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Wartime Readjustments

1944_1945

“The ordinary practice of medicine (is not) evidence of 

qualification to formulate sanitary plans and conduct intensive 

operations in time of war.”1

General Training

The military personnel problems of the Army Medical Center command multiplied 

rapidly as many medical officers and enlisted men received objective training for overseas assignments. In September 1943, the enlisted personnel of the Medical Department 

Professional Service Schools Company (Army Medical Center) and the Headquarters and 

Service Company were consolidated into a Detachment, Medical Department, Army 

Medical Center.2

All men receiving basic training in the Plans and Training Unit were given instruction 

in the operation of oxygen tents and masks, lectures on anatomy, physiology, nursing and 

chemical warfare. Technicians trained in the X-ray, Dental and Pharmacy Schools and 

at the Cooks and Bakers School were primarily for overseas assignments. All changes 

in military regulations were posted on bulletin boards and read at military formations. 

The Articles of War were read periodically, and orientation lectures and training films 

were shown regularly, as part of the general War Department training program. All local 

stations at the Army Medical Center were covered by squads trained in fire fighting, 

disposal of incendiary bombs, and in first aid. As noted, practice raids and black-out 

drills were held at frequent intervals.3

Mobilization and expansion of the Army affected the female auxiliary services of 

nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy advantageously. In 1942, as a result 
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of Public Law 828, 77th Congress, December 22, 1942, Army nurses, granted relative 

rank but unequal pay with male officers in 1920, received temporary actual rank and 

equal pay for the duration of the emergency and six months thereafter. The matter of 

salute and address by title was provided in 1920, but neither privilege was invoked to 

any great extent, as members of the Army Nurse Corps seldom appeared in military 

(field) uniform; further, the majority of them apparently preferred to be addressed by 

the more feminine title of “Miss.” 

In 1940, at the beginning of the military expansion period, the War Department 

General Staff noted that it was improper to address nurses and chaplains by military 

title, and received an immediate protest from the nurses. Encouraged by Major Julia 

C. Stimson, Army Nurse Corps, Retired, then President of the American Nurses’ 

Association, the national organization adopted a firm stand in the matter of address by 

military title and the salute.4

 As Public Law 828 likewise incorporated into the military 

organization the physiotherapists and dieticians, with the emergency concessions 

accorded the nurses, persons making inquiries by telephone at Walter Reed and other 

Army hospitals were for a time nonplussed at the range and medley of voices answering 

the telephone to the unaccustomed title of “Lieutenant.”

Main Post Exchange; WRGH-1949
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Wartime Readjustments

By August 22, 1943, qualified WAC enlisted personnel became eligible for a six-month 

intensive training course in physiotherapy, on completion of which, with an added 

three-month practical course in a selected Army hospital, such students were eligible 

for commission as second lieutenants.5

Whereas: The Civilian

There is no one quite so much outside the group activity during wartime as the civilian 

employee who works on a military post. For many of their “buddies” of last week or last 

month, having donned “pink” pants or earned sergeants stripes have thus gained entry 

into the brave new world in the making. Flippantly, perhaps, as some newly militarized 

personnel adopted a patronizing attitude, many simple and unclassified procedures of 

the daily routine assumed an unwarranted importance, and the term “Military Secret” 

was used in badinage. As a result of nation-wide commodity shortages and rationing, 

Post commissary cards were genuinely treasured. Thus the privilege of shopping at a Post 

Exchange well stocked with Kleenex, cigarettes, and even baggy rayon stockings made 

a vast difference in the comfort and ease with which two associated groups discharged 

their mutual domestic responsibilities. Thus, morale was, as always, an uncurrent problem, for each group believed the other favored in certain conspicuous ways.

Once in uniform, many civilians of a few weeks before resented the eight-hour-bythe-clock duty accorded their former associates. Some resented what they considered 

the unjustifiably authoritarian manner adopted by some minor military authorities, 

the objectionable “red tape” which so often characterizes management of any large 

organization, and the extra leave, in the form of “passes,” accorded the enlisted military group. Many criticized the military tax exemptions, reduced train and movie fare 

and the postage-free mail which benefited military personnel on garrison duty in the 

United States as readily as combat personnel. Some believed there should have been 

some distinction in the privileges accorded personnel on overseas and domestic duty. 

Some of the military group resented the fact that of the many civilians who remained at 

home, many received cost-of-living raises and that their way of life was less interrupted 

by war. Class distinction had not been especially noticeable when employees rubbed 

“shoulder to shoulder” as civilians; on the other hand, the mere donning of a military 

uniform created an artificial condition for some, for in the majority of military agencies, 

officer-status governs job control.

Many soldiers, in the beginning, resented the WAC; some nurses resented the WAC; 

and after their acceptance in Army Hospitals, some enlisted WACs resented the paid 

nurse’s aide,6

 who in a sense was a technical associate but had better working hours. 

Disciplinary measures were less effective with civilians than with the military, for 

they could resign or transfer but, because of restrictive Civil Service Regulations, were 

difficult to fire. Hospital authorities, with ever increasing responsibilities for patient 

care, were at the mercy of unskilled employees, some of whom would have been 

considered unemployable in a less competitive labor market. This was especially true of 
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mess attendants and custodial help, for many substandard and racial groups descended on 

Washington, where Government employment became a financial Mecca for many of the 

formerly underprivileged. Prior to the war and in addition to the soldiers’ help, men were 

usually employed as mess attendants, cooks, janitors, laborers and ward attendants, but the 

personnel shortages of World War II soon caused the use of women. Many had never worked 

before, others accepted their jobs casually; thus job turnover was frequent and absenteeism 

was extremely high.7

The increased number of civilians employed at the Army Medical Center, and the hospital in particular, brought a reorganization and expansion of the Civilian Personnel Section 

of the headquarters, on November 1, 1942. Thereafter, all personnel actions for civilians 

were consolidated in the Central Civilian Personnel Section, where they were administered 

in compliance with Civil Service, War Department, Military District of Washington and 

Surgeon General’s Office directives. This 

was obviously a complicated procedure, 

and sub-section personnel offices were 

established to manage group activities, such 

as the hospital employees, Quartermaster, 

School, etc.

On February 23, 1943, the Surgeon 

General’s Office delegated certain of its 

functions to the station, these including 

immediate employment action on certain 

appointments below the CAF-6 Grade, 

or its equivalent, and upgraded employees 

paid by Medical Department and Hospital 

funds or funds from the Military District of 

Washington.8

 The Central Civilian Personnel 

Section, Army Medical Center, had a director and appropriate section supervisors for 

Training, Classification, Correspondence, Position 

Control and Reports, File and Messenger Service. These activities had made significant interval 

increases, for when the hospital was opened in 1909 four civilians9

 were employed, and by 

1925, when Charles J. Considine came to the Post as Chief Clerk, 300 civilians were employed. 

By 1948, the number had reached 1,859.10

In Line of Duty

The year 1940, at the Army Medical School, was not unusually significant from any 

single aspect of the School’s four-fold purpose of education, routine laboratory work, 

production of biological products or conduct of research studies.

Insofar as the first was concerned, the advanced graduate course for doctors was 

not offered after 1939; the time allotted to the basic course was curtailed thirty-one 

per cent in 1940 and eliminated entirely in 1941. The Professional Specialists course was 

WAC Technician
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Wartime Readjustments

still functioning, presumably on a two-to-four-year basis, depending on the background 

of the trainees. Thus the actual time required for completion of this course was not 

fixed.11 Instruction in the Army Medical School course in Clinical Medicine was, at that 

time, limited to neuropsychiatry. At the beginning of the war about seven per cent12 of all 

Regular Army doctors were listed as specialists, the greater majority of them serving in the 

general hospitals, and this percentage was considered adequate for the peacetime teaching 

and staffing program. These men were not only reputable and able but they were in some 

cases nationally known in their own field. The requirements for professional specialization, 

of increasing financial and prestige significance to civilian doctors, had not then resulted in 

the great stampede toward post-graduate training and Board certification which was to affect 

the Medical Corps some six years later. This was perhaps primarily the result of a difference 

in professional perspective. The income of the Army doctor was unaffected by competitive 

bidding for patients. The Army was, as one retired nose and throat specialist remarked wistfully, a place where the doctor could practice medicine honestly.13

The constantly expanding requirements for trained enlisted men, especially technicians, posed a hardship on the School authorities, for only one hundred men could 

be accommodated in the barracks space then provided for enlisted personnel. It was 

necessary, however, as part of the Medical Department training program, to inaugurate 

New Central Dental Laboratory
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Borden’s Dream

a course for hospital cooks on July 1, 1940. In regard to equipment-testing, two series 

of tests were made on the new Army Field Range, M-1937, to evaluate the possibilities 

of lead poisoning in the food or by the fumes therefrom. Gasoline, with varying lead 

contents, was used for fuel, and as a result of the findings some commercial producers 

of reagents became interested in the development of new products. 

The production of routine biological products mounted in accordance with the 

increasing needs of the Army hospitalization program and of allied federal medical 

programs dependent on the School vaccine laboratory for supplies. Blood banks and 

studies of dried and fluid blood products, as noted, excited considerable interest at this 

time, with both the products and the subsequent clinical therapy of prime concern to 

Army doctors.

The Central Dental Laboratory, operating as a separate organizational unit for the first 

time during the fiscal year 1940– that is, July 1, 1939, to June 30, 1940-performed work 

which had heretofore been essentially a function of the Army Dental School. Thereafter 

it served as a group laboratory for Army areas in the East and as a prostheses laboratory 

for the Army Dental School. Nevertheless, recognition as a functional entity, with a 

separate director, but with administrative and fiscal accountability to the Army Medical 

Center, further complicated the organizational structure of this, the most complicated 

of all the Medical Department’s installation activities.14

As noted, seventeen barracks buildings, each with an approximate capacity of sixtythree men, two bachelor officers’ dormitories, with a capacity of thirty-eight men each, 

and a dining hall, with a seating capacity of 750 men, were constructed during 1941 to 

care for the expanding requirements of the Medical Department Professional Service 

Schools. Further, two of the semi-permanent buildings erected in 1918 were converted 

into school rooms. There were no changes in the basic functions of the Schools, whose 

activities increased approximately 700 per cent during the year.

Condensed Basic Graduate Courses, Professional Specialists’ Courses and Refresher Courseswere 

provided for reserved officers after 1941. Instruction courses for Regular Army officers 

were terminated in April 1941. The courses for enlisted men included the usual X-ray, 

Laboratory, Pharmacy, Orthopedic Appliances, Medical Technicians, Surgical Technicians 

and the course for hospital cooks, as well as a special course of instruction in photoroentgenology for both officers and enlisted men. Enlisted men were being drawn off to fill 

cadres for the newly activated medical units and for new stations in the Zone of Interior. 

As a consequence of this situation, the number of civilian employees at the School was 

increased to ninety-eight. Nevertheless, in spite of strenuous attempts to maintain the 

status quo, the depletion of trained personnel adversely affected the teaching program 

to some extent.15 Colonel George R. Callender, the Army’s well known wound ballistics 

expert and pathologist, was director of the Army Medical School at this time, a position 

he continued to hold during the war years. As a result of his magnificent effort in training 

many of the young reserve and Army of the United States officers during World War II, 

he was promoted to the temporary grade of Brigadier General, Medical Corps, in 1945.
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Wartime Readjustments

The production of Triple Typhoid Vaccine exceeded that of 1941 by 164 per cent and 

the production of the combined years of 1937-41 by 20.4 per cent. The production of 

glucose exceeded the previous year by 17.9 per cent and the combined years of 1937-41 

by 31.39 per cent. Production of Allergenic Protein Extracts and Pneumonia Vaccine 

was discontinued, and the Army Veterinary School was provided with the additional 

space for production of encephalomyelitis vaccine for humans. As in the past, however, 

the Division of Biologic Products prepared the hypodermic solution of codeine sulfate and 

some other biological products used at the Walter Reed General Hospital.16

By May 1941, the War Department had established a policy of bloodgrouping all 

members of the Armed Forces, with their identification tags properly stamped to show 

the (Landsteiner) International Classification System. This policy was economical from 

the administrative standpoint, and it doubtless saved thousands of lives by permitting 

immediate transfusion in emergency cases. Army Medical School personnel made the 

determinations on all military personnel reporting to the Post for active military service. 

Further, the Division of Blood Research made a study of human serum albumin, in an attempt to standardize a package of suitable transportable size yet one which would furnish 

adequate fluid and protein for the treatment of shock, hemorrhage, burns and other 

hypoproteinemic states. Courses in shock, surgical physiology and the treatment of war 

wounds were given to Medical and Dental officers stationed temporarily at the Army 

Medical Department Professional Schools, and in January, March and June, lectures on 

shock and the use of plasma by the Armed Forces were delivered at the Medical Field 

Service School at Carlisle. The blood program endorsed by the Medical Department 

was much too extensive to enable the School to act as purveyor of all blood products. 

During 1942, therefore, contracts were let to eight commercial laboratories for the 

preparation of dried plasma for use by the Armed Forces.17

The Division of Chemistry and Physics continued to perform nearly all the toxicological 

examinations for the entire Army. Further, it functioned as the Chemistry Section of 

the Third Corps Area Laboratory, thus doing considerable routine work. Similar work 

performed for Walter Reed increased during the year, for after a rather generalized 

outbreak of jaundice a medical survey was initiated, and the determinations placed a 

heavy load on the depleted staff of this section. Further, during 1942, the Divisions of 

Food and Nutrition and Industrial Hygiene were added to the School activities, and during 

the last three months of the fiscal year 1943, some basic research in food was begun 

in relation to the Army ration. 

The Division of Virus and Rickettsial Diseases was especially busy, as infectious material 

received from Labrador, Iceland, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and many domestic stations in the United States, included material from cases of neurotropic virus diseases. 

The Virus Laboratory at the Army Medical School was the first of its kind in that 

diagnostic methods were employed routinely in the diagnosis of virus and rickettsial 

diseases. Like the Rockefeller Foundation, the School was sponsoring extensive research 

on typhus, work which could not then be published for military reasons but which had 
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Production of Veterinary Biologicals.

far-reaching effects as an international public health measure. Some of this work was 

later evidenced in the Army’s typhus-control program in Naples, Italy.

Concurrently, intensive four-week courses were given in Tropical Medicine, to 

prepare doctors for tropical service; an eight-week course in Tropical and Military 

Medicine, 1942 was designed to prepare junior officers for service as assistants in 

the medical service of Army post hospitals in the United States and abroad, with 

the particular object of teaching the application of knowledge already acquired. 

An intensive four-week course in Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery was given, as 

noted, to instruct medical and dental officers of the Army of the United States in 

the principles and standard procedures applicable to this subject and to serve as 

“teams” in the Medical Department installations at home and abroad. The staff was 

selected from the Army Medical School faculty, the Army Dental School faculty 

and the hospital staff. Further, an intensive course in roentgenology was offered 

and a six-week refresher course for Sanitary Reserve officers. 

In addition to the very special work in animal biologicals, the Army Veterinary 

School found it necessary to train an increasing number of men in meat and dairy 

inspection, and the Army Dental School, whose demands increased over 300 per
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Wartime Readjustments

Capt. Monroe J. Romansky, Penicillin Expert

cent in the first six months of 1942, needed more men and more space. Enabled 

by funds transferred to the Army Medical Center from the Office of Emergency 

Management, on February 1, 1942, the maxillo-facial group was still experimenting 

with vitallium implants as replacements of mutilated parts of the body.18

An Army Specialist Corps was established by Executive Order No. 9078, February 26, 

1942, with Section V providing for Medical Service. By November 4, however, all officers 

in the Corps were required to apply for commissions in the Army of the United States 

by December 1, or be discharged on December 31, 1942. Six months later, passage of 

Public Law 130, 78th Congress, Act of July 12, 1943, required the transfer to the newly 

created Pharmacy Corps, of Medical Administrative Officers of the Regular Army, this 

number in addition to the seventy-two officers authorized by law. Inasmuch as the 

top military grade for this Corps was raised from Major, as allowed for the Medical 

Administrative Corps, to Colonel, the Medical Department was destined to undergo 

some policy changes and effect more responsible administrative assignments for the 

Corps. Ultimately, the Pharmacy Corps provided opportunities for many qualified 

health workers other than exclusively graduate pharmacists, and some became deeply 

interested in hospital administration at Walter Reed and elsewhere. 
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School for MD PSS Technicians

The manpower allotment of enlisted men for special training programs varied from 

time to time, depending on the size of the Army and the consequent number of medical installations. The enlarged classes at the Army Medical Department Professional 

Services Schools began on April 2, 1941. Under authority of an Adjutant General’s letter of January 15, 1942, nearly one-half of the trainees were assigned from the Medical 

Department Replacement Training Center at Camp Lee, Virginia, later called Camp Pickett. 

Men from the Replacement Center often had some background in the specialties, rather 

than, as formerly, only basic military training. Part of the personnel for the early courses 

came from the Army Medical Center Detachment, but after the first few courses, the 

permanent personnel was so depleted as a result of providing cadres for new units that 

the Detachment could no longer provide replacements. 

There was, especially in the early days of the training program, a wide variation in the 

quality of personnel provided for technical training. Directives established by the Surgeon 

General’s Office required a high school education as preliminary to the Laboratory, Pharmacy 

and X-ray training, but Army Medical School authorities sometimes believed that classificaMrs. Rea returns to visit the Gray Ladies
XV

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Wartime Readjustments

tion specialists were more concerned with producing numbers of recruits than quality. In 

questioning some of the 1942 assignees, reclassification officers learned that above one-third 

of the men were not only unsuited for technical assignments but did not want such courses, 

factors which necessitated many transfers and adjustments. Further, many could not qualify 

as Grade 5 technicians, even after several attempts at training. Thus it was not only costly 

and wasteful to attempt to train such material but it was definitely dangerous to use substandard men, as the lives of patients were involved. Unfortunately, the frequently changing War 

Department policies governing the release of personnel made maintenance of a technically 

qualified and numerically adequate staff extremely difficult. Colonel Callender was unsympathetic with what he believed to be a prevalent but erroneous idea of classification experts 

that any available doctor could serve as instructor, especially in teaching tropical diseases. 

Further, he believed that many distinguished civilian doctors were prevented from seeking 

military appointment because of lack of suitable military grades.19

The medical and surgical courses were the only ones in which the staff at Walter Reed 

participated. The third month of this training was given at the hospital and the Army Medical School; the fourth, fifth and sixth months were given at Gallinger Municipal Hospital, 

Emergency Hospital and Providence Hospital, all in Washington, District of Columbia.

Actual management of the Technicians’ School, where the enrollees increased from less 

than sixty in a session in pre-war days to more than 500 a session in the mid-war years, was 

not solely an academic responsibility, for a total military management problem was involved 

which included reception, classification, housing, feeding, training, discipline, physical examination, payment and the ultimate re-transfer of men to units.

World War II; Successor to the Come Back

Mark Austed of Station WRGH, better known 

as Mark Evans of Station WTOP
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Colonel Richard P. Strong Major General Shelley U. Marietta decorating a patient with the Purple Heart.

Continued Expansion

The outstanding activities of the Medical Department Professional Services 

Schools group for the fiscal year 1943, the first complete year since the war, included 

not only increased production of biologicals but an unavoidable increase in the teaching 

load. The Tropical and Military Medicine Class, at first a mere thirty students, increased 

to 230. All of the other departments and courses at the School were similarly crowded, 

and some relief to the physical plant was effected through transfer of the roentgenology courses to Memphis, Tennessee, and cessation of the pharmacy classes, Medical 

Department Professional Services Schools. As a precautionary or security measure, a 

subsidiary laboratory was established in Lansing, Michigan, which by the end of the 

fiscal year was almost ninety-five per cent complete.20

Reserves in the diagnostic biologicals were built up, but this made further inroads on 

the already depleted supply of small laboratory animals so necessary to the investigative 

program. Studies and developments in the field X-ray, the processing and packaging of 

plasma and the development of byproducts of serum albumin production continued. 

Army Medical School research experts cooperated with contemporaries at Harvard and 

with the Typhus Commission.

Insofar as organization was concerned, the Department of Tropical Medicine, under 

the direction of the internationally famous Doctor Richard P. Strong, a reserve officer 

on active duty, replaced the former departments of Clinical Medicine and Preventative 

Medicine; the departments of Military Medicine and Military Surgery encompassed the 
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Wartime Readjustments

former specialized and related subjects in these respective fields. In the case of Military 

Surgery, the courses in anesthesia and neurosurgery were modified as well as approved 

by the appropriate national professional groups. The Division of Industrial Hygiene was 

transferred to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1943, but remained under the direction of the 

Army Medical School. The Division of Pathology was, as in the past, largely operated by 

the Army Medical Museum.

The fiscal costs of operating the School unit, through local procurement and standard 

issue, without salaries and maintenance, approximated $700,000. The cash return to 

the Treasury of the United States, primarily for typhoid vaccines purveyed to other 

Federal agencies, equaled $212,422.21 Measured in terms of manpower and the saving 

in human lives, these costs were incalculably small. The personnel, officers, enlisted 

men and civilians employed in the Medical Department Professional Services Schools’ 

activities had increased three times over the numbers assigned in 1938. The training 

program produced about thirty-five times as many graduates and approximately thirty 

times as many biologicals.

More than eighty years had passed since the Civil War, when “country practitioners 

in green sashes (became acquainted) with hygiene and vaccinations” and since Surgeon General Hammond had proposed establishing a general hospital in Washington 

City; forty years had passed since Dr. Borden began talking to conferees of his plans 

for grouping the associated activities of hospital, school, museum and library in one 

location. Only twenty years had passed since the Army Medical School became part 

of the Army Medical Center. A war had cemented the organizational and functional 

relationship of these two great institutions and shown clearly that medically as well as 

tactically, “Training too was needed to make an Army.”22

References

1. Major Paul F. Straub, “The Training of Sanitary Troops,” The Military Surgeon, Vol XVIII, 

No.4, April 1911, pg 362.

2. General Orders No. 33, Hdq. AMC.

3. Annual Rpt., WRGH, 1943.

4. Memo to TSG from E.S. Adams, Maj. Gen., TAG, Sub: Military Titles for Members of the 

Army Nurse Corps, June 21, 1940. File 322.5-2 (Op.Sv.) Hist. Div., SGO; Ltr from Alta E. 

Dines to Miss Mary Beard, ARC, July 20, 1940, File 052.3, Archives ARC; Ltr. from James C. 

Magee, MG, TSG, to Hon. Norman H. Davis, Chrm. ARC, July 24, 1943, SGO 211 Nurses; 

Memo to TSG from Julia C. Flikke, Supt. ANC, July 2, 1940. File, AG 322.31 (7-2-40); Ltr. 

from Julia C. Stimson, Pres. ANA to Miss Mary Beard, Dir., Nursing Service, ARC, Sept. 

3, 1940, File 052.3, Archives, ARC; Ltr. James C. Magee, Maj. Gen. TSG to Maj. Julia C. 

Stimson, Aug. 14, 1940, File 340.5-2 (Op.Sv.) Hist. Div., SGO; Ltr. from G.C. Marshall, C/S 

to Miss Julia C. Stimson, Aug. 14, 1940, File 322.21 (C/S) (7-3-40) War Dept., Record Room; 

Ltr. from G.C. Marshall, C/S to Miss Julia C. Stimson, Pres. ANA, Dec. 7, 1940, Photostat 

of original, File 052.3 Archives, ARC. Interview G.C. Marshall, S/S, Dec. 1, 1948.
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Borden’s Dream

5. Memo W 635-18-43.

6. Florence A. Blanchfield, Organized Nursing...Three Wars, on file Hist. Div., Office of the 

Surgeon General.

 7. See Annual Rpts WRGH, for World War II period.

8. Annual Rpt., WRGH, 1943.

9. Unpublished manuscript, Hist. WRGH, (Used for World War I Hist. of Med. Dept.) on 

file library, WRAH.

10. Telephone conversation with Charles J. Considine, May 24, 1951; Guy W. Bennett, Jr., 

April 25, 1951.

11. Annual Rpt. MD PSS, 1940, on file Office of the Commandant.

12. Telephone conversation Miss Anne Grey, Personnel Division, SGO.

13. Conversation with Brig. General Royal Reynolds, M.C., Ret., at the Library, WRAH.

14. Annual Rpt., MD PSS, 1940, op cit.

15. Annual Rpt. of Technical Activities of the Army Medical School for FY Ending June 30, 1941, 

on file, Office of the Commandant.

16. Ibid.

17. Annual Rpt., AMS, 1942, op cit.

18. Annual Rpt., of Technical Activities of the AMS...1942, op cit.

19. Ibid.

20. Annual Rpt., of Technical Activities of the AMS...1943, op cit.

21. Annual Rpt., MD PSS, 1943, op cit.

22. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington 1860–1865, Harper & Brothers, New York and London, 

ca 1941, page 107.