KEEPING AMERICA’S WOMEN 

MOVING FORWARD

The Key to an Economy Built to Last 

The White House Council on Women and Girls

April, 2012
i

Executive Summary

Today, more than ever before, women are playing a central role in the American economy. Women now make up nearly 

50% of our workforce, are a growing number of breadwinners in their families, and are the majority of students in our 

colleges and graduate schools. American women own 30% of small businesses, which generate $1.2 trillion a year in 

sales. Since 1962, women’s participation in the labor market has risen by 20 percentage points while the United States’ 

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has more than quadrupled. And according to a report by McKinsey, if the United States 

raised female labor participation rates to the average participation rate of the top 10 states, our economy would add 5.1 

million women workers, the equivalent of a 3-4% increase in GDP. 1

Consequently, when women still face barriers to participation in the workplace and marketplace, that is not just a 

“women’s issue.” When women still make just 77 cents for every dollar men make, or have to pay more for their health 

care than men, that hurts entire families who cannot afford to lose part of their income each month. When a job does 

not offer adequate family leave or sick leave, that also hurts men who need to help care for a new baby or an ailing 

parent. When women entrepreneurs continue to have a harder time accessing the capital they need to start and sustain 

their businesses, create new jobs, and sell new products, that hurts our entire economy. And when approximately two 

million women fall victim to domestic violence each year, that costs our nation $8 billion annually in lost productivity 

and health care expenses and results in the loss of 8 million paid days of work a year. 

The statistics are very clear: The success of American women is critical for the success of American families and the 

American economy. And in order for our nation to keep moving forward, women must be able to help provide for their 

families and contribute fully to our economy.

That is why, within months of taking office, President Obama created the White House Council on Women and Girls with 

the explicit mandate to ensure that every agency, department, and office in our federal government – with the policies 

they draft, the programs they create, and the legislation they support – takes into account the needs and aspirations of 

American women and girls. Over the past three years, the Obama Administration has worked tirelessly to promote 

equality; enhance women’s economic security; and ensure that women have the opportunities they need and deserve at 

every stage of their lives, from obtaining training and education, to succeeding in the workforce and supporting their 

families, to retiring with dignity and security.

This report provides a sampling of the policies, programs, and legislative initiatives that have resulted from these efforts.

It is by no means a comprehensive list, but rather a reflection of the depth and breadth of the President’s commitment 

to the lives of women and girls.

Valerie Jarrett

Chair

White House Council on Women and Girls

Christina Tchen

Executive Director

White House Council on Women and Girls
By the Numbers: 

Security and Opportunity for American Women at Every Stage of Their Lives

YOUNG WOMEN OBTAINING HIGHER EDUCATION AND BEGINNING THEIR CAREERS

 Of the additional 3.4 million students who have received Pell grants since the President took office, approximately

2.3 million are women.

 9.4 million students and families have benefitted from the American Opportunity Tax Credit to help pay for college. 

 1.1 million women between the ages of 19 and 25 who would have been uninsured currently receive health 

coverage under a parent’s health insurance plan or through an individually purchased health insurance plan.

 Women and girls across America are benefiting from efforts to promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and 

Math, (STEM) degrees and careers because women who hold STEM degrees and jobs earn 30% more, on average, 

than women in non-STEM jobs.

WORKING WOMEN PROVIDING FOR THEIR FAMILIES AND CONTRIBUTING TO ECONOMIC GROWTH 

 More than 16,000 Small Business Administration Loans totaling more than $4.5 billion were granted to womenowned small businesses.

 $62.5 million in monetary relief has been obtained for victims of sex-based wage discrimination by the Equal 

Employment Opportunity Commission since January 2010.

 The Payroll tax cut provided an average of $1,000 of tax relief for nearly 75 million women. 

 An estimated 4.9 million women were kept out of poverty in 2010 because of expansions in refundable tax credits 

such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit.

 An estimated 20.4 million women are benefiting from expanded access to preventive services such as 

mammograms, breast and cervical cancer screenings, and prenatal care at no additional cost.

SENIOR WOMEN IN RETIREMENT AND PREPARING FOR RETIREMENT

 24.7 million women enrolled in Medicare received preventive services at no additional cost in 2011, including an 

annual wellness visit, a personalized prevention plan, mammograms, and bone mass measurement for women at 

risk of osteoporosis.

 More than 2 million women enrolled in Medicare who hit the donut hole saved $1.2 billion in 2011 due to 

improvements in prescription drug coverage.

 More than $13.6 billion in payments of $250 each were provided to seniors and veterans as part of the Recovery 

Act, a substantial percentage of which went to women. 

 President Obama has committed to protecting Social Security for an estimated 30 million women beneficiaries. 
iii

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESIDENT OBAMA’S EFFORTS 

TO KEEP AMERICAN WOMEN MOVING FORWARD 

“Lifting women up lifts up our economy and lifts up our country.” 

Remarks by the President at the National Women's Law Center's Annual Awards Dinner, November 9, 2011

 Provide Tax Relief for All Working Women. The President secured the Making Work Pay tax credit in 2009 and 

2010, then in 2011 and 2012 fought for and won a 2% payroll tax cut for nearly 75 million working women. In 

addition, the President secured historic expansions in refundable tax credits such as the Earned Income Tax Credit 

and Child Tax Credit for low-income families, which are estimated to have kept 4.9 million women out of poverty in 

2010. 

 Make College More Affordable for Women. The President has dramatically increased Pell Grant funding, and of the 

additional 3.4 million students who have received Pell grants since the President took office, approximately two 

thirds, or 2.3 million, are women. The President also created the American Opportunity Tax Credit to reduce college 

costs, and he championed bold and comprehensive student loan reform that will save taxpayers $68 billion over the 

next decade. Together, these efforts represent the largest investment in higher education since the G.I. Bill.

 Promote Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Careers. Since the beginning of his 

Administration, the President has increased funding to promote education, training, and hiring for women in STEM 

industries. Through the $4.35 billion Race to the Top competition, President Obama granted states competitive 

preference in the application process if they demonstrated efforts to close the STEM gap for girls and other 

underrepresented groups. Additionally, the Recovery Act significantly increased the number of grants distributed by 

the National Science Foundation, including those specifically for women; women received 1,050 awards they would 

not otherwise have received under the Foundation’s regular budget.

 Support Women-Owned Small Businesses. Since the beginning of the Administration, the President has enacted 17 

tax cuts for small businesses, including billions of dollars in tax credits, write-offs, and deductions for Americans who 

start new businesses, hire the unemployed, and provide health insurance for their employees. In addition, through 
iv

the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act, the Small Business Administration has made available more than 

$4.5 billion through more than 16,000 loans to women owned businesses. The President has also expanded 

opportunities for women-owned businesses to receive federal contracts by finally implementing the Women‐Owned 

Small Business Contracting program, more than ten years after authorization. This rule opens up more opportunities 

for women-owned small businesses and economically disadvantaged women-owned small businesses, and is a tool 

to help achieve the statutory goal that 5% of federal contracting dollars go to women‐owned small businesses. Since 

implementation, more than 9,000 firms have registered in the program repository.

 Support Employment Opportunities for Women. Through the Recovery Act, more than 185,000 low-income young 

women received summer employment and more than 215,000 women were placed in subsidized jobs. Additionally, 

through the Recovery Act and the Education Jobs Fund, the President supported more than 400,000 teacher jobs, 

the majority of which were held by women. The Administration has also invested in employment and training 

programs to put women to work in under-represented industries.

 Protect Women Against Pay Discrimination. The first piece of legislation President Obama signed into law was the 

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which helps women get the pay that they’ve earned. The President also continues to 

push for the Paycheck Fairness Act, commonsense legislation that gives women additional tools to fight pay 

discrimination. And in January of 2010, the President created the National Equal Pay Task Force, which brings 

together the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Department of Justice, the Department of 

Labor, and the Office of Personnel Management to identify and rectify challenges to gender pay disparities. Since 

the creation of the Equal Pay Task Force, the EEOC has obtained more than $62.5 million in monetary relief through 

administrative enforcement for victims of sex-based wage discrimination.

 Expand Health Care Access for Women. By 2016, the historic Affordable Care Act will expand health coverage to as 

many as 13 million women. Because of the Affordable Care Act, as of February 2012, an estimated 20.4 million 

women already have access to preventive services through private insurance plans and can receive mammograms, 

prenatal care, cervical cancer screening, and other preventive care at no extra cost. And starting in August 2012, 

additional recommended preventive services, including well-woman visits, screening for gestational diabetes, 

domestic violence screening, breastfeeding supplies, and contraceptive services will be covered by health plans at 

no extra cost. Additionally, by 2014, health insurance companies will be barred from charging women higher 

premiums than they charge men and from denying coverage to women with pre-existing conditions (including 

breast cancer and pregnancy).

 Protect Women’s Access to Reproductive Health Services. Women typically use contraception for 30 years of their 

lives, and the average cost of contraception is $30 to $50 per month. Under the Affordable Care Act’s preventive 

services coverage provision, insurance companies are now required to cover contraception at no extra cost. In 

addition, President Obama has consistently supported and defended Title X family planning clinics, proposing 

funding increases for these clinics in each year of his Administration. For many women, a family planning clinic is 

their entry point into the health care system and is their primary source of care. This is especially true for lowincome women, women who are uninsured, and for Hispanic and African American women. These services are 

highly cost-effective, saving $4 for every $1 spent.2And in April 2011, President Obama refused to allow language 

barring Title X funding to Planned Parenthood to be included in the federal budget.3

 Expand Opportunities for Women to Save for Retirement. In September 2009, President Obama announced several 

new steps to make it easier for American families to save for retirement, including expanded opportunities for 

automatic enrollment in 401(k) and other retirement savings plans and improved ways to save tax refunds. In 

addition, this year, the Treasury and Labor Departments released new guidance making it easier for pension plans to 

offer workers more choices for how to receive their retirement benefits, including options that are particularly 

beneficial for women.
1

I. Restoring Economic Security for Women

While women’s labor force participation has increased dramatically in recent decades, and women are 

breaking barriers in every industry, they continue to earn less than men and be at greater risk for 

income insecurity. These disparities are particularly problematic as families are becoming increasingly 

reliant on women’s incomes.

Today, more families than ever before depend on women as breadwinners. While in 1982, wives’ 

incomes comprised just 28.4% of total family income, by 2009, wives’ incomes comprised 37.1% of total 

family income. The number of female-headed households with children has also increased significantly 

over the past few decades; and when parents are not living together, women are more likely to be 

responsible for the financial costs of raising children, which are increasingly significant. In 2009, for 

example, day care center fees for an infant exceeded average annual rent payments in 24 states; in 40 

states, these fees were higher than a year’s tuition and related fees at a four-year public college. 

Yet, while costs are rising, and women are providing more of their families’ incomes, pay disparities 

between men and women persist. While women’s average annual income is 74.7% higher than it was 30 

years ago, in 2010, women still earned an average of just 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. Over 

the course of her lifetime, that pay gap can cost a woman and her family tens or hundreds of thousands 

of dollars in lost wages (see Figure 1), reduced pensions, and reduced Social Security benefits.

BY THE NUMBERS

 $62.5 million in monetary relief has been obtained for victims of sex-based wage discrimination 

by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission since January 2010.

 The payroll tax cut provided an average of $1,000 of tax relief for nearly 75 million women. 

 An estimated 4.9 million women were kept out of poverty in 2010 because of expansions in 

refundable tax credits such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit.

 An estimated 20.4 million women are benefitting from expanded access to preventive services 

such as mammograms, breast and cervical cancer screenings, and prenatal care.

 Unemployment Insurance was extended for 1.9 million women who would have otherwise 

exhausted their benefits in 2012.
2

Figure 1: Cumulative Lost Earnings by Full-Time Working Women in 20114

On top of these pay disparities, women also face higher healthcare costs than men, which can put a 

serious dent in their incomes. In 14 states, more than 90% of the best-selling health plans charge 

women more than men. In the aggregate, women spend an estimated $1 billion more than men for 

equivalent health coverage.5 Women are also far more likely to experience domestic violence, which 

threatens not just their safety, health, and well-being, but their financial security as well. Women who 

experience intimate partner violence are at higher risk for job loss and homelessness, and they miss 

nearly 8 million days of paid work each year as a result of this abuse.

Starting with the very first bill he signed – the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act – President Obama 

has worked to restore economic security for American women. From passing health care reform that 

outlaws gender discrimination, to prosecuting pay discrimination against women, to launching 

groundbreaking consumer protection efforts, to investing in child care, the Obama Administration has 

worked to support women as they provide for their families and save for the future.

-$5,000

-$34,000

-$138,000

-$260,000

-$389,000

-$500,000

-$400,000

-$300,000

-$200,000

-$100,000

$0

Age 25 Age 35 Age 45 Age 55 Age 65

Source: Department of Labor, Office of the Chief Economist, analysis of BLS' Current Population Survey
3

A. Fair Pay for Women

“Equal pay is by no means just a women's issue -- it's a family issue. It's about parents who find themselves with 

less money for tuition and child care; couples who wind up with less to retire on; households where one 

breadwinner is paid less than she deserves. That's the difference between affording the mortgage -- or not; 

between keeping the heat on, or paying the doctor bills -- or not. And in this economy, when so many folks are 

already working harder for less and struggling to get by, the last thing they can afford is losing part of each month's 

paycheck to simple and plain discrimination.”

- President Obama, Upon Signing the Lilly Ledbetter Bill (January 29, 2009)

In 2010, there were 23.2 million working mothers. More and more American families with children rely 

on women’s wages for a significant portion of their income, so when women continue to make just 77 

cents for every dollar men earn– 64 cents for African American women, and 56 cents for Hispanic 

women – that doesn’t just hurt women, it hurts families who lose part of their income each month. 6

From the very beginning of his administration, President Obama has worked to ensure that women are 

paid fairly for their work. From signing the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, to creating the National Equal Pay 

Task Force, to proposing minimum wage and overtime protections for home-care workers – 90% of 

whom are women – President Obama has made clear his belief that there should be no second class 

citizens in our workplaces and that making our economy work means making sure it works for everyone. 

THE PRESIDENT SIGNS INTO LAW THE LILLY LEDBETTER FAIR PAY RESTORATION ACT IN THE

EAST ROOM OF THE WHITE HOUSE ON JANUARY 29, 2009.
4

1. Equal Pay

When the Equal Pay Act, which outlawed pay discrimination based on gender, was passed in 1963, 

women earned 59 cents for every dollar that men earned. Today, nearly 50 years later, women have 

made up less than half of that pay gap.

7

In recent years, the gap has been closing more slowly, remaining 

virtually unchanged over the past decade. And even when controlling for factors such as experience, 

education, industry, and hours, among others, a substantial gap persists.

Figure 2: Women's Median Annual Earnings as a Percent of Men's, 1963 - 2010

And this gap only widens over the course of women’s careers, in part because women are more likely to 

take time away from work to care for their families. As men gain experience in the labor force, their 

wage gains typically exceed those experienced by women. In 2011, for example, a typical 25 year-old 

woman working full-time, year-round will have already earned $5,000 less than a typical 25 year-old 

man. If that woman faces the same wage gaps at each age that existed in 2011, then by age 35, she will 

have earned $33,600 less than a typical 35 year-old man. By age 65, that earnings gap will have 

ballooned to $389,300. That is why, from his very first week in office, President Obama has been fighting 

to end pay discrimination.

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 07

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
5

Signing Landmark Pay Discrimination Legislation. The very first piece of legislation 

President Obama signed into law was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act of 2009. The 

Act reverses the Supreme Court’s decision that the statute of limitations for pay discrimination 

claims starts at the date of the first discriminatory pay check. It also reinstates the long-standing 

interpretation of the law that treats each paycheck as a separate discriminatory act that starts a 

new clock for purposes of calculating the relevant statute of limitation. As a result, many women 

who have been discriminated against can now have their day in court to seek the pay they 

deserve. The President also continues to advocate for the passage of the Paycheck Fairness Act, 

commonsense legislation that would give women the tools they need to fight pay 

discrimination.

8

Enforcing the Law on Equal Pay. The National Equal Pay Task Force, which the President created 

in January 2010, brings together the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the 

Department of Justice, the Department of Labor, and the Office of Personnel Management to 

identify and rectify the causes of gender pay disparities. The task force issued recommendations 

calling for heightened levels of interagency coordination and communication that have resulted in 

improved enforcement of equal pay laws. 9Examples of the task force’s accomplishments include:

The EEOC has obtained more than $62.5 million in monetary relief through 

administrative enforcement for victims of sex-based wage discrimination;

obtained changes to workplace practices that benefit about one quarter of a 

million workers; and filed five cases challenging sex-based wage discrimination.

The Office of Federal Contract and Compliance Programs (OFCCP) has recovered 

about $1.4 million in back wages and salary adjustments for more than 500 

workers affected by pay discrimination based on sex or race.

In FY 2011, OFCCP and the Department of Labor (which enforces affirmative 

action and equal opportunity laws contractually agreed to by federal 

contractors) recovered more than $7.6 million in back wages for women who 

suffered sex discrimination (including discrimination in hiring and pay, and 

harassment) in employment.

Seeking Innovative Ways to Eliminate the Pay Gap. The Department of Labor, in 

conjunction with the National Equal Pay Task Force, issued an “Equal Pay App Challenge.” This 

challenge invites software developers to use publicly available data and resources to create 

applications that accomplish at least one of the following goals: provide greater access to pay 

data broken down by gender, race, and ethnicity; provide interactive tools for early career 

coaching; help inform negotiations; and promote online mentoring. The goal of this challenge is 

to empower individual users by educating them about the labor market, salary ranges, and skill 

level requirements.10
6

2. Minimum Wage and Overtime Protection for Home Care Workers 

“The nearly two million in-home care workers across the country should not have to wait a moment longer for a 

fair wage. They work hard and play by the rules, and they should see that work and responsibility rewarded. 

Today’s action will ensure that these men and women get paid fairly for a service that a growing number of older 

Americans couldn’t live without.” 

- President Obama on new minimum wage protections (December 15, 2011)

Ensuring Fair Labor Standards for In-Home Care Workers. Today, nearly two million 

Americans – roughly 90% of whom are women, and a large portion of them women of color –

provide in-home health and caretaking services for the elderly and infirm. Many of them are 

paid at rates well below the minimum wage and denied the most basic workplace protections. 

The Obama Administration has initiated a rulemaking to provide minimum wage and overtime 

protections for these workers to ensure they are paid fairly for their work.

B. Tax Cuts and Credits

President Obama has continuously fought for – and secured – vital tax relief for working women and 

their families. From the Recovery Act – which created the Making Work Pay Tax Credit and expanded 

the Earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit – to the payroll tax cut, the Obama 

Administration has saved tens of millions of working families thousands of dollars in taxes.

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA DELIVERS REMARKS ON NEW MINIMUM WAGE AND OVERTIME PROTECTIONS FOR INHOME CARE WORKERS AT A “WE CAN’T WAIT” EVENT IN THE EISENHOWER EXECUTIVE OFFICE BUILDING OF THE 

WHITE HOUSE, DECEMBER 15, 2011.
7

“Our economy works only when everybody is participating, and that means that things like equal pay for equal 

work aren’t just women’s issues, those are middle-class family issues, because how well women do will help 

determine how well our families are doing as a whole.”

- Remarks by the President, at Discussion on Women and the Economy (October 21, 2010)

1. Payroll Tax Credits for Employees and Employers

Securing a Payroll Tax Cut for All Workers. In December 2010, President Obama fought for,

and secured, an extension of the 2% employee-side payroll tax cut (from 6.2% to 4.2%). In 2011, 

this tax cut provided $112 billion of vital relief that impacted nearly all American workers and 

their families, including nearly 75 million women. And because this cut has been extended, in

2012, a working family making $50,000 will receive a tax cut of $1,000. 

Passing Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment (HIRE) Act. Signed by President Obama 

in March of 2010, the HIRE Act provided tax cuts for businesses that hire someone who has 

been out of work for at least two months. From February 2010 through August 2010, an 

estimated 2.9 million women were hired by employers that could potentially qualify for tax 

exemptions under the HIRE Act.

Proposing a Small Business Hiring Tax Credit. In his FY 2013 budget, President Obama

proposed a 10% income tax credit for small businesses that expand their hiring or increase 

wages for employees. This tax cut could benefit more than 900,000 women-owned small 

businesses if they were to hire workers or increase their payroll. 

2. Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit

According to a study released by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, six policies included in the 

Recovery Act kept 8.4 million women and girls above the poverty line in 2009.

11 Two of these policies –

the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC) – kept nearly 4.9 million women and girls 

out of poverty in 2010.

12 Building on this achievement, in December of 2010, the President fought for,

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA TALKS WITH WOMEN OUTSIDE THE OLD MARKET DELI IN 

CANNON FALLS, MINNESOTA AUGUST 15, 2011.
8

and secured, the extension of the EITC and CTC. Today an estimated 12 million women – representing 

60% of all parents – are benefiting from these extensions. 

Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). The EITC is a refundable tax credit --

primarily for low-income working families with children – that has lifted more children out of 

poverty than any other single program or category of programs.13 According to the Center for 

Budget and Policy Priorities, the EITC kept an estimated 3.4 million women and girls above the 

poverty line in 2010. This tax credit enables a newly employed single mother of two to 

supplement her earnings as soon as she starts work. If this mother earns $20,000 a year, she 

stands to receive an EITC of around $4,400 for her family.

Figure 3: Number of Women and Girls Kept Out of Poverty in 2010

Ensuring More Families Receive Their Child Tax Credit (CTC). The Child Tax Credit reduces 

the amount of federal taxes low-income families must pay by up to $1,000 for each qualifying 

child under the age of 17. For example, a family of four that would otherwise owe $4,000 in 

taxes might only owe $2,000 after receiving the credit for each of their children. Though the CTC

was expanded to a maximum of $1,000 per child from $600 per child in 2002, the credit 

remained unavailable to millions of low-income families because the minimum amount of 

earned income used to calculate the refundable portion of the credit was around $12,500.14 In 

the Recovery Act, the Obama Administration worked with Congress to lower that threshold 

from $12,500 to $3,000—giving many families access to thousands of dollars in additional tax 

benefits that would have otherwise been lost. In the December 2010 tax deal, the President 

secured an extension of this expanded credit for working families through 2012.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Earned Income Tax Credit Child Tax Credit and Earned Income

Tax Credit

Millions

4.9 Million

3.9 Million

Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities 
9

3. Making Work Pay

Making Work Pay Tax Credit. Through the Recovery Act, the Obama Administration created 

the refundable Making Work Pay Tax Credit of up to $400 for working Americans and up to $800 

for working couples earning under $190,000. In 2009 and 2010, more than 95% of all working 

Americans benefited from this tax credit.

15 This credit provided crucial assistance to struggling

families during the worst period of the recession—lifting nearly 1.5 million Americans above the 

poverty line in 2010 alone.16 While the Making Work Pay Tax Credit expired at the end of 2010, 

it was replaced by the payroll tax cut which continues to provide a significant boost to the 

paychecks of working families.

C. Unemployment Extension and Reform

As our economy begins to recover from the recent recession, many women are still struggling to find 

work. More than 40% of unemployed women have been out of a job for over six months. For many 

unemployed women, Unemployment Insurance (UI) provides a measure of basic economic security as 

they look for work, encouraging them to stay in the labor force rather than dropping out entirely. 

Tax Incentives for Middle Class Families: 2009 – 2012

A typical family making $50,000 a year has seen their taxes cut by $3,600 during President 

Obama’s first term in office. And if they’ve had a child in college during those years, they’ve 

gotten $4,400 more than they would have before the President took office, for a total of 

$8,000 in relief.

In 2009, as part of the Recovery Act, the President signed the Making Work Pay tax cut of 

up to $800 for a family (and $400 for a single individual) in 2009 and 2010. A typical 

working family making $50,000 per year would have gotten $1,600 in relief from this law 

over those two years.

At the end of 2010, the President signed a 2% payroll tax cut for 160 million working 

Americans and their families, which provided $1,000 in tax relief for a typical family during 

2011. At the end of 2011, President Obama stood firm against the opposition of

Republicans in Congress and ensured that the payroll tax cut was extended into 2012, and 

then for the entire year – providing an extra $40 per paycheck for a typical working family 

this year. Independent, respected economists estimate that the payroll tax cut will help 

create 400,000 jobs by the end of the year and boost economic growth by 0.5%.

In 2009, as part of the Recovery Act, the President signed the American Opportunity Tax 

Credit, a new, partially refundable tax credit that is now helping more than 9 million 

families afford college. As part of the December 2010 tax deal, this credit was continued 

through 2012. Between 2009 and 2012, this credit will provide a typical family $4,400 

beyond what they could have received under prior law.
10

Against considerable opposition, President Obama fought for – and secured – extensions in 

Unemployment Insurance in December 2011, and then again in February for the rest of 2012. Without 

these extensions, millions of American women pounding the pavement looking for work would have 

exhausted their benefits. In addition, the President has taken the most ambitious ideas from both 

parties and moved forward with reforms that will encourage more Americans to use their UI benefits to 

get themselves back to work.

1. Unemployment Insurance Extensions

Extending Unemployment Insurance for 1.9 Million Women in 2012. Unemployment 

benefits provide income support for all members of the households in which recipients live. To 

date, more than 19 million laid-off workers have received federal Unemployment Insurance 

benefits, and more than 50 million workers and members of their households – roughly one in 

six Americans – have benefitted from this support. By expanding these benefits, the 

Administration was able to lift nearly 3.4 million people above the poverty line in 2010 alone. 

This past winter, the President fought for and secured an extension of these benefits through 

2012, helping 1.9 million women who would have otherwise exhausted their benefits. Further, 

this extension gives momentum to the entire economy; independent analysts like the 

Congressional Budget Office and Mark Zandi of Moody’s Analytics rate UI as one of the highest 

“bang for the buck” policies to boost household spending and employment.

Modernizing Unemployment Insurance Eligibility. The UI Modernization Act made $7 

billion in incentive payments available to states to encourage them to reform their UI programs. 

States could receive one-third of their incentive payment by adopting an alternative base 

period, which allows workers with shorter, more recent work histories to be eligible for UI 

benefits. A total of 41 states received their one-third share, including 21 states that responded 

with legislative changes. States could receive the remaining two-thirds of their incentive 

payments for adopting two of the following policies designed to expand UI eligibility: allowing 

workers who were employed part-time previously to continue receiving UI while looking for 

part-time work; providing UI benefits to those who left their jobs for certain compelling family 

reasons; allowing workers to continue receiving UI for an additional six months if in an approved 

training program; and providing additional benefits for households with more dependents. 

Twenty states modified their laws to allow those leaving their jobs for compelling family 

reasons, such as domestic violence or caring for a sick loved one, to claim UI. And 28 states 

made changes to allow those seeking part-time work to receive UI, which is particularly 

beneficial to women who are more likely to be part-time workers.

2. Unemployment Insurance Reform

The Unemployment Insurance extension bill signed this past February answers the President’s call for 

innovative reforms to the Unemployment Insurance system to help connect American women with work. 

These reforms include:

Supporting “Bridge to Work” and Other Innovative Programs. Innovative programs that 

get UI claimants back to work share bipartisan support. The UI extension bill authorized the 

Secretary of Labor to approve applications for demonstration projects in up to 10 states that will 

allow them to more easily create work-based training and wage subsidy programs that could 

resemble the “Bridge to Work” program proposed in the President’s American Jobs Act. These 

projects could allow states to compensate employers for hiring or training UI recipients, 
11

enhancing the claimants’ skills and giving them a pathway back to work. The projects can last no 

longer than three years and must be completed by 2015.

Expanding Work Sharing Across the Country. Work sharing allows employees to receive UI 

benefits to compensate for a reduction in hours in businesses that would otherwise lay off 

workers. Work sharing programs currently operate in 20 states. Such programs have been 

shown to prevent layoffs in countries around the world.

In-Person Reemployment Services and Eligibility Assessments for Those in the UI 

Program for an Extended Period. Numerous studies suggest that reviewing the eligibility of 

UI claimants and connecting these beneficiaries with re-employment services (such as job 

referrals, work search plan development, and resume review) can reduce the length of time on 

UI. For example, one recent study found that in Nevada, the combination of re-employment 

eligibility assessments and re-employment services reduced the average length of time spent 

receiving UI benefits by almost 4 weeks.

Extending Self-Employment Assistance Programs to the Long-Term Unemployed. The 

legislation would, for the first time, allow states to set up self-employment assistance (SEA) 

programs for the long-term unemployed in the Federal UI system. For UI recipients interested in 

starting their own business, SEA provides support and facilitates entrepreneurship training.

Recent evidence from a Department of Labor evaluation found that this type of training 

increased by more than 50% the likelihood of starting a business that was still in operation five 

years later, as well as increasing participants’ employment rates and earnings.

D. Health Security

Today, tens of millions of Americans – including those with and without health insurance – struggle to 

pay their health care bills. A study released last year by CredAbility, a nonprofit credit counseling agency, 

estimated that 20% of their clients listed medical debt as the primary reason for seeking bankruptcy 

protection. The burden of being unable to afford care often has a greater impact on women than men. 

In one study, more than 50% of women delayed seeking medical care because they couldn't afford it, 

compared to 39% of men. Women are also less likely to be eligible for employer-based health benefits 

than men: Today, less than half of women have the option of obtaining employer-based coverage on 

their own. Even when women work for an employer that offers coverage, one in six is not eligible to 

enroll, often because she works part-time. And women who don’t have employer-based coverage often 

struggle to access and afford coverage on their own. Today, only 14 states have limited or banned 

gender rating – the practice of charging women more than men – in the individual market. In states that

have not taken such steps, 92% of the best-selling plans charge women higher premiums than men for 

the same insurance policy. The practice of gender rating costs women in the individual insurance market 

an estimated $1 billion a year.

To address these disparities and many others, in 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act 

into law. Under this Act, women enrolled in new insurance plans will receive recommended preventive 

services with no co-pay or deductible, and insurance companies will no longer be able to discriminate 

based on gender or pre-existing conditions. When fully implemented, health reform will expand health 

coverage to an estimated 13 million women.
12

1. Access and Affordability

Making Women’s Preventive Care Affordable, Including Contraception. Under the 

Affordable Care Act, most insurance companies will be required to cover basic preventive health 

services – including contraception – at no extra cost. In July 2011, the Institute of Medicine

(IOM) issued groundbreaking recommendations for which women’s preventive services should 

be covered. As a result, an estimated 20.4 million women in private insurance plans benefitted 

from access to preventive services such as mammograms, screenings for cervical cancer, 

prenatal care, flu and pneumonia shots, and regular well-baby and well-child visits. Starting 

in August 2012, additional recommended preventive services -- including well-woman visits, 

screening for gestational diabetes, domestic violence screening, breastfeeding supplies, and 

contraceptive services (with limited exemptions: e.g., health plans sponsored by certain 

religious employers or those that are grandfathered) -- will be covered by health plans at no 

additional cost. Nearly 99% of women have used contraception at some point in their lives, but 

more than half of all women between the ages of 18-34 struggle to afford it.

17 Women typically 

use contraception for 30 years of their lives, and the average cost of contraception is $30 to $50 

per month.

Prohibiting Insurance Companies from Discriminating Based on Pre-Existing 

Conditions. As part of the Affordable Care Act, beginning in 2014, it will be illegal for insurance 

companies to deny coverage to people with pre-existing conditions, such as having had breast 

cancer or being pregnant.18 The prohibition against discrimination based on a pre-existing 

condition is already in effect today for children, benefiting an estimated 17.4 million children 

under 19.19 Until 2014, a new program, the Pre-existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP), makes 

health coverage available and more affordable for individuals who are uninsured and have been 

denied coverage by health insurance companies because of a pre-existing condition. More than 

half of today’s PCIP enrollees are women. 20

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA AND FIRST LADY MICHELLE OBAMA GREET MEMBERS OF MAUDE SMITH'S FAMILY AT HER 

HOME IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA AUGUST 29, 2010.
13

Prohibiting Gender Discrimination by Insurance Companies. In 31 states, all of the bestselling plans engage in gender rate. And in states that permit this practice, 92 % of the best-selling 

plans charge 40 year-old women more than 40 year-old men for identical coverage. Beginning in 

2014, thanks to the Affordable Care Act, women can no longer be charged more for health 

insurance simply because of their gender.

Covering Maternity Care. Currently, 68% of enrollees in individual market plans lack maternity 

coverage. Today, only nine states require all insurers selling health coverage in the individual 

market to cover maternity care. In states where such coverage is not required, only 6% of plans 

sold to a typical 30-year old woman offer it. Starting in 2014, the Affordable Care Act will require 

that all insurance plans sold in the individual market cover maternity care.

Eliminating Lifetime Caps and Annual Limits. The Affordable Care Act prohibits health plans 

from imposing lifetime limits on health benefits. This important consumer protection is already 

in effect, and the Department of Health and Human Services reports that 39.5 million women

have benefitted from it.21 Health reform has also restricted annual limits that health plans can 

impose, and beginning in 2014, these limits will be prohibited altogether.

Expanding Health Care for Women Veterans. The Department of Veterans Affairs is working 

to provide comprehensive health care for America’s 1.9 million women veterans. VA is installing 

full-time women veterans program managers at VA health care facilities, and the FY 2013 

Budget includes a $403 million investment – a 17% increase from the 2012 enacted amount –

for gender-specific health care for eligible women veterans.22

Supporting Caregivers of Wounded Warriors. Thanks to the Caregivers and Veterans 

Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010, a range of additional VA services are now available to 

seriously injured, post-9/11 veterans and their family caregivers through the new 

Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers program. Caregivers – the overwhelming 

majority of whom are women – are being helped with monthly stipends, travel expenses, health 

insurance, mental health services and counseling, comprehensive training, and respite care, if 

they are not already covered by another health insurance plan.23

2. Education and Outreach

Educating Policymakers about Women’s Health. At the Department of Health and Human 

Services (HHS), a team of researchers developed the Women’s Health USA 2011 Databook. This 

concise reference book serves as a key resource for policymakers and program managers at the 

federal, state, and local levels to identify and explain women’s health issues. The agency also 

developed the State Women’s Health Profiles, providing information on the women’s health

priorities, performance, and outcome measures for each state and jurisdiction.24

Ensuring Early Detection of Heart Disease in Women. Heart disease has long been 

considered a man's disease. Yet today in America, a woman suffers a heart attack every 90 

seconds, and heart disease is the number one cause of death in American women. Still, few 

women know how to identify symptoms of a heart attack and seek emergency attention. To 

raise awareness about heart attacks for women and their families, HHS developed the Make the 

Call, Don’t Miss a Beat campaign. This national effort has educated families across the United 

States on early detection and emergency protocol.25
14

Promoting Safe Medication Use Among Latinas. According to the 2003 National Assessment 

of Adult Literacy, 41% of Hispanic and Latino adults have below basic health literacy skills, 

making it harder for them to read drug labels and follow critical medication instructions. To 

address this challenge, the Office of Women’s Health at HHS and the Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) launched a new, award-winning ¡Nunca Más! Novela Health Series in 

October 2011. The series uses a soap opera format to showcase the pitfalls of medication 

misuse, and it highlights several easy steps Latinas can take to maximize the benefits of these 

products.26

Preventing Teen Pregnancy. As part of his FY2013 Budget, the President advances $260 

million for teen pregnancy prevention and related efforts. A $105 million initiative targets funds 

for grants to community-based and faith-based organizations that implement the evidencebased models that have been proven to work in reducing teen pregnancy. The initiative will also 

fund and rigorously evaluate programs that are promising but not yet proven. In addition, CDC 

will receive $16 million to fund a five-year project promoting the use of evidence-based teen 

pregnancy prevention programs. Through these projects, CDC estimates that over 100 program 

implementation partners will reach over 13,000 youth. Enhanced referral networks will lead 

youth in target communities to clinics with enhanced, teen-friendly services.27

Launching a New Campaign to Prevent Drug Use by Teenage Girls. According to a report 

from the Partnership for a Drug Free America, teenage girls are more likely to perceive benefits 

from engaging in alcohol or drug abuse than teenage boys.28 The National Youth Anti-Drug 

Media Campaign’s popular “Above the Influence” (ATI) brand has partnered with MTV, Clear 

Channel, and Seventeen magazine on a national campaign, ATI Unwasted Weekend, that 

encourages teens to spend their weekends “unwasted” and live above the influence of drinking 

and drugs. The campaign worked with Seventeen magazine to sponsor a national contest, 

inspiring teen and pre-teen girls to live a drug-free lifestyle by expressing their individuality 

through fashion. Because girls’ substance abuse is often connected to self-esteem issues, the 

campaign also took out a fold-out ad in Seventeen calling on girls to do a self-confidence quiz 

and “mission statement.”29

Developing Online Resources for Women with Substance Use Disorders and Their 

Service Providers. The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) at the White House is 

working to create an online resource – including links to specialty treatment locators, academic 

journal articles, statements on the issue from professional organizations, and successful 

program models – for women with substance abuse disorders and those who treat them, both 

medically and in the criminal justice and child welfare systems. ONDCP will also be releasing a 

series of blog posts highlighting woman- and family-centered substance abuse interventions —

including services that take into account the nature of women’s substance abuse disorders and 

the impact of trauma on their lives. The need to address women and families as a drug policy 

issue is also highlighted in the Administration’s 2011 National Drug Control Strategy.30

3. Maternal Health

Providing Home Visits for New Mothers. In 2011, as part of the Affordable Care Act, the 

Department of Health and Human Services awarded $224 million to states to help families 

voluntarily receive home visits from nurses and social workers to improve maternal and child 

health and child development.31
15

Improving Maternity Care at Hospitals. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 

has awarded a grant to the National Initiative for Children’s Healthcare Quality to help hospitals 

nationwide improve the quality of their maternity care.32

Providing Information on Influenza for Prenatal Care Providers. Because pregnant 

women who contract influenza are at high risk for complications, the Department of Health and 

Human Services has created a toolkit to provide information and resources to help prenatal care 

providers implement Centers for Disease Control (CDC) influenza recommendations. The toolkit 

covers clinical influenza presentation, prevention, treatment and chemoprophylaxis, infection 

control, and intrapartum and newborn considerations.33

Supporting Mothers Who Choose to Breastfeed. The Affordable Care Act requires most

workplaces to provide reasonable break times and private space at work to express breast milk

up until a child’s first birthday. The U.S. Surgeon General has also launched a nationwide effort 

to support mothers who are breastfeeding. In addition, the Department of Agriculture continues 

to raise awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding through its national breastfeeding campaign, 

Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work. Lastly, the CDC is working with hospitals to support 

mothers who choose to breastfeed.34

Digitally Connecting Expecting Mothers with Prenatal Tips. In February 2010, the 

text4baby program (www.text4baby.org) was launched by an unprecedented partnership

including the National Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies Coalition (HMHB), Voxiva, Johnson and 

Johnson, CTIA-The Wireless Foundation, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the 

White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The program sends free health tips 

through text messaging to pregnant women and new moms who enroll. Since its launch, 

text4baby has enrolled more than 300,000 individuals and sent more than 25 million text 

messages. The program was picked as one of the HHS Innovates awardees in 2010 and won the 

Best of Silver Anvil Award from Public Relations Society of America in 2011. Initial evaluation 

results of the program are promising: One study showed “very high satisfaction with the service, 

increase in users’ health knowledge, improved interaction with healthcare providers, improved 

adherence to appointments and immunizations, and increased access to health resources.”

4. Reproductive Health

Safeguarding Women’s Access to Reproductive Health Services. Under the leadership of 

Attorney General Eric Holder, the Department of Justice (DOJ) has worked to ensure continued 

access to reproductive services by enforcing the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) 

Act. Pursuant to this Act, DOJ has prosecuted crimes including verbal threats, physical 

obstruction, bombings, arson, and planned homicides. DOJ has filed eight civil Freedom of 

Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) complaints since 2009, compared with just one case filed in 

the previous nine years.35

Protecting Funding for Family Planning Clinics. For many women, a family planning clinic is 

their entry point into the health care system and is their primary source of care. This is 

especially true for low-income women, women who are uninsured, and for Hispanic and African 

American women. Each year, publicly funded family planning services prevent 1.94 million 

unintended pregnancies, including 400,000 teen pregnancies. These services are highly costeffective, saving $4 for every $1 spent.36 President Obama has consistently supported and 

defended Title X family planning clinics, in each year of his Administration. And in April 2011, he 
16

refused to allow language barring Title X funding to Planned Parenthood to be included in the 

federal budget.37

Creating a Toolkit to Determine Reproductive Health Needs in the Wake of a Disaster.

With funding and technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has developed a toolkit released in 2011 to 

assess the reproductive health needs of women aged 15-44 affected by natural and man-made 

disasters. The toolkit helps state and local health departments and other government and nongovernmental organizations address a range of concerns, including safe motherhood, infant 

care, family planning, family stressors and service needs, health and risk behaviors, and genderbased violence.38

5. Research on Women’s Health

Expanding Women’s Health Research. Last year, the National Institutes of Health launched a 

new strategic plan to deepen our understanding of the role that sex and gender play in health 

and disease. Within the National Institutes of Health, Specialized Centers of Research on Sex and 

Gender Factors Affecting Women’s Health promote innovative, interdisciplinary research on sex 

differences affecting women. These centers are designed to speed the application of basic 

research findings to clinical practice in order to improve outcomes for women with conditions 

including addictions, urologic problems, polycystic ovarian syndrome, pain, irritable bowel 

syndrome, interstitial cystitis, osteoporosis, and depression.39

Expanding Women Veterans’ Health Research. Improving the health and healthcare of 

women veterans is a high priority within the Department of Veterans Affairs. VA women 

veterans health research focuses on: gender differences with regard to Post-traumatic Stress 

Disorder (PTSD), post-deployment behaviors, and reintegration in women combat veterans; 

understanding barriers and improving access to VA health care for women veterans; long-term 

health outcomes of women who served during the Vietnam era; expanding mental health 

research including PTSD, substance abuse, and sexual trauma; and basic research on breast 

cancer including hormones, regulation, genetic factors, as well as autoimmune diseases. To 

bolster support for women’s health researchers and increase the number of women veterans 

participating in studies, VA Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) launched the 

Women’s Health Research Network (WHRN).

Expanding Mentoring Opportunities for Women’s Health Researchers. The National 

Institutes of Health developed the Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s 

Health program to provide mentoring for researchers focused on women’s health. To date, the 

program has made 63 awards to 41 academic centers and mentored more than 400 scholars in

women’s health research (80% of whom are women).40

Ensuring that Sex Differences are Taken into Account in the Evaluation of Medical 

Devices. In some cases, medical devices, such as pacemakers and prosthetic limbs, may affect 

women and men differently and may need to be tailored to account for sex differences. In 

December 2011, FDA released draft guidance that, for the first time, outlines FDA expectations 

regarding sex-specific patient enrollment, data analysis, and reporting of study information for 

medical devices. This guidance will help researchers and manufacturers develop safer, more 

effective medical devices for women.41
17

6. Support Services

Supporting Pregnant and Parenting Students. In an effort to ensure that pregnant and 

parenting students have the support they need to stay in school, the Department of Education 

has developed educational tools for elementary and secondary school administrators, teachers, 

counselors, parents, and students on teenage pregnancy and parenthood. In addition, through 

the Affordable Care Act, the Pregnancy Assistance Fund – a $25 million competitive grant 

program – provides pregnant and parenting adolescents and women with a network of 

supportive services to help them complete high school or postsecondary degrees and gain 

access to health care, child care, family housing, and other critical supports.42

Assisting Women Suffering from Trauma. To address trauma’s impact on women, the 

Administration has initiated a Women and Trauma Federal Partners Committee. The committee 

has held a Roundtable on Women and Trauma and is engaged in strategic planning efforts to 

help female survivors of trauma.43

Developing Resources for Young Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer. As part of the 

Affordable Care Act, the CDC has developed a series of initiatives to educate young women 

about breast health and to develop new resources and enhance existing support services for 

young women, particularly those at heightened risk for breast cancer.44

Creating a Strategic Framework for STD/HIV Prevention. Currently more than 290,000 

women are living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S., and women and girls now account for 24% of all 

diagnoses of HIV infection among adults and adolescents. To improve prevention and care 

efforts, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention brought together organizations from 

diverse sectors in a National Coalition to Enhance STD/HIV Prevention. The group worked to 

advance a holistic public health approach, including developing a leadership framework across 

sectors and promoting effective health care, prevention, and education efforts.

45

7. Consumer Safety

Protecting Women and Families from Unsafe Household Products. Despite improvements 

in environmental policies and significant reductions in average blood lead levels, lead exposure 

remains a concern for pregnant and lactating women, particularly among certain population 

subgroups at increased risk for exposure. Maternal lead exposure during pregnancy can 

adversely affect both maternal and child health. Recent National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey (NHANES) estimates suggest that nearly 1% of women of childbearing age 

(15-44 years) have blood lead levels that put them at risk for health concerns. 46 The 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken a number of steps to protect the public from 

harmful chemicals like lead and mercury, which can be especially dangerous for pregnant 

women and children. For example, since 2010, EPA has been implementing its rule requiring the 

use of lead-safe work practice standards by the renovation, repair, and painting industries.47

Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS). On December 21, the EPA announced the 

Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, the first national standards to protect American families from 

power plant emissions of mercury and other metals and toxic air pollution (such as arsenic, acid 

gas, nickel, and cyanide). These standards will cut emissions by relying on widely available, 

proven pollution controls that are already used by more than half of America’s coal-fired power 

plants. Estimates indicate that these safeguards will prevent as many as 11,000 premature 

deaths and 4,700 heart attacks a year. They will also prevent 130,000 cases of childhood asthma 
18

symptoms and 6,300 cases of acute bronchitis among children each year while reducing 

childhood exposure to emissions linked to developmental disorders. These standards, and the 

final Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, which was issued earlier in 2011, are the most significant 

steps to clean up air pollution from coal-fired power plants since the Acid Rain Program of the 

1990s.

Stopping Deceptive Health Claims Pitched to Women and Mothers. The Federal Trade 

Commission is working to prevent marketers from making deceptive advertising claims about 

the health benefits of their products, many of which are marketed to women. Recent FTC cases 

have taken on unsubstantiated claims made by companies promoting calcium supplements to 

prevent or treat osteoporosis, walking shoes to tone and strengthen certain muscles, dairy 

products to relieve digestive problems and prevent illness, and acai berry products to help with 

weight loss. The FTC has also stopped companies from making unsubstantiated health claims –

many of which are aimed at mothers – about children’s products, including claims that cereals 

boost children’s immunities and improve their attentiveness, that dairy and protein drinks 

prevent cold and flu, and that children’s vitamins promote healthy brain and eye development.

E. Investing in Child Care

Since 2000, the cost of child care has grown twice as fast as the median income of families with children; 

average yearly costs for child care range from $4,000 and $15,000 for infants, and $4,000 and $11,000 

for 4 year-olds. In 39 states, child care fees are higher than a year’s tuition at a four-year public college. 

To help reduce these costs and support working women, President Obama has made significant 

investments in quality, affordable child care.

Making Historic Investments in Child Care Funding. Through the Recovery Act, the 

President made a historic investment in Head Start and Early Head Start, giving 64,000 

additional children access to child care. The program now serves 968,000 children, the highest 

service level in the history of the program, and funding was secured by the President in 

subsequent budget requests to maintain this level of service. The President has also 

implemented a new Head Start regulation that requires, for the first time ever, that lowperforming grantees compete for funding, enhancing quality and accountability in all Head Start 

centers. 

Enhancing Outcomes and Results in Early Learning. President Obama established the Race 

to the Top: Early Learning Challenge fund, a new $500 million investment challenging states to 

improve the quality of their early childhood care and education programs. This Challenge will 

focus on improving quality across programs, ensuring critical links with physical and mental 

health, nutrition, and family support for our neediest children. Through the competition, 35 

states, D.C., and Puerto Rico created plans to increase access to high-quality programs for 

children from low-income families, and nine states received funding in the first round of the 

competition.

F. Violence Against Women and Girls

While tremendous progress has been made in addressing violence against women over the past decade, 

sexual assault and domestic abuse still pose significant threats to women. Domestic violence causes 
19

more than two million injuries each year and results in three deaths each day. Stalking affects 1 in 6 

women, and sexual assault remains one of the most underreported violent crimes in the country. 

In addition to the physical and emotional trauma that victims experience, there is also a strong 

correlation between domestic violence and personal economic instability. Women who are being 

victimized are often harassed in the workplace or prohibited from attending school. And economic 

dependence often keeps women trapped in abusive relationships and dependent on abusive partners 

for food, shelter, and basic necessities for themselves and their children. Even women who manage to 

escape violent relationships often suffer long-term economic repercussions, such as poor credit and 

spotty employment.

Further, the Centers for Disease Control estimates that domestic violence costs our nation 8 billion 

dollars a year in lost productivity and health care costs alone, and other studies have suggested that the 

full economic impact is much higher. Domestic violence is responsible for the loss of 8 million paid days 

of work annually, the equivalent of 32,000 full time jobs. 

Over the past three years, the Obama Administration has launched a range of new efforts to prevent 

and prosecute violence against women and help victims escape their abusers and rebuild their lives.

1. Health, Housing and Economic Security

Improving Healthcare Responses to Domestic Violence. Under the Affordable Care Act, 

standard preventative care measures will now include screening for domestic violence at no 

additional cost, and the Department of Health and Human Services is working to train health 

and human service providers to integrate these screenings into their work.48

Helping Survivors Find Safe and Affordable Housing

Protecting Victims Living in Subsidized Housing. In October 2010, the 

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) released new rules that 

provide protection for victims living in subsidized housing, allowing landlords to 

evict perpetrators of abuse and ensuring that victims do not lose their housing 

due to crimes committed against them.49

Preventing Eviction as a Result of Domestic Violence. In February 2011, HUD 

issued guidance to clarify that residents who are denied or evicted from housing 

as a result of domestic violence may have grounds to file a discrimination 

complaint with HUD under the federal Fair Housing Act. The new guidance 

states that in addition to the Violence Against Women Act’s protections for 

victims of abuse who experience housing discrimination, the Fair Housing Act 

provides authority for HUD to investigate whether the denial or eviction violates 

the Act based on gender or another federally-protected basis.50

Permanently Barring Sexual Harassers from Managing Rental Properties. The 

Department of Justice has sought and received injunctions permanently barring 

sexual harassers from managing rental properties. 

Improving Government-Wide Collaboration to Address HIV Among Women. In March 

2012, President Obama issued a presidential memorandum establishing an inter-agency 
20

working group to improve efforts to understand and address the intersection of 

HIV/AIDS, violence against women and girls, and gender-related health disparities. This 

working group will build on current agency programs addressing the intersection of 

these issues by improving data collection, research, intervention and prevention 

strategies, and training. Among its responsibilities, the working group will provide the 

President with recommendations for informing the National HIV/AIDS Strategy. The 

President’s directive commits to an ongoing Federal effort to address the intersection of 

HIV/AIDS, violence against women and girls, and gender-related health disparities by 

applying evidence-based strategies, engaging families and communities, supporting 

research and data collection, and mobilizing both public- and private-sector resources.

Enhancing Economic Empowerment Initiatives for Survivors

Helping Employers Address the Impacts of Domestic Violence in the 

Workplace. To keep victims safely employed, the Department of Justice has 

launched a virtual resource center on domestic and sexual violence and the 

workplace.

51

Helping Victims of Domestic Violence File for Federal Refundable Tax Credits.

The Department of Health and Human Services launched a new coordinated 

effort to ensure that more victims of domestic violence file for federal 

refundable tax credits, like the Earned Income Tax Credit – a refundable Federal 

income tax credit for low-income workers. The program is called Assets for 

Independence (AFI), and it provides grants to community-based programs and 

state and local governments.52

2. Education and Prevention

Expanding Efforts to Prevent and Respond to Sexual Assault in the Military. In 2011, the 

Department of Defense established several new policies to combat sexual assault and reinforce 

a culture of prevention, response, and accountability. A new expedited transfer option allows 

service members who file a sexual assault unrestricted report to request a transfer from their 

unit or installation and to have a decision on that request made within 72 hours. Under a new 

document retention policy, specified sexual assault reports will be retained for longer periods of 

time. In addition, military dependents (18 years and older) can now receive DOD sexual assault 

support services, and commanders can now conduct unit-level surveys to gain insights into their 

unit’s command climate related to issues of sexual assault. Finally, DOD is implementing a 

certification program to ensure consistent high quality care and support for sexual assault 

victims.53

Providing Treatment for Military Sexual Trauma (MST). Understanding that sexual trauma 

can produce lasting adverse health effects that can impact employability, VA provides treatment 

for physical and psychological wounds of MST for all veterans free of charge. All medical centers 

must screen all veterans for MST, provide free treatment for mental and physical health 

conditions related to MST, and have a designated MST coordinator to serve as a point person for 

MST issues

Preventing Teen Dating Violence. Seeking to empower young women and girls with the tools 

to develop safe, healthy relationships, the Department of Health and Human Services created
21

the Dating Matters program. This program expands local public health capacity by establishing a 

comprehensive, community-wide Teen Dating Violence Prevention Initiative focusing on 11-14 

year olds in high-risk communities. In addition, in 2011 ,the Office on Violence Against Women 

at the Department of Justice provided grants to help middle and high schools address dating 

violence by training school administrators, faculty, and staff; developing school-wide policies; 

providing support services; creating effective prevention strategies; and collaborating with local 

victim service providers.54

Changing Attitudes Towards Youth Violence. Recognizing the need for concentrated, 

coordinated efforts to reduce the high rates of violence among youth Vice President Joe Biden 

launched the 1is2many initiative in September 2011. It is a program to raise awareness about 

dating violence and sexual assault and encourage bystanders to speak out against violence. The 

Vice President solicited input from young men and women across the country on how to reduce 

dating and sexual violence in schools and on college campuses.55

Combating Sexual Assault on College Campuses. Twenty to twenty-five percent of college 

women report experiencing an attempted or completed rape in college.

56 The Vice President has 

taken a lead role in preventing dating violence and sexual assault on college campuses

nationwide. In April 2011, Vice President Biden and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan 

introduced comprehensive guidance to help schools, colleges, and universities nationwide 

better understand their obligations under federal civil rights laws (Title IX) to prevent and 

respond to campus sexual assault.57

Funding a National Dating Abuse Helpline. Teenagers and young women are often reluctant 

to talk about dating violence or use traditional hotlines when they need help. To communicate 

effectively with young victims, in 2011, the Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) at the

Department of Justice funded the National Dating Abuse Helpline to provide services by phone, 

chat, or text message 24 hours a day. Teens can text “LOVEIS” to 77054 to talk to a peer 

advocate. Since September 2011, the helpline has responded to more than 10,000 chat and text 

requests for help from young people in need. OVW also supports a collaboration begun in 2009 

between Futures Without Violence and the AD Council, called That’sNotCool.Com, an interactive 

website about digital abuse.58

Rallying Men as Allies. In April 2011, acknowledging the critical role that men play in 

preventing violence against women, the Department of Justice launched the Engaging Men in 

Preventing Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence program. This program works to involve men 

as allies, active bystanders and influencers of other men and boys. Using the latest 

technology, combined with hands-on mentorship, the program is reaching young men and 

changing their attitudes about violence. By developing new male leaders in the field who 

are willing to publicly speak and act to oppose violence against women and girls, this 

program seeks to create a ripple effect, encouraging others to get involved.

59

Developing Technology to Prevent Sexual Assault and Dating Violence. In July 2011, Vice 

President Biden, in conjunction with Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius 

and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, launched the “Apps Against 

Abuse” technology challenge, seeking innovative software applications to help young people 

prevent sexual assault and dating violence.60
22

Circle of 6: This iPhone app makes it easy to reach your circle of friends and 

family and let them know where you are and what you need. The app uses text 

messaging to contact your circle, GPS to locate you when needed, connections 

to reputable domestic violence organizations, and a user-wide pledge to stop 

violence before it happens. 61

On Watch. This iPhone app lets you transmit critical information by phone, 

email, text, and social media to your support network. You can check in with 

friends, call 911 or campus police, set countdown timers that send messages 

and GPS information automatically if events or activities do not go according to 

plan, and connect to sexual assault, dating violence, and domestic abuse 

hotlines.62

Recruiting Members of Underrepresented Groups to Serve As Leaders in the Domestic 

Violence Field. The Administration recognizes the importance of drawing members of 

underrepresented groups into the work on violence against women. With the leadership of the 

Department of Health and Human Services, five states – Minnesota, New Jersey, Virginia, 

Vermont, and Wisconsin – will work with the Women of Color Network of the National Resource 

Center on Domestic Violence to develop leadership and create a model that can be replicated in 

areas across the country.63

Holding the First-Ever Violence Against Young Women Cabinet Meeting. On July 13, 2011, 

Vice President Biden convened the first ever Cabinet-level meeting to assess progress and 

discuss next steps in addressing violence against young women. Agencies across the federal 

government committed to expanding their efforts to raise public awareness, use technology to 

reach teens and young adults, and change social norms about abuse.64

3. Prosecution and Legal Remedies for Victims

Strengthening Collaboration to Support Victim Remedies. The Department of Homeland 

Security (DHS) launched new efforts beginning in 2010 to collaborate across the Department 

and with government and non-government partners to assist immigrant victims of crime, 

including women subject to violence. In December, the U Visa Law Enforcement Certification 

Resource Guide was made publicly available to provide valuable information about immigration 

remedies to law enforcement officials This guide has been complemented by unprecedented 

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services efforts to make training and related resources more 

accessible to state and local law enforcement officials as well as issuance of field guidance by 

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

65

Expanding Access to Legal Services for Victims. Studies show that access to legal counsel 

has reduced domestic violence by as much as 21%. The Access to Justice for Domestic Violence 

Victims pilot project at the Department of Justice (DOJ) helps victims access critical legal services 

by encouraging commitments from the private bar to provide pro bono legal services. The 

agency recently released Civil Protection Orders: A Guide for Improving Practice to provide 

guidance for advocates, attorneys, judges, law enforcement officers, and prosecutors to ensure 

that protective orders are issued, served, and enforced throughout the United States.66

Updating the Definition of Rape for the First Time Since 1927. In an effort to ensure that 

cases of sexual assault are accurately reflected in our nation’s crime statistics, the DOJ updated 
23

the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report definition of rape so as to be more inclusive of the various forms 

of sexual penetration understood to be rape and to include the rape of men.67

Reducing the Backlog of Rape Kits. A recent DOJ study of more than 2,000 law enforcement 

agencies across the country found that 18% of unsolved rapes involved evidence that was not 

submitted by law enforcement agencies to crime labs for analysis.68 The DOJ has launched a 

pilot program to reduce the backlog of forensic rape kits and to develop innovative bestpractices that can be adapted in localities nationwide.69

Building the Capacity of Tribal Courts to End Domestic Violence. In the recent National 

Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 45.9% of self-identified American Indian or Alaska

Native women reported physical assault by an intimate partner at some point in their 

lifetimes.70 Yet, in Indian Country, the types of domestic violence that elsewhere lead to 

convictions are often either not effectively prosecuted or not prosecuted at all. To remedy this, 

in July 2011, DOJ proposed legislation that would significantly improve the safety of Native 

American women and allow federal and tribal law enforcement agencies to hold more 

perpetrators of domestic violence accountable for their crimes.71

Working to Increase Reporting of Sexual Assault. Fewer than one in six rapes are reported 

to the police. In an effort to increase reporting rates, the White House and the Office on

Violence Against Women at the DOJ gathered academics and practitioners for a sexual violence 

research forum in the first-ever White House Roundtable on Sexual Assault.

4. Support Services for Victims

Undertaking a Comprehensive Effort Across the Federal Government to Protect and 

Empower Victims. In December 2010, President Obama signed the Child Abuse Prevention and 

Treatment Act, providing funding for nearly 1,700 shelters and service programs for victims of 

domestic violence and for the National Domestic Violence Hotline, which answers more than 

23,000 calls each month.72

Funding Direct Services for Youth Victims of Violence and Sexual Assault. The Office on

Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice created a Youth Services Program which 

provides the first federal funding stream solely dedicated to providing direct services for youth 

victims of dating violence and sexual assault. The program offers counseling, legal advocacy, and 

mental health services and focuses on vulnerable populations such as runaway and homeless

youth, sexually exploited youth, and LGBTQ youth.

Improving Delivery of Services to Sexual Assault Survivors. At the Department of Justice, 

the Office on Violence Against Women launched the Sexual Assault Demonstration Initiative, the 

first large-scale project to identify best practices to reach more sexual assault survivors and 

provide comprehensive services.73

G. Housing

When President Obama took office in January 2009, the housing market had been in decline for 30 

straight months, causing home equity to drop by half and leading to an average loss of over $80,000 for 

every American homeowner.

74 Over the past three years, the Obama Administration has taken critical 
24

steps to mitigate the impact of the housing crisis and ensure that Americans have the resources to 

purchase and refinance homes.

1. Helping Responsible Homeowners

The Obama Administration has worked to help responsible borrowers refinance their mortgages – saving 

the average homeowner $3,000 a year – and to provide tax credits for Americans looking to purchase a 

home.

Providing Support for Borrowers Refinancing Their Loans. With interest rates at record 

lows, homeowners can save hundreds of dollars a month by refinancing their loans. However, 

many borrowers who are current on their payments have been unable to refinance – even when 

doing so is in their interest and the interest of lenders and taxpayers. In response, the 

Administration created the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP), which has helped more 

than one million borrowers refinance their homes.

Putting Forward a Plan to Further Expand Access to Refinancing. In February 2012, the 

President announced a legislative plan to expand access to refinancing for responsible 

borrowers. The plan would remove the remaining barriers in the HARP program mentioned 

above, so that all those with loans insured by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac who have been paying 

their mortgages on time will have access to simple, low-cost refinancing. The plan would also 

create a similar program for those families whose loans are not guaranteed by Fannie Mae or 

Freddie Mac. Together these steps would ensure that no responsible borrower is locked out of 

today’s low interest rates just because home prices in their neighborhood have fallen. This 

would provide approximately 11 million families with loans insured by Fannie Mae and Freddie 

Mac and three to four million families with non-GSE loans with the opportunity to save 

thousands of dollars a year. 

Extending the Homebuyer’s Tax Credit. The President extended and expanded the 

Homebuyer’s Tax Credit, which was first passed in 2008. Under the Homebuyer’s Tax Credit, 2.5 

million families who purchased homes received relief. 

2. Reducing Foreclosures to Stabilize the Market

In communities that have experienced the sharpest decline in home prices, the impact on families and 

the economy has been particularly severe. President Obama has taken significant steps to reduce 

foreclosures and help communities recover from the housing crisis. 

Putting People Back to Work Rehabilitating Vacant and Foreclosed Properties. As part of 

the Recovery Act, the President expanded the Neighborhood Stabilization Program to provide 

$7 billion in funding to communities to manage the vacant and foreclosed residential properties 

that are creating blight and bringing down local home values. The program has made 

investments in 13,000 neighborhoods in 48 states, reducing local foreclosure rates and helping 

these communities turn the corner to recovery. In addition, as part of the American Jobs Act, 

the President proposed Project Rebuild, which would invest $15 billion to leverage private 

capital and expertise to rehabilitate hundreds of thousands of properties in communities across 

the country. 
25

3. A Homeowner Bill of Rights to Ensure that Everyone Plays by the Same Rules

As the housing crisis revealed, the mortgage servicing system is badly broken, resulting in a number of

unnecessary foreclosures that have harmed both families and our economy. President Obama has put 

forward a single set of rules that borrowers and lenders alike can follow to meet their responsibilities and 

understand the terms of their commitments.

Developing Simple, Easy to Understand Mortgage Forms for People Who Want to Buy a 

Home. To help ensure that every prospective homeowner has access to clear, straightforward 

forms that inform – rather than confuse – them, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 

(CFPB) is developing a simple mortgage disclosure form to be used in all home loans, replacing 

overlapping and complex forms with hidden clauses and opaque terms that families cannot 

understand. 

Creating a Single Set of Standards That Better Serve Borrowers, Lenders and the 

Housing Market. In addition to access to simpler mortgage forms, the Administration has 

released the Homeowner Bill of Rights, which prevents hidden fees and penalties, stops conflicts 

of interest, provides assistance to at-risk borrowers before they fall into foreclosure, and offers 

safeguards – like a right of appeal – against inappropriate foreclosure. The Administration will 

ensure that all those with government insured loans have these protections and will work with 

regulators to expand them to all borrowers.

4. Completing a Housing Settlement That Will Provide Relief and Require Servicers To 

Change Their Approach

In February, the federal government and 49 state attorneys general announced a landmark settlement to 

address mortgage loan servicing and foreclosure abuses. This agreement – which represents the largest 

federal-state civil settlement in history – will not only provide significant relief to borrowers, but will also 

result in significant changes to how the largest banks service mortgages.

Over $25 Billion in Relief to Homeowners. Under the settlement, the five major servicers

have agreed to provide over $25 billion in relief to homeowners. That relief includes at least $10 

billion to write down principal for borrowers who owe more on their mortgages than their 

homes are worth, at least $3 billion to support refinancing for responsible borrowers, and up to 

$7 billion in support for the unemployed, servicemembers, and distressed communities. 

Unprecedented Changes to How Banks Service Mortgages. The settlement requires the 

mortgage servicers to implement unprecedented changes in how they service mortgage loans 

and handle foreclosures, helping to prevent some of the abuses that led to the crisis. 

5. Fighting Housing Discrimination

Protecting Women from Housing Discrimination. The Department of Housing and Urban 

Development (HUD) investigates claims of discrimination and, together with the Department of 

Justice (DOJ), enforces the federal Fair Housing Act to protect against sex discrimination and 

familial status discrimination, including discrimination against single mothers. For example, in 

November 2011, a federal court entered a consent decree in a Fair Housing Act complaint filed 

by the DOJ alleging that the owner and manager of a two bedroom single-family home refused 

to rent to a single mother and her young son because “there would be no man to shovel the 

snow.” Over the past three years, the DOJ has opened 16 investigations involving sexual 
26

harassment in housing, has filed eight lawsuits alleging that female tenants were sexually 

harassed in violation of the Fair Housing Act, and has obtained over $800,000 dollars in damages 

payable to sexual harassment victims.75

Protecting Pregnant Women and New Parents from Loan Discrimination. HUD has made 

major progress in ending lending practices that discriminate against pregnant women and 

parents on parental leave. In addition to announcing several settlements that adopt new nondiscrimination policies for pregnant applicants and applicants on parental leave, HUD continues 

to actively investigate and settle other cases and seek industry-wide reforms.76

6. Homelessness

Preventing and Ending Homelessness for Women. According to a report from the 

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 77.9% of sheltered homeless people in 

families in 2010 were women. Thanks to the Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-housing 

Program, passed as part of President Obama’s Recovery Act, an estimated 700,000 women have 

been saved from homelessness since the beginning of this Administration.77

Preventing and Ending Homelessness for Women Veterans. Supportive Services for 

Veterans and Families is VA’s primary prevention program designed to help veterans and their 

families avoid, and overcome, homelessness. Program grantees provide: case management to 

family members; temporary financial assistance to promote housing stability, including support 

for rent, utilities, moving expenses, transportation, and child care; and funds for emergency 

rental assistance, security and utility deposits, food and other household supplies, child care, 

one-time car repairs, and other needs to help keep veterans and their families housed together.

VA’s Homeless Veterans Support Employment Program provides vocational assistance, job 

development and placement, and ongoing support to improve employment outcomes among 

homeless veterans and veterans at risk of homelessness. Approximately 25% of the hires are 

women veterans. The Veterans Homeless Prevention Demonstration Program is a multi-site, 

three-year pilot project designed to provide early intervention to recently discharged Operation 

Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans and their families to prevent 

homelessness. To date, 58% of VHPD participants have been families, and 27% have been 

women veterans. In addition, long-term case management, supportive services, and permanent 

housing are provided through a cooperative partnership between the Department of Housing 

and Urban Development and the Department of Veterans Affairs Supported Housing (HUDVASH) Program. Currently, 11% of HUD-VASH recipient veterans are women.
27

H. Consumer Financial Protection

Today, millions of American women are drowning in debt, and households headed by single women are 

particularly vulnerable to the burdens of credit card and student loan debt. The most recent Survey of 

Consumer Finances shows that households headed by single women pay higher credit card interest rates 

than households headed by single men. The discrepancy in interest rates was even more pronounced 

among low-income households—those with less than $30,000 in annual income – headed by single 

women. Low-income single women are also more likely to be near their credit card limit, with 12.8 % of 

low-income single women with credit card debt carrying credit at or above 95 % of their limit, compared 

to 10.4% of single men. Low-income female-headed households also carried more than twice as much 

credit card debt, on average, than low-income households headed by men. 

Single women have higher average education debt. Among households with an education loan, 

households headed by single women have $4,073 more in average education debt compared to those 

headed by single men. Households headed by single women also faced higher maximum interest rates on 

student loans (5.9 %) compared to single male households (5.6 %). 

To help women and families avoid and recover from debt, President Obama fought for and won needed 

reforms to ensure banks and other lenders plainly disclose all fees, penalties, and interest rates they 

charge to consumers so that they know what they’re signing up for and can make informed choices. 

Establishing the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Through the Wall Street Reform 

law, the President consolidated authorities from seven federal agencies into a new bureau 

whose sole mission is to protect consumers from unfair, abusive, and deceptive practices—

whether they are applying for a mortgage, choosing among credit cards, or using any number of 

other consumer financial products. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is undertaking 

the following efforts to protect and empower women:

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA AND FIRST LADY MICHELLE OBAMA GREET MEMBERS OF MAUDE SMITH'S FAMILY AT HER HOME 

IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA AUGUST 29, 2010. PRESIDENT OBAMA FOUGHT FOR, AND WON, CRITICAL CONSUMER

PROTECTIONS SO THAT FAMILIES LIKE MAUDE’S CAN MAKE INFORMED CHOICES ABOUT THEIR SPENDING.
28

Protecting Women from Discriminatory Lending Practices. The Bureau has the 

ability to enforce fair lending laws that protect women from discriminatory 

lending practices. The Bureau can also rein in practices that may drive some 

women away from banks—including stopping banks from enrolling customers in 

expensive overdraft programs without their consent. 

Empowering Women Through Financial Education and Financial Literacy. The 

Bureau is empowering women to make smart financial choices and avoid unfair 

practices with an office dedicated to financial education and financial literacy. 

Helping Women who Take Out Loans to Pay for Higher Education. To protect

women who take out loans to cover the costs of higher education, the Bureau 

will supervise private student lenders, fight unfair lending practices, and require 

lenders to follow fair rules of the road and give students the information they 

need to make smart choices.

Cracking Down on Fraud. The President also signed the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act,

which gives the federal government more tools to investigate and prosecute fraud.

Protecting Americans from Unfair and Deceptive Credit Card Practices. The President 

signed the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure (CARD) Act to protect 

Americans from unfair and deceptive credit card practices. The act bans retroactive rate 

increases and allows consumers to clearly and plainly see fees they might be charged before

they open an account. Once consumers have signed up, credit card companies are now required 

to conspicuously display fees that have been paid in periodic statements.

I. Social Security and Medicare

1. Medicare 

Over half of America’s more than 48 million Medicare beneficiaries are women – and 70% of 

beneficiaries over the age of 85 are women. The coverage Medicare provides is particularly critical for 

women, who tend to have lower incomes and more significant health needs and – because of their 

greater life expectancies – rely on Medicare longer than men. Women in Medicare also spend a greater 

share of their income on health care, partially because of costs related to preventive services such as 

mammograms, clinical breast exams, bone density tests, and visits for Pap tests and pelvic exams.

Since he first took office, President Obama has protected and strengthened Medicare and continues to 

call for reforms that will make it even stronger. The Affordable Care Act significantly extended the life of 

the Medicare trust fund and the President’s most recent budget would extend it another two years. The

President’s Medicare reforms have also lowered beneficiary costs for preventive services and saved 

millions of beneficiaries an average of $600 on their prescription drugs.

Reducing Prescription Drug Costs in Medicare. In 2010 and 2011, more than 5.1 million 

seniors and people with disabilities on Medicare saved more than $3.2 billion on prescription 

drugs thanks to the Affordable Care Act. These savings include a one-time $250 rebate check to 

seniors who fell into the prescription drug coverage gap known as the “donut hole” in 2010, and 

a 50 % discount on brand-name drugs worth a total of $2.1 billion, or an average of $604 per 
29

person, in 2011. Through the first two months of 2012, approximately 103,000 seniors and 

people with disabilities have already received $93 million in savings in the donut hole.

Offering New Preventive Benefits with No Co-Pay or Deductible. Women on Medicare tend 

to have greater health needs than men: a higher percentage of women have more than three 

chronic conditions, and women on Medicare are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis, 

arthritis, and hypertension. The Affordable Care Act makes many key preventive services 

available with no co-pay or deductible to help ensure that seniors don’t have to skip a 

potentially life-saving screening for these types of conditions because they can’t afford it. More 

than 32.5 million seniors, including 19 million women, have already received one or more free 

preventive services, including the new Annual Wellness Visit, a one-time health review, as well 

as education and counseling about preventive services and other care.

Saving Money for Seniors. The average person on Medicare will save approximately $4,200 

from 2011 to 2021, while those with high prescription drug costs will save much more – close to 

$16,000 over the same period. This is especially good news for women on Medicare, who tend 

to have lower incomes and higher rates of poverty than men in the program.

Fighting Fraud and Saving Taxpayer Dollars. The Affordable Care Act helps stop Medicare 

fraud with tougher screening procedures and stronger penalties. Anti-fraud efforts recovered 

$4.1 billion in taxpayer dollars in 2011, and a total of $10.7 billion over the past three years. 

Prosecutions are up as well: the number of individuals charged with fraud increased from 797 in 

fiscal year 2008 to 1,430 in fiscal year 2011 – a 79% increase.

Standing Strong Against Those Who Would Undermine Medicare. The President 

recognizes the need to reform Medicare in order to preserve it as a guarantee of coverage into 

the future. Building on the reforms in the Affordable Care Act that extend the life of the 

Medicare trust fund, President Obama has continued to promote efficiency and root out 

wasteful spending. At the same time, the President stands firmly against plans from Republicans 

in Congress to end Medicare as we know it. Under the House Republican plan, instead of being 

enrolled in Medicare when they turn 65, seniors who retire a decade from now would get a 

voucher that equals the cost of the second least expensive health care plan in their area. If 

traditional Medicare is more expensive than the private plan, they would have to pay more outof-pocket if they want to enroll in traditional Medicare. Further, the overwhelming financial 

incentive of this system would be for insurance companies to siphon off the youngest and 

healthiest enrollees, leaving those who are sicker and older in the traditional Medicare program 

facing higher costs. Over time, more and more enrollees would leave the program, raising costs 

for those that remain. The net result is higher health care spending and a greater burden on our 

seniors.

2. Social Security

Women rely on Social Security to a greater extent, and for a longer time, than men. Women over the age 

of 65 tend to live two years longer than men over 65, and they make up 57% of all Social Security 

beneficiaries 62 and older and roughly 68% of beneficiaries 85 and older. For unmarried women –

including widows – 65 and older, Social Security comprises 49% of their income, compared with 37% for 

unmarried men. As a result of lower earnings during their time in the workforce, elderly women are also 

less likely than elderly men to have significant income from pension. 78
30

Committed to Protecting Social Security. President Obama believes that all seniors should be 

able to retire with dignity, not just a privileged few. That’s why he is committed to protecting 

and strengthening Social Security and has called on Congress to work on a bipartisan basis to 

preserve Social Security as a reliable source of income for American seniors – particularly 

women, who are more reliant on Social Security for longer periods of time than men.

J. Retirement

While women live on average three years longer than men – and there are currently six million more 

women over the age of 65 than men – retired women have a median income that is 42% lower than 

retired men. In 2009, older women’s Social Security benefits were just 71% of older men’s benefits 

($11,057 versus $15,557), and women age 65 and older had significantly lower annual retirement 

incomes than men ($21,500 versus $37,500). Incomes from women’s own public and private pensions 

were just 60% and 48% of men’s pension incomes, respectively. 

In September 2009, President Obama announced several new steps to make it easier for American 

families to save for retirement, including expanded opportunities for automatic enrollment in 401(k) and 

other retirement savings plans and improved ways to save tax refunds. In addition, the President has put 

forward a legislative proposal for automatic Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) in which tens of 

millions of workers who have no employer-sponsored retirement plan would automatically participate 

through payroll deposit contributions at their workplace, while remaining free to opt out.

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA VISITS WITH PATRONS PLAYING BRIDGE IN A BACKROOM AT JERRY'S FAMILY RESTAURANT IN MOUNT 

PLEASANT, IOWA, APRIL 27, 2010. IN SEPTEMBER 2009, PRESIDENT OBAMA ANNOUNCED EXPANDED OPPORTUNITIES FOR 

AUTOMATIC ENROLLMENT IN RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLANS THAT WILL HELP MILLIONS OF SENIOR WOMEN.
31

1. Auto-IRA

Making Retirement More Secure for American Families. Saving from an early age is critical 

for women to develop a robust retirement account, but according to a survey by Northern Trust, 

only one-third of workers under the age of 35 have enrolled in their employer’s 401(k) 

retirement plan. In September 2009, President Obama announced expanded opportunities for

automatic enrollment in retirement savings plans and has championed an automatic IRA 

legislative proposal through which tens of millions of workers without access to a workplace 

retirement plan would be automatically enrolled in IRAs through payroll deposit contributions, 

while remaining free to opt out. At least one study has shown that automatic enrollment can 

increase participation by the four groups most likely to under-save—women, minorities, 

younger workers, and lower-income employees—from about 20% to 80%. The Administration 

has also proposed easing requirements on the timing and amount of distributions from 

retirement accounts for many retirees, reducing the compliance burden and providing elderly 

Americans with greater control over their retirement assets. 

2. Annuities

Protecting Women from Outliving Their Assets Through Lifetime Income Streams. In 

2011, the Treasury and Labor Departments released new guidance introducing a package of 

proposed regulations and rulings to make it easier for pension plans to offer workers a wider 

range of choices as to how to receive their retirement benefits. These proposals would make it 

easier for various types of pension plans to offer options like partial annuities, longevity 

annuities, and deferred annuities to their participants.
32

II. Creating Jobs and Economic Opportunity for Women

Over the past fifty years, women’s labor force participation has become the lynchpin for America’s 

economic growth. And as more and more women have entered the labor force and increased their 

levels of education, they have become well positioned to lead our economy over the next decade as 

well. For example, women make up the majority of workers in the health sector, and many of the 

occupations projected to grow most rapidly in the next decade are in this sector. In addition to being 

critical for economic growth, women’s labor force participation is also vital to families’ economic 

security. Women are breadwinners in a growing number of our families, and wives’ earnings play an 

increasingly important role in families’ incomes.

President Obama recognizes that expanding opportunities for women to participate in the labor market 

requires not just new jobs, but also new efforts to help women – and men – balance the needs of their 

families with the responsibilities of their careers. That is why his Administration has launched numerous 

efforts to create jobs, support women small business owners, and promote flexible workplaces. 

Figure 4: Women's Share of the Labor Force, 1951 - 2011

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 01 06 11

Source: Bureau of Labor 

BY THE NUMBERS

 More than 16,000 loans worth more than $4.5 billion for women entrepreneurs.

 Funding to save more than 400,000 teacher jobs, the vast majority of which are held by women .

 More than 185,335 summer job opportunities for low-income and disconnected young women. 

 More than 215,000 women placed in subsidized jobs.
33

A. Employment

Women earn the majority of college and graduate degrees and, as Figure 1 shows, are now nearly 50% 

of the workforce. Yet, many women still face barriers to obtaining employment and advancing their 

careers. As women’s incomes are increasingly critical for supporting American families, job creation 

strategies must expand opportunity in industries where women are overrepresented (such as the 

education and healthcare sectors), help women enter industries and occupations where they are 

currently underrepresented, and remove barriers to women’s employment and career advancement in 

all industries. 

That is why President Obama has worked to promote women in STEM (Science Technology, Engineering, 

and Math) careers and also in trades where they are traditionally underrepresented. The Obama 

Administration has also launched a number of new efforts to help women veterans and service 

members advance in their careers, and to help military spouses – the vast majority of whom are women 

– obtain employment as their families move from base to base. In addition, the Obama Administration is 

working to provide new pathways to employment for low-income women. Ultimately, these efforts do 

not just help women, they help families who rely on their incomes, and they help our economy, which 

benefits from their talent, skills and contributions. 

1. Education Jobs

As state and local budget crises have worsened, school systems have been forced to make spending 

cuts that have led to widespread teacher layoffs and put hundreds of thousands more teacher jobs –

over two thirds of them held by women – at risk. Additional layoffs would dramatically diminish the 

quality of our children’s education, resulting in fewer school days, increased class sizes, and the 

elimination of key classes and services. That is why President Obama has worked to support state 

and local efforts to retain, rehire, and hire early childhood, elementary, and secondary educators 

(including teachers, guidance counselors, classroom assistants, afterschool personnel, tutors, and 

literacy and math coaches).

Figure 5: Education Services 2011 Employment by Sex

Preventing Teacher Layoffs in the Depth of the Recession. As part of the Recovery Act, the 

Obama Administration’s State Fiscal Stabilization Fund provided $48.3 billion in support to save 

schools from harmful cuts – including support for approximately 300,000 teacher jobs. In August 

Men

32%

Women

68%

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
34

2010, President Obama created a $10 billion Education Jobs Fund, supporting roughly 130,000 

more teacher job-years. 

Continuing the Commitment to Keep Teachers in the Classroom. As the economy begins to 

recover, many states have cut back on K-12 education spending: since June 2009, nearly 250,000 

teacher jobs have been lost, accounting for more than half of all job losses in local government. 

In order to help reverse this trend, the President is proposing $25 billion to help prevent up to 

320,000 additional teacher layoffs. 

2. Health Care Jobs

Over the next decade, health care and social assistance will be the fastest growing sectors, creating 5.6 

million jobs by 2020. Given that more than 75% of current employees in these sectors are female (Figure 

3), expanding and developing our healthcare workforce will be vital for boosting women’s employment 

rates. That is why, through both the Recovery Act and the Affordable Care Act, the Obama 

Administration has made important investments in healthcare delivery and public health infrastructure 

that have created – and will continue to create – jobs in communities across the country. 

Figure 6: Health and Social Assistance 2011 Employment by Sex

Supporting Health Professionals in Underserved Areas. Because of investments from the 

Recovery Act, the Affordable Care Act, and annual appropriations, the number of clinicians who 

practice in underserved communities through the National Health Service Corps has nearly 

tripled over the past three years to more than 10,000. In 2011, the National Health Service 

Corps provided vital health care services to about 10.5 million patients, up from 3.7 million 

patients in 2008.

Funding Health Centers. Community health centers provide access to quality primary health 

care services at more than 8,000 service delivery sites around the country. Since the beginning 

of 2009, America’s community health centers have increased the total number of patients 

Men 

22%

Women

78%

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
35

served by 2.4 million and have added more than 18,600 new full-time positions in many of our

nation’s most economically distressed communities. 

Investing in Public Health and Prevention. The Administration allocated $500 million in 

funds from the 2010 Prevention and Public Health Fund to programs to support community

public health initiatives, develop the public health infrastructure, and foster the next generation 

of health professionals. In 2011, building on the initial investment, $750 million in funds were 

dedicated to these efforts, and in 2012, $1 billion will be invested. 

3. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) and Non-Traditional Careers

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields are among the fastest growing sectors of our 

economy. Between 2010 and 2020, STEM-related employment is projected to increase by 16.5% to over 

8.5 million jobs. Yet, women still represent only 25% of the STEM workforce. This disparity is due in part 

to women’s comparatively low participation rates in certain STEM degree programs (including mathintensive subjects such as computer science and engineering). Furthermore, many women who earn 

STEM degrees do not go on to establish careers in STEM industries.

This is especially disconcerting since women who hold STEM degrees and work in STEM occupations earn 

33% more, on average, than women in non-STEM jobs. And while women in non-STEM occupations 

typically earn 21% less than their male colleagues, the salaries of their counterparts in STEM fields are 

only 14% less than those of their male coworkers.

Women are also significantly underrepresented in many fast-growing, high-wage fields such as skilled 

manufacturing and trades. And while women have seen impressive gains in industries such as finance, 

they have not reached the top levels of these occupations at the same rates as men. 

Research has pointed to the importance of mentors for attracting, retaining, and promoting women in 

STEM careers.79 And, as in many fields in which women are underrepresented, offering more flexible 

workplaces may also help with recruitment and retention in STEM and non-traditional careers. With this 

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA GETS A HUG FROM NURSE SONIA REICH AFTER ADDRESSING NURSES AT THE 

WHITE HOUSE ABOUT HEALTH CARE REFORM SEPTEMBER 10, 2009.
36

in mind, the Obama Administration has committed to promoting these and other interventions to help 

increase career opportunities for women in these critical fields. 

Figure 7: Difference between Projected Employment Growth Rate for STEM and Non-STEM Industries 

and Average Projected Employment Growth Rate, 2010 - 2020

Boosting Funding for Women Scientists and Researchers. The American Recovery and 

Reinvestment Act of 2009 significantly increased the number of grants distributed by the 

National Science Foundation, including those specifically for women. Women received 1,050 

awards that they would not have otherwise received under the Foundation’s regular budget.80

Working to Increase the Number of Women of Color in STEM Careers. Women of color are 

significantly underrepresented in STEM education and employment. In October 2009, the 

congressionally-mandated Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering

(CEOSE) hosted a symposium on this important subject, resulting in a series of 

recommendations including expanding research, investment, and evaluation.

81 In addition, at 

the National Institutes of Health, the Working Group on Women in Biomedical Careers launched

the Women of Color Research Network, a social media site to provide networking, mentoring, 

and career development opportunities that already has over 300 members.82

Promoting the Recruitment, Retention, and Advancement of Women in Research.

Women currently earn 41% of PhD’s in STEM disciplines, but make up only 29% of tenure-track 

faculty in those fields.83 Through the Career-Life Balance initiative, the National Science 

Foundation has actively sought to narrow this gap over the next ten years by implementing 

flexible policies for its grant recipients at a Foundation-wide level.84 In addition, the National 

-0.1

2.2

-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Non-STEM

STEM

Percent change minus average percent change

Source: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
37

Institutes of Health has established a leave bank to assist employees who need time off to 

manage personal illness or family obligations.85

Promoting Women in Green Technology Industries. The Department of Labor’s Women’s 

Bureau released A Woman’s Guide to a Sustainable Career, informing women professionals 

about hiring needs and challenges, training and entrepreneurship opportunities, and in-demand 

and emerging jobs in green industries. The Women’s Bureau also sponsored nine green jobs 

training projects to serve as models for engaging and preparing women for high-growth and 

emerging green jobs. 

Hosting Women in Finance Investment Symposia. In the past few years, there has been an 

evolution in institutional investor senior leadership, and senior women from foundations, 

endowments, and pension funds now manage more than $2 trillion worth of U.S. financial 

assets. In July 2011, the Treasury Department hosted its second Women in Finance Investment 

Symposium specifically focused on women in the institutional investment community. This 

event built upon the Women in Finance Symposium in March 2010 and the Access to Capital 

Conference in March 2011, and had three goals: 1) Further the dialogue on Access to Capital for 

small companies; 2) Expand relationships with the institutional investment community; and 3) 

Convene a Startup America Partnership working group to support women entrepreneurs.86

Recruiting Women into Transportation and Infrastructure Careers. The Department of 

Transportation (DOT) is working with stakeholder organizations to recruit women into 

transportation and infrastructure jobs where they are seriously underrepresented. DOT has 

facilitated two roundtables and focused on expanded outreach, enhanced skills training, and 

increased flexibility in the workplace. The goals of the roundtables were to identify barriers and 

opportunities for attracting and retaining women in blue collar transportation careers; engage 

the industry in a broad policy initiative that promotes health and safety for women in blue collar 

transportation careers; and identify training and resources needed to move this initiative 

forward.

Supporting Women Farmers and Ranchers. Through a combination of price support and 

disaster relief programs, operating and ownership loans, and conservation programs, the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture (USDA) works to support American agriculture – and the Women's 

Outreach Program ensures that these resources reach women farmers and ranchers. In 

addition, through various partnerships with government and community organizations, USDA is 

continuing its efforts to increase the number of women owning and operating farms and 

agriculturally-related businesses and to augment the number of women in leadership positions 

throughout the agricultural sector. 87
38

Promoting Women’s Leadership in the Clean Energy Industry. The Clean Energy Education 

& Empowerment initiative was launched in July 2010 at the first Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM), 

led by the Secretary of Energy, Steven Chu. The CEM, composed of 23 governments, is a highlevel global forum to promote policies and programs that advance clean energy technology, 

share lessons learned and best practices, and encourage the transition to a global clean energy 

economy. 88 To fulfill its commitment to this international initiative, the Department of Energy is 

undertaking a U.S.-based program to improve recruitment, retention, and advancement of 

professional women in clean energy fields. Details of the program will be formally announced at 

the third Clean Energy Ministerial on April 26, 2012 in London. Additionally, the program will be 

highlighted at a symposium co-sponsored by the MIT Energy Initiative in September 2012. This 

event will focus on professional development and reach out to students interested in clean 

energy careers.

4. Employment for Veterans, Servicewomen, and Military Spouses

Women currently make up approximately 14.5% of our military – and there are nearly 1.9 million female 

veterans in America. 89 Furthermore, roughly one million women are the spouse of an active duty service 

member or veteran.90 These women make tremendous sacrifices to serve our country; yet, they often 

struggle to find the employment they need to support their families. The unemployment rate for female 

veterans who served on active duty since September 2001 was 12.4% in 2011, compared to 8.2% for 

non-veteran adult women.

91 Averaged over the years between 2006 and 2010, unemployment among 

military spouses was 9.3% compared to 4.9% for spouses overall; and in 2010, the unemployment rate 

among spouses of active duty military was 26%.

92 Since he took office, President Obama – along with the 

First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden through their Joining Forces initiative – have worked 

tirelessly to help our veterans and military spouses get the jobs they need and the support and 

recognition they deserve.

Providing Tax Credits to Employers that Hire Veterans. In November of 2011, Congress 

acted on President Obama’s call to enact legislation to help get veterans back to work. The 

Returning Heroes Tax Credit gives businesses that hire unemployed veterans a credit of up to 

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA VISITS THE ED BRANDT DAIRY BARN AT THE 

WHITESIDE COUNTY FAIR IN MORRISON, ILL., AUGUST. 17, 2011
39

$5,600 per veteran, and the Wounded Warriors Tax Credit offers businesses that hire veterans 

with service-connected disabilities a credit of up to $9,600 per veteran.

Obtaining Private Sector Commitments to Hire More than 150,000 Veterans and 

Military Spouses. In June of 2011, Dr. Jill Biden announced a new Military Spouse Employment 

Partnership led by the Department of Defense. Through this partnership, nearly 100 companies 

are now advertising more than 68,000 jobs for military spouses, and those jobs are now all listed 

in one place on the Joining Forces website. In addition, in August of 2011, the President 

challenged America’s businesses to hire or train 100,000 veterans and military spouses by the 

end of 2013. In less than six months, more than 1,500 companies rose to the challenge, 

committing to hire more than 150,000 veterans and military spouses by the end of 2013.

“Today, as we near this solemn anniversary, it’s fitting that we salute the extraordinary decade of 

service rendered by the 9/11 Generation — the more than 5 million Americans who've worn the 

uniform over the past 10 years... They were there, on duty, that September morning, having 

enlisted in a time of peace, but they instantly transitioned to a war footing... They’re sons and 

daughters who carry on the family’s tradition of service, and they're new immigrants who’ve 

become our newest citizens. They’re our National Guardsmen and Reservists who've served in 

unprecedented deployments. They’re the record number of women in our military, proving 

themselves in combat like never before. And every day for the past 10 years, these men and 

women have succeeded together — as one American team.”

- Remarks by President Obama, 93rd Annual Conference of the American Legion, August 30, 2011

Promoting Licensing Portability. Military spouses are ten times more likely to have moved 

across state lines in the last year than their civilian counterparts. Yet, more than 120,000 

military spouses work in a profession that requires a state professional license (such as teaching 

or nursing), and when they move from state to state, many are forced to pay significant fees or 

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA JOKES WITH SERVICEWOMEN ALONG A TARMAC ROPELINE BEFORE BOARDING AIR FORCE ONE AT 

PITTSBURGH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN PITTSBURGH, PA., JUNE 24, 2011.
40

fulfill onerous requirements to obtain a new license. Nearly 40% of military spouses surveyed 

said “easier state-to-state transfer of certification” would have helped them find work after 

their last military move. In February of 2012, the Administration released a new report by the 

Defense and Treasury Departments identifying best practices to help ease these burdens on 

military spouses, and the First Lady and Dr. Biden called on America’s state legislatures and 

governors to pass and sign legislation to promote licensing portability across state lines.

Creating Healthcare Jobs for Veterans

Challenging Community Health Centers to Hire 8,000 Veterans in Three Years. 

The Obama Administration has challenged America’s community health centers 

to hire 8,000 veterans – approximately one veteran per center – over the next 

three years. As part of the Affordable Care Act, funding has been provided for 

these centers to serve more Americans and hire more workers. The National 

Association of Community Health Centers is also contributing to this effort.

Helping Veterans Become Physician Assistants. To fast-track medics into jobs in 

health centers and other health facilities, the Health Resources and Services 

Administration (HRSA) pledged to expand opportunities for veterans to become 

physician assistants. Through this initiative, HRSA will give priority in physician 

assistant grant awards to universities and colleges that help train veterans for 

careers as physician assistants.

Opening Up New Employment Opportunities for Women Servicemembers

Ending the Co-Location Exclusion. In February 2012, under its Women in Service 

Review, the Department of Defense announced that it intended to eliminate the 

FIRST LADY MICHELLE OBAMA AND DR. JILL BIDEN VISITING WITH MILITARY FAMILIES AT THE WARRIOR 

AND FAMILY SUPPORT CENTER IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, APRIL 13, 2011. IN JUNE OF 2011, DR. JILL 

BIDEN ANNOUNCED A NEW MILITARY SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT PARTNERSHIP, THROUGH WHICH NEARLY 100

COMPANIES ARE NOW ADVERTISING MORE THAN 68,000 JOBS FOR MILITARY SPOUSES.
41

“co-location exclusion” barring women service members from being assigned to 

units required to physically co-locate with direct ground combat units, a change 

that will open more than 13,000 new positions to women soldiers. This change 

reflects the commitment of the Department of Defense to eliminating barriers 

that prevent service members from fulfilling their highest potential. 93

Allowing Women to Serve on Submarines. In February 2010, the Department of 

Defense announced policy changes to support a phased approach to the 

assignment of women to U.S. Navy submarines. The first female submarine 

officers began training in August 2010 and commenced service onboard ballistic 

missile and guided missile submarines in November 2011. In addition, DOD has 

underway several studies on options for reconfiguring other Navy submarines to 

accommodate women, and for designing future submarines to accommodate 

mixed-gender crews. 94

Creating Female Engagement Teams. Building off the success of earlier pilot 

programs in Iraq, in 2010 the Army and Marines formally established Female 

Engagement Teams (FETs), small groups of female soldiers and Marines that 

accompany otherwise male units on patrols in order to gain insight into the 

needs of, and build relationships with, Afghan women. These missions aim to 

foster cooperation and improve security by enabling U.S. units to engage with as 

diverse a population as possible. 95

5. Pathways Back to Work for Women 

As our economy continues to recover, millions of American women are looking for ways to upgrade their 

skills to prepare for emerging job opportunities. The President remains committed to providing resources 

to prepare them for, and connect them with, employment. 

Opening Pathways to Employment for Young Women. In 2009 and 2010, the Recovery Act 

supported summer job opportunities for 185,335 low-income and disconnected young women 

across America, providing them with their first paycheck, and teaching them life-long 

employment skills. 

Incentivizing Businesses to Hire Low-Income Women. By providing wage subsidies for 

companies that hire low-income workers, the TANF Emergency Contingency Fund supported 

260,000 jobs, 83% of which went to women. According to an analysis by the Center on Budget 

and Policy Priorities, this flexible program allowed States to reduce the cost and risk associated 

with new hiring, spurring businesses to employ additional workers. The President has proposed 

expanding these efforts through the Pathways Back to Work Fund – included in the American 

Jobs Act and the President’s FY13 Budget – to invest $12.5 billion to provide subsidized 

employment for low-income Americans.

B. Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship

Forty years ago, women owned just five percent of all small businesses. Today, women own 30%, a total 

of 7.8 million small businesses generating $1.2 trillion a year in sales. Between 1997 and 2007, women-
42

owned companies in the U.S. grew at nearly twice the rate of all US privately held firms, adding roughly 

500,000 jobs while other companies lost jobs.

Yet, while women-owned small businesses play a critical role in our economy, according to the National 

Women’s Business Council, few take advantage of federal loan programs. More than half (55.5%) of 

women-owned businesses had to use personal or family savings to start or acquire their business. Many 

women entrepreneurs also struggle to advance their businesses beyond the start-up phase.

In order to promote women’s entrepreneurship and support small businesses, the President has signed 

17 small business tax breaks into law, providing support for companies across the country seeking to 

hire new workers and make new investments. He has also expanded access to credit for small 

businesses by establishing a Small Business Lending Fund and a State Small Business Credit Initiative and

expanding Small Business Administration (SBA) initiatives that help entrepreneurs access capital. In 

addition, the Obama Administration has offered new training and counseling opportunities for women 

entrepreneurs and dramatically expanded access to federal contracting opportunities for women-owned 

small businesses. 

1. Increasing Loans and Providing Access to Capital for Women Business Owners 

Small Business Administration (SBA) loans are three to five times more likely to go to women and 

minorities than conventional bank loans. Through the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act, the 

President put much-needed capital in the hands of women entrepreneurs by expanding the availability of 

these loans. As a result, the SBA made available more than $4.5 billion through more than 16,000 loans

to women-owned businesses.

Passing the Recovery Act. The Recovery Act reduced fees for the 7(a) and 504 loan programs, 

the SBA’s two largest loan programs. As of September 30, 2010, SBA had approved $22.6 billion 

in Recovery Act loan guarantees, which supported $30.4 billion in lending to small businesses. 

From February 17, 2009 to September 30, 2010, weekly SBA loan dollar volumes rose more than 

90% in the 7(a) and 504 programs compared to the weeks preceding the Recovery Act’s passage. 

Overall, more than 70,000 small businesses received reduced-fee SBA loans.

Passing the Small Business Jobs Act. Following the passage of the Small Business Jobs Act of 

2010, which extended 7(a) and 504 fee reductions, weekly loan volumes rose and reached a 

high of approximately $2.2 billion. This represents the highest weekly lending level since the SBA 

began tracking weekly loan volumes. As of December 31, 2010, SBA approved more than $10 

billion in Jobs Act loan guarantees, which supported more than $12 billion in lending to small 

businesses. Since enactment of the Jobs Act, SBA 7(a) and 504 programs have assisted more 

than 19,000 small businesses. 

Supporting Small Businesses through the Small Business Lending Fund. The Small 

Business Lending Fund (SBLF) is a dedicated investment fund that encourages lending to small 

businesses. SBLF provided over $4 billion in low-cost capital to qualified community banks and 

community development loan funds (CDLFs) (with assets of less than $10 billion) to incentivize 

small business lending. SBLF investments could spur a $2.6 billion increase in lending to womenowned businesses, an $863 million increase in lending to veteran-owned businesses, and a $1.9 

billion increase in lending to minority-owned businesses. The Treasury Department engaged 

directly with community banks and CDLFs -- including those that serve women-owned, veteranowned, and minority-owned small businesses -- to build nationwide awareness about the SBLF 

program.96
43

Providing Other Sources for Loans. In FY 2011, the USDA’s Rural Development Rural Business 

Services program provided more than 700 loans to rural women-owned businesses, more than 

half the total 944 projects funded. In that same fiscal year, the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration (NASA) awarded approximately $384 million in contracts to women-owned small 

businesses, up from $348 million the year before. NASA’s outreach also resulted in an increase 

in the number of women-owned businesses registered in the NASA Vendor Database, an online 

repository providing access to procurement opportunities. In October 2011, NASA was 

recognized by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce for supporting the economic advancement of 

women.97

2. Training and Counseling for Women Entrepreneurs

SBA provides women entrepreneurs with counseling, training, and assistance needed for business startup or expansion, as well as assistance in identifying federal procurement opportunities. According to 

SBA’s Impact Study of Entrepreneurial Development Resources, counseled companies stay in business 

longer over time and create more jobs.

Supporting Women’s Business Centers (WBCs). SBA’s Women’s Business Centers represent 

a national network of 110 educational centers offering women comprehensive training and 

counseling to start and grow their own small businesses. These centers have trained and 

counseled more than 160,000 women, many of them in underserved and economically 

disadvantaged communities and are, for the first time, in every state in the continental U.S. 

Through these centers, women receive face-to-face and online counseling, training, and 

mentoring to help them develop strategic plans, conduct market studies, implement new 

technologies, and access capital. Participants are more likely to start businesses; their 

businesses are more likely to survive over the ensuing years; and they are better prepared to 

seek financing and to plan effectively for future business growth.98

Promoting High Growth Entrepreneurship for Women Through Start-Up America. In 

response to the President’s Startup America call to action to promote high-growth 

entrepreneurship, the independent Startup America Partnership and other private-sector 

organizations have made commitments to deliver more advisory services and business resources 

to women-led, high-growth startups across America.99

Improving the Success of Rural Women-Owned Businesses and Farms. Of the 3.3 million 

U.S. farm operators counted in the 2007 Census, 30.2% — or more than 1 million — were 

women. The total number of women operators increased 19% from 2002, significantly 

outpacing the 7% increase in the number of farmers overall. USDA has funded nearly 40 risk 

management education projects throughout the U.S. to help women in agriculture achieve 

specific business and financial goals, develop marketing strategies, implement new practices, 

and improve communication in their businesses.

100

3. Access to Federal Contracting

Expanding Opportunities for Women-Owned Businesses to Receive Federal Contracts.

The Women‐Owned Small Business Contracting program was authorized more than ten years 

ago and was finally implemented by the Obama Administration last year. This rule identifies 83 

industries in which women-owned small businesses (WOSBs) and economically disadvantaged 

women-owned small businesses (EDWOSBs) are under‐represented and authorizes government 
44

contracting officers to set aside federal contracts for those businesses. In addition to opening up 

more opportunities for EDWOSBs and WOSBs, the rule is another tool to help achieve the 

statutory goal that 5% of federal contracting dollars go to women‐owned small businesses.

Since the WOSB program was launched in early 2011, more than 9,500 firms have taken steps to 

certify for the program.

C. Safe, Fair, and Flexible Workplaces for Women

Safe, flexible, and fair workplaces are critical for the success of all employees. But far too often, women 

find themselves working in unsafe conditions, and many working women who serve as primary 

caregivers for young children and aging parents struggle to balance the needs of their families with the 

demands of their workplaces. Too often, staying home to care for a sick child, taking an elderly parent to 

a doctor’s appointment, or taking time off from work after giving birth can mean risking their jobs. 

But safe, flexible, and fair workplaces are not just good for women workers – and all American workers –

they are good for the economy as well. Studies show that flexible workplaces can lead to increased 

productivity and higher profits and can help companies attract and retain the best workers. A report by 

the White House Council of Economic Advisers found that these gains could add as much as $15 billion a 

year to our economy.101 That is why the Obama Administration has worked to combat workplace 

discrimination, improve worker safety, and promote workplace flexibility. 

1. Workplace flexibility

In 2008 there were 65.7 million people who had served as caregivers in the past 12 months, 12.9 million 

of whom cared for both an adult and a child – and two thirds of all caregivers were women.102 Yet, 

according to the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), only 28% of full-time workers and 39% of part-time 

workers report having flexible work hours. Even when employers do offer flexible workplace 

arrangements, employees are often reluctant to take advantage of them either because, in the case of 

unpaid leave, they cannot afford to do so, or in the case of paid leave, they worry about missing out on 

promotions or not being viewed as a “team player.”

Yet, flexible workplaces aren’t just good for workers and their families – they are good for business as 

well. Research shows that flexible arrangements often lead to increased worker productivity and a better 

bottom line, and they often help companies attract and retain the best workers. That is why the Obama 

Administration has sought to promote workplace flexibility both in the federal government and in 

businesses across the country.103

Promoting Workplace Flexibility as a National Priority. In March of 2010, the President 

and First Lady hosted a White House Forum on Workplace Flexibility, inviting business leaders, 

nationally recognized experts, advocates, and others with the goal of establishing workplace 

flexibility as an issue of national importance.104

Publishing the First Ever Report on Economic Benefits of Workplace Flexibility: 

As part of the Forum, the President’s Council of Economic Advisers issued their 

first ever report on the economic benefits of workplace flexibility which found 

that flexible workplace policies often increase worker productivity, reduce

turnover rates and absenteeism, and help businesses attract the best workers.
45

The report also estimated that wholesale adoption of flexible workplace policies 

could save as much as $15 billion a year through greater productivity, lower 

turnover, and reduced absenteeism.105

Launching a National Dialogue on Workplace Flexibility: The Department of 

Labor Women’s Bureau launched a National Dialogue on Workplace Flexibility in 

ten cities across the country, bringing together industry leaders, employers, 

unions, workers, advocates, and government officials to share best practices 

and discuss solutions for workplace flexibility across industries. 106

Ensuring the Federal Government is a Model Employer. To strengthen the government’s 

role as a model employer, the President signed the Telework Enhancement Act, which requires 

federal agencies to take steps to promote teleworking, including appointing a senior telework 

managing officer in each federal agency. In addition, offices and agencies across the federal 

government are implementing a number of different workplace flexibility policies, including 

creating lactation rooms to support breastfeeding mothers, holding seminars on work-life 

balance, and creating leave banks to assist employees affected by family or medical 

emergencies.

Supporting New Mothers in the Workplace. As of 2010, 1.8 million new mothers with 

children under the age of one were in the labor force.107 The landmark Affordable Care Act 

requires employers to provide reasonable break time for nursing mothers to express breast milk 

for one year after their child’s birth, and to provide a safe, private place to do so. 

Helping Women in STEM Careers Balance Work and Family. Though women comprise a 

significant and growing part of America’s STEM talent pool, research shows that many women in 

STEM fields struggle to balance the requirements of their careers with the demands of raising a 

family. To address this challenge, in partnership with academic institutions and national 

professional societies, the National Science Foundation’s Career-Life Balance Initiative put forth

a set of policies and practices to help women and other young scientists and engineers care for

their families while driving American innovation and technological advancement.

2. Working to End Employment Discrimination

Fighting Sex Discrimination in Employment. In 2011, the Equal Employment Opportunity 

Commission obtained more than $140 million in relief for victims of sex discrimination. In 

addition, the Justice Department has investigated and prosecuted numerous violations of Title 

VII of the Civil Rights Act, protecting women against pregnancy discrimination, harassment in 

the workplace, and unlawful physical fitness tests that unfairly exclude them from employment

opportunities.108

3. Workplace Safety

Reducing Chemical Exposure for Hair and Nail Salon Workers. The Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) is working with the White House Asian American and Pacific Islander 

Initiative on outreach efforts to reduce chemical exposure for nail salon workers – who are 

overwhelmingly women – and to promote safer alternatives to products currently used. 

Similarly, the Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) published a new document 

in English, Spanish and Vietnamese on the hazards of hair smoothing products. OSHA has also 

developed a web page on hair salon hazards and is currently developing similar materials on nail 
46

salon hazards. Other agencies are working to investigate scores of complaints from hair salon 

workers about possible formaldehyde exposure through hair products.109

Reducing Injuries in Nursing Homes. Women make up the vast majority of our caretaking 

workforce. Unfortunately, workers in nursing and residential care facilities have among the 

highest lost workday injury and illness rates of all major American industries. 

In response, the Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) is launching a National 

Emphasis Program to improve safety in these workplaces.
47

III. Training and Educating Women for High-Growth, High-Demand 

Jobs

As more career options have become open to women, and women’s incomes have become increasingly 

critical for their families’ economic security, more women have been looking to education and job 

training as a pathway to greater opportunity and a larger paycheck. 

Women receive 62% of college associate’s degrees, 57% of bachelor’s degrees, 60% of master’s degrees, 

and just over half of all Ph.D.s.

110 This is a significant advance from thirty years ago when women 

received fewer than half of undergraduate degrees and fewer than 27% of all professional degrees and 

doctoral degrees.111 In addition, more and more women are earning certifications, associate’s, and 

bachelor’s degrees from community colleges. Today, community colleges are serving 44% of all students 

enrolled in postsecondary education, 58% of whom are women.112 These institutions are especially 

appealing to women balancing family responsibilities. Currently, community colleges educate single 

parents at nearly three times the rate of four-year colleges.

Yet, even as women have become more highly skilled and educated, women with college and graduate 

degrees continue to be disproportionately represented in lower-paying occupations and hold fewer of 

the highest-paying occupations – such as specialist physicians, finance professionals, and medical 

technicians – than men.

To help more women prepare for the high-skill, high-wage jobs of the future, the President has launched 

a series of education and training initiatives, from promoting STEM education for girls to helping more 

young women attend college.

BY THE NUMBERS

 Of the additional 3.4 million students who have received Pell grants since the President took 

office, approximately 2.3 million are women. 

 9.4 million students and families have benefitted from the American Opportunity Tax Credit to 

help pay for college. 

 1.1 million women between the ages of 19 and 25 who would have been uninsured currently 

receive health coverage under a parent’s health insurance plan or through an individually 

purchased health insurance plan.

 Women and girls across America are benefiting from efforts to promote Science, Technology, 

Engineering, and Math (STEM) degrees and careers because women who hold STEM jobs earn 

30% more, on average, than women in non-STEM jobs.
48

A. Access to Quality, Affordable Education

Today, earning a post-secondary degree or credential is no longer just a pathway to opportunity – it is a 

prerequisite. There is also a strong correlation between education and economic opportunity. College 

graduates earn an average of 77% more per hour than those who have only a high school diploma.

Furthermore, in 2011 women with a bachelor’s degree had an unemployment rate of 4.3%, compared to 

8.7% for women who had only a high school diploma (see Figure 7). 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that in the coming years, jobs requiring education beyond a high 

school diploma will grow by more than the average, while occupations requiring a high school diploma 

or less will grow below average rates. For example, between 2010 and 2020, employment in jobs that 

require an associate’s degree is projected to grow by 18.0%, 3.7 percentage points more than the 

average projected employment growth of 14.3%. And of the 30 fastest growing occupations, half require 

a college degree. 

PRESIDENT OBAMA TALKS WITH STUDENT REBECCA 

HYNDMAN BEFORE VISITING CLASSROOMS AT THOMAS 

JEFFERSON HIGH SCHOOL FOR SCIENCE AND 

TECHNOLOGY IN ALEXANDRIA, VA., SEPT. 16, 2011.
49

Figure 7: Unemployment Rate for Men and Women, by Educational Attainment 

(2011 annual average, ages 25+)

That is why President Obama has called on Americans to commit to at least one year or more of higher 

education or career training, so that by 2020 America will once again have the highest proportion of 

college graduates in the world. Through new tax credits and expansions in the income-based student 

loan repayment plan, the President is working to ensure that higher education is affordable and 

accessible for all Americans. 

1. American Opportunity Tax Credit

In 2009, President Obama created the American Opportunity Tax Credit that provides up to $10,000 for 

four years of college tuition for families earning up to $180,000. More than 9.4 million students and 

families benefit from the American Opportunity Tax Credit. President Obama has called on Congress to 

make this tax credit permanent and prevent it from expiring in 2012.

13.6%

10.0%

8.0%

4.3%

14.8%

8.7%

7.9%

4.3%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

Less than a high school

diploma

High school graduates Some college or

Associate degree

Bachelor's degree or

more

Men Women

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey
50

2. Increasing Pell Grants

Dramatically Increased Pell Grant Funding. A landmark investment in Pell Grants was 

enacted in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which ended student loan 

subsidies for private financial institutions and banks and shifted more than $60 billion in savings 

back to students. Of the additional 3.4 million students who have received Pell grants since the 

President took office, approximately two thirds, or 2.3 million, are women. Since President 

Obama took office, the number of Pell Grant recipients has increased by 50%, allowing millions 

of additional low-income and middle-class students to attend college. The President has raised 

the maximum Pell Grant award to $5,635 for the 2013-14 award year—a $905 increase since 

2008. 

3. Student Loan Debt Management

Income Based Repayment. Announced as an executive action last fall, the Administration’s 

“Pay as You Earn” plan expands income-based repayment, enabling 1.6 million students to cap 

repayment of their student loans at 10% of their monthly income. Additionally, millions of 

borrowers are now eligible to consolidate Direct Loans and FFEL Loans and save up to half a 

percentage point on their interest rate.

Keeping Student Loan Interest Rates Low. This summer, interest rates on subsidized Stafford 

student loans are slated to double from 3.4% to 6.8% — a significant burden at a time when the 

economy is still fragile and students are taking on increasing amounts of debt to earn a degree. 

The President has called on Congress to prevent that hike from taking place this year, a proposal 

that will keep interest rates low for 7.4 million student loan borrowers and save the average 

student over a thousand dollars during the life of the loan.

Promoting A New College Scorecard and Financial Aid Shopping Sheet. The Department 

of Education and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau have launched the “Know Before 

You Owe” campaign to create a model financial aid disclosure form (“shopping sheet”) to help 

students better understand the type and amount of aid they qualify for and easily compare aid 

packages offered by different colleges and universities. The President has also called for a 

College Scorecard, a report card for colleges containing key indicators of student success and 

financial outcomes that make it easier for students and families to choose a college that is best 

suited to their goals, finances, and needs.

B. Job and Workforce Training

Technical and skill-based training and credentials are often prerequisites for employment in the highestpaying, fastest-growing sectors of our economy. The Obama Administration has undertaken a number of 

initiatives to ensure that women have the training and skills they need to compete in today’s economy.

Investments in the Recovery Act enabled states to help millions of out of work Americans—including 

millions of women—seeking jobs or job training opportunities. $750 million was specifically dedicated to 

grants to help prepare workers for careers in high-growth industries, such as healthcare, green jobs, 

advanced manufacturing, and information technology, and tens of thousands of Americans received job 

training that helped them to earn industry-recognized credentials, find employment, or advance in their 

careers. The Administration also funds nearly 3,000 One-Stop Career Centers nationally. More than 50% 
51

of the customers at these centers are women who depend on the Centers’ training and education 

programs to upgrade their skills and prepare for high quality employment.

1. Community College and Business Partnerships

Making Historic Investments in Community College Workforce Training Efforts. The 

Obama Administration has already invested $500 million through the Trade Adjustment 

Assistance Community College and Career Training initiative to support partnerships among 

community colleges, employers, and Workforce Investment Boards to develop programs that 

provide pathways for individuals negatively impacted by trade. These programs will help these 

individuals secure jobs in high-wage, high-skill fields including advanced manufacturing, 

transportation, healthcare, and STEM. The Administration will invest an additional $1.5 billion in 

this initiative over the next three years. Building on this success, the President proposed a new 

$8 billion Community College to Career Fund in his FY13 Budget. This Fund will help forge new 

partnerships between community colleges and businesses to train two million workers for goodpaying jobs in high-growth and high-demand industries.

Developing Business and Training Partnerships to Build Americans’ Skills. Last year, the 

Obama Administration helped launch Skills for America’s Future, an industry-led initiative to 

improve industry partnerships with community colleges and build a nationwide network to 

maximize workforce development strategies, job training programs, and job placements. 

Through this initiative, the President announced a new partnership of private sector employers, 

community colleges, and the National Association of Manufacturers to provide 500,000 

community college students with industry-recognized credentials that will help them secure jobs 

in the manufacturing sector.

2. Displaced Worker Training and Services

Expanding Access to Training and Services for Displaced Workers. Displaced workers are 

individuals who lost their jobs through no fault of their own but because their employer closed a 

plant or division, moved or abolished their position, or simply had insufficient work for them. 

From 2007 to 2009, more than 6 million women became displaced from their jobs. Currently, 

displaced workers must endure a lengthy administrative process just to determine what services 

they are eligible to receive. As part of the President’s effort to reform and modernize our 

training system, the Administration is proposing to expand the availability of a universal suite of 

training and employment services to a broader number of dislocated workers by consolidating 

and improving the federal government’s two major programs for displaced workers—the 

existing Trade Adjustment Assistance program and the Workforce Investment Act’s Dislocated 

Worker program. In 2010, about 150,000 workers completed training through one of these two 

programs. Under the Administration’s proposal, this number would rise to almost 500,000.
52

C. STEM and Title IX 

“Last month, I got a chance to meet the winners of the Google Science Fair. This is an international competition of 

high school students, the cutting edge of technology and science. All three of the winners turned out to be 

Americans. All three were girls.... My wish for my daughters and for yours remains the same. I want them to go out 

into a world where there is no limit to how big they can dream, how high they can reach...”

- Remarks by President Obama at the National Women's Law Center's Annual Awards Dinner, (November 9, 2011)

Nowhere is the misalignment between academic preparation and labor market demand more evident 

than in the critical fields of science, technology, engineering, and math. Over the next decade, there will 

be approximately 8.5 million STEM job openings; but during that same time period, there will be a 

projected shortage of 1 million STEM graduates.113 Although women fill close to half of all jobs in the 

U.S. economy, they hold less than 25% of STEM jobs – jobs which often pay significantly more than nonSTEM jobs and are vital for American innovation and economic growth. 

This gender gap starts well before women enter the workforce. Girls in grades 4, 8, and 12 continue to 

score slightly below boys in science achievement tests.114 In addition, fewer girls than boys take 

advanced placement exams in STEM-related subjects, and many girls who take advanced science 

courses in high school do not go on to study science in college.115 Almost one-third of all male freshmen, 

compared with only 15% of all female freshmen, plan to major in a STEM field even though 15 out of the 

20 fastest growing occupations in 2014 are expected to require science or mathematics training. 116

Today, while women are the majority of students in our colleges, they hold a significantly smaller 

proportion of degrees awarded in many of the most vital STEM fields, such as engineering and computer 

science. Further, women with a STEM degree are less likely than their male counterparts to work in a 

STEM occupation. 

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA CONGRATULATES GOOGLE SCIENCE FAIR WINNERS, FROM LEFT, NAOMI SHAH, SHREE BOSE, AND 

LAUREN HODGE IN THE OVAL OFFICE,OCT. 3, 2011.
53

Since he first took office, President Obama has made it a high priority to attract and retain girls and 

women in STEM fields with policies ranging from education reform to the elevation of female scientists

and engineers as role models.

1. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Education

Rewarding States that Engage Girls in STEM. In the 2009 Race to the Top competition, a 

comprehensive and transformative education program focused on spurring innovation and 

reforms in K-12 education, President Obama granted states competitive preference in the 

application process if they demonstrated efforts to close the STEM gap for girls and other 

underrepresented groups.117 This was the sole competitive preference in the application 

process, and all 12 of the states receiving an award through the $4 billion program earned 

points for addressing this STEM priority. This emphasis was maintained in the most recent round 

of competition, which awarded $200 million to nine additional states.118

Encouraging Girls and Young Women to Pursue STEM Careers

Linking Young Women to the Transportation Industry. The transportation 

industry is projected to grow 11% from 2008 to 2018.119 Under the leadership of 

Secretary Ray LaHood, the Department of Transportation launched a series of 

Transportation YOU programs for girls 13-17 in cities across the country—from 

San Francisco to Denver to Raleigh. This initiative serves as a source of 

scholarship, internship, and networking opportunities, encouraging girls to 

pursue employment in high-growth STEM fields in which women are 

significantly underrepresented.120

Introducing Girls to Aerospace Engineering Careers. NASA hosts a series of 

educational programs aimed at encouraging young women and girls to pursue 

careers in STEM fields. NASA’s Digital Learning Network provides opportunities 

for girls to learn about STEM career choices through a variety of distance 

learning initiatives throughout the year. The program centers around Virtual 

Visits, through which 4th-12th graders interact with NASA experts. Since its 

inception in September 2011, 27 sessions have been conducted with 91 NASA 

professionals. In addition, through the Women in STEM High School Aerospace 

Scholars program, girls take part in online programming and a week-long 

summer workshop to build confidence and enhance their interest in STEM 

fields. NASA also developed a series of digital films designed to inspire middleschool girls by highlighting young women working at NASA. 121

Connecting Girls with STEM Mentors and Role Models. Research has pointed to 

the importance of female mentors for keeping young women in STEM 

careers.122 To spark middle and high school girls’ interest in STEM, the Women 

in STEM Speakers Bureau deploys top female Administration scientists and

others to student roundtables across the country. In addition, in Spring 2011, 

the Department of Energy (DOE) created a mentoring program that matches 

female college students with successful DOE employees.123
54

Providing STEM Programming and Educational Opportunities. In 2010, the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) created education 

forums focused on astrophysics, planetary science, earth science, and 

heliophysics to provide STEM education opportunities, including targeted 

programs for girls. In 2011, hundreds of NASA scientists and science educators 

reached 250,000 girls through events including classroom experiences, 

afterschool programs, career days, and museum activities. In partnership with 

the American Library Association (ALA), NASA is engaging girls in learning about 

the universe through hands-on activities at public libraries. Through “Astro4Girls 

and Their Families”, girls are learning about the universe and celebrating the 

contribution of women to astronomy and science. Over the past two years, 

through NASA’s Strong Gravity/Big Explosions program, more than 2,200 girls 

across the country have had the opportunity to join scientists for a day to 

explore exploding stars and black holes.124

2. Title IX 

“I also want to say something as a father. You know, it was this program in the mid-1990s as much as anything that 

helped propel women's basketball into the national consciousness. And thanks to players like each of these 

women and those who came before them, our young women today look at themselves differently, especially tall 

young women, like my daughters. My girls look at the TV when I'm watching SportsCenter and they see women 

staring back. That shows them that they can be champions, too. And so, as a father, I want to thank all of you.” 

- Remarks by President Obama, Honoring the 2008-09 NCAA Women’s Basketball Champions (April 27, 2009) 

Defending Title IX. The Departments of Justice and Education have acted aggressively to 

defend Title IX, protecting women’s rights to equal opportunity in athletics, challenging a 

discriminatory single-sex program, and combating sexual assault on school and college 

campuses. The Departments of Justice and Education have also been actively enforcing Title IX 

to ensure that it includes protections against sex stereotyping (discrimination based on a 

student’s failure to conform to stereotypes of how individuals of the student’s gender are 

expected to look and act).125 DOJ is also coordinating the enforcement of Title IX across federal 

PRESIDENT OBAMA GREETS THE 2009 GIRLS LITTLE LEAGUE SOFTBALL WORLD CHAMPIONS FROM WARNER 

ROBINS, GEORGIA IN THE EAST ROOM OF THE WHITE HOUSE, JULY 27TH 2010.
55

agencies to ensure they are meeting their Title IX obligations to address and prevent 

discrimination based on sex. 126

Using Title IX as a Guide for STEM. In 2009, NASA published a report, Title IX & STEM: 

Promising Practices for Science, Technology, Engineering, & Mathematics that provides a 

valuable guide for educational institutions that strive to assess and improve women’s 

participation in STEM programs.127
56

Appendix I: Obama Administration Reports on Women and the Economy

Women in STEM: A Gender Gap, August 2011

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration

America’s science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) workforce is crucial to America’s innovative capacity 

and global competitiveness. Yet women are vastly underrepresented in STEM jobs and among STEM degree 

holders despite making up nearly half of the U.S. workforce and half of the college-educated workforce. While this 

report does not – and cannot – explain why gender differences in STEM exist, it does aim to provide data and 

insight that will enable more informed policymaking. 

http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/womeninstemagaptoinnovation8311.pdf

Women’s Employment During the Recovery, May 2011

U.S. Department of Labor

The Department of Labor analyzed women’s employment during the economic recovery and found that in 2010, 

women represented 46.7% of the United States labor force, a slightly larger share than at the start of the recession 

in 2007. Adult women have had little change in their labor force participation during the recession.

http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/FemaleLaborForce/FemaleLaborForce.pdf

Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economic Well-Being, March 2011

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration

Office of Management and Budget

The Administration gathered information from across the Federal statistical agencies to compile baseline 

information on how women are faring in the United States today and how these trends have changed over time. 

The report provides a statistical portrait showing how women’s lives are changing in five critical areas: People, 

Families, and Income; Education; Employment; Health; and Crime and Violence.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/Women_in_America.pdf

Women-Owned Businesses in the 21st Century, October 8, 2010

U.S. Department of Commerce

Women-owned businesses contribute significantly to the U.S. economy. In 2007, 7.8 million firms were owned by 

women, accounting for almost 30% of all non-farm, privately-held U.S. firms. Women-owned firms had 

sales/receipts of $1.2 trillion and those with paid employees had 7.6 million workers. 

http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/women-owned-businesses.pdf

Jobs and Economic Security for America’s Women, March 2010

The White House - National Economic Council

This report lays out the economic landscape facing women today and details some of the many ways the 

Administration is committed to making sure the government is working for all Americans and especially American 

women.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Jobs-and-Ecomomic-Security-for-Americas-Women.pdf

Work-Life Balance and The Economics Of Workplace Flexibility, March 2010

Council of Economic Advisors

American society has changed dramatically over the past half century. Women have entered the labor force in 

growing numbers and families have increasingly relied on more than one earner to make ends meet. This report 

presents an economic perspective on flexible workplace policies and practices. The first section reports some of 

the changes in the U.S. workforce that have increased the need for flexibility in the workplace.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/100331-cea-economics-workplace-flexibility.pdf
57

Notes

 

1

“Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy,” McKinsey & Company, April 2011.

2

“Reproductive Health and Healthy People 2020,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

http://www.hhs.gov/opa/pdfs/reproductive-health-and-healthy-people-2020.pdf

3

“Helping Women and Girls Win the Future,” Office of Management and Budget 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/factsheet/helping-women-and-girls-win-the-future

4

This chart uses the usual weekly earnings of a wage and salary workers as published by the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics. The cumulative lost earnings compares the difference in earnings for the median earner working fiftytwo weeks out of the year over the five- or ten-year age range shown.

5

“Turning to Fairness: Insurance Discrimination Against Women Today and the Affordable Care Act,” National 

Women’s Law Center, March 2012 

www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/nwlc_2012_turningtofairness_report.pdf

6

Estimates are based on data from the 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population 

Survey which collects data for the 2010 reference year, as compared to each dollar of white male 2010 full-time 

median earnings.

7

U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 2011

8

“We Can’t Wait: President Obama Will Announce Administrative Action to Provide Minimum Wage and 

Overtime Protections for Nearly 2 Million In-Home Care Workers,” The White House, December 15, 2011 

www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/12/15/we-can-t-wait-president-obama-will-announceadministrative-action-provid

9

“National Equal Pay Task Force,” 

www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/equal_pay_task_force.pdf

10 “Equal Pay App Challenge,” 

http://equalpay.challenge.gov

12 Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 2011

13 “Policy Basics: The Earned Income Tax Credit,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 6, 2011 

http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=2505

14 “Child-Related Tax Credits, 2000-2013,” Tax Policy Center, August 2011 

http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/Content/PDF/child_tax_credits.pdf 

15 “Making Work Pay Tax Credit,” Internal Revenue Service, June 17, 2011 

http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=204447,00.html 

16 Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 2011

17 “Fact Sheet: Women’s Preventive Services and Religious Institutions,” The White House, February 10, 2012 

www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/10/fact-sheet-women-s-preventive-services-and-religiousinstitutions
58

 

18 “Women and the Affordable Care Act,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

http://www.healthcare.gov/news/factsheets/2011/08/women.html 

19 “The White House, Affordable Care Act: The New Health Care Law at Two Years,” The White House, March 23, 

2012 www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/careact.pdf

20 “ASPE Research Brief: The Affordable Care Act and Women,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

Alison Cuellar, Adelle Simmons, and Kenneth Finegold, March 20, 2012 

http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2012/ACA&Women/rb.pdf 

21 “Health reform law ends lifetime limits for 105 million Americans,” U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, March 5, 2012 http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2012pres/03/20120305a.html

22 “Fact Sheet: Honoring the Service of Our Veterans,” Office of Management and Budget 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/factsheet/honoring-the-service-of-our-veterans

23 “Obama Administration Record for Veterans and Wounded Warriors,” The White House 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/veterans_and_wounded_warriors_record_0.pdf

24 “Women’s Health USA 2011,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, October 2011 

www.mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa11/more/downloads/pdf/w11.pdf

25 “State Women’s Health Profiles,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

http://mchb.hrsa.gov/womenshealth/titlevneedsassessment/index.html

26 “¡Nunca Más!,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration 

http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/ucm269846.htm 

27 “An Economy Built to Last and Security for Women and Girls,” Office of Management and Budget 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/factsheet/an-economy-built-to-last-and-security-for-women-and-girls

28 “2010 Partnership Attitude Tracking Study,” The Partnership at Drugfree.org and the MetLife Foundation, April 

6, 2011 

http://www.drugfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/FULL-REPORT-FINAL-PATS-Teens-and-Parent-April-6-

2011-1.pdf

29 “Above the Influence & Seventeen present: Weekend Style Challenge,” Seventeen magazine 

http://www.seventeen.com/sweepstakes/20556

30 “Women, Girls, Families, and Substance Abuse,” The White House. 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/women-children-families

31 “HHS Announces $224 Million to Support Evidence-Based Home Visiting Programs to Help Parents and 

Children,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September 22, 2011 

http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2011pres/09/20110922b.html

32 “CDC Announces New Effort to Boost Number of Baby-Friendly Hospitals,” Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention, October 13, 2011 

http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p1013_babyfriendly_hospitals.html
59

 

33 “Responding to Influenza: A Toolkit for Prenatal Care Providers,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 

2011 

http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/freeresources/pregnant/2011_influenza_prenatal_toolkit_withposters.pdf

34 “The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding,” U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, 2011 

http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/breastfeeding/calltoactiontosupportbreastfeeding.pdf

35 “Protecting Women’s Rights,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.justice.gov/crt/publications/wmnrights.pdf

36 Reproductive Health and Healthy People 2020,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

http://www.hhs.gov/opa/pdfs/reproductive-health-and-healthy-people-2020.pdf

37 “Helping Women and Girls Win the Future,” Office of Management and Budget 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/factsheet/helping-women-and-girls-win-the-future

38 “Critical Needs in Caring for Pregnant Women During Times of Disaster for Non-Obstetric Health Care 

Providers,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/pregnantdisasterhcp.asp

39 “Office of Research on Women’s Health,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

http://orwh.od.nih.gov/

40 “Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

http://orwh.od.nih.gov/interdisciplinary/bircwhmenu.html

41 “Evaluation of Sex Differences in Medical Device Clinical Studies,” U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, December 19, 2011 

http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM28370

7.pdf

42“Pregnancy Assistance Fund,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/oah-initiatives/paf

43 “Women and Trauma: Report of the Federal Partners Committee on Women and Trauma, A Federal 

Intergovernmental Partnership on Mental Health Transformation,” National Online Resource Center on Violence 

Against Women 

http://www.vawnet.org/summary.php?doc_id=2795&find_type=web_desc_GC

44 “Advisory Committee on Breast Cancer in Young Women,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/what_cdc_is_doing/young_women.htm

45 “A National Coalition to Enhance STD/HIV Prevention through Promotion of a Holistic Approach to Health and

Wellness,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

http://www.cdc.gov/std/general/foa-April-2011.htm

46 “Guidelines for the Identification and Management of Lead Exposure in Pregnant and Lactating Women,” 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 2010 

http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf
60

 

47 “The Lead-Safe Certified Guide to Renovate Right,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf

48 “Affordable Care Act Ensures Women Receive Preventive Services at No Additional Cost,” U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services, August 1, 2011

http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2011pres/08/20110801b.html

49 “HUD Strengthens Protections for Victims Of Domestic Violence,” U.S. Department of Housing and 

Urban Development, October 27, 2010 

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2010/HUDNo.10-248

50 “Assessing Claims of Housing Discrimination against Victims of Domestic Violence under the Fair Housing Act 

(FHAct) and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA),” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 

February 9, 2011 

http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/library/11-domestic-violence-memo-with-attachment.pdf

51 “Workplaces Respond to Domestic & Sexual Violence,” 

www.workplacesrespond.org

52 “Fact Sheet: Obama Administration Highlights Unprecedented Coordination across Federal Government to 

Combat Violence Against Women,” The White House 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/Reducing_Domestic_Violence_fact_sheet.pdf

53 “Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office," U.S. Department of Defense 

http://www.sapr.mil/ 

54 “Children and Youth Exposed to Violence Grant Program,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/ovwgrantprograms.htm

55 “1 is 2 Many,” The White House

http://www.whitehouse.gov/1is2many

56 “Dating MattersInitiative,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/DatingMatters/index.html

57 “Vice President Biden Announces New Administration Effort to Help Nation’s Schools Address Sexual 

Violence,” Office of the Vice President, U.S. Department of Education, April 4, 2011 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/04/vice-president-biden-announces-newadministration-effort-help-nation-s-s

58 “That’s Not Cool,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.thatsnotcool.com

59 “Justice Department Announces $6.9 Million in Grants to Engage Men in Preventing Crimes Against Women,” 

U.S. Department of Justice, April 26, 2011 

http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/April/11-ovw-521.html 

60 “Apps Against Abuse” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Vice President, U.S. 

Office of Science and Technology Policy 

http://appsagainstabuse.challenge.gov/
61

 

61 Ibid.

62 Ibid.

63 “National Resource Center on Domestic Violence,” http://www.nrcdv.org

64 “1 is 2 Many,” Executive Office of the President.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/1is2many 

65 “U Visa Law Enforcement Certification Resource for Federal, State, Local, Tribal and Territorial Law 

Enforcement,” U.S. Department of Homeland Security 

http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs_u_visa_certification_guide.pdf

66 “Access to Justice for Victims of Domestic Violence Project,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.justice.gov/atj/dv-pipeline-project-web-fact-sheet.pdf

67 “Attorney General Eric Holder Announces Revisions to the Uniform Crime Report’s Definition of Rape,” U.S. 

Department of Justice, January 6, 2012 

http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/January/12-ag-018.html 

68 “Solicitation: Strategic Approaches to Sexual Assault Kit (SAK) Evidence: An Action Research Project ,“ U.S. 

Department of Justice 

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/sl000947.pdf 

69 “Protecting Women’s Rights,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.justice.gov/crt/publications/wmnrights.pdf

70 “The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS),”Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/

71 “Department of Justice Proposes Legislation to Help Tribes Combat Violence Against Native Women in Indian 

Country,” U.S. Department of Justice July 21, 2011 

http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/July/11-asg-955.html 

72 “President Obama Signs Critical Legislation to Prevent Child Abuse and Domestic Violence,” The White House, 

December 20, 2011 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/20/president-obama-signs-critical-legislationprevent-child-abuse-and-domestic-violence

73 ‘Sexual Assault Demonstration Initiative,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.nsvrc.org/SADI

74 Secretary Shaun Donovan, Prepared Remarks at the Piece-By-Piece Conference,” U.S. Department of Housing 

and Urban Development, May 11, 2011 

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/speeches_remarks_statements/2011/Speech_05102011

75 “Fair Lending” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/topics/fair_lending

76 “Fair housing – It’s Your Right,” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/FHLaws/yourrights 
62

 

77 “Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program,” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban 

Development 

http://www.hudhre.info/hprp/index.cfm?do=viewHPRPIssuances

78 “Importance of Social Security Relative to Total Income,” U.S. Social Security Administration, 2010 

http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2010/sect09.html#table9.b3

79 “Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty,” 

Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Committee on National Statistics; National Research 

Council http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12062

80 “Track the Money” Recovery.gov http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx and 

http://www.nsf.gov/od/ /ceose/reports/2009-2010_CEOSEBiennialReportToCongress.pdf)

81 [NSF] (http://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/activities/ceose/reports/TERC_mini_symp_rprt_hires.pdf)

82 “Women of Color Research Network: Member Directory” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

National Institutes of Health http://www.wocrn.nih.gov/members

83 Joan Burrelli, “Thirty-Three Years of Women in S&E Faculty Positions,” National Science Foundation, June 2008 

http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf08308/

84 “Balancing the Scale: NSF’s Career-Life Balance Initiative” National Science Foundation 

http://www.nsf.gov/career-life-balance

85 “Women of Color Research Network,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of 

Health http://www.wocrn.nih.gov/

86 Rosie Rios, “Women in Finance Investment Symposium,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, July 7, 2011 

http://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Women-in-Finance-Investment-Symposium.aspx)

87 “Women Outreach Program,” U.S. Department of Agriculture 

http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=oued&topic=ops-wn

88 “Clean Energy Education & Empowerment (C3E)” U.S. Department of Energy

http://www.cleanenergyministerial.org/our_work/women_in_clean_energy/index.html)

89 “Demographics: Veteran Population 2007,” U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 

http://www.va.gov/VETDATA/Demographics/Demographics.asp

90 Ibid.

91 U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011

92 “Supporting our Military Families: Best Practices for Streamlining Occupational Licensing Across State Lines,” U.S. 

Department of Treasury and U.S. Department of Defense, February 2012 

http://www.defense.gov/home/pdf/Occupational_Licensing_and_Military_Spouses_Report_vFINAL.PDF

93 “DOD News Briefing on Women in Service Review,” U.S. Department of Defense, February 9, 2012

http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4974
63

 

94 “Navy Policy Will Allow Women to Serve Aboard Submarines,” U.S. Navy, April 29, 2010

http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=52954

95 “Women-led U.S. Teams Work with Afghan Women,” U.S. Department of Defense, American Forces Press 

Service, December 9, 2010

http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=62027

96 “Report with Respect to Women-, Veteran-, and Minority-Owned Businesses,” U.S. Department of Treasury

http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sb-programs/DocumentsSBLFTransactions/SBLF%204112%20-

%20Women%20Veteran%20Minority%20Impact%20Report.pdf

97 “White House Releases The Small Business Agenda: Growing America’s Small Businesses to Win the Future 

Highlighting Critical Support for Small Businesses Across the Country,” The White House, May 16, 2011 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/16/white-house-releases-small-business-agenda-growingamericas-small-busine

98 Ibid.

99 “Startup America,” The White House http://www.whitehouse.gov/startupamerica

100 “2007 Census of Agriculture: Women Farmers,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics 

Service 

http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/Demographics/women.pdf

101 “Economic Report of the President 2012,” Council of Economic Advisers, February 2012 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ERP-2012/pdf/ERP-2012.pdf

102 “Caregiving in the U.S.: 2009,” National Alliance for Caregiving in Collaboration with AARP 

http://www.caregiving.org/data/Caregiving_in_the_US_2009_full_report.pdf

103 “Work-Life Balance and the Economics of Workplace Flexibility,” Council of Economic Advisers, March 2010 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/100331-cea-economics-workplace-flexibility.pdf

104 Valerie Jarrett, “A Conversation on Workplace Flexibility,” The White House, Council on Women and Girls, April 

1, 2010 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/04/01/a-conversation-workplace-flexibility

105 “Economic Report of the President 2012,” Council of Economic Advisers, February 2012 

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ERP-2012/pdf/ERP-2012.pdf

106 “National Dialogue on Workplace Flexibility,” U.S. Department of Labor 

http://www.dol.gov/wb/media/natldialogue3.htm

107 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011.

108 “Protecting Women’s Rights,” U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 

http://www.justice.gov/crt/publications/wmnrights.pdf

109 “Toward Green Nail Salons,” May 19, 2011 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/05/19/toward-green-nailsalons and “Hair Smoothing Products- That Could Release Formaldehyde,” U.S. Department of Labor 

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/hazard_alert.html
64

 

110 “Degrees Conferred by Sex and Race,” National Center for Education Statistics, 

http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72

111 “Census Bureau Reports Nearly 6 in 10 Advanced Degree Holders Age 25-29 Are Women,” U.S. Census Bureau, 

April 20, 2010 

http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/education/cb10-55.html

112 Kay McCleneney, “The Community College Option,” Center for Community College Student Engagement 

http://www.ccsse.org/center/news/article.cfm?ArticleID=4

113 “Engage to Excel: Producing One Million Additional College Graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, 

Engineering, and Mathematics,” President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology, February 2012 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-engage-to-excel-final_2-25-12.pdf

114 “Women In America: Indicators of Social and Economic Well-Being,” U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics 

and Statistics Administration, and Office of Management and Budget, March 2011 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/Women_in_America.pdf

115 Catherine Hill, Ph.D. , Christianne Corbett, Andresse St. Rose, Ed.D. “Why So Few?: Women in Science, 

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics” AAUW, 2010 

http://www.aauw.org/learn/research/upload/whysofew.pdf

116Ibid.

117 “Race to the Top Fund” U.S. Department of Education

http://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/index.html

118 Ibid.

119 “Occupational Outlook Handbook” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 29, 2012, 

http://www.bls.gov/ooh/home.htm

120 “Transportation You,” U.S. Department of Transportation http://www.transportationyou.org/

121 “Digital Learning Network” National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/dln/home/about.html; 

“Women in STEM High School Aerospace Scholars,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/teachingfromspace/students/wish.html,

“Aspire to Inspire,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://women.nasa.gov/a2i/

122 Scott E. Carrell, Marianne E. Page, and James E. West “Sex and Science: How Professor Gender Perpetuates the 

Gender Gap,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2010.

123 Avra Siegel, “STEM into the Future: A Roundtable Discussion With NASA’s Salaryn Mark,” Executive Office of the 

President, Office of Public Engagement, September 30, 2011

http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/09/30/stem-future-roundtable-discussion-nasas-saralyn-mark; and 

“Checking In on Our Council on Women and Girls’s Mentoring Program,” U.S. Department of Energy, July 26, 2011 

http://energy.gov/diversity/articles/checking-our-council-women-and-girls-mentoring-program
65

 

124 “Big Explosions and Strong Gravity” National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

http://bigexplosions.gsfc.nasa.gov;

“Astro4Girls and Their Families,” American Library Association http://www.ala.org/programming/astro4girls

125 Richard S. Hartunian, United States Attorney, Northern District of New York, and Thomas E. Perez, Assistant 

Attorney General, Civil Rights Division. “United States District Court, Northern District of New York, Syracuse 

Division, Case No.: 7:09-cv-411, United States Memorandum as Amicus Curiae in Response to Defendants Motion 

to Dismiss/Motion for Summary Judgment,” U.S. Department of Justice, August 13, 2010 

http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/edu/documents/prattamicus.pdf; 

“Departments of Justice and Education Reach Agreement with Tehachpi, California Public Schools Resolve 

Harassment Allegations,” U.S. Department of Justice, July 1, 2011 http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/July/11-

crt-872.html;

“Resolution Agreement Between Tehachapi Unified School District, the U.S. Department of Education, Office for 

Civil Rights, and the U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,” June 30, 2011

126 “Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972,” U.S. Department of Justice 

http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/titleix.php

127“Title IX & STEM: Promising Practices for Science, Technology, Engineering,” National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration, June 2009 http://odeo.hq.nasa.gov/documents/71900_HI-RES.8-4-09.pdf