of Va. State Route 681 bridge over Black Branch, 5.52 miles west of eastern quadrangle 

border and 6.78 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.9737o N., longitude 77.4745o W.). Surface elevation 105 feet. 

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, orangish brown (5YR 4/8), grading 

down to dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) ................................................................................................ 0–12

Gravel containing quartz clasts in silt and sand matrix;

dark bluish gray (5B 4/1) ............................................................................................................ 12–13

Petersburg Granite

Saprolite from granite; contains feldspar ghosts and 

angular, clear or black quartz grains........................................................................................... 13–21

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +92 feet above sea level

Bottomed in saprolite from Petersburg Granite
261

Sunbeam Quadrangle

SB–93–1: On southern side of unlabeled N.C. State Road, 0.90 mile south-southeast of Mt. Sinai 

Church, 3.47 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.61 mile north of southern quadrangle 

border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5090o N., longitude 77.0627o W.). Surface 

elevation 32 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Shirley Formation

Sand, very fine, clean and well-sorted, grayish

yellow (5Y 8/4) grading down to pale yellowish 

orange (10YR 8/6) ......................................................................................................................... 0–2

Sand, very fine, dense, clayey, very light gray 

(N 8) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles.................................................................. 2–3

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, loose, micaceous,

very light gray (N 8) with sparse mottles of dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); lower contact gradational.............................................................. 3–9

Sand, fine to medium; contains sparse very fine dark 

heavy minerals; very light gray (N 9); basal 3 inches 

are medium to coarse sand with quartz granules.......................................................................... 9–11

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, finely micaceous, greenish gray (5G 5/1)............................................................... 11–15

Silt, sandy with sand fraction mostly fine to medium 

phosphate, grading down near base to silty, fine to medium 

quartz sand; shelly below 23 feet (oyster, Mulinia, 

and a few other shells); greenish gray (5G 5/1).......................................................................... 15–29

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, fine, well-sorted, sparsely shelly, grayish olive 

(10Y 4/2); lower contact abrupt................................................................................................... 29–34

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine to medium, clayey, dense, moderately shelly, 

medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1); lower contact

gradational................................................................................................................................... 34–39
262

Sand, fine to medium, clean, dark bluish greenish gray 

(5BG 4/1); lower contact somewhat gradational ........................................................................ 39–43

Sand, medium to coarse; contains quartz pebbles

(up to 1 cm in diameter), phosphate pebbles, and bone 

fragments; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)...................................................................................... 43–44

Aquia Formation

Sand, fine to medium, mostly fine, glauconitic; contains 

scattered well-rounded coarse grains; grayish olive green 

(5GY 2/2)..................................................................................................................................... 44–55

Cape Fear Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to coarse 

to very coarse sand; kaolinitic, garnetiferous; contains 

scattered rounded and polished quartz pebbles up 

to 0.5 cm in diameter toward top and increasing to 

1.5 cm in diameter downward; very light gray (N 8).................................................................. 55–66

Silt, very clayey, dense, brownish gray (5YR 4/1)...................................................................... 66–67

Base of Shirley Formation: +21 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +3 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): -2 feet below sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: -12 feet below sea level

Base of Aquia Formation: -23 feet below sea level

Bottomed in Cape Fear Formation
263

SB–93–2: In open field, 0.59 mile west-southwest of 33-foot bench mark, 3.57 miles west of eastern

quadrangle border and 0.26 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map 

area (latitude 36.5038o N., longitude 77.0636o W.). Surface elevation 30 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Shirley Formation

Sand, very fine, clayey.................................................................................................................. 0–2

Sand, very fine to fine, grading down to medium to coarse sand................................................. 2–18

Gravel containing quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter, in 

Matrix of coarse to very coarse sand .......................................................................................... 18–19

Windsor Formation(?)

Silt; contains abundant root fragments; dark grayish brown ...................................................... 19–31

 

Base of Shirley Formation: +11 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Windsor Formation(?)
264

SB–93–3: Under the number “8” in label “BM 81,” 0.82 mile south-southeast of New Hope Church, 

1.09 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.00 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.5290o N., longitude 77.0195o W.). Surface elevation 80 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty and clayey, light

gray (N 7) and orange (10YR 6/7)................................................................................................. 0–6

Sand, dominantly fine, but silty to very coarse, with

increasing clay content downward; contains 

subrounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 0.5 

cm in diameter; very pale orange (10YR 8/2) 

grading down to yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) ............................................................................. 6–16

Silt, sandy (very fine), greasy, grading through silty, 

fine sand and silty, fine to medium sand to medium to 

coarse sand in basal 4 inches that contains subrounded to 

rounded polished quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter;

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ...................................................................................................... 16–35

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine, silty, finely micaceous, grading 

rapidly down to sandy (very fine) and clayey silt;

moderate bluish greenish gray (5BG 6/1)................................................................................... 35–53

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, shelly (including Mulinia, 

Turritella, and scaphopods), greenish gray (5G 5/1).................................................................. 53–61

Base of Windsor Formation: +45 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
265

Sussex Quadrangle

SU–93–1: On southeastern side of T-intersection of Va. State Road 640 and Va. State Road 637, 

3.04 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 6.47 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9700o N., longitude 77.3045o W.). Surface elevation 85 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Charles City Formation

Sand, fine to medium, very clayey, dense and stiff, 

moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6), dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6), and very pale orange (10YR 8/2) 

grading down to mostly yellowish gray (5Y 7/2).......................................................................... 0–9

Sand, fine to medium, silty, grayish yellow (5Y 8/4).................................................................... 9–10

Sand, medium to coarse, yellowish orange (10YR 7/6) .............................................................. 10–16

Sand, medium to coarse; contains subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 6 cm in diameter; dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6); lower contact gradational ............................................................................ 16–22

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains subrounded to 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 6 cm in diameter;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 22–41

No recovery (lost stems); drilled like dense gravel .................................................................... 41–50

Base of Charles City Formation: < +44 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Charles City Formation
266

SU–93–2: On eastern side of Va. State Road 735, 0.68 mile north of intersection of Va. State Road 

735 and Va. State Road 642, 2.23 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.10 miles north of 

southern quadrangle border, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8911o N., longitude 

77.2899o W.). Surface elevation 74 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill, sand, poorly sorted, clayey and silty, dark 

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) ......................................................................................................... 0–1

Colluvium

Sand, very fine to fine, grading rapidly down to medium 

to very coarse sand, soft; yellowish gray (5Y 7/2)........................................................................ 1–6

Sand, medium to very coarse, silty, yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/4) with light gray (N 7) clay blebs present...................................................................... 6–11

Alluvium

Silt, clayey, sandy (fine), grading down to silty, very fine sand;

medium gray (N 5)...................................................................................................................... 11–14

Silt, very clayey, greasy, grading down to sandy (very fine) silt;

dark brownish gray (5YR 3/1) grading down to olive gray (5Y 4/1)........................................ 14–18.5

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted;

contains abundant rounded to angular, olive black 

(5Y 2/1) quartz pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter .................................................................... 18.5–19

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, very fine to fine, phosphatic, moderately 

shelly, grayish olive green (5GY 3/2) ......................................................................................... 19–31

Sand, fine, clean, sparsely shelly, grayish olive

green (5GY 3/2); quartz pebble bed at base with 

clasts up to 3.5 cm in diameter.................................................................................................... 31–56

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, 

grayish olive green (5GY 3/2); pebble bed at base 

with dark- and light-colored, subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 4.5 cm in diameter ..................................................................................... 56–60
267

Patuxent Formation

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, greenish gray 

(5GY 6/1); contains light gray (N 7) clay balls and 

polished rounded quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter............................................................ 60–66

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles 0.5 to 1.0 cm in 

diameter, in matrix of clay; greenish gray (5GY 6/1) ................................................................. at 66

Sand, fine to medium, slightly micaceous; subrounded

quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in diameter present in 

basal one-half foot; light bluish gray (5B 6/1)............................................................................ 66–71

Base of colluvium: +63 feet above sea level

Base of alluvium: +55 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +18 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +14 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
268

SU–93–3: On eastern side of Va. State Road 735, 0.22 mile north of intersection of Va. State Road 

735 and Va. State Road 642, 2.12 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.68 mile north of 

southern quadrangle border, in southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8849o N., longitude 

77.2880o W.). Surface elevation 119 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, subrounded, 

grayish orange (10YR 8/4) grading down to moderate

reddish orange (10R 6/6) with pale yellowish brown 

(10YR 6/2) and grayish orange (10YR 7/4) mottles ...................................................................... 0–5

Sand, medium to very coarse, clayey; contains scattered 

quartz granules; pinkish gray (5YR 8/1)........................................................................................ 5–6

Sand, medium to very coarse, grading down through fine to 

coarse to very fine to medium sand; poorly sorted; increasingly 

clayey downward; moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6) with

pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) and grayish

orange (10YR 7/4) mottles ............................................................................................................ 6–10

Silt, very clayey, stiff, little or no sand, light gray (N 7) 

with streaks of pinkish gray (5YR 8/1) and blebs of 

yellowish orange (10YR 8/6)....................................................................................................... 10–13

Silt, very clayey, sandy (very fine to medium), yellowish

gray (5Y 8/1) with stringers of moderate red (5R 5/6) 

and grayish orange (10YR 7/4).................................................................................................... 13–16

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, grading 

down to fine to medium sand by base; yellowish orange (10YR 7/6)......................................... 16–19

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, massive, pale grayish orange (10YR 8/4) 

grading through dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) 

(20–27 feet) to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with

grayish orangish pink (5YR 7/2) mottles..................................................................................... 19–29

Silt, clayey, massive, medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) ................................................................... 29–40

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), shelly (including 

Mulinia and Turritella), medium bluish gray (5B 5/1)............................................................... 40–56
269

Sand, phosphate-quartz, very fine to fine, silty, clayey, 

very shelly (including Chesapecten, Mulinia, and 

other mollusks), medium greenish gray (5G 5/1)....................................................................... 56–60

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, quartz-phosphate, fine to coarse, shelly 

(Dinocardium, Chesapecten, Mulinia, Teredina, 

Pleuromeris, oyster, other mollusks, plus barnacles), 

medium greenish gray (5G 5/1).................................................................................................. 60–72

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +100 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +59 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 1)
270

SU–93–4: On northern side of Va. State Road 642, 50 feet east of prominent south bend in road, 

0.64 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.23 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

southeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8929o N., longitude 77.2595o W.). Surface elevation 119 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, silty;

contains scattered quartz granules and abundant coarse 

flakes of silvery mica; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) in 

upper foot, grading down to light brown (5YR 5/6) and 

red (5R 5/7) with very light gray (N 8) streaks below 3 feet ........................................................ 0–6

Sand, as above, but very clayey, very light gray (N 8)................................................................. at 6

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, silty;

contains scattered quartz granules and pebbles up to 0.5 

cm in diameter; scattered sparse dark heavy minerals 

and abundant coarse flakes of silvery mica; moderate 

reddish orange (10R 6/6)............................................................................................................... 6–14

Sand, coarse to very coarse; contains quartz granules and 

subangular to subrounded pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

moderate orange pink (5YR 8/4) ................................................................................................. 14–15

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) with moderate brown (5Y 4/4) mottles

composed of pseudoplinthite, grading rapidly down to 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)............................................................................................... 15–16

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +104 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
271

SU–93–5: On western side of Va. State Road 641, 50 feet south of Hunting Quarter Swamp at site 

of Howells Mill, 4.28 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.95 mile north of southern

quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8889o N., longitude 77.3305o W.). 

Surface elevation 86 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Artificial fill; dense clayey sand ................................................................................................... 0–3

Alluvium

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted; contains 

subangular quartz granules and pebbles up to 1 cm in 

diameter; grayish orange (10YR 7/4) ............................................................................................ 3–5

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, light brown (5YR 7/6) 

grading down rapidly to light gray (N 8) with dark

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles............................................................................................ 5–11

Silt, sandy (very fine), slightly clayey, very finely 

micaceous; waxy clay lumps present at 17–19 feet;

bluish gray (5B 5/1) .................................................................................................................... 11–19

Sand, very fine, grading down through fine to medium sand;

clayey, silty, very shelly (mostly Mulinia at top, but 

includes Chesapecten, Mercenaria, Turritella, 

Pleuromeris and oyster downward); bluish greenish 

gray (5BG 5/1) ............................................................................................................................ 19–26

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, quartz-phosphate, fine to medium; calcitecemented lumps abundant; sparsely shelly (including 

Chesapecten, Pleuromeris, oyster, and barnacles), 

medium greenish gray (5GY 5/1)................................................................................................ 26–42

Eastover Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, well-sorted, sparsely shelly, 

dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................................................................................ 42–49

Sand, mostly fine but with a minor medium to coarse 

fraction; contains subrounded quartz pebbles and discoids

up to 5 cm in diameter; shelly, greenish gray (5G 5/1) .............................................................. 49–58
272

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse but mostly coarse; contains 

rounded quartz pebbles up to 1.5 cm in diameter and sandsize garnets; light bluish gray (5B 7/1) ....................................................................................... 58–61

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine); contains waxy clay lumps 

and medium sand-size silvery mica flakes; grades down 

to silty, very fine sand with abundant large silvery mica 

flakes; greenish gray (5G 7/1)..................................................................................................... 61–66

Base of alluvium: +81 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +60 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +44 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +28 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
273

SU–93–6: On northern side of Va. State Road 642 and western side of unnumbered dirt road, 1.13 

miles west of Sharon Church, 4.79 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 0.22 mile north of 

southern quadrangle border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.8783o N., longitude 

77.3361o W.). Surface elevation 129 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, silty, 

slightly clayey in lower half; contains subangular 

to subrounded granules and pebbles of quartz; orange

(7.5YR 5/7) grading down by 3 feet to variegated 

moderate orange pink (5YR 8/4), light brown 

(5YR 5/6), and moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6)....................................................................... 0–9

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine, grading down to fine sand; clayey and silty;

contains scattered large flakes of silvery mica; moderate 

red (5R 5/4) grading down to pale reddish brown (10R 5/4)..................... ....................... 9–12

Sand, fine; contains abundant rounded clay balls up to 

3 cm in diameter; pale reddish brown (10R 5/4) with

pale reddish purple (5RP 6/2) mud balls..................................................................................... 12–13

Sand, fine to very coarse, poorly sorted, grading 

through medium to very coarse to medium to coarse 

by base, micaceous, pale violet (10RP 6/4)................................................................................ 13–17

Chowan River Formation

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), micaceous, pale reddish

purple (5RP 6/2) with stringers of very light gray (N 8)lower

contact gradational...................................................................................................................... 17–19

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; contains coarse flakes of 

silvery mica and scattered rounded coarse grains; pale 

reddish purple (5RP 6/2) with stringers of very light gray 

(N 8); lower contact gradational ................................................................................................. 19–22

Sand, fine to medium, silty; contains scattered, rounded,

coarse grains; moderate orangish pink (10R 7/4) ....................................................................... 22–27

Sand, dominantly medium to coarse, moderate orangish pink 

(5YR 8/4 to 10R 7/4) and moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6).................................................... 27–29
274

Sand, medium to coarse, interbedded with sandy (very fine to fine) 

silt; moderate orangish pink (5YR 8/4 to 10R 7/4) and 

moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6)............................................................................................. 29–33

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to medium to very 

coarse, dominantly subrounded sand; contains quartz pebbles

up to 1.5 cm in diameter, increasingly abundant toward base;

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7)............................................................................................... 33–37

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey; contains sparse very fine

silvery mica; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7) grading 

through light brown (5YR 6/4) (40–41 feet) and dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) (41–42 feet) to bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)............................................ 37–46

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +120 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +112 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +92 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
275

SU–93–7: On western side of T-intersection of unnumbered road with Va. State Road 642, 

across Va. State Road 642 from Sharon Church, 3.65 miles west of eastern quadrangle border 

and 0.15 mile north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area 

(latitude 36.8772o N., longitude 77.3159o W.). Surface elevation 124 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to very coarse, poorly sorted, silty, 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)....................................................................................................0–2

Sand, medium to very coarse, clayey; contains 

subangular to subrounded quartz granules and pebbles 

up to 0.5 cm in diameter, increasingly abundant 

downward; yellowish gray (5Y 8/1) and very light 

gray (N 8)....................................................................................................................................... 2–7

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, very fine, clayey and silty, dense, stiff, 

micaceous; contains clay balls at 11–12 feet and 

scattered, coarse to very coarse quartz grains below 

that; yellowish gray (5Y 9/1) with light brown 

(5YR 5/6) mottles........................................................................................................................... 7–15

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, grading 

down to well-sorted, medium sand; contains very fine dark 

heavy mineral grains; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/7)............................................................ 15–19

Chowan River Formation

Sand, very fine, silty and clayey, very pale 

orange (10YR 9/2) ........................................................................................................................ 19–20

Sand, medium to coarse, pale yellowish orange (10YR 8/6)........................................................ 20–22

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to medium to 

Coarse sand; contains very fine dark heavy mineral grains;

very pale gray (N 9) grading down to very pale 

yellowish orange (10YR 9/2)........................................................................................................ 22–25
276

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6) and light brown (5YR 5/6) ......................................................................................... 26–27

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey; very fine silvery mica

abundant; medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1)..................................................................... 27–36

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +117 feet above sea level

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +105 feet above sea level

Base of Chowan River Formation: +99 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
277

SU–93–8: On western side of Va. State Road 626, 0.26 mile north-northeast of T-intersection of Va. 

State Road 626 and Va. State Road 637, 1.38 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 3.79 miles 

north of southern quadrangle border, in east-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9306o N.,

longitude 77.2745o W.). Surface elevation 110 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, fine to coarse, grading down to medium to 

very coarse sand; poorly sorted, silty and clayey;

subangular to subrounded granules and pebbles of 

quartz up to 1 cm in diameter abundant; moderate

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) grading down to 

orange (5YR 5/7); very light gray (N 8) clay balls 

up to 4 cm in diameter present in basal foot ................................................................................. 0–10

Sand, medium to coarse, silty and clayey, reddish

brown (10R 5/6).......................................................................................................................... 10–14

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4) grading down to very pale orange 

(10YR 7/2)................................................................................................................................... 14–20

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine); contains abundant 

small waxy clay balls up to 1 cm in diameter;

very pale orange (10YR 7/2) ....................................................................................................... 20–21

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine); root fragments 

present; very pale orange (10YR 7/2) grading 

down to orange (5YR 6/7) ........................................................................................................... 21–24

Sand, very fine, silty; contains very fine silvery

mica flakes; medium bluish gray (5BG 5/1)............................................................................... 24–31

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +96 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
278

SU–93–9: On western side of unnumbered road, 0.06 mile north of Va. State Road 662, 0.97 mile 

west-northwest of Hunting Quarter Church, 6.40 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 1.89 

miles north of southern quadrangle border, in southwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9025o N.,

longitude 77.3658o W.). Surface elevation 119 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, very fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, 

silty; contains subangular granules and pebbles of 

quartz up to 1.5 cm in diameter; grayish orange 

(10YR 7/4) grading down to dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 6/6)..................................................................................................................................... 0–7

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine to fine); contains scattered 

angular to subangular granules of quartz and mediumsize flakes of silvery mica; variegated very light gray 

(N 8), light red (5R 6/6), and moderate reddish brown 

(10R 5/7); lower contact somewhat gradational ........................................................................... 7–20

Sand, very fine to coarse, grading down to medium to 

very coarse sand; poorly sorted, very silty, slightly clayey, 

light brown (5YR 6/6).................................................................................................................. 20–22

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, sandy (very fine); contains very fine silvery 

mica flakes; orange (5YR 5/7) in upper 3 inches 

grading down rapidly to medium bluish greenish gray (5BG 5/1) ............................................. 22–26

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +97 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Yorktown Formation (zone 2)
279

SU–93–10: On eastern side of Va. State Road 637, 0.05 mile south of northern quadrangle border, 

4.22 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 8.50 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in 

north-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9996o N., longitude 77.3266o W.). Surface elevation 67 

feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Lower Bacons Castle Formation (Varina Grove Member)

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, 

gravelly; quartz pebbles up to 6 cm in diameter

present; very pale orange (10YR 8/2) to dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6)......................................................................................................... 0–6

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted, 

very pale orange (10YR 8/2) to dark yellowish

orange (10YR 6/6); contains moderate brown 

(5YR 3/4) and light brown (5YR 6/4) mud balls............................................................................ 6–10

Sand, fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted;

contains scattered quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in 

diameter at top, clasts become more abundant 

below 23 feet and up to 5 cm in diameter; dark 

yellowish orange (10YR 6/6); large pale yellowish 

brown (10YR 6/2) and white (N 9) clay ball at 

22 feet.......................................................................................................................................... 10–30.5

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, 

subrounded; kaolinitic silt abundant; very pale 

orange (10YR 9/2) and white (N 9) .......................................................................................... 30.5–31

Base of lower Bacons Castle Formation: +36.5 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
280

SU–93–11: At locality of 94-foot spot elevation, 0.12 mile west of eastern quadrangle border and 

8.41 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northeastern 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9993o 

N., longitude 77.2518o W.). Surface elevation 94 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Windsor Formation

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, orange (5YR 5/8)............................................................................. 0–6

Sand, very fine to fine, silty; contains coarse silvery 

mica flakes; reddish brown (10R 5/7)........................................................................................... 6–13

Silt, sandy (very fine), clayey, light brown (5YR 5/6) 

and moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6)...................................................................................... 13–25

Sand, very fine to fine, light brown (5YR 5/6) and 

moderate reddish orange (10R 6/6)............................................................................................. 25–28

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, quartz-phosphate, very fine to medium, 

dominantly fine, silty; contains scattered calcitecemented lumps and oyster fragments; detrital 

fragment of Isognomon at base; yellowish brown 

(10YR 5/4) grading down to yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) ................................................................. 28–43

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine, well-sorted, dusky yellow (5Y 6/4)........................................................................... 43–48

Sand, fine, well-sorted; contains subrounded to rounded

quartz pebbles up to 7 cm in diameter; dark greenish 

gray (5GY 5/2)............................................................................................................................. 48–53

Base of Windsor Formation: +66 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +51 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Eastover Formation
281

SU–93–12: 0.10 mile west of 70-foot spot elevation on Va. State Road 640, 0.64 mile northnortheast of intersection of Va. State Road 640 and Va. State Road 40, 6.27 miles west of 

eastern quadrangle border and 4.65 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in west-central 

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9426o N., longitude 77.3629o W.). Surface elevation 81 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Holocene dune sand

Sand, fine to medium; includes bits of brick and 

mortar; moderate brown (5YR 4/4)............................................................................................... 0–2

Sand, fine, well-sorted; abundant medium fraction, no 

silt or clay; dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with 

dark yellowish brown (5YR 4/2) streaks in basal foot .................................................................. 2–9

Alluvium

Sand, very fine to medium, poorly sorted, very silty 

and clayey, very micaceous, light;brown (5YR 5/6);

lower contact gradational.............................................................................................................. 9–13

Sand, very fine to medium, poorly sorted; sparse silt 

and clay; sparse mica; grayish orange (10YR 8/4)...................................................................... 13–17

Sand, very fine to medium, poorly sorted, silty; mica 

abundant; grayish orange (10YR 8/4).......................................................................................... 17–19

Sand, medium to very coarse; contains subangular to 

subrounded quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter; light 

brown (5YR 5/6).......................................................................................................................... 19–21

Base of Holocene dune sand: +72 feet above sea level

Bottomed in alluvium
282

SU–93–13: On northwestern side of Va. State Road 626, at entrance to dirt road, 0.12 mile west of 

eastern quadrangle border and 8.52 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northeastern 1/9th 

of map area (latitude 36.9933o N., longitude 77.2519o W.). Surface elevation 56 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Alluvium

Sand, fine, well-sorted, silty, yellowish gray (5Y 8/2).................................................................. 0–2

Sand, fine to medium, clayey and silty, loose, light

gray (N 7) with dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) mottles;

streaks of dark yellowish brown (5YR 4/2) in basal foot.............................................................. 2–6

Sand, medium to coarse, grading down to medium to 

very coarse sand; light gray (N 7); lower contact gradational ...................................................... 6–12

Gravel containing subangular to subrounded pebbles of quartz up to 

4 cm in diameter; fine to very coarse, very poorly sorted 

sand matrix; pale bluish green (5BG 8/2) ................................................................................... 12–17

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to coarse, clayey and silty; contains 

polished quartz pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter;

greenish gray (5G 6/1); contains a 10-cm-diameter,

brownish gray (5YR 4/1), silty clay ball...................................................................................... 17–23

Base of alluvium: +39 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
283

SU–99–14: On southeastern side of Va. State Road 670, on eastern side of dirt road, 6.62 miles west 

of eastern quadrangle border and 5.89 miles north of southern quadrangle border, in northwestern

1/9th of map area (latitude 36.9604o N., longitude 77.3694o W.). Surface elevation about 80 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Charles City Formation

Sand, fine to very coarse, tough and clayey, pebbly, 

pale yellowish brown (5YR 6/2) grading down to 

dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) with pale olive

gray (5Y 6/2) mottles..................................................................................................................... 0–1

Sand, medium to very coarse, clayey and silty;

contains quartz granules and pebbles up to 1 cm 

in diameter; dense, pale orange (10YR 7/2) .................................................................................. 1–8

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), dense, grayish yellow 

(5Y 7/4) with streaks of dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6).......................................................... 8–11

Eastover Formation

Silt, clayey; contains scattered, very fine to coarse 

quartz grains; sticky, grayish yellow (5Y 7/4) grading 

down to grayish orange (10YR 6/4) ............................................................................................ 11–19

Sand, very fine, silty, medium olive gray (5Y 4/2)..................................................................... 19–22

Gravel containing subrounded to rounded quartz clasts in 

matrix of fine sand; grayish olive (10Y 5/2) ............................................................................... 22–27

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, slightly clayey; contains 

subrounded to rounded granules and pebbles of quartz up 

to 1 cm in diameter; pale brownish gray (5YR 7/1) .................................................................... 27–31

Base of Charles City Formation: +72 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +69 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +53 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
284

Yale Quadrangle

YA–93–1: On northern side of Va. State Road 609, 0.93 mile west of T-intersection of Va. State 

Road 609 and Va. State Road 735, 2.80 miles west of eastern quadrangle border and 2.70 miles 

north of southern quadrangle border, in south-central 1/9th of map area (latitude 36.7894o N.,

longitude 77.3000o W.). Surface elevation 99 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Upper Bacons Castle Formation (Bahramsville Member)

Sand, dominantly very fine to fine with scattered 

grains of coarse to very coarse sand; silty and clayey;

pale yellowish brown (10YR 6/2) grading down 

to dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) ............................................................................................ 0–1

Sand, fine to coarse, poorly sorted, modally coarsens

downward, silty and clayey, orange (10YR 5/6) with 

streaks of yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) ................................................................................................ 1–6

Sand, fine to medium, grading down to medium to 

coarse sand; subangular to subrounded, silty; orange 

(10YR 5/6) grading abruptly at 12 feet to dark 

yellowish brown (10YR 3/2) (4-inch-thick zone) 

and then grading down abruptly to dark grayish orange 

(10YR 6/4)..................................................................................................................................... 6–16

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Silt, clayey, sticky, greasy; top foot orange (10YR 5/6) 

grading rapidly to greenish gray (5GY 4/1) and then 

gradually to medium olive gray (5Y 5/1) by 20 feet ................................................................... 16–46

Sand, very fine, grading down to medium to coarse sand in 

basal foot; silty, clayey; rounded phosphate 

pebbles up to 1 cm in diameter at base; medium 

olive gray (5Y 5/1) ...................................................................................................................... 46–52

Yorktown Formation (zone 1)

Sand, quartz-phosphate, fine to coarse, silty, 

slightly clayey; shell fragments abundant;

contains occasional calcite-cemented lumps;

medium greenish gray (5GY 5/1)................................................................................................ 52–56
285

Eastover Formation

Sand, fine with minor medium fraction, slightly silty, 

clean, sparsely shelly, moderate olive gray (5Y 4/2) .................................................................. 56–77

Sand, medium to coarse, slightly silty, moderate

olive gray (5Y 4/2) ...................................................................................................................... 77–78

Gravel containing rounded quartz pebbles up to 3 cm in 

diameter; moderate olive gray (5Y 4/2) ...................................................................................... 78–82

Patuxent Formation

Sand, medium to very coarse, poorly sorted, silty, 

slightly clayey; contains subangular to subrounded

quartz granules and sparse subrounded quartz pebbles 

up to 1 cm in diameter; pale brownish gray (5YR 7/1) ............................................................... 82–86

Base of upper Bacons Castle Formation: +83 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +47 feet above sea level

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 1): +43 feet above sea level

Base of Eastover Formation: +17 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
286

YA–06–2: Along dirt road across Raccoon Creek on northeastern side of creek at foot of valley 

wall, 0.50 mile east of western quadrangle border, in northwestern 1/9th of map area (latitude 

36.8423o N., longitude 77.3658o W.). Surface elevation 99 feet.

LITHOLOGY DEPTH IN FEET

Colluvium

Sand, very fine to fine, silty, pale yellowish gray (5Y 7/2) 

grading down throughdark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to 

light olive gray (5Y 5/2)................................................................................................................ 0–1

Yorktown Formation (zone 2)

Sand, very fine, silty, slightly clayey, dark yellowish brown 

(10YR 4/2) grading down through light olive gray (5Y 5/2) 

to greenish gray (5GY 6/1)............................................................................................................ 1–4

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine), olive (10Y 5/2) ............................................................................. 4–6

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine); contains abundant pseudoplinthite 

nodules; yellowish gray (5Y 6/2) with dark yellowish orange 

(10YR 5/6) mottles........................................................................................................................ 6–11

Silt, clayey, sandy (very fine); contains sparse Mulinia and 

Turritella; medium greenish gray (5GY 5/1).............................................................................. 11–34

Sand, very fine to fine, shelly; fauna more diverse than above;

contains scattered subrounded quartz pebbles up to 4 cm in 

length; greenish gray (5G 6/1).................................................................................................... 34–37

Gravel composed of quartz clasts up to 6 cm in diameter,

stained medium dark gray (N 4).................................................................................................. 37–42

Patuxent Formation

Wood, carbonized; contains masses of pyrite with woody 

pattern on external surfaces; pyrite contains fine to medium 

sand composed of strained and fractured quartz and 

exceptionally fresh microcline; blackish red (5R 1/2)................................................................ 42–45

Sand, medium to coarse, subangular to subrounded, silty, 

dense; contains rounded quartz granules and pebbles up to 

0.5 cm in diameter; dark greenish gray (5G 4/1)........................................................................ 45–46
287

Base of Yorktown Formation (zone 2): +57 feet above sea level

Bottomed in Patuxent Formation
288

Supplementary Basement Data

Basement elevation

 (in feet) Latitude Longitude Well name Data source

 –752 36.5072 N. 77.0058 W. EHNR Como

North Carolina Geological

Survey geophysical

database1

.

 <–689 36.6579 N. 77.0076 W.

USGS

363928077002701

54B 2

NWIS Web Data for Virginia2.

 –678 36.9793 N. 77.0057 W. J. Roszel, T.W. Spain Trapp (1992), p. G55.

 –448 36.9785 N. 77.1505 W.

Va. State Water

Control Board

S.O.W. 48

Trapp (1992), p. G55.

 –35 36.9433 N. 77.3993 W. “Stoney” Creek Trapp (1992), p. G55.

 –123 36.5014 N. 77.4153 W. NC–NOR–T–10 Brown and others (1972),

pl. 31.

 –150 36.5223N. 77.3730 W. NC–NOR–T–9 Brown and others (1972),

pl. 31.

 –235 36.5417 N. 77.3167 W. NC–NOR–T–8 Brown and others (1972),

pl. 31.

 –340 36.5847 N. 77.2001 W. VA–SO–P–3 Brown and others (1972),

 pl. 31.

1

Web site located at:

 http://www.ncwater.org/Data_and_Modeling/Ground_Water_Databases/

2

Web site located at:

 http://waterdata.usgs.gov/va/nwis/