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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

No. 19-CV-565

ALISON SIZER, ET AL., APPELLANTS

V.

FABIOLA K. LOPEZ VELASQUEZ, ET AL., APPELLEES.

Appeal from the Superior Court

of the District of Columbia

(2017 CA 007941 C)

(Hon. Anthony C. Epstein, Trial Judge)

(Argued November 4, 2020 Decided February 24, 2022)*

Scott Michelman was on the briefs for the appellant.

Vanessa Carpenter Lourie was on the briefs for appellee.

Before EASTERLY, MCLEESE, AND DEAHL, Associate Judges.

EASTERLY, Associate Judge: After appellants Alison Sizer and Scott 

Michelman, co-tenants, informed their landlords, appellees Fabiola K. Lopez 

 * The decision in this case was originally issued as an unpublished 

Memorandum Opinion and Judgment. It is now being published upon the court’s 

grant, by separate order, of the District of Columbia Office of the Tenant Advocate’s 

Motion to Publish. 
2

Velasquez and Jose A. Cuesta Leiva, that they were breaking their eighteen-month 

lease, they found replacement tenants willing to finish out the lease term. The 

replacement tenants were only willing to pay $3,100 a month, $200 less than Ms. 

Sizer’s and Mr. Michelman’s monthly rent, so Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman told 

their landlords that they would make up the difference in a lump sum payment. The 

landlords, who had advertised the property at $3,500 a month, rejected this option

and asked the replacement tenants to pay the $3,300 a month in full. The 

replacement tenants backed out. Several months passed before the landlords found 

other replacement tenants. The landlords charged these replacement tenants $3,100 

a month. 

The landlords sued Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman for rent lost from the breach 

of the lease. In their answer to the landlords’ complaint, Ms. Sizer and Mr. 

Michelman raised their landlord’s failure to mitigate damages as a defense. In 

addition, Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman counterclaimed in relevant part that the 

landlords had, in violation of the Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“CPPA”), 

D.C. Code § 28-3904(e-1) (2021 Supp.), deceptively stated (1) in the October 2016 

lease that Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman would be liable for attorneys’ fees in the 

event of any litigation and (2) in a June 2017 “Early Lease Termination Agreement” 
3

that the landlords had no duty to mitigate damages.1

 At a bench trial before a 

magistrate judge, the landlords prevailed on their damages claim. And Ms. Sizer’s 

and Mr. Michelman’s CPPA counterclaims were dismissed pretrial on the ground 

that the CPPA did not apply to landlord-tenant relations. See Gomez v. Indep. Mgmt. 

of Del., Inc., 967 A.2d 1276, 1284–87 (D.C. 2009); Falconi-Sachs v. LPF Senate 

Square, LLC, 142 A.3d 550, 554–55 (D.C. 2016). On a motion for review of these 

rulings, pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-1732(k) (2021 Supp.), an Associate Judge of the 

Superior Court affirmed.2

 

On appeal to this court, Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman argue that the Associate 

Judge erred in rejecting their mitigation defense and that the CPPA, as amended in 

2019, should apply and they should be permitted to seek relief thereunder.3

 For the 

reasons discussed below, we agree that the landlords failed to mitigate their 

damages, but we disagree that the 2019 CPPA may be applied retroactively to Ms. 

 1 There is no question that these statements were false. Tenants may not be 

required in a lease provision to pay attorneys’ fees in the event of litigation, Pajic v. 

Foote Properties, LLC, 72 A.3d 140, 144–146 (D.C. 2013); 14 D.C.M.R. § 304.4 

(2014), and landlords are statutorily obligated to mitigate damages. D.C. Code § 42-

3505.52 (2020 Repl.); see also infra Section I.

2 Although the order states that the Associate Judge “denie[d] the motion for 

review,” it is apparent that the Associate Judge conducted the review contemplated 

by D.C. Code § 11-1732(k) but denied relief. 

3 We review the Associate Judge’s order, not the magistrate judge’s decision. 

D.C. Code § 11-721(a)(1) (2012 Repl.).
4

Sizer’s and Mr. Michelman’s deceptive statement claims. Thus we reverse in part 

and affirm in part.

I. Whether the landlords failed to mitigate damages

The duty to mitigate damages from a contractual breach is well established in 

the common law, see Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 350 (Am. Law Inst. 

1981), and “bars recovery for losses suffered by a non-breaching party that could 

have been avoided by reasonable effort and without risk of substantial loss or 

injury.” Bolton v. Crowley, Hoge & Fein, P.C., 110 A.3d 575, 586 (D.C. 2015) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). The objective is “to put the injured party in as 

good a position as full performance of the contract would have” with “the least 

necessary cost to the defendant.” 11 Corbin on Contracts § 57.11 (2021). The 

injured party is “expected to take such affirmative steps as are appropriate in the 

circumstances to avoid loss by making substitute arrangements.” Restatement 

(Second) of Contracts § 350 cmt. b. This court has long recognized in other 

contractual scenarios that “the failure to mitigate damages is an affirmative defense 

and the tenant has the burden of showing the absence of reasonable efforts to 

mitigate.” Norris v. Green, 656 A.2d 282, 287 (D.C. 1995). But in 2017, the Council 

of the District of Columbia clarified that the duty to mitigate applies to broken 

residential leases. D.C. Code § 42-3505.52 (2020 Repl.) (“If a tenant . . . vacates a 
5

rental unit before the end of a lease term, any actual damages the housing provider 

may be entitled to shall be subject to the duty of the housing provider to mitigate 

actual damages for breach of the rental agreement.”). 

“Generally what is a reasonable effort to mitigate damages is a question of 

fact,” Havilah Real Prop. Servs., LLC v. VLK, LLC, 108 A.3d 334, 343 n.8 (D.C. 

2015) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted), which we “review[] under a 

clearly erroneous standard.” Mingle v. Oak St. Apartments Ltd., 249 A.3d 413, 415 

(D.C. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, however, the issue does not 

turn on “the who, what, where, when, and how details of the case,” id., but rather 

which facts are permissibly considered in assessing whether the landlords fulfilled 

their duty to mitigate. This is a legal question that we review de novo. See Bingham 

v. Goldberg, Marchesano, Kohlman, Inc., 637 A.2d 81, 89 (D.C. 1994) 

(“[d]eterminations of fact-free principles of law are designated questions of law” and 

are subject to de novo review); cf. Greene v. District of Columbia, 56 A.3d 1170, 

1174 (D.C. 2012) (explaining “whether and under what circumstances” evidence of 

severance damages was admissible in a takings case was a question of law subject 

to de novo review).
6

The landlords in this case had a joint offer by the replacement tenants to pay 

$3,100 a month for the balance of the lease term and by Ms. Sizer and Mr. 

Michelman to pay a lump sum to make up the difference. The landlords were willing 

to move forward with the application, but they wanted the replacement tenants 

themselves to pay the full $3,300 a month in rent for the remainder of the lease term. 

By making this counteroffer, the landlords rejected the earlier joint offer that would 

have put them in exactly the same financial position they would have been had the 

contract never been breached. This was certainly their prerogative. But this decision 

does not constitute a reasonable effort to mitigate damages. 

In reaching a contrary decision, the Associate Judge stated he “[did] not 

disagree with th[e] general proposition” that “the duty to mitigate requires a landlord 

to accept a replacement tenant for the remainder of the lease if the prospective new 

tenant is ready, willing, and able to assume all or part of the lease obligations and 

the breaching tenant is ready, willing, and able to make up any difference between 

the original and new lease.” But the Associate Judge determined that “this case does 

not present the issue because the [magistrate judge] reasonably found that the 

prospective substitute tenants . . . decided to back out of the transaction.” This 

analysis is flawed. The fact that the replacement tenants walked away after the 

landlords rejected the tenants’ joint offer with Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman to pay 
7

the amount of rent the landlords would have received absent a breach has no legal 

bearing on whether the landlords reasonably rejected this joint offer beforehand. 

As for the reasonableness of the landlords’ decision to reject the joint offer to 

pay the amount of rent the landlords would have received absent a breach, the 

Associate Judge endorsed the magistrate judge’s determination that this decision was 

supported by a legitimate “business justification.” The magistrate judge in turn 

concluded that the landlords could reasonably demand that the new tenants (1) sign 

a lease longer than the remaining lease term and (2) pay the full amount of rent 

without assistance in order to be able to charge a higher rent after Ms. Sizer’s and 

Mr. Michelman’s lease expired. But the landlords did not reject the joint offer 

because the proposed lease term was too short. And the terms of their lease with 

Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman gave landlords no guarantee of a subsequent lease at 

a higher amount. Thus, assuming that requiring the replacement tenants to pay the 

$3,300 in full would have protected the landlords’ future opportunity to receive a 

higher rent after the expiration of the Sizer-Michelman lease, protection of that 

future opportunity would not have made the landlords whole; it would have put the 

landlords in a superior position. Pursuit of an opportunity to profit from a breach is 

not a reasonable basis to reject an opportunity to mitigate damages. See Bolton, 110 
8

A.3d at 586 (explaining that a breaching party bears the burden to show that the 

nonbreaching party could have avoided loss). 

Because Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman proved that the landlords had the 

opportunity to receive the same amount of money over the same amount of time as 

they would have if Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman had not breached their lease, 

Associate Judge should have ruled that the landlords failed to mitigate damages. 

II. Whether the tenants have viable claims under the CPPA as recently 

amended

Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman included in their answer to their landlords’ 

amended complaint two counterclaims for deceptive statements under the CPPA. 

The magistrate judge dismissed these claims prior to trial based on Ms. Sizer’s and 

Mr. Michelman’s concession that the CPPA did not apply to landlord-tenant 

relations. In its review of this ruling, the Associate Judge noted that Ms. Sizer and 

Mr. Michelman had “acknowledge[d] that this ruling was correct under FalconiSachs v. LPF Senate Square, LLC, 142 A.3d 550, 554-55 (D.C. 2016)”4 but 

“want[ed] to preserve the ability to ask the Court of Appeals to overrule Falconi-

 4 Id. at 554 (concluding that Gomez, 967 A.2d at 1286, held that there is no 

private right of action under the CPPA in connection with landlord-tenant relations).
9

Sachs.” Because the Associate Judge was “bound by Falconi-Sachs’ interpretation 

of the CPPA,” he affirmed the dismissal of the CPPA claims. 

On appeal, Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman assert that Falconi-Sachs was 

effectively overruled by the Council when it amended the CPPA in 2019 and added 

a private right of action to combat deceptive trade practices in landlord-tenant 

relations, D.C. Code § 28-3905(k)(6) (2021 Supp.). This provision, they argue, 

retroactively applies to their claims, pursuant to the Supreme Court’s analysis in 

Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 280 (1994) (holding that a remedial 

statute that is not expressly retroactive may, nevertheless, have an impermissibly 

retroactive effect if “it would impair rights a party possessed when he acted, increase 

a party’s liability for past conduct, or impose new duties with respect to transactions 

already completed”). Conceding that the CPPA as amended in 2019 is silent as to 

its prior application, Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman argue that its application to their 

claims under the statute “raises no retroactivity problem” under Landgraf because, 

when the landlords made their deceptive statements in 2016 and 2017, “the CPPA 

already forbade that conduct, and it already authorized the . . . Attorney 

General . . . to sue and obtain for tenants the same remedies authorized under the 

private right of action Tenants invoke here” (italics omitted). Because timing 

matters, we separately consider whether the CPPA as amended in 2019 may be 
10

applied to each of Ms. Sizer’s and Mr. Michelman’s claims of false and deceptive 

statements.

To start, we disagree that the Attorney General could have sued the landlords 

under the CPPA for deceptive statements when they represented in the October 2016 

lease that Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman would be responsible for attorneys’ fees in 

the event of litigation related to their tenancy. This provision was unquestionably 

illegal, see supra note 1, but there is a difference between barring landlords from 

including such a provision and making landlords liable for deceptive statements. 

This liability did not arise for landlords until the CPPA was amended by emergency 

legislation in December 2016, D.C. Act 21-576, which expressly authorized the 

Attorney General to apply to landlord-tenant relations “the provisions and exercise 

the duties of this section”—including D.C. Code § 28-3904 (e-1), which makes it a 

violation for “any person to engage in . . . [a] deceptive trade practice, whether or 

not any consumer is in fact misled, deceived, or damaged thereby, including to . . . 

[r]epresent that a transaction confers or involves rights, remedies, or obligations 

which it does not have or involve, or which are prohibited by law.”5

 5 Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman argue that the Council’s observation in its 

2018 Committee Report that Attorney General was already bringing enforcement 

actions against landlords under the CPPA supports their argument that the Attorney 

General could have sued the landlords for their 2016 deceptive statement. But how 
11

As for the landlords’ 2017 false representation that they did not have a duty

to mitigate if tenants refused to pay a lease-break fee, see supra Section I, Ms. Sizer 

and Mr. Michelman are correct that the landlords could have been sued by the 

Attorney General for this deceptive statement. By that point, the D.C. Council had 

already enacted emergency and temporary legislation authorizing the Attorney 

General to do so, see supra note 5. But the fact that the Attorney General could have 

sued the landlords does not necessarily mean Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman were 

authorized under Landgraf and its progeny to bring suit for damages under the 2019 

amendments.6 

In addition to considering whether a new statute would “impair rights a party 

possessed when he acted” under Landgraf, we must also consider whether a new 

statute would “increase a party’s liability for past conduct.” 511 U.S. at 282–83. In 

 

the Attorney General acts is not supporting authority for what the law allows. In any 

event, it is unremarkable that the Attorney General commenced enforcement actions 

against landlords under the CPPA prior to 2019. The Attorney General was 

authorized to do so by a series of overlapping emergency and temporary legislation 

starting in December 2016 and continuing until the passage of the permanent 

legislation in 2019. See Act 21-0576, Act 21-0646, Act 22-0164, Act 22-0191, Act 

22-0402, Act 22-0446, Act 22-0505.

6 To the extent Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman argue that Falconi-Sachs and 

Gomez were wrongly decided—and in fact that a private right of action to challenge 

deceptive practices by landlords has existed since 2000—we are bound by precedent 

and have no authority to revisit these decisions. See M.A.P. v. Ryan, 285 A.2d 310, 

312 (D.C. 1971). 
12

Landgraf, the Supreme Court held that a “new compensatory damages” provision 

under the Civil Rights Act would be impermissibly retroactive if it applied to 

conduct taken before the statute’s enactment. Id. at 282. The court reasoned that 

this provision “affect[ed] the liabilities of defendants . . . by requiring particular 

employers to pay for harms they caused” and was the “type of legal change that 

would have an impact on private parties’ planning.” Id. at 282. 

In Landgraf, the new statute made compensatory damages available where 

only equitable remedies and backpay had previously been allowed. Id. at 252. In 

this case, the amendment to the CPPA allowing a private right of action also changed 

the financial consequences for landlords. Whereas landlords faced with a lawsuit by 

the Attorney General may be required to pay “economic damages” and limited 

financial penalties (not more than $5,000 for each initial violation of enumerated 

sections; not more than $10,000 for subsequent violations, D.C. Code § 28-

3909(b)(1)–(2) (2021 Supp.)), a landlord sued by private action may be required to 

pay each tenant $1,500 per violation or treble damages, whichever is greater; 

punitive damages; and “[a]ny other relief which the court determines proper.” D.C. 

Code § 28-3905(k)(2)(A)(I)–(II) (2021 Supp.). In the absence of any argument by 

Ms. Sizer and Mr. Michelman addressing how the increased liabilities under the 

2019 Amendment to the CPPA would survive a retroactivity analysis under 
13

Landgraf, we conclude that application of the statute as amended to the landlords’ 

2017 conduct would be impermissibly retroactive.7

III. Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, we remand the case for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion. 

So ordered.

 7 Subsequent to Landgraf, the Supreme Court in Hughes Aircraft Co. v. United 

States ex rel. Schumer, 520 U.S. 939, 951 (1997), held that application of statutory 

amendment that expands the class of potential plaintiffs to conduct that occurred 

before the statute was amended is impermissibly retroactive. Id. at 950 (“In 

permitting actions by an expanded universe of plaintiffs with different incentives, 

[the amendment] essentially creates a new cause of action, not just an increased 

likelihood that an existing cause of action will be pursued.”). No party cited Hughes

to us and this court has yet to examine it, but it appears that Hughes could also

support our retroactivity analysis.