CHARLES P. A EXAN B re din-Arc hb oldSmithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica:

The Crane Flies

(Diptera: Tipulidae)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1970 NUMBER 45
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 45

Charles P. Alexander BredinSmithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica:

The Crane Flies

(Diptera: Tipulidae)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

I97O
ABSTRACT

Alexander, Charles P. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica:

The Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 45:

1-57. 1970.—The crane fly fauna of the Antillean island of Dominica is discussed,

based in chief part on a study of the extensive series of specimens collected by

various staff members in entomology of the United States National Museum between

1956 and 1966. The only other island of the Lesser Antilles that had been studied

in some detail is Saint Vincent, by Williston (1896). Two islands of the Greater

Antilles have been discussed by Alexander, Puerto Rico (1932) and Jamaica (1964a).

In this report on Dominica 64 species of Tipulidae are discussed, of which 26 are

described as new. Virtually all belong to the subfamily Limoniinae, with only

3 species, distributed in as many genera, in the Tipulinae. In the Limoniinae, 3 tribes

are represented, the largest being the Limoniini with 32 species or exactly one-half

of those presently known from the island. The largest single genus is Limonia

Meigen, with 29 species arranged in 6 subgenera, the largest such groups being

Geranomyia Haliday with 13 species and Rhipidia Meigen with 8. The second most

important tribe is the Eriopterini, with 23 species belonging to 7 genera, the largest

genus being Gonomyia Meigen with 10 species in 4 subgenera. The third tribe, the

Hexatomini, has only 6 species in 5 genera. Only 2 genera, Limonia Meigen and

Gonomyia Meigen, have 10 or more species. Of the total of 28 genera and subgenera

in the Dominican fauna no fewer than 19 are represented by a single species each.

The following new taxa are described:

Eriopterodes, new genus; Nephrotoma dominicana, new species; Tipula (Microtipula) carib, new species; Limonia (Caenoglochina) wirthiana, new species;

L. (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species; L. (Neolimonia) gurneyi, new species;

L. (Geranomyia) caribica, new species; L. (G.) neptis, new species; L. (G.) spangleri,

new species; L. (Rhipidia) eremnocera, new species; L. (R.) steyskali, new species;

Orimarga (Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species; O. (Diotrepha) bifidaria, new

species; Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species; Shannonomyia urophora,

new species; Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new species; Teucholabis

(Teucholabis) fulviventris, new species; T. (T.) tenella, new species; Gonomyia

(Gonomyia) dominicana, new species; G. (Lipophleps) acanthomelana, newspecies; G. (Paralipophleps) cultriformis, new species; G. (P.) dikopis, new species;

G. (P.) wirthiana, new species; Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies;

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana, new species; Toxorhina (Toxorhina) carunculata, new species; T. (T.) polytricha, new species; T. (T.) subfragilis, new species.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

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Charles P. Alexander Bredin -ArchboldSmithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica:

The Crane Flies

(Diptera: Tipulidae)

The crane fly materials upon which the present paper

is based in chief part were collected by staff members

of the United States National Museum. A relatively

few further specimens were derived from other

sources, as discussed later. Types of the new species

here described are in the United States National

Museum.

Members of the museum staff who participated most

actively in the Bredin-Archbold Survey include J. F. G.

and Thelma Clarke (1956, 1965), R. J. Gagne (1966),

A. B. Gurney (1966), P. J. Spangler (1964), G. C.

Steyskal (1966), and especially W. W. Wirth (1965).

Fewer specimens have been taken by D. M. Anderson

(1965), R. T. Bell (1965), D. F. Bray (1964), D. R.

Davis (1965), O. S. Flint (1966), and D. L Jackson

(1965). The flies were collected in various manners,

chiefly by general sweeping with nets, by Malaise traps,

at light, or by means of light traps. A very few species

were represented by reared materials, as discussed under Limonia (Geranomyia) spangleri, new species,

L. (Rhipidia) domestica (Osten Sacken), and L. (R.)

subpectinata (Williston). In addition to the above

there were a small number of miscellaneous unreared

larvae that are not discussed further at this time.

Apparently, the first crane flies to be collected on

Dominica were taken by Dr. Walter H. Hodge in 1938,

Charles P. Alexander, Professor Emeritus of Entomology,

University of Massachusetts, 39 Old Town Road, Amherst,

Massachusetts, 01002.

as discussed in some detail in a paper by the writer

(Alexander, 1939b:91-100; see Literature Cited at

conclusion of report). Dr. Hodge secured representatives of 14 species of Tipulidae, of which 8 were described as new in the paper cited. His principal collecting stations included Morne Trois Pitons, mentioned briefly later under the account of Leptotarsus

(Longurio) hodgei (Alexander), at the Hatton Garden and Sylvania Estates, and along the interconnecting Hatton Garden Trail. Papers by Hodge (1941,

1942), and the interesting early account of Dominica

by Ober (1880) are listed under Literature Cited. In

addition to the collectors named, a few further specimens were taken in November 1967 by Noel L. H.

Krauss, of Honolulu.

The species treated in the present paper may be

considered as being representative of the crane fly

fauna of the island, but it seems certain that many

further species will be added by later collecting. In

comparing the Tipulidae of Dominica with other West

Indian islands, attention may be called to detailed discussions by the writer covering Puerto Rico (1932)

and Jamaica (1964a). For the Lesser Antilles, the only

detailed account is a report by Williston (18%) discussing the species of Saint Vincent, likewise in the

Windward Islands and located some two degrees of

latitude to the south, separated from Dominica by the

islands of Martinique and Saint Lucia. Williston's list

of species from Saint Vincent includes 23 species of

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

which the following have not been collected in Dominica: Nephrotoma elegantula (Williston); Tipula (Microtipula) subinfuscata Williston; Limonia (Geranomyia) lycaon Alexander, as pallid a Williston, preoccupied; Limonia (G.) rostrata antillarum Alexander,

as rostrata Say; Limonia (Rhipidia) unipectinata

(Williston); Orimarga (Diotrepha) concinna (Williston) ; O. (D.) mirabilis (Osten Sacken) ; Epiphragma (Epiphragma) sackeni Williston; Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) meridionalis Alexander, as

longirostris Williston, preoccupied; Trentepohlia

(Paramongoma) manca (Williston) ; Trentepohtia

(P.) pallida (Williston) ; Teucholabis (Teucholabis)

complexa Osten Sacken; Gonomyia (Paralipophleps)

pleuralis (Williston) ; and Erioptera (Erioptera) annulipes Williston. Certain of the above are based on

erroneous identifications, but some of the valid species

presumably will be found to occur in Dominica. A

small number may be found to be restricted to Saint

Vincent and, conversely, it appears that certain of the

Dominican species described at this time will be found

to be restricted to this island.

Systematic Treatment

Key to Subfamilies and Tribes of TIPULIDAE

1. Terminal segment of maxillary palpus commonly elongate; nasus usually distinct; antennae

with 13 segments; size large (wing of local species 12 mm or more) ; venation (Figures 1-3)

Tipulinae

Terminal segment of maxillary palpus short; no distinct nasus; antennae commonly with

either 14 or 16 segments, fewer in Toxorhina where 5 or 6 flagellar segments are united

to form a basal fusion segment; size small (wing of local species commonly less than 10 mm);

venation (Figures 7, 29-31, 36-41, 44-47, 60-64) Limoniinae 2

2. Wings with free tip of vein Sc2 often preserved; veins Rt and i?» fused to margin, there being

only 2 branches of Rs: venation (Figures 7, 27-31) ; antennae with 14 segments (Limonia)

or with 16 segments (Helius, Orimarga) Limoniini

Wings with free tip of vein Sc3 lacking; veins Rt and Rs separate, the former usually transferred

to the upper branch of the sector to form an element Ri.n; usually with 3 branches of Rs,

with 2 such branches in Atarba (Figure 40), Elephantomyia (Figure 41), Teucholabis

(Figure 44), and in some Gonomyia (Figures 46, 47), in Toxorhina (Figure 64), with a

single branch; antennae usually with 16 segments, except in Toxorhina, as stated in

couplet lb 3

3. Legs with tibial spurs present; venation (Figures 36-41) Hexatomini

Legs with tibial spurs lacking; venation (Figures 44-47, 60-64) Eriopterini

TIPULINAE

Key to Genera of TIPULINAE

1. Wings (Figure 2) with vein Sc short, Sct opposite origin of Rs; cell Mi elongate, sessile; vein

Mi originating before base of cell 1st Mi (N. dominicana, new species)

Nephrotoma Meigen

Wings (Figures 1, 3) with vein Sc longer, Sct beyond midlength of Rs; cell Mi shorter,

petiolate; vein M« originating at outer end of cell 1st Mt 2

2. Wings (Figure I) with vein Sci preserved, ending beyond level of fork of Rs; r-m reduced by

approximation of veins Ri+i and Afi+1; antenna with terminal segment long, subequal to the

penultimate, verticils of outer flagellar segments very long, exceeding the segments

(L. hodgei Alexander) Leptotarsus Guerin-M6neville

Wings (Figure 3) with vein Sct atrophied, Set joining R before the fork of Rs, r-m elongate;

antenna with terminal segment reduced, oval, less than one-fifth the penultimate, verticils

of outer flagellar segments shorter than the segments

(T. carib, new species) Tipula Linnaeus
NUMBER 45

Genus Leptotarsus Guerin-Meneville

Leptotarsus Guenn-M6neville, 1838, p. 286.

Subgenus Longurio Locw; 1869, page 3.

Leptotarsus (Longurio) hodgei (Alexander), 1939

FIGURES 1,4

Tanypremna (Tanypremna) hodgei Alexander, 1939b, pp.

92-93, figi. 1, 10.

The types were from Morne Trois Pitons, Dominica,

altitude 1,371.6 m (4,500 ft), taken 15 August 1938

by W. H. Hodge. Dr. Hodge made the following observations concerning this species: "Collected on one

of the two lesser summits of Mome Trois Pitons, in

typical wind-dwarfed, rain-swept cloud forest, the

branches of the trees dripping with mosses and hepatics

and laden with other epiphytes, particularly watercontaining bromeliads. This species occurred in dozens,

many mating. The few I managed to pick up I had to

stalk after they had alighted beneath the shelter of

the leaves."

The further specimens now available show some

differences in coloration, especially the darker wings,

and in having cell 2nd A narrower than in the type

(Figure 1). The male hypopygium (Figure 4) has the

2 spinoid setae near apex of the inner dististyle, d,

more reduced and with a strong tubercle tipped with

a very stout spinoid seta on disk of the style, this not

present in the type-material. The specimens available

have the powerful spine at base of the inner dististyle

and strong setae on the rounded gonapophyses, but

despite these differences appear to represent a single

species. The fly originally was described as a Tanypremna but seems more correctly placed in Longurio

Loew, both names now considered as being subgenera

in the major genus Leptotarsus, as here treated. It has

become increasingly difficult to maintain these two

groups as distinct.

DOMINICA.—Morne Trois Pitons, 1,371.6 m (4,500

ft), 15 August 1938 (Hodge). D'leau Gommier, 17

March 1956 (Clarke); 16 March 1965 (Wirth). Pont

Casse, 23 November 1964 (Spangler); 804.7 m (0.5

mile) east of Pont Casse, 11 April 1966 (Gagne")

4,828 m (3 miles) east, 13-16 October 1966 (Gurney).

Fresh Water Lake, 762 m (2,500 ft), 5 April 1966

Genus Nephrotoma Meigen

Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803, p. 262.

Nephrotoma dominicana, new species

FIGURES 2, 5

General coloration of mesonotum yellow, praescutum

with 3 chestnut brown stripes, anterior third of median

area with sides blackened, lateral stripes straight; knob

of halteres brownish black; legs obscure yellow, outer

segments brownish black, claws toothed; wings faintly

tinted, cell Sc and stigma darker brown, extreme wing

tip weakly infuscated; male hypopygium with distal

third of outer dististyle long and slender, inner style

with beak broadly obtuse, posterior crest produced into

an obtuse blade, outer basal lobe a small darkened

knob; 8th sternite with dense fringes of long yellow

setae, the median membrane densely reticulated.

MALE.—Length about 10-13 mm; wing 9.5-10.5

mm; antenna about 3.8-4.2 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 14-15 mm; wing 11-12

mm.

Frontal prolongation of head polished yellow, nasus

elongate, brownish black, with black setae; palpi

brown, basal segment yellowed. Antennae of male

relatively long; scape brownish yellow, pedicel and

1st flagellar segment dark brown, remainder of flagellum more blackened; segments only moderately incised, verticils short. Head orange, including the low

entire vertical tubercle; occipital brand inconspicuous,

pale brown, subtriangular, the anterior end rounded.

Pronotal scutum yellowed on central part, more

obscured on sides, scutellum yellow medially and on

sides, intermediate areas dark brown. Mesonotal

praescutum yellow, with 3 chestnut brown stripes, the

broader central area narrowed posteriorly, reaching

the suture, lateral borders of anterior third black;

lateral stripes straight, chestnut brown, in cases very

faint, cephalic end more darkened but not outcurved;

scutum with median area broadly yellow, lobes chestnut brown, cephalic part with 2 virtually separate

brown marks, lateral end of outer one blackened at

suture; scutellum light brown, parascutella yellow;

postnotum chiefly yellow, anterior part of disk of

mediotergite more fulvous, pleurotergite with a narrow darkened stripe that separates the anapleurotergite

from the katapleurotergite; scutellum and mediotergite

with sparse short setae. Pleura light yellow, with vague

more reddened areas, more evident on anepisternum
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

9s

FIGURES 1-6.—Venation: 1, Leptotarsus (Longurio) hodgei (Alexander) ; 2, Nephrotoma

dominicana, new species; 3, Tipula (Microtipula) carib, new species. Male hypopygium: 4,

Leptotarsus (Longurio) hodgei (Alexander); 5, Nephrotoma dominicana, new species; 6, Tipula

(Microtipula) carib, new species, [SYMBOLS: b, basistyle; d, dististyle; p, phallosome; pr,

proctiger; 8s, 8th sternite; 9s, 9th sternite; t, tergite.]
NUMBER 4 3

and ventral sternopleurite. Halteres with stem dark

brown, base reddened, knob brownish black. Legs with

coxae and trochanters yellow; femora obscure yellow,

base clearer, outer end vaguely more darkened; tibiae

brownish yellow; tarsi gradually darkening to brownish

black; claw of male with a single tooth just before

midlength. Wings (Figure 2) very faintly tinted, cell

C brownish yellow, Sc and the stigma darker brown;

extreme wing tip in cells Rs to A/t weakly infuscated;

veins dark brown. About 5 trichia in stigma, lacking in

outer wing cells. Venation: cell Afx narrowly sessile;

m-cu shortly before fork of vein M4.

First abdominal tergite yellowed, with paired pale

brown spots on either side; 2nd tergite yellow,

darkened centrally before midlength and near apex;

succeeding tergites chiefly dark brown, incisures yellow, more extensive on bases of segments; sternites

yellow, restrictedly pale brown at posterior ends, appearing as paired darkenings that are more extensive

and confluent on outer segments; hypopygium yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 5) with lateral tergal lobes, t, appearing as glabrous blades, the tips

obtuse; spinoid setae in two groups, with smaller pegs

at margin. Outer dististyles, d, with outer third long

and slender; inner style with beak broadly obtuse,

lower margin slightly produced and blackened, lower

beak black; posterior crest produced into a broadly

obtuse blade; outer basal lobe a small darkened knob

that is tipped with a few weak setae; aedeagus short

and stout, the subtending apophyses subhyaline, long

and narrow, tips obtuse. Eighth sternite, 8 s, with posterior border slightly concave, with dense fringes of

very long yellow setae with incurved tips, forming conspicuous brushes; additional to the setae, with a central

membrane including many microscopic areolae to produce a densely reticulate appearance (not shown in

figure).

Holotype, male, Cabrit Swamp, Dominica, 23 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, South Chiltern, 8-10 December 1964 (Spangler). Paratypes,

male, female, with allotype: female, Laboviere, October 1967 (Krauss); male, Pont Casse, 12-14 October

1964 (Spangler).

Nephrotoma dominicana is quite distinct from N.

elegantula (Williston), described from Saint Vincent.

This has the pattern of the mesonotum with outcurved

praescutal stripes and with the tips of the femora and

tibiae blackened. Other species from the Greater Antilles include N. circumscripta (Loew), from Cuba and

Jamaica, and N. glabricristata Alexander, from Hispaniola (Haiti) and Cuba, both different from the

present fly.

Genus Tipula Linnaeus

Tipula Linne", 1758, p. 585.

Subgenus Microtipula Alexander

Subgenus Microtipula Alexander, 1912b, page 360, figs. 1, q.

Tipula (Microtipula) carib, new species

FIGURES 3, 6

General coloration of thoracic dorsum chestnut brown,

pleura yellowed; antennae of male elongate, in the

extreme cases only a little shorter than the wing; legs

brown, tarsi brownish black; wings weakly infuscated,

cells C and Sc more darkened, stigma small; abdominal

tergites brown, 7th segment more blackened, sternites

and hypopygium yellowed; male hypopygium with

posterior border of tergite gently emarginate, producing 2 broad lateral lobes and a smaller central protuberance ; proximal end of basistyle with a blackened

scabrous appendage; outer dististyle long and narrow,

inner style outwardly with 2 glabrous blades and a

long black spine.

MALE.—Length about 12-13 mm; wing 10.5-12

mm; antenna about 5.5-11 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 15 mm; wing 13 mm;

antenna about 4 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head yellowish brown;

nasus short and stout; palpi obscure yellow, terminal

segment very long, exceeding in length the combined

basal segments. Antennae of male elongate, very variable in length, as shown by the measurements; scape

and pedicel obscure yellow, 1st flagellar segments yellow to brownish yellow with outer ends slightly darker,

outer segments black; segments long-cylindrical, basal

enlargements oval, verticils much shorter than the

segments. Head light brown.

Pronotum dark brown, sides broadly more yellowed.

Mesonotum almost uniformly chestnut brown, humeral

region of praescutum vaguely more darkened. Pleura

and katapleurotergite yellowed, clearer ventrally.

Halteres with stem weakly darkened, knob brownish

black. Legs with all coxae and trochanters clear light

yellow; femora and tibiae brown, the long tarsi
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

brownish black. Wings (Figure 3) weakly infuscated,

cells C and Sc light to darker brown; stigma small, in

most specimens paler brown, in cases larger and darker;

veins brown. Venation: Sc2 about opposite two-thirds

Rs; cell A/i variable in length, from subequal to its

petiole to about three times this length; cell 2nd A

long and narrow.

Abdomen elongate in both sexes; tergites brown to

dark brown, the basal rings usually more yellowed;

7th segment more intensely blackened; sternites and

hypopygium yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 6)

with tergite, t, transverse, posterior border with 2 low

lateral lobes, marginally with strong black setae;

median emargination of similar outline, produced into

a small more glabrous central lobe; posterior border

beneath more thickened, extended laterally, tipped with

about 8 shorter and stouter black setae, on either side

of ventral surface with a longitudinal area with rows

of delicate yellow setae. Proctiger, pr, without blackened points. Basistyle, b, on mesal face near apex

with a low lobe that is provided with delicate setulae

and sparse yellow setae; mesal face nearer base

with a conspicuous blackened corrugated lobe or appendage. Outer dististyle, d, long and narrow, with

darkened setae; inner style shorter and broader, terminating in 2 glabrous blades that are separated by a

narrow notch, with a powerful more basal arm that

is extended into a long straight black spine. Median

appendage of 9th sternite, 9s, appearing as 2 divergent

lobules provided with abundant yellow setae. Phallosome, p, including small paddle-like gonapophyses at

base of the slender aedeagus.

Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400

ft), 29 April 1966 (Gagne"). Allotype, female, along

Falls trail, 4,828 m (3 miles) cast of Pont Casse, 13-16

October 1966 (Gurney). Paratopotypes, males and

females, in rain forest, 3 February 1965, 9-12 March

1965 (Wirth); 28 April 1966 (Gagne"). Paratypes,

with the allotype, 16 October 1966 (Gurney); male,

D'leau Gommier, 10 March 1966 (Wirth); males and

females, Pont Casse, 12-14 October, 23-30 November,

8-10 December 1965 (Spangler); 2,414 m (1.5 miles)

west of Pont Casse, 3 April 1965 (Davis), 2,736 m

(1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse, 10 March 1965

(Wirth); 1 male, along trail, 1,609 m (1 mile) north

of junction of roads to Rosalie and Castle Bruce, 3% m

(1,300 ft), 23 April 1966 (Gagne").

Other members of the subgenus Microtipula known

from the Windward Islands include the very different

Tipula (Microtipula) bruesi Alexander, of Grenada,

and T. (M.) subinfuscata Williston, of Saint Vincent.

The latter fly remains unknown to me but can scarcely

be referred to the present species because of the coloration, especially of the legs, which are described as being

yellow with the tip of the tibia and most of the tarsi

black. Williston makes no mention of the male hypopygium in his species, this being quite distinctive for

the present fly. The blackened corrugated appendage

of the basistyle in this species likewise occurs in several

other species of the subgenus elsewhere in tropical

America. In the present fly the unusual range in length

of the male antennae should be emphasized.

LIMONIINAE

LIMONnNI

Key to Genera of LIMONIINI

1. Wings (Figure 29) with vein R, lacking.... (H. albitarsis Osten Sacken) J/Wiiu Saint-Fargeau

Wings (Figures 30, 31) with vein Rt present, transverse in position, simulating a crossvein .2

2. Wings (Figures 30, 31) with m-cu some distance before the fork of M, at least three times

its own length and usually more; antennae 16-segmented. Separate key

Orimarga Osten Sacken

Wings (Figure 7) with m-cu close to the fork of M, when before the fork the distance not or

scarcely exceeding its own length; antennae 14-segmented. Separate key Limonia Meigen
NUMBER 45

Genus Helms Saint-Fargeau

Helius Saint-Fargeau, 1825, p. 831.

Rhamphidia Meigen, 1830, p. 281.

Helius (Helius) albitarsis (Osten Sacken), 1887

FIOURE 29

Rhamphidia albitarsis Osten Sacken, 1887, p. 184.

Helius (Helius) albitarsis.-—Alexander, 1964a, pp. 16-17, fig.

5.

The type, a male, was from Puerto Rico, collected

prior to 1860 by Carl A. Moritz. The species is known

from Cuba and Jamaica, Saint Vincent, and from

Central America and northern South America.

DOMINICA.—321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont Casse,

6Mayl966(Gagn£).

The venation is shown (Figure 29).

Genus Limonia Meigen

Limonia Meigen, 1803, p. 362.

Limnobia Meigen, 1818, p. 116.

Limonia.—Alexander, 1967, pp. 279-344.

Subgenus Caenoglochina Alexander, 1964a; page 31

Subgenus Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829; page 53

Subgenus Geranomyia Haliday, 1833; page 154

Subgenus Neoglochina Alexander, 1967; page 316

Subgenus Neolimonia Alexander, 1964a; page 320

Subgenus Rhipidia Meigen, 1818; page 153

Key to Subgenera of Limonia

1. MouthparU and especially the labial palpi elongate, the rostrum so formed much longer than

the head and commonly about equal to the combined head and thorax or longer; wings

with a supernumerary crossvein at near midlength of cell Sc. Separate key

Geranomyia Haliday

Mouthparts not conspicuously lengthened, shorter than the remainder of head 2

2. Antennae with flagellar segments produced into long branches or shorter ventral protuberances

to produce a bipectinate, unipectinate, or subpectinate appearance in the males (Figure

28), the protuberances usually shorter in the females. Separate key Rhipidia Meigen

Antennae with flagellar segments simple, oval to more elongate 3

3. Wings (Figure 7) with vein Sc short, ending opposite, before or only a short distance beyond

origin of Rs. Separate key Dicranomyia Stephens

Wings with vein Sc longer, Scx ending about opposite two thirds the length of Rs or beyond. .4

4. Wings with vein R, deflected caudad, reducing vein /?• to a short element that is only about

one third the free tip of Sct which is in transverse alignment or virtually so; male hypopygium

with dorsal dististyle present; rostral spines of ventral style lacking, replaced by an oval

depressed area (N. insularis Williston) Neoglochina Alexander

Wings with veins Ri and R,,t nearly parallel, Rt not conspicuously shortened, subequal to

the free tip of Sct; male hypopygium with dorsal dististyle present or lacking, when present

(Neolimonia) rostral spines 2, placed far basad on the rostral prolongation 5

5. Male hypopygium (Figure 13) with dorsal dististyle present; rostral spines 2, widely

separated, near base of prolongation; basistyle with a large simple obtuse ventromesal

lobe (N. gurneyi, new species) Neolimonia Alexander

Male hypopygium (Figure 8) without a dorsal dististyle; ventral style with variously modified

accessory lobes but without rostral spines; basistyle with variously modified smaller lobes

(C. apicata Alexander) Caenoglochina Alexander

Subgenus Caenoglochina Alexander, 1939

Limonia {Caenoglochina) apicata dominicensis Alexander, 1939

Dicranomyia apicata Alexander, 1914, pp. 225-226.

Limonia {Caenoglochina) apicata (Alexander), 1964a, p. 31.

Limonia (Caenoglochina) apicata dominicensis Alexander,

1939b, pp. 93-94, fig. 13.

Types from Layou River, on Hatton Garden Trail,

548.6-609.6 m (1,800-2,000 ft), 16-29 August 1938

(Hodge). Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light trap

(Wirth); Carholm Estate, 7 February 1965 (Wirth);

Clarke Hall, 8-31 January, 1-10 March 1965 (Wirth);

Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400 ft), 12 April 1966

(Gagn6); Manets Gutter, 10 March 1965 (Wirth);

372-728 O—70 2
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

12

FIGURES 7-13—Venation: 7, Limonia (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species. Male hypopygium: 8, Limonia {Caenoglochina) wirthiana. new species; 9, Limonia (Dicranomyia) alfaroi

(Alexander); 10, Limonia (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species; 11, Limonia (Dicranomyia)

divisa Alexander; 12, Limonia (Dicranomyia) omissa (Alexander); 13, Limonia (Neolimonia)

gurneyi, new species; [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; t,

tergite.]
NUMBER 45

Pont Casse, 321.8 m (0.2 miles) east, May 1966

(Gagne); South Chiltern Estate, 2 February 1965

(Wirth).

Limonia (Caenoglochina) wirthiana, new species

FlOURE 8

General coloration of mesonotum obscure yellow,

pleura clearer yellow; antennae of male relatively long,

flagellar segments conspicuously nodulose, with long

abrupt apical pedicels; wings faintly tinged with

brown, stigma darker, Sc long; male hypopygium with

conspicuous tergal lobes; basistyle with the ventromesal

lobe at proximal end, provided with very long setae;

dististyle quite complex, massive, the body with an

extensive cushion of spinoid setae, rostral prolongation

smaller, the margin trilobed.

Male.—Length about 5.5 mm; wing 6 mm; antenna

about 2.1 mm.

Rostrum brownish black; palpi black. Antennae

with scape and pedicel slightly paler than the uniformly blackened flagellum; flagellar segments conspicuously pedicelled to produce a nodulose appearance;

proximal segments shorter and broader, the abrupt

pedicel about one-half as long as base, outer 3 or 4

segments progressively more elongate, the pedicels

somewhat shorter but exceeding one-third the base;

longest verticils shorter than the enlargements. Head

dark brown, sparsely pruinose, with long erect black

setae; anterior vertex reduced to a very narrow strip.

Prothorax very reduced, brownish yellow, pretergites clearer yellow. Mesonotum obscure yellow, praescutum with a slightly darker central stripe, pale brown

and better defined on anterior half; interspaces with

sparse black setae, longer and more erect on anterior

part. Pleura clearer yellow, especially on ventral half,

vaguely more obscured anteriorly. Halteres with stem

obscure yellow, clearer basally, knob large, brownish

black. Legs with coxae yellow, fore pair vaguely darker;

trochanters yellow; remainder of legs yellowish brown

to very pale brown. Wings faintly tinged with brown,

stigma oval, darker brown; veins brown. Venation:

Sc long, Sci ending shortly before the fork of Rs, Sc2

close to its tip; cell 1st M2 short-rectangular, shorter

than any of the veins beyond it; m-cu just before the

fork of M.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, darker laterally,

sternites abruptly light yellow. Male hypopygium

(Figure 8) distinctive, especially as regards the tergite,

basistyle and dististyle. Ninth tergite, t, with conspicuous sublateral lobes provided with long setae,

behind the concave central part darkened, provided

with numerous shorter setae. Basistyle, b, long, the

relatively small oval ventromesal lobe nearly basal in

position, provided with very long yellow bristles that

are arranged in two more or less distinct groups. Dististyle, d, very complex, as shown; the more massive

body bears an extensive plate or cushion of spinoid

setae, with a more yellowed lobe projecting beyond;

rostral portion smaller, flattened, margin trilobed, basal

lobe longer and more rounded; basal armature of style

extensive and complex. Gonapophysis, g, with mesalapical lobe relatively slender, blackened, tip acute.

Aedeagus, a, slender, pale.

Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, Dominica, in

rain forest, 3 February 1965 (Wirth).

This very distinct fly is dedicated to the collector, Dr.

Willis W. Wirth, distinguished student of the Diptera.

Limonia (Caenoglochina) wirthiana is entirely different from the other regional species presently known,

L. (C.) apicata (Alexander) and races, in the long,

strongly nodulose male antennae and in hypopygial

structure, including the tergite, basistyle, and dististyle.

Of the relatively numerous members of the subgenus

elsewhere in Tropical America, L. (C.) somnifica

Alexander, of Ecuador, has the antennal structure most

nearly as in the present fly but with the details of

hypopygial structure quite distinct.

Subgenus Dicranomyia Stephens

Key to Species of Dicranomyia

1. Wings unpatterned except for the more darkened stigma 2

Wings with a conspicuous reticulated brown pattern; male hypopygium (Figure 10), venation

(Figure 7) L. (D.) clarkeana, new species
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

2. Wings with cell 1st Af» closed; male hypopygium (Figure 11) with apex of rostral prolongation

of ventral dististyle bidentate L. (D.) diviss Alexander

Wings with cell Mt open; male hypopygium with apex of rostral prolongation of ventral

dististyle simple, short, and obtuse

 {

3. General coloration of body and appendages yellow; wings with cell A/» open by atrophy of

basal section of vein Af«, the medial fork above; vein Sc long, Sci ending about opposite

one-third Rs, the latter about twice the basal deflection of /?«.»; male hypopygium (Figure

9) L. (D.) alfaroi (Alexander)

General coloration of body and appendages brown; wings with cell Afi open by atrophy of

m, the medial fork below; vein Sc short, Sd ending before origin of Rs; male hypopyKium

(Figure 12) L- (£•) omuttm Alexander

Limonia (Dicranomyia) alfaroi (Alexander), 1922

FIGURE 9

Dicranomyia alfaroi Alexander; 1922, pp. 2-3.

The type was from San Jose", Costa Rica, collected in

October 1920 by A. Alfaro. The species is widespread

in continental tropical America from Mexico to Bolivia

but had not been recorded from the Antilles.

The species is readily told by its small size, almost

uniformly pale yellow color, long vein Sc and in having

cell M2 of the wing open by the atrophy of the basal

section of M3. Male hypopygium (Figure 9) with the

dorsal dististyle, d, bent near its outer end almost at a

right angle into a long straight spine; ventral style

slightly smaller than the basistyle, outer half of rostral

prolongation pendant, the 2 slender rostral spines

placed so close together as to appear as a single element.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, at light trap, 1-10 March

1965 (Wirth). Fond Figues River, light trap, 13

March 1965 (Wirth). Freshwater Lake, 5-8 November

1966 (Gurney). D'leau Gommier, 15 February 1965

(Wirth). 804.7-2736 m (0.5 to 1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, 27-29 January, 12 March 1965 (Wirth).

Limonia (Dicranomyia) clarkeana, new species

FIGURES 7, 10

Allied to reticulata; general coloration of thoracic

notum brown, patterned with darker and light yellow,

pleura longitudinally striped with brown; femora yellow with a broad subterminal dark brown ring; wings

very pale yellow, costal border brighter, surface conspicuously patterned with brown, including series of

darker costal spots and paler transverse lines in all

cells; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle very

large and fleshy, nearly four times the size of the basistyle, rostral spines 2, unusually small.

MALE.—Length about 4.5-5 mm; wing 5-5.5 mm;

antenna about 0.8-0.9 mm.

FKMALK. Length about 4.5-5 mm; wing 4.5-5.5

mm.

. Rostrum dark brown; palpi brownish black. Antennae with scape brownish black, pedicel and 1st fiagcllar segment yellow, succeeding segments light brown,

outer segments somewhat darker; proximal flagcllar

segments subglobular to short-oval, outer segments

oval; verticils short. Anterior vertex broad, golden

yellow, with a central dark brown line, posterior part

of head brown.

Pronotum elongate, orange yellow above, darkened

laterally. Mesonotal praescutum chiefly brown, patterned irregularly with darker, including a central

area, posterior part with lateral and sublateral darkenings, with a light yellow line on either side of central

darkening; scutal lobes gray, conspicuously variegated

with brown, central area yellowed; scutellum light

brown with a darkened spot on either side of the narrow midline, postnotum darkened, pleurotergite with

silvery areas. Pleura chiefly yellowish gray, conspicuously patterned with darker brown, in cases with black;

paler areas include chiefly the dorsal stemopleurite and

metapleura; dorsopleural region brownish yellow,

darkened anteriorly. Halteres with stem light yellow,

knob abruptly dark brown to brownish black. Legs

with coxae yellowish gray, with a brown central ring;

trochanters yellow; femora yellow, clearer basally, with

a broad dark brown nearly terminal ring, tip yellow,

in cases very narrow; remainder of legs brown. Wings

(Figure 7) very pale yellow with a conspicuous reticulated brown pattern that involves all cells; prearcular

and costal fields light yellow, the latter with about 15
NUMBER 4 5 11

narrow brown spots, the interspaces more extensive;

cells behind R with larger brown areas, including one

at origin of Rs that crosses cells R and M; stigmal area

largest, behind including the fork of Rs; other cells

with markings narrowly transverse, crossing the cells,

cell M with about 6 lines, 2nd A with 3 lines; veins

light brown, costal interspaces yellow, alternating with

the brown spots. Venation: Sc relatively short, Scx ending about op|>osite origin of Rs, in cases to nearly onethird the length of this vein, Sc? near its tip; cell

1st Mi longer than any of the veins beyond it, m transverse, much shorter than basal section of Ma; m-cu

long, shortly before fork of M.

Abdominal tergites and hypopygium brown, basal

strrnitrs obscure yellow, in cases the pattern incudes

brown arras on a more yellowed ground. Male hypopygium (Figure 10) with tergite, t, transverse, slightly

narrowed outwardly, posterior border virtually truncate, the usual lobes scarcely developed. Basistyle, b,

only about one fourth the size of the ventral dististyle;

ventromesal lobe large, obtuse, with very long setae.

Dorsal dististyle, d, a small gently curved sickle that

narrows into a long spine; ventral style very large and

fleshy; rostral prolongation straight, spines 2, unusually

small, subequal, shorter than the prolongation beyond

their origin, in cases the spines shorter and stouter,

placed on prolongation, in other specimens closer to

upper margin. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe

narrowed into a gently curved acute point. Aedeagus

terminating in a single small rounded lobe, the

genital apertures sublateral.

Holotype, male, D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956

(Clarke). Allotopotype, female. Paratopotypes, 4

males. Paratypes, males and females, Clarke Hall,

1-10, 21-28 February 1965 (Wirth). 1 female, 11 June

1966 (Steyskal). Male, Freshwater Lake, 5-6 November 1966 (Gurney); males and females, Pont Casse,

23 November 1964 (Spangler); 804.7-2,736 m (0.5

to 1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse, 1 January-24 March

1965 (Wirth), 804.7 m (0.5 mile) east, 11 April 1966

(Gagn6), 4,828 m (3 miles) east, 13-16 October 1966

(Gurney). 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, at

light, 25 January 1965 (Wirth). South Chiltern, 20

February 1965, in alcohol (Wirth), 2 November 1966

(Gurney).

Although it is generally similar to Limonia (Dicranomyia) reticulata (Alexander), of Mexico and the

Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico), and

to certain other Neotropical species, the present fly

is readily told by the hypopygial structure, especially

the enlarged ventral dististyle with unusually small

rostral spines. Other species that have a somewhat similar wing pattern but distinct hypopygia include L. (D.)

calliergon Alexander (Hispaniola),L. (D.) farri Alexander (Jamaica), L. (D.) pampoecila Alexander

(Peru), L. (D.) subreticulata Alexander (Ecuador),

and L. (D.) thamyris Alexander (Venezuela).

I take great pleasure in dedicating this attractive

fly to the collectors, Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke and Mrs.

Thelma Clarke.

Limonia (Dicranomyia) divisa Alexander, 1929

FIGURE 11

Dicranomyia diversa Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 212; name preoccupied by Limonia (Geranomyia) diver sa (Osten

Sacken), 1859, p. 207.

Limonia {Dicranomyia) divisa Alexander, renaming of diversa, preoccupied, 1929a, p. 247.—1932, p. 359, fig. 8.—

1942, p. 315, fig. 11.

Widely distributed in eastern North America; Greater

Antilles (Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico). Male

hypopygium (Figure 11).

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-20 January 1965, in

Malaise trap (Wirth). D'leau Gommier, 16 March

1965 (Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse,

10-24 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).

The European Limnobia divisa Walker (1848,

p. 55) never has been placed in the proper genus

Limonia and so does not affect the present name. It

now is recognized as being the correct name of Erioptera (Erioptera) divisa, formerly known as E. (E.)

macrophthalma Loew. The use of the name Erioptera

at this time and elsewhere in the present paper has

been discussed by Stone et al. (1965, p. 80).

Limonia (Dicranomyia) omissa (Alexander), 1912

FIGURE 12

Furcomyia omissa Alexander, 1912a, p. 340, pi. 11, fig. o.

The types were from Aguna, Guatemala, collected by

G. Eisen.

The venation has Sc relatively long, Sc1 ending only

a short distance before the origin of Rs; vein 2nd A

short, the cell relatively narrow. Male hypopygium

(Figure 12) with rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle very obtuse, apparently without terminal setae.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DOMINICA.—2,414 m (1.5 miles) north of Pont

Casse, 12 February 1965 (Wirth). Trafalgar Falls,

365.7 m (1,200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne).

Subgenus Neoglochina Alexander

Limonia (Neoglochina) insularis (Williston), 1896

Limnobia insularis Williston, 1896, p. 287, pi. 10, fig. 58.

The unique type male was from Saint Vincent, collected at 304.8 m (1,000 ft) by H. H. Smith. The

Dominican materials agree well with Williston's brief

description and the identification is believed to be

correct.

The general coloration of the thorax in the present

specimens is brown rather than "brownish red" as

stated by Williston. Wings strongly infumed throughout, more heavily so along costal border but not concentrated at apex. Wing tip in male obtuse, costa

conspicuously thickened and with abundant short setae

from blackened tubercles, the marginal ones larger

and more evident to produce a roughened appearance.

Male hypopygium with tergite transverse, posterior

border Very shallowly emarginate, not forming evident

lobes; on either side some distance from border with

8 or 9 weak setae. Basistyle in area nearly twice the

ventral dististyle, ventromesal lobe large, about onehalf the size of the ventral style, with very long setae,

those of body of style shorter. Dorsal dististyle a gently

curved rod, tip acute; ventral style with long setae;

rostral prolongation cleaver-like; glabrous except for

2 weak, nearly terminal setae; sensory pore elongate.

Gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe a small curved

hook. Aedeagus with apex galeate, as in the subgenus.

DOMINICA.—A broken male, 3,218 m (2 miles) east

of Pont Casse, 8 April 1966 (Gagne). A broken male,

in alcohol, Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965

(Wirth).

Subgenus Neolimonia Alexander

Limonia (Neolimonia) gumeyi, new species

FIGURE 13

General coloration of mesonotum light brown; anterior vertex conspicuously light gray, posterior vertex

dark brown; knobs of halteres brownish black; legs

brown; wings weakly tinted, with a restricted brown

pattern, Sc long, ending nearly opposite three-fourths

Rs; abdominal tergites brownish black, proximal sternites bicolored, whitened, apices brown; male hypopygium with tergal setae few, about 8 on either side of

midline; basistyle with ventromesal lobe shallowly divided at apex to form 2 lobules, one with the setae

numerous and much longer than the other; ventral

dististyle with body very small, rostral prolongation

large, compressed-flattened, with 2 widely separated

pale peglike spines, the outer lying in a longitudinal

row of long yellow setae; gonapophysis with mesalapical lobe erect, slender, blackened; apex of aedeagus

a single small oval lobe.

MALE.—Length about 5.5-6.5 mm; wing 6-8.5 mm;

antenna about 1.2-2 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 5.5 mm; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black; flagellar

segments long-oval, with abrupt apical jxjtlicels, each

segment on outer face with a single very long verticil,

the longest about two and one half times the segment,

remaining verticils short and weak. Anterior vertex in

front light gray, behind narrowed to a capillary strip;

posterior vertex dark brown, sparsely pruinosc.

Cervical region and pronotal scutum and pleura

dark brown, scutcllum and pretergites yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with 3 confluent shiny brown stripes,

the central one paler, humeral region and lateral

borders light yellow; posterior sclerites of notum uniformly light brown. Pleura dark brown, dorsopleural

region and a broad ventral stripe yellowed, the latter

including the fore and hind coxae, midcoxae and lower

part of sternopleurite restrictedly darkened. Halteres

with stem yellow, knob brownish black. Legs with

coxae as described; trochanters yellow; femora brown,

bases slightly more yellowed, tips narrowly darker

brown, remainder of legs brown; claws of male long

and slender, with 2 subbasal spines, the outer very

long, basal spine small. Wings weakly tinted, prearcular

and costal fields yellow; a restricted brown pattern that

includes relatively small spots at arculus, origin of Rs,

fork of Sc, and stigma; narrow seams over cord and

outer end of cell 1st M2; marginal clouds at ends of

longitudinal veins, largest at R3 and anals, very small

on medial and cubital veins; a small isolated brown

cloud in cell R at near one-third the length; veins

brown, darker in the clouded parts. Venation: Sc long,

Sct ending about opposite three-fourths of Rs, Sc2 near

its tips; Rs nearly erect at origin, free tip of Sc2 and R2

in transverse alignment; m-cu close to fork of M; anal

veins at origin virtually parallel.
NUMBER 43 13

Abdominal tergites brownish black; proximal 4

sternites bicolored, the bases broadly whitened, apices

slightly more narrowly dark brown; outer segments and

hypopygium uniformly dark brown. Male hypopygium

(Figure 13) having the general structure of the subgenus. Ninth tergite, t, large, transverse, posterior

border truncate on central third, shoulders more

rounded; a group of 7 or 8 strong setae near outer

margin, widely separated at midline. Basistyle, b, in

area approximately twice the ventral dististyle, ventromesai lobe large, its apex shallowly divided into 2

lobules, the larger with numerous long setae, the other

with few much smaller setae. Dorsal dististyle, d, long

and slender, the slightly dilated apex curved, extended

into a long point; ventral style with body unusually

small, its area less than that of the beak, provided

.vith long setae; beak very broad basally, with the

usual 2 very long setae near base close to the dorsal

style; 2 pale peglike rostral spines, the inner placed in

an area of delicate sctulae, outer spine removed, placed

in a longitudinal row of long yellow setae. Gonapophysis, f;, with mesal-apical lobe erect, slender, blackened.

Acdeagus, a, with apex a single small oval lobe, the

genital openings at its base.

Holotype, male, \lands Gutter, in light trap, 10

March 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, 804.7 m (0.5

mile) east of Pont Casse, 5 May 1966 (Gagn6).

Paratypes, 2 males, with the allotype, 10-11 April 1966

(Gagne) ; 1 male, 27-30 November 1964 (Spangler).

The species is dedicated to Dr. Ashley B. Gurney,

former student and longtime friend, distinguished

authority on the Orthoptera, Grylloblattodea, Zoraptera, Corrodentia, and other groups. The paratype

males are considerably larger than the holotype, with

more heavily patterned wings and with slight differences in the male hypopygium but appear to pertain

to this species. The allotype more closely resembles the

holotype. The subgenus Neolimonia includes rather

numerous regional species, including one each from

the major Greater Antilles, Limonia (Neolimonia)

borinquensis Alexander (Puerto Rico), L. (N.) caribaea Alexander (Cuba),L. (N.) domballah Alexander

(Hispaniola), and L. (N.) jamaicensis Alexander

(Jamaica). Other species are found in the southern

United States, Mexico, and Central America, including the Nearctic L. (N.) argenteceps (Alexander) and

L. (N.) rara (Osten Sacken). There are numerous

other species in Central and South America, all most

readily separated among themselves and from the

present fly by details of coloration and venation and

especially by hypopygial features. It may be noted that

a single species, L. (N.) dumetorum (Meigen), occurs

in Europe.

Subgenus Geranomyia Haliday

Key to Species of Geranomyia

1. Wings unpatterned except for the more darkened stigma 2

Wings with a darkened pattern other than the stigma 7

2. Wings with vein Sc short, Sct ending opposite or close to origin of Rs 3

Wings with vein Sc longer, Sci ending opposite one-fourth to one-half the length of Rs. 5

3. General coloration of thorax gray, pracscutum with a darkened central strip; male hypopygium (Figure 15) with 2 slightly separated rostral spines.

L. (G.) cinereinota (Alexander)

General coloration of thorax brown 4

4. Praescutal stripes clearly defined, especially the narrow central vitta; legs with tips of fore

tibiae conspicuously black; male hypopygium (Figure 24) with rostral spines very long,

more than twice the rostral prolongation; mesal-apical lobe of gonapophysis bidentate

at tip L. (G.) Hbialis (Loew)

Praescutal stripes pale brown, poorly defined; legs uniformly brown, tibiae not blackened;

male hypopygium (Figure 19) with rostral spines shorter than the rostrum itself; mesalapical lobe of gonapophysis flattened, tip simple L. (G.) neptis, new species

5. Male hypopygium (Figure 21) with rostrum of ventral dististyle bearing 2 very unequal

spines, the longest from a conspicuous basal tubercle, apex of rostrum very short and

obtuse L. (G.) spangleri, new species

Male hypopygium with rostral spines of ventral dististyle short and nearly equal in length 6

6. Wings tinged with brown, the stigma conspicuously darker brown, vein Sc shorter, Sci

ending about opposite one-third Rs; body and appendages brown; male hypopygium
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(Figure 18) with spines of the elongate rostral prolongation basal in position; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe darkened, triangular in outline, about as long as the diameter

across base L. (G.) microphaea Alexander

Wings subhyaline, the stigma pale brown, vein Sci ending nearly opposite midlength of Rs;

body and appendages brown, in fresh specimens with greenish tints; male hypopygium

(Figure 22) with rostral spines closely approximated, arising from summit of a low

tubercle; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe pale, elongate

L. (G.) tubvireicens Alexander

7. Wings with vein Sc long, Sc\ ending beyond midlength of Rs, darkened areas at origin of

Rs and tip of Sc small, widely separated; legs with a very narrow darkened subterminal

femoral ring, the yellow apex about three times as extensive

L. (G.) bicincta angusticincta Alexander

Wings with vein Sc shorter, Sci ending opposite origin of Rs or shortly beyond, in cases

to about one-third the length, the darkened areas at origin of Rs and at tip of Sc

confluent 8

8. Mesonotal praescutum with a broad median brown or orange stripe that is narrowly margined

laterally with darker 9

Mesonotal praescutum with 3 or 5 narrow brown discal stripes 10

9. Legs with femora brown, tips yellow; male hypopygium (Figure 17) with 2 separated rostral

spines from long tubercles, the spines divaricate; apical lobes of aedeagus of moderate

size L. (G.) rurygramm* (Alexander)

Legs with femora yellowed, with a narrow brown subterminal ring; male hypopygium (Figure

16) with 2 very long rostral spines arising from summit of an elongate basal tubercle,

the latter subequal in size to the entire rostrum; apex of aedeagus with 2 very large

lobes L. (G.) dominicana Alexander

10. Costal border of wing light yellow, the darkened pattern greatly reduced to narrow seams

over cord and elsewhere; male hypopygium (Figure 14) with rostral spines subequal,

from small slightly separated tubercles L. (G.) caribica, new species

Costal border of wing less evidently yellowed, variegated by conspicuous brown areas at

the supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc, origin of Rs, and at tip of Sc, and the stigma;

male hypopygium with the rostral spines at summits of conspicuous tubercles 11

11. Wings with Sc short, Sci ending just beyond origin of Rs; male hypopygium (Figure 20)

with rostral spines from stout basal tubercles, very unequal in size, the small inner one

very slender, hairlike L. (G.) recondite civic* Alexander

Wings with Sc longer, Scx ending opposite one-fifth to one-third Rs; male hypopygium with

rostral spines subequal, from long basal tubercles 12

12. Darkened wing pattern heavier, especially along Sc and the cord; dark femoral ring broad,

much exceeding the yellow tip; male hypopygium with rostral spines subequal to or

only slightly exceeding their long basal tubercles; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe

long and slender, narrowed outwardly; 9th tergite with central emargination broad

L. (G.) plumbeipUtura (Alexander)

Darkened wing pattern paler and less extensive; dark femoral ring narrow, pale, only

slightly longer than the yellow tip; male hypopygium (Figure 23) with the rostral spines

subequal, about twice as long as their relatively small basal tubercles; gonapophysis with

mesal-apical lobe a small darkened oinc; 9th tergite with central emargination narrower,

shallow L. (G.) sylvania Alexander

Limonia (Geranomyia) bicincta angusticincta (Alexander), 1921

Geranomyia bicincta angusticincta Alexander, 1921, p. 45.

The types were from Amazonian Peru, collected by

H. S. Parish. Although only the female sex is available

from Dominica the identification appears to be correct.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-20 January 1965, 21-

28 February 1965, in light trap (Wirth); Sylvania,

23 January 1965 (Wirth).

Limonia (Geranomyia) caribica, new species

FIGURE 14

Mesonotal praescutum yellowed, with 5 brown stripes,

the intermediate 3 narrow, central stripe darker, posterior sclerites of notum and the pleura yellowed; legs

yellow, femora with a pale brown subterminal ring;

wings tinted with pale brown, costal border clear light

yellow, disk with a very restricted brown pattern over

the veins, including the cord, stigma small and faintly
NUMBER 45 15

18

FIGURES 14-20.—Male hypopygium: 14, Limonia (Geranomyia) caribica, new species 15,

Limonia (Geranomyia) cinereinota (Alexander); 16, Limonia (Geranomyia) dominicana

Alexander; 17, Limonia (Geranomyia) eurygramma (Alexander); 18, Limonia (Geranomyia)

microphaea (Alexander); 19, Limonia (Geranomyia) neptis, new species; 20, Limonia

(Geranomyia) recondita civica Alexander, [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g,

gonapophysis; t, tergite.]

372-726 O—70-
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

indicated, vein Sc, ending about opposite one fourth

to one third Rs; male hypopygium with rostral prolongation slender, with 2 straight spines from small

basal tubercles; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe

pale, long and slender.

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5-6 mm:

wing 6-7.5 mm; rostrum about 2.4-2.7 mm.

FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5-

7.5 mm; wing 6.5-7.5 mm; rostrum about 2.8-3 mm.

Rostrum relatively long, more than twice the length

of the antennae, dark brown, tips of labial palpi paler.

Antennae dark brown, pedicel slightly paler. Head

gray, vestiture blackened.

Pronotum yellowed, narrowly dark brown medially,

sides paler brown. Mesonotal praescutum with ground

yellowed, with 5 brown stripes, those on the disk narrower, central line dark brown, intermediate pair

slightly broader, paler brown, lateral darkenings still

broader; scutum yellowed, inner part of each lobe

brown, being a posterior extension of the intermediate

praescutal stripe; posterior sclerites of notum and

the pleura yellowed. Halteres with stem yellow, knob

very slightly darker. Legs with coxae and trochanters

light yellow; remainder of legs yellow, femora with a

more or less distinct pale brown subterminal ring.

Wings tinted with pale brown, costal border, including

both cells C and Sc, clear light yellow; very small and

inconspicuous brown spots and seams at Sc2, origin of

Rs, cord, and outer end of cell 1st M2; stigmal darkening very faintly indicated; veins pale brown, more yellowed in costal field. Venation: Sc relatively long, Scx

ending about opposite one-fourth to one-third Rs, Sc2

lacking, supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc far retracted, Sci alone about one-half longer than Rs; m-cu

at or close to fork of M.

Abdominal tergites brown to light brown, stemites

paler. Male hypopygium (Figure 14) with tergite, t,

transverse, posterior lobes small and low. Basistyle,

b, less than one-half the size of the ventral dististyle;

ventromesal lobe simple. Dorsal dististyle, d, slightly dilated on outer half, thence narrowed and decurved to

a sharp point; ventral style with rostral prolongation

slender, the 2 subequal spines contiguous, from small

basal tubercles; mesal margin of style below base of

prolongation with a group of black setae. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe pale, long and slender,

narrowed gradually to the acute tip. Aedeagus relatively broad, the rounded terminal lobes further extended into membranous triangular points.

Holotype, male, Trafalgar Falls, Dominica, 365.7 m

(1.200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotopotype,

female. Paratopotypes, 4 males and females. Paratypes, 1 female, Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft) 11 March

1956 (Clarke) ; Fond Figues River, in light trap, 13

March 1965 (Wirth) ; 1 female, Manets Gutter, light

trap, 10 March 1965 (Wirth).

In the general coloration of the thorax and wings,

the present fly suggests species such as l.imonia (Geranomyia) tibialis (Loew) and some others but is entirely

distinct, especially in the hypopygial characters. The

characteristic wing pattern separates it from other regional species.

Limonia (Geranomyia) cinereinota (Alexander),

1913

FlOURE 15

Gtranomyia cintrtinota Alexander, 1913b, pp. 407-408, pi.

14, fig. 4.

Limonia (Gtranomyia) cintrtinota Alexander, 1939b, p. 94.

Limonia (Gtranomyia) eintrtinota Alexander, 1953, pp. 89-

90, fig. 4.

Geranomyia domingtniis Alexander, 1916a, pp. 490-491.

The type of cinereinota (male) was from Coroico,

Bolivia; type of domingensis (female) from the San

Francisco Mountains, Santo Domingo (Hispaniola).

The species is widespread in Tropical America, from

Puerto Rico and Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles,

south to Paraguay. Male hypopygium (Figure 15) with

the area of the ventral dististyle, d, less than twice that

of the basistyle, b; rostral prolongation long and slender, the 2 unequal spines from small basal tubercles,

outer spine longer. Apical lobes of aedeagus, a, relatively broad, tips obtuse.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 15 January 1965

(Clarke); 21 January-10 February 1965 (Wirth),

18 January 1966 (Wirth); 6-8 October 1966 (Gurney). Fond Figues River, at light trap in rain forest,

25-30 January, 3-9 February, 13 March 1965

(Wirth), altitude 121.9 m (400 ft), 29 April 1966

(Gagne). D'leau Gommier, 16 March 1965 (Wirth),

518 m (1,700 ft), Central Forest Reservation, 26 May

1966 (Gagne). Layou River, on Hatton Garden Trail,

609.6 m (2,000 ft), 16 August 1938 (Hodge). 2,414 m

(1.5 miles) north of Pont Casse, 19 February 1965

(Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east, 24 March 1965

(Wirth), 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east, 6 May 1966

(Gagne), Pont Casse, 14 October 1966 (Gurney).
NUMBER 45 17

Along trail 1,609 m (1 mile) north of junction of roads

to Rosalie and Castle Bruce, 396 m (1,300 ft),

April 23, 1966 (Gagne). Springfield, November 1967

(Krauss).

Limonia (Geranomyia) dominicana Alexander, 1939

FIGURE 16

Limonia {Geranomyia) dominicana Alexander, 1939b, pp

94-95.

The type was from Dominica, as recorded below.

Male hyjjopygium (Figure 16) with the tergite, t,

transverse, |x»terior border with very low lobes. Basistyle, b, only about one-fourth the size of the ventral

dististyle, vcntromcsal lobe oval. Dorsal dististyle, d,

a slender gently curved rod, the acute tip decurved;

ventral style very large, fleshy; rostral prolongation

very small, the 2 spines very long and slender, placed

together at summit of a long basal tubercle that exceeds the prolongation beyond it, the spines curved

gently. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe flat,

darkened, the apex a microscopic knob. Aedeagus terminating in 2 large oval lobes.

DOMINICA.—Type from the Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m

(1,800 ft), 30 August 1938 (Hodge) ; Freshwater Lake,

5-$ November 1966 (Gumey); 4,828 m (3 miles) east

of Pont Casse, 13-16 October 1966 (Gurney).

Limonia (Geranomyia) eurygramma (Alexander),

1928

FIGURE 17

Gemnomyia eurygramma Alexander, 1928a, pp. 107-108.

Types from Cordoba, Mexico. The present materials

differ in some respects from the type. Central praescutal stripe light brown, separated by broad darker brown

lateral borders, pleural stripe similarly darkened;

scutellum and central area of scutum whitened. Legs

with femora yellowish brown, clearer yellow basally,

tips yellow. Certain of the specimens are smaller and

show slight differences in coloration, the praescutum

yellow with a central median brown stripe, the centers

of the scutal lobes darkened, and the pleura yellow

without pattern. The wing pattern and hypopygial

structure, however, are so similar to typical material

that the identification is considered to be correct. Male

hypopygium (Figure 17) with the basistyle, b, about

one-third to one-half the large fleshy ventral dististyle,

d; rostal prolongation of the latter slender, the 2 spines

from conspicuous basal tubercles, that of the longer

outer spine subequal in size to the prolongation beyond

it. Gonapophysis, g, with concave margin of apical lobe

with a conspicuous flange. Aedeagus terminating in

2 long pale lobes, tips obtuse, not extended into a point

as in many other species.

DOMINICA.—Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400 ft),

in light trap, 13 March 1965 (Wirth); 29 April 1966

(Gagne). D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956 (Clarke).

1,609 m (1 mile) east of Pont Casse, 29 January 1965

(Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east, light trap, 12March

1965 (Wirth).

Limonia (Geranomyia) neptis, new species

FlOURE 19

Size small (win.g to 5 mm) ; general coloration of

thoracic notum brownish yellow, patterned with pale

brown, including 3 praescutal stripes, pleura clearer

yellow; rostrum black, approximately one-half the remainder of body; antennae and knob of halteres black;

legs medium brown; wings weakly tinted, unpatterned

except for the small pale brown stigma, vein Sc short,

Sci ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc2 shortly removed;

abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites yellowed; male

hypopygium with the dorsal dististyle extended into a

long straight spine, ventral style with rostral prolongation small, the 2 spines pale, from a common low

rounded tubercle; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe

flattened, inner margin conspicuously emarginate to

form 3 unequal lobes; aedeagus broad, terminating

in 2 acute pale spines, without setulae on margin before

apex.

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4.2^4.5

mm; wing 4-5 mm; rostrum about 1.8-2.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4 mm;

wing 5 mm; rostrum about 2.4 mm.

Rostrum black, approximtely one-half the remainder

of body. Antennae black, less than one-half the rostrum;

flagellar segments oval, crowded, verticils short. Head

behind brownish gray, front more silvery, anterior vertex about equal in width to the antennal scape.

Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum

brownish yellow with 3 pale brown stripes that are

poorly indicated against the ground; scutal lobes and

scutellum darker yellowish brown, remainder of notum

brownish yellow. Pleura clearer yellow, more so on

ventral half. Halteres with stem brown, paler at base,
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

knob black. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow;

remainder of legs medium brown, femoral bases narrowly more yellowed; claws relatively long, the slender

spines grouped at base. Wings weakly tinted, prearcular field yellow; stigma small, pale brown; veins

darker brown. Macrotrichia on longitudinal veins beyond general level of cord, including also Rs and outer

end of M, lacking on Cu and the anals. Venation: Sc

short, Scx ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc2 shortly

removed; M3+4 subequal in length to vein M4; m-cu

subequal to distal section of Cuu shortly before fork

of M; vein 2nd A relatively short, nearly straight to

gently convex.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites slightly

paler, yellowed in the female. Male hypopygium (Figure 19) with tergite, t, transverse, posterior border

with 2 low rounded lobes provided with numerous

setae. Basistyle, b, about one-third the area of the

ventral dististyle; ventromesal lobe relatively small,

oval, with very long setae, some exceeding the lobe in

length. Dorsal dististyle, d, a curved sickle, apical

fourth a long straight spine; ventral style with rostral

prolongation small, the 2 spines short and straight from

a common low rounded tubercle. Gonapophysis, g,

with mesal-apical lobe conspicuously flattened, darkened, inner edge emarginate to form 3 unequal lobes.

Aedeagus broad, outer apical angles produced into

acute pale spines, lateral margins before the spine without setulae, such as are found in microphaea.

Holotype, male, 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont

Casse, 10 April 1966 (Gagne"). Allotopotype, female,

1,609 m (1 mile) east of Pont Casse, at light, 29

January 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes, male, 2,414

m (1.5 miles) west of Pont Casse, at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth); males and females, Pont Casse, 8-

16 October 1966 (Gurney). Paratypes, 2 males, 1

female, Freshwater Lake, 5-8 November 1966 (Gurney) ; 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, at light,

25 January 1965 (Wirth).

The most similar regional species is Limonia (Geranomyia) microphaea Alexander, likewise described

from Dominica, as considered earlier. Both are small

brown species with the wings unpattemed or virtually

so. The two flies differ from one another in the length

of vein Sc and very evidently in hypopygial structure,

especially both dististyles, gonapophyses, and the apex

of the aedeagus, as described and figured for both

species.

Limonia (Geranomyia) plumbeipleura (Alexander),

1916

Geranomyia plumbeipleura Alexander, 1916c, pp. 10-11, pi.

2, fig. 4.

Limonia (Geranomyia) plumbeipleura Alexander, 1939b, p.

94.

Type from Huigra, Ecuador. Widely distributed in

tropical America from Dominica, Trinidad, and Panama, southward to Brazil and Peru.

DOMINICA.—Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), 11-12

March 1956 (Clarke). Clarke Hall, light trap, 21-28

February, 1-10 March 1965 (Wirth), 27 May 1966

(Steyskal). 4,828 rn (3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-

16, 28-30 October 1966 (Gurney). Roseau, at light,

28 December 1964, 3 January 1965 (R. T. Bell).

Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 28-30 August

1938 (Hodge).

Limonia (Geranomyia) rtcondita civica Alexander,

1939

FtOURE 20

Limonia (Geranomyia) recondita civica Alexander, 1939a,

pp. 70-71.

Geranomyia recodita Alexander, 1921, pp. 42-43.

Type of Limonia (Geranomyia) recondita from

Iquitos, Amazonian Peru, May 1920. Type of L. (G.)

civica from Vergel, Chiapas, Mexico, 800 meters

(about 0.5 mile), June 1935.

Typical recondita generally is more southern but has

been recorded from Puerto Rico. The present race is

known also from Jamaica. It has vein Sc short, with

Sci ending opposite the origin of Rs and with the

femora darkened, with only the apex yellowed. In the

male specimen from Pont Casse, recorded below, the

legs are uniformly blackened, with no indication of

pale femoral tips.

DOMINICA.—Fond Figues River, in rain forest, 1

February 1965 (Wirth). 4,828 m (3 miles) east of Pont

Casse, 13-16 October 1966 (Gagne").

Limonia (Geranomyia) spangleri, new species

FIGURE 21

Size small (wing of male 4.5 mm); rostrum about onehalf the wing; thorax above brownish yellow, pleura

clearer yellow; legs light brown; wings very weakly
NUMBER 4 5 19

28

FIGURES 21-28.—Male hypopygium: 21, Limonia (Geranomyia) spangleri, new species; 22,

Limonia (Geranomyia) subvirescens Alexander; 23, Limonia (Geranomyia) sylvania Alexander;

24, Limonia (Geranomyia) tibialis (Loew); 25, Limonia (Rhipidia) bipectinata (Williston);

26, Limonia (Rhipidia) eremnocera, new species; 27, Limonia (Rhipidia) tetraleuca Alexander.

Antenna: 28, Limonia (Rhipidia) wUlistoniana Alexander, [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; ant, antenna

of male; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; t, tergite.]
20

tinted, stigma subcircular, pale brown, Scx ending

nearly opposite midlength of Rs; male hypoygium with

the ventral dististyle large and fleshy, more than four

times the bastistyle; rostral prolongation very short and

obtuse, the 2 spines unequal, the outer shorter from a

very small basal tubercle, inner spine long and slender

from a longer pale basal tubercle; dorsal dististyle with

tip obtuse; gonapophysis with mesal-apical lobe pale,

narrow.

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4 mm;

wing 4.5 mm; rostrum about 2.2 mm.

FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4 mm;

wing 4.2 mm; rostrum about 2.1 mm.

Rostrum in both sexes approximately one-half the

remainder of body, medium brown. Antennae with

scape yellowish brown, remainder dark brown; flagellar segments suboval, verticils very small. Head medium

brown; eyes large, anterior vertex reduced to a narrow

strip.

Thoracic dorsum almost uniformly brownish yellow,

scutellum somewhat clearer yellow; pleura yellowed,

clearer ventrally. Halteres with stem yellow, knob dark

brown. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellowed,

faintly tinted with green; remainder of legs light brown.

Wings very faintly tinted, stigma pale brown, subcircular; veins light brown. Longitudinal veins beyond

origin of Rs with macrotrichia, including also the outer

fifth of M, lacking on Cu and the anals. Venation:

Sc relatively long, Scx ending nearly opposite midlength

of the straight Rs, Sc2 close to its tip; m-cu some distance before fork of M.

Abdominal tergites medium brown, sternites light

yellow. Ovipositor with cerci slender, nearly straight.

Male hypopygium (Figure 21) with the tergite, t,

transverse, posterior border very shallowly emarginate,

the low lobes with long coarse setae. Basistyle, b, small,

ventromesal lobe long-oval. Dorsal dististyle, d, a gently

curved rod, tip obtuse; ventral style large and fleshy,

its area more than four times that of the basistyle, setae

small; rostral prolongation distinctive, very short and

obtuse, the 2 spines very unequal, the outer close to

apex of prolongation, straight, from a very small basal

tubercle, 2nd spine from a long pale basal tubercle, long

and slender, strongly curved into a sickle that narrows

very gradually to an acute point, the sickle a little

shorter than the dorsal dististyle and much more

slender. Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe pale,

narrow, shaped as figured; aedeagus narrow, terminating in 2 very small lobes.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, 1 December

1964 (Spangler). AUotopotype, female, with the type.

Both types emerged from pupae, the cases being preserved with the adults; cast skins attached to small

pieces of a species of moss.

I dedicate this species to the collector, Dr. Paul J.

Spangler, coleopterist with the United States National

Museum, who collected several interesting Tipulidae in

Dominica.

Other regional species that are generally similar to

the present fly include Limonia (Geranomyia) militaris

Alexander (L. (G.) viridula Alexander, preoccupied),

L. (G.) subvirescens Alexander, L. (G.) virescens

(Loew), and L. {G.) viridella Alexander. The most

nearly allied are L. (G.) militaris and L. (G.) virescens

which differ evidently in hyjwpygial structure, especially both dististyles and the gonapophyses. In the

present fly particular attention is called to the outer

dististyle and to the rostral prolongation of the ventral

style and its armature.

Limonia {Geranomyia) subvirescens Alexander, 1930

FIGURE 22

Limonia (Gtranomyia) subrimcens Alexander, 1930, p. 112.

The types were from the Trinidad Mountains, Cuba.

Other materials that appear to be strictly conspecific

are from Panama and Venezuela. The subspecies,

jamaicae Alexander, still is known only from Jamaica,

differing from the present fly in slight details of hypopygial structure.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 21-31 January, 1-28

February, 11-31 March 1965, chiefly in light traps

and Malaise trap (Wirth); 10 October 1966 (Gumey);

along Cocoa Trail, 16 February 1965 (Wirth). Pont

Casse, 27-30 November 1964 (Spangler), 2,414 m (1.5

miles) north, 12 February 1965 (Wirth), 4,828 m (3

miles) east, 13-16 October 1966 (Gurney).

Limonia (Geranomyia) sylvania Alexander, 1939

FIGURE 23

Limonia (Geranomyia) sylvania Alexander, 1939b, pp. 97-

98, fig. 16.

Types from Sylvania, as recorded below. Male hypopygium (Figure 23).

The nearest relative is Limonia (Geranomyia)

marthae Alexander, known from Colombia and Vene-
NUMBER 45 21

zuela, south to Bolivia. This differs in slight hypopygial

characters, as the larger ventral dististyle and very

unequal basal tubercles of the rostral spines of the

style.

DOMINICA.—Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft),

28 August 1938 (Hodge), type. 804.7 m (0.5 mile)

east of Pont Casse, at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth).

Limonia (Geranomyia) tibialis (Loew), 1851

FIOURE 24

Aporosa tibialis Loew, 1851, pp. 397-398.

Limonia (Gtranomyia) tibialit.—Alexander, 1954, pp. 60-61,

fig. 27.

Limonia (Ggranomyia) tibialis.—Alexander, 1962, p. 3,

figs. 3, 4.

One of the most widely distributed species in the subgenus, ranging from the Antilles (Jamaica, Puerto

Rico, Dominica, Grenada) and Mexico, to southern

Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina; Galapagos.

Male hypopygium (Figure 24) with rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle, d, very small, especially

the apex which is much shorter than the 2 long straight

spines, these from small basal tubercles. Gonapophysis,

g, bidentate at apex. Aedeagus broad, the pale apical

blades extended into a hairlike point.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 26-31 October 1964

(Spangler), 11 January-31 March 1965, in light traps

(Wirth), 10-31 October 1966 (Gurney). D'leau Gommier, Central Forest Preserve, 13 May 1966 (Steyskal),

26 May 1966 (Gagn£). Layou River, at mouth, 15

January 1965 (Wirth). Melville Hall Airport, 28 May

1964 (Steyskal). Pont Casse, 23 November 1964

(Spangler), 8-13 October 1966 (Gurney). Roseau,

October-November 1967 (Krauss). Springfield, November 1967 (Krauss). Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m

(1,800 ft), 30 August 1938 (Hodge), 25 October 1966

(Gurney).

Genus Rhipidia Meigcn

Key to Species of Rhipidia (based on male sex)

1. Antennae of male with flagellar segments bipectinate or weakly tripectinate 2

Antennae of male with flagellar segments unipectinate to subpectinate 3

2. Wings infuscated, without clearly defined darker areas excepting the stigma, vein Sc long,

Sci ending nearly opposite the fork of Rs: antennae with 10 branched segments, bipectinate,

with a rudimentary spur distad of the primary branches to appear weakly tripectinate,

terminal segment simple, pale; male hypopygium (Figure 25) with spines of rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle contiguous at their bases. L. (R.) bipectinata (Williston)

Wings cream colored, with a conspicuous dark pattern, including 4 major brown areas in

costal field, vein Sc shorter, Sci ending about opposite midlength of Rs; antennae (Figure

28) with 6 bipectinate segments, without an additional basal spur, outer 3 segments subpectinate to simple, terminal segment dark; male hypopygium (Figure 28) with spines

of rostral prolongation of ventral dististyle widely separated

L. (R.) willistoniana Alexander (costalis Williston, preoccupied)

3. Antennal flagellar segments uniformly blackened 4

Antennal flagellum with certain outer segments pale 5

4. Wings with darkened pattern restricted, the subcostal markings smaller than the ground

interspaces, cell 2nd A unicolorous; legs with all tarsi darkened; antennae with flagellum

subpectinate, the longest productions subequal to the segments; male hypopygium (Figure

26) with 3 long pale rostral spines L. (R.) eremnocera, new species

Wings with darkened pattern more extensive, the subcostal markings much exceeding the

interspaces, cell 2nd A dark, its base broadly whitened; legs with posterior tarsi extensively

yellowed; antennae with flagellum unipectinate, longest branches about twice the segments;

male hypopygium with 2 short inconspicuous rostral spines L. (R.) subcostalis (Alexander)

5. Antennal flagellum with 2 subterminal segments (12 and 13) pale 6

Antennal flagellum with more numerous pale segments 7

6. Wings with darkened pattern more extensive, especially in the costal field, in the stigmal

region forming a pale brown ring; mesonotal praescutum brownish gray, patterned with
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

darker brown, lateral margins not paler, pleura brownish gray without a clearly defined

darker stripe; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle large, about twice the basistyle,

rostrum with 2 or 3 spines L. (R.) domestica (Osten Sacken)

Wings with darkened pattern restricted to small spots, stigmal area small; mesonotal

praescutum light cinnamon brown, the lateral margin and dorsopleural membrane broadly

and abruptly yellow, pleura yellowed, with 2 longitudinal stripes, the dorsal one blackened,

extending from cervical region to abdomen; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle

smaller, subequal in area to the basistyle, rostrum with 2 spines

L. (R.) lubpectinata ( Willis ton i

7. Darkened wing pattern sparse, especially before cord, the areas in costal field not attaining

costa, axillary region not whitened, vein Sc long, Sc\ ending nearly opposite fork of lit,

m-cu beyond fork of M; antennae not known for male sex, in female f'agellar segments

short-unipectinate, basal segments darkened, outer 4 or 5 yellowed, including the terminal

one L. (R.) sttyskali, new specie*

Darkened wing pattern more extensive and conspicuous, the major subcostal areas reaching

costa, axillary region whitened, vein Sc shorter, Sc\ ending nearly opposite midlength

of Rs, m-cu shortly before fork of M; antennae of both sexes short-unipectinate, darkened,

with 4 subterminal segments (10 to 13) pale, terminal segment dark brown; male hypopygium (Figure 27) L. (R.) uiraUuca Alexander

Limonia (Rhipidia) bipectinata (Williston), 1896

FIGURE 25

Rhipidia bipectinata Williston, 1896, pp. 285-286, fig. 54.

Type from Saint Vincent, at 304.8 m (1,000 ft), collected by H. H. Smith.

The specimens from Dominica agree well with Williston's brief description. A few supplementary notes

are provided, based on the present specimens.

MALE.—Length about 6.5-7 mm; wing 8-9 mm;

antenna about 2.8—2.9 mm.

Antennae dark brown, terminal segment abruptly

whitened, longer than the penultimate; flagellar segments 2 to 11 bipectinate, with a further small spur

placed slightly more distally, directed obliquely outwardly; branches of segments 2 and 11 slightly unequal, about one-fourth longer than the segment,

branches of other segments longer, about one-half to

two-thirds longer than the segment. Wings with vein

Sc! about opposite fork of Rs; m-cu at fork of M to

slightly beyond at near one-fifth the length of 3f3+4.

Male hypopygium (Figure 25) with the tergite, t,

transverse, both the anterior and posterior borders

nearly truncate, the latter very slightly emarginate.

Basistyle, b, with ventromesal lobe large, with numerous very long setae. Dorsal dististyle, d, gently

curved, terminating in a long black spine; ventral style

relatively small, its area less than that of the basistyle;

rostral prolongation long and stout, the 2 long slender

spines placed close together, longer than the prolongation beyond their bases. Gonapophysis, g, with mesalapical lobe darkened, broad, base obtuse.

Particular attention is called to the antennae, especially the whitened terminal segment and the approach

to a tripectinate condition of the flagellar segments,

better developed in other members of the subgenus, as

Limonia (Rhipidia) tripectinata Alexander, of Colombia.

DOMINICA.—Male, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, 10 March 1965 (Wirth); male, 321.8 m (0.2

mile) east, 10 April 1966 (Gagne").

Limonia (Rhipidia) domestica (Osten Sacken), 1859

Rhipidia domestica Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 208.

Rhipidia domestica.—Alexander, 1919b, p. 893, fig. 40.

Limonia (Rhipidia) domestica.—Alexander, 1942, p. 328,

fig. 37c—1939b, p. 94.

One of the most widely distributed crane flies in

America. There is considerable variation in body and

wing coloration and in the degree of pectination of

the male antennae. As presently known, the number of

rostral spines of the male hypopygium ranges from

2to4.

DOMINICA.—Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light

trap (Wirth). Clarke Hall, 8-17 January 1965

(J. F. G. and Thelma Clarke), 11 January-31 March

1965, chiefly at light; 1 female reared from banana

stem, emerged 6 February 1965 (Wirth); 28 March

1966 (Gagne), 28 May-8 June 1966 (Steyskal), 6-31

October 1966 (Gurney). La Plaine, 17 February 1964

(Bray). Lisdara Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), August

1937 (Hodge). Marigot, July 1938 (Hodge). Pont

Casse, 4,023 m (2.5 miles) west, 27 January 1965, at
NUMBER 45 23

light (Wirth), 2,414 m (1.5 miles) west, 3 April 1965

(Davis) ; South Chiltern, 2 November 1966 (Gurney),

Springfield, November 1967 (Krauss), Sylvania, 23

January 1965, light trap (Wirth), 25 October 1966

(Gurney).

Limonia (Rhipidia) eremnocera, new species

FIGURE 26

Allied to Urnonia (Rhipidia) domestica; antennae

uniformly brownish black, flagellar segments of male

moderately produced; thoracic pleura above lined with

brown, beneath extensively yellowed; legs brownish

yellow, apices of fore pair darker brown; wings brownish yellow, restrictedly patterned with brown, including

4 darker subcostal areas, additional to the small solidly

darkened stigma, remainder of wing with paler brown

seams; male hypopygium with ventral dististyle large,

nearly three times the basistyle, rostral prolongation

long, with 3 long pale spines.

MALE.—Length about 5 mm; wing 5.3 mm; antenna

about 1.1 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 5.5 mm; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi very small, black. Antennae

brownish black throughout; intermediate flagellar segments of male moderately produced, with short but

conspicuous pedicels; terminal segment nearly twice

the penultimate. Eyes of male large, above broadly contiguous or virtually so; posterior vertex brownish gray.

Pronotum brown, darker laterally. MesonotaJ praescutum obscure yellow laterally, disk with a brown

central stripe that is paler and more narrowed at near

midlength, lateral stripes scarcely indicated, short and

pale, humeral and lateral borders more darkened;

scutellum and much of scutum obscure yellow, centers

of lobes darker; postnotum brownish yellow. Pleura

chiefly darkened, including a dorsal stripe, beneath,

including the lower sternopleurite, patterned with obscure yellow. Halteres with stem yellow, knob weakly

darkened. Legs with coxae obscure yellow, bases patterned with brown; trochanters light yellow; femora

brownish yellow, apices of fore pair darker brown; remainder of legs brownish yellow, outer tarsal segments

brown. Wings brownish yellow, with 4 brown costal

areas that are somewhat smaller than the interspaces,

darker in cell Sc; stigma brown, small and solidly

darkened; elsewhere on disk with pale brown washes

in cells beyond cord, wing apex pale; cord and outer

end of cell 1st M2 narrowly seamed with pale brown;

an isolated pale brown cloud in cell Sc2 beyond the

872-72« O—TO *

stigma, as also found in certain allied species; veins

brown. Venation: Sc relatively long, Scx ending about

opposite midlength of Rs; m-cu some distance before

fork of M, up to three-fourths its own length.

Abdominal tergites vaguely bicolored, brownish yellow, apices darker; sternites more obscure yellow, incisures narrowly pale brown; genital segments in both

sexes more yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 26)

with the tergite, t, transverse, posterior border very shallow ly emarginate, lateral and posterior margins with

abundant long setae. Basistyle, b, slightly more than

one-third the area of the ventral dististyle. Dorsal

dististyle, d, long, gently curved, terminating in a long

spine; ventral style with rostrum pale, relatively long,

with 3 long recurved pale spines on face at near midlength. Apical lobes of aedeagus small.

Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, 11-20 March 1965

(Wirth). Allotype, female 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east

of Pont Casse, in light trap, 24 March 1965 (Wirth).

Although the present fly is generally similar and

closely allied to Limonia (Rhipidia) domestica (Osten

Sacken), it differs in some important characters, as the

uniformly darkened antennae and in the wing pattern,

including the small, solidly darkened stigmal area.

Limonia (Rhipidia) steyskati, new species

Size large (wing and body of female about 9 mm);

general coloration of thoracic dorsum brownish yellow,

posterior sclerites darker, pleura with a conspicuous

blackened longitudinal stripe; antennae of female with

all flagellar segments except the last strongly unipectinate, branches relatively slender, about two-thirds the

segments; apex of knob of haltere infuscated; legs

brownish yellow, tips of fore femora narrowly pale

brown; wings with posterior cells weakly darkened,

those of anterior half more yellowed, with a restricted

pale brown pattern that includes the cord, outer end

of cell 1st M2 and origin of Rs, with virtually no darkenings on proximal half of wing; Sc long, Sct

 ending

nearly opposite fork of Rs, Sc2 near its tip, basal section

of i?4+5 long, about five-sixths Rs, cell 1st M2 small,

m-cu at near one fourth Ma^; abdomen obscure

brownish yellow, patterned with pale brown; ovipositor

with cerci relatively slender, with a small point on

dorsal margin before apex.

FEMALE.—Length about 7-9 mm; wing 7-9 mm;

antenna about 1.8-2 mm.

Rostrum dark brown; palpi black. Antennae of

female with scape obscure yellow, pedicel and prox-
24

imal 4 or 5 flagellar segments dark brown, intermediate segments paler brown, the outer 5 or 6 light yellow,

in the paratypes the proximal flagellar segments pale

brown, the outer 6 or 7 yellow; all flagellar segments

excepting the last with a strong branch to produce

a subpectinate appearance, on intermediate segments

about one-half longer than the protuberance, outer end

of each segment abruptly narrowed into a glabrous

pedicel. Eyes very large, eliminating the anterior vertex, posterior vertex dark brownish gray.

Cervical region and pronotum brownish black.

Mesonotal praescutum with 3 confluent brownish yellow stripes that are vaguely separated, darker behind,

lateral praescutal borders clearer yellow; scutal lobes

brown, central region and scutellum obscure yellow;

mediotergite brown, pleurotergite more yellowed.

Pleura with a conspicuous blackened stripe, sternopleurite broadly light brown, dorsopleural region

yellowed. Halteres with stem yellow, apex of knob infuscated. Legs with coxae yellow, fore pair darker

basally, trochanters yellow; femora obscure brownish

yellow, apices of fore pair narrowly pale brown; tibiae

and tarsi brownish yellow; claws of female short, with 2

teeth, the outer larger, stout. Wings relatively long and

narrow, cells of anterior half yellowed, prearcular and

costal fields clear light yellow, remainder of ground before the cord weakly darkened; a restricted pale brown

pattern that includes areas at origin of Rs, fork of Sc,

cord, and outer end of cell 1st M2, as well as an isolated

area over vein R at near two-thirds vein R; a vague

darkened cloud in centers of cells R2 and R3 before

tips, extreme wing apex in medial field darkened;

stigma small and relatively inconspicuous, pale brown,

its proximal end more yellowed; no darkenings basad

of cord excepting the single darkened cloud on vein R

as described; in the paratypes the darkened pattern is

slightly more extensive and the veins darker; veins

light brown, more yellowed in the brightened fields,

darker in the patterned areas. Longitudinal veins beyond cord, as well as Rs, with trichia, lacking on basal

veins excepting C and R. Venation: h oblique; Sc long,

Set ending nearly opposite fork of Rs, Sc2 near its tip;

Rs arcuated at base, subequal to R2+3; basal section of

J?4+5 long, about five-sixths Rs; cell 1st M2 small, nearly

rectangular, shorter than any of the veins beyond it;

m-cu at near one-fourth Af3+4.

Abdomen obscure brownish yellow, clearer yellow

on central parts of tergites; sternites light yellow, inSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cisures pale brown; dorsopleural membrane dark

brown. Ovipositor with cerci relatively slender, on

dorsal margin with a small point before the slightly

longer apex.

Holotype, female, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, Dominica, 10 March 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes,

3 females, Pont Casse, 22-23 November 1964

(Spangler.)

I dedicate this fly to George C. Steyskal, distinguished

student of Diptera in the United States National Museum. In the toothed cerci the species obviously is related to Limonia (Rhipidia) bellingeri Alexander, of

Jamaica, which differs evidently in the pattern and

venation of the wings, including a series of darkened

areas in cell Sc. The flagellar branches in the female

are much stouter than in the present fly. The antennae,

venation, and ovipositor have been figured in an earlier

paper (Alexander, 1964a, figs. 21, 22). The male sex

still remains unknown in both of these flies and the

condition of the antenna in this sex presumably will

provide further characters.

Limonia {Rhipidia) subcostalis (Alexander), 1922

Rhipidia (Rhipidia) subcostalis Alexander, 1922, pp. 3-4.

Limonia (Rhipidia) subcostalis (Alexander), 1964a, pp.

35-37, figs. 23, 28, 30.

The type-male was from Tiribi, Costa Rica, 9 October

1920 (United States National Museum no. 24,695).

Later recorded from Cuba and Jamaica. Distinguished

from the generally similar Limonia (Rhipidia) unipectinata (Williston), of Saint Vincent by having 11

branched flagellar segments in the male instead of 8

as in the latter species. The rostral spines of the ventral

dististyle are unusually short and inconspicuous.

DOMINICA.—2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont Casse,

10March 1965 (Wirth).

Limonia (Rhipidia) subpectinata (Williston), 1896

Rhipidia subpectinata Williston, 1896, p. 287, fig. 57.

Limonia (Rhipidia) subpectinata.—Alexander, 1950, p. 200.

Types from Saint Vincent, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), collected by H. H. Smith. Known also from Dominica

and Grenada. The antennae of the type were described

by Williston as being yellow, slightly brownish at tip,

but in all materials available to me these structures
NUMBER 45 25

are dark in color, with the 2 subterminal flagellar segments pale. Despite this discrepancy I believe that my

identification is correct.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 8-10 January—1-10

March 1965, at light and in Malaise traps (VVirth) ;

24 May 1966 (Steyskal); reared from banana stem,

no. 65 W 41, 10 February 1965 (Wirth), reared from

rotting cacao pods, no. 65 VV 3, 31 January 1965

(Wirth). Pont Casse, 22 November 1964 (Spangler).

South Chiltern, 8-10 December 1964 (Spangler).

Limonia (Rhipidia) tetraleuca Alexander, 1937

FIOURE 27

Limonia (Rhipidia) tetraltuca Alexander, 1937a, pp. 182-

183.

The type, a female, was taken along the El Yunque

trail, Luquillo National Forest, Puerto Rico.

The male here discussed agrees well with the type,

differing chiefly in sexual characters. Antennae with

scape light brown, pedicel and flagellum darker brown;

four subterminal segments light yellow, as in the typefemale; 1st and 2nd flagellar segments produced into

simple stout lobes, branches of intermediate segments

much shorter than in Limonia (Rhipidia) subcostalis,

the longest subequal to the segment; outer pale segments with the branch stout, shorter than the segment.

Male hypopygium (Figure 27) much as in L. (R.)

subcostalis, especially in the very short rostral spines

of the ventral dististyle, the rostrum deeper, bladelike,

with the spines placed on the face of the blade. The

only male available shows 3 rostral spines on one side,

2 on the other, as shown in the subfigure. Ninth tergite, t, with posterior border very shallowly emarginate, in L. (/?.) subcostalis with the border evenly

convex.

It should be noted that Limonia (Rhipidia) subcostalis has the antennal flagellum uniformly darkened,

with the branches of the intermediate segments long

and slender, approximately twice the segments, of the

penultimate and antepenultimate subequal to the

segment.

DOMINICA.—Pont Casse, 12-14 October 1964

(Spangler).

Limonia (Rhipidia) willistoniana Alexander, 1929

FIGURE 28

Rhipidia costalis Williston, 1896, pp. 286-287, fig. 56.

Limonia (Rhipidia) willistoniana Alexander, 1929a, p. 246.

New name for costalis Williston, preoccupied by Limonia

costalis (Wiedemann), 1824, p. 10.

The type was from Saint Vincent, altitude 457.6 m

(1,500 ft), collected by H. H. Smith. Known also from

Dominica and from Costa Rica.

Williston's figure of the male antenna correctly shows

the outer 3 segments simple and emphasizes the very

unusual length of the flagellar verticils. These are much

longer than the segment and are placed on the basal

enlargement opposite the point of insertion of the

branches. First flagellar segment unbranched, apical

pedicel abrupt; 2nd and 3rd segments with the

branches very unequal, the longer one subequal to the

segment; flagellar segments 4 to 8 inclusive with

branches longer than the segments, slightly unequal,

tipped with a single long seta; 9th segment with a single branch subequal to the segment; 10th and 11th

segments with branches indicated only by a low tubercle ; terminal segment dilated on more than basal half

(antenna, Figure 28). Male hypopygium (Figure 28)

with tergite, t, transverse, narrowed outwardly, posterior border shallowly emarginate, the low lobes with

thickened borders, each with about a dozen long setae.

Basistyle, b, with body and ventromesal lobe subequal

in extent, setae of the latter long and slender. Dorsal

dististyle, d, a very gently curved darkened rod, tip

suddenly curved, placed in a shallow emargination of

the ventral style; rostral prolongation long, the 2 spines

very long, widely separated, arising from small basal

tubercles, the longer outer spine exceeding the prolongation and more than one-half the dorsal dististyle.

Gonapophysis, g, with mesal-apical lobe stout, darkened, tip obtuse. Aedeagus with apex weakly bilobed.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-20 January, 1-10,

20-28 February 1965 (Wirth), 4 February 1964

(Bray), 6-8 October 1966 (Gurney). Fond Figues

River, 13 March 1965 (Wirth). Pont Casse, 23 November 1964 (Spangler), 28 October 1966 (Gumey).

Sylvania Estate 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938

(Hodge). Trafalgar Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft), 5-6

April 1966 (Gagn6).
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Orimarga Osten Sacken

Orimarga Osten Sacken, 1869, p. 120.

Subgenus Diotrepha Osten Sacken, 1878, pp. 219-220.

Key to Subgenera and Species of Orimarga

Wings (Figure 30) with 3 branches of media—A/,,,, A/,, and A/«; m-cu moderately retracted,

about opposite base of Rs or close to midlength of vein Cu; legs extensively black, outer tars.il

segments white (O. (O). nimbicolor, new species) Orimarga Osten Sacken

Wings (Figure 31) with 2 branches of media—Aft.» and Af«; m-cu far retracted, placed some

distance before origin of Rs or opposite approximately one-fourth to one-fifth the length of

vein Cu; legs light brown, femora with tip brownish black, preceded by a subequal whitened

ring, tarsi and tips of tibiae white.... (O. (D.) bifidaria, new species) Diotrtpha Osten Sacken

Orimarga (Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species

FIGURES 30, 32

Allied to Orimarga (Orimarga) dichroptera. Thorax

laterally with 2 silvery white longitudinal stripes, the

dorsal one on lateral border of praescutum, ventral

stripe on pleura; femora brownish yellow, tip brownish

black, tibiae and proximal end of basitarsi black, remainder of tarsi excepting the terminal segment snowy

white; wings long and narrow, with a slender basal

petiole, strongly darkened anteriorly, outer half behind

the radial field paler; vein Sc very short, ending far

before origin of Rs, cell 2nd A short and narrow; male

hypopygium with a single dististyle that terminates

in 3 points or blades, basistyle with interbase extended

into a long spine, gonapophysis terminating in 2 long

spines, aedeagus relatively small and weak.

MALE.—Length about 8-10 mm; wing 5.3-6 mm:

antenna about 0.7-0.8 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 9 mm; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum, palpi, and antennae black; rostrum short,

about one-half the remainder of head. Head blackened,

gray pruinose.

Pronotum black, above pruinose. Mesonotum and

pleura polished black, with 2 narrow, very conspicuous, light silvery longitudinal stripes, the dorsal one on

lateral border of praescutum, extending backward to

wing root, ventral stripe on dorsal portion of the extensive sternopleurite, from behind the fore coxae to

base of abdomen. Halteres black. Legs with coxae and

trochanters yellowish brown; femora brownish yellow

basally, darker outwardly, tip brownish black; tibiae

dark brown to brownish black; basitarsi chiefly black,

the outer fourth and virtually all of remainder of tarsi

snowy white, including the vestiture, terminal segment darkened. Wings (Figure 30) long and narrow,

with prearcular field very narrow to produce a petiolate appearance with no indication of an anal angle,

strongly darkened, the outer half behind the radial

field paler, prearcular radial cell very large, conspicuously whitened; darkest areas include costal border,

outer radial cells where they become more intense at

tip, and a broad seam along vein Cu to margin; veins

brown, trichia black. Longitudinal veins beyond general level of cord with strong trichia, including also

the outer one-half to two-thirds of Rs and distal end

of M, lacking on anal veins. Venation: Sc very short,

Set ending a distance before origin of Rs about equal

to two-thirds to three-fourths the latter vein; Ra*t

subequal to or a little shorter than Rlt2 or about onehalf longer than RJt the latter in transverse alignment

with r-m; Af3+4 subequal to or shorter than vein A/4;

m-cu opposite base of Rs, cell 2nd A narrow.

Abdomen unusually long, black. Male hypopygium

(Figure 32) with outgrowths on mesal face of basistyle, b, culminating in a modified interbase that appears as a slender blade, the apex a long spine. Dististyle, d, single, basal half enlarged, terminating in 3

points or blades, as shown; on face of basal part with

a group of about 18 setae, the outermost longest Phallosome, p, complex, gonapophyses with outer arm

slender, divided into 2 long spines; aedeagus relatively

small and weak.

Holotype, male, Trafalgar Falls, Dominica, 365.7 m

(1,200 ft) 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotype, female, Clarke Hall, along Cocoa Trail, 16 January 1965

(Wirth). Paratopotypes, 7 males, with type. Paratypes, 1 female, Carholm Estate, 7 February 1965

(Wirth); 1 male, Manets Gutter, 9 September 1965

(Jackson).
NUMBER 4 5 27

33

FIGURES 29-35.—Venation: 29, HWiiu (Helius) albitarsis (Osten Sacken); 30, Orimarga

(Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species; 31, Orimarga (Diotrepha) bifidaria, new species. Male

hypopygium: 32, Orimarga (Orimarga) nimbicolor, new species; 33, Orimarga (Diotrepha)

bifidaria, new species; 34, Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species; 35, Shannonomyia

urophora, new spceies. [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; i,

interbase; p, phaUosome; t, termite.]
28

The various Neotropical members of the subgenus

Orimarga that have the legs darkened with the outer

tarsal segments snowy white, and the wings with vein

Sc short and having Sci ending some distance before

the origin of Rs, include the following: Orimarga

(Orimarga) chionopus Alexander, of Ecuador; O.

(O.) dichroptera Alexander, Venezuela; O. (O.)

farriana Alexander, Jamaica; O. (O.) niveitarsis Alexander, Panama, additional to the present species. All

of these are distinguished chiefly by wing pattern and

venation, the distribution of which coloration on the

tarsi, and in hypopygial structure This last character

is unknown for some of these species, including O. (O.)

dichroptera, which is most similar to the present fly,

differing in the venation of the subcostal and radial

fields. It appears certain that the male sex of this

species when discovered will provide further characters

for the separation of these flies.

Subgenus Diotrepha Osten Sacken

Orimarga (Diotrepha) bifidaria, new species

FIGURES 31, 33

General coloration of thorax brownish yellow, pleura

clearer yellow, abdominal tergites light brown; rostrum

light yellow, antennae black; femora pale brown, tip

narrowly dark brown, preceded by a slightly broader

and clearer white ring, tibia with more than basal

three-fourths pale brown, tip narrowly blackened, preceded by a broad white ring, tarsi snowy white; wings

long and narrow, faintly darkened, prearcular and

costal regions light yellow; male hypopygium with dististyles fused basally, phallosome complex, aedeagus

relatively small, apex bifid, the blades short.

MALE.—Length about 6.8-7 mm; wing 5-5.6 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 7.5-9 mm; wing 6-6.2 mm.

Rostrum and mouthparts light yellow, palpi with 1st

segment obscure yellow, remainder black. Antennae

black; flagellar segments long-oval to subcylindrical.

Head light gray; eyes large, reducing the anterior vertex to a linear strip.

Cervical region and pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal praescutum almost uniformly brownish yellow;

scutal lobes yellowish brown; scutellum and mediotergite darker brown; parascutella and pleurotergite

more yellowed. Pleura brownish yellow to clearer yelSMITHSON1AN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

low. Halteres with stem whitened, knob medium

brown. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellowed;

femora pale brown, base narrowly more brightened,

tip narrowly dark brown, preceded by a slightly wider

clearer white ring; tibiae with more than basal threefourths pale brown, tip narrowly blackened, preceded

by a broad white ring; tarsi snowy white. Wings (Figure 31) long and narrow, faintly darkened, prearcular

and costal fields light yellow; veins brown, yellowed in

prearcular field. Trichia on vein Ru2, all of Riy and

extensively on R*,-,, Mx.z and Af3.«;

 n o

 trichia on

Sc and with very few at distal end of R. Venation:

Sci ending about opposite one-fourth Rs, Sc2 at or some

distance beyond end of Sd; R2tS variable in length,

from about two to four times /?,.

Abdomen light brown, stemites more yellowed, outer

3 segments brownish black. Ovipositor with valves horn

colored, cerci slender. Male hyjxjpygium (Figure 33)

with setae of mcsal face of basistyle, b, abundant, more

elongate near base. Dististyle, d, fused basally, the

outer style narrowed gradually into a long spine, inner

style virtually as long, with abundant setae, apex obtuse. Interbase and phallosome complex, the details

about as shown. Aedeagus short, at apex split into 2

short flattened blades, their tips obtuse.

Holotype, male, D'leau Gommier, Central Forest

Reserve, 518 m (1,700 ft), 26 May 1966 (Gagne).

Allotype, female, Trafalgar Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft),

5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Paratopotype, female, 15

February 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes, 2 females, with

the allotype, 2 males, 2 females, Manets Gutter, 10

March 1965, in light traps (Wirth) ; 1 female, Fond

Figues River, 13 March 1965, in light trap, 1 female, 9

February 1965 (Wirth); 1 female, along trail, 1,609

m (1 mile) north of junction of roads to Rosalie and

Castle Bruce, 396 m (1,300 ft), 23 April 1966 (Gagne).

The most similar regional species are Orimarga

(Diotrepha) arawak Alexander, of Jamaica, and the

subgenotype, O. (O.) mirab'dis (Osten Sacken), described from the southern United States and presumably extending farther south in tropical America.

Williston's record of this species from Saint Vincent

may well pertain to the present fly. It should be noted

that his figure purporting to show the male hypopygium

(1896, fig 65a) actually represents the ovipositor in

lateral aspect. The aedeagus in the present fly is bifid,

as described and figured, whereas in the two species

compared above the organ is simple and very large.
NUMBER 45

HEXATOMINI

29

Key to the Genera of HEXATOMINI

1. Wingi (Figum 40, 41) having Rs with 2 branches, vein Rt lacking 2

Wings (Figures 36-39) with Rs 3-branched, vein Rt preserved 3

2. Rostrum elongate, exceeding one-half the remainder of body, the reduced palpi at extreme

tip; wing (Figure 41) EUphantomyia Ostcn Sacken

Rostrum short and inconspicuous, not exceeding the remainder of head; wing (Figure 40)

Atarba Osten Sacken

3. Wings (Figure 36) with a supernumerary crossvein in cell C, wings handsomely patterned

Epiphragma Osten Sacken

Wings (Figures 37-39) without supernumerary crossveins, unpatterned or only weakly

variegated 4

4. Wings (Figure 39) with cell 1st M, closed; antennae short in both sexes

Shannonomyia Alexander

Wings (Figures 37, 38) with cell M, open by atrophy of M; antennae of male longer than

the wing, flagrllar segments strongly binodose, the nodes with long outspreading setae

(Polymera Wiedemann) 5

5. Wings (Figurr 37) with M 4-branched, cell Mx present Polymera (Polymera) Wiedemann

Wings (Figure 38) with M 3-branched, cell Af, lacking Polymera (Polymerodes) Alexander

Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken

Limnophtla (Epiphtagma) Osten Sarkcn, 1859, p. 238^

Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1869, pp. 193-194.—Alexander,

1948a, pp. 168-171.

Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species

FIOURES 34, 36

General coloration of thoracic notum brown, margined

with black, pleura chiefly black, lower part gray pruinose; antennae long, black, proximal flagellar segments patterned with yellow; no fusion segment, 1st

flagellar segment elongate, equal to the combined 2nd

and 3rd segments; femora yellowed outwardly, enclosing a broad blackened subterminal ring, tibiae and

tarsi chiefly light brown; wings whitened, with a conspicuous solidly darkened brown pattern that includes

3 major darker brown costal areas, cell 2nd A chiefly

darkened, including the central half.

MALE.—Length about 10 mm; wing 9.5 mm; antenna about 4.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 12.5 mm, abdomen alone

9 mm; wing 10 mm; antenna about 3.6 mm.

Rostrum dark brown, in front narrowly margined

with obscure brownish yellow, mouthparts and palpi

black. Antennae long, as shown by measurements;

scape and pedicel brownish black, 1st flagellar segment light yellow, central 3rd infuscated; 2nd segment black, outer 4th yellowed, remainder of organ

black excepting for extreme tips of segments 2 to 4

which are yellowed; all flagellar segments elongate,

with no indication of fusion, the 1st very long-cylindrical, equal in length to the succeeding 2 segments and

stouter; intermediate segments weakly dilated at bases,

verticils a little shorter than the segments (in female,

more so in male) and with short dense dark setulae

over the entire surface; antennae of male slightly

longer than in female. Head of male very large, especially the extremely large eyes, anterior vertex at narrowest point reduced to a space not exceeding the

diameter of 2 rows of ommatidia. Head darkened, in

female the extreme front end of anterior vertex with

golden yellow areas, remainder dark grayish brown,

occiput more darkened, in female anterior vertex subequal in diameter to that of the scape.

Mesonotal praescutum conspicuously patterned,

disk pale; lateral and anterior margins broadly black,

disk with anterior half chestnut brown, the expanded

posterior half more yellow pollinose, with 6 dark brown

longitudinal dashes arranged in a transverse row before the suture; scutum with anterior half brownish

yellow, posterior half with a transverse brown band;

scutellum dark brown, broadly margined with brownish yellow; mediotergite brownish black at either end,

interconnected by a narrow central line, remainder of

disk with golden yellow pollen, pleurotergite blackened. Pleura chiefly black, including a dorsal longitudinal stripe, ventral half extensively gray pruinose.

Halteres elongate, stem brown, base narrowly yellowed,

knob blackened in female, in male more weakly dark-
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOY

42

FIGURES 36-43.—Venation: 36, Epiphragma (Epiphragma) caribica, new species; 37, Polymera

(Polymera) albitarsts dominie ae Alexander; 38, Polymera (Polymerodes) conjunct a Alexander;

39, Shannonomyia urophora, new species; 40, Atarba (Atarba) angustipennis Alexander; 41,

Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new species. Male hypopygium:42, Atarba (Atarba)

angustipennis Alexander; 43, Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new species.[sYMBOLS:

a, aedeagus; b, basistyle; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; i, interbase; t, tergite.]
NUMBER 45 31

ened, apical border yellowed. Legs with coxae yellowed, with a transverse brownish black area shortly

before tip; trochanters brownish yellow; femora light

brown, extreme base pale yellow, outer fourth light

yellow, enclosing a broad blackened subterminal ring

that is about three times the yellow tip; tibiae with

extreme base yellow, the succeeding fourth dark brown,

in female the remainder very light brown, in male the

darkened brown ring more extensive, involving more

than one-half the segment; tarsi very light brown.

Wings (Figure 36) narrow, whitened, with a conspicuous brown pattern, as common in the genus, the

dark areas solid or virtually so, those of anterior third

still darker, including 3 larger ones in cell C with

vaguely paler centers, especially one at end of vein Sc;

pattern in central half of wing ocelliferous, the ocelli

large and open, the dark pattern subequal in extent to

the ground; cell 1st A with nearly the basal half unpatterned, cell 2nd A in female chiefly darkened, including almost the central half, in male less extensively

darkened, this including either end of cell and 3 confluent small marginal spots at near midlength; veins

brownish black, those in the prearcular field and anterior border interspaces yellowed. Venation: Cell Mt

longer than its petiole; cell 1st M. long and narrow;

m-cu about its own length beyond fork of M.

Abdomen relatively long, as shown by die measurements, in female tergites yellowish brown, heavily patterned with darker brown, including a major area

beyond the phragma, posterior and lateral borders narrowly yellow, in male, tergites more extensively darkened with only the posterior borders narrowly yellowed ; sternites more extensively yellow, in female with

a narrow pale brown ring at extreme base, terminal

segment more uniformly medium brown. Male hypopygium (Figure 34) widi tergal lobes, t, relatively

long and narrow, tips obtuse. Basistyle, b, with normal

pale setae and very abundant short dark setulae. Outer

disn'style, d, with apex decurved into a slender spine,

surface with several unusually long pale setae; inner

style with tip obtuse, setae small, including a group of

5 or 6 near base. Interbase, i, with outer blade nearly

straight, tip acute, not recurved as in various other

regional species.

Holotype, female, 804.7 m (0.5 mile) north of Pont

Casse, Dominica, 12 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, male 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont Casse, 5 May

1966(Gagn6).

The specific name, caribica, is a recognition of the

Caribs of Dominica, last survivors of the formerly

numerous aborigines of die Lesser Antilles (Hodge,

1942, pp. 189-201).

The most similar species are Epiphragma (Epiphragma) circinata Osten Sacken, of Central America, and E. (E.) gracilicornis Alexander, of Colombia,

which likewise have conspicuously lengthened antennae, with all flagellar segments distinct, including

the long-cylindrical basal one. The present fly differs

in details of coloration of die body, legs, and unusually

narrow wings. The antennal structure is noteworthy,

especially the very long stout basal segment which is

longer than in circinata which appears to be die most

nearly allied species. E. (E.) sackeni Williston, of Saint

Vincent, belongs to a different group of the genus, with

the tricolored wing pattern showing the dark markings being separated from the paler ground by clear

whitened borders. Other Neotropical species that have

this type of wing pattern include E. (E.) fabricii Alexander (maculata Fabricius, preoccupied), E. (E.) inaequicincta Alexander, E. (E.) interspersa Alexander,

E. (E.) persancta Alexander, and some others. Still

other species from the Greater Antilles likewise are not

closely related to the present fly, these including E. (E.)

cubensis Alexander and E. (E.) inornatipes Alexander,

of Cuba, and E. (E.) auricosta Alexander and E. (E.)

buscki Alexander, of die Dominican Republic, Hispaniola.

Genus Polymer a Wiedemann

Polymera Wiedemann, 1820, p. 40.—Alexander, 1948, pp.

168-171.

Subgenus Polymer odes Alexander, 1920b, p. 143.

Polymera (Polymera) albitarsis dominicae Alexander,

1939

FIGURE 37

Polymera (Polymera) albitarsis dominicae Alexander, 1939b,

pp. 98-99.

Williston gives the body length for his series of 4 males

and females of albitarsis Williston as being 6-7 mm.

The present race is much smaller, with the following

measurements:

MALE.—Length about 3.5-4 mm; wing 4-4.5 mm;

antenna about 5-5.3 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 4-4.5 mm; wing 5-5.5 mm.

The venation of the present fly is shown (Figure 37).
32

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 8-31 January, 1-10 February 1965, light trap (Wirth), 4 June 1966 (Steyskal). Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965, light trap

(Wirth). D'leau Gommier, Central Forest Reserve,

15 February, 16 March 1965 (Wirth), 518 m (1,700

ft), 26 May 1966 (Gagne). 2,736 m (1.7 miles)

east of Pont Casse, 12 March 1965, light trap (Wirth),

4,023 m (2.5 miles) east, along stream margin, 16

January 1965 (Wirth). Along trail, 1,609 m (1 mile)

north of junction of roads to Rosalie and Castle Bruce,

3% m (1,300 ft), 29 March 1966 (Gagne). Typemale, Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 30 August

1938 (Hodge).

Subgenus Polymerodes Alexander

Polymera (Polymerodes) conjuncta Alexander, 1913

FIOURE 38

Polymera conjuncta Alexander, 1913a, p. 529, fig. 7.

Polymera {Polymerodes) conjuncta Alexander, 1948a, pp.

182-190;1920b, p. 143.

The types of Polymera (Polymerodes) conjuncta were

frorrt Para, Brazil, collected in February 1912 by H. S.

Parish. The generally similar P. (P.) conjunctoides

Alexander, 1920b, from Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador,

and Peru, has a narrow longitudinal blackened stripe

on the thoracic pleura which is lacking or poorly evident in P. (P.) conjuncta. The present specimens

show indications of such a stripe though less evident

and until more materials become available it seems

preferable to refer them to the present species. The

venation is shown (Figure 38), with R2t3 very short,

subequal to R2, whereas in the holotype of P. (P.)

conjuncta it is about one-half longer than R2 and

oblique in position; in P. (P.) conjunctoides this vein

is still more oblique to nearly longitudinal in position

and fully twice the length of R2. In the second available specimen the venation of the radial field is more

as in typical P. (P.) conjuncta. It appears that these

species are unusually variable and it is possible that

a single species is represented under these two names.

This is the first record of a species of Polymerodes in

the North American fauna.

MALE.—Length about 3 mm; wing 3 mm; antenna

about 4 mm.

DOMINICA.—Fond Figues River, 25 January 1965,

13 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Shannonomyia Alexander

Shannonomyia Alexander, 1929b, pp. 142 143.-1948b, pp.

518-520.

Shannonomyia urophora, new species

FIGURES 35, 39

General coloration of mesonotum light brown, ventral

part of pleura light yellow; antenna of male short,

proximal flagellar segments crowded, outer ones longer,

with conspicuous verticils; vertex pale grayish white;

legs pale brown; wings faintly tinged with brown,

restrictedly patterned with darker brown; macrotrichia

of veins unusually abundant, vein Sc long, cell 1st Mt

closed, elongate; male hypopygiutn with acdeagus pale,

unusually broad, above its base with a dcprcs«cdflattcned central plate, its truncated apex farther produced into a taillike extension.

MALK.- -Length about 5 mm; wing 5.3 mm; antenna

about 0.8 mm.

FKMALK.—Length about 7 mm; wing 7 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae of male

short, as shown by the measurements; scape and |>cdicel

clear light yellow, the former very long, about onethird the flagellum, the latter dark brown, first segment

paler at base; flagellar segments short and crowded,

verticils on outer faces, outer 4 segments elongate, with

longer verticils, those of 10, 12, and 14 weaker than

those of the alternate ones, terminal segment long, at

apex with 4 strong verticils that are subequal to or

slightly longer than the segment. Front broad; anterior

vertex whitened, posterior vertex very pale grayish

white.

Pronotum pale yellow, brown posteriorly. Mesonotum light brown, postnotum vaguely more pruinose;

praescutal vestiture black, erect. Pleura light brown on

dorsal half, light yellow ventrally. Halteres with stem

pale, knob weakly darkened. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow, remainder of legs very pale brown.

Wings (Figure 39) faintly tinged with brown, prearcular and costal fields yellowed; a very restricted

darker brown pattern includes small spots at origin of

Rs, Sc2, cord, outer end of cell 1st A/2, stigma, fork of

i?3+4, and as minute marginal darkenings at ends of

veins R4 and 2nd A, smaller or lacking on other longitudinal veins; veins yellowed, darker in the patterned

parts. Macrotrichia of longitudinal veins unusually

abundant, beyond cord on all veins to Cul and also on
NUMBER 4 5 33

Rs and Sc, very sparse and scattered on 2nd A, lacking

on Cu and 1st A. Venation: Sc long, Sct ending opposite three-fourths Rs, Sc2 unusually close to tip; Rs

strongly arcuated at origin; Rlt2 and R2 subequal, the

latter before the radial fork, R3ti about one-half R2;

cell 1st M2 elongate, shorter than distal section of A/i+2,

slightly exceeding A13; tn-cu at near one-third to onefourth A/s<1.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, light brown. Male

hypopygium (Figure 35) with axial terminal spine

of outer dististyle, d, somewhat stouter than the subtenninal outer |x>int, setae of central area of outer

face long; inner style with apical lobe slender, outer

surface with erect to slightly reclinate pale delicate

setulac. (>ona|x>physis, g, relatively large; aedeagus unusually broad, curved, pale, above its base with a broad

depressed-flattened central plate, narrowed outwardly,

apex truncated, farther produced into a slender taillike

extension. I am uncertain as to the homologies of this

structure.

Holotype, male, 2,736 in (1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, Dominica, 12 March 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 24 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).

Several other members of the genus are known from

the Greater Antilles, including the Cuban Shannonomyia brevicula Alexander and S. bruneriana Alexander, which are most similar to the present fly in

general appearance. The unusually stout aedeagus is

suggestive of the condition in some species of Limnophila (Phylidorea), and in Shannonomyia is

approached by S. ovaliformis Alexander, of Mexico.

The genus Shannonomyia includes many species

throughout tropical America, including the extreme

south, and with a few others, including the genotype,

S. lenta (Osten Sacken) in the Nearctic. The various

species show a surprising diversity in antennal structure and in the venation and trichiation of the wings.

A number of species in South America have reduced

wings, the condition culminating in Shannonomyia

(Roraimomyia) permonstrata (Alexander), as presently known restricted to the summit of Mount Roraima, Venezuela. In this fly the wings are reduced to

tiny pads that are appressed to the body while the

halteres, which at first sight appear to be lacking, probably are represented by a microscopic knob with the

stem lacking. This instance marks the extreme reduction in size of the halteres in the Tipulidae.

Genus Atarba Osten Sacken

Atarba Osten Sacken, 1869, p. 127.—Alexander, 1948b, pp.

536-541.

Atarba (Atarba) angustipennis Alexander, 1928

Figures 40, 42

Atarba {Atarba) angustipennis Alexander, 1928b, p. 57.

The type, a female, was from the Sierra Rangel, Pinar

del Rio, Cuba, 457.6 m (1,500 ft), 29 August 1927.

Further specimens are from Loma del Gato, Sierra del

Cobre, Cuba, 792.5-1,013.5 m (2,600-3,325 ft), 15-30

September 1935, and from El Vergel, Chiapas,

Mexico, 800 meters (about 0.5 mile) 18 May 1935.

The genus Atarba is known from 2 species in Cuba

and Jamaica and very numerous forms throughout

continental Tropical America.

Male hypopygium (Figure 42) with the tergal horns,

t, conspicuous. Basistyle, b, with a small tubercle on

mesal face near apex. Outer dististyle slender, outer

margin with a series of appressed spines, those near

base smallest, outwardly gradually becoming longer

and more appressed, the outermost longer than the

small apical point. Aedeagus, a, long and pale, straight

to gently sinuous, before apex on outer margin with

a small point. Venation (Figure 40).

DOMINICA.—804.7 m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse,

at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth) ; 2,736 m (1.7 miles)

east, at light, 12 March 1965 (Wirth) ; 4,023 m (2.5

miles) west, at light, 27 January 1965 (Wirth).

Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken

Elephantomyia Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 220.—Alexander,

1948b, pp. 552-554.

As discussed under the accompanying description,

there presently are known 3 species of Elephantomyia

from the West Indian islands, including the new species

here described.

Following our presently accepted system of classification in this family of flies, the genus is placed in

the tribe Hexatomini, whereas the genus Helius is in

the tribe Limoniini, as considered earlier in this report. It is becoming evident that these 2 genera are

more nearly allied than the present arrangement shows.

The structure, including especially the male hypopygium and the venation, shows marked points of

similarity in the two groups. The problem had been
34

mentioned in another paper by the writer and seems

to require further investigation (Alexander, 1964b,

pp. 367-368).

Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) pertenuis, new

species

FIGURES 41, 43

Size small (body and wing between 6 and 7 mm);

rostrum subequal in length to remainder of body; general coloration light yellow, the scutellum, central area

of mediotergite, and the 8th abdominal tergite more

infuscated; legs light brown; wings subhyaline, prearcular and costal regions light yellow, without darkened pattern other than the long-oval pale brown

stigma; male hypopygium with numerous setae on

mesal face of basistyle; phallosome with gonapophyses

appearing as relatively broad blades, tip obtuse, membranous, with several microscopic points; pcnefiluin

very long and delicate, strongly looped.

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 6-6.5

mm; wing 6.2-7.2 mm; rostrum about 5-6.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 6.5

mm; wing 7 mm; rostrum about 7 mm.

Rostrum brown, subequal in length to remainder of

body or to the wing. Antennae light brown; flagellar

segments long, with very long verticils. Head yellow;

vertex at midlength reduced to a narrow line, the eyes

correspondingly large.

Thorax polished, almost uniformly light yellow,

scutellum and central part of mediotergite slightly

infuscated. Halteres yellow. Legs with coxae and

trochanters light yellow; femora light brown, tips narrowly darker, preceded by a subequal slightly yellowed

ring; tibiae light brown, tarsi slightly paler. Wings

(Figure 41) subhyaline, prearcular and costal fields

light yellow; no darkened pattern except for the longoval pale brown stigma; veins brownish yellow, clearer

yellow in the brightened parts. Macrotrichia on longitudinal veins beyond general level of origin of Rs,

lacking on Anals. Venation: Sct ending about opposite

two-thirds to three-fourths Rs, Sc2 near its tip; both

branches of Rs nearly parallel to one another, diverging

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

slightly at margin; m-cu beyond one-third the length

of Af3+4, exceeding the distal section of Cux.

Abdomen yellow, pleural margins narrowly and

vaguely more darkened, 8th tergite broadly brown,

margined with yellow. Male hypopygium (Figure 43)

with posterior border of tergite, /, very gently convex,

with numerous setae. Basistyle, b, with numerous very

long pale setae on mesal face. Both dististyles, d, terminal, outer style glabrous, basal half dilated, outer

part narrowed, curved into a slender axial spine, outer

margin with a smaller straight subterminal jx>int; inner

style longer, nearly straight, with several setae on basal

half and 3 on outer margin before apex. Phallosome, p,

with gonapophyses appearing as relatively broad nearly

straight blades, outwardly only slightly produced, not

pointed, terminating in pair membrane with numerous

microscopic points; penefilum unusually long and very

slender, conspicuously loojx-d, its total length difficult

to estimate but apparently subequal to the length of the

combined 3 outer abdominal segments and possibly

even longer.

Holotype, male, Fond Figues River, Dominica, in

rain forest, 9 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, trail 1,609 m (1 mile) north of roads to Rosalie

and Castle Bruce, 396 m (1,300 ft), 23 April 1966

(Gagne). Paratypes, 4 males, 321.8 m to 804.7 m

(0.2-0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse, 10-11 April 1966

(Gagnc); 1 male, Trafalgar Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft),

5-6 April 1966 (Gagne).

The present fly is distinct from the two members of

the genus presently known from the Antilles. The

larger Elephantomyia {Elephantomyia) meridionatis

Alexander (E. (E.) longirostris Williston, preoccupied) has the body and wings conspicuously patterned with brown and with the rostrum elongate,

nearly one-half longer than the remainder of body

(male, length 6 mm; rostum 8.5 mm). At present the

species appears to be known only from Saint Vincent.

The second species, E. (£.) westwoodi antillarum

Alexander, is similar to the last in its large size and in

the patterned body and wings. Presently it is known

only from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola,

Puerto Rico).
NUMBER 43 35

ERIOPTERINI

Key to Genera of ERIOPTERINI

1. Rostrum very long and slender, approximately one-half the remainder of body, the reduced

palpi at apex; setae of legs profoundly bifid; wings with Rs unbranched (Figure 64)

Toxorhmm Loew

Rostrum short, not exceeding remainder of head; setae of legs simple; wings with Rs having

either 2 or 3 branches (Figures 44-47) 2

2. Wings with Rs having 2 branches (Figures 44, 46, 47) 3

Wings with Rs having 3 branches (Figures 45, 60-63) 6

3. Wings (Figure 44) with vein Ri present, placed close to fork of Rs; vein Sc long, Sci ending

beyond origin of Rs Teucholabis Osten Sacken

Wings (Figures 46, 47) with vein R, lacking; vein Sc short, Sci ending opposite or before

origin of Rs Conomyia Meigen (in part) 4

4. Wings (Figure 46) with cell A/, open by atrophy of basal section of vein M»

Conomyia (NtolipophUps) Alexander

Wings with cell 1st M, closed 5

5. Wings (Figure 47) with stigma dark brown, conspicuous; male hypopygium (Figures 57-59)

with apex of basistyle produced into a spine Gonomyim (ParalipophUps) Alexander

Wings with stigma pair to scarcely indicated; male hypopygium (Figures 53-56) not produced

into a spine Conomyia (LipophUps) Bergroth

6. Wings (Figure 60) with veins /?§ and M,., fused to comprise the entire cephalic border of

cell 1st M,, r-m thus obliterated; 2 branches of hi reach the margin; vein 2nd A short

TrenUpohlia (Paramongoma) Brunetti

Wings (Figures 44-47, 61-64) with vein /?• entirely separate from A#.,i, r-m present;

3 branches of M reach the margin; vein 2nd A of normal length 7

7. Wings (Figures 45, 61) with cell R» shallow, subequal to or shorter than its petiole; vein R*

lacking 8

Wings (Figures 62, 63) with cell Rt deep, longer than its petiole; vein /?» present 9

8. Wings (Figure 45) with vein Sc short, 5ci ending opposite or before origin of Rs; trochanters

normal, short Gonomyia (Gonomyia) Meigen

Wings (Figure 61) with vein Sc long, Sct ending opposite or beyond midlength of Rs;

trochanters elongate Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) Alexander

9. Wings (Figure 62) with cell M, open by atrophy of basal section of Mt; legs with abundant

long setae, without scales; male hypopygium with apex of aedeagus bifurcate, the branches

recurved EriopUrm (Mesocyphona) Osten Sacken

Wings (Figure 63) with cell M% open by atrophy of m; vestiturc of legs including long, very

narrow flattened scales; male hypopygium with aedeagus a simple straight spike, the

tip acute EriopUnrodss, new genus

Genus TrentepohUa Bigot

Trentepohlia Bigot, 1854, pp. 456, 473.—Alexander, 1938,

pp. 353-355; 1947a, pp. 69-72.

Subgcnus Paramongoma Brunetti

Subgenus Paramongoma Brunetti, 1911, p. 295.

Synonym. Mongomella Enderlein, 1912, p. 61.

TrentepohUa (Paramongoma) dominicana Alexander, 1947

TrentepohUa (Paramongoma) dominicana Alexander, 1947a,

FIGURE 60

pp. 71-72.

The holotype is from Dominica, as recorded below. The

species is known from Puerto Rico (El Yunque, Luquillo National Forest). The venation is shown in

Figure 60.

DOMINICA.—La Chaudiere, Hempstead River, 15

May 1940 (Hodge); type. Fond Figues River, 9-12

March 1965 (Wirth). 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, 10 March 1965 (Wirth).

Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken

Teucholabis Osten Sacken, 1859, p. 222.—Alexander, 1927,

pp. 17-27; 1946, pp. 375-400, 14 figs.
36

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Key to Species of Teucholabis

1. Size small (wing of male to about 6.5 mm) ; legs with femora yellow, unpatterned except

for narrow black tips of fore and middle pairs, in male, with no enlarged glandular area

on basitarsus; wings with veins Rt and Ri divergent apically, cell Rt at margin widened,

about two-thirds as extensive as cell Rt; abdominal tergites annulated, bases dark brown,

apices yellow; no setal modifications on sternite 6 in male; hypopygium (Figure 50)

T. tenella, new species

Size larger (wing of male about 7.5 mm or more) ; legs with femora darkened at or clo«e to

tip and with a central darkening, in male with a glandular swelling near proximal end

of basitarsus; wings with veins Rt and Rt extending nearly parallel to one another throughout, cell Rt narrow, at margin only about one-third as extensive as cell R,; abdominal

tergites annulated (annulata) or almost uniformly fulvous (fulvivenlris) ; 6th sternite in

male with conspicuous modified setae 2

2. Abdominal tergites conspicuously bicolored, the bases broadly brown, apices yellow; wingi

virtually unpatterned except for the small darkened stigma, apex not infuscated; male

hypopygium (Figure 48) with apex of outer diitistyle simple T. annulata Williston

Abdomen behind the 1st segment almost uniformly fulvous; wings with outer end, especially

in the radial field, narrowly darkened; male hypopygium (Figure 49) with apex of outer

dististyle bidentate T. fulviivnlrit, new specie*

Teucholabis (Teucholabis) annulata Williston, 1896

FIGURE 48

Teucholabis annulata Williston, 1896, p. 290, fig. 63.

The types were from Saint Vincent, without further

data, collected by H. H. Smith.

Male hypopygium (Figure 48) with outer lobe of

basistyle, b, relatively narrow, tip obtuse with sparse

long setae; outer spine pale, narrowed to a blackened

point, inner margin with a fringe of long yellow setae,

mesal flange relatively small, with setae at anterior end,

posterior margin with 3 or 4 large teeth. Outer dististyle, d, long and narrow, terminating in a single

point; inner style with apex rounded, with about 5

long setae. Aedeagus unusually short and broad, compressed, terminating in a small darkened beak; 2 long

dorsal setae and about a dozen ventral ones.

The species differs from T. (T.) fulviventris in important hypopygial characters. Basistyle, b, with the

outer lobe narrow, the outer spine with a long fringe

of setae, and the mesal lobe small. Both dististyles, d,

likewise differ, including the simple apex of the outer

style. The short aedeagus has the apical beak small

and smooth.

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-31 January, 1-10,

21-31 March 1965 (Wirth), 31 May 1966 (Steyskal).

D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956 (Clarke). 321.8 m

(0.2 mile) east of Pont Casse, 10 April, 6 May 1966

(Gagne). Trail, 1,609 m (1 mile) north of junction of

roads to Rosalie and Castle Bruce, 396 in (1,300 ft),

23 April 1966 (Gagne).

Teucholabis (Teucholabis) fulvivenlris, new species

FIOIRK 49

Allied to melanocephala; size relatively large (wing

about 8 mm) ; head brownish black; prothorax fulvous,

mesonotum orange, patterned with black, including

major lateral praescutal areas; pleura blackened, extensively silvery pruinose; knob of halteres blackened,

apex pale yellow; femora yellowed, with 2 brownish

black rings, on middle and posterior legs broader to

nearly confluent; tibiae and basitarsi brownish yellow,

remainder of tarsi blackened; wings yellowed, prearcular and costal fields clear light yellow, restrictedly patterned with brown, including the narrow wing tip,

vein Scx ending about opposite midlength of Rs, cell

1st M2 closed; abdomen orange yellow, basal tergite

and hypopygium darker; male hypopygium with outer

spine of basistyle long and slender, mesal flange unusually large, margin roughened; outer dististyle bidentate at apex; outer end of aedeagus scooplike, margins

microscopically toothed or scabrous.

MALE.—Length about 8.5-9 mm; wing 7.5-8.5 mm;

antenna about 2-2.1 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 10.5-11 mm; wing 7.5-

7.8 mm.
NUMBER 45 37

50

FIGURES 44—52.—Venation: 44, Teucholabis (Teucholabis) tenella, new species; 45, Gonomyia

(Gonomyia) dominicana, new species; 46, Gonomyia (Neolipophleps) helophila Alexander; 47,

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) wirthiana, new species. Male hypopygium: 48, Teucholabis

(Teucholabis) annulata Williston; 49, Teucholabis (Teucholabis) fulviventris, new species;

50, Teucholabis (Teucholabis) tenella, new species; 51, Gonomyia (Gonomyia) dominicana,

new species; 52, Gonomyia (Lipophelps) acanthomelana, new species, [SYMBOLS: a, aedeagus;

b, basistyle; d, dististyle; p, phallosome.]
38

Rostrum fulvous, about one-third the remainder of

head; palpi black. Antennae black; flagellar segments

long-oval, subequal in length to the verticils. Head

brownish black; anterior vertex about twice the diameter of scape.

Cervical region brownish black; pronotum fulvous.

Mesonotal praescutum with ground dull orange, with

3 conspicuous blackened areas, including a central

stripe beginning shortly behind anterior margin, ending far before the suture, slightly divided behind, lateral areas very extensive, polished black, extending

from the lateral borders behind the foveae, crossing

the suture to include the scutal lobes, narrowly confluent with the central stripe to isolate the humeral

ground area from the posterior one; central area of

scutum, scutellum and base of mediotergite orange,

remainder of postnotum infuscated. Propleura orange;

mesopleura blackened, very extensively silvery pruinose, dorsopleural region narrowly obscure yellow.

Halteres with stem brown, knob brownish black, apex

very pale yellow. Legs with fore coxae and trochanters

orange, middle and hind coxae with outer faces blackened, trochanters yellow; fore femora yellow with 2

brownish black rings, the terminal one more extensive

than the central darkening, both narrower than the

intervening ground area; middle femora with darkened rings broader to virtually confluent except on

lower surface; posterior femora dark brown to brownish black, bases obscure yellow; tibiae and basitarsi

brownish yellow, remainder of tarsi brownish black;

posterior basitarsi of male with an elongate sensory

pocket close to base. Wings vaguely yellowed, prearcular and costal fields clear light yellow; stigma and

narrow wing tip brown; very vague darkenings over

cord and outer end of cell 1st M2, indicated by a darkening of the included veins; very small pale brown

clouds at origin of Rs and near base of cell 1st A; an

even paler suffusion near outer end of cell Cu; veins

brown, yellowed in the brightened fields. Venation:

Sc long, Scx ending about opposite midlength of Rs,

Sc2 far retracted, Scr about one-half Rs; branches of

Rs nearly parallel to one another throughout their

lengths, cell R2 at margin more than three times as

extensive as cell Rt; m-cu shortly beyond fork of M.

Abdomen with basal tergite blackened posteriorly,

remainder of organ orange yellow to fulvous, hypopygium slightly darker; sternites 2 to 4 with blackened

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

lateral areas. Sternal pocket of male blackened, broader

than long, narrowed and rounded behind; stemite 6

with 2 longitudinal parallel rows of strong setae, totaling about 6 to 8 on either side. Abdomen with abundant erect yellow setae, those of hypopygium blackened. Male hypopygium (Figure 49) with outer spine

of basistyle, b, broader at base, narrowed outwardly

into a slender spine; mesal flange unusually large,

more than one-third the length of the basistyle itself,

outer margin irregularly roughened, with abundant

setae over the whole length. Outer dististyle, d, a long

yellow rod, apex bidentate, the lower point short and

stout; inner style with outer blade darkened, cultriform, terminating in an acute point; basal lobe slender,

subcylindrical, the truncate apex with a few setae, at

its base with a small blackened spine. Aedcagus, a, with

apex scooplike, doubled or folded, the margins microscopically toothed or scabrous; 2 dorsal setae and about

8 ventral ones, some longer.

Holotype, male, Clarkr Hall, Dominica, 11-20 January 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 21-28

February 1965, light trap (Wirth). Paratopotypes,

both sexes, U-31 January, 1-28 February 1965

(Wirth); 12 February 1965 (J. F. G. and Thelma

Clarke); 4 February 1964 (Bray); 19-31 October,

12-17 November 1964 (Spangler); 18 July 1965

(Anderson); 19 April 1966 (Gagne); 22-31 October

1966 (Gurney). Paratypes, both sexes, Antrim, 304.8

m (1,000 ft), 11 March 1956 (Clarke); Bagatelle,

304.8 m (1,000 ft), 9 March 1965 (Clarke); Cabrit

Swamp, 23 February 1965 (Wirth) ; Carholme Estate,

7 February 1965 (Wirth); Fond Figues, 17 March

1964 (Bray); La Plaine, 17 February 1964 (Bray);

Pont Casse, 12-14 October, 23 November 1964

(Spangler), 8-14 October 1966 (Gurney); Portsmouth, 1-2 April 1966 (Gagne); South Chiltern

Estate, 20 February 1965 (Wirth); Syndicate Estate,

5 March 1964 (Bray). One specimen, Clarke Hall,

11 February 1965, taken by Wirth, bears the label

"reared from under bark, No. 63 W 45." The habitat

indicated is the same as for all members of the genus

where the immature stages are known.

Teucholabis {Teucholabis) fulviventris is readily

told from its closest regional ally, T. (T.) annulata

Williston, by the characters given in the key. It seems

advisable to list the known members of the T. (T.)

melanocephala group, all having the abdominal sternal

pockets about as described for the present species.
NUMBER 43 39

These are distinguished among themselves by details

of coloration of the body, legs, and wings, and especially by hypopygial structure, including the armature

of the basistyle, both dististyles, and apex of the

aedeagus. The species in the group are T. (T.) amblyphallos Alexander (Honduras to Ecuador) ; T.

(T.) angustapicalis Alexander (Brazil); T. (T.) annulata Williston (Dominica, Saint Vincent); T. (T.)

atrolata Alexander (Panama); T. (T.) catharinensis

Alexander (Brazil) ; T. (7\) egens Alexander (Bolivia) ; T. (T.) fulviventris, new species (Dominica) ;

7*. (7*.) gowdeyi Alexander (Cuba, Jamaica) ;T.{T.)

homilacantha Alexander (Ecuador) ; T. (T.) hondurenris Alexander (Honduras) ; 7\ (T.) inulta Alexander (Brazil); T. (T.) ludicra Alexander (Peru);

7*. (7\) melanocephala (Fabricius) (northern South

America); 7\ (7'.) neinulta Alexander (Ecuador,

Peru) ; T. (7\) neosalva Alexander (Peru) ; T. (T.)

oteroi Alexander (Cuba) ; T. (T.) perangusta Alexander (Mexico to Venezuela); T. (T.) salva Alexander (Peru); T. (T.) spica Alexander (Eucador).

Teucholabii (Teucholabis) tenella, new species

FIGURES 44, 50

Size small (wing of male to about 6.5 mm) ; mesonotal

praescutum light chestnut brown, humeral and lateral

borders light yellow, pleura light yellow with a narrow

dark brown longitudinal stripe; halteres with knob

light yellow; fore and middle legs with femora, tibiae,

and basitarsi yellow, tips narrowly dark brown, remainder of tarsi dark brown, posterior legs with femora

and tibiae almost uniformly yellow; wings pale yellow,

unpattemed except for the small pale brown stigma

and a darkening over the cord, Sci ending beyond midlength of Rs; abdominal tergites conspicuously patterned with yellow and brownish black, in male with

broad blackened areas on either side, median and

posterior regions yellow; male hypopygium with spine

of basistyle pale, dilated at midlength, thence narrowed

into a spine; mesal flange with margin smooth; terminal spine of aedeagus slender, curved.

MALE.—Length about 6.5—7 mm; wing 5.5—6.5 mm;

antenna about 1.4—1.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 5-6 mm; wing 4.8-5.5 mm.

Rostrum relatively short, chestnut brown, palpi

brownish black. Antennae black; flagellar segments

oval, shorter than their verticils. Head yellow.

Pronotum and pretergites light yellow. Mesonotal

praescutum with 3 virtually confluent light chestnut

brown stripes, central area paler, humeral and lateral

borders light yellow; scutal lobes light brown, midregion and posterior calli yellowed; scutellum clear

light yellow, parascutella darker; mediotergite light

brown, cephalic border darker, lateral margins yellowed, pleurotergite light brown, posterior border paler.

Pleura light yellow, with a narrow dark brown longitudinal stripe extending from the cervical region to the

pleurotergite. Halteres with stem obscure yellow, knob

clear light yellow. Legs with all coxae and trochanters

light yellow; fore and middle legs with femora, tibiae,

and basitarsi yellow, tips narrowly dark brown, remainder of tarsi more uniformly dark brown; posterior

legs almost entirely yellow, tips of femora and tibiae not

or scarcely darker, outer segments infuscated; 5th tarsal

segment with a strong basal epicondyle; no modification of basistyle. Wings (Figure 44) pale yellow, stigma

brown, subcircular; cord narrowly darkened, the color

virtually restricted to the veins, remaining veins yellow, m a little darker. Costal fringe of proximal third

of wing relatively long and conspicuous. Venation: Sc

long, Sci about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs;

R2*s*4 from about one-half to two-thirds R2, cell J?2

at margin more extensive than cell Rt; m-cu close to

fork of M.

Abdominal tergites conspicuously patterned with

yellow and brownish black, in male the 2nd segment

darkened medially, succeeding segments with broad

black areas on basal two-thirds, the median region and

posterior borders yellow, in cases the base of segment

uniformly darkened, the median yellow pattern poorly

indicated or lacking; hypopygium yellow; stemites

more uniformly yellow; segments with long erect pale

setae. In female abdominal tergites more uniformly

dark brown, posterior borders obscure yellow, more extensive on anterior segments. Male with sternal pocket

of 5th segment small and simple, including about 10

marginal setae that are directed inwardly, the laterals

stouter, with about 4 smaller setae and longitudinal

rows of microscopic setulae in the discal area; no definite setal pocket on 6th sternite. Male hypopygium

(Figure 50) with spine of basistyle, b, a flattened pale

blade, its outer end narrowed into a spine; mesal flange

of style relatively small, the darkened margin entire,
40

with a few small setae near posterior end. Outer dististyle, d, a long slender blade bearing a small weak

marginal spine beyond midlength; inner style with base

a flat darkened blade, the free outer end shallowly

bidentate, the teeth widely separated. Aedeagus with

terminal spine slender, curved, basal enlargement with

5 setae, the outer unpaired bristle long.

Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 11-20 January 1965, in Malaise trap (Wirth). Allotopotype,

female, 1-10 February 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes,

both sexes, 11-20 January, 1-28 February, 1-10 March

1965, chiefly in light traps (Wirth); 13 June 1966

(Steyskal), 10 October 1966 (Gurney). Paratypes,

both sexes, Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light

trap (Wirth); Manets Gutter, 10 March 1965, light

trap (Wirth); 804.7 m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse,

27 January 1965 (Wirth), 3,218 m to 4,828 m (2 to

3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-21 October 1966

(Gurney); Portsmouth, 2 March 1964 (Bray) ; Syndicate Estate, 5 March 1964 (Bray).

Teucholabis (Teucholabis) tenella has somewhat

the appearance of T. (T.) complexa Osten Sacken,

T. (T.) jocosa Alexander, and similar species, differing especially in the pattern of the legs and in hypopygial structure, including the aedeagus and lobes of

the basistyle. This may be the species recorded from

Saint Vincent by Williston as T. (T.) complexa but

is an entirely distinct fly from the true T. (T.) complexa of eastern North America.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Rhabdomastix Skusc

Rhabdomastix Skuse, 1890, pp. 828-829—Alexander, 1947b,

pp. 318-322.

Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander

Subgenus, Sacandaga Alexander, 1911, pp. 349-352.

Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) fumipennis Alexander,

1939

FIGURE 61

Rhabdomastix fumipennis Alexander, 1939b, pp. 99-100,

fig. 9.

Known only from the female types taken at Sylvania

Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938, by Hodge.

Venation (Figure 61).

Genus Gonomyia Meigen

Gonomyia Meigen, 1818, p. 146.—Alexander, 1947a, pp.

83-99.

Subgenus Gonomyia Meigen, 1818, p. 146.

Subgenus Lipophleps Bergroth, 1915, p. 55.

Subgenus Neolipophleps Alexander, 1947a, p. 98.

Subgenus ParaUpophleps Alexander, 1947a, p. 97.

Subgenus Progonomyia Alexander, 1920a, p. 938.

Key to Subgenera and Species of Gonomyia

1. Wings (Figure 45) with cell R, preserved, there being 4 branches of R

Gonomyia (Gonomyia) Meigen (G. (G.) dominie ana, new species)

Wings (Figures 46, 47) with cell Rt lacking, there being three branches of R 2

2. Wings (Figure 46) with cell M, open by atrophy of basal section of vein M*

Gonomyia (NeolipophUps) Alexander

(G. (N.) helophila Alexander)

Wings (Figure 47) with cell 1st A/, closed 3

3. Wings (Figure 47) with stigma dark brown, conspicuous

Gonomyia {ParalipophUps) Alexander 4

Wings with stigmal darkening inconspicuous, lacking or virtually so

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) Bergroth 7

4. Male hypopygium (Figures 57-59) with basistyle near apex bearing 2 unequal spines 5

Male hypopygium (Figure 59) with basistyle having a single spine

G. (P.) wirthiana, new species

5. Male hypopygium with ventral plate of phallosome bifid at apex

G. (P.) pleuralis (Williston) (extralimital)

Male hypopygium (Figures 57, 58p) with ventral plate of phallosome obtuse or very

shallowly emarginate at apex 6
NUMBER 45 41

6. Male hypopygium (Figure 57) with gonapophysis appearing as a narrow cultrate blade;

ventral plate narrow, tip obtuse G. (P.) cultriformu, new species

Male hypopygium (Figure 58) with gonapophysis a broad compressed blade; ventral plate

broad, tip shallowly emarginate G. (P.) dikopis, new species

7. Male hypopygium (Figures 53, 54) with dististyle subterminal 8

Male hypopygium (Figures 55, 56) with dististyle terminal 9

8. Male hypopygium (Figure 54) with outer lobe of basistyle elongate, subequal to or

exceeding the base of the style; dististyle very long and slender, strongly curved

G. (P.) producta Alexander

Male hypopygium (Figure 53) with outer lobe of basistyle small, about one-third to onefourth the base of the style; dististyle short and stout; gonapophyses appearing as small

parallel or slightly decussate blades G. (L.) bicornuta Alexander

9. Male hypopygium (Figure 55) with dististyle very small, virtually microscopic, bearing a

tiny blackened point; phallosome including 2 long unequal slender spines

G. (L.) puella (Williston)

Male hypopygium (Figures 52, 56) with diutistyle larger, produced into a blackened spine

or horn 10

10. Male hypopygium (Figure 52) with phallosome including the very long slender aedeagus

and a broader subtending plate that bears a slender appressed black spine; dististyle

triangular in outline, at apex produced into a strong straight spine

G. (L.) acanthomelana, new species

Male hypopygium (Figure 56) with phallosome including chiefly the long slender aedeagus;

distittyle a strong curved horn G. (L.) puer Alexander

Subgcnus Gonomyia Meigen

Gonomyia {Gonomyia) dominicana, new species

FIOURES 45,51

Belongs to the Gonomyia (Gonomyia) quaesita group,

allied to G. (G.) animula; mesonotal praescutum with

3 virtually confluent brown stripes; male hypopygium

with outer dististyle terminating in a short curved

hook, on outer margin with a single very long seta.

MALE.—Length about 3-3.5 mm; wing 3-4.5 mm;

antenna about 0.7-0.8 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 3.8-4 mm; wing 4.2-4.5

mm.

Rostrum yellow; palpi black. Antennae black, base

of scape more yellowed; proximal flagellar segments

crowed, oval, outer ones more elongate, slender; verticils of all segments relatively short, subequal to the

segments. Front yellowed, remainder of head gray.

Pronotal scutum brownish yellow, scutellum clearer

yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with 3 virtually confluent brown stripes, humeral and lateral parts broadly

obscure yellow; scuta! lobes brown, posterior sclerites

somewhat lighter brown. Pleura yellowed. Halteres

weakly infuscated. Legs with coxae and trochanters

brownish yellow; remainder of legs dark brown to

brownish black, including the vestiture. Wings (Figure

45) very weakly darkened, stigma not differentiated;

veins light brown, trichia darker. Venation: Sc short,

Sci ending a distance before origin of Rs that is about

two-thirds the latter, Sc2 near its tip; vein R3 short to

very short, oblique, as in the group; R1+2 and R3 at

margin separated by a distance longer than vein R3,

in cases to more than twice this length; m-cu at near

one-third A/s+4.

Abdomen light brown, hypopygium yellow. Male

hypopygium (Figure 51) with dististyles, d, terminal;

outer style shorter, narrow, appearing as a slender blade

that terminates in a short curved hook, on outer margin

at near two-thirds the length with a single very long

seta, subequal in length to the entire style, in one

specimen apparently with a marginal spine opposite

this point; inner style larger, the pale yellow body long

and narrow, terminating in 2 fasciculate setae, on outer

margin near base with a powerful curved spine, near its

base with a strong seta that is about one-fourth as long

as the bristle of the outer style (for clarity the 2 sections

of the style are shown as separated at bases; their correct relationship is as indicated in the subfigures provided). Phallosome, p, about as figured, including 2

unequal blackened spines and a larger pale yellow

appendage that is infolded throughout most of its

length, at base with a long slender pale spine.

Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 21-31

March 1965, in light trap (Wirth). Allotype, female,

Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965, at light (Wirth).

Paratopotypes, 2 males, 1 female, with type, 13-31
42

March 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes, 1 female, Manets

Gutter, 10 March 1965 (Wirth); 5 females, Trafalgar

Falls, 365.7 m (1,200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne).

Other members of the Gonomyia (Gonomyia)

quaesita group include G. (G.) anduzei Alexander,

1940 (Venezuela), G. (G.) animula Alexander, 1966

(Honduras), G. (G.) birama Alexander, 1941 (Peru),

and G. (G.) quaesita Alexander, 1938 (Mexico). The

hypopygium of the present fly is most as in G. (G.)

anduzei and G. (G.) animula, differing in the details

of the dististyles and phallosome.

Subgenus Lipophleps Skuse

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) acanthomelana, new species

FIGURE 52

Size medium (wing of male about 3.5 mm); rostrum

obscure yellow; antennae black; mesonotal praescutum

and scutal lobes brown, posterior sclerites extensively

yellowed; pleura yellow with 2 narrow brown longitudinal stripes that enclose a clearer yellow vitta; halteres and legs brown; wings tinged with brown, stigma

very slightly darker, Sc short; male hypopygium with

dististyle terminal, subtriangular in outline, outer angle

produced into a powerful black spine; phallosome

with gonapophysis a pale flattened blade, the margin

at near three-fourths the length with a slender appressed spine; aedeagus long and slender.

MALE.—Length about 3 mm; wing 3.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 3.8-4 mm; wing 3.6-4 mm.

Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi black. Antennae

black. Head dark brown, sparsely pruinose.

Pronotal scutum light brown, scutellum and pretergites light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum brown, paler

laterally; scutal lobes brown, midarea yellow; scutellum and postnotum yellow, central part of mediotergite

light brown. Pleura yellow with 2 narrow longitudinal

brown stripes, the dorsal one extending from lower

cervical region to base of abdomen, ventral stripe more

diffuse, the enclosed vitta somewhat clearer yellow.

Halteres brown. Legs with coxae yellow, fore pair narrowly darkened apically; trochanters obscure yellow;

remainder of legs brown. Wings tinged with brown,

stigma very slightly darker; veins brown. Venation:

Sc short, Sex ending just before origin of Rs.

Abdominal tergites brown, sternites and genital

segments yellow. Male hypopygium (Figure 52) with

basistyle, b, narrowed outwardly; dististyle, d, terminal,

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOY

appearing as a subtriangular plate, the outer angle

produced into a powerful black spine that narrows to

an acute point; fasciculate bristles on inner fact*, widely

separated. Phallosome, p, including a single well-developed gonopophysis, g, that appears as a pale flattened

blade, tip obtuse, on margin at near three-fourths the

length with a strong appressed blackened spine, this

slightly longer and more slender than the spine of

the dististyle; aedeagus, a, long and slender, tip acute.

Holotype, male, Freshwater Lake, Dominica, 5-8

November 1966 (Gumey). Allotopotype, female.

Paratopotype, female.

The most similar species is Gonomyia (Lipophleps)

puella (Williston), discussed later in this paper. The

details of structure of the dististyle and phallosome are

quite distinct in the 2 species. In the Neotropical fauna

there are numerous members of the submenus that have

the dististyle terminal, as in the present fly, virtually

all of these having the style pale, subglobular to suboval, without blackened |>oints but with the 2 fasciculate setae. Such species include G. (L.) arajuno

Alexander, 1945 (Ecuador); G. (L) bifiligera Alexander, 1932 (Puerto Rico), G. (L.) calvnti Alexander, 1914 (Costa Rica) ; G. (L.) cubana Alexander,

1931 (Cuba), G. (L.) duurvoorti Alexander, 1928

(Surinam), G. (L.) haploa Alexander, 1926 (Mexico), G. (L.) haploides Alexander, 1938 (Mexico),

G. (L.) inermis Alexander, 1914 (British Guiana),

G. (L.) leonura Alexander, 1941 (Ecuador), G. (L.)

maya Alexander, 1927 (Mexico), G. (L.) melanacantha Alexander, 1954 (Brazil), G. (L.) minutistyla

Alexander, 1969 (Lesser Antilles: Grenada), G. (L.)

orthomeroides Alexander, 1939 (Mexico), G. (L.)

parinermis Alexander, 1940 (Venezuela), G. (L.)

phoroctenia Alexander, 1921 (Peru), G. (L.) prolongata Alexander, 1940 (Venezuela), G. (L.) scelerata

Alexander, 1945 (Peru), G. (L.) subinermis Alexander, 1939 (Mexico), and some others. All such species

differ from one another chiefly in characters of the

male hypopygium.

Gonomyia {Lipophleps) bicornuta Alexander, 1927

FIGURE 53

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) bicornuta Alexander, 1927b, pp.

276-277.—1932, p. 372, fig. 22.

Type from the Luquillo National Forest, Puerto Rico,

collected 10-13 May 1927. Male hypopygium (Figure 53).
NUMBER 4 5 43

54

57

58

FIGURES 53-59.—Male hypopygium: 53, Gonomyia {Lipophleps) bicornuta Alexander; 54,

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) producta Alexander; 55, Gonomyia {Lipophleps) puella (Williston);

56, Gonomyia {Lipophleps) puer Alexander; 57, Gonomyia {ParaUpophleps) cultriformis, new

species ; 58, Gonomyia {ParaUpophleps) dikopis, new species; 59, Gonomyia {ParaUpophleps)

wirthiana, new species, [SYMBOLS: b, basistylc; d, dististyle; g, gonapophysis; p, phallosome]
44

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 8-10 January 1965, light

trap (Wirth), 6-8 October 1966 (Gurney).

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) producta Alexander, 1919

FIGURE 54

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) producta Alexander, 1919a, pp.

139-140.

Type from Blubber Valley, Antigua, Lesser Antilles,

collected in March 1908. The species has a wide range

in tropical America from Puerto Rico and Mexico

south to Ecuador. Male hypopygium (Figure 54).

DOMINICA.—Caforit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light

trap (Wirth). Clarke Hall, 8-31 January, 1-28 February, 1-20 March 1965 (Wirth). 6-17 October 1966

(Gurney). D'leau Gommier, 16 March 1965 (Wirth).

Mouth of Layou River, 15-20 January 1965 (Wirth).

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) puella (Williston), 1896

FIGURE 55

Atarba puella Williston, 1896, pp. 288-289, fig. 60.

Gonomyia (Lipophleps) puella.—Alexander, 1947b, p. 95,

fig. 28.

Types were from Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles, collected by H. H. Smith. Male hypopygium (Figure 55).

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 11-28 February 1965, light

trap (Wirth). D'leau Gommier, 16-17 March 1965

(Wirth). 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, 25 January 1965, at light (Wirth). 2,414 m (1.5 miles) west

of Pont Casse, 3 April 1965 (Davis), 2,736 m (1.7

miles) east of Pont Casse, 24 March 1965 (Wirth),

4,828 (3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-16 October

1966 (Gurney).

Gonomyia {Lipophleps) puer Alexander, 1913

FIGURE 56

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) puer Alexander, 1913a, p. 506,

fig. 14.

Types from Hispaniola (Santo Domingo), in United

States National Museum; no. 14,932. The species has

a vast range in tropical and subtropical America, from

the District of Columbia southward on the mainland to

British Guiana, Ecuador, and Peru. There is a surprising variation in the size and structure of the dististyle of the hypopygium but it appears that a single

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

species is involved. In the present materials the style is

relatively short and stout, only about one-half the size

of certain other specimens. In all cases the dististyles of

the two sides are terminal in position and are markedly

asymmetrical (Figure56).

DOMINICA.—Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light

trap (Wirth). Clarke Hall, 21-31 January, 1-10 February 1965 (Wirth). Pt. Ix>lo, 804.7 m (0.5 mile) west,

25 January 1965, at light (Wirth).

Subgenus Neolipophleps Alexander

Gonomyia (Neolipophleps) helophila Alexander, 1916

FIOURE 46

Gonomyia (Leiponeura) helophila Alexander, 1916b, pp.

343-346, figi. 1, 3.

Gonomyia (Neolipophleps) helophila Alexander, 1947a,

p. 99.

? Elliptera ip., WUIuton, 1896, p. 290, fig. 64.

Types from Lima, Peru, taken in August 1914 by H. S.

Parish. Widespread in tropical America, from the

southwestern United States to Peru. It had not been

recorded previously from the Antilles unless the record

by Williston from Saint Vincent, above cited, pertains

to this species. This certainly belongs to the present

subgenus but may be found to belong to still another

of the various regional species. Venation (Figure 46).

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 21-31 January, 1-28 February, 1-31 March 1965, light trap (Wirth). Mouth

of Layou River, 15-20 January, 6 February 1965

(Wirth).

Subgenus Paralipophleps Alexander

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) cultriformis, new species

FIGURE 57

Coloration of body and wings as in the subgenus; male

hypopygium with bastistyle unequally bispinous; dististyle relatively narrow, fasciculate setae nearly terminal, below these with a group of small darker setae;

phallosome with gonapophysis relatively slender, tip

slightly dilated and recurved; ventral plate elongateoval, apex obtuse, without lobes or spines.

MALE.—Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 3.3-4 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 6.5 mm; wing 4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape and

the enlarged pedicel yellow above, more darkened be-
NUMBER 4 5 45

low; proximal 2 flagellar segments yellow, the outer

ones brown; flagellar segments 3 to 7 with exceedingly

long verticils that are six or more times the length

of the segments, as common in the subgenus, verticils of

remaining segments abruptly shorter, subequal to the

segments. Head light yellow, posterior vertex with a

brown discal area.

Pronotum, pretergites and narrow lateral border of

praescutum light yellow, the last bordered internally

by a dark brown line, remainder of praescutum and

scuta! lobes light cinnamon brown; median region of

scutum and most of scutellum obscure yellow, the latter

on posterior border and as a central area narrowly

brown; mediotergite yellow, base restrictedly patterned

with brownish black. Pleura and pleurotergite conspicuously striped with very pale yellow or yellowish white,

bordered both above and below by brownish black to

form subequal stripes. Halteres with stem weakly

darkened, knob slightly infuscated. Legs with fore coxae

light yellow at bases, comprising the anterior end of the

pleura I stripe, apex blackened, being part of the pleura!

darkening; midcoxae yellow, base narrowly blackened,

hind coxae uniformly yellow, all trochanters more obscure yellow; femora brownish yellow with a vague

brown nearly terminal ring, extreme tip pale; tibiae

and tarsi light brown. Wings very weakly darkened,

prearcular and costal fields more yellowed; stigma

short-oval, dark brown, with pale areas before and

beyond and less evidently on either side of the cord;

veins light brown, cord darker brown, anterior branch

of Rs slightly darker and more apparent against the

ground than in Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) wirthiana.

Venation: Scx ending a distance before origin of Rs

about equal to two-thirds to three-fourths of this vein;

m-cu at or shortly before fork of M.

Abdominal tergites obscure yellow, posterior and

lateral borders blackened, median region weakly infuscated ; sternites, base of hypopygium, and much of

the basistyle yellowed. Male hypopygium (Figure 57)

with the basistyle, b, bispinous, including a large stout

outer spine and a slender curved inner one; fleshy lobe

very pale, with long setae. Dististyle, d, relatively narrow, the fasciculate setae nearly terminal, below these

with a group of small darkened setae. Phallosome, p,

with gonapophysis, g, relatively narrow, tip dilated and

recurved; aedeagus longer, relatively narrow; ventral

plate elongate-oval, with long setae but without terminal lobes or spines, apex obtuse, in cases slightly

more narrowed and darkened.

Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 11-20 February 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes several males, 8

January-31 March 1965 (Wirth), 13-17October 1966

(Gurney). A further broken female is considered to belong here but may pertain to one or another of the

other regional members of the subgenus, since it was

not found associated with the male.

Other members of the subgenus having 2 apical

spines include Gonomyia {Paralipophleps) diplacantha Alexander, G. (P.) latistyla Alexander, and

G. (P.) pleuralis (Williston), all having the details

of the phallosome quite distinct, particularly the ventral plate and gonapophyses. Other species have the

apex of the ventral plate with 2 points or lobes and the

gonapophyses terminating in acute spines, not cultriform as in the present fly. G. (P.) dikopis, new species,

similarly falls in this general group but has the hypopygial details even more distinct. It should be noted

that the species determined as being G. (P.) pleuralis

still remains not fully settled since the type cannot be

located in any of the various collections where the

Williston 1896 materials have been preserved. What

has been identified as this over the past several years

is the commonest and best known member of the subgenus, with a vast range in the Americas, from Georgia,

Florida, and the Bahamas south to Bolivia. The immature stages were described by Rogers and the male

hypopygium by the writer (Alexander, 1964a, p. 79,

fig. 87). I believe that the name G. (P.) pleuralis

should be restricted to this species.

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) dikopis, new species

FIGURE 58

MALE.—Length about 4.5 mm; wing 3.8 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 5.3-5.5 mm; wing 3.8-4

mm.

General coloration of body and appendages as in

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) pleuralis and related

species. Flagellar verticils of the male excessively long,

the longest exceeding one-half the entire antenna.

Thorax with dorsal dark pleural stripe broad, divided

by a paler line. Legs with femora brown, more yellowed basally, darker near tip, the extreme genua

whitened; tibiae and tarsi light brown.

Male hypopygium (Figure 58) with basistyle, b,

narrowed outwardly and extended into a long slender

spine, with a smaller spine near its base; fleshy lobe

long. Dististyle, d, relatively narrow, outer end ter-
46

minating in a fasciculate seta, the 2nd usual bristle

erect, removed a short distance from the tip, face of

style with a small darkened area. Phallosome, p, quite

distinct from other species, especially in the broadly

flattened gonapophyses and the broad depressed-flattened ventral plate, its apex shallowly emarginate.

Holotype, male, Trafalgar Falls, Dominica, 365.7 m

(1,200 ft), 5-6 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotopotype.

female. Paratopotype, 1 broken male, abdomen lacking. Paratypes, South Chiltern, 18-19 August 1965

(Jackson). Springfield, November 1967 (Krauss).

The only other regional member of the subgenus

with the phallosomic ventral plate unarmed is Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) cultriformis, new species, readily told by various details of structure of the male

hypopygium, as discussed and keyed elsewhere in the

present paper.

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps) wirthiana, new species

FIGURES 47, 59

General coloration of body and wings as in the subgenus, thoracic pleura conspicuously striped longitudinally with dark brown and white; male hypopygium

with outer apical angle of basistyle produced into a

flattened blade, with a fleshy lobe at its base; dististyle a broadly flattened pale plate, apex nearly truncate, with a blackened bidentate area; phallosome

with 2 pairs of elongate rods, tips of one pair acute, of

the other obtuse.

MALE.—Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 3.5-4 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 5.5-6 mm; wing 4-4.2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape,

pedicel, and proximal 2 flagellar segments orange yellow, remainder dark brown to black; outer flagellar

segments long-cylindrical, verticils of the 3rd and succeeding 5 or 6 segments exceedingly long, about onethird the entire flagellum, of the outer segments shorter

but still longer than the segments. Head very pale

yellow, center of vertex weakly darkened.

Pronotum china white, including also the pretergites

and narrow lateral praescutal margins, the latter extended posteriorly across the wing base to include the

dorsal pleurotergite and lateral parts of the mediotergite. Mesonotal praescutum light chestnut brown, patterned with slightly darker brown, including a central

stripe and narrower sublateral lines adjoining the

whitened margins; scutum with lobes chestnut brown,

lateral mesal borders dark brown, central region yelSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

low with a vague central darkening; scutellum yellow,

very narrowly bordered posteriorly by dark brown, variegated as indicated above. Pleura with the ground

dark brown, appearing as 2 narrow longitudinal stripes

that enclose a slightly broader china white ventral line;

more dorsally below the wing root with a slightly separated brown line that includes the propleura, the 2

darkened stripes enclosing a slightly paler brownish

yellow line. Halteres yellow, base of stem infuscated,

apex of knob yellowed. Legs with coxae whitened, apex

of fore pair and base of middle dark brown, being included in the ventral dark brown pleural stripe; trochanters yellow; femora yellow, with a narrow subterminal brown ring, the narrow tip pale; tibiae and

tarsi brown. Wings (Figure 47) light brown, prcarcular

and costal fields clear light yellow, more expanded surrounding the dark brown stigma, including all of cell

Rx and along vein C virtually to wing tip; very narrow and vague darkenings over cord and outer end of

cell 1st A/.., best indicated by a darkening of the veins;

remaining veins yellowed, trichia black, very short and

relatively sparse, including vein Rt, all outer medial

branches and outer end of Cux. Venation: Scx ending

just before origin of Rs, anterior branch of the latter

strongly upcurved, very pale and difficult to see against

the ground; veins Rs and Mx,3 convergent outwardly,

strongly narrowing cell Rs; m~cu close to fork of M.

Abdominal tergites obscure yellow, posterior borders

narrowly brownish black, median area with a much

paler brown longitudinal line; sternites yellowed medially, light brown on sides and along posterior border;

9th tergite light yellow, remainder of hypopygium

slightly darker yellow. Male hypopygium (Figure 59)

with outer lateral angle of basistyle, b, produced into

a flattened blade that terminates in an acute spine, at

its base with an additional nearly apical fleshy lobe

with very long setae. Dististyle, d, a broadly flattened

pale plate, apex very obtuse to nearly truncate, bearing

a slightly bidentate blackened area, the 2 modified

setae at outer edge of this area. Phallosome, p, including 2 long acute spines and 2 longer narrow pale rods,

their tips obtuse; ventral plate terminating in 2 small

divergent arms.

Holotype, male, Clarke Hall, Dominica, 1-10 February 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 21-28

February 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes, numerous

males and females, 8 January-20 March 1965 (Wirth),

13-17 October 1966 (Gumey). Paratypes, males,
NUMBER 45

Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), 11-20 March 1956

(Clarke).

I take unusual pleasure in naming this distinct fly

for Dr. Willis W. Wirth, distinguished student of the

Diptera, to whom much of our knowledge of Dominican flies is due. The species is readily told from other

regional members of the subgenus by the conformation of the dististyle of the hypopygium.

Eriopterodes> new genus

Antennae short; pedicel enlarged-oval, proximal 2

flagellar segments short and crowded, closely approximated to partially fused, the suture indicated; succeeding segments progressively more elongate outwardly,

with very long verticils, the longest exceeding twice the

length of the segments; outer 3 segments very long,

without verticils, the preceding one with a single such

seta. Legs with trochantere, femora, tibiae, and proximal ends of basitarsi with abundant to dense elongate

scales, outer segments with normal setae; claws very

small. Wings (Figure 63) in the genotype, celestis, with

trichia of veins unusually stout, from microscopic

punctures, tips obtuse, in laetipleura the scales long

and of normal thickness. Venation: Cord at near midlength of wing; cell M2 open by atrophy of m; m-cu

at or beyond fork of M; vein 2nd A only slightly

sinuous, terminating opposite or before m-cu. Male

hypopygium not inverted, the tergite dorsal in position,

its median area produced into a broad lobe. Basistyle

without lobes or modifications. Dististyles 2, terminal,

both simple, long and slender; outer style nearly

straight, at apex with 2 divergent teeth; inner style

virtually as long, curved gently to the obtuse tip. Phallosome unusually simple, including the long slender

aedeagus, its base broader, outwardly narrowed to the

acute tip; gonapophysis simple, pale, bladelike, tip

obtuse, base dilated.

GENOTYPE.—Erioptera (Erioptera) celestis (Alexander), 1940, page 294. Ecuador and Venezuela. I

consider the materials in the present series from

Dominica to represent an undescribed subspecies,

Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies. The

Mexican E. laetipleura (Alexander) with unpatterned

wings, likewise belongs here.

The hypopygial feature of a simple aedeagus separates the present group from Erioptera Meigen and its

various subgenera, which have the apex of the aedeagus

bifurcate. Certain other groups earlier associated with

Erioptera, such as Arctoconopa Alexander, now are

47

believed to represent entirely distinct genera. The long

slender aedeagus of Eriopterodes is suggestive of the

condition found in the genus Molophilus Curtis, particularly in the subgenus Promolophilus Alexander,

where the structure is unusually short but stout.

Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies

FIGURE 63

Thorax with anterior end of praescutum orange,

posterior sclerites darker, pleura brownish black with a

conspicuous yellow longitudinal stripe; femora blackened, the extreme tip paler; wings strongly darkened,

costal border broadly yellow, with 4 brown areas that

are subequal to or more extensive than their interspaces; marginal spots at ends of longitudinal veins

large and diffuse.

MALE.—Length about 3.2-3.5 mm; wing 3.5—4 mm;

antenna about 0.65-0.8 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 3.5-4 mm; wing 4-4.2 mm.

Rostrum brown, palpi black. Antennae with scape

and pedicel obscure yellow to light brown, flagellum

brownish black, the segments with long verticils, as

discussed under the genus. Vertex dark brown, orbits

more pruinose.

Pronotum brownish black, representing the anterior

end of the dorsal pleural stripe. Mesonotal praescutum

with anterior half orange, with a capillary darkened

central vitta, lateral borders more yellowed, behind the

pseudosutural foveae light brown, the color continued

across the suture to include the scutal lobes, median

region vaguely yellowed; scutellum and mediotergite

light brown, pleurotergite yellowed. Pleura very conspicuously patterned with 2 longitudinal brownish black

stripes that are separated by a subequal yellow line that

extends from the fore coxa to base of the posterior coxa.

Halteres with stem light yellow, knob weakly darkened.

Legs with coxae yellowed, fore pair brighter, as described ; trochanters obscure yellow; femora blackened,

the color accentuated by the abundant blackened scales,

extreme tip paler; tibiae and basitarsi more yellowed,

but appearing darker because of scales, outer tarsal

segments yellowed. Wings (Figure 63) strongly darkened, prearcular and costal fields light yellow, the

latter with 4 extensive brown areas that are subequal in

extent to the yellow interspaces; a narrower and less

conspicuous paler brown seam over cord and small

pale brown spots at ends of longitudinal veins, excepting M1+2; cell 2nd A chiefly darkened; veins obscure
48

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

68

FIGURES 60-68.—Venation: 60, Trentepohlia {Paramongoma) dominicana Alexander; 61,

Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) fumipennis Alexander; 62, Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana,

new species; 63, Eriopterodes celestis dominicana, new subspecies; 64, Toxorhina (Toxorhina)

carunculata, new species. Male hypopygium: 65, Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana, new

species; 66, Toxorhina (Toxorhina) carunculata, new species; 67, Toxorhina (Toxorhina)

polytricha, new species; 68, Toxorhina (Toxorhina) subfragilis, new species, [SYMBOLS: b

basistyle; d, dististyle; i, interbase; p, phallosome.]
NUMBER 4 3 49

yellow, slightly darker in the patterned parts. Longitudinal veins with yellowed setae in the ground sections, more brownish black and appearing slightly

stouter in the markings, intensifying the pattern. Venation as in the genus.

Abdomen of male brownish black, 9th tergite and

sternite yellowed, styli brownish black; in female genital

segment light orange. Male hypopygium as discussed

under the genus.

Holotype, male, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, 12 March 1965, light trap (Wirth). Allotopotype, female, 13 March 1965 (Wirth). Paratopotypes,

2 males, with types, 10 March 1965; 2 females, 804.7

m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Caase, 27 January 1965, at

light (Wirth), 8,046 m (5 miles) east of Pont Casse,

11 April 1966 (Gagne). Paratypes, both sexes, D'leau

Gommicr, 17 March 1956 (Clarke), Central Forest

Reserve, 518 m (1,700 ft), 26 May 1966 (Gagn£).

Fond Figues River, 121.9m (400 ft), 12, 29 April 1966

(Gagne), 13 March 1965 (Wirth). Freshwater Lake,

762 m (2,500 ft), 5 April 1966 (Gagne). Trail, 1,609

in (1 mile) north of junction of roads to Rosalie and

Castle Bruce, 3% m (1,300 ft), 29 March 1966

(Gagne).

Genus Erioptera Meigen

Erioptera Meigen, 1803, p. 262.—Alexander, 1947b, pp. 328-

335—Stone, et al., 1965, p. 80.

Subgenus Mesocyphona Osten Sacken

Subgenus Mesocyphona Osten Sacken, 1869, p. 152.

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) caliptera Say

Erioptera caliptera Say, 1823, p. 17; LeConte 1859, p. 44;

caloptera of authors.

Erioptera caloptera Williston, 1896, p. 294.

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) caloptera.—Alexander, 1939b, p.

100; 1942, p. 457, fig. 52 I.

The species is widely distributed throughout the

Nearctic region, ranging southward into tropical

America. Williston (18%) had recorded it from Saint

Vincent. It is known from Cuba and Puerto Rico and

presumably is widespread in the Antillean islands.

DOMINICA.—Antrim, 304.8 m (1,000 ft), 11-20

March 1956 (Clarke). Boeri Lake, 22 February 1964

(Bray). Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, light trap

(Wirth). Clarke Hall, 8 January 1965 (Clarke), 8

January-28 February 1965 (Wirth), 1-20 March 1965

(Wirth), 6-13 April 1966 (Gagne), 6-10 October

1966 (Gurney). D'leau Gommier, 17 March 1956

(Clarke). Mouth of Layou River, 15-20 January 1965

(Wirth). Mt. Trois Pitons, 27 February 1964 (Bray),

1,609 m (1.0 mile) east of Pont Casse, 29 January

1965 (Wirth), 2,414 m (1.5 miles) north, 12 February 1965 (Wirth). Portsmouth, 2 March 1964 (Bray).

Sylvania Estate, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938

(Hodge), 9 February 1964 (Bray), in grassy marsh,

23-25 January 1965, light trap (Wirth).

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) gagneana, new species

FIGURES 62, 65

Size small (wing about 3 mm); mesonotum chiefly

dark brown, praescutum with a pale brown central

stripe; pleura brownish black, with a silvery white

longitudinal stripe; fore and middle femora dark

brown, tips narrowly pale yellow, posterior femora

obscure yellow with 2 brown rings, the subterminal

one broader; wings weakly suffused with brown, unpatterned; male hypopygium with a single dististyle

that bears 3 branches, the outer one a small slender

basal spine, inner branch a long slender smooth rod,

longest arm dilated at apex, extended into a long pale

blade.

MALE.—Length about 2.8-3 mm; wing 2.7-3.2 mm;

antenna about 0.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length about 3 mm; wing 3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape and

the enlarged pedicel black, flagellum dark brown to

brownish black. Head with anterior vertex yellow, posterior regions broadly dark brown.

Pronotum brown, patterned with darker, lateral

borders narrowly light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum

with an obscure pale brown central stripe, in cases with

further less evident lateral areas, interspaces and outer

margin darker brown; scutal lobes dark brown, central

area and the scutellum paler brown; postnotum brownish black. Pleura brownish black with a broad silvery

white longitudinal stripe, extending from the ventral

sternopleurite caudad to beneath the halteres, slightly

widened behind; dorsopleural region broadly whitened,

midregion of sternites obscure yellow. Halteres pale

yellow, knob weakly darkened. Legs with fore coxae

and trochanters brownish black, mid-coxae and tro-
50

chanters slightly paler, posterior pair yellowed; fore

and middle femora dark brown, slightly darker subterminally, tips narrowly and abruptly pale yellow;

tibiae light brown, extreme base and tip yellowed;

basitarsi weakly darkened, outer part and remainder of

tarsi pale yellow; posterior femora obscure yellow with

2 brown rings, subterminal band broader, central annulus narrow and diffuse, posterior tibiae and tarsi as

in the other legs. Wings (Figure 62) weakly suffused

with brown, unpatterned, veins darker brown, trichia

brownish black. Venation: Petiole of cell M3 subequal to or longer than m-cu.

Abdominal tergites brownish black, sternites and

subterminal segment slightly paler, hypopygium black.

Male hypopygium (Figure 65) with a single dististyle,

d, that bears 3 branches, the major arm dilated on

outer half, the end extended into a long pale blade,

the dilated head with about 6 strong spines arranged

in a transverse row at base of blade, with a further

comb of about a dozen more slender spines placed

longitudinally along the base; 2nd arm long and

slender, smooth, placed on mesal margin close to base;

3rd branch or arm a microscopic spine on margin of

style slightly distal of level of the inner arm.

Holotype, male, 2,736 m (1.7 miles) east of Pont

Casse, 12 March 1965 (Wirth). Allotopotype, female,

1,609 m (1 mile) east of Pont Casse, 29 January 1965,

at light (Wirth). Paratopotypes, both sexes, 27-29 January, 10-24 March 1965 (Wirth). Paratypes, both

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

sexes, Clarke Hall, 21-31 January 1965 (Wirth).

Fond Figues River, 121.9 m (400 ft), 9 February, 13

March (Wirth), 12 April 1966 (Gagne). DUeau Gommier, 17 March 1956 (Clarke), 15 February, 16 March

1965 (Wirth). Manets Gutter, 1-10 March 1965,

light (Wirth). 804.7 (0.5 mile) west of Pt. Lolo, 25

January 1965, at light (Wirth).

The species is named for Dr. Raymond J. Gagn6,

student of the Diptera, Entomology Research Division,

United States Department of Agriculture.

There are numerous Neotropical species in the subgenus having unpatterned wings but relatively few

with the leg pattern somewhat as in the present fly.

All members of the subgenus are most readily separated by differences in hypopygial structure. The most

similar species include Erioptera {Mesocyphona)

modica Alexander, /." (A/.) troglodyta Edwards, and

E. (A/.) withycombei Alexander.

Genus Toxorhina Loew

Toxorhina Loew, 1851, pp. 400-402, figs. 16-23.—Alexander, 1947b, pp. 356-360, figs. 30-32.

All members of the genus in Dominica are generally

similar and closely allied, differing from one another

chiefly in coloration of the wings and legs, trichiation

of the wing veins, and in relatively slight details of

hypopygial structure.

Key to Species of Toxorhina

1. Wings strongly suffused with brown; (wing veins beyond cord without trichia, vein Ri with

about 10) T. fumipciMu Alexander

Wings paler, subhyaline or only weakly tinted 2

2. Legs with tips of tibiae narrowly blackened; male hypopygium with arms of aedeagus elongate,

longer than the dististyle; (wing veins unusually glabrous, without trichia on /?» and about

2 on Ri) T. sUmopkmUms Alexander

Legs with tibiae uniformly light brown 3

3. Wings (Figure 64) with trichia of veins more abundant, including Rs and virtually complete

series on Rlf Rs, and distal sections MM and M»; male hypopygium (Figure 66) with apex

of dististyle narrowly obtuse to subacute, outer margin of blade at base with low blunt

tubercles 7*. caruncuUtm, new species

Trichia of outer wing veins very sparse, Ri with a complete series, Rt and MM with few at

outer ends; male hypopygium (Figures 67, 68) with apex of dististyle more broadly obtuse,

the blade without distinct tubercles 4

4. Mesonotal praescutum with pale brown stripes; hypopygium (Figure 67) with major setae of

blade of dististyle numerous, to about 10 in total T. poly trick*, new species

Mesonotal praescutum dark brown; hypopygium (Figure 68) with major setae of blade

of dististyle few in number, 10 or less T. subfragilis, new species
NUMBER 4 5 51

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) caruncuhtta, new species

FIGURES 64, 66

General coloration of thorax darkened, pleura yellowed

ventrally, above with a narrow dark brown longitudinal stripe; rostrum longer than wing; legs brownish

yellow, with abundant darker bifid setae, tips of tibiae

not blackened; wing subhyaline, outer veins with trichia, including extensive series on Rs, /?», and distal

sections of M,tt and A/s; male hypopygium with a

spine on basistyle; dististyle with several low tubercles

on outer margin at base of the prolongation; arms of

phallosome relatively long, more than five times their

diameter across base.

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 7-7.5

mm; wing 5-5.8 mm; rostrum about 6.5-7 mm.

Rostrum dark brown, longer than the wing and only

a little shorter than remainder of body. Antennae dark

brown. Head light brownish gray; anterior vertex relatively narrow, about one-half greater than the diameter

of the scape.

Cervical region and pronotum dark brown. Mesonotal pracscutum with disk darkened, including 3

faintly differentiated dark brown stripes and slightly

paler interspaces, lateral borders more yellowed; scutal

lobes similarly dark brown, central region and posterior

borders of lobes paler; scutellum and mediotergite

brown, light gray pruinose. Pleura with a narrow dark

brown dorsal stripe extending from the cervical region

to the halteres, more diffuse behind, ventral pleurites

yellowed, broadly clear light yellow beneath. Halteres

weakly infuscated. Legs with coxae and trochanters

yellowed, anterior face of fore coxa weakly darkened;

remainder of legs brownish yellow, appearing darker

brown because of the abundant bifid darkened setae;

tips of tibiae not darkened. Wings (Figure 64) subhyaline, veins and trichia darker brown. Trichia of

veins beyond cord unusually abundant, including extensive series on Rs, Rs

, and distal sections of Mlt2 and

Af, except on their bases. Venation: Sc, ending nearly

opposite origin of Rs, about one-third to one-half /?i+2;

m-cu shortly before fork of M.

Abdominal tergites almost uniformly dark brown,

sternites slightly more yellowed, apices of tergites very

narrowly darker; hypopygium brown. Male hypopygium (Figure 66) with basistyle, b, bearing a long

pale nearly terminal spine or narrow blade; setae of

mesal face of style numerous, long and slender. Interbase, i. a flattened pale blade. Dististyle, d, with basal

lobe long, the outer end farther produced into a slender

darkened lobule that is microscopically roughened;

outer blade of style long and pale, outer margin near

base with several pale tubercles, lower face of prolongation with numerous setae. Phallosome, p, with

arms parallel, relatively long and slender, the length

of either arm more than five times the diameter at

base, tip obtuse, not prolonged into a hairlike point

as in domingensis.

Holotype, male, Cabrit Swamp, Dominica, 23 February 1965, light trap (Wirth). Paratypes, 2 males,

Clarke Hall, 11-20 February, light trap, 21-31 March

1965 (Wirth). A further broken specimen from 804.7

m (0.5 mile) east of Pont Casse, 27 January 1965,

collected by Wirth, apparently belongs here.

Species from the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas

include the genotype, Toxorhina {Toxorhina) fragilis

Loew, of Puerto Rico, T. (T.) domingensis Alexander,

of Hispaniola, and the very distinct T. (T.) jamaicensis

Alexander, Jamaica, T. (T.) violaceipennis Alexander,

Cuba, and T. (T.) distalis Alexander, Bahamas. Of

the various species herein recorded from Dominica, all

appear to be closely interrelated and may be separated

by the characters given in the key.

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) fumipennis Alexander, 1939

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) fumipennis Alexander, 1939b, p.

100.

The type female was from the Sylvania Estate, Dominica, 548.6 m (1,800 ft), 29 August 1938, collected

by Hodge. In the original description erroneously recorded as a male. It is most readily distinguished from

the other regional species by die markedly infumed

wings.

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) polytricha, new species

FIGURE 67

Size small (wing of male to 4 mm); rostrum subequal

in length to remainder of body; mesonotal praescutum

with 4 light brown stripes, lateral borders broadly yellow; pleura yellow widi a narrow dark brown dorsal

stripe; wings weakly darkened, with sparse trichia on

Rs and near outer ends of veins Rs and Afi+2; male

hypopygium with spine of basistyle slender, tip acute;

dististyle with about 20 major setae on disk; arms of

phallosome relatively short, separated by a distance

subequal to their diameter.
52

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 4.5 mm;

wing 3.5—4 mm; rostrum about 4.5 mm.

FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5-6

mm; wing 4-4.5 mm; rostrum about 4 mm.

Rostrum brownish black, in male subequal in length

to remainder of body. Antennae with scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum brownish black. Head gray;

anterior vertex about twice the diameter of scape.

Cervical region brownish black. Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with 4 light brown

stripes, the intermediate pair becoming obsolete behind, interspaces brownish yellow, humeral and lateral

regions light yellow, posterior sclerites of notum dark

brown. Pleura light yellow, with a narrow brown dorsal

stripe. Halteres with stem obscure yellow, knob brown.

Legs with all coxae and trochanters light yellow; remainder of legs light brown. Wings weakly darkened,

prearcular field more yellowed; veins brown. Sparse

trichia on outer ends of veins /?5 and Afi+2, with still

fewer on Rs.

Abdomen with tergites light brown, more brightened

laterally, subterminal segments slightly darker to form

a narrow ring; sternites and hypopygium yellow. Male

hypopygium (Figure 67) with spine of basistyle, b,

slender, tip acute. Dististyle, d, with apex of blade

obtuse; disk below the darkened tubercle with unusually abundant major setae, to about 20 in number,

the more basal ones paler, long and slender. Phallosome, p, with arms relatively short, separated by a space

subequal to their own diameter.

Holotype, male, 321.8 m (0.2 mile) east of Pont

Casse, Dominica, 8 April 1966 (Gagne). Allotype,

female, Fond Figues River, 13 March 1965, light trap

(Wirth). Paratopotypes, 4 males and females, 4,828 m

(3 miles) east of Pont Casse, 13-16 October 1966

(Gurney). Paratypes, female, Clarke Hall, 21-31

January 1965, at light (Wirth). Fond Figues River,

13 March 1965 (Wirth). G'leau Gommier, 17 March

1956 (Clarke).

The most similar species are Toxorhina (Toxorhina)

carunculata, new species, and T. (T.) subfragilis, new

species most readily separated by the characters provided in the key.

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) stenophallus Alexander, 1937

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) stenophallus Alexander, 1937b, pp.

503-504.

The type was from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, known

also from Panama and Venezuela.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DOMINICA.—Clarke Hall, 12-17 November 1964

(Spangler) ; 11-20 January 1965, in Malaise trap

(Wirth), 1-20 February 1965, light trap (Wirth). Pont

Casse, 22 November 1964 (Spangler).

Toxorhina (Toxorhina) subfragilis, new species

FIGURE 68

Mesonotal praescutum with 3 virtually confluent brown

stripes, sides broadly yellow; pleura yellow with a

brown dorsal stripe; wings faintly tinged with brown,

prearcular field slightly more yellowed; abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, basal sternites brownish

yellow, hypopygium yellowed; male hypopygium with

spine of basistyle slender; dististyle with outer blade a

flattened pale paddlr, apex obtuse, base with a relatively slender darkened lobe, face of style with only

about 4 major setae.

MALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5 mm;

wing 5 mm; rostrum about 4 mm.

FEMALE.—Length, excluding rostrum, about 5.5

mm; wing 4 mm; rostrum about 3.5 mm.

Rostrum shorter than wing, brownish black. Antennae with scape brown, pedicel brownish yellow, flagellum black. Head light brown; anterior vertex nearly

three times the diameter of scape.

Cervical region black. Mesonotal praescutum with 3

virtually confluent brown stripes, the central one

darker anteriorly, sides broadly yellow; scutal lobes

blackened; posterior notal sclerites brown, gray pruinose. In the allotype the prasecutum and scutal lobes

are paler brown. Pleura with a diffuse dark brown

dorsal stripe, ventral pleurites abruptly light yellow,

especially the sternopleurite and meron. Halteres dark

brown. Legs with all coxae and trochanters light yellow; remainder of legs light brown, the outer tarsal

segments darker. Wings faintly tinged with brown,

prearcular field slightly more yellowed; veins brown.

Venation: Sc^ ending about opposite origin of Rs;

m-cu at or close to fork of M.

Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown, basal

sternites brownish yellow, hypopygium yellowed. Male

hypopygium (Figure 68) with spine of basistyle pale,

long and slender. Dististyle, d, with blade a flattened

pale paddle, apex obtuse, outer margin near base with

a relatively slender, darkened, slightly roughened lobe;

face of style with major setae reduced in number to

about 4. Phallosome, p, with arms relatively long and

narrow, the intervening space broader.
NUMBER 4 5 53

Holotype, male, Freshwater Lake, Dominica, 6

March 1965 (Wirth). Allotype, female, Fond Figues

River, 13 March 1965, light trap (Wirth).

The single most similar regional species is Toxorhina

(Toxorhina) carunculata, new species, which differs

chiefly in slight details of the hypopygium, including

the dististyle. This has the blade pale and narrow, with

the apex subacute, and with numerous setae at base of

style.

Literature Cited

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Ntwt, 22: 349-354,4 figure*.

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with 354 figures.

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1920b. New or Little-known Crane-flies from Tropical

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1927a. New or Little-known Crane-flies. Part II. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Diptera, 4:17-27.

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Science, 40(2):239-273, plate 1 with 18 figures.

1929b. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Based

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3 text figures, 12 plates with 259 figures.

1930. Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-flies

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1932. The Crane-flies of Puerto Rico (Diptera). The

Journal of Agriculture of Puerto Rico, 16(4) :347-

387, plates 43-48 with 26 figures.

1937a. New or Little-known Species of West Indian Tipulidae (Diptera). II. The Journal of Agriculture

of the University of Puerto Rico, 21(2): 179-190,

11 figures.

1937b. New or Little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). LIII.

Neotropical Species. The Annals and Magazine of

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1938. New or Little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). LIV.

Neotropical Species. The Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, series 11, 1:336-362, 8 figures.

1939a. Studies on the Crane-flies of Mexico. Part VI.

(Order Diptera, Superfamily Tipuloidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America,

32:70-90.

1939b. New or Little-known Species of West Indian

Tipulidae. IV. The Journal of Agriculture of the

University of Puerto Rico, 23(2) :91-130, 18

figures.

1940. New or Little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). LVII.

Neotropical Species. The Annals and Magazine of

Natural History, series 11, 5:275-297.

1942. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The

Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. First Fas-
54

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cicle. External Morphology; Key to Families;

Tanyderidac, Ptychopteridae, Trichoceridae, Anisopodidae, Tipulidae. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Bulletin, 64:vi,

1-517, 55 figures (with subfigurcs), 4 plates.

Reprinted with two additional pages in 1966.

1946. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). I. The Genus Teucholabis Osten

Sacken. Revista de Entomologia, 17(3):375^*00,

14 figures.

1947a. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). II. The Primitive Eriopterini:

Sigmatomera, Trentepohlia, Gnophomyia, Neognophomyia, Gonomyia, and Allies. Revista de

Entomologia, 18(1/2): 65-100, 31 figures.

1947b. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). III. The Specialized Eriopterini:

Rhabdomastix, Cryptolabis, Erioptera, Molophilus,

Styringomyia, Toxorhina, and Allies. Revista de

Entomologia, 18(3):317-360, 32 figures.

1948a. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). IV. The Primitive Hcxatomini:

Paradelphomyia, Austrolimnophila, Epiphragma,

Lecteria, Polymera, and Allies. Revista de Entomologia, 19(1/2): 149-190, 33 figures.

1948b. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). V. The Specialized Hexatomini:

Limnophila, Shannonomyia, Gynoplistia, Hexatoma, Atarba, Elephantomyia, and Allies. Revista

de Entomologia, 19(3): 509-556, 36 figures.

1950. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). VI. The Tribe Limoniini: Genus

Limonia; Subgenera Limonia, Neolimnobia, Discobola and Rhipidia. Revista de Entomologia,

21 (1/2): 161-221, 42 figures.

1953. Notes on the Tipulidae of Ecuador (Order Diptera). Part IV. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 1 (4): 77-95, 9 figures.

1954. Notes on the Tipulidae of Ecuador (Order Diptera). Part V. Revista Ecuatoriana de Entomologia y Parasitologia, 2(1-2):51-68: 32 figures.

1962. The Crane Flies of the Galapagoes Islands (Tipulidae, Diptera). Opuscula Zoologica. Hcrausgegeben von der Zoologischen Staatssammlung in

Miinchen. 61:1-5, 6 figures.

1964a. The Crane-flies of Jamacia (Diptera, Tipulidae).

Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series,

14:1-86, 97 figures.

1964b. Diptera (Nematocera: Tanyderidae, Ptychopteridae, Tipulidae). In South African Animal Life.

Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950-

1951,10:229-441, 124 figures.

1967. Notes on the Tropical American Species of Tipulidae (Diptera). VII. The Tribe Limoniini:

Genus Limonia, Concluded; Helius, Orimarga, and

Others; Tribe Pediciini: Subfamily Cylindrotominae. Studia Entomologica, 10( 1/4): 277—

352, 78 figures.

Bergroth, Ernst E.

1915. Some Tipulid Synonymy. Psyche, 22:54-59.

Bigot, Jacques M. F.

1854. Essai d'une Classification Generale et Synoptique de

l'ordre des Insectes Dipteres. Ille. Annales de la

Societe Entomologique de France, (3)2:447-482.

Brunetti, Enrico

1911. Revision of the Oriental Tipulidar with Descriptions of New Species. Records of the Indian

Museum, 6(5) :231-3I4.

Enderlein, Gunther

1912. Studien uber die Tipuliden, Limoniiden, Cylindrotomiden und Ptychoptcriden. Zoohgische Jahrbuch, 32, Abteilung fur Systematic!, 1 88, 51

figures.

Guerin-Mlneville, Felix E.

1838. In Duperrey, L. I , editor, Voyage autour du monde

stir la corvette de sa majeste I.a Coquille, Zoologie,

2(2):1-319.

Haliday, Alexander II

1833. Catalogue of Diptrra Occurring about Holywood

in Downshirc. The Entomological Magatme

(London),1:147 180.

Hodge, Walter H.

1941. The Vegetation of the Leuer Antilles, a Brief

Review. Chronica Botanica, 6( 17/18) :402-404,

2 maps.

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the New York Botanical Garden, 43(512) : 189-201.

26 Photographs, 1 map.

LeConte, John L.

1859. The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the

Entomology of North America, 2:1-814. (Reference pp. 38-66, 67-89).

Linne, Carl von (Linnaeus)

1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, edition

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Loew, Hermann

1851. Beschreibung einiger ncuen Tipularia Terricola.

Linnaea Entomologica, 5:385-406, 2 plates.

1869. Diptera Americae Septentrionalis Indigena, Centuria Octava. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift,

13:1-52.

Meigen, Johann W.

1803. In Illiger's Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 2:259-281.

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plates 55-66.

Ober, Frederick A.

1880. Camps in the Caribbees, the Adventures of a Naturalist in the Lesser Antilles, pages xvi-366, 34 figures (Dominica, Chapters 1-11).
NUMBER 4 5 55

Osten Sacken, Carl R.

1859. New Genera and Species of North American Tipulidae with Short Palpi, with an Attempt at a New

Classification of the Tribe. Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

1859:197-256, 1 figure, 2 plates.

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Part IV. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,

8(1 , publication 219): 1-345, 7 figures, 4 plates.

1878. Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North

America (edition 2). Smithsonian Miscellaneous

Collections, 16(2, Publication 270): 1-276.

1887. Studies on Tipulidae. Part II. Review of the Published Genera of the Tipulidae Brevipalpi. Berliner Entomologisches Zeitschrift,3\: 163-242.

Saint-Fargeau, Count de (Lepeletier, Amedee L. M.), with

Latreille, P. A., et al.)

1825. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces,

des Arachnides et des Insectes, 10:1-344.

Say, Thomas

1823. Descriptions of Dipterous Insects of the United

States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3:9-54, 73-104. (See LeConte 1859.)

Skuse, Frederick A. A.

1890. Diptera of Australia. Part VII. The Tipulidae

Brevipalpi. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society

of New South Wales, (2)4:757-892, 4 plates with

70 figures. (Preprint 1889.)

Stephens, James F.

1829. A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, 2:388.

Stone, Alan, Curtis W. Sabrosky, Willis W. Wirth, Richard H.

Foote, and Jack R. Coulson

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Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, pages 1-1696.

Walker, Francis F.

1848. List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the

Collection of the British Museum. Volume 1:1-

229.

Wiedemann, Christian R. W.

1820. Diptera exotica (edition 1). Part I:i-xix, 1^42, 1

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Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1896:253-446, plates 8-14.

Index

[Names of new species in italics, page numbers of principal accounts in boldface.]

acanthomelana, Gonomyia (Lipophleps) 37 (fig.)- 41, 42

albitarsis, Hclius, 7, 27 (fig.)

albitanis dominicae, Polymera, 30 (fig.), 31

alfaroi, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (fig.). 10

angusticincta, bicincta, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 14

angustipennis, Atarba, 30 (fig.), 33

annulata, Teucholabis (Tcucholabis), 36, 37 (fig.)

apicata dominiccnsis, Limonia (Caenoglochina), 7

Atarl.a, 29, 33

angustipennis, 30 (fig.), 33

bicinrta anguiticincta, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 14

bicornuta, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41, 42, 43 (fig.)

bifidatia. Orimarga (Diotrepha), 26, 27 (fig«.), 28

bipcctinata, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21, 22 (fig.)

Caenoglochina, Limonia, 7,9

wirthiana.% (fig.),9

caliptera, Erioptera (Mesocyphona), 49

earth, Tipula (Microtipula), 4 (figs.), 5

caribiea, Epiphragma, 27 (fig.), 29, 30 (fig.)

caribica, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.)

carunculata, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 48 (figs.), 50, 51

celeitit dominicana, Eriopterodei, 47, 48 (fig.)

cinereinota, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 15 (fig.), 16

civic*, recondita, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 18

clarkeana, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (figs.) 9, 10

conjuncta, Polymera (Polymerodes), 30 (fig.), 32

costalis, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21

cultriformis, Gonomyia (Paralipophelps), 41, 43 (fig.), 44

Dicranomyia, Limonia, 7, 9 (key)

alfaroi, 8 (fig.), 10

clarkeana, 8 (figs.), 9, 10

divisa,8 (fig.), 10,11

omissa, 8 (fig.), 10, 11

dikopis, Gonomyia (Paralipophleps), 41, 43 (fig.), 45

Diotrepha, Orimarga, 26, 28

bifidaria, 26, 27 (figs.), 28

divisa, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (fig.), 10, 11

domestica, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22

dominicae, albitarsis, Polymera (Polymerodes), 30 (fig.), 31,

32

dominicana, celestis, Eriopterodes, 47, 48 (fig.)

dominicana, Gonomyia (Gonomyia), 37 (figs.), 40, 41

dominicana, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.), 17

dominicana, Nephrotoma, 3, 4 (figs.)

dominicana, Trentepohlia (Paramongoma), 35, 48 (fig.)

dominicensis, apicata, Limonia (Caenoglochina), 7

Elephantomyia, 33

pertenuis, 30 (fig.), 34

Epiphragma, 29

caribica, 27 (fig.), 29, 30 (fig.)

eremnocera, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21, 23 (fig.)

Erioptera (Mesocyphona), 35, 49

caliptera, 49

gagneana, 48 (figs.), 49

Eriopterini, 2, 35 (key)

Eriopterodes, 35,47

celestis dominicana, 47, 48 (fig.)

rurygramma, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.), 17

fulviventris, Teucholabis (Teucholabis), 36, 37 (fig.)

fumipennis, Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga), 40, 48 (fig.)

fumipennis, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 50, 51

gagneana, Erioptetdi (Mesocyphona), 48 (figs.), 49

Geranomyia, Limonia, 7, 13 (key)

bicincta angusticincta, 13, 14

caribica, 14, 15 (fig.)

cinereinota, 13, 15 (fig.), 16

dominicana, 14, 15 (fig.), 17

eurygramma, 14, 15 (fig.), 17

microphaea, 14, 15 (fig.)

neptis, 13, 15 (fig.), 17

plumhci pleura, 14, 18

recondita civica, 14, 15 (fig), 18

spangleri, 13, 18, 19 (fig.)

subvirescens, 14, 19 (fig.), 20

sylvania, 14, 19 (fig.), 20

tibialis, 13,19 (fig.), 21

Gonomyia, 35,40 (key)

gonomyia (Gonomyia), 41

dominicana, 37 (figs.), 40, 41

Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 35, 40 (key), 42

acanthomelana, 37 (fig.), 41,42

bicornuta, 41,42, 43 (fig.)

producta.41,43 (fig.), 44

puella,41,43 (fig.),44

puer,41,43 (fig.),44

Gonomyia (Neolipophleps), 35, 40

helophila, 37 (fig.), 40, 44

Gonomyia (Paralipophleps), 35, 40, 44

cultriformis, 41, 43 (fig.), 44

dikopis, 41,43 (fig.), 45

pleuralis, 40, 45

wirthiana, 37 (fig.), 40, 43 (fig.), 46

Gonomyia (Progonomyia), 40

gurneyi, Limonia (Neolimonia), 8 (fig.), 12

Helius (Helius),6, 7

albitarsis, 7, 27 (fig.)

helophila, Gonomyia (Neolipophleps), 37 (fig.), 40, 44

Hexatomini, 2, 29 (key)

hodgei, Leptotarsus (Longurio), 3, 4 (figs.)

insularis, Limonia (Neoglochina), 12

Leptotarsus (Longurio), 2, 3

hodgei, 3, 4 (figs.)

57
58

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Limoniinae, 2,6

Limoniini, 2, 6 (key)

Limonia, 6, 7 (key)

Limonia (Caenoglochina), 7,9

apicata, dominicensis, 7

wirthiana, 8 (fig.), 9

Limonia (Dicranomyia), 7,9 (key)

alfaroi, 8 (fig.), 10

clarkeana, 8 (figs.), 9, 10

divisa, 8 (fig.), 10, 11

omissa, 8 (fig), 10, 11

Limonia (Geranomyia), 7, 13 (key)

bicincta angusticincta, 13, 14

caribica, 14, 15 (fig.)

cinereinota, 13, 15 (fig.), 16

dominicana, 14, 15 (fig.), 17

eurygramma, 14, 15 (fig.), 17

microphaea, 14,15 (fig.)

neptis, 13, 15 (fig.), 17

plumbeipleura, 14, 18

recondita civic a, 14, 15 (fig.), 18

spangleri, 13, 18, 19 (fig.)

subvirescens, 14, 19 (fig.), 20

sylvania, 14, 19 (fig.), 20

tibialis, 13,19 (fig.), 21

Limonia (Neoglochina), 7, 12

insularis, 12

Limonia (Neolimonia), 7, 12

gurneyi,8 (fig.), 12

Limonia (Rhipidia), 21 (key)

bipectinata, 21, 22 (fig.)

costalis, 21

domcstica, 22

eremnocera, 21, 23 (fig.)

steyskali, 22, 23

subcostalis, 21,24

subpectinata, 22,24

tetraleuca, 22, 25 (fig.)

willistoniana, 21, 25 (fig.)

Lipophleps, Gonomyia, 35,40 (key), 42

acanthomelana, 37 (fig.), 41, 42

bicornuta, 41,42, 43 (fig.)

producta, 41, 43 (fig-), 44

puella,41,43 (fig.), 44

puer,41,43 (fig.), 44

Longurio, Leptotarsus, 2, 3

hodgei,Z,A (figs.)

Mesocyphona, Erioptera, 35,49

caliptera, 49

gagneana, 48 (figs.), 49

Microtipula, Tipula, 5

carib,4 (figs.), 5

microphaea, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14,15 (fig.)

Neoglochina, Limonia, 7,12

insularis, 12

Neolimonia, Limonia, 7,12

gurneyi, 8 (fig.), 12

Neolipophleps, Gonomyia,35, 37, 40,44

helophila,37 (fig.), 40,44

Nephrotoma, 2, 3

dominicana, 3, 4 (fig>.)

neptis, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 15 (fig.)> 1?

nimbicolor, Orimarga (Orimarga), 26, 27 (fig».)

omissa, Limonia (Dicranomyia), 8 (fig.), 10, 11

Orimarga (Diotrepha), 26, 28

bifidaria, 26, 27 (figs), 28

Orimarga (Orimarga), 6, 26

nimbicolor, 26, 27 (figs.)

Paralipophleps, Gonomyia, 35, 40, 44

cultriformis, 41, 43 (fig.). 44

dikopis, 41, 43 (fig), 45

pleuralis, 40,45

wirthiana, 37 (fig.) 40,43 (fig.),46

Paramongoma, Trentepohlia, 35

dominicana, 35,48 (fig.)

pertenuis, Elephantotmyia (Elephantomyia), 30 (fig.), S4

pleuralis, Gonomyia (Paralipophlept), 40,45

plumbeipleura, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14,18

Polymrra (Polymera), 29, 31

albitanis dominies*, 30 (fig.), 31

Polymrra ( Polymrrmlr*), 29, 31, 32

conjuncta, 30 (fig), 32

Potymerodes, Polymera, 29, 31, 32

conjuncta, 30 (fig.), 32

polytricha, Toxorhina (Taxorhina), 50, SI

producta, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41,43 (fig.), 44

Progonomyia, Gonomyia, 40

puella, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41, 43 (fig.), 44

puer, Gonomyia (Lipophleps), 41, 43 (fig.), 44

recondita, civica, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 15 (fig.), 18

Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga), 35,40

fumipennis, 40,48 (fig.)

Rhipidia, Limonia, 7, 21 (key)

bipectinata, 21, 22 (fig.)

costalis, 21

domestica, 22

eremnocera, 21, 23 (fig.)

steyskali, 22,23 (fig.)

subcostalis, 21,24

subpectinata, 22,24

tetraleuca, 22,25 (fig.)

willistoniana, 21, 25 (fig.)

Sacandaga, Rhabdomastix, 35,40

fumipennis, 40,48 (fig.)

Shannonomyia, 29, 32

urophora, 27 (fig.), 32

spangleri, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13,18,19 (fig.)

stenophallus, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 50,52

steyskali, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22, 23

subcostalis, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21,24

subfragilis, Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 50,52

subpectinata, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22,24

subvirescens, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 19 (fig.), 20

sylvania, Limonia (Geranomyia), 14, 19 (fig.), 20

tenella, Teucholabis (Teucholabis), 36, 37 (figs.), 39

tetraleuca, Limonia (Rhipidia), 22,25

Teucholabis (Teucholabis), 35, 36 (key)

annulata, 36,37 (fig.)
NUMBER 4 5 59

fulviventris, 36, 37 (fig.)

tenella, 36, 37 (figs.), 39

tibialis, Limonia (Geranomyia), 13, 19 (fig.), 21

Tipula (Microtipula), 5

carib, 4 (figs.), 5

Tipulidae, 2 (key)

Tipulinae, 2 (key)

Toxorhina (Toxorhina), 35, 50 (key)

carunculata, 48 (fig*.), 50, 51

fumipennis, 50, 51

polytricha, 48 (fig.), 50, 51

stenophaJlus, 50, 52

subfragilis.W (fig.) 50,52

Trentepohlia (Paramongoma), 35

dominicana, 35, 48 (fig.)

urophora, Shannonomyia, 27, 30 (fig.), 32

willistoniana, Limonia (Rhipidia), 21, 25 (figs.)

wirthiana, Gonomyia (Paralipophleps), 37 (fig.), 40, 43

(fig.), 46

wirthiana, Limonia (Caenoglochina), 8 (fig.), 9

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 372-726



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