IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-0789

Filed August 31, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF R.C.,

Minor Child,

L.B., Mother,

Petitioner-Appellee,

R.E.C., Father,

Respondent-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Appanoose County, William S. 

Owens, Associate Juvenile Judge.

A father appeals the juvenile court’s grant of the mother’s petition to 

terminate his parental rights to their seven-year-old daughter. AFFIRMED.

Monte M. McCoy of McCoy Legal Services, Centerville, for appellant 

father.

Robert F. Bozwell, Jr., of Bozwell Law Office, Centerville, for appellee 

mother.

Mary B. Krafka of Krafka Law Office, Ottumwa, guardian ad litem for minor 

child.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Tabor, JJ.
2

TABOR, Judge.

An incarcerated father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his 

seven-year-old daughter, R.C. The juvenile court granted the mother’s petition to 

terminate his rights under Iowa Code section 600A.8(3) (2013). The father 

argues: (1) the mother failed to offer sufficient proof he abandoned R.C. and

(2) termination of his parental rights was not in R.C.’s best interests. Because 

the father has not maintained a position of importance in his daughter’s life, we 

affirm the juvenile court’s decision.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

The mother and father married in 2007 and had one child together, R.C., 

who was born in April 2009. The father struggled with alcohol abuse, and in late 

January 2010, he assaulted the mother while under the influence of alcohol. He 

was arrested on charges of second-degree burglary and domestic abuse assault 

causing injury.1 This incident was not the first time the father’s alcohol use led to 

his incarceration, nor was it his last. The thirty-year-old father has been 

convicted of operating while intoxicated (OWI) six times, and since R.C.’s birth,

he has been in jail at least five times and in prison twice. The mother and father 

separated after the assault, briefly reconciled, and then permanently parted ways

in May 2012. 

The mother filed for divorce, but before the court entered the dissolution

decree, the father was arrested and then incarcerated after pleading guilty to 

felony-level OWI. The court directed the mother to arrange for the father to be 

 

1 The charges were dismissed due to the State’s failure to bring the father to trial within 

one year. 
3

represented by a guardian ad litem, but because she could not afford to provide 

such representation, the mother dismissed the petition with the intent to refile 

after the father’s release. 

During the 18 months the father was in prison, he failed to contact R.C. or 

her mother with the exception of a single Christmas gift he sent to his daughter in 

2013. After his release in February 2014, the father moved in with a girlfriend 

who lived across the street from R.C. and her mother. Despite the close 

proximity, he made no attempt to contact the mother about a visit with R.C. 

From across the street, the mother saw the father drinking alcohol and 

driving with children in the car after he had been drinking. She reported her 

observations to the police, and the father moved away shortly thereafter. 

The mother filed another petition for divorce in March 2014. The father 

sought orders for temporary visitation with R.C. Over the objection of the mother, 

the court granted the father’s request in July. In August, the father had three 

supervised visits with R.C. It was the first time he had seen R.C. in more than 

two years, and she did not initially recognize her father. 

Then on August 15, the father was again arrested for OWI. At the time of 

his arrest, the father was driving with a sixteen-year-old friend as his passenger. 

The father pleaded guilty and did not expect to be released from prison until 

November 2016. 

In 2012, the mother began a relationship with another man, J.B. They 

have six children between them, including one child in common. They are both 

employed and share the responsibility of caring for the children. Although J.B. 

was married to someone else at the time of the termination hearing, he testified 
4

he was in the midst of divorce proceedings, and once his divorce was final, he 

intended to marry the mother and adopt R.C. 

The mother filed this action to terminate the father’s parental rights after 

the father’s most recent incarceration. Following a hearing, the juvenile court 

terminated the father’s parental rights under section 600A.8(3)(b). The father 

now appeals.

II. Standard of Review and Statutory Burden

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings under chapter 600A 

de novo. In re R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d 600, 601 (Iowa 1998). We are not bound by 

the juvenile court’s fact-findings, but we give them weight, particularly when 

considering witness credibility. Id.

The parent seeking termination has the burden to prove by clear and 

convincing evidence the other parent has abandoned the child. Iowa Code 

§ 600A.8(3); see also In re G.A., 826 N.W.2d 125, 128–29 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012). 

The petitioning parent must also prove termination of parental rights is in the best 

interests of the child. In re R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d at 602. Although the best 

interests of the child are “paramount,” we also give the interests of the parents 

“due consideration.” Iowa Code § 600A.1.

III. Analysis

Abandonment. The father argues the mother failed to prove by clear and 

convincing evidence he intended to abandon R.C. He contends he wants to be a 

part of R.C.’s life and has demonstrated this by visiting R.C. and providing

financial support within his means since his separation from the mother. We 

disagree with the father’s argument.
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The Iowa Code defines abandonment of a minor child as a parent 

“reject[ing] the duties imposed by the parent-child relationship” and “making no 

provision or . . . only a marginal effort to provide for the support of the child or to 

communicate with the child.” Id. § 600A.2(19). We consider a parent to have 

abandoned a child of six months or older “unless the parent maintains substantial 

and continuous or repeated contact with the child as demonstrated by 

contribution toward support of the child of a reasonable amount, according to the 

parent’s means,” and by (1) visiting the child at least once a month when 

physically and financially able and when not prevented by the child’s custodian or 

(2) regularly communicating with the child or custodian when physically and 

financially unable to visit or when prevented by the child’s custodian—if the 

parent has not lived with child in the year before the termination hearing. Id. 

§ 600A.8(3)(b). A parent’s subjective intent, unsupported by any of these 

actions, “does not preclude a determination that the parent has abandoned the 

child.” Id. § 600A.8(3)(c).

“[T]he threshold element of ‘substantial and continuous or repeated 

contact’ is economic contributions.” In re K.W., No. 14-2115, 2015 WL 6508910, 

at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 28, 2015) (citing In re W.W., 826 N.W.2d 706, 710 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 2012) (discussing “predicate language of section 600A.8(3)(b)”)). The 

father has met this threshold requirement. Although his personal contact with 

R.C. has been minimal in the last few years, the father has made child support 

payments since October 2010. To date, he has paid a total of $2654.43 through 
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mandatory wage assignment.

2

 While this amount falls well short of adequately 

supporting R.C., the father has consistently made payments within his means 

when he hasn’t been incarcerated. 

But despite these support payments, we find clear and convincing 

evidence the father has abandoned R.C. under sections 600A.2(19) and

600A.8(3)(b). See In re C.A.V., 787 N.W.2d 96, 102 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010)

(finding contributions to child’s financial well-being do not excuse lack of genuine 

effort to maintain association with the child). As the juvenile court aptly noted, 

the father “has been his own worst enemy in his attempts to be a parent to R.C.” 

The principal reason the father has been unable to maintain a relationship with 

R.C. is his own repeated incarceration. Time and again, the father has made the 

choice to drive after consuming alcohol. His resulting incarcerations do not 

justify his lack of relationship with R.C. See In re M.M.S., 502 N.W.2d 4, 8 (Iowa 

1993); see also In re M.B.W., No. 12-2161, 2013 WL 3273170, at *2 (Iowa Ct. 

App. June 26, 2013) (noting father’s “conscious choice to engage in misconduct, 

resulting in two felony convictions, and six probation violations since he became 

a parent, suggests the children have not been his priority and he does not 

promise to be a positive influence on their futures”). Nor is incarceration an 

excuse for his failure to communicate with R.C. See In re C.A.V., 787 N.W.2d at

101–02. The father has made almost no effort to keep in touch with his daughter 

while in prison. He has not written to R.C. or sought permission from the mother

to call her, and he has not tried to set up visits with R.C. at the prison.

 

2 The record is unclear on the dollar amount of the father’s support obligation, but the 

father testified at the hearing—and the mother did not dispute—he had never been 

subject to a contempt action for failure to pay child support. 
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Further supporting the mother’s petition, the father made negligible 

attempts to interact with R.C. when he was out of prison. The father did not visit 

or communicate with R.C. in the time between his separation from the mother in 

May 2012 and his subsequent incarceration. He has visited R.C. just three times 

since 2012, and it was only after the mother re-initiated divorce proceedings that 

the father requested that visitation. He claims he did not try to contact the 

mother sooner because she had refused to speak with him and would not give 

him her phone number, but we find this argument unconvincing. Even without a 

phone number, the father could have attempted to contact the mother in person 

or through the mail, particularly since he lived just across the street from R.C.

and her mother after his February 2014 release from prison.

The father’s overall conduct demonstrates his intent to relinquish his 

parental rights. While he has provided limited child support over the years, these 

contributions cannot overcome his anemic attempts to remain a part of R.C.’s 

life. See id. at 102. Therefore, we affirm the finding of abandonment under 

section 600A.8(3)(b).

Best Interests of the Child. The father also argues termination of his 

parental rights would not be in R.C.’s best interests. “The best interest of a child 

requires that each biological parent affirmatively assume the duties 

encompassed by the role of being a parent.” Iowa Code § 600A.1. In 

determining a child’s best interests, we consider “the fulfillment of financial 

obligations, demonstration of continued interest in the child, demonstration of a 

genuine effort to maintain communication with the child, and demonstration of the 

establishment and maintenance of a place of importance in the child’s life.” Id. 
8

Our supreme court has also cited as a guide the best-interest analysis of Iowa 

Code section 232.116(2) and (3),3 which includes consideration of the physical, 

mental, and emotional needs of the child as well as the strength of the parentchild bond. In re A.H.B., 791 N.W.2d 687, 690–91 (Iowa 2010).

Like the juvenile court, we conclude termination of the father’s parental 

rights is in the best interests of R.C. First, as previously discussed, the father 

has had only minimal contact with R.C. since he separated from the mother in 

2012. When the father finally had a visit with R.C. in August 2014—more than 

two years after he had last seen or spoken with her—R.C. did not recognize him. 

And the father lacked familiarity with his daughter. He didn’t know what R.C. 

enjoyed doing in her free time, what her favorite food was, who her teacher was, 

or whether she went to church. His near-complete absence from her life 

prevented the development of any meaningful parent-child bond.

The record also demonstrates the father has failed to address his alcohol 

abuse, making recurring destructive behavior more likely. See In re M.B.W.,

2013 WL 3273170, at *3 (finding father’s history of substance abuse, criminal 

activity, and failure to support children indicative of future behavior). The father 

testified to a desire to change his lifestyle, but his conduct up to this point has not 

reflected that desire. We cannot deprive a child of permanency and stability “by 

hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable 

 

3

Iowa Code section 232.116(2) lists considerations “to the child’s safety, to the best 

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the 

physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Section 232.116(3)(c)

allows the court to refrain from termination if it finds with “clear and convincing evidence 

that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of 

the parent-child relationship.”
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home for the child.” In re A.H.B., 791 N.W.2d at 691 (quoting In re P.L., 778 

N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010)).

Moreover, for the past four years, R.C. has been raised by the mother and 

J.B., the man R.C. views as her father. By all accounts, a close bond exists

between J.B. and R.C. The guardian ad litem noted R.C.’s complete integration 

into the new family unit, and J.B. testified he wished to adopt R.C. We agree 

with the juvenile court’s assessment that termination of the father’s rights and the 

possibility of adoption would be in R.C.’s best interests.

The father also maintains termination of his parental rights would deprive 

R.C. of the benefit of having a relationship with her half-sibling, N.C. N.C., the 

father’s ten-year-old son from a previous relationship, came with the father to the 

August 2014 visits with R.C. N.C. and R.C. developed a relationship in the first 

few years of R.C.’s life, and R.C. considers N.C. to be her brother. 

We have long recognized the importance of fostering relationships 

between siblings and half-siblings. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Orte, 389 N.W.2d 

373, 374 (Iowa 1986). But the record establishes it has been the mother, not the 

father, who has fostered the relationship between R.C. and N.C. in the 

intervening years since she and the father separated. The mother testified she 

believed contact between R.C. and N.C. was in R.C.’s best interests and she 

would continue to ensure their interaction. We find the mother has effectively

protected the sibling relationship between R.C. and N.C. See In re C.J.F.M., No. 

10-0166, 2010 WL 3157756, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 11, 2010) (finding 

termination in child’s best interests when petitioning parent maintained child’s 

relationship with half-siblings).
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Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the juvenile court terminating the 

father’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.