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Crop Insects of Northeast

Africa-Southwest Asia

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 273

Agricultural Research Service

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
I

r^'^-m^.. m/éMMi

GENERAL AREA

COVERED IN

rTHIS HANDBOOK.

A MALTA L IRAN

B TUNISIA M AFGHANISTAN

C LIBYA N ISRAEL

D SUDAN 0 CYPRUS

E EGYPT P LEBANON

F ETHIOPIA Q SYRIA

G SOMALIA R IRAQ

H FR.SOMAL, S TURKEY

1 ADENPROT .T SAUDI ARABIA

J YEMEN U WEST PAKISTAN

K JORDAN V CRETE
Crop Insects of Northeast

Africa-Southwest Asia

By Joseph W. Gentry

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 273

Agricultural Research Service

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Washington, D.C. Issued January 1965

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price $1
Contents

Page

Polyphagous insects _ 2

Cereal insects 28

Insects affecting forage legumes 50

Cotton insects 5'

Insects affecting pome and stone fruits 72

Citrus insects ^^

Olive insects 106

Grape insects HI

Date palm insects 117

Insects affecting miscellaneous fruits 121

Nut insects 129

Insects affecting beets and related crops 135

Crucifer insects 140

Cucurbit insects 145

Insects affecting edible legumes 153

Insects affecting solanaceous crops 160

Insects affecting miscellaneous vegetables 168

Insects affecting stored products 174

Insects affecting special crops 184

Insects affecting ornamentals 191

Selected references 195

Index to species 199

Acknowledgments

Much assistance and encouragement have been given in the preparation of

this handbook. Appreciation is extended especially to R. Q. Gardenhire and

B. J. Hambleton of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for their interest and

assistance and to the following Department personnel: Entomologists G. T.

Brooks, G. E. Gavin, il. Q. Gardenhire, A. Kaatz, W. C. Kurtz, R. L. Linkfield,

E. R. Millet, F. M. Philips, W. O. Ridgway, G. B. Riley, D. M. Shallow, and

plant quarantine si)ecialist F. P. Hubert for their field collections and observations. Acknowledgment is also made to W. H. Anderson and taxonomic specialists in the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. National Museum

for determining many of the species included here and for reviewing the nomenclature in its final form, and to A. S. Talhouk for his generosity in arranging

for the use of facilities at the American University of Beirut library, where

most of the literature review was done. Dr. Anderson also made many helpful

suggestions in the preparation and presentation of the material.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST

AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA

By JOSEPH W. GENTRY,^ Plant Pest Control Division, Agricultural

Research Service

This handbook is intended to serve as a reference for economic entomologists, particularly those in plant-protection activities. It has been

compiled from personal observations and reports of Eegional Insect

Control Project personnel and their counterparts in several countries

within the northeast Africa-southwest Asia area and from economic

literature. The Regional Insect Control Project, under sponsorship of

the U.S. Department of State agencies for foreign technical assistance,

has aided countries in this general area in plant-protection operations

since the early 1950's.

Increased attention is being devoted to the crop-pest problem in the

developing countries of northeast Africa-southwest Asia, as pest control is an integral part of their economic effort in agriculture. Although broad programs of applied entomology, including survey,

plant quarantine, control, research, and extension, have been initiated

or revitalized in many places^ the pest situation will be complicated for

some time by changing agricultural patterns. Introduction of new

crops and crop varieties together with expanding crop practices, including reclamation, extensive irrigation, and intensive culture, will

undoubtedly lead to new insect problems involving native species or

introduced species that have become established in these countries.

In addition, the great increase in international traffic will multiply the

hazard of pest introduction into the various areas. Some interesting

examples of new pest conditions in these countries have appeared in

recent literature.

The risk of error inherent in an attempt to list crop insects of the

vast northeast Africa-southwest Asia area has been understood from

the outset of this work. The need for a readily available reference

source on general economic insects in the area outweighs such consideration. Great care has been exercised, nevertheless, to eliminate

all erroneous or questionable material.

Inasmuch as the subject has been approached from the economic

standpoint, the pests have been grouped primarily under crop categories. Further grouping by order, family, and genus and species is

intended to make the compilation more meaningful and facilitate its

use. In this system of presentation, it is not practical to place generalfeeding species under any one crop ; therefore, they have been placed

under the heading "Polyphagous Insects" and cross-referenced under

the different crops on which they feed.

^Assistant coordinator and survey specialist (1960-62), Regional Insect Control Project, Plant Pest Control Division, at Beirut, Lebanon. This project,

including publication of this handbook, is funded by the Agency for International

Development, U.S. Dei)artment of State.

1
2 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

To attempt to list all insects collected or reported from crop plants

in northeast Africa-southwest Asia is beyond the scope of this work.

Likewise, it is not possible to list complete host range and distribution.

Generally, distribution has been limited to the area under consideration, but in some cases occurrence in nearby areas is also shown. It

should be emphasized that within the area, host data and distribution

as well as information on biology, habits, and economic importance

are often incomplete or unavailable, primarily because of the lack of

knowledge on the general economic insect situation.

Pest species determined by cooperating taxonomic specialists of

the U.S. Department of Aginculture and the U.S. National Museum

are indicated in the text by an asterisk Ç^) after the name of the

country in which they were collected. A few special identifications

were made by the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology (London)

and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) and are indicated by a dagger (f) and double dagger (t), respectively, after the

name of the country.

The major literature sources used for this compilation were the

Review of Applied Entomology (vols. 1-50, 1902-62), the Société

Entomologique d'Egypte Bulletin (vols. 1-21, 1908-37), and the

Société Fouad Premier d'Entomologie Bulletin (vols. 22-44,1938-60).

Other sources consulted are included under Selected References at the

end of this handbook. Unpublished data, although reviewed, have not

been included in the reference?.

The Index to Species at the end of this publication will be helpful

in regard to nomenclature. Preferences of American specialists

often differ from those of Old World taxonomists.

POLYPHAGOUS INSECTS

Acariña

Tenuipalpidae (=Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Brevipalpus californicus (Banks). Citrus, guava, plum, grape,

other plants. Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, Israel, Italy. Some importance

on citrus in Egypt.

Brevipalpus obovatus Donn. {=inornafus (Banks)), privet mite.

Citrus, grape, cotton, tea, pear, ornamentals. Libya,"^ Cyprus, Egypt,*

Aden, Iran,* Ceylon. Damage to tea reported from Iran; apparently

some importance on cotton in some areas ; heavy infestations reported

from Libya on citrus.

Brevipalpus phoenicis (G.). Citrus, grape, deciduous fruit, ornamentals, palms, tea, coffee, other plants. Tunisia,* Egypt, Aden,

widely distributed.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 3

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Tetranychus atlanticus McG., strawiberry spider mite. Cotton,

watermelon, beans, apple, sweetclover, castorbean, many plants. Iran,*

Iraq,* Libya,* Egypt, Turkey. Major pest on cotton in Iraq; heavy

infestation on watermelon in Libya ; severe on apple in Turkey.

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Bdv.). Cotton, citrus, beans, rose, polyphagous. Tunisia,* Libya,* Lebanon,* Egypt,* Ethiopia,* Israel.

One of most important mites on cotton in Egypt; caused 10-percent

reduction of this crop in Israel.

Tetranychus telarius (L.), tAvo-spotted spider mite. Cotton, rose,

apple, citrus, beans, watermelon, polyphagous. Egypt, Libya,*

Lelbanon, Sudan, Somalia, Turkey, Israel, Syria, Pakistan, Iran,

Jordan, Cyprus, many other areas of w^orld. Minor pest on cotton in

Pakistan; important m Iran and Jordan; serious on beans and watermelon in Cyprus ; important on fruit in Libya ; most prevalent spider

mite in Egypt.

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

Acrotylus insubricus (Scop.). Tomato, cotton, rice. Libya,* Egypt,

Pakistan, Iran, Cyprus, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia).

Aiolopus savignyi (Kr.) {=A. affinis Bol.), Sudan plague locust.

Sorghum, millet, clover, other crops. Sudan, Cyprus, Iran, Egypt,

Pakistan, Yemen. May cause severe loss of seedlings in Sudan ; minor

pest in Iran and Pakistan.

Aiolopus strepens (Latr.). Alfalfa, clover, grasses, cotton, other

plants. Libya,* Egypt, Iran, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Pakistan.*

(Specimens collected in West Pakistan determined as Aiolopus sp.,

probably strepens (Latr.).) One of most important grasshoppers in

Egypt; minor pest in Iran and Pakistan.

Anacridium aegyptium (L.), Egyptian tree grasshopper. Alfalfa,

tobacco, citrus, apple, cotton. Libya,* Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan,* parts of U.S.S.R.,

Greece. Usually minor pest in Egypt ; occasionally damages cotton

in parts of Africa.

Anacridium moestum melanorhodon (Wlk), tree locust. Desert

trees and shrubs, grains, fruit trees, cotton, other plants. Sudan,*

Chad, Nigeria. Defoliates trees and moves into cropland; some infestations warrant control measures.

Arcyptera labiata (BruUe). Cereals, forage. Turkey, Greece.

Controls w^arranted in Turkey in 1959.

Calliptamus barbarus Costa { = C, sicukis Burm.). Wheat, com,

millet, alfalfa, tobacco, desert plants. Afghanistan,* West Pakistan,

Libya. Serious damage some years in West Pakistan, major pest of
4 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

com and millet; required controls in crops at Mimlah, Afghanistan,

in 1961.

Calliptamus italiens (L.), Italian locust. Cereals, forage, cotton,

vegetables, desert and other plants. Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Libya, Cyprus, U.S.S.R., Italy, Greece.

Serious polyphg^gous pest often requiring large-scale controls,

especially in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan.

Calliptamus palaestinensis Ramme. Tobacco, com, beets, other

crops, wild plants. Jordan, Israel.

Calliptamus turanicus Tarb. Cotton, cereals, other crops. Iran,

U.S.S.R. Economic species.

Catantops haemorrhoidalis Kr. Polyphagous. Pakistan, Sudan.

Catantops somalicus Sjöst. {=C. joycei Dirsh). Cotton, sorghum,

sunflower, sesame. Sudan, Somalia. Injurious to crops on occasion.

Chrotogonus homalodemus (Blanch.) { = 0, concavus Kirby, C, lugubris Blanch.). Cotton, beans, wheat, rice, polyphagous. West Pakistan, Iran to Sudan. Major pest in outbreaks in West Pakistan ; some

importance in other areas.

Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi Kirby. Cotton, tobacco, mustard, wheat, rice, many other crops. West Pakistan, Iran. Major

pest in West Pakistan ; minor pest in Iran.

Chrotogonus trachypterus traehypterus (Blanch.). Polyphagous,

especially millet, sesame, tobacco, castorbean, cotton, vegetables.

Afghanistan,* Pakistan, India. Heavy damage to vegetables at Lashkar Gar, Afghanistan, in 1961 ; major cotton and castorbean pest in

Pakistan ; particularly damaging to young crops.

Cyrtaeanthacris tatarica (L.). Cotton, rice, acacia, beans, castorbean, sesame, other crops. Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya,* other

areas of Africa south of Sahara, Pakistan, India. Usually solitary.

Minor pest on cotton and other crops in Pakistan ; economic importance

on seedlings in Somalia and Ethiopia.

Doeiostaurus kraussi (Ingen.). Cotton, other field crops. Iran,

parts of U.S.S.R. Economic species.

Doeiostaurus maroeeanus (Thunb.), Moroccan locust. Cereals, cotton, vegetables, polyphagous. Cyprus, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan,

Turkey, Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, U.S.S.R. (some areas), southern

Europe. Major pest in outbreaks; over 1 million acres controlled in

1960 in Iran; serious at times in Afghanistan; up to 70 percent of

cereals destroyed some years in areas of Iraq ; most important locust in

Cyprus.

Eyprepoenemis noxia Dirsh. Cotton, sorghum. Sudan. Injurious,

especially to sorghum grain.

Eyprepoenemis plorans (Charp.), berseem grasshopper. Cotton,

berseem, sugarcane, other crops. Libya, Egypt, Israel, U.S.S.R.

(Transcaucasia), Iran, Tunisia, Syria, Ethiopia, southern Europe.

Most important grasshopper on field crops in Egypt; minor pest in

Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 5

Kraussariaangulifera (Kr.). Millet, cotton. Sudan, Chad, Ethiopia. Considerable damage to millet.

Locusta migratoria (L.) (phase solitaria and migratoria). Sugarcane, rice, grape, other crops. Pakistan, India, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon,* Iraq, Iran, Egypt, parts of U.S.S.R. and Europe. Two generations in Turkey; in Mediterranean countries only solitary phase

occurs. Minor pest in Pakistan and Iran ; extensive damage to rice in

Turkey.

Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.), African migratory

locust. Graminaceous plants preferred, cotton, coffee, other plants

during periods of stress. Ethiopia, Sudan, other sub-Sahara

African areas, Israel. Caused heavy damage in outbreaks; probably

only outbreak area in Africa near Timbufiu; best known outbreak

began in 1928, covered most of continent in 5 years.

Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.), red locust. Grasses preferred,

cotton, other plants. Usually found in solitary phase. Attacks cotton in Sudan and other areas south of Sahara ; damage usually localized; last migratory outbreak began in 1930; outbreak areas exist in

southwest Tanganyika and Northern Rhodesia.

Ochrilidia pruinosa (Brunn.). Cyprus. Common.

Oedaleus decoras (Germ.). Cotton, alfalfa, wheat, other field crops.

Iran, parts of U.S.S.R. Economic species.

Oedaleus nigrofasciatus (DeG.). Polyphagous. Libya.

Oedaleus senegalensis (Kr.). Cotton, wheat, alfalfa, other crops.

Sudan, Iran, West Pakistan,* West Africa. Economic importance

in Iran.

Oedipoda caerulescens (L.). Cotton, tobacco, cereals, alfalfa, citrus,

other plants. Iran, Libya, southern Europe to central Africa. Feeds

on leaves and young plants. Some economic importance.

Oedipoda miniata (Pall.). Cotton, cucurbits, pastures. Cyprus,

Iran, eastern Mediterranean. Common in Cyprus ; minor pest in Iran.

Oxya velox ( F.). Sugarcane, rice, cotton. Pakistan, India, east Asia.

Minor pest in Pakistan.

Phymateus aegrotus ( Gerst. ). Field crops, polyphagous. Ethiopia,

Somalia, Kenya, Tanganyika. May form small bands and cause local

damage.

Phymateus pulcherrimus I. Bol. Field crops, polyphagous. Ethiopia (highlands). Forms bands and sometimes damages crops.

Phymateus viridipes Stal. Vegetables, trees, weeds. Sudan.*

Poekilocerus hieroglyphicus (Klug). Polyphagous. Egypt, Libya,

India, Pakistan. Minor pest on sugarcane in Pakistan.

Poekilocerus pictus (F.). Bamboo, cotton, Calotropis. West Pakistan, India. Serious injury to bamboo and Calotropis at times ; minor

pest on cotton.

Pyrgodera armata F. W. Field crops. Iran, Israel. Economic

species in Iran.
6 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), desert locust. Polyphagous (damages many crops including cereals, forage, citrus, vegetables). Invades large areas of Africa and Middle East; may cause damage from

Morocco to India to Aral Sea, U.S.S.R., southward ; historically

famous plague insect, causes widespread devastation and famine.

Subject of extensive study and international control programs. Major

pest. (Fig. 1.)

Sphingoderus carinatus (Sauss.). Desert plants, cotton, cereals.

Afghanistan,* Iran, Iraq. Sometimes causes minor damage in Iran.

Sphingonotus azurescens (Riimh.). Polyphagous. Libya.

Thisoicetrinus pterostichus (F. W.). Tomato, eggplant, tobacco,

cereals, cotton, alfalfa, other crops. Turkey, Iran, Israel, Iraq,

U.S.S.R. Migrates from drying gra.ss. Causes damage in Turkey;

economic species in Iran.

Thisoicetrus littoralis (Ramb.). Cotton, cucurbits, other field crops.

Egypt, Sudan, Cyprus. One of most important grasshoppers in

Egypt.

FIGURE 1.—Schistocerca gregarm attacking millet.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 7

Truxalis nasuta (L.). Cotton, grape, nee. Libya, Egypt, Jordan,

Israel, West Pakistan. Of minor concern on cotton and rice in West

Pakistan.

Tuarega insignis (Lucas). Desert shrubs, other phxnts. Libya.*

Zonocerus variegatus (L.). Cotton, palms, fruit trees, corn, many

other plants. Sudan, other areas north of Equator. One of most

important nonmigratory grasshoppers on cotton in Africa; injurious

to many other crops.

Gryllidae (crickets)

Acheta domesticus (L.), house cricket, black head cricket. Cotton,

wheat, stored products, grasses, other crops, polyphagous. Pakistan,

Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Egypt, Israel, Libya, widespread. Serious

outbreaks in cotton and other crops in Pakistan, wdiere it is major pest,

destroying autumn crops some years; important on stored products

in Iran.

Brachytrupes megacephalus (Lef.). Roots of peanut, grasses, vegetables, nursery stock, polyphagous. Libya,* Tunisia. Serious pest in

Libya; occasionally serious in Tunisia; some peanut plantings completely destroyed in Libya in 1962 and other years.

Gryllus bimaculatus DeG., two-spotted cricket. Cotton, tobacco,

wheat, crucifers, cucurbits, other plants. Israel, Pakistan, Cyprus,

Iran, Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanganyika, Rhodesia. Attacks seedlings, causing economic damage. Major importance on

wheat and crucifers in Pakistan ; sporadic in Mediterranean countries.

Gryllus campestris L. Wheat, barley, cotton, tobacco, other crops,

nursery plants. Iran, Libya, Greece. Feeds on young leaves, buds,

young seedlings, causing medium to severe damage when populations

are heavy enough.

Melanogryllus desertus (Pall.). Vegetables, other crops. Afghanistan,* Iran, Iraq, Cyprus. Economic species.

Oecanthus pellucens (Scop.). Cereals, cotton, grape, fruit trees,

other plants. Libya, Iran, Cyprus, east Africa, U.S.S.R.

Tartarogryllus burdigalensis (Latr.). Iran, Iraq, Israel, U.S.S.R.

(Transcaucasia). Cotton, beets, melons, other crops. Minor pest.

Gryllotalpidae (molecrickets)

Gryllotalpa africana P. de B., African mole cricket. Grass roots,

cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, other crops. Libya,* Egypt, Israel, Ethiopia, Somalia, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan.* Serious pest in Iran;

minor pest on tobacco in Pakistan.

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.) { =vvlgaris Latr.), European mole

cricket, common mole cricket. Cotton, tea, vegetables, nursery stock,

corn, other plants. Turkey, Tunisia,* Lebanon,* Israel, Syria, Saudi

Arabia, Libya, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan,* Egypt, Europe.
8 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 273, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Serious pest in Syria and Lebanon; heavy damage to roots of vegetables in Egypt and seedlings in Cyprus ; serious damage also observed

in Tunisia.

Gryllotalpa unispina Sauss. Vegetables, cotton. Iran, U.S.S.K.

Serious pest in Iran.

Schizodactylidae

Schizodactylus monstrosus Drury. Polyphagous. Afghanistan,*

Pakistan, India. Thought to be sometimes harmful to roots m local

areas.

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

Decticus albifrons (F.). Wheat, corn, cotton, melons, polyphagous.

Iran, Cyprus, Libya, Israel, Iraq, other Mediterranean areas, southern

U.S.S.R. Damages heads of cereals locally in Iraq and Libya some

years.

Decticus annaelisae Ramme. Cotton, tobacco, com, alfalfa, wheat,

melons, many other crops. Iran. Feeds on leaves, stems, young

seedlings. Some economic importance.

Tettigonia caudata (Charp.). Alfalfa, cotton, cereals. Afghanistan,* Iran, Iraq, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia). Economic species.

Tettigonia viridissima (L.). Cotton, cereals, beets, legumes, other

plants. Cyprus, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia), Iraq, Iran, Greece.

Economic species in Iran and Cyprus.

Dermaptera

Forficulidae (earwigs)

Forfícula auricularia L., common or European earwig. Polyphagous, also scavenger and predator. Tunisia, Cyprus, Turkey,* Israel,

Iran,* Libya, Egypt, north Africa through Europe to west Asia.

(Fig. 2.)

Isoptera

Termitidae (termites)

Armtermes vilis (Hagen). Dry wood, roots and stems of field crops.

Iran,* Iraq. Economic species in Iran.

Macrotermes herus (Sjöst.). Crops. Sudan.* Damaging infestations reported.

Microtermes obesi Holmgr. Sugarcane, grains, cotton, pepper, tomato, peanut, houses. West Pakistan, India. Attacks roots, causing

death of plant. Major pest.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 9

FIGURE 2.—Forfícula auricularia.

Odontotermes obesus (Ramb.). Sugarcane, pepper, tomato, peanut,

other crops. Pakistan, India. Major pest some years, especially in

West Pakistan.

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Haplothrips clarisetis Pries. Cabbage, beets, lemon, other plants.

Egypt, Israel, southern Africa. Common in Egypt.

Thripidae (thrips)

Frankliniella intonsa (Tryb.). Wheat, flax, potato, lettuce, alfalfa.

Iran, Europe. Attacks leaves, heads, flowers. Some economic

importance.

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) { = aegyptia(ms March., Dictyothri'ps

zaTioniana Del Guer. ). Grape, cotton, plum, walnut, persimmon, vegetables, other plants. Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Israel, Somalia,

Sudan,* other areas of Asia and Africa. Seven generations per year

in Israel. Feeds on leaves and fruit, causing defoliation and shriveling. Important pest.

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. Pepper, eggplant, tomato preferred;

beans, cotton, peanut, tea, other plants. Pakistan, India, southeast
10 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Asia. Serious pest on peppers and tomato iri West Pakistan in 1957 ;

damaging pest in India.

Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), red-banded thrips. Beans,

mango, polyphagous. Sudan,* equatorial Africa.

Thrips angusticeps (Uzel), cabbage thrips. Grasses, crucifers, legumes, polyphagous. Libya, Egypt, Cyprus. Common in Egypt.

Thrips major Uzel. Polyphagous. Israel.

Thrips tabaci Lind., onion thrips. Cotton, cabbage, onion, beets, tobacco, polyphagous. Iran,* Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Pakistan^ Cyprus, Israel, Somalia, Greece, widespread

throughout world. Serious damage to cotton in Syria and tobacco in

Turkey; destroys up to 75 percent of onion crop in some areas of

Pakistan; may destroy 90 percent of young cotton in Lower Egypt;

most serious thrips in Egypt. Important pest. Virus vector of

tobacco, tomato, pineapple diseases.

Heteroptera

Coreidae (coreidbugs)

Anoplocnemis curvipes F. Mango, okra, fig, cotton, citrus, polyphagous. Somalia, Sudan,* tropical and equatorial Africa. Principal

damage to tender shoots. Minor pest.

Leptoglossus membranaceus (F.). Citrus, cucurbits, vegetables.

Sudan,* Rhodesia, southern Africa, wide areas of Africa and Asia.

Damages citrus fruit, also cucurbits.

Lygaeidae (lygaeidbugs)

Leptodemus minutus (Jak.). Olive, orange, other plants. Libya.*

May be of some importance.

Nysius cymoides (Spin.). Grape, other fruit, tobacco, crucifers,

polyphagous. Egypt, Sudan, Cyprus, Israel. Common, importance

apparently undetermined in Egypt; sometimes injurious in Cyprus;

damaging to seed pods of crucifers in Israel.

Spilostethus (Lygaeus) pandurus (Scop.). Corn, sesame, grape,

artichoke, tomato, cotton, fruit trees, other plants. Libya,* Lebanon,*

Egypt, Sudan, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Ethiopia, Somalia, east Africa,

India. Common in Egypt; minor importance in Pakistan; light

infestations on artichoke reported from Ethiopia.

Miridae (plant bugs)

Campylomma diversicornis Reut. Cotton, cucurbits, castorbean.

Iran,* Turkey, Greece, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia).

Campylomma nicolasi Put. & Reut. Cotton, corn, beans, sorghum,

other plants. Turkey, Egypt, Sudan (irrigated areas), southern

France. Attacks cotton bud, flower, stem, causing abnormal growth.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 11

Creontiades pallidus (Ramb.), cotton square shedder. Cotton,

clover, alfalfa, corn, grasses. Syria, Egypt, Libya, Aden, Sudan,

Cyprus, AraJbia, Turkey, Congo. Attacks cotton buds, flowers, stems;

presence may be indicated by minute punctures on buds and bolls.

Minor pest in Aden and Sudan ; serious in Syria.

Deraeocoris punctulatus (Fall.). Alfalfa, grape, crucifers. Iran,*

Afghanistan,* Turkey, Lebanon,* U.S.S.E. Species partly predaceous. Keported as common in alfalfa in some areas of Iran in

1958.

Helopeltis schoutedeni Reut. Cotton, legumes, mango, guava, many

other hosts. Common Helopeltis species in Sudan, other north equatorial areas across Africa. Small numbers can cause considerable

injury to cotton {H, hergrothi Reut, now known to be rare on cotton) ;

produces dark-green sunken lesions, distortion, dwarfing, bunching

of leaves.

Itygus gemellatus (H.-S.). Alfalfa, grasses, radish, polyphagous.

Afghanistan,* Egypt. Light populations observed in alfalfa in

Afghanistan.

Lygus pratensis (L.). Alfalfa, cotton, beets, potato, other plants.

Lebanon,* Iran,* Turkey, Afghanistan, Europe through Asiatic

Russia. Medium infestations observed in alfalfa in Iran.

Lygus rugulipennis Popp. Wheat, beets, alfalfa. Egypt, Turkey,*

Europe. Species frequently confused with Z. pratensis. Serious damage to wheat in U.S.S.R, and Finland; pest of alfalfa in Turkey.

Stenodema (Stenodema) laevigatum (L.). Alfalfa, cereals, cotton.

Afghanistan,* Turkey. Mainly pest of cereals in Turkey ; light populations observed in alfalfa in Afghanistan.

Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanch.) {=Lygus apicaUs Fieb.).

Wheat, alfalfa, lentil, other crops. Egypt, other Mediterranean and

African areas. Prevalent populations reported.

Trigonotylus brevipes Jak. Grasses, clover, beans, other plants.

Egypt.

Pentatomidae (stinkbugs)

Agonoscelis pubescens Thimb. {=A, versicolor (F.)), Sudan durra

bug, andat bug. Sorghum, citrus, cotton, cucurbits, beans, sesame,

other plants. Sudan,* Ethiopia,* Somalia, Egypt, widely distributed

in Africa. Clusters in trees during resting periods. Can cause

serious injury to sorghum ; pest on cotton bolls, outbreaks follow year

of heavy rainfall. Annual control campaign conducted in Sudan.

Calidea bohemam (Stal). Cotton, citrus, coffee, other plants. Ethiopia,* Sudan, Tanganyika, Rhodesia. Pest on cotton in Tanganyika

only.

Calidea dregii Germ. Cotton, sorghum, sunflower, polyphagous.

Sudan, Somalia, several countries south of Sahara. On cotton, attacks

green bolls. Regarded as pest in Tanganyika.

Calidea duodecimpunctata (F.). Cotton, vegetables, alfalfa.

Sudan.* Low numbers usually, but heavy local outbreaks some years.
12 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Calidea nana (Hahn and H.-S.). Cotton, sesame, millet. Sudan.

Occasionally serious pest.

Carpocoris pudicus (Poda). Cereals, crucifers, filbert, pistachio,

other plants. Egypt, Lebanon,* Iran,* Europe, Afghanistan.* Injurious pest in some areas.

Carpocoris purpureipennis (DeG.). Wheat, other cereals, crucifers,

potato, carrot. Afghanistan,* Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Libya, east

Asia. Injurious to vegetables in east Asia.

Dolycoris baccarum (L.). Cereals, tobacco, vegetables, fruit, polyphagous. Egypt, Libya, Lebanon,* Iran,* Iraq,* Afghanistan,*

Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, European U.S.S.R. Prefers young and soft

parts of plants. Up to 70 per square meter reported in cereals in

Iran in 1958; no important damage; minor pest in Libya; required

controls in Cyprus.

Dolycoris penicillatus (Horv.). Wheat, tomato, alfalfa, cotton, sunflower. Iran, U.S.S.R. (Turkestan). Damages terminal parts of

plant, flowers, fruit. Minor to medium economic importance.

Eusarcoris inconspicuus (H.-S.). Forage legumes, cotton, other

low plants. Libya,* Egypt, Sudan, Cyprus, West Pakistan.*

Common in Egypt.

Nezara viridula (L.), southern green stink bug, green vegetable bug.

Corn, alfalfa, cotton, vegetables, polyphagous. Arabia, Egypt, Ethiopia,* Sudan,* Aden, Lebanon, Cyprus, Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq,

Israel, Turkey, Greece, widespread in temperate areas of world. May

have four generations in Israel. Attacks developing fruit. Sometimes important on vegetables in Sudan ; minor pest on cotton in Pakistan, Iran, Africa ; not serious on cotton in Egypt. Important pest

damaging many crops. (Fig. 3.)

Piezodorus lituratus (F.) {=incamatus Germ.). Wheat, alfalfa( ?), plum, okra. Iraq,* Tunisia,* Italy, Sudan,* U.S.S.R. (European). Collected on wheat heads in Iraq; damaging to plum in

Italy ; medium infestation reported on okra in Sudan.

Stenozygum coloratum (Klug). Polyphagous. Israel, Cyprus,

Egypt. ^ Limited importance in Israel ; causes severe damage on

Cappari.s spinosa in Egypt.

Rhopalidae ( = Coreidae)

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). Tobacco, cotton, cereals, legumes. Libya,

Egypt, Afghanistan,* Lebanon,* east Africa, Cyprus, U.S.S.R., other

areas. Attacks cotton bolls. Common in Egypt ; prevalent on tobacco

seed heads in area of Afghanistan in 1961.

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) {=gossyj)iperda M. & L.), cotton Avhitefly,

sweetpotato whitefly. Cotton, cucurbits, tomato, many other plants.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 13

^1»^

'*'*:

FIGURE 3.—Nezara viridula damage to peas.

West Pakistan, Iraq, Lebanon,* Israel, Iran, Aden, Afghanistan,*

Libya,* Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan,* Kenya, India, Portugal,* Greece,

many other areas. Major pest on cotton in West Pakistan; serious in

Sudan where it transmits leaf curl virus and causes direct injury;

important pest on other crops.

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.), greenhouse whitefly. Cucurbits, tomato, hibiscus, hollyhock, other plants. Israel, Portugal,* Iran

(greenhouse),* Ethiopia,* widely distributed. Heavy infestations
14 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

develop on cucurbit leaves causing wilting in Israel ; tomato pest in

many areas.

Aphidae (aphids)

Acyrthosiphon (Aulacorthum) solani (Kltb.), foxglove aphid (formerly in genus Myzus), Potato, tomato, other Solanaceae, polyphagous. Lebanon,* Israel, Ethiopia,* Europe, many other areas. Virus

vector on potato and otlier plants.

Aphis gossypii Glov., cotton aphid, melon aphid. Cotton, cucurbits,

many other plants. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Syria, Aden, Ethiopia,* Somalia, Iran,* Libya,* Sudan,* Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon,* Cyprus, Jordan, cosmopolitan. Only aphid of

importance on cotton in Africa ; very injurious on cucurbits in Middle

East, feeds on underside of leaves causing curling and wilting; severe

cotton losses in Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Aden.

Myzus persicae (Sulz.), green peach aphid. Solanaceous crops,

Eosaceae, many other plants. Tunisia,* Egypt, Iran,* Libya,* Ethiopia, Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon,* Iraq, cosmopolitan. Sometimes causes heavy damage to tomato, tobacco, related

crops; no serious damage in Middle East on fruit trees. Spreads

virus diseases.

Smynthurodes betae Westw. { = Trifidaphis phaseoU (Pass.)), root

louse. Peas, beans, cotton, pistachio, some other plants. Egypt, Israel, Iran, Turkey, India, Europe, other areas. Sometimes causes

heavy damage to roots of crops ; produces gall formations on pistachio

leaves.

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Asterolecanium pustulans (Ckll.). Fig, grape, cotton, many other

plants. Egypt, Israel, east Africa. Produces deformed, pitted twigs.

Sometimes injurious in Egypt and Israel; heaviest damage to fig in

Egypt.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Empoasca decedens Paoli. Beets, cotton, citrus, other fruit trees.

Afghanistan,* Iran,* Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, western Mediterranean.

Heavy infestations observed on various crops in Afghanistan and on

cotton in Iran.

Empoasca decipiens Paoli. Cotton, beets, grape, citrus, deciduous

fruit, cucurbits, other plants. Egypt, Morocco, Afghanistan,* Iran,*

West Pakistan, Israel, Cyprus, parts of Europe. Common in Spain;

minor pest in Egypt; causes defoliation of grape in West Pakistan;

heavy infestations observed on various crops in Afghanistan and on

cotton in Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 15

Empoasca devastans Dist., cotton leafhopper. Cotton, potato, tomato, eggplant, okra, other plants. Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,

Serious pest of cotton and potato in West Pakistan ; common damaging

cotton leafhopper of India; on cotton causes discoloration, rolling

under, withering of leaves.

Empoasca dolichi Paoli. Cotton, peanut, other legumes. Somalia,

Congo, southern Africa.

Empoasca facialis (Jac), cotton leafliopper. Cotton, sweetpotato,

castorbean. Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, areas south of Sahara.

Heavy infestations may cause ''hopperburn'' and defoliation of cotton ;

one of two most important cotton leafhoppers in Africa. Serious pest.

Empoasca flavescens (F.). Cotton, eggplant, potato, hibiscus, tea,

castorbean, fruit trees. Aden, Cyprus, Egypt, Pakistan. Minor pest

in Pakistan.

Empoasca lyhica (Berg.), cotton jassid, green leafhopper. More

important on cotton, potato, tomato, eggplant, okra, grape, beans,

feeds on many plants. Widespread in eastern Africa as far south as

Tanganyika; Egypt, Israel, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Aden, Libya. As

many as eight generations develop per year in Israel. One of most important cotton pests in Sudan, 600,000 acres treated in 1962 ; serious on

grape and cotton in Spain ; important on vegetables in Israel.

Erythroneura (Zyginidia) asiática Kusn. Alfalfa, cotton, cucumber.

Iran, U.S.S.R. (Turkestan). Attacks underside of leaves. Medium

to severe infestations.

Erythroneura lubiae China. Cotton, legumes, other plants. Somaha, Sudan. Minor pest on cotton in Sudan. Economic species on

beans.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Ceroplastes sinensis Del G., Chinese wax scale. Citrus, tea, grape,

fig, pome and stone fruits, polyphagous. Iran, Turkey, Tunisia,

U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia), southern Europe. Important in some areas

of Iran and Turkey ; minor pest in Transcaucasia ; serious infestations

on citrus in Spain and Italy.

Coccus elongatus (Sign.) {=-longuhis Dough). Custardapple, coffee, acacia, some other plants. Lebanon,* Egypt, Ethiopia,* east

Africa.

Coccus hesperidum L., brown soft scale. Citrus, fig, tea, oleander,

acacia, other tropical and subtropical plants. Afghanistan (greenhouse),* Iran,* Lebanon,* Saudi Arabia, Libya, Israel, Turkey,

Cyprus, Ethiopia,* Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia,

widespread throughout world, frequently in greenhouses. Sometmies

injurious to young citrus. Important in areas of Ethiopia and Libya.

Damage mostly from honeydew. ( Fig. 4. )

Coccus viridis (Green), green scale. Coffee, tea, citrus, mango,

guava, other plants. Ethiopia, Sudan, east Africa, many other areas.

Large numbers reported from Sudan.

737-632 O—64 2
16 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 4.—Coccus hesperidum.

Pulvinaria psidii Mask., green shield scale, guava mealy scale, green

top louse. Citrus, guava, coflFee, mango, other trees. Tunisia, Egypt,

other areas of Africa, parts of Asia including Pakistan. Some importance on citrus and mango in Pakistan.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.-Tozz.), hemispherical scale. Citrus, fig, t«a, ornamentals, polyphagous. Turkey, Ethiopia,* Israel,

Egypt, Afghanistan,* Pakistan, tropical and subtropical areas of

world. Minor pest on guava ; sometimes serious on tea in Pakistan ;

heavy infestations on citrus in Ethiopia.

Saissetia nigra (Nietn.). Cotton, false peppertree, tea, other plants.

Pakistan, India, Egypt, Ethiopia,* other areas of Africa. Widespread
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 17

on cotton in Africa, often producing large amounts of honeydew leading to sooty molds ; sometimes serious infestations in Pakistan.

Scdssetia oleae (Bern.), black scale, olive soft scale. Olive, oleander,

citrus, many other plants. Tunisia,* Turkey,* Libya, Iran, Syria,

Lebanon, Israel, Somalia, Ethiopia, Cyprus, Egypt, widespread in

subtropical and tropical regions of world. Heavy infestations on

olive in Turkey and Libya; important on olive in Iran, killed many

trees in 1958; main damage, honeydew; serious on citrus in some

north African areas. Important pest.

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Aspidiotus britannicus Newst., holly scale (some authors place in

Dynaspidiotm), Olive, carrot, holly, ivy, barberry, other plants.

Cyprus, Lebanon, Libya, Jordan, Egypt. Infests leaves. Minor pest

in Cyprus.

Aspidiotuscamelliae Sign. {^Hemiberlesiara'pax (Comst.) ),greedy

scale. Citrus, palms, ornamentals, many other hosts. Iran, Egypt,

India, Europe, widespread. Some importance on citrus in Iran.

Aspidiotus cyanophylli Sign. Pittosporum^ palms, fig, tea, coffee,

other plants. Tunisia,* Greece, widespread in tropical areas and

greenhouses.

Aspidiotus destructor Sign., coconut scale, bourbon scale. Coconut

palm preferred, mango, banana, castorbean, papaya, many other

plants. Egypt, Somalia, other African areas, Pakistan, Iran, south

Asia. Chief pest of banana in Somalia; major pest of coconut m

Pakistan, also important on mango ; destructive to coconut palm and

banana in other areas.

Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.), oleander scale. Olive, apple, mango,

palms, oleander, citrus, polyphagous. Tunisia,* Libya,* Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon,* Iran, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Ethiopia,* southem Europe, general in tropical and subtropical areas of world. Prevalent and damaging in Tunisia; important in Israel, Iran, Lebanon;

very serious in Syria. Serious pest of many plants. (Fig. 5.)

Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) lataniae Sign. Almond, apricot, mulberry, mango, rose, many woody plants. Ethiopia,* Sudan,* Lebanon,

Egypt, Pakistan, Jordan, tropical and subtropical areas of world.

Important in some areas of Libya ; minor pest on guava in Pakistan.

Chrysomphalus (Mycetaspis) personatus (Comst.). Fig, mango,

banana, citrus, other plants. Egypt.

Fiorinia fioriniae (Targ.-Tozz.). Polyphagous, especially palms.

Egypt, Europe, northern and tropical Africa.

Melanaspis inopinata (Leon.). Pistachio, apple, almond, walnut,

maple, ash. Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Israel. Makes cavities on small

branches. Serious pest.

Parlatoria cinérea Hadd. Citrus, apple, mango, other plants. West

Pakistan, India, east Asia.
18 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 5.—Aspidiotus hederae.

Parlatorio oleae (Colv.), olive parlatoria, olive scale. Olive, pear,

apple, citrus, stone fniit, other hosts. Turkey,* Iran, Libya, Egypt,

Pakistan, Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Syria, Iraq,

southern Europe. Heavy infestations on olive in Turkey and olive

and stone fruit in Libya ; serious pest of fruit in Syria and Pakistan;

no importance on citrus in Israel ; minor pest on olive in Tunisia.

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Sign.), fern scale. Citrus, fig, palms, polyphagous. Mediterranean basin, cosmopolitan.

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morg.). Palms, olive, oleander, ivy, other

hosts. Ethiopia.* Observed in heavy scale infestation on palms in

Ethiopia.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 19

Margarodidae (margarodid scales)

Drosicha (Monophlebus) stebbingi (Green) {^manglferas

(Green)), mango mealybug, giant mealybug. Mango, citrus, guava,

some other trees. West Pakistan, India. Serious pest, causing damage

on terminals and branches.

Drosichiella (Monophlebus) tamarindus Green. Fig, citrus,

banana, other plants. West Pakistan. Some importance.

Icerya aegyptiaca (Dough), Egyptian fluted scale, Egyptian mealybug. Over 100 hosts including fig, coJÏee, citrus, palms, tea, castorbean. Egypt, Israel, Somalia, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Kenya. Damaged shade trees in Egypt.

Icerya seychellarum (Westw.). Polyphagous, including citrus and

many other fruits. West Pakistan through southeast Asia, southeast

Africa.

Ortheziidae (ensign scales)

Orthezia insignis Browne, greenhouse orthezia. Citrus, rose, eggplant,, sweetpotato, polyphagous. Egypt, other areas of Africa, Portugal,* widespread in other areas.

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Ferrisia virgata ( Ckll.), striped mealybug. Cotton, Anrwna, banana,

citrus, legumes, tobacco, polyphagous. Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia,* other areas of Africa, Pakistan, other tropical areas. Sometimes locally severe in Africa, producing much honeydew; infests

citrus in Sudan and Aden; severe infestations observed on Annona

fruit at Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

Nipaecoccus vastator (Mask.). (H. M. Morrison, U.S. Dept. Agr.,

considered N, vastator and Pseudococcus fUarmntosv^ Ckll. distinct

but sometimes misidentified. Some other authors consider P, ßl^-

mentosm a synonym of N. vastator,) Citrus, grape, cotton, polyphagous. Egypt, Iran, West Pakistan, east Africa, wide areas of equatorial Africa. Important on citrus in Egypt, destroyed shade trees

in Cairo.

Phenacoccus hirsutus Green, hibiscus mealybug. Many plants, most

important citrus, cotton, beans, peanut, trees, grape. Egypt, Sudan,*

Pakistan eastward to New Guinea. Important pest of cotton m India,

hibiscus in Philippines; most damaging mealybug on trees in Egypt;

infestations required control on citrus in Khartoum Province, Sudan,

in 1962.

Pseudococcus adonidum (L.), long-tailed mealybug. Fig, citrus,

palms, coffee, grape, polyphagous. Tunisia,* Israel, Iran, Libya,

Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, other areas of Africa and Asia, southern

Europe, cosmopolitan in warm climates and greenhouses. Common

on citrus in Mediterranean area.
20 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pseudococcus (Dysmicoccus) brevipes (CklL), pineapple mealybug.

Pineapple, sugarcane, palms, citrus, coffee, other plants. Sudan,*

Egypt, east Africa. Associated with pineapple wilt disease ; pest of

sugarcane.

Pseudococcus (Planococcus) citri (Risso), citrus mealybug. Citrus,

grape, coffee, date palm, banana, many other plants. Saudi Arabia,

Libya, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Sudan, Iran,

Iraq, Egypt, Tunisia, tropical and subtropical areas of world. Feeds

on all parts of plants including roots. Can cause severe injury in

Mediterranean region ; important on citrus in Israel.

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.), Comstock mealybug. Citrus, apple, many other plants. Iran, Israel, India, widespread. Occasionally

important on citrus in Israel.

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh.), grape mealybug. Grape, citrus,

pear, walnut, banana, other plants. Egypt, Iran, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia), many other areas. Severe infestations reported on citrus

in Iran.

Pseudococcus (Nipaecoccus) nipae (Mask.), coconut mealybug.

Palms, fig, grape, avocado. Mediterranean area, other tropical and

subtropical areas.

Puto (Macrocerococcus) superbus (Leon.). Polyphagous. Iran,

southern U.S.S.R., Mediterranean area.

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Amsacta lactinea (Cr^m.). Cotton, castorbean, rice, sunflower.

Pakistan, India. Minor pest on cotton ; severe on rice seedlings.

Amsacta moorei (Butl.). Cotton, cowpea, peanut, com, sorghum,

castorbean. Pakistan, India. Minor pest on cotton seedlings in

Pakistan ; some importance on other crops ; corn among favored host

plants.

Diacrisia investigatorum (Karsch). Alfalfa, cereals, cotton, many

other plants. Somalia, Ethiopia, Nyasaland, Uganda. Attacks cotton

seedlmgs in Ethiopia, occasionally occurs in outbreaks.

Diacrisia obliqua (Wlk.), jute hairy caterpillar. Beans, sesame, peanut, jute, cotton, corn, rice, other plants. Pakistan, India, east Asia.

Can cause complete defoliation of crops. Major pest of peanut,

castorbean, jute, other crops in Pakistan.

Pericallia ricini (F.). Cotton, castorbean, cucurbits, Calotropis.

West Pakistan. Minor pest on leaves.

Noctuidae ( =Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Agrotis fíamtnatra (Denis & Schiff.). Grains, potato, tobacco,

cotton. Syria, Iran, Pakistan, India, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia), Europe. Damaging pest.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 21

Agrotis Ípsilon (Hufn.), black cutworm, greasy cutworm, dark sword

grass moth. Cotton, grasses, tobacco, peanut, vegetables, many other

plants. Lebanon,* Cyprus, Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Libya,* Tunisia,

Syria, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Turkey, U.S.S.K. (Transcaucasia),

probably cosmopolitan. Important on many crops; pest of seedlings;

serious m many areas. Most troublesome cutworm in Egypt; as much

as 15-percent damage to field crops by Agrotis spp. in Turkey.

Agrotis orbona (Hufn.). Many plants, mainly herbaceous ornamentals. Tunisia.

Agrotis prónuba (L.), large yellow underwing. Cereals, beans,

tobacco, grape, beets, other root crops, polyphagous. Libya,* Tunisia,

Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Europe, U.S.S.K. (Transcaucasia).

Injurious to vegetables in Libya, tobacco in Turkey; serious in

Lebanon.

Anua tirhaca (Cram.). Pomegranate, pistachio, myrtle, polyphagous. Iraq, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Cyprus, Old World tropical and

subtropical areas. Damaging in Iraq; fruit-piercing moth in some

areas.

Autographa gamma (L.), silver-y moth. Peas, alfalfa, beets, polyphagous, especially vegetables. Arabia, Lebanon, Libya, Tunisia,

Twkey, Iraq, Iran, Cyprus, Egypt, Europe through Asia. Damaging

in periodic outbreaks, less severe in west Asia than Europe.

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.). Solanaceous crops, cotton, corn,

beans, crucifers, wild herbs. Iraq, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Cyprus,

Israel, Egypt, Greece, tropical and subtropical areas of Old World.

Vegetable pest in many parts of world ; important on tomato in

Tunisia ; chemical control seldom necessary in Near East.

Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.). Cotton, vegetables, many other

plants. Iraq, Turkey, Iran, XJ.S.S.E. (Transcaucasia, Turkestan).

Diachrysia orichalcea (F.). Cotton, cabbage, beans, cucurbits, polyphagous. Pakistan, Libya,* Egypt, India, Ethiopia,* east Africa;

widespread in Old World tropical areas. Can be damaging to vegetables; major pest of cabbage in Pakistan.

Eublemma brachygonia Hmpsn. Castorbean, sorghum, com,

tomato, cotton. Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, other areas of Africa. Attacks seeds.

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.). Beets, cabbage, watermelon, cotton,

tobacco, flax, wheat, barley, other crops. Iran, Arabia, Pakistan,

Europe into Asia. Larvae attack germinating seeds, stems and roots

of young plants. Severe pest in Iran.

Euxoa segetum (Denis & Schiff.), turnip moth, winter cutworm.

Polyphagous, especially grains, cotton, tobacco, beets, potato, crucifers.

Libya,* Tunisia, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Sudan, Arabia, Israel, Egypt,

Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Pakistan, other areas in Asia, Africa, Europe. Major damage to potato in Pakistan, important on tobacco;

widespread damage to beets and potato in Europe; 1 year's loss m

Russia was 500,000 acres of crops; observed destroying crucifer transplants in Ethiopia. Important pest.
22 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Euxoa spinifera (Hbn.). Cotton^ tobacco, corn, beets, other plants.

Tunisia, Aden, Iraq, Turkey, Cyprus, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Sudan,

Israel, Pakistan, India, east Africa, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia). Minor

pest in Pakistan, other areas; can cause important damage in Tunisia.

Feltia exclamationis (L.), heart and dart moth. Root crops, cereals,

tobacco, other plants. Iraq, Libya, Turkey, Iran, Europe, central

Asia. Severe damage to transplants in Iran ; important pest in other

areas.

Heliothis armígera (Hbn.), Old World bollworm, African cotton

bollworm. Cotton, tobacco, tomato, corn, okra, legumes, polyphagous. Ethiopia, Somalia, Iran,* Aden, Turkey, Cyprus, Yemen,*

Tunisia, Libya, Sudan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Egypt.

(Together with H, zea^ cosmopolitan.) Major pest causing loss on

many crops; important on cotton and tobacco in Iran ; low populations

in Egypt; minor pest on cotton in Pakistan, but major pest on corn;

heavy damage to tomato, cotton, okra reported from Sudan and to

beans in Libya.

Heliothis dipsácea (L.). Com, flax, soybean, tobacco, tomato, cotton, beets, peas, alfalfa. Iran, U.S.S.R. Larvae feed on leaves and

fruit. Severe damage reported in Iran.

Heliothis nubigera H.-S. Watermelon, tobacco, tomato, apple, wild

plants. Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Syria, other Mediterranean

areas, Somalia, wide areas of Asia. Damages leaves and young fruit

occasionally in Egypt ; heavy damage in Tunisia.

Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiff.). Cotton, tobacco, sorghum,

sunflower, ornamentals, polyphagous. Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Israel,

Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan, rather wide subtropical range. Attacks

buds and floral parts. Damaging in Iraq, Iran, Tunisia; heavy

damage to cotton reported from Sudan.

Mamestra brassicae (L.), cabbage moth. Polyphagous, crucifers

probably damaged most. Europe through Asia to Japan including

Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, West Pakistan, Libya, Canary Islands.

Destructive to vegetables; annual loss on cabbage in Bulgaria 20-30

percent ; reported as pest in Lebanon and Syria.

Parallelia algira (L.). Pomegranate, Ruhns sp., castorbean, other

plants. Egypt, Iraq, Israel, India. Important pest of castorbean in

India, feeds on leaves.

Peridroma saucia (Hbn.), variegated cutworm. Polyphagous. Tunisia, Lebanon,* Israel, other Mediterranean countries, widespread.

Does not develop into heavy populations.

Prodenia litara (F.), Egyptian cottonworm, tobacco caterpillar, tomato caterpillar, greater alfalfa caterpillar. Polyphagous, most important on cotton, alfalfa, tobacco, vegetables. Turkey, Israel,

Cyprus, Arabia, Aden, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan,

Pakistan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, other areas of Africa,

Asia, Australia. Severe outbreaks seriously damage many plants in

tropical and sul)tropical areas; loss of one-half million bales of cotton

reported from Egypt in 1938, but only occasionally important on cotton outside Egypt ; major pest of tobacco in Pakistan, beets in Israel,

alfalfa in Libya; required controls on beans in Sudan; major pest

of vegetable areas in Iran. Major pest. (Fig. 6.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 23

FIGURE 6.—Prodenia litura larva.

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.), beet armyworm, lesser armyworm.

Grasses, alfalfa, okra, cotton, potato, peanut, beets, other plants.

Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran,* Aden, Yemen,* Libya,* Israel, Somalia,

Sudan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Afghanistan,* Turkey, Cyprus,

Greece, India, widespread over world. Five generations per season

in Iran. Many beetfields destroyed in Iran some years; serious on

peanut in Libya, jute and other crops in Pakistan ; requires controls on

cotton, alfalfa, other crops in Sudan. Major pest in many countries.

Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.), lettuce looper, cabbage looper. Crucifers,

lettuce, cotton, potato, beets, other plants. Saudi Arabia, Libya,*

Iran,* Pakistan, Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Sudan. Referred to as migratory garden pest.

Israel.

Minor pest in Iran and Pakistan ; some damage in

Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

Acraea terpsichore (L.), sweetpotato caterpillar. Sweetpotato, tobacco, hibiscus. Somalia, Uganda.

Nymphalis polychloros (L.). Peas, cotton, fruit, other trees. Cyprus, Europe into Siberia. Minor pest.

Vanessa cardui ( L. ), painted lady. Cotton, liollyhock, beans, melons,

artichoke, other plants. Syria, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Cyprus, Israel,

Arabia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Europe, widespread.

Serious on artichoke in Cyprus and Ethiopia some years ; occasionally

requires controls on vegetables.
24 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Olethreutidae

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.), false codling moth. Citrus, sorghum, walnut, cotton, com, olive, stone fruit, many other plants.

Most of Africa south of 20th parallel including Ethiopia* and Somalia.

As many as six generations per year. Attacks fruit and seed. Important pest of citrus and cotton ; feeds in com ears ; one of principal

plant pests in Uganda and Ehodesias.

Phycitidae

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.), honeydew moth. Citms, other fruits,

com, cotton, other plants. Egypt, Libya,* Turkey, Israel, Cyprus,

other Mediterranean areas. Regarded as secondary feeder, no serious

primary damage; moths attracted to honeydew. In Israel not regarded as important on citrus, causing only occasional fruit drop ;

prevalent in damaged corn ears in Egypt.

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeil.), carob moth, orangeworm. Dried

fig, raisins, almond, coffee, date, carob, orange. Israel, Turkey, Cyprus, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, other areas of Mediterranean and Africa.

Pest of orange; penetrates deeply into citms fmit, causing an exúdate; damage to fig in Libya, date in Egypt, carob bean in Cypras.

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gn., yellow peach moth. Cotton, com,

tree fruits, castorbean, many plants. Pakistan, India, eastem Asia

to Australia. Minor pest on cotton in Pakistan, but serious in Australia, attacks boll and stem ; important on peach in China ; damage

to guava und castorbean reported from Pakistan.

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), European com borer. Corn, pepper,

cotton, many other plants. Egypt, Iran,* Lebanon, Cyprus, Syria,

Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, Libya, Europe into central Asia. Minor

pest on cotton; heavj^ damage on com in Lebanon, Egypt, Syria; important on this crop in Turkey ; minor pest in Iran.

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

Acherontia átropos (L.), death's head hawk moth. Potato, eggplant,

olive, tomato, legumes, sesame, composites. Egypt, Libya, Lebanon,

Cyprus, Turkey, Arabia, Tunisia, Iran, southern Europe. Moths

enter beehives where they are reported to feed on honey. Injurious

defohator on many plants; some damage to potato in Libya and olive

m Tunisia ; potato apparently most common host.

Acherontia styx Westw., eastern death's head moth. Grape, solanaceous crops, beans, pumpkin, sweetpotato. Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, southeastern Asia. Keported as important on grape in Afghanistan ; minor pest in Pakistan.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 25

Coleóptera

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Apate monacha F., date palm bostrichid. Palms, mango, grape,

coffee, acacia, citrus, other plants. Tunisia, S;^ria, Libya,* Israel,

Lebanon,* other Mediterranean areas, Ethiopia, tropical Africa.

Adults bore into bark and wood, may kill tree; bore into palm

leaf midrib; often found in weakened trees. Pest of coffee in east

Africa.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Altica pyritosa Erich. Flax, sweetpotato, other plants. Ethiopia

(determined as Haltica pyritosa Erich.),f Sudan (one specimen).

Heavy populations in Ethiopia.

Aphthona fuentei Reit. Cotton, alfalfa, sweetpotato, other plants.

Sudan, Egypt, other Mediterranean countries. Occasional minor pest

of cotton.

Aphthona latipennis Pic. Cotton, alfalfa, sorghum, tobacco, mango,

other plants. Sudan. Occasional minor pest.

Aphthona whitfieldi Bryant. Melons, castorbean, mango, pistachio,

cowpea, some other plants. Sudan. Damages mango and pistachio

leaves.

Hermaeophaga ruficollis (Lucas). Castorbean, cotton, Dolichos

lablah, Sudan, Egypt, other Mediterranean areas. Minor pest of

foliage in Sudan and Egypt ; may cause important damage on castorbean in Israel.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Apion aestivum Germ. Alfalfa, clover, beans, cotton. Iran, Israel,

parts of Europe and U.S.S.R. Adults feed on leaves, but most important damage by larvae feeding on young seed. Minor pest on

cotton in Iran, larvae bore into buds and stems causing galls; economic species in Israel, common in alfalfa.

Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust. Sugarcane, guava, pomegranate, mango, okra. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Platymycterus marmoratus (Faust) { = kirghisc%ts (Faust)). Cytism^ almond, rose. Afghanistan.I Very heavy adult populations

observed, noticeable feeding injury on leaves.

Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. Cereals, fruit trees, beets, other field

crops. Turkey, Cyprus, southern Europe. Very injurious in northern

Turkey on sproutmg grain, especially com seedlings, up to 50- to 100-

percent damage reported ; damages trees and beets.

Tanymecus indicus Faust. Wheat, com, cotton, beets, jute, safflower,

other plants. Pakistan, India. Sporadic in occurrence. Major pest

of wheat in Pakistan, but apparently minor pest on other crops.
26 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Elateridae (wireworms)

Agriotes lineatus (L.). Carrot, com, beets, tobacco, wheat, cotton,

nursery plants, other crops. Israel, Iran, Greece. Larvae attack

germinating seeds and roots, cause medium to severe damage.

Agriotes meticulosas Cand. Potato, tomato, cotton, crucifers. West

Pakistan, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia, Turkestan). Considerable damage to potato in Baluchistan, West Pakistan.

Agriotes pilosas (Panz.). Carrot, com, lettuce, potato, beets, polyphagous. Iran. Larvae damage germinating seeds and roots. In

eastern Mediterranean area wireworms not so troublesome as in central

Europe and North America.

Cardiphorus rufipes (Goeze). Seeds and roots. Israel. Damaging

on new land.

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Epicaata albovittata Gestro. Beans, cucurbits, Malvaceae, other

plants. Somalia, Tanganyika. Injurious to beans in Somalia.

Epicaata erythrocephala Pall. Beets, alfalfa, potato, cotton, melons.

Iran, U.S.S.K. (Turkestan, Transcaucasia). Adults feed on young

leaves and buds, causing minor to medium damage.

Zonahris tenebrosa Lap. Polyphagous. Libya.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Adórelas versatas Har. Shade trees, ornamentals. West Pakistan,

Uganda. Outbreaks of adults defoliate trees.

Anómala egregia Gahan. Cereals, beans, castorbean, many other

plants, Somalia. Larvae attack roots.

Anómala plebeja (01.). Cereals, beans, castorbean, many other

plants. Somalia. Lar\^ae attack roots.

Anoxia pilosa (F.). Fruit trees, grape, cereals, polyphagous. Iran,

U.S.S.R. Larvae damaging, particularly to young nurseries.

Epicometis hirta Poda. Rosaceous fruit, wheat, flowers of other

plants. Iran, Turkey, Cyprus, Europe. Attacks flowers, especially

damaging to pomegranate.

Melolontha melolontha (L.). General feeder. Europe, Turkey.

Major pest in Europe ; damages roots of tea in Turkey.

Oxythyrea abigail Reiche & Saulcy. Ornamentals, wheat, almond,

polyphagous. Cyprus, Egypt, Israel. Found in flowers of many

plants.

Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum). Rosaceous fruit, citrus, wheat,

fjIPa'-D^^^^^^^^^^' ^^^^^^ plants. Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Greece,

U.S.S.R. (Tashkent). Adults attack flowers. Medium to severe

damage in Iran ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Oxythyrea fanesta (Poda). Citrus, deciduous fruit, castorbean,

cabbage, other plants. Libya, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Greece. Attacks flowers. Serious losses in Bulgaria ; minor pest in Libya.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 27

Oxythyrea pantherina (Gory & Perch.). Wheat, barley, citrus,

beans, pome and stone fruits. Libya. Can cause important damage

to cereals; feeds on flowers of fruit,

Pachnoda interrupta (01.). Citrus, rose, sorghum. Ethiopia.*

Pentodon bispinifrons Reit. Grape, other fruit, rose, sugarcane,

other plants. Jordan, Israel, Pakistan. Injurious species.

Pentodon idiota (Hbst.). Sugarcane, beets, watermelon, other fruit,

corn, polyphagous. Iran, Pakistan, Jordan. Larvae damage roots,

3-year life cycle. Important on sugarcane, up to 90-percent loss in

some areas.

Polyphylla fullo (L.). Nursery stock, tea, tobacco, vegetables, other

crops. Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Israel, Greece, U.S.S.R., other areas.

Larvae feed on roots. Serious pest in Syria ; minor pest in Israel ; can

be serious in Lebanon ; some records of P. fullo damage in Mediterranean area may be erroneous.

Polyphylla olivieri (Lap). Young fruit trees, grape, beets, polyphagous. Iran. Life cycle 3 or more years; adults appear in June.

Feeds on roots of many crops. Most damaging scarab in Iran.

Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis (Hbst.). Gladiolus, lettuce, carnation.

Turkey. Larval damage reported severe in area of Turkey.

Schizonycha sp. Cotton, peanut, Dolwhos lablab^ sorghum. Sudan.

Larvae serious on Z?. liiblcib and sorghum.

Tropinota squalida (Scop.), furry rose beetle. Deciduous fruit, barley, beans, citrus, grape. Libya,* Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran,

Pakistan, Greece. Feeds in flowers. Damaging to beans and cereal in

Libya; not damaging to citrus flowers in Israel; minor pest in Iran;

some damage in Egypt ; severe on cherry in Pakistan.

Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

Gonocephalum (Dasus) simplex (F.). Corn, cotton, tobacco, beans,

coffee, other crops. Somalia, tropical Africa. Some damage to tobacco transplants, corn seedlings, vegetables. Usually minor pest.

Opatroides punctulatus Brülle. Tobacco, cotton, mulberry, watermelon, other plants, stored products. Libya, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel,

Turkey, Iran, Greece, Pakistan, U.S.S.R. (Turkestan). Damages

yoimg tobacco plants, causing replanting in Turkey some years ; minor

pest in Iran ; attacks bark of young mulberry in Libya; damages sown

seeds and germinating plants in Israel.

Hymenoptera

Vespidae (hornets)

Vespa orientalis L., oriental hornet. Grape, date, citrus, pear, fruit

and bark of many plants, honeybees, omnivorous feeder. Afghanistan,* Cyprus, Pakistan, Lebanon,* Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Egypt,

Ethiopia, Arabia, southern Europe. Gnaws bark of young trees,

feeds on fruit, attacks bees and beehives, painful stinger, nests m mud
28 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

walls. Damages ripe fruit and raisins up to 50 percent in Afghanistan ; damaging pest also in Israel. A chief enemy of honeybees in

Israel and Egypt. Serious pest.

Díptera

Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies)

Phytomyza atricornis Meig., pea leaf miner. Peas, crucifers, potato,

alfalfa, other plants. Libya,* Pakistan, India, Israel, Egypt, Europe,

cosmopolitan. Can cause severe injury; important on peas and fava

bean in Libya; controls not warranted in Israel.

Anthomyiidae

Hylemya platura (Meig.) { = cilicrura (Rond.)), seed-corn maggot.

Corn, beans, cucurbits, other germinating seeds. Libya, Ethiopia,

Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Greece, many other areas of world. Important

in Israel.

Bibionidae (march flies)

Bibio hortulanus (L.). Tobacco, cereals, beets. Libya,* Turkey.

Severe damage to tobacco seedlings in Libya.

Lonchaeidae

Lamprolonchaea aurea ( Macq. ) ( =splendUa Lw. ). Pepper, citrus,

potato, cotton, corn. Libya,* Uganda, Cyprus. Secondary pest,

usually follows attack of other insects, especially Ceratitis oapitata;

follows bollworms in cotton.

Tipulidae (crane flies)

Típula olerácea L. Beets, crucifers, cereals, legumes, potato, other

plants. Turkey, other Mediterranean areas, Europe. Larvae can

cause heavy damage in Europe ; importance in Turkey not known.

CEREAL INSECTS

Principal crop species: Barley {Hordeum spp.), corn (Indian corn,

maize) {Zea mays and varieties), millet {Eohinachloa^ Eleusine,

Pennisetmn^ Setaria^ Panicum), oats {Avena sativa and Avena spp.),

rice {Oryza sativa and subspecies), rye {Sécale céréale)^ sorghum

(durra) {Sorghwrm vulgäre and varieties), sugarcane {Saccharum

oßcinarimh), wheat ( Triticwm spp.).
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 29

Acariña

Eupodidae (eupodid mites)

Penthaleus major (Dug.), winter grain mite. Wheat, barley, pastures. Iraq,* Cyprus. Injurious on small grains.

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Oligonychus indiens {Kirst). Sugarcane, sorghum. West Pakistan.

Severe damage reported from West Pakistan.

Petrobia latens (M.), brown wheat mite. Wlieat, chickpea. Lebanon,* Libya. Can be serious pest of wheat. Importance in northeast

Africa-southwest Asia unknown.

Orthoptera

Acrididae ( =Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

Caloptenopsis insignis clara (Wlk,). Millet. Sudan. Damages maturing grain.

Catantops axillaris axillaris (Thunb.). Millet. Sudan, Egypt.

Damages maturing grain, migrates into millet.

Cyrtacanthacris sulphurea Johns. Sorghum. Sudan.

Hieroglyphus daganensis Kr. Millet. Sudan, Chad. Considerable

damage recorded.

Notostaurus anatolicus (Kr.). Cereals. Jordan, Israel, Iran.

Minor pest in Iran.

Pnorisa carinata Uv. Millet. Sudan. Damages seedlings occasionally.

Ramburiella turcomana (F. W.). Wheat, barley, other field crops.

Iran. Economic species.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acrotylus insubricus (Scop.)

Aiolopus savignyi (Kr.)

Aiolopus strepens (Latr.)

Anacridium moestum melanorhodon (Wlk.)

Arcyptera labiata (Brülle)

Calliptamus barbarus Costa

Calliptamus italiens (L.)

Calliptamus palaestinenis Eamme

Calliptamus turanieus Tarb.

Catantops somalicns Sjöst.
30 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chrotogonushomalodemus (Blanch.)

Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi Kirby

Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.)

Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.)

Dociostauruskraussi (Ingen.)

Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.

Eyprepocnemis noxia Dirsh.

Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.)

Kraussaria angulifera (Kr.)

Locusta migratoria (L. )

Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.)

Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.)

Oedaleusdecorus (Germ.)

Oedaleus senegalensis (Kr.)

Oedipoda caerulescens (L. )

Oedipoda miniata ( Pali. )

Oxyavelox (F.)

Phymateus aegrotus (Gerst.)

Phymateus pulcherrimus I. Bol.

Poekilocerus hieroglyphicus Klug

Pyrgodera armata F. W.

Schistocerca gregaria ( Forsk. )

Sphingoderus carinatus (Sauss.)

Thisoicetrinus pterostichus (F. W.)

Thisoicetrus littoralis (Ramb.)

Truxalis nasuta (L.)

Gryllidae (crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acheta domesticus (L.)

Gryllus himaculatus DeG.

Gryllus campestris L.

Oecanthus pellucens (Scop.)

Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Gryllotalpa africana P. de B.

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 31

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

Decticus verruciuorus (L.). Cereals, cotton. Iran, Italy, U.S.S.K.

(Transcaucasia). Economic species in Iran.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Decticus annaelisae Kamme

Tettigonia caudata (Cliarp.)

Tettigoniaviridissima (L.)

Dermaptera

Forficulidae (earwigs)

Forfícula senegalensis Serv. Corn. Ethiopia.* Prevalent under

sheaths, but apparently not damaging.

Isoptera

Termitidae (termites)

Odontotermes O. classicus (Sjöst.). Cereals. Somalia, Ethiopia.

Odontotermes O. taprobanes (Wlk.). Sugarcane. West Pakistan,

India. Minor pest.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Microtermes obesi Holmgr.

Odontotermes obesus (Ramb.)

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Haplothrips tritici (Kurd.). Wheat, other grains. Iran, Iraq,*

Turkey, Israel, Afghanistan,* Morocco, Italy. Heavy populations

noted on wheat in Iraq and Afghanistan ; economic pest in Iran.

Thripidae (thrips)

Anaphothrips alternans (Bagn.). Corn. Somalia, Libya. Lives

under leaf sheaths.

Frankliniella dampfi Pries. ( See under Cotton Insects. )

Frankliniella intonsa (Tryb.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Limothrips cerealium ( Haliday ), grain thrips. Small grains, sugarcane. Libya, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Greece. Large numbers at times

in Egypt ; light infestation observed in Libya.

1737-632 o—64 3
32 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeidbugs)

Macropes excavatus Dist. Sugarcane, other grasses. West Pakistan.

Economic pest.

Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Miridae (plantbugs)

Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffr.). Rice, other cereals. Afghanistan, Egypt, Europe. May occur in outbreak numbers.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Campylomma nicolasi Put. & Reut.

Lygus gemellatus (H.-S.)

Lygus rugulipennis Popp.

Stenodema (Stenodema) laevigatum (L.)

Taylorilyguspallidulus (Blanch.)

Trigonotylus hrevipes Jak.

Pentatomidae (stinkbugs)

Aelia acuminata (L.). Cereals. Libya, Morocco, Turkey, Iraq, Iran,

Cyprus, Europe, European U.S.S.R. Some importance in U.S.S.R.

and Iran ; caused important losses in outbreaks in Europe.

Aelia albovittata Fieb. Cereals. Turkey.

Aelia cognata Fieb. Cereals. Turkey, Morocco.

Aelia furcula Fieb. Wheat. Iran.* Together with A. virffata caused

heavy damage locally in Iran in 1958 ; up to 50-percent loss in Hamadan area.

Aelia melanota Fieb. Cereals. Afghanistan. Light infestations reported in 1961.

Aelia punctiventris Horv. Cereals. Egypt. Importance not known.

Aelia rostrata Boh. Wheat, grasses. Israel, Iran,* Iraq, Syria,

Turkey,* Afghanistan (determined as possibly this species),* Spain,

Europe into U.S.S.R., north Africa. Important on wheat in Spain;

heavy infestations on pastures and very important on grain in Turkey,

one generation per year, over 50,000 acres treated in 1962 ; no problem

in Israel.

Aelia virgata Klug. Wheat. Iran,* Turkey. Caused heavy damage

locally in Iran in 1958.

Eurygaster austríacas (Sehr.). Cereals. Turkey, Europe, Morocco,

other north African areas. Injurious to cereals. Important pest

in north African areas.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 33

Eurygaster integriceps Puton, senn pest, sunn pest, suni bug. Small

grains principal hosts, sorghum, corn. Afghanistan,* Crete, Greece,

Iran, Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,* West Pakistan, Syria,

Turkey,* U.S.S.R. (southern). One of most destructive pests of grain

in Middle East ; feeds on young stems and heads ; may destroy entire

wheat crop, often takes 25 percent or more of yield ; also affects quality

of flour and germination. (Fig. 7.)

Eurygaster mourus (L.). Cereals. Syria, Iran, West Pakistan,

Morocco, Egypt, Europe. Severe damage in West Pakistan and Iran

some years; occasionally important in parts of Europe.

Eurygaster testudinarius Geoffr. Cereal crops. Afghanistan.

Rezara graminea Fieb. Corn, millet, cotton. Pakistan, Iraq. Minor

pest.

Nezara immaculata Freeman. Corn, wheat. Ethiopia.* Light

populations in 1961.

Odontotarsus rufescens Fieb. Wheat. Lebanon,* Cyprus, Egypt.

Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda). Wheat, barley. Afghanistan,*

Cyprus, Greece.

Schizops aegyptiaca (Lef.). Grasses. Afghanistan.* Importance

unknown.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agonoscelis pubescens Thunb.

Calidea dregii Germ.

Calideanana (Hahn&H.-S.)

Carpocoris pudicus (Poda)

FIGURE 7.—Eurygaster integriceps adults.
34 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Carpocoris purpureipennis (DeG.)

Dolycoris baccarum (L.)

Dolycoris penicillatus (Horv.)

Nezaraviridula (L.)

Piezodorus lituratus (F.)

Rhopalidae ( = Coreidae)

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Aleurolobus barodensis (Mask.), sugarcane whitefly. Sugarcane.

West Pakistan, India. Major pest in West Pakistan.

Neomaskellia (Aleurodes) bergii (Sign.). Sugarcane. West Pakistan, India, east Asia. Major pest in West Pakistan and India.

Aphidae (aphids)

Acyrthosiphon (Metopolophium) dirhodum (Wlk.), (formerly in

genus Macrosiphum). Wheat, barley, Rosaceae. Lebanon, Israel,

Europe, central Asia. Not important.

Anoecia willcacksi Theob. Grasses (roots). Egypt, Israel.

Asiphonella cynodonti (Das). Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon).

Ethiopia.

Asiphonella dactylonii Theob. Bermudagrass (roots and lower

stem). Egypt.

Cuernavaca (Cavahyalopterus) noxius (Mordv.). Wheat, grasses.

Afghanistan,* Iran, Libya,* Israel, Turkey, central Asia, parts of

Europe and Africa. Damaging to wheat in Iran ; outbreak in Turkey

in 1961-62.

Forda formicaria Heyden. Pistachio, grains, grasses. Mediterranean region, Europe. Lives on roots of grasses in winter, on leaves

of pistachio producing galls.

Forda marginata Koch. Wheat roots. Iran ( determined as possibly

this species) .* Light infestation observed.

Geoica lucífuga (Zhnt.). Cereals, other grasses, Cyperacere, Solanaceae. Somalia, Egypt, east Africa, Rhodesia, Israel, other areas of

Asia. Attacks roots, mjures young plants.

Hemitrama bykovi Mordv. Wheat. Turkey. Infests roots.

Longiunguis sacchari (Zhnt.) (=A, sorghi Theob.). Sugarcane,

sorghum. Israel, Aden, West Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan,* Ethiopia,*
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 35

other parts of Africa, widely distributed. Minor pest in West Pakistan; sometimes injurious in Sudan; heavy infestations observed in

Ethiopia.

Macrosiphum avenae (F.) {=Macro8Íphimi granarium (Kirby)),

English grain aphid. Wheat, rice, other grasses. Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Iran,* Libya,* Egypt, Tunisia, Turkey, Israel, Europe, much

of Asia, widespread. Heavy infestation in southern Iran in 1958 ;

major pest on wheat in Pakistan ; some importance in Libya.

Pemphigella paglianoi Gaum. Barley. Tunisia. Severe damage

to roots.

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), corn leaf aphid. Corn, barley,

wheat, sorj^hum. Egypt, Aden, Ethiopia,* Somalia, Iran,* Libya,*

Lebanon, oyria, Israel, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Jordan, Sudan, cosmopolitan. Serious pest in recent years in Egypt; very injurious in

Turkey and Syria; one report indicates controls rarely necessary in

Near East.

Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Wheat, other grasses, some other plants.

Libya,* Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, cosmopolitan. Heavy

infestations in Libya ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Rhopalosiphum ruñabdomnalis (Sasaki), rice root aphid. Kice,

barley, other Gramineae, Prunus sp., many other plants. Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, other areas of Asia and Africa, widespread.

Some damage to barley in Turkey.

Schizaphis graminum (Kond.), greenbug (formerly in genus Toxoptem). Wheat, other grasses, Cyperns sp. Iran,* Iraq,* West Pakistan, Libya,* Egypt, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Israel, Turkey, widespread

in many parts of world. Serious injury not reported in Middle East

or Mediterranean area.

Sipha agropyrella H. R. L. Wheat. Afghanistan.*

Sipha maydis Pass. Corn, wheat, other grasses. Israel, Lebanon,

Turkey, Europe, central Asia. Infests base of leaves, but does not

cause heavy damage.

Cercopidae (spittlebugs)

Cercopis sanguninolenta Scop, intermedia (Kirschbaum). Wheat.

Jordan. Heavy outbreak in Jordan in 1956.

Locris sp. Grasses. Ethiopia.* Light populations observed.

Philaenus sp., perhaps campestris Fall. Legume-grain mixture.

Lebanon.* Common in some fields.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Cicadella spectra Dist. Sugarcane, rice. West Pakistan, east Asia,

parts of Africa. Minor pest in West Pakistan.

Cicadella viridis (L.). Grasses. Iran.* No economic data.
36 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Erythroneura coacta Ribaut. Corn. Israel, Cyprus. Feeds on

leaves.

Zyginidia sp. near sohrab (Zakh.). Com. Lebanon.* Observed

causing heavy damage to com.

Delphacidae (delphacid planthoppers)

Peregrinas maidis (Ashm.), corn planthopper. Sorghum, corn.

Ethiopia,* Tanganyika. Heavy infestations found in Ethiopia under

leaf sheaths. Virus vector in some areas of occurrence.

Sogata distincta Dist. Eice. West Pakistan. Major pest in Sind

area, causing as much as 6-percent loss.

Derbidae

Proutista moesta (Westw.). Sugarcane. West Pakistan, east Asia.

Minor pest in West Pakistan.

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Aspidiotus glomeratus Green. Sugarcane. West Pakistan. Minor

pest.

Chortinaspis salavatiani Bal. & Kaus. Grasses. Iran.

Duplachionaspis divergeas Green. Sugarcane. West Pakistan.

Minor pest.

Odonaspis ruthae Kot. Bermudagrass. Egypt, other areas in

Africa. Occurs beneath leaf sheaths and on rootstocks.

Odonaspis saccharicaulis Zhnt. Sugarcane. West Pakistan, India.

Minor pest.

Lophopidae

Pyrillaaberrans (Kirby). Sugarcane, wheat, other grasses. Pakistan, Afghanistan, India. Major pest in Pakistan, attacks leaves.

Pyrilla perpusilla (Wlk.), sugarcane pyrilla. Sugarcane, wheat,

other grasses. Afghanistan, Pakistan, India. Up to four generations

per year. Attacks leaves. Common in Afghanistan; one of most

destmctive sugarcane pests in West Pakistan.

Pyrilla pusana Dist. (Some authors consider pusana apparently

torm ot perpusilla.) Sugarcane, sorghum. Pakistan, India. Major

pest m Pakistan.

Margarodidae (margarodid scales)

Margarodes aureliana Hall. Bermudagrass {Oynodon dactylon).

buclan. berious damage to grass lawns.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 37

Porphyrophora polonica (L.). Wheat, barley, other plants. Syria,

other Mediterranean areas. Serious injury to wheat reported from

Syria.

Porphyrophora tritici (Bod.). (H. M. Morrison, U.S. Dept. Agr.,

identified specimens from Iran as Porphyrophora tritiei{ ?) (Bod.).)

Wheat roots. Iran, Turkey. Severe damage in local area of Iran in

1961 ; infestations cause stunting and loss of yield.

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Antonina graminis (Mask.) {=indica Gveen), Sugarcane. West

Pakistan. Minor pest on sugarcane in West Pakistan.

Pseudococcus brevipes (CklL). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Pseudococcus saccharicola Takah. Sugarcane. West Pakistan,

India. Minor pest.

Ripersia internodii Hall. Corn, sugarcane. Egypt. Attacks roots.

Ripersia sacchari Green. Sugarcane, rice. West Pakistan, Burma,

India. Minor pest.

Trionymus masrensis Hall. Barley roots. Egypt.

Trionymus sacchari (CklL), pink sugarcane mealybug, sugarcane

bug. Sugarcane, sorghum, other grasses. Egypt, Somalia, other

areas of Africa, Asia including Israel, widely distributed. One of

principal pests of sugarcane in Egypt; serious in some other areas.

Lrepidaptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Amsactalactinea (Cram.)

Amsacta moorei (Butl.)

Diacrisia investigatorum (Karsch)

Diacrisia obliqua (Wlk.)

Cosmopterygidae

Pyroderces simplex Wlsm. ( See under Cotton Insects. )

Crambidae (grass moths)

Argyria sticticraspis Hmpsn., early shoot borer, yellow top borer.

Sugarcane, millet. Pakistan, Afghanistan,* east Asia. Serious infestation in Pakistan in 1957, but generally rated as a minor pest ; 10- to

15-percent damage in Afghanistan.

Bissetia steniellus (Hmpsn.), (formerly recorded as OMlo trypetes

Bisset). Sugarcane. Pakistan, India, southeast Asia. One of

important stalk borers of West Pakistan.
38 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chilo suppressalis (Wlk.) {= simplex (Butler) and oryzae (Fletcher) ), Asiatic rice borer, rice stem borer. Rice, sorghum, com, other

grasses. Most of Asia (Pakistan, Iraq, Israel), Egypt, Nyasaland,

Spain, Portugal. Serious pest of rice in Orient ; causes heavy damage

to corn and sorghum in India, Iraq, other areas ; becoming conspicuous

in corn in Israel.

Chilo tumidicostalis (Hmpsn.) {=Argyria tumidicostalis Hmpsn.).

Sugarcane. Pakistan, India, Burma.

Chilo zonellus (Swinh.), maize and jowar borer. Corn, sorghum

preferred, sugarcane, other grasses. Pakistan,* Afghanistan, India,

Tanganyika, Kenya, Nyasaland, Sudan.* Most destructive pest of

corn and sorghum in India, Pakistan, Kenya ; minor pest on sugarcane

in Pakistan. (Fig. 8.)

FIGURE 8.—Chilo zonellus damage to sorghum. Note pupae.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 39

Proceras indiens Kapur, internodal borer. Sugarcane. Pakistan,

India. Minor pest.

Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer, spotted borer, striped stalk borer.

Eice, sugarcane. Pakistan, Malagasy Republic, Mauritius. Minor

pest.

Eupterotidae

Nizaga simplex Wlk. Rice. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Brachmia insulsa Meyr. Corn, millet. West Pakistan. Minor

pest.

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Zamacra flahellaria Heegar. Grasses, legumes, ornamentals. Tunisia. Damaging to flowers and fruit.

Hesperiidae (skippers)

Gegenes nostradamus ( F. ). Sorghum. Libya.

Pelopidas mathias ( F. ), rice skipper. Rice, sugarcane, other grasses,

bomalia. West Pakistan, India, Lebanon, Cyprus, Sudan, Egypt. Attacks leaves, can cause severe damage.

Pelopidas thrax (Hbn.). Sugarcane, rice, other grasses. Egypt,

oomalia, tropical Africa, west Asia. Sometimes destructive.

Lymantriidae (tussock moths)

Dasychira pennatula (F.). Sugarcane, rice. West Pakistan, east

Asia. Minor pest.

Porthesia xanthorrhoea (Koll.). (See under Cotton Lisects.)

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Apamea sordens (Hufn.). Wheat, sometimes rye, oats, com. Iran,

U.S.S.R. Larvae attack heads and feed on grains. Severe pest in

Iran and U.S.S.R.

Athetis clavipalpis (Scop.). Small grains. Iraq. Sometimes destructive.

Busseola fusca (Fuller), maize stalk borer. Com, sorghum, other

grasses. Widespread in Africa south of Sahara including Ethiopia,"^

Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda. Most important pest of com in Africa ;
40 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10-percent annual loss in southern Africa; 85- to 90-percent damage

in areas of Kenya, Nyasaland, Ethiopia. (Fig. 9.) -.^

Eublemma gayneri (Uoths.). Sorghum. Ethiopia.

Leucania loreyi (Dup.). Corn, sorghum, other grasses. Iran,*

Pakistan, Iraq, Cyprus, Israel, India, Egypt, Tunisia, Somalia, Sudan,

parts of Europe. Larvae bore into whorls. Apparently minor pest

in Iraq, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran; important on com in Somalia and

Tunisia.

Mesapameasecalis (L.). Cereals. Turkey. Reported as pest.

Oria musculosa [Won.). Wheat, other grasses. Iraq. May not be

important.

Pseudaletia sp. (U.S. Dept. Agr. specialists believe reports of P.

unipuncta (Haw.) from Asia involve other species.) Sugarcane, rice,

small grains. Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Greece, Israel, wide areas of

world. Major rice pest in Pakistan ; outbreaks recorded in Afghanistan ; rarely causes damage in Near East.

Sesamia crética Led., durra stalk borer. Com, broomcom, sugarcane, sorghum, other grasses. Algeria, Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya,* Somalia, Tunisia,* Iraq, Turkey, Morocco, Aden, Iran,* Syria,

Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, southern Europe. Important pest of

com, broomcom, sorghum, sugarcane. Overwinters m plant debris

as larva ; adults emerge in May in Turkey ; larvae feed in ears and

stalks ; three generations per year in Israel. As high as lO-percent average damage in Turkey ; 90-percent infestations reported from other

Mediterranean areas; damaging in Sudan ; rated most important pest

of sugarcane, corn, sorghum some years in Iran. (Fig. 10. )

FIGURE 9.—Busseola fusca larva.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 41

FIGURE 10.—Sesamia crética larva and damage in corn.
42 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sesamia epunctifera Hmpsn. Barley, wheat. Ethiopia, Nyasaland,

Tanganyika. Injurious to wheat.

Sesamia infevens (Wlk.). Sugarcane, com, rice, other grasses.

Pakistan, India, eastern Asia. Major pest in some areas, especially

West Pakistan.

Sesamia uniformis (Dudgn.). Sugarcane, com, wheat. West Pakistan, India. Major pest in West Pakistan.

Spodoptera abyssinia Gn. Rice, sugarcane. Iraq, Pakistan. Minor

pest.

Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.), nutgrass armyworm, common armyworm. Cereals, pastures, other grasses preferred ; rarely attacks cotton. Egypt, Ethiopia,* Sudan, other areas of Africa, Aden, southeast

Asia. One of most important pests of grasses in Africa ; devastating

outbreak occurs periodically; teff {Eragrostis abyssinica) severely

damaged some years in Ethiopia ; outbreaks usually follow periods of

high temperature and heavy rainfall.

Spodoptera mauritia (Bdv.), paddy cutworm. Rice, other grasses.

Iran, West Pakistan to Australia, east Africa. Major pest in West

Pakistan ; damaging outbreaks in other areas.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agrotis flammatra (Denis & Schiff.)

Agrotis Ípsilon (Hfn.)

Agrotis prónuba (L.)

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.)

Eublemma brachygonia Hmpsn.

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.)

Euxoa segetum (Denis & Schiff.)

Euxoa spinifera (Hbn.)

Feltia exclamationis (L.)

Heliothis armigera (Hbn.). ( Fig. 11.)

Heliothis dipsácea (L.)

Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiff.)

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.). (See under Polyphagous Insœts. )

Phycitidae

Anerastia ablutellus Zeil. Sugarcane. West Pakistan, India.

Minor pest on young cane.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 43

FIGURE 11.—Heliothis larva in com ear.

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Emmalocera depressella (Swinh.), root borer. Sugarcane. Pakistan, Afghanistan,* India. Most destructive pest of underground

parts of sugarcane in Pakistan and India. Major importance.

Pieridae (whites, sulfur butterflies)

Pieria brassicae nepalensis Dbl. Sugarcane. West Pakistan. Important pest.
44 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Nymphula depunctalis ( Gn.). Rice. Pakistan, India. Minor pest

in Pakistan.

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Psara licarsisalis (Y/lk.). Grasses (roots). Iraq, Egypt.

Schoenobiidae

Scirpophaga nivella (F.), sugarcane top borer. Sugarcane. Pakistan, India, east Asia. Major pest in West Pakistan and India.

Tryporyza incertulus (Wlk.) {=SchoenoMios ¿ncertellus (Wlk.) before 1934, S. Mpunctifera (Wlk.) ), rice stem borer, paddy stem borer,

yellow stem borer. Rice. Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Egypt,

eastern Asia. Four to five broods per year. Serious infestations, up

to 90-percent loss in Pakistan ; 30-percent infestation in Afghanistan.

Scythrididae

Syringopais (Scythris) temperatella (Led.), cereal leaf miner.

Wheat, barley, oats preferred, many additional hostsrecorded. Cyprus,

Turkey,* Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq,* Israel, Iran.* Larvae mine

leaves from November to April, may kill entire plantings. As many

as 60-90 larvae per plant reported in Iran. Major pest of cereals in

Middle East; annual loss in Jordan 15-20 percent; 20-25 percent in

Turkey ; severe losses reported from other areas. (Fig. 12.)

Coleóptera

Carabidae (ground beetles)

Zabrus femoratus Dej. Cereals. Turkey. Zabnos spp. most damaging beetles on grain in Turkey.

Zabrus incarnatus Cor. Cereals. Turkey.

Zabrus morio Men. Cereals. Turkey, Iran. Larvae feed on young

plants, adults on flowers and young grain. Injurious in Iran.

Zabrus tenebrioides ( Goeze), com ground beetle. Small grains most

important cultivated hosts, com, beets. Turkey, Iran, parts of Europe. Adults feed on developing heads, larvae on roots and leaves.

Serious losses on thousands of acres of small grains reported in

Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Turkey.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Aphthona latipennis Pic. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 45

^:

FIGURE 12.—Syringopais temperatella damage to wheat. Note larvae in mines.
46 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chaetocnema chlorophana Duft. Com, sorghum. Lebanon, Syria.

Not important pest.

Dicladispa armígera (01.). Rice, other grasses. Pakistan, India

to Formosa. Damages leaves. Damage reported from Punjab,

Pakistan.

Exora pusilla Gerst. Teff, other grasses. Ethiopia,f

Marseulia dilativentris (Reiche). Wheat, barley, oats preferred,

but attacks other plants including legumes. Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,

Israel, Jordan. Occasionally important in Syria, skeletonizes leaves;

in hills of Israel when abundant may destroy entire fields of grain;

most damage by adults.

Oulema melanopa (L.), cereal leaf beetle, wheat leaf beetle. Wheat,

other grasses. Tunisia,* Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Iran, Morocco, Europe to Siberia (specimens from Iran determined as probably this species) .* Serious damage in areas of Europe ; minor pest in Iran ; scarce

in Mediterranean areas, damage negligible.

Pachnephorus bistriatus Muls. Sugarcane, okra, sesame. West

Pakistan. Minor pest.

Psylliodes elliptica Alld. Cereals, beets. Jordan, Turkey. Damages leaves and stems.

Coccinellidae (lady beetles)

Chnootriba similis (Thunb.). Com, barley, grasses. Ethiopia,*

Rhodesia. Feeds on leaves. Heavy infestations reported from

Ethiopia.

Epilachna (Solanophila) vigintipunctata Muls. Wheat, com, other

grasses, some herbaceous plants. Ethiopia,* Kenya.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Barytychius avulsus Faust. Cereals. Tunisia. Larvae cause considerable damage to heads.

Echionocnemus oryzae Mshl. Rice. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Lixus incurvinasus Csiki curvinasus Kolbe. Sorghum. Ethiopia,!

east Africa, Egypt, Sudan.

Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust var. maculosus Desbr. (See

under Cotton Insects.)

Perieges bardus Boh. Wheat. Afghanistan,! central Asia. Moderate population observed on field wheat.

Tanymecus abyssiniens Hust. Com, sorghum. Ethiopia. Serious

damage to seedlings in some areas.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Mylloeerus undecimpustulatus Faust

Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 47

Tanymecus indicus Faust

Tanymecus sparsus Fahr. (See under Cotton Insects.)

Eiateridae (wireworms)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agrióles lineatus (L.)

Agrióles pilosus (Panz.)

Cardiphorus rufipes (Goeze)

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Lylla picla (Lap.). Corn, millet. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Adorelus rugulosus Burm. Sorghum, cotton. Sudan. Feeds on

cotton roots, but prefers sorghum.

Anisoplia agrícola (Poda). Cereals, other grasses. Iran, Turkey.

Minor pest.

Anisoplia auslriaca (Hbst.). Grasses, wheat. Iran, Turkey, Syria,

eastern Europe, U.S.S.R. Adults feed on heads of grain from May

to July, larvae on roots of many plants. Anisoplia spp. cause 10- to

15-percent damage to wheat and barley in Turkey; important in Iran.

Anisoplia leucaspis Lap. Cereals, other plants. Iran, Syria, Turkey. Larvae feed on roots and seedlings, adults on developing grain ;

2-year life cycle. Most damaging scarab on cereals in Iran.

Anisoplia segetum (Hbst.). Cereals, other grasses, cotton. Iran,

Turkey, U.S.S.R. Importance not known in Iran.

Heteronychus paolii Arrow. Sugarcane. Somalia, Pakistan. Attacks roots. Minor pest in Pakistan.

Heteronychus parumpunctatus Burm. Sugarcane, com, cotton.

Egypt. Attacks young stems and shoots.

Pentodon bispinosus Küst. Sugarcane, corn, cotton. Egypt. Some

damage to young stems.

Phyllognathus dionysius (F.). Sugarcane, deciduous fruit. West

Pakistan. Minor pest of fruit ; major pest on sugarcane.

Phyllopertha nazarena Mars. Wheat, other winter cereals, some

other plants. Israel, Syria, Jordan. Larvae injure roots, 25 percent

in some fields; approximately 3-year life cycle in Israel; apparently

adults do not feed.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Anómala egregia Gahan

737-6132 O—64 4
48 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Anómala plebeja 01.

Anoxia pilosa (F.)

Epicometis hirta Poda

Oxythyrea abigail Eeiche & Saulcy

Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum)

Oxythyreapantherina (Gory & Perch.)

Pachnoda interrupta (01.)

Pentodon bispinifrons Eeit.

Pentodon idiota (Hbst.)

Polyphylla olivieri (Lap.)

Tropinota squalida (Scop.)

Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

Gonocephalum simplex ( F.). ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Hymenoptera

Cephidae (stem sawflies)

Cephus pygmaeus (L.), European wheat stem sawfly. Wheat, barley, rye. Israel, Egypt, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Morocco, Europe

into U.S.S.R. Minor pest in Iran ; damage usually slight in Mediterranean region.

Cephus tabidus (F.), black grain stem sawfly. Barley. Libya,*

Egypt, Cyprus, Iran. Minor pest in Iran ; some injury in Egypt.

Díptera

Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies)

Agromyza ambigua Fall. Barley, wheat. Libya, Iran, Israel,

Egypt. Mines in leaves. Minor pest in Iran ; not considered pest in

Mediterranean area.

Pseudonapomyza atra (Meig.). Com, wheat, barley. Egypt, Europe. Makes linear mines in leaves.

Anthomyiidae

Atherigona excisa Thorns. Sorghum, com, other grasses. Israel,

Tanganyika. Kills buds in young plants. Serious pest in Israel, as

much as 90-percent infestation.

Atherigona indica Mall. Sorghum. Sudan, India, Kenya. Burrows in shoots. Important in southern India.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 49

Hylemya coarctata FalL, wheat bulb fly. Winter wheat preferred,

rye, barley, some wild grasses. Europe, Tunisia, Iraq. Kills stands

by feeding in stems. Caused loss of 1.2-million pounds sterling on

wheat in England in 1953.

Hylemya ñavibasis Stein, cereal root maggot. Grains. Israel. Can

cause serious damage; attacks plants in root area, causing dieback.

Bibionidae (march flies)

Bibio hortulanus (L. V (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Cecidomyiidae ( =Itonididae) (gall midges)

Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), sorghum midge. Sorghum. Aden,

Sudan, other areas of Africa. Important pest of sorghum. Infests

heads. Damaging in Sudan.

Contarinia tritici (Kirby). Cereals. Turkey, Iran, Europe. Minor pest in Iran.

Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason), rice stem gall midge. Rice,

other grasses. Sudan (southern), Nigeria, Pakistan, southeast Asia.

Considerable loss to rice in areas of Asia ; serious infestations in India ;

major pest in Pakistan.

Phytophaga destructor (Say), hessian fly. Wheat. Tunisia, Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, Europe. Major pest of

wheat in Tunisia, some other areas of world.

Chloropidae (chloropid flies)

Meromyza saltatrix (L.). Wheat, other cereals. Iran, Europe.

Larvae attack terminals and young heads. Minor to medium importance in Iran ; damaging in Europe.

Oscinella frit (L.), frit fly, Swedish fly. Cereals. Turkey, Iran,

Europe, U.S.S.R., rare in Egypt and Israel.

Ephydridae

Hydrella griseola (Fall.), rice leaf miner. Cereals. Turkey, Libya,

Egypt, Cyprus, Europe, rare in Israel. Damaging to rice in Hungary ;

common in Egypt; severe damage not known m Mediterranean area.

Scatopsidae

Scatopse nigra Meig. Barley. Turkey. Infests grain heads.

Tipulidae (crane flies)

Tipula olerácea L. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )
50 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

INSECTS AFFECTING FORAGE LEGUMES

Principal crop species: Alfalfa {Medicago sativa)^ clover {Trifolium

spp.), sweetclover {Melilotus spp.), vetch {Vicia spp.).

Acariña

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Tetranychus atlanticus McG. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

CoUembola

Sminthuridae (sprin^ails)

Denterosminthurus répandus Agrin. Clover, grasses. Afghanistan.* Numerous in lawns.

Sminthurus viridis Lubb., lucerne-flea. Prefers legumes such as alfalfa and clover, attacks many other crops, especially seedling stage.

Tunisia,* Israel, Iraq, Iran,* Libya, most of Europe. Occasionally

damaging in Europe; damage not conspicuous in Mediterranean

region.

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

Aiolopus thalassinus (F.). Alfalfa. Israel, Jordan, Cyprus, West

Pakistan,* Egypt. Heavy population observed in alfalfa in West

Pakistan.

Spathosternum prasiniferum (Wlk.). Alfalfa, grasses. West

Pakistan.* Involved in heavy population of grasshoppers in fields in

Karachi area in 1962.

Sphingonotus obscuratus lameerei Finot. Alfalfa, grasses. Libya.

Thisoicetrus annulosus (Wlk.). Alfalfa, grasses. Libya,* Egypt.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aiolopus savigni (Kr.)

Aiolopus strepens (Latr.)

Anacridium aegyptium (L.)

Arcyptera labiata (Brülle)

Calliptamus barbarus Costa

Calliptamus italicus (L.)

Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.)

Oedaleus decorus (Germ.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 51

Oedaleus senegalensis ( Kr. )

Oedipodacaerulescens (L.)

Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)

Thisoicetrinus pterostichus (F. W.)

Pyrgomorphidae

Atractomorpha acutipennis brevis Uv. Alfalfa, grasses. West

Pakistan.* Involved in heavy grasshopper populations in fields in

Karachi area in 1962.

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

Conocephalus maculatum (LeG.). Alfalfa, grasses. West Pakistan.* Light population observed.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Decticus annaelisae Ramme

Tettigonia caudata ( Charp. )

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

See following species under Cotton Insects :

Caliothrips impurus (Pries.)

Caliothrips sudanensis (Bagn. & Cam.)

See following species mider Polyphagous Insects :

Frankliniella intonsa (Tryb.)

Thrips angusticeps (Uzel)

Heteroptera

Miridae (plant bugs)

Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), alfalfa plant bug. Alfalfa, other

legumes. Afghanistan.* Light infestations observed in Afghanistan in 1961.

Calocoris norvégiens (Gmel.), potato capsid. Alfalfa, potato, beets,

some other plants. Iran,* Egypt, Europe. Keported as common in

alfalfa in areas of Iran in 1958.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Creontiades pallidus (Ramb.)

Helopeltis schoutedeni Reut.
52 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lygus gemellatus (H.-S.)

Lygus pratensis (L.)

Lygus rugulipennis Popp.

Stenodema (Stenodema) laevigatum (L.)

Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanch.)

Trigonotylus brevipes Jak.

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Adria párvula (DalL). Alfalfa-grass mixture. West Pakistan.*

Piezodorus rubrofasciatus (F.). Alfalfa-grass mixture. West

Pakistan.* Light populations observed in Karachi area.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Calidea duodecimpunctata (F.)

Dolycoris penicillatus (Horv.)

Eusacoris inconspicuus (H.-S.)

Nezaraviridula (L.)

Pyrrhocoridae (pyrrhocoridbugs)

Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.). Alfalfa, other plants. Turkey,* Afghanistan,* Spain. Species sometimes predaceous. Heavy populations-in Turkey.

Rhopalidae ( = Coreidae)

Corizus hyoscyami (L.). Alfalfa. Iran,* Egypt. Not common in

Egypt.

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Homoptera

Aphidae (aphids)

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), pea aphid, (formerly in genus Macrosiphimn). Alfalfa, peas, other legumes. Lebanon,* Syria, Iran, Iraq,

Afghanistan, Libya,* Ethiopia, Egypt, Pakistan, Israel, Jordan,

Turkey, cosmopolitan. Damage minor in Near East. Virus vector,

injurious to various legume crops.

Anoecia corni (F.). Trifolium sp. Iran.* Minor pest.

Aphis craccivora Koch. Legumes (including beans), melons, some

other hosts. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Libya,* Jordan, Iraq, Israel, Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Syria, Lebanon,* Cyprus, Turkey, Ethiopia,*

Somalia, Sudan,* cosmopolitan. Principally pest of legumes. Dam-
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 53

ages young growth, often severely ; mainly in spring in Egypt and

Israel ; major pest in Pakistan in alfalfa.

Aphis medicaginis Koch, cowpea aphid. Alfalfa. Iran,* Afghanistan,* Libya,* Pakistan, Turkey. Serious on alfalfa in Afghanistan

areas in 1958 ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Therioaphis lateóla (Bnr.). Clover. Turkey.

Therioaphis macúlala (Buckt.). Alfalfa preferred, also reported on

other legumes. Sudan,* Iran,* Libya,* Morocco, Egypt, Ethiopia,

Iraq, Cyprus, Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Turkey, Israel, India, Europe.

Damaging outbreaks observed on improved varieties in Libya ; medium

infestations in Afghanistan ; generally populations in Mediterranean

countries reported to be light, but may have serious outbreaks.

Therioaphis riehmi (Bnr.), sweetclover aphid. Sweetclover.

Iran,* Afghanistan,* Europe. Light populations in Afghanistan.

Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), yellow clover aphid. Red clover, other

clovers. Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Europe.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Erythroneura asiática Kusn. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Diacrisia investigatorum (Karsch). (See under Polyphagous

Insects.)

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Anacampsisanthyllidella (Hbn.). Alfalfa. Libya.*

Dichomeris ianthes (Meyr.). Alfalfa, pigeonpea, some other legumes. Egypt, Pakistan, India, some other eastern areas. Minor pest.

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Zamacra flahellaria Heegar. ( See under Cereal Insects. )

Lasiocampidae (tent caterpillar moths)

Lasiocampa trifolii {^s^,). Forage crops. Libya, Tunisia, Israel.

Minor pest.

Lycaenidae (blues, coppers, hairstreaks)

Chilades galba ÇL^à,). Forage crops. Libya, Egypt. Minor pest.

Zizeeria lysimon (Hbn.). Alfalfa. Libya.
54 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73; U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Autographa gamma (L.)

Heliothis dipsácea (L.)

Prodenia litura (F.)

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)

Xylena exoleta ( L.). ( See under Insects Affecting Edible Legumes. )

Pkridae (whites, sulfur butterflies)

Colias croceus (Fourc.) { = ediisa F.), clouded yellow. Alfalfa,

clover, other legumes. Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Cyprus,

Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, east Africa,

southern Africa, Europe. Minor pest in Iran, Pakistan, Egypt; injurious in southern Africa; not of serious economic importance in

Near East.

Colias hyale marmoana (Rogenh.). Alfalfa. Sudan, Ethiopia,

Somalia. Severe infestations in Sudan.

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Hedyleptaindicata (F.). Forage legumes, peanut, beans, peas. Pakistan, Uganda. Minor pest.

Nomophila noctuella (Denis & Schiff.). Alfalfa, other plants.

Arabia, Iran,* Cyprus, Iraq, Afghanistan, Egypt, Libya, widespread

migrant. Minor pest on foliage in Iran.

Tortricidae (leaf roller moths)

Cnephasiella incertana (Tr.). Alfalfa. Israel, Europe. Webs

terminals. Not rated as pest of importance.

Coleóptera

Bruchidae (seed beetles). (Bruchid records on forage legumes included under Insects Affecting Stored Products.)

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Phytodecta fornicatus Briig., lucerne beetle. Alfalfa, black medic

{Medicago lupulina), Middle Europe into Middle East including

Turkey, Syria, Iraq. Larvae and adults cause damage in parts of

Europe.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST ATHICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 55

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aphthona fuentei Reit.

Aphthona latipennis Pic

Coccinellidae (lady beetles)

Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata (L). Clover, alfalfa, other

legumes, beets. Turkey, southeastern Europe. Important on alfalfa

in Yugoslavia ; occasionally attacks beets.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Amblyrhinus poricollis Boh. Alfalfa. West Pakistan.! Light infestations observed in alfalfa.

Apion sp. Alfalfa. Iran.* Heavy infestations observed.

Apion aestivum Germ. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Apion arrogans Wenk. Legumes, especially broadbean and vetch.

Israel, Turkey, Syria. Feeds on buds and flowers. Economic species.

Apion punctigerum Payk. Legumes. Lebanon. Not important.

Apion reñexum Gyll. Alfalfa. Tunisia.^

Apion seniculus Kirby. Legumes. Israel. Economic in Israel.

Apion tenue Kirby. Alfalfa. Tunisia,! parts of Asia and Europe.

Attacks tender stems. Some importance.

Hypera brunneipennis (Boh.). Berseem {Trifolium alexandrium)^

alfalfa. Egypt, Afghanistan.J Common but not damaging when

observed in Afghanistan.

Hypera nigrirostris (F.). Alfalfa, clover. Tunisia,* Israel. Not

causing economic damage when observed in Tunisia.

Hypera postica (Gyll.) {=variaMlü (Hbst.) ), alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa. Tunisia,* Libya,* Iran,* Iraq, Lebanon,* Israel, Saudi Arabia,

Turkey,* Pakistan, Afghanistan,! Europe. Most serious pest of

alfalfa in Iran ; damaging in Libya ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Hypera striatus (Boh.). Legumes including broadbean. Lebanon,

Israel, Syria, parts of Europe. Not important in Lebanon ; some importance in Israel.

Leptomias schonherri Faust. Alfalfa, honeysuckle, polyphagous.

Afghanistan! to Manchuria. Commonly found in alfalfa, but apparently not causing damage.

Myllocerus discolor Boh. var. uniformis Mshl. Alfalfa. West

Pakistan.! Light infestation observed in alfalfa.

Sitona sp. Alfalfa, broadbean. Iran.* Light infestations observed.

Sitona callosas GylL Alfalfa, sweetclover. Afghanistan,! Europe

into Asia. Adults feed on foliage, larvae on roots. Heavy mfestation noted in alfalfa, but economic damage not apparent.
56 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sitona concavirostris Hochh. Vetch. Lebanon.J Light infestation observed.

Sitona crinitus (Hbst.). Vetch, clover, alfalfa. Israel, Syria, Turkey, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus). Defoliation reported from Israel.

Sitona cylindricollis Fahr., sweetclover weevil. Alfalfa. Afghanistan,* Iran, Israel. Abundant and damaging in Iran in 1958, but generally minor pest; medium populations observed in Afghanistan.

Sitona gressoria (F.). Lupine. Israel, Germany, southern Europe.

Severe pest at times in Portugal.

Sitona griseus (F.). Lupine, alfalfa, beans. Libya, Europe. Severe pest at times in Portugal.

Sitona hispidula (F.). Clover, alfalfa, vetch. Israel. One of most

prevalent species of Sitona in Israel.

Sitona humeralis Steph. Alfalfa, clover, other legumes. Iran,*

Europe, central Asia, Tunisia.J Adults feed on foliage, larvae on

roots. Heavy infestations in Iran.

Sitona inops Schonh. Vetch, alfalfa. Lebanon,! Europe. Adults

feed on leaves, larvae on roots. Light infestations observed on vetch

in Lebanon.

Sitona limosas Rossi. Alfalfa, broadbean, clover. Tunisia, Algeria,

Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Greece. Light infestations observed in Tunisia.

Rated as minor pest.

Sitona lividipes Fahr. Clover, alfalfa. Israel. One of most prevalent species of Sitona in Israel.

Tychius sp. Alfalfa. Turkey,* Iran.* Heavy infestations observed in Turkey.

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Epicauta erythrocephala Pall. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Anoxia pilosa (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Díptera

Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies)

Agromyza nana Meig. Berseem, other legumes. Egypt, Europe.

borne importance in Europe.

Cecidomyiidae ( = Itonidae) (gall midges)

Perrisiaviciae Kief., vetch gall midge. Vetch, alfalfa, other legumes.

Israel, Europe. Folds leaves, some economic importance on young
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 57

Tipulidae (crane flies)

Tipula olerácea L. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

COTTON INSECTS

Principal crop species: Cotton {Gossypium spp.), kenaf {Hibiscus

cannaoinus), okra {H, escvlentus).

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Acería gossypii (Banks), cotton blister mite. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest in West Pakistan.

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Brevipalpus obovatus Donn. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Oligonychus coffeae (Nietn.). Cotton, eucalyptus, tea. Egypt,

Ethiopia,* other areas of Africa, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia), east Asia.

Heavy infestations on eucalyptus in Ethiopia.

Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra) ( = 0. terminalls

Sayed). Mango, cotton. Egypt.* Apparently of some importance

in Egypt on mango ; minor pest on cotton.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Tetranychus atlanticus McG.

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Bdv.)

Tetranychus telarías (L.)

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

Acrida bicolor (Thunb.). Cotton. Pakistan, Cyprus, Jordan,

Israel, Turkey, Syria, Tunisia, Egypt, Somalia, Ethiopia, other areas

of Africa, parts of Europe. Minor pest of cotton m Pakistan«

Acrida exaltata (Wlk.), Cotton. Pakistan, India, Iran, Afghanistan, southern Arabia. Minor pest on cotton some areas.

Cataloipusabyssinicus JJy. Cotton (leaf). Sudan.
58 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Catantops axillaris saucius (Burm.). Cotton. Sudan. Feeds on

leaves.

Pyrgomorpha cognata Kr. Cotton, vegetables, other plants. Sudan,

Egypt, southern Arabia. Occasionally damages margins of cottonfields.

Pyrgomorpha cónica (01.). Cotton. Sudan, Egypt, Israel,

U.S.S.K. (Transcaucasia), Cyprus. Feeds on leaves of cotton.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acrotylusinsubricus (Scop.)

Aiolopus strepens (Latr.)

Anacridium aegyptium (L.)

Anacridium moestum melanorhodon (Wlk.)

Calliptamus italiens (L.)

Calliptamus turanicus Tarb.

Catantops somalicus Sjöst.

Chrotogonus homalodemus (Blanch.)

Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi Kirby

Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.)

Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.)

Dociostauruskraussi (Ingen.)

Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.

Eyprepocnemis noxia Dirsh

Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.)

Kraussariaangulifera (Kr.)

Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F_)

Nomadacris septemfasciata Serv.

Oedaleusdecorus (Germ.)

Oedaleussenegalensis (Kr.)

Oedipoda caerulescens (L.)

Oedipodaminiata (Pall.)

Oxyavelox (F.)

Poekilocerus pictus (F.)

Sphingoderus carinatus (Sauss.)

Thisoicetrinus pterostichus (F. W.)

Thisoicetrus littoralis (Ramb.)

Truxalis nasuta (L.)

Zonocerus variegatus (L.)

Gryllidae (crickets)

Acheta viator (Kirby). Mango, cotton. West Pakistan, India.

Major pest on cotton; minor pest on mango.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 59

Scapsipedus felderi Sauss. Cotton. Sudan. Attacks seedlings.

Scapsipedus marginatus (Afz. & Brann.). Cotton. Somalia,

Ethiopia, Sudan. Economic damage to seedlings.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acheta domesticus (L.)

Gryllus bimaculatus DeG.

Gryllus campestris L.

Oecanthuspellucens (Scop.)

Tartarogryllus burdigalensis (Latr.)

Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Gryllotalpa africana P. de B.

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.)

Gryllotalpa unispina Sauss.

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Decticus albifrons (F.)

Decticus annaelisae Ramme

Tettigonia caudata (Charp.)

Tettigoniaviridissima (L.)

Isoptera

Rhinotermitidae (termites)

Coptotermes spp. Cotton. Somalia, Ethiopia. Injure roots.

Coptotermes sjostedti var. subintacta Silv. Cotton, Somalia.

Termitidae (termites)

Microtermes sp. Cotton. Yemen.* Very hmvy infestation reported on roots and stems.

Microtermes aluco (Sjost.). Cotton. Sudan.* Infests roots and

stems.

Microtermes obesi Holmgr. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Microtermes thoracalis Sjost. Cotton. Sudan. Causes serious

local damage by feeding in roots and stems.
60 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Haplothrips dolichothripoides Bagn. Cotton (seedling). Sudan.

Thripidae (thrips)

Caliothrips impurus (Pries.) {=fumipennis (Bagn. & Cam.)).

Cotton, alfalfa, vegetables, other crops and plants. Sudan, Ethiopia.

On cotton requires control in Sudan, where it causes severe damage,

up to 50 percent on 2,000 acres in one area in 1962; also damages

Doli-chos lablah.

Caliothrips sudanensis (Bagn. & Cam.). Cotton, alfalfa, vegetables, other crops and plants. Sudan, Ethiopia. On cotton not so

injurious as C. impunos^ but causes important damage.

Dendrothrips russoi Pries. Cotton. Somalia.

Frankliniella dampfi Pries., cotton bud thrips. Cotton, cereals,

many other plants. Egypt, Somalia, Sudan. Some damage to cotton

in Gezira, Sudan ; infests heads of cereals.

Scirtothrips mangiferae Pries. Peach, cotton. Libya, Egypt,

Sudan. Attacks cotton buds.

Taeniothrips sjostedti (Tryb.). Cotton (flower). Somalia,

Nigeria.

Thrips flavus Schrank. Cotton. Iran, Turkey, U.S.S.K. (Transcaucasia, Turkestan). Important on young cotton in Iran.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet)

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

Thrips tabaci Lind.

Heteroptera

Coreidae (coreid bugs)

Anoplocnemis curvipes F. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Leptocoris griseiventris Stkl. Cotton. Somalia.

Lygaeidae (lygaeidbugs)

Graptostethus servus (F.). Cotton, jute. Egypt, Somalia, Sudan,

east Africa, southern and eastern Asia including Pakistan. Attacks

green boll of cotton. Minor pest on j ute in Pakistan.

Lygaeus furcatus F. Cotton (leaf and boll). Somalia, Sudan,

Kenya, Tanganyika.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 61

Lygaeus hospes F. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest on green

bolls.

Lygaeus (Spilostethus) longulus (DalL). Cottoon, beans. Libya,

Egypt, Sudan. Importance apparently undetermined.

Oxycarenus fiebert Stal. Cotton, other Malvaceae. Sudan, Uganda.

Attacks ripe seed. Oxycarenus spp. may reduce seed weight as much

as 2-15 percent and affect germination.

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa), cottonseed bug. Cotton, okra,

hollyhock, other Malvaceae. Sudan,* Ethiopia,* Somalia, Egypt,

Tunisia, many other African countries, Cyprus, Turkey, Iraq, Iran,

Syria, Greece, India, Pakistan, southeast Asia, Aden. Attacks cottonseed as bolls open causing weight loss of seed and stained lint. Major

pest in Pakistan and Iran.

Oxycarenus lavaterae (Fieb.). Cotton, peach. Tunisia, Algeria,

Morocco, Ethiopia (determined as possibly this species).* Damages

open bolls of cotton.

Oxycarenus rufiventris (Germ.). Cotton (open boll). Sudan,

Uganda.

Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Miridae (plant bugs)

Orthops kalmii (L.). Cotton. Turkey. Infests cotton.

Phytocoris obscuratus Reut. Cotton. Turkey. Found infesting

cotton.

Ragmus flavomaculatus Ball. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor

pest.

Ragmus importunitas Dist. Cotton, sunn hemp. West Pakistan.

Minor pest.

Ragmus morosus Ball. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Taylorilygus vosseleri (Popp.). Cotton. Sudan, east Africa,

Congo. Attacks bud, boll, leaf, square causing distortion and boll

drop. Serious pest on occasion.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Campylomma diversicornis Reut.

Campylomma nicolasi Put. & Reut.

Creontiades pallidus (Ramb.)

Helopeltis schoutedeni Reut.

Lygus pratensis (L.)

Stenodema (Stenodema) laevigatum (L.)

Pentatomidae (stinkbugs)

Acrosternum (Nezara) acuta Dall. Cotton. Somalia, Congo. Attacks green bolls. Important vector of boll disease in Congo.
62 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Acrosternum (Nezara) pallidoconspersum (Stâl). Cotton, castorbean. Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda. Attacks green bolls of cotton.

Atelocera raptoria Germ. Cotton. Sudan, Nigeria, Uganda. Attacks green boll.

Macrorhaphis acuta Dall. Cotton. Sudan.* Economic importance

unknown.

Nezara gramínea Fieb. (See under Cereal Insects.)

See also following species under Polypliagous Insects :

Agonoscelis pubescens Thunb.

Calidea bohemani (Stal)

Calidea dregii Germ.

Calidea duodecimpunctata (F.)

Calidea nana (Hahn & H.-S.)

Dolycoris penicillatus (Horv.)

Eusarcoris inconspicuus (H.-S.)

Nezara viridula (L.)

Piezodorus lituratus (F.)

Pyrrhocoridae (pyrrhocoridbugs)

Dysdercus cardinalis Gerst. Cotton, other Málvales. Somalia,

Ethiopia, Sudan, Congo, east Africa, Aden. Dysdercus spp. feed on

developing and ripe seed, transmit fungi of seed and lint causing serious damage ; presence may be indicated by small dots on inner surface

of boll wall and breakdown of boll content.

Dysdercus cingulatus F., red cotton stainer. Cotton, okra. Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, east Asia. Major pest in Pakistan.

Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. Cotton, okra. Sudan,* other areas south

of Sahara, Malagasy Republic. Dominant species of Dysdercus in

Sudan ; one of most important cotton pests in southern Africa.

Dysdercus nigrofasciatus Stâl. Cotton. Sudan, Ethiopia,* areas

south of Sahara. Attacks open and green bolls. Serious pest in

southern x^frica. (Fig. 13.)

Dysdercus superstitiosus (F. ). Cotton, kenaf, other Málvales. Sudan,* Ethiopia,* other areas south of Sahara. Important pest of lint

and seed.

Rhopalidae ( = Coreidae)

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 63

FIGURE 13.—Dpsdercus nigrofasciatus adult in open cotton boll.

Aphidae (aphids)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aphis gossypii Glov.

Smynthurodes betae Westw.

737-632 O—64 5
64 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Asterolecanium pustulans (Ckll.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Cerococcus hibisci Green. Cotton. West Pakistan, Kenya. Minor

pest on leaf5 stem, seedlings.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Kolla minica Dist. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Peragallia sinuata (M. E.). Cotton. Iran.* Collected from cotton but apparently not causing damage.

Scaphoideus aegyptiacus Mats. Cotton. Sudan. Heavy local infestations reported.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca decedens Paoli

Empoasca decipiens Paoli

Empoasca devastans Dist.

Empoasca facialis (Jac.)

Empoasca flavescens (F.)

Empoasca lybica (Berg.)

Erythroneura asiática Kusn.

Erythroneura lubiae China

Coccidae (soft scales)

Filippia gossypii Bod. Cotton. Iran. Minor pest.

Pulvinaria maxima Green. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Saissetia nigra (Nietn.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley). (All records of P. minor (Mask.) in

Africa should probably be referred to this species.) Cotton. Widespread in Africa. Only diaspid scale frequently found on cotton in

Africa.

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Pseudococcus corymbatus Green. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor

pest.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.)

Nipaecoccus vastator Mask.

Phenacoccus hirsutas Green
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 65

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Amsada moloneyi (Druce). Cotton. Sudan. Attacks seedling

cotton some years.

Diacrisia punctulata (Wallg.). Cotton. Sudan, West Africa.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Amsacta lactinea ( Cram. )

Amsactamoorei (Butl.)

Diacrisia investigatorum (Karscli)

Diacrisia obliqua (Wlk.)

Pericalliaricini (F.)

Cosmopterygidae

Pyroderces coriacella (Sn.). Cotton. Somalia, east Africa, Nigeria, Ceylon, Pakistan, parts of southeast Asia. Attacks open bolls.

Minor pest in Pakistan.

Pyroderces simplex Wlsm., scavenger bollworm. Cotton, hibiscus,

sorghum, castorbean, peas, other plants. Egypt, Somalia, other parts

of Africa, Iran, India, other areas. Secondary pest on cotton.

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Mometa zemiodes Durr. Cotton. Sudan, Somalia, other areas of

Africa south of Sahara. Larva resembles pink bollworm. Attacks

open bolls, base of stem. Minor pest,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), pink bollworm. Cotton^ okra,

other Malvaceae. Egypt, Aden, Turkey, Iran,* Afghanistan,*

Yemen,* Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Syria, Cyprus,

Israel, Jordan, Somalia, many other areas of Africa and Asia, southern

Europe, wide areas of world. Feeds on flower buds and bolls. Serious pest in Syria; major pest in Pakistan; about 27-percent loss m

equatorial Sudan and Í7-percent loss in Egypt (despite control m both

areas). One of most important cotton pests, referred to as most

notorious pest of cotton in world.

Platyedra malvella (Hbn.). Cotton, hollyhock, malvaceous herbs.

Libya, Iran,* U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia, Turkestan). Attacks square,

flower, boll. Minor pest.

Platyedra villella (Zeil.), cotton stem moth. Cotton, hollyhock, malvaceous herbs. Iran,* Israel, Iraq, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia Turkestan) , Morocco, parts of Europe. Attacks bud, boll, square ot cotton.

Minor damage usually in Iran and other areas, but serious m northern

Iran in 1932] in Israel bores into terminals, infestations usually light.
66 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Gracilariidae (leaf blotch miners)

Acrocercops bifasciata Wlsm., cotton leaf miner. Cotton, castorbean. Somalia, other areas of Africa south of Sahara. Makes serpentine mines in leaves. Reported to be important on seedlings m

Somalia.

Lymantriidae (tussock moths)

Euproctis fasciata (Wlk.). Cotton (flower, leaf). Somalia, Nigeria, Uganda. Most Enproctw moths not serious on cotton.

Porthesia producta (Wlk.). Cotton. Pakistan, India, east Africa.

Minor pest in Pakistan on leaf.

Porthesia xanthorrhoea (KolL). Cotton, corn, sugarcane. West

Pakistan. Minor pest.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Anomis flava (F.), cotton semilooper. Cotton, other Malvaceae.

Pakistan, Sudan, Somalia, other areas of Africa, eastern A.sia. Up

to 25-30 per plant reported from India; outbreaks on cotton m Afnca

sporadic.

Anomis involuta (Wlk.). Cotton (leaf). Sudan.

Diparopsis watersi (Roths.), Sudan boUworm. Cotton, closely related Malvaceae. Aden, Yemen,* Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan across

equatorial Africa. Most important insect in Aden ; serious in Somalia

and some areas of Africa; requires control in Sudan. D. castanea

Hmpsn. distributed south of Equator.

Earias biplaga Wlk. (In Africa term "spiny bollworm" refers to

this species and E, imulana.) Cotton, other Málvales. Ethiopia,

Somalia, Sudan, widespread south of Sahara in Africa. Earias spp.

attack bud, flower, boll, square, stem. E. hiplaga one of less injurious

bollworms.

Earias cupreoviridis (Wlk.). Cotton, other Malvaceae. Pakistán,

India, China, Africa south of Sahara. {Earias sp. near cupreoviridis

determined from Yemen.*) Minor pest in Pakistan; occasionally injurious in Africa; reported serious in China; rare on cotton in India.

Earias fabia (Stoll), spotted bollworm. {E. insulana also known as

spotted bollworm in India. ) Cotton, okra. Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, southeast Asia to Australia. Attacks boll, square, stem. Injurious in Pakistan, Australia, Malaya, New Guinea; one of major

pests in Java. Major pest of okra.

Earias insulana (Bdv.), spiny bollworm, Egyptian bollworm. Cotton, okra, other Malvaceae. Afghanistan,* Iran,* Israel, Lebanon,

Jordan, Iraq, Sudan,* Somalia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Aden, Yemen,*

Turkey, Syria, Cyprus, Pakistan, Libya,* Ethiopia,* India, Greece,

Spain, Italy, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia). Whenever spiny bollwonn
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 67

occurs, it is one of most serious cotton pests ; attacks young stems and

bolls causing infestation up to 75 percent. Prefers Abutilón in Aden ;

major pest of okra in Pakistan.

Euxoa tritici (L.). ( See under Insects Affecting Solanaceous Crops. )

Tarache nitidula (F.). Cotton, Cajmvm, Pakistan, India, Somalia,

Nyasaland. Minor pest on leaf in Pakistan; serious some years in

India.

Xanthodes graellsi (Feistli.). Cotton, okra, other Malvaceae, peanut, crucifers, some other plants. Aden, Iran,* Yemen,* Iraq, Pakistan, India, Sudan, Somalia, other African areas. Six generations per

year in southern Africa. Foliage feeder. Minor pest in Aden, Pakistan, other areas; apparently held in check by parasites.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agrotis flammatra (Denis & Schiff.)

Agrotis Ípsilon (Hfn.)

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.)

Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.)

Diachrysia orichalcea (F.)

Euhlemma brachygonia Hmpsn.

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.)

Euxoasegetum (Denis & Schiff.)

Euxoaspinifera (Hbn.)

Heliothis armigera (Hbn.). (Fig, 14.)

Heliothis dipsácea (L.)

Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiff.)

Prodenialitura (F.)

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)

Trichoplusiani (Hbn.)

Nymphalidae (brush-footedbutterflies)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Nymphalis polychlorOS (L.)

Vanessa cardui (L.)

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Crocidosema plebeiana Zeil., hollyhock moth. Cottx^n, hollyhock.

Abutilón, Iran,* Turkey, Italy, Egypt, Cyprus Sudan XT b.b.K.

(Transcaucasia), Australia. Seems to prefer hollyhock ; attacks boll,

flower, seedling of cotton. Reported as pest m Italy and Australia;

minor pest in Iran.
68 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE

FIGURE 14.—Heliothis attacking cotton'.

Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyr. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Eccopsis wahlbergiana (Zeil.). Cotton, castorbean. Ethiopia,

Somalia, Uganda, Libya.

Phycitidae

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Phycita infusella Meyr., cotton bud caterpillar. Cotton. West Pakistan, India. Pest of some importance in West Pakistan on bud and

leaf, attacks seedlings.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 69

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.). ( See under Polyphagoiis Insects. )

Sylepta derogata (F.), cotton leaf roller. Mostly confined to Malvaceae, especially cotton and okra. Wide areas of Africa including

Sudan and Somalia, Pakistan, India to Australia. Rolls edges of

leaves and binds with webbing. Most destructive cotton foliage pest in

India; major pest in Pakistan; parasites usually control outbreaks in

Africa; dominant leaf-eating caterpillar in rain-fed cotton area of

Africa and Asia. Minor pest on okra in Pakistan.

Coleóptera

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Sphenoptera devorans Obenb. Cotton. Sudan. Sphenoptera spp.

worse on perennial cotton or older, woody cotton.

Sphenoptera gossypii Cotes, cotton stem borer. Cotton, okra, other

Malvaceae and legumes. Pakistan, Aden, Sudan, West Africa, India.

Hollows out stem. On cotton major pest in Pakistan; minor pest in

Aden ; important in India ; occasionally important in Sudan.

Sphenoptera kolbei Kerr. Cotton, okra. Sudan. Attacks stems.

Sphenoptera neglecta (Klug). Cotton (stem). Sudan to Senegal

to southern Africa.

Sphenoptera patrizzii Obenb. Cotton (stems). Ethiopia, Somalia.

Sphenoptera scebelica Thery. Cotton. Somalia. Reported as pest.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Longitarsus sp. Cotton. Yemen.* Light infestation on leaves.

Longitarsus gossypii Bryant. Cotton, Cajanus indiens, Sudan.

Minor pest on leaves.

Nisotra dilecta (Daim.). Cotton, okra, HiU^ciis spp. Sudan to

Nigeria. Minor pest of Hihiscios spp.

Nisotra pallida (Jac). Cotton, related Málvales, some legumes.

Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan and westward in Africa Adults teed on

leaves causing shotholes. Together with P, puneticolhs'^own ^s cotton flea beetle" in Sudan. Major pest, especially on seedlings.

Pachnephorus bistriatus Muls. (See under Cereal Insects.)

Phyllotreta cheiranthi Weise. (See under Crucifer Insects.)

Podagrica sp. Hollyhock, Malva sp. Lebanon,* Iran.* Observed

causing heavy damage to leaves.
70 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Podagrica fuscicornis (L.). Kenaf. Iran, Greece. Adults attack

germinating seeds. Medium to severe damage.

Podagrica malvae (111.)- Okra, orange, cotton. Cyprus, U.S.S.R.

(Transcaucasia).

Podagrica pallidicolor Pic. Cotton. Ethiopia.

Podagrica puncticollis Weise. Cotton, okra, other Malvaceae.

Aden, Sudan, Ethiopia. Minor pest in Aden; serious infestations

on seedling cotton in Sudan.

Syagrus rugiceps Lef. Cotton, other Malvaceae. Somalia, Ethiopia. Larvae of genus injure roots; adults feed on leaves, can cause

serious loss on seedlings ; one to two generations a year.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aphthona fuentei Eeit.

Aphthona latipennis Pic

Hermaeophagaruficollis (Lucas)

Curculionidae (weevils)

Alcidodes affaber (Auriv.). Cotton, okra, kenaf. West Pakistan,

India. Minor pest on stems.

Alcidodes fabricii (F.). Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Apion radiolas Kirby. Malvaceae. Libya, Cyprus, Tunisia.I

Corigetus instabilis Mshl. ( =^Har)mHm instaUlis (Mshl.) ). Cotton,

acacia. Yemen.J Collected in cotton, feeding not observed.

Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust var. maculosus Desbr., cotton

gray weevil. Cotton, beans, corn, other plants. West Pakistan,*

India. Major pest on leaf and root of cotton; minor pest on corn.

Pempherulus affinis (Faust), cotton stem weevil. Cotton, okra,

other Malvaceae. West Pakistan, India. As many as six generations

a year. Important on cotton in India, serious pest on seedlings.

Sibinia brunnula Mshl. Cotton, Sudan.

Sibinia planiuscula (Desbr. ). Cotton, fig. Cyprus, Libya.

Sibinia sudanica Mshl. Cotton. Sudan.

Sibinia vitticollis Mshl. Cotton. Sudan.

Smicronyx gossypii Mshl. Cotton. Sudan.

Tanymecus hispidas Mshl. Cotton. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Tanymecus musculus Fahr. Cotton, okra, some other plants.

Egypt. Adults cause some damage.

Tanymecus sparsus Fahr. Cotton, sorghum. Sudan. Migrates to

crops from weeds. Some control in Sudan.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Apion aestivum Germ.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 71

Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust

Tanymecus indicus Faust

Elateridae (wireworms)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agriotes lineatus (L.)

Agriotes meticulosus Cand.

Conoderus bicarinatus Eeit. (See under Insects Affecting Solanaceous Crops.)

Lagriidae

Lagria villosa F. (See under Insects Affecting Solanaceous Crops.)

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Coryna ambigua Gerst. (See under Insects Affecting Edible

Legumes.)

Epicauta erythrocephala Pall. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Mylabris convexior Pic. Kenaf, cotton. Somalia, east Africa.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

See following species under Cereal Insects :

Adoretus rugulosus Burm.

Anisoplia segetum (Hbst.)

Heteronychus parumpunctatus Burm.

Pentodon bispinosus Küst.

Tenebrionidae ( darkling beetles)

Gonocephalum pusillum (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Beets

and Related Crops.)

Gonocephalum simplex (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Opatriodes punctulatus BruUe. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Diptera

Cecidomyiidae ( = Itonididae) (gallmidges)

Contarinia gossypii Felt. Cotton. West Pakistan, India. Minor

pest on flowers and stems in West Pakistan.
72 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

INSECTS AFFECTING POME AND STONE FRUITS

Principal crop species: Almond {Prunus amygdalus)^ apple {Malus

sylvestris)^ apricot {Prunus armeniaca)^ cherry {Prurms avivm^ P.

cerasus)^ peach {Prunus pérsica)^ pear {Pyrus comrminis)^ plum

{Prurms domestica and Prunus spp. ), quince ( Cydonia oblonga).

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyidmites)

Eriophyes pyri (Pagst.), pear leaf blister mite. Pear, apple, plum.

Libya, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Iran.

Occasionally important in Syria ; important in Iran and Turkey.

Eriophyes similis tipycus Nal. Plum. Iran. Causes galls on

leaves, attacks buds and fruit. Rated severe.

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Brevipalpus lanceolatisetae Attiah. Prune, apricot, pear, apple.

Egypt.

Cenopalpus pulcher (C. &F.) { =Brevipalpus geisenheyneri (Rubs.),

B. pyri Sayed, B. oudeiimnsi (Geijskes)). Apple, pear, quince, loquat, poplar. Afghanistan,* Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon,

Syria, Egypt, Libya,* Europe. Serious on fruit in Turkey in 1959 ;

considerable damage to apple in Cyprus and Iran ; damage to buds and

flowers of quince reported from Libya.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Brevipalpus californicus (Banks)

Brevipalpus obovatus Donn.

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes)

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Bryobia praetiosa Koch complex {B, ruhrioculu^ records probably

involved), clover mites. Apple, pear, peach, hollyhock, other plants.

Cyprus, Iran, Libya, Afghanistan, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, many

other areas. Heavy infestations on apple in Iran and stone fruit in

Libya.

Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten). Cherry, apple, plum, pear.

Iran,* Afghanistan,* Turkey, Lebanon,* Libya.* Severe damage to

apple in Turkey ; heavy populations reported from Iran and LK)ya ;

prevalent on apple at Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1961.

Eotetranychus pruni (Oudm.). Cherry, apple. Cyprus.

Panonychus ulmi (Koch), fruit tree spider mite, European red mite.

Apple, other deciduous fruit. Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Europe,
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 73

U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia). Minor importance in Tunisia ; severe damage in Iran.

Tetranychus viennensis Zacher. Pome and stone fruits. Turkey.

Serious infestations observed in 1959.

See also following species under Polypliagous Insects :

Tetranychus atlanticus McG.

Tetranychus telarius (L.)

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Anacridium aegyptium (L.)

Anacridium moestum melanorhodon (Wlk.)

Zonocerus variegatus (L.)

Isoptera

Termitidae (termites)

Microcerotermes diversus Silv. Fruit trees, other plants. Saudi

Arabia, Iraq. Damage to nursery stock severe in Saudi Arabia.

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Scirtothrips mangiferae Pries. ( See under Cotton Insects. )

Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel), pear thrips. Apple, pear, peach,

cherry, some other fruit. Lebanon, Turkey, France, Cyprus, Iran.

Abundant in Lebanon; 10- to 20-percent damage on pear fruit m

Turkey.

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeidbugs)

Leptodemusbicolorventralis Schm. Almond. Libya. Minor pest

locally.

Oxycarenus lávateme (Fieb.). (See under Cotton Insects.)

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Nysius cymoides (Spin.)

Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.)
74 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pentatomidae (stinkbugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Dolycoris baccarum (L.)

Piezodorus lituratus (F.)

Tingidae (lace bugs)

Monosteira lobulifera Reut. Pear. Lebanon, Syria, Libya. Not

important in Lebanon and Syria ; destructive in Libya.

Monosteira unicostata (Muls. and Rey), almond bug. Almond,

apricot, other stone fruits, pear, apple, hawthorn, willow, poplar.

Mediterranean area including Tunisia,* Libya,* Cyprus, Turkey,

Lebanon,* Syria; U.S.S.R. (Caucasus, Turkestan), Iran.* When

abundant, can cause defoliation and heavy losses of yield ; severe infestations observed in Tunisia on pear and in Lebanon on poplar;

severe infestations on almond also reported from Libya.

Physatocheila confinis Horv. Pear. Turkey, Greece.

Stephanitis pyri (F.), pear lace bug. Many rosaceous fruits, also reported on chestnut, walnut, oak, poplar. Europe, Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iraq, Iran,* Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey,* Syria, Morocco,

Tunisia, U.S.S.R. (Turkestan, Caucasus, Siberia). Causes significant

damage to foliage, particularly apple and pear, which may lead to

defoliation and loss of crop ; severe infestations observed in Tunisia

and Iran.

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Siphoninusfínitimus Silv. Apple, fig. Libya.* Serious pest locally.

Siphoninus granati Pr. & H. Pomegranate, pear, apple, ash.

Sudan,* Egypt, Iran.* Produces sooty mold on lower surface of

leaves; heavy infestation on ash in Iran.

Aphidae (aphids)

Aphis pomi DeG., apple aphid, green apple aphid. Apple, pear,

qumce. Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Lebanon, Libya, Turkey, Cyprus,

Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Tunisia, Syria, Europe, widely distributed.

Causes serious damage to apple.

Brachycaudus amygdalinus (Schtdn.). Peach, apricot, almond.

Israel, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Libya,* southern Europe,

central Asia. Abundant and damaging in Israel, Iran, Libya.

Brachycaudus cardui (L.). (See under Insects Affecting Miscellaneous Vegetables. )

Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kltb.). (See under Insects Affecting

Ornamentals.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 75

Iran, Iraq,

Causes large

Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) { = Amiraphis rosea Baker), rosy

apple aphid. Apple. Tunisia,* Israel, Turkey, Iran,* Libya,*

Afghanistan,* Lebanon, Cyprus. Serious pest in I^banon.

Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), woolly apple aphid. Apple. Jordan, Iraq,* Lebanon, Tunisia, Libya, Pakistan, Israel, E<rypt, Iran,

Turkey, Syria, Cyprus, cosmopolitan. Produces knots and swellings

on branches and roots; large-scale control in Iraq; serious in Lebanon

and Syria; 20-percent damage in Turkey; medium to heavy populationsinlran and Pakistan. (Fig. 15.)

Eriosoma lanuginosum (Htg.). Pear (roots), elm.

Syria, Turkey, Europe, north Africa, central Asia.

pocket galls on end of elm twigs; serious pest in Iran.

Hyalopterus pruni (Geoff.) { = anindmis), mealy plum aphid.

Peach, other rosaceous fruit, some grasses. Iran,* Afghanistan,*

Pakistan, Israel, Iraq, Turkey, Lebanon,* Cyprus, Egypt, Libya,* Jordan, Syria, Tunisia, cosmopolitan. Heavy infestations on peach in

Iran; abundant and damaging in Israel, Libya, Pakistan.

Lachnus pyri Bnckt. Pear. Iran, Ceylon.

Myzus cerasi (F.), black cherry aphid. Cherry, several secondary

hosts. Turkey, Lebanon, Europe. Considerable economic importance

on cherry.

Myzus persicae (Sulz.). (See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Ovatus mespiliella ( Theob. ). Apple. Iran, Israel.

Pterochlorus persicae (Choi.). Peach, apricot, some other Rosaceae. Lebanon,* Israel, Egypt, Iran,* Afghanistan,* Pakistan,

Cyprus, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, general distribution southern Europe

to central Asia. Feeds on branches, causes sooty mold; may kill

trees; peak populations in spring in Israel; heavy damage observed

and reported from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan.

FIGURE 15.—Eriosoma lanigerum on apple.
76 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chermidae (barkaphids)

Aphanostigma piri (Choi.). Pear. Israel, U.S.S.E. (Crimea),

Italy. Feeds on buds and bark ; may destroy buds, causes bark cracking. Most abundant in autumn and winter in Israel.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca decedens Paoli

Empoasca decipiens Paoli

Empoasca ñavescens ( F. )

Cicadidae (cicadas)

Paharia lacteipennis (Wlk.). Deciduous fruit, other trees. Pakistan, Afghanistan (specimens from Afghanistan determined from description).* Eated as important pest in Pakistan; heavy population

reported from Afghanistan.

Psalmocharias quaerula (Pall.). Deciduous fruit. Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus). Rated as important pest in

Pakistan.

Psalmocharias rugipennis (Wlk.). Deciduous fruit, other trees.

Pakistan, Afghanistan (specimens determined from description).*

Rated as important pest in Pakistan ; heavy populations reported from

Afghanistan.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Ceroplastes sinensis Del G. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Eriochiton amygdalae Rao. Almond, peach, apple, quince. West

Pakistan. Reduces vitality of tree by attacking branches. Important

Eulecanium bituherculatum Targ.-Tozz. Pome and stone fruits.

Iraq, Iran. Minor pest.

Eulecanium rugulosum (Arch.). Pear, apple, some other fruit and

shade trees. Iran. Attacks twigs and branches, sometimes severe.

É-^^T'ÍT'^ ^^^^^ Bouché (status of Lecanium confused according to

H. M. Morrison, U.S. Dept. Agr.), European fruit lecanium. Apricot,

pear, other deciduous fruit and trees. Libya,* Lebanon, Egypt,

Lecanium coryli (L.). Peach, plum, other deciduous fruit, walnut,

oak, other trees. Pakistan, Turkey, Iran. Moderate to heavy damage

to twigs and branches m Pakistan; sometimes severe in Iran.

Lecanium persicae (F.) {^herheridis Sehr.), European peach scale.

Deciduous fruit, citrus, grape. Tunisia, Cyprus, Iran, Egypt.

Abundant m Tunisia; sometimes severe infestations in Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 77

Lecanium prunastri (Forsc), globose scale. Plum, other stone

fruit. Lebanon, Iran, Turkey. Not important in Lebanon; sometimes severe infestations in Iran.

Lecanium turanicum Arch. Apple, plum, peach. Afghanistan

(specimens determined as possibly this species) .* Moderate to heavy

infestations reported.

Pulvinaria hetulae ( L.). ( See under Grape Insects. )

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) prunorum Laing. Cherry, almond,

apple, other pome and stone fruit trees. Iran, West Pakistan. Attacks twigs, branches, trmik. Minor to medium damage in Iran:

serious on almond in West Pakistan.

Aspidiotus (Quadraspidiotus) ostreaformis Curt. European fruit

scale. Apple, plum, some shade trees. Iran, Europe. Minor pest.

Aspidiotus (Quadraspidiotus) perniciosas Comst. San Jose scale.

Deciduous fruit, other trees and shrubs. Iraq, Pakistan, southern

J^urope, widespread in other subtropical and tropical areas. Serious

pest m Pakistan and other areas.

jj%^S^^^^ ««^«ííí?« Arch. Plum, other deciduous fruit. Iran,

U.b.fe.R. Heavy infestations on leaves and twigs reported from

areas of Iran.

Epidiaspis leperii (Sign.). Pear, apple, other rosaceous trees,

i^ibya, other north African areas, Iran, Turkey, southern Europe.

Apparently minor pest in north Africa and Iran.

Lapazia peshawarensis Eah. & Ans. Plum, peach. West Pakistan.

Lepidosaphes baluchistanensis Rao. Deciduous fruit. Pakistan.

Kated major pest.

Lepidosaphes ficus (Sign.). (See imder Insects Affecting Miscellaneous Fruits.)

Lepidosaphes malicola Borchs. Apple, sometimes apricot and

peach. Iran.* Heavy infestations noted on apricot in Iran in 1959.

Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), oystershell scale. Fruit trees, olive, other

deciduous trees. Iran, Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, Tunisia, Libya,

Ethiopia, Egypt, Europe into central Asia. Minor to heavy infestations reported from Iran. (Fig. 16.)

Nilotaspis halli (Green), Hall scale. Stone fruit, pear, apple.

^^yp^5 Libya, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan. Severe pest in Iran and Pakistan ; minor in Libya.

Parlatoria proteus ( Curt.). ( See under Citrus Insects. )

Phenacaspis (Tecaspis) prunorum Borchs. Apricot, plum, almond,

other fruit trees. Iran. Common on leaves and tAvigs.

Pseudaulacaspis pentágona (Targ.-Tozz.), white peach scale. I)e

ciduous fruit, some other plants. Turkey, Israel, Syria, Egypt^ southern Europe, widespread in temperate regions of world. Importrai'

pest in Turkey. ( Fig. 17. )
78 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 16.—Lepidosaphes ulmi.

Quadraspidiotus pyri (Licht.). Apricot, apple, pear, some other

fruit trees. Iran, parts of Europe. Infests trunks. Minor pest in

Iran.

Salicicola archangelskyae (Ldgr.). Apple, pear, plum, other deciduous fruit. Iran. Severe attacks on branches and trunks.

Voraspis adlei Bal. & Kaus. Apricot. Iran. Medium importance

on leaves and twigs in Iran.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.)

Aspidiotus lantaniae Sign.

Melanaspis inopinata (Leon.)

Parlatoria cinérea Hadd.

Parlatorio oleae (Colv.)

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Phenacoccus aceris (Sign.), apple mealybug. Apple, other fruit

and shade trees. Iran, Europe. Mediimi importance in Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 79

H:

FIGURE 17.—Pseudaulacaspis pentágona.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.)

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh.)

Psyllidae (psyllids)

Psylla sp. Pear. Afghanistan.* Heavy and damaging infestations observed.

Psylla pyricola Foerst., pear psylla. Pear. Lebanon, Syria,

Afghanistan,* Israel, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, U.S.S.R., Europe.

Serious pest in I^ebanon, Syria, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan; serious

some years in Israel where there are 10-11 generations per year.

Lepidoptera

Aegeriidae (clearwingmoths)

Aegeria (Synanthedon) myopaeformis (Bork.), apple clearwing

moth. Fruit trees. Cyprus, Lebanon, Turkey, north Africa, Europe.

Serious injury to trunks in Cyprus, old trees preferred.

737--6a2 o—64 ß
80 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Axiopoena maura (Eichw.). Apricot. West Pakistan. Attacks

leaves.

Coleophoridae (casebearer moths)

Coleophora hemerobiella Scop. Apple, plum. Lebanon. Not important pest.

Coleophora mosipennella Dup. Apple. Iraq. Feeds on young

leaves. Minor pest.

Cossidae (carpenterworm moths)

Cossus ligniperda L. Apricot. Lebanon. Keported to be serious

pest.

Cossus (Trypanus) cossus L., goat moth. Grape, various trees including elm, fruit, poplar, willow. Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran,

Europe, north Africa. Bores into wood. Medium importance in

Iran.

Zeuzera pyrina (L.), leopard moth. Apple, pear, olive, other trees.

Syria, Tunisia,* Libya, Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan,

Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus, Europe to Japan. Extensive damage in

Lebanon, Tunisia, Syria ; heavy in Iran ; destructive to olive and apple

m Israel. Serious pest.

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Anarsia lineatella Zeil., peach twig borer. Peach, almond, apricot,

other stone fruit. Lebanon,* Iran,* Tunisia,* Libya, Syria, Cyprus,

Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Europe, other areas. Serious

mfestations m Syria, Pakistan, Libya; about 20-percent damage in

Turkey; economic infestations observed in Lebanon.

Recurvaría nanella ( Hbn.), lesser bud moth. Apple, quince, apricot,

other stone fruit. Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Cyprus,

Ureece. Serious infestations in Lebanon and Iran on new growth;

m] urious m Cyprus.

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Lycia hirtaria (CL). Apple, pear, quince, shade trees. Iran.

Medium damage to leaves.

Nychiodes variabilis Brandt. Apricot, other stone fruit. Iraq,

Turkey, Iran. ^'

Operophtera brumata (L.), winter moth. Deciduous fruit, hard-

^"^u ^* Algeria, Tunisia, most of Europe, parts of U.S.S.E. Feeds

on buds, foliage, fruit. Major pest of fruit and forest trees.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 81

Glyphipterygidae

Anthophila (Simaethis) pariana (Cl.), apple-and-thorn skeletonizer.

Apple. Iran,* Turkey. Some importance in Iran.

Gracilariidae (leaf blotch miners)

Lithocolletis blancardella F. Apple, pear. Lebanon. Not important.

Hyponomeutidae (plutellid moths)

Argyresthia conjugella Zeil., apple fruit moth. Fruit. Turkey,

Europe, U.S.S.R. ^'

Hyponomeuta evonymellus (L.). Peach, other fruit. Iran,*

J^urope. Adults collected from peach in Iran. Species of some importance in Europe.

Hyponomeuta padellus (L.), lesser ermine moth, ermine moth.

Cherry, apple, almond, apricot, willow. Iran,* Aforhanistan,* PakiT7 ' y^^^y^ Cyprus, Syria, Europe. Feeds on and webs terminals.

Very destructive in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Cyprus; 15- to 25-percent

damage m Turkey. ' Ji ' i

Lasiocampidae (tent caterpillar moths)

Malacosoma indica (Wlk.). Almond, apple. Afghanistan, Pakistan. Up to 50 percent of trees attacked in Punjab area, Pakistan.

Malacosoma neustria (L.), lackey moth. Many fruit and forest

trees, ornamentals. Turkey, Iran, Europe. Important orchard deloliator some years. Injurious in Europe ; causes only about 2-percent

damage in Turkey.

Taragama repanda (Hbn.). Seems to prefer Schimts molle, attacks

plum, other trees. Tunisia, other north African areas, Spain. Minor

pest.

Lymantriidae (tussock moths)

Euproctis signata (Blanch.), hairy caterpillar. Deciduous fruit and

shade trees. West Pakistan, Afghanistan. Severe damage on apple

m West Pakistan.

I^ymantria destituta (Stand.). Almond. Israel. Feeds on leaves.

Lymantria lapidicola (H.-S.). Almond. Lebanon, Iraq, Israel.

Nygmiaphaeorrhoea (Don.), brown-tail moth. Almond, other fruit

and forest trees. Syria, Iran, Turkey, Tunisia, Europe. Causes defoliation in Syria ; minor pest in Iran ; important in Europe.
82 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Porthetria dispar (L. ), gypsy moth. Deciduous forest and fruit trees.

Iran, Tunisia, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, Israel, Syria, north

Africa through Europe and Asia to Japan. Not important on fruit

in Lebanon ; serious in Iraq ; serious on hazelnut in Turkey, causing up

to 90-percent damage; important in Iran.

Lyonetiidae

Leucoptera scitella (Zeil). Apple, pear, pistachio. Iran. Leaf

miner causing medium to severe damage.

Lyonetia clerkella (L.). Deciduous fruit, birch. Tunisia, Israel,

Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Cyprus, Europe. Mines

leaves. Not very important in Tunisia; occasionally important in

Lebanon, Syria, Libya, Iran.

Momphidae

Blastodacna libanotica DkflP. Pear. Lebanon. Produces galls on

twigs. Minor importance.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

Acronicta rumicis (L.). Apple, Prunus sp., other plants. Iraq, Lebanon. Probably not important.

EpisemacaeruleocephalaÇL.). Apple, stone fruit. Lebanon, Sj^ria,

Israel, Turkey, Europe. Defoliates stone fruit. Sometimes serious

damage.

Heliothis nubigera H.-S. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Notodontidae (notodontid moths)

Phalera bucephala (L.). Fruit and forest trees. Turkey, Europe.

Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

Nymphalis polychloros (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), codling moth. Apple, pear, walnut.

.y^^^V^?^^^'* Lebanon,* Libya,* Iran,* Iraq,* Pakistan, Afghanistan, ^ iurkey, Jordan, Cyprus, Israel, north Africa, Europe through

central Asia, widespread m other areas of world. Five generations

m Israel. Major pest whenever apples grown in northeast Africasouthwest Asia ; up to 50-percent damage in Iran and Turkey ; limiting

tactor m apple production in Afghanistan ; very serious pest in Cyprus,

Syria, Pakistan. Jf ^
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 83

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Grapholitha funebrana Treits., plum fruit maggot, red plum maggot.

Plum and other stone fruit, reported from apple and walnut. Turkey,

Cyprus, Iran,* Syria, Algeria, temperate Europe through Siberia

(ILS.S.R.). Gum threads exuded from punctures. Serious pest of

plum in wide areas of Europe ; damaging in Algeria and western Asia ;

up to 80-percent damage in Syria ; severe in Iran.

Grapholitha molesta (Busck), oriental fruit moth. Peach and other

fruit. Turkey, southern Europe. Important infestation in Bursa

area, Turkey. (Fig. 18.)

Hedya nubiferana (Haw.) {=Argyroploee variegann (Hbn.) ), fruit

tree tortrix moth. Quince, hawthorn. Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Europe. Occasionally important pest.

Hedya pruinana (Hbn.), plum tortrix moth. Apple. Lebanon.

Occasional pest.

<0>n-r

FIGURE 18.—QraphoUtha molesta larva in peach.
84 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pammene rhediella (Cl.). Apple, plum. Turkey, central U.S.S.R.,

Europe. Feeds in fruit. Occasionally causes heavy damage.

Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiff.), eye-spotted bud moth. Apple

and quince preferred, stone fruit. West Pakistan, Europe. Serious

pest in Baluchistan.

Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)

Iphidicles podalirius (L.), pear tree swallowtail. Apple, pear, other

Rosaceae. Lebanon, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Tunisia, Europe. No appreciable damage.

Phycitidae

Acrobasis noctuana (Hbn.). Pear. Syria. Feeds on flower buds

and young leaves.

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Euzophera punicaella (Moore). (See under Insects Affecting Miscellaneous Fruits.)

Pieridae (whites, sulfur butterfli^)

Aporia crataegi (L.), black-veined white. Apple, pear, cherry, hawthorn, wild rosaceous fruit. Lebanon,* Iraq, Afghanistan,* Turkey,

Iran, Cyprus, north Africa, Europe across Asia to Japan. One generation per year in Iraq; small larvae gregarious, spin webs. Occasionally important.

Saturniidae (giant silkworm moths)

Saturnia pyri (Schiff.), great peacock moth. Apple, pear, willow,

plum. Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran, temperate Europe, north Africa. Occasional importance.

Tortricidae (leaf roller moths)

^cíerís rarieflrana (Denis & Schiff.). Apple, pear. Lebanon. Can

be serious pest in Lebanon.

Archips philippa (Meyv.). Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan. Minor

pest.

Archipspomivora{Mejr,). Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan. Sometimes serious pest.

Archips rosana (L.). Apple, other plants, polyphagous. Iraq,

I urkey, Iran, Europe. Damaging in Iran and parts of Europe.

Archips sarcostega (Meyr.). Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan,

feerious damage to foliage and ripening fruit.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 85

Archips subsidiaria (Meyr.). Plum, peach, apple. West Pakistan.

Serious injury to blossoms.

Cacaecimorpha pronubana (Hbn.). Apple, pomegranate, olive, carnation. Libya,* areas in Europe. Attacks leaves. Important pest in

some areas.

Clepsis unifasciana Dup. Apple. Lebanon. Occasionally important.

Coleóptera

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Apate monacha F. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Sinoxylonperforans (Sehr.). Plum, apple, grape. Lebanon, Syria,

southern U.fe.S.R. Not important in Lebanon, secondary pest.

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Agrilus sinuatus (01.). Pear, apple, hawthorn, some other deciduous trees. Iran, Europe. Larvae make narrow burrows in inner bark

and sapwood. Severe pest in Iran.

Anthaxia bicolor Fald. Fruit trees. Iran, southern U.S.S.R., central

Anthaxia (Haplanthaxia) cichorii (01.). Deciduous fruit, oak,

poplar. Iran, Algeria, France, parts of U.S.S.R. Attacks weakened

tr66S.

Capnodis anthracina (Fisch,), Fruit trees, pistachio. Iran. Minor

Capnodis carbonaria Klug, almond borer. Almond, apricot, plum,

pistachio. Lebanon,* Iran, Afghanistan,* Israel, Syria, Turkey,

vjreece. Larvae develop in roots and collar, can kill trees. Major pest

m Israel, especially on almond.

Capnodis henningi Fald. Almond, peach, apricot. Iran.

Capnodis kashmirensis Fairm. Peach, apricot, other trees. West

i^akistan. Tunnels in branch and trunk, sometimes killing tree.

Ma] or pest.

Capnodis parumstriata Ball. ( See under Nut Insects. )

Capnodis porosa Klug. Almond, poplar, P^mnus spp. Lebanon,*

Iran, Israel. Slight importance in Israel.

Capnodis tenebrionis (L.), peach buprestid. Peach, related stone

fruit. Lebanon,* Tunisia, Syria, Turkey, Israel, other Mediterraiie;\n

areas, southern Europe eastward to Iran and parts of U.S.S.R.

Larvae kill young trees by boring into lower trunk and root; adults

feed on foliage and bark. One of most important pests of stone fruit

in Mediterranean region.

Chalcophorella stigmatica Schoen. Almond. Israel. Serious pe '
86 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chrysobothris affinis (F.). Peach, some other trees. Egypt, Cyprus, Algeria, southern U.S.S.R., parts of Europe. Feeds under bark,

may attack only weakened trees.

Cratomerus fedtschenkoi (Sem.). Cherry, other fruit trees. Iran,

Afghanistan, southern U.S.S.R.

Perotis (Aurigena) chlorana (Lap. & Gory). Prune, apple, almond,

other deciduous fruit. Lebanon,* Syria, Israel, Cyprus, Iran, Greece.

Occasionally important in Syria; adults cause minor injury in Iran;

serious on almond in Israel.

Perotis (Aurigena) lugubris (F.). Apricot, cherry, rose. Iran,

Turkey, Algeria, Europe, parts of U.S.S.E. Adults feed on young

growth. Minor pest in Iran.

Ptosima undecimmaculata (Hbst.). Deciduous fruit trees. Iran,

Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey, Cyprus, Europe into west Asia. Adults

active in May; larvae bore into weakened trees. Damaging in neglected orchards. Severe damage in Iran.

Sphenoptera dad-khani Ohenh, ( = lafertei Thorns,). Peach. Pakistan, India. Serious borer in Pakistan and India.

Sphenoptera davatchii (Desc). Stone fruit. Iran, widely distributed pest.

Sphenoptera kambyses Obenb. Deciduous fruit trees, citrus. Iran.

Adults appear in May ; 1-year cycle. Attacks vigorous trees. Serious

pest.

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Aeolesthes holosericea (F.). Fruit trees, walnut, some other trees.

West Pakistan, India. Important wood borer causing severe damage ;

single larva may kill young apple tree.

Aeolesthes sarta ( Solsky ), Quetta borer. Peach, apple, walnut, poplar, elm, willow, other trees. West Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Iran.

Important pest causing extensive damage to trunks of trees leading to

breakage or death ; severe infestations observed in Afghanistan.

Apatophysis módica Gahan. Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan.

Minor pest.

Apriona cinérea Chevr. Apple. West Pakistan. Serious injury to

trunks and branches.

Cerambyx cerdo L. Apricot, apple, pear, cherry. Lebanon,*

Turkey, Egypt, middle and southern Europe.

Cerambyx dux (Fald.) ( = G. heros Scop.). Plum, peach, apricot,

almond, walnut, some forest trees. Lebanon,* Syria, Israel, Iran,

Cyprus, Greece. Adults emerge from May to June ; 30 to 50 larvae

may be found per tree, all stages; pupation in trunks; life cycle about

1 year. Serious trunk borer in Lebanon and Israel; minor pest in

Iran; damage reported from Cyprus. (Fig. 19.)

Cerambyx miles Bon. Apple, pear. Cyprus. Recorded as killing

large number of trees annually.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 87

FIGURE 19.—Cerambyx dux adult.

Chlorophorus figuratus (Scop.). Fruit and forest trees. Iran,

Turkey. Minor pest in Iran.

Chlorophorus varius Müll. Fruit and forest trees, grape. Turkey,

Iran, Israel, Cyprus, Egypt. Bores into trunks. Minor pest in Iran ;

some damage to grape in Egypt.

Megopis (Aegosoma) scabricornis Scop. Apricot. Libya. Bores

in branches.

Osphranteria coerulescens Redtb. Fruit trees. Iran. Adults active in May. Severe damage in central Iran, kills branches.

Phymatodes varius (F.), wasp beetle. Peach. Egypt. Attacks

wood.

Quettania coeruleipennis Sch. Cherry. West Pakistan. One generation per year. Attacks small branches. Major pest.

Stenopterus ater ÇL.). Apricot. Tunisia. Damage to branches.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Labidostomis propinqua (hWà.). Stone fruit. Turkey.

Longitarsus pellucidus Foud. Apple. Lebanon. Not important.

Megalongnatha aenea Lab. Peach, avocado, acacia. Ethiopia,

Kenya, Uganda.

Mimastra cyanura Hope. Pear, peach, almond. West Pakistan.

Large numbers skeletonize leaves.

Necyomantes sp. Almond. Iran.* Medium population observed

on leaves.
88 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Necyornantes judaica (Lef.). Apple. Lebanon. Not important.

Necyornantes limbata (Stev.). Apple, pear. Lebanon. Not important.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Anthonomus cyprius Mshl. Apricot, peach. Lebanon, Cyprus.

Larvae feed in buds. Occasionally important.

Anthonomus pomorum (L.), apple blossom weevil. Apple, pear

preferred, some other rosaceous hosts. Turkey, Lebanon, Cyprus,

Syria, Iran, Europe across Asia. Long history of damage in Europe

and Asia, especially serious when blossoming is light ; severe damage

in Iran.

HyperStylus lineatus Mshl. Apple leaves. West Pakistan.

Magdalis cerasi (L.). Pear, related fruit. Lebanon, Europe into

U.S.S.R. (Siberia). Not important in Lebanon; occasionally damages branches in Europe.

Polydrosus pilifer Hochh. Almond. Afghanistan,f Light population noted.

Rhamphus pulicarius (Hbst.). Apple. Lebanon, Syria. Feeding

makes brown spots on new leaves. Not important in Lebanon.

Rhynchites auratus ( Scop. ), golden apricot weevil. Apricot, cherry,

almond, plum. Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Iraq,

Greece. Bores broad holes in fruit, develops in seed. Extensive

damage in Iran ; important in Syria and Iraq.

Rhynchites baccus (L.). Apple, pear, other fruit. Turkey, Iran,

Europe. Larvae feed in fruit; adults attack buds, flowers, young

fruit. Severe damage.

Rhynchites cupreus (L.), plum borer. Plum, cherry, other fruit.

Iran, Europe. Attacks buds, flowers, young fruit. Medium damage in

Iran.

Rhynchites giganteus Kryn. Pear, some other fruit. Iran. Larvae

feed in fruit; adults attack buds, flowers, young fruit. Medium

importance.

Rhynchites heros Roelofs. Cherry. Iran. Larvae feed in fruit;

adults attack buds, flowers, young fruit. Medium importance.

Rhynchites (Lasiorhynchites) praeustus (Boh.). Plum. Lebanon.

Not important.

Rhynchites (Lasiorhynchites) praeustus (Boh,). Plum. Lebanon.

Occasionally important.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Platymycterus marmoratus (Faust)

Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 89

Malachiidae

Malachius bipustulatus L. Apple, pear. Lebanon. Occasionally

important on pear.

Nitidulidae (sap beetles). (See under Insects Affecting Stored

Products.)

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Adoretus pérsicas Reit. Apple, pear, cherry, other trees. Iran.

Adults feed heavily on foliage at night.

Adoretus pullusB^udl Almond. Cyprus. Feeds on leaves.

Amphicoma vulpes (F.). Sometimes apricot and cherry. Iran.

Adults feed on flowers.

Cetonia aurata (L.). Rose, apple, pear, apricot, other fruit. Iran,

^gypt, parts of Europe. Adults attack young leaves, flowers, young

Epicometis senicula (Mené.). Apple, pear, other deciduous fruit.

Iran. Adults attack flowers.

Epicometis turanica (Reit.). Cherry, other fruit. West Pakistan,

bevere damage to blossoms, causing reduction in fruitset.

Melolontha kraatzi pérsica Reit. {=3Í. tibialis Kraatz). Apple,

pear, other fruit trees, some deciduous trees. Iran. Larvae attack

roots of field and nursery stock ; adults feed on leaves.

Oxythyrea tripolitani (Reit.). Fruit. Libya.

Pachnoda fasciata (F.). Peach, rose. Egypt. Feeds on ripening

peaches and flowers of other plants.

Phaeadoretus comptas Mené. Grape, almond, other stone fruit.

Iran. Adults feed on leaves ; larvae attack roots. Severe damage.

Phyllognathas dionysias (F.). (See under Cereal Insects.)

Phyllognathas excavatas (Forst.) (=s?'Ienus F.). Deciduous fruit.

West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Polyphylla adspersa Motsh. Fruit trees, nurseries. Iran, Pakistan,

Turkey, U.S.S.R. Larvae feed on roots, minor to serious damage;

adults fly at nightfall.

Polyphylla alba (Pall.). Grape and fruit trees. Iran. Lai^ae attack roots, particularly nursery plants.

Potosia caprea hiroglyphica Mené. Pear, quince. Iran. Adults

attack flowers.

Potosia hungarica (Hbst.). Composite flowers, sometimes fruit.

Iran. Adults attack flowers.
90 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Protaetia aíñnis (Anders.). Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan.

Minor pest.

Protaetia impávida (Jans.). Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan.

Minor pest.

Stalagmopygus alhella (Pall.). Cherry. West Pakistan. Severe

damage to blossoms.

Valgus hemipterus (L.). Apple, other fruit, ornamentals. Turkey,

Iran. Minor damage on blossoms and leaves.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Anoxia pilosa F.

Epicometis hirta Poda

Oxythyrea abigail Keiche & Saulcy

Oxythyreacinctella (Schaum)

Oxythyrea funesta (Poda)

Oxythyrea pantherina (Gory & Perch.)

Pentodon bispinifrons Kelt.

Pentodon idiota (Hbst.)

Polyphylla fullo (L.)

Polyphyllaolivieri (Lap.)

Tropinotasqualida (Scop.)

Scolytidae (bark beetles)

Anisandrus dispar (F.). (See under Nut Insects.)

Scolytus sp. Cherry. Iran. Larvae attack inner bark of old and

dying trees, causing severe damage.

Scolytus amygdali Guer. Plum, other stone fruit, apple, quince.

Libya,* Lebanon, Turkey, West Pakistan, Egypt, Cyprus, Israel.

Four generations a year. Major pest in West Pakistan; heavy damage in Libya ; occasionally important in Lebanon.

Scolytus fasciatus Keit. Deciduous fruit. West Pakistan, Ü.S.S.R.

( Turkestan ). Minor pest.

Scolytus mali (Bechst.) {=pnini Ratz.), larger shot-hole borer.

Apple, cherry, pear. Turkey, Iran, Europe into Siberia. Economic

damage in Turkey and Iran ; considered secondary pest in Europe.

Scolytus mediterraneus Egg. Stone fruit, apple, pear. Libya. Important in Libya.

Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) rugulosus (Ratz.), shot-hole borer.

Apple, other fruit trees. Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Libya,

Cyprus, Europe into U.S.S.R. Serious pest in Lebanon, Syria, Iran;

most important scolytid on fruit in Europe.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 91

Hymenoptera

Cephidae (stemsawflies)

Januscompressus (F.). Pear. Tunisia, Turkey. Feeds in terminals.

Cimbicidae (cimbicidsawflies)

Cimbex quadrimaculata (Mueller). Almond preferred, apricot,

other stone fruit. Lebanon,* Syria, Turkey, Israel, Italy, central and

southern Europe. One generation per year. Serious on almond in

Lebanon and Israel.

Eurytomidae (eurytomids, seed chalcids)

Eurytoma amygdali End., almond nut borer. Almond, stone fruit.

Iran,* Afghanistan, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Turkey,* Cyprus,

Greece, Bulgaria, southern U.S.S.R. Attacked fruit turns brown.

Serious in many areas, up to lOO-percent loss.

Eurytoma samsonovi Vass. Apricot, peach, plum. West Pakistan.

Considerable injury to apricot fruit.

Tenthredinidae (sawflies)

Caliroa cerasi (L.) {=Erio€ampoides Umacina Ratz.), pear-slug.

Pear, cherry, other stone fruit. Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Iran,

Greece. Not important in some areas ; causes 10-percent damage in

Turkey; severe injury in Iran. (Fig. 20.)

Hoplocampa brevis (Klug), pear sawfly. Pear major host, plum,

apple. Turkey, Syria, Turkestan (U.S.S.R.), most of Europe. Important on pear in many areas of Europe ; 60 to 80 percent of fruit

attacked in Crimea and Syria.

Hoplocampa nava (L.), plum fruit sawfly. Plum. Lebanon, Israel,

Turkey, Syria, Europe. Important pest.

Hoplocampa minuta (Christ) {=H, fulvicornisF,), Plum, apricot,

other fruit trees. Iran, Europe. Larvae attack fruit, feed inside seed.

Severe pest in wide areas.

Hoplocampa testudínea (Klug), apple sawñy, European apple sawfly. Apple. Turkey, Europe. Important pest of apple in Marmara

region, Turkey.

Vespidae (hornets, yellow jackets)

Polisteschinensis (F,), Grape, apricot, other fruit. Iran. Adults

feed on ripe fruit. Some importance.
92 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTU:RE

FIGURE 20.—Caliroa cerasi damage.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 93

Polistes gallicus (L.). Deciduous fruit. Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan.

Sometimes serious in Pakistan.

Vespa orientalis L. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Vespula germánica (F.). Ripe fruit including grape. Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Iraq, Iran. Adults feed on ripe fruit, honeydew of

other insects. Some importance in Iran ; sometimes serious in Pakistan.

Díptera

Cecidomyiidae (=Itonididae) (gall midges)

Apiomyia bergenstammi (Wachtl). Pear, hawthorn. Lebanon,

Syria, Italy, Greece. Adults emerge from mid-April to mid-May ; one

generation a year. Buds changed to rounded or conical galls, terminal

growth stopped. Very serious on pear in Lebanon ; occasionally important in Syria.

Odinadiplosis amygdali (Anagn.). Peach, almond. Afghanistan

(determined as probably this species),* Turkey, Greece. Observed

causing severe damage to peach terminals in Afghanistan, produces

stunting and rosetting of terminals through gall formation. Heavily

parasitized by Torymus sp.*

Drosophilidae (vinegar flies)

Drosophila melanogaster Meig. Fig, apple, peach, banana, other

fruit. Cyprus, Egypt, Lebanon,* other areas.

Tephritidae (=Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ( See under Cucurbit Insects. )

Dacus zonatus (Saund.), peach fruit fly. Peach, mango, guava,

melons, other fruit. West Pakistan,* India. Most destructive fruit

fly in Punjab, West Pakistan, up to 60-percent infestation of mango.

Rhagoletis cerasi (L.), European cherry fruit fly. Cherry major

host, other Prunus species. Turkey, Iran, most of continental Europe,

U.S.S.R. (Kazakhstan). One of most serious pests of cherry in

Europe, 80- to 100-percent damage reported ; serious m Turkey and

Iran, 25-percent damage in areas of Turkey in 1962.

See also following species under Citrus Insects :

Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). (Fig. 21.)

Cerotitis quinaria (Bezzi)

Dacus dorsalis Hend.

CITRUS INSECTS

Principal host crops : Grapefruit (Oitrus paradissii), lemon {(Jitrn-c

limonia), orange {Citrus sirwnsis, G. aurantimn, and varieties)
94 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 21.—Ceratitis capitata damage in peach.

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Aceria sheldoni (Ewing), citrus bud mite. Citrus. Libya,* Tunisia,*

Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Aden, Cyprus, Lebanon, other Mediterranean

areas. Stunting and malformation of new growth and fruit commonly

found in Tunisia. Major lemon pest in Tunisia and Cyprus; minor

pest in Israel ; economically important in Turkey.

Phyllocoptruta oleivorus (Ashm.), citrus rust mite. Citrus. Israel,

Lebanon,* Iran, Turkey, Syria, Cyprus, east Africa, east Asia, many

other areas. Major pest in Cyprus and Israel ; important in Turkey;

light to severe in Caspian area of Iran where it was reported as being

probably most important citrus pest of 1958.

Tenuipalpidae (=Phytoptipalpidae) ( false spider mites)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Brevipalpus californicus (Banks)

Brevipalpus obovatus Donn.

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Gr.)

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Eutetranychus banksi (McG.). (E. W. Baker, U.S. Dept. Agr.,

stated E. hanksi occurs in Western Hemisphere only. All African records of £'. hanksi-=E. orientalis.)

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), (includes records for E. hanksi

(McG.)). Citrus most common, fig, walnut, pumpkin, castorbean,

other plants. Iran,* Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Afghanistan,* Aden,

Ethiopia,* Sudan, Egypt,* Libya. Serious outbreaks on citrus in
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 95

Cyprus; heavy infestations observed on citrus in Etliiopia and Iran;

collected on this crop in Afghanistan.

Panonychus citri (McG.), citrus red mite. Citrus. Iran, Lebanon,

Libya, Turkey, east Asia, U.S.S.R., other areas. Abundant in areas of

Iran; caused loss of yield in Turkey; minor pest in Libya.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Bdv.)

Tetranychus telarías (L.)

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Anacridium aegyptium (L.)

Oedipoda caerulescens (L.)

Schistocerca gregaría (Forsk.)

Isoptera

Rhinotermitidae (termites)

Reticiditermes lucífugas (Rossi), Mediterranean soil termite. Citrus, lurkey, Israel, Mediterranean region. Sometimes builds galleries m roots of young trees and in trunks of old ones.

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

Heliothnps haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), greenhouse thrips. Citrus,

azalea, many other plants. Egypt, Israel, Greece, Spain, in greennouses and tropical and subtropical areas of world. Minor pest on

citrus m Israel ; locally important.

Odontothríps karnyi rívnayi Pries. Citrus, other plants. Israel.

Injures citrus fruit.

Scirtothríps aurantii Faure, South African citrus thrips. Citrus,

cotton, acacia, other plants. Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, southern Africa,

Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland. Attacks citrus fruit, reduces market

value.

Taeniothríps discolor (Kamy). Citrus, ornamentals, polyphn 0:011s

?&ypt, Cyprus, Israel, Europe. Infests flowers, injures citrus fruit

in Israel.

Taeniothríps fríci (Uzel). Citrus, tea, plum. Iran. Some î r

tance.

Taeniothríps merídionalis Pries. Citrus, other plants. Isr •

jures citrus fruit.

737^632 O—64 7
96 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Heteroptera

Coreidae (coreid bugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Anoplocnemis curvipes F.

Leptoglo88U8 membranaceus (F.)

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

Leptodemus minutus (Jak.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Miridae (plant bugs)

Dionconotus cruentatus (Brülle), orange blossom bug. Citrus,

grasses, other plants. Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Cyprus, Israel, southern Europe. Occasionally important in Lebanon and Israel on citrus,

causes blossom drop.

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agonoscelis pubescens (Thunb.)

Calidea bohemani (Stal)

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whit^flies)

Acaudaleyrodes citri (Pr. & H.). Citrus, pomegranate, Zieyphus^

some other plants. Egypt, Israel, West Pakistan. Some local damage

to citrus from leaf drop.

Aleurocanthus husanii Corb., Husain's whitefly. Citrus. West Pakistan, India. Serious damage in some areas.

Aleurocanthus spiniferus ( Q. ), orange spiny whitefly. Citrus, other

plants including rose, ^ape, pear. West Pakistan, India, east Asia.

Minor pest in West Pakistan ; important in Japan and some other areas.

Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, citrus blackfly, oriental whitefly.

Citrus primarily, mango, Zizyphiis, coffee, other plants. West Pakistan,* Iran, Aden, Seychelles, areas of southern Asia, other areas.

Heavy and widespread in West Pakistan. Important pest, seriously

reduces yield. (Fig. 22.)

Aleurolobus citrifolii Corb. Citrus. West Pakistan, India. Some

importance.

Aleurolobus marlatti (Q.), Marlatt whitefly. Citrus. Pakistan,

Iran,* India, Japan. Minor pest.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 97

• •MjMff^jF^* 'IK

FiouKE 22.—Aleurocanthus woglumi.

Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.), citrus whitefly. Citrus. West Pakistan,

Pak r^^^^^'"" °*^^^^ ^^^^' -^^í^^ P®^^ "^ Afghanistan and West

Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kot.). (See under Insects Affecting OrnaDialeurolonga elongata (Doz.), elongate whitefly. Citrus. West

rakistan,* India. Found with very heavy infestation of citrus blackfly. Minor pest.

Tnaleurodes ricini (Misra). Citrus, castorbean. Iran,* India.

•Heavy damage on castorbean.

Aphidae (aphids)

Toxoptera aurantii (Fonsc.), black citrus aphid. Citrus preferred,

tea, coffee, wide host range. Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Pakistan, Israel, Aden, Ethiopia,* Somalia, Egypt, Libya,* Tunisia,*

many tropical and subtropical areas of world. May cause severe

damage on young trees; serious damage some years in Libya; major

pest in Pakistan.

Toxoptera citricidus (Kirk.), oriental black citrus aphid, brown citrus aphid, tropical citrus aphid. Citrus. Most of east Asia,

Africa (Sudan,* Somalia, Ethiopia, generally south of Sahara), other

areas. Feeds on new growth. Vector of devastating tristeza disease,

causing heavy losses in South America and elsewhere ; vector of stem

pitting, lime dieback, citrus yellows.
98 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca decedens Paoli

Empoasca decipiens Paoli

Coccidae (soft scales)

Ceroplastes ñoridensis Comst., Florida wax scale. Citrus, polyphagous. Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, widespread in

tropical and subtropical regions. Important in Egypt; occasionally

important in Lebanon and Israel ; minor pest in Iran. Honeydew can

cause problem.

Coccus sp. Citrus, coffee. Ethiopia.* Severe infestations seriously

damaging these crops at Harrar in 1961.

Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuw.), citricola scale. Citrus, evergreen plants. Iran, parts of U.S.S.E. Some importance in Iran.

Lecanium persicae (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

Pulvinaria aurantii (CklL), orange pulvinaria scale. Citrus, Pittospojnim sp. Iran, Cyprus, parts of U.S.S.E. Heavy infestations in

some areas of Iran.

Pulvinaria floccifera (Westw.). Citrus, tea, polyphagous. Iran,

Egypt, Turkey, Spain, Greece, other subtropical areas. About 15-

percent damage reported from Black Sea coast, Turkey; sometimes

severe near Caspian Sea, Iran.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Ceroplastes sinensis Del. G.

Coccus hesperidum L.

Coccus viridis (Green)

Pulvinaria psidii Mask.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.-Tozz.)

Saissetia oleae (Bern.)

Dîaspidîdae (armored scales)

Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), California red scale. Citrus, various

deciduous fruit, other plants. Afghanistan, Lebanon,* Cyprus, Saudi

Arabia, Aden, Pakistan, Iran, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Morocco,

Ethiopia,* Egypt, southern Europe, widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. Attacks leaves, twigs, fruit, causes severe damage;

10-percent damage in Turkey; common in citrus orchards of Ethiopia.

Ma] or citrus pest, one of most important in semiarid, subtropical areas.

Aonidiella citrina (Coq,), Orsmge, Pninus s^. Afghanistan,* Iran,

Aden, Ethiopia,* U.S.S.E. (Transcaucasia), India. Severe infestation recorded m Afghanistan and elsewhere.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 99

Aonidiella orientalis (Newst.), oriental yellow scale. Citrus, j]^ava,

oleander, palms, castorbean. Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Arabia, India,

Ethiopia, Sudan,* Somalia, widespread in tropical and subtrop>ical

areas. Light to heavy infestations in Iran; injurious in Iraq; minor

pest in Pakistan; only scale of importance in hot, arid southern regions

of Iran in 1958.

Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) { = -ßcns Ashm.), Florida red scale,

Egyptian black scale, citrus black scale. Citrus, banana, palms, many

other plants. Lebanon,* Israel, Ethiopia,* Algeria, Egypt, Sudan,*

Syria, Pakistan, many other tropical and subtropical areas of world.

Major citrus pest in Lebanon, Egypt, Israel ; serious damage in Syria

and other Mediterranean areas; common in Ethiopia on citrus; called

most important pest of citrus in Israel and Egypt. (Fig. 23.)

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.), dictyospermum scale, westem red scale. Olive, citrus, fig, tea, shrubs, palms, many other trees.

Ethiopia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia,* Turkey, Iraq,

Iran, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia), southern and eastern Asia, many

other areas of world. One of most important citrus scales in Libya

and Tunisia; dominant citrus pest in western Mediterranean area;

destructive to citrus in Iran ; apparently minor pest in Turkey.

Chrysomphalus pinnulifera (Mask.). Citrus. Iran, Turkey.

Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.), purple scale, citrus mussel scale. Citrus, olive, crotón, fig, many other plants. Ethiopia,* Somalia, Egypt,

Libya, Tunisia,* Lebanon,* Turkey, Israel, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Syria,

tropical and subtropical areas of world. Heavy damage on citrus in

Iran ; important pest in southern Europe, Israel, Libya ; heavy infestations on citrus noted in Ethiopia. (Fig. 24.)

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Pack.), Glover scale, citrus long scale.

Citrus preferred, many other plants. Iran, Turkey, Israel, Egypt,

southern Europe, common in tropical and subtropical areas. Heavy

infestations on citrus in Iran some years, but little importance ; infests

young trees in Turkey.

Parlatoria morrisoni McK., Morrison's parlatoria. Citrus, Zizyphiis,

jasmine, olive. Iran, Sudan,* Iraq.

Parlatoria pergandii Comst., chaff scale. Citrus main host, many

plants attacked. Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Iran, Israel, Turkey, Syria,

Pakistan, Cyprus, widely distributed over world. Major citrus pest

in Iran, minor in Israel and Turkey, important in Libya and Egypt.

Parlatoria proteus ( Curt.). Citrus, peach, palms, many other plants.

Iran, Egypt, Mediterranean basin, other tropical and subtropical areas

of world. Not very important on citrus; troublesome on peach ui

Egypt.

Parlatoria zizyphus (Lucas), black parlatoria scale. Citrus preferred, few reports of pest on some other plants. Southern Eiiropi,

Asia (including Iran, Lebanon, Cyprus), parts of Africa (MOITM:« n

Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia,* Tunisia,* Libya, southern Africa), otli^ r

areas. One of major pests of citrus in southern Europe, Tiou?

China; important in Iran, Libya, and Ethiopia; believed to be ni .-

standing citrus pest in Eritrea ( Ethiopia) m 1961. Diflicuit to cG\:l^

(Fig. 25.)
100 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiGUEE 23.—Chrysomphalus aomdum.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 101

FIGURE 24.—Leptdosaphes beckii.

öee also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Aspidiotus camelliae Sign.

Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.)

Parlatorio cinérea Hadd.

Parlatoria oleae (Cblv.)

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Sign.)

Margarodidae (margarodid scales)

Icerya purchasi Mask., cottony-cushion scale, Australian fluted scale.

Citrus, ornamentals, polyphagous. Egypt, Libya, Ethiopia, Tunisia,*

Lebanon, Iran, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, other tropical and subtropical areas of world. Damage from feeding and heavy exudation

of honeydew. Controlled in many areas by RodoHa cardinriUs. Devastating infestations observed in areas of Ethiopia where R. cardin-ali-s

not established.
102 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 25.—Parlatoria sizyphus.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Drosicha stebbingi (Green)

Drosichiella tamarindus Green

Icerya aegyptiaca (Dougl.)

Ortheziidae (ensign scales)

Orthezia insigáis Browne. (Se« under Polyphagous Insects.)

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.)

Nipaecoccus vastator (Mask.)

Phenacoccus hirsutas Green

Pseudococcus adonidum (L.)

Pseudococcus brevipes (Ckll.)

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.)

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh.)

Pseudococcus (Planococcus) citri (Risso)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 103

Psyllidae (psyllids)

Diaphorina citri (Kuway.), citrus psylla. Citnis. Tropical and subtropical Asia including Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Cliina, India. One of

most important pests of citrus in India, feeds on new growth reducing

yield; serious outbreaks in Pakistan and Afghanistan, up to 100 per

leaf observed in Afghanistan.

Spanioza erythreae (Del Guer.). Citrus. Ethiopia,* Sudan, east

and southern Africa. Damages new growth, nymphs cause pitting,

more injury on young trees. Major pest in southern Africa.

Lepidoptera

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Psorosticha zizyphi ( Staint.). Citrus. Pakistan,* India, Indonesia.

(Larvae from West Pakistan determined as possibly this species.)

Feeds on terminals, producing light web. Minor pest.

Hyponomeutidae (plutellid moths)

Prays citri Mill., citrus flower moth, rind borer. Citrus. Israel, Syria,

other Mediterranean areas, southern Europe, India. Feeds mostly in

flowers, causes webbing, may damage graft union on young trees.

Minor pest in Israel.

Lycaenidae (blues, coppers, hairstreaks)

Virachola isocrates (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Miscellaneous Fruits.)

Lyonetiidae

Phyllocnistis citrella Staint., citrus leaf miner. Citrus principal

host. Tropical Asia including Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Arabia, Pakistan. Attacks hamper growth in young orchards. Important m

some areas of Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia.

Noctuidae (=Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

See following species under Insects Affecting Special Crops :

Achaea catella Gn.

Achaea Janata (L.)

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyr. (See under Polyphagous I

Lîisi
104 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)

Papilio dardanus Brown. Citrus. Ethiopia, Uganda. Considerable

damage to young trees.

Papilio demoleus L., lemon butterfly. Citrus, several other hosts.

Africa across Arabia, Iran,* Pakistan* to China. (Pakistan specimens determined near or equal.) Sometimes destructive to citrus

foliage.

Papilio demoleus demodocus Esp., citrus butterfly. Orange, other

citrus. Ethiopia,* Somalia, southern Africa, southern Arabia. Heavy

defoliation of young trees in Ethiopia.

Papilio machaon L. Citrus, carrot, fennel. Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,

Israel, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Europe. Feeds on young trees, not

injurious in Israel; some importance on vegetables in Iran.

Phycitidae

Ephestia vapidella Mann., citrus stub moth. Citrus, carob. Israel,

Egypt, other Mediterranean areas. Feeds on bark, especially damaging on young grafted stock.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.)

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeil.)

Coleóptera

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Sphenoptera kambyses Obenb. (See under Insects Affecting Pome

and Stone Fruits.)

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Macrotoma palmata (F.). Citrus, acacia, willow, other plants.

Somalia, Egypt, Serious damage to trunks.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Paralixus nubilosus (Boh.), Citrus. Turkey. Recorded as damaging.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Epicometis hirta (Pod^). Citrus, other fruit. Turkey, other Mediterranean areas. Feeds in blossoms.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 105

See also following species under Polyphagous Insecte :

Oxythyreacinctella (Schaum)

Oxythyrea funesta (Poda)

Oxythyrea pantherina (Gory & Perch.)

Pachnoda interrupta (01.)

Tropinota squalida (Scop.)

Scolytidae (bark beetles)

Hypothenemus aspericollis (Woll.). (See under Insects Affecting

Miscellaneous Fruits.)

Hymenoptera

Vespidae (hornets, yellow jackets)

Vespa Orientalis L. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Díptera

Drosophilidae (vinegar flies)

Zaprionus vittiger Coq. Citrus, guava. Ethiopia,* Sudan,* Uganda.

Tephritidae (=Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), Mediterranean fruit fly. Citrus, stone

iniit, pepper, coffee, guava, many other fruits and vegetables. Egypt,

lumsia,* Libya, Ethiopia, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon,* Syria, Cyprus,

Jordan, other Mediterranean and African areas, many tropical and

subtropical regions. Most important citrus pest in many areas ; most

destructive pest in Lebanon ; 25-percent damage in Turkey ; up to 100-

percent infestation of stone fruit in some Mediterranean areas; important pest of peppers in Libya. ( Fig. 26. )

Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi), Rhodesian fruit fly. Guava, apricot, citrus, some other fruit. Aden, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan, Nyasaland.

Some importance in Rhodesia; serious pest of guava in Sudan; reported as seriously damaging citrus in Sudan.

Dacus dorsalis Hend., oriental fruit fly. Over 150 kinds of fruit and

vegetables including citrus, banana, tomato, loquat, peach, pear. West

Pakistan, India, southeast Asia. Regarded as most destructive pest

of fruit in many areas ; 50- to 80-percent infestations recorded in West

Pakistan. Major pest.

See also following species under Cucurbit Insects :

Dacus ciliatus Loew

Dacus cucurbitae Coq.
106 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

m

FiGüBE 26.—Ceratitis capitata.

OLIVE INSECTS

Host crop: Olive (Olea europa^a).

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Acería olea {l<ia\.). Olive. Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Greece. Up to 46-

percent deformed fruit in Cypiiis, causes leaf malformation.

Oxypleurites maxwelli Keif., olive leaf mite. Olive. Libya. Important in some areas.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 107

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Brevipalpus olearias Sayed. Olive. Egypt.

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Liothrips oleae (Coste), olive thrips. Olive. Libya, Tunisia, Israel,

Syria, Ethiopia, southern Europe. Deforms foliage, attacks fruit

and flowers. Some damage in Tunisia ; minor pest in Libya.

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

Lepfodemus ndnutus (Jak.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Miridae (plant bugs)

Calocoris rubrinervis (H.-S.). Olive trees. Turkey. Estimated

2-percent damage.

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Aleurolobus olivinus (Silv.). Olive. Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, Italy, Greece. Minor pest.

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Pollinia pollini ( Costa ). Olive. Libya, Egypt, Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel. Causes bark cracking. Serious pest ni some

areas of Libya ; minor pest in Cyprus.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Filippia oleae (Costa). Olive. Libya, Turkey,* Lebanon, Israel,

Greece. Heavy infestations on olive in some areas of Turkey; mino i

pest in Libya.

Saissetia oleae (Bern.). (See under Polyphagous Insects:)

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.). (See under Citrus Is
108 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Getulasphis bupleuri Marchai. Olive. Libya. Important pest in

some areas of Libya.

Lepidosaphes beckii ( Newm.). ( See under Citrus Insects. )

Leucaspis riccae Targ.-Tozz. Olive. Egypt, Cyprus, Iran, southern

Europe. Severe infestations on leaves and twigs in Egypt; minor pest

in Cyprus and Iran.

Parlatoria morrisoni McK. (See under Citrus Insects.)

Saharaspis ceardi Bal. Olive. Libya. Minor pest locally.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aspidiotus britannicus Newst.

Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.)

Parlatoria oleae (Colv.)

Selanaspidus articulatus (Morg.)

Issidae (issid planthoppers)

Hysteropterum ñavescens (01.). Olive, grape, fig. Turkey, Israel,

Greece. Attacks young shoots.

Psyllidae (psyllids)

Euphyllura olivina (Costa), olive psyllid. Olive. Tunisia,* Libya,

Iran,* Turkey,* Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Greece. Feeds on

shoots and flowers. Considerable damage in Turkey ; serious in Syria;

most damage in Libya in humid areas.

Lepidoptera

Cossidae (carpenterworm moths)

Zeuzera pyrina (L.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and Stone

Fruits.) ^

Hyponomeutidae (plutellid moths)

Prays oleellus (F.), olive moth. Olive. Egypt, Tunisia, Libya,*

Turkey, Lebanon, Cyprus, Israel, Syria, Greece. Feeds on buds, young

leaves, fruit. In areas of Turkey 40- to 60-percent bud damage, up to

27-percent fruit injury ; damaging in Egypt ; important pest in Cyprus.

I^yonetiidae

Oecophyllembiusneglectus Silv, Olive. Libya. Important in some

areas.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 109

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Phycitidae

Euzophera pinguis (Haw.). Olive. Turkey, north Africa, Spain.

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Palpita Unionalis (Hbn.). Olive. Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Lebanon,

Cyprus, Israel, Turkey. Not important in Lebanon ; may cause some

damage in Tunisia and Libya, especially on young stock.

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

Acherontia átropos (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Tortricidae (leaf roller moths)

Cacaecimorpha pronubana (Hbn.). (See under Insects Affecting

Pome and Stone Fruits.)

Coleóptera

Alleculidae

Omophlus propagatus Kirsch. (See under Grape Insects.)

Curculionidae (weevils)

Brachyrhinus (Otiorrhynchus) cribricollis (Gyll.). Olive. Tunisia, other north African areas, Turkey. Damages young trees in

Tunisia.

Rhynchites (Coenorhinus) ruber (Fairm.), olive weevil. Olive,

apple. Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Greece. Causes estimated 15-

percent damage to olive in Turkey ; local importance in Cyprus and

Lebanon.

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Zonabris (Mylabris) oleae Lap. Olive. Libya, Tunisia. Serio is

on young trees in Tunisia and areas of Libya.
lio AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Scolytidae (bark beetles)

Hylesinus oleiperda F., olive borer, olive shot-hole borer. Olive.

Tunisia,* Libya,* Turkey, Syria, Israel, Greece. Very important pest

in some areas of Tunisia and Libya. (Fig. 27.)

Lepersinus fraxini (Panz.). Olive, ash, other trees. Israel, Tunisia,

Iran, Europe. Attacks weakened trees. Severe damage in Iran.

Phloeotribus caucásicas Reit. Olive. Cyprus. Heavy local damage

to twigs.

Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bern.) {=olea F.). Olive. Tunisia,

Algeria, Libya, Syria, Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Cyprus, Iran, Greece.

Adults destroy healthy twigs; four to five generations per year in

north Africa. Sometimes important pest in Cyprus and Lebanon;

serious damage in Syria and areas of north Africa ; 15-percent damage

in Turkey.

v^." Z'-A .\ ' \ \ .*; • • * '^2à

FIGURE 27.~Hylesinus oleiperda damage to olive tree.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 111

Diptera

Cecidomyiidae (=Itonididae) (gall midget)

Dasyneura olea (Loew). Olive. Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Mediterranean area. Gall former on leaves. Common but minor pest.

Rhabdophaga oleiperda Del Guer. Olive {Olea chrysophyUa).

Ethiopia. Galls kill branches.

Thomasiniana oleisuga (Targ.-Tozz.). Olive. I^ibya, Turkey, Israel, Italy, Greece. Larvae under bark of 2-year-old branches in

spring and summer; tAvo generations a year. Minor pest locally in

Libya; about 5-percent damage in Turkey.

Tephritidae ( = Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

Dacus oleae (Gmel.), olive fly, olive fruit fly. Olive. Israel, Egypt,

Lebanon,* Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, other Mediterranean areas, southern Africa, Ethiopia, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus). Four

generations a year in Israel. From 20- to 30-percent loss of olives in

Egypt and Turkey ; most important olive pest in Lebanon ; serious pest

in Libya, Syria, Cyprus, Algeria. Major pest.

GRAPE INSECTS

Host crop: Grape {Vitis vinifera).

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Eriophyes vitis (Pagst.), grape erineum mite. Grape. Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, Libya, Tunisia. Common in

areas of Iran in 1958, minor damage ; believed minor pest in Cyprus ;

some importance in Libya and Tunisia.

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Tenuipalpus granati Sayed, Grape, pomegranate. Iran,- Eg^vpt.

Serious damage to leaves in Iran ; apparently minor pest m Ekr^/-

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Brevipalpus californiens (Banks)

Brevipalpus obovatus Donn.

7i)r,

737-6a2 O—64-
112 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Orthoptera

Acrididae (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Locusta migratoria (L.)

Truxalis nasuta (L.)

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Cryptothrips brevicollis Bagn. Grape. Cyprus. Serious damage to

leaves and fruit.

Thripidae (thrips)

Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel. (See under Crucifer Insects.)

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood, grapevine thrips. Grape. Pakistan, Afghanistan. Serious infestations reported from West Pakistan

in 1957 ; important pest in Afghanistan.

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

Nysius senecionis (Schill.). Grape. Tunisia,* Algeria, Egypt.

Damages newly planted vines, migrating from weeds.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Nysius cymoides (Spin.)

Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.)

Miridae (plant bugs)

Deraeocoris punctulatus ( Fall.). ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Homoptera

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Asterolecanium pustulans (Ckll.). (See under Polyphagous Insects. )
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 113

Chermidae (bark aphids)

Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), grape phylloxera. Vitis vinifera.

Tunisia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, cosmopolitan. American origin. One of most destructive pests of 19th century after

invading Europe about 1860; destroyed more than 21/^ million acres

of vineyards in France ; about 20-percent loss still occurs in Turkey.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Macrosteles laevis (Ribaut). Grape. Afghanistan.

See also follovv^ing species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca decipiens Paoli

Empoasca lybica (Berg.)

Cicadidae (cicadas)

Cicadatra alhageos (Kol,) {=viridissima (Wlk.)). Grape. Lebanon, Syria. Reported as very serious pest in Syria.

Cicadatra glycyrrhizae Kol. Grape. Turkey. Lays eggs in shoots;

nymphs feed on roots; life cycle reported as 6 years.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Ceroplastes sinensis Del G. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Lecanium persicae (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

Pulvinaria betulae (L.) (=vitis L.). Grape, apricot. Iran, Turkey,

parts of U.S.S.R.

Issidae (issid planthoppers)

Bysteropterum flavescens (Ol.). (See under Olive Insects.)

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Rhizoecus falcifer Kunck., ground mealybug. Grape, palms, other

plants. Turkey, Italy, France, Algeria. Lives on roots.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Nipaecoccus vastator (Mask.)

Phenacoccus hirsutas Green

Pseudococcus adonidum (L.)

Pseudococcus citri (Risso)

Pseudococcus marifimus (Ehrh.). (Fig. 28.)

Pseudococcus nipae (Mask.)
114 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 273, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

PiGUKE 28.—Pseudococcus maritimus infesting grape.

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Arctia villica (L.). Grape. Turkey, Tunisia. Considerable damage

in Turkey in 1959.

Callimorpha plagiata (Wlk.). Vineyard. Afghanistan.* Adults

collected on vines.

Heliozelidae (shield bearers)

Antispila rivillei Staint. Grape. Iran, Turkeyj Egypt, other

Mediterranean countries. Pest of grapevines in Mediterranean countries; important in Iran.

Coptodisca sp. Grape. Iran.* Heavy pupal population within

leaves reported.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 115

Noctuidae (=Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

Agrotis herzogi Rebel. Grape. Libya, Egypt, Arabia, southwest

Asia-northeast Africa. Minor pest in some areas of Libya.

Agrotis prónuba (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Lobesia botrana (Schiff.), vine moth. Primarily pest of grape, recorded from many hosts. Syria, Cyprus, Israel, Egypt, Turkey,

Ethiopia, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Libya, parts of Europe. Feeds on

flowers, young and mature fruit ; may be three generations. Serious

damage on grape in many parts of Europe and Asia ; loss of up to

one-third of vintage reported in Syria, Egypt, Israel, areas of U.S.S.R.

Phaloniidae

Clysiana ambiguella (Hbn.). Grape. Turkey, Egypt, Europe.

Phycitidae

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

Acherontia styx Westw. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Berutana kotschyi ( Koll.). Grape. Iraq

Celerio lineata livornica (Esp.), striped hawkmoth. Grape, snapdragon, other plants. Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, Arabia, Syria,

Tunisia, Libya,* Pakistan, Egypt, tropical and subtropical areas of

Old and New Worlds. Not important in Lebanon and Iran ; heavy

damage at times in Iraq, Pakistan, Libya ; attacks leaves and unripe

fruit of grape.

Bippotion celerio (L.), vine hawkmoth. Grape, reported from cotton

and sweetpotato. Lebanon, Iraq, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Old

World tropical areas. Migratory. Not important pest in Lebanon ;

minor pest in Libya ; heavy populations at times in Israel.

Pergesa elpenor (L.). Grape. Libya, Greece.

Proserpinus proserpina (F^W), Grape. Lebanon. Not important.

Theretra alecto crética (Bdv.). Grape. Lebanon, Iraq, F^g^^jyU

Iran, Asia tropical areas. Not important in Lebanon, but can cause

damage.

Tortricidae (leaf roller moths)

Sparganothis pilleriana (Denis & Schiff). Grape, tea.

key, Bulgaria. Feeds on leaves and fruit, webs le^ives, be^

age in some areas of Iran.

rail,
116 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Zygaenidae (leaf skeletonizer moths)

Theresimima ampelophaga (Bayle), vine bud moth. Grape. Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Europe. Feeds on buds

and leaves. Considerable damage in Turkey and Cyprus; severe in

Israel and Lebanon.

Coleóptera

Alleculidae

Omophlus propagatus Kirsch. Grape, olive. Cyprus. Serious damage to flowers.

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Apote monacha F. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Apate terebrans Pall. Grape. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanganyika.

Sinoxylon sexdentata (01.). Grape, fig, mulberry, other plants.

Turkey, north Africa, southern Europe.

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Melanophila cuspidata (Klug). (See under Nut Insects.)

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Chlorophorus varius Müll. ( See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Altica sp. Grape. Ethiopia.* Heavy infestations.

Altica ampelophaga Guer. Grape. Tunisia, Egypt, Spain, Portugal, other European areas. Injurious in Spain, other areas.

Labidostomis decipiens (Fald.). Grape, tobacco. Cyprus, Egypt,

Israel.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Eptacus arachniformis (Keit.). Grape. Lebanon. Reported as

serious in Lebanon.

Pseudypera steineri Voss. Grape. Turkey.

Tanymecus palliatus (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Beets and

Related Crops.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 117

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Anómala vitis (F.). Grape. Tunisia, Turkey, southern Europe.

Apparently of some importance in Tunisia on grape.

Phaeadoretus comptus Mené. (See under Insects Affecting Pome

and Stone Fruits.)

Polyphylla alba (Pall.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Anoxia pilosa (F.)

Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum)

Pentodon bispinifrons Reit.

Polyphylla olivieri (Lap.)

Tropinota squalida (Scx)p.)

Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

Mesomorphus setosus (Muls. and Rey). Grape. Egypt.

Hymenoptera

Vespidae (hornets, yellow jackets)

Polistes chinensis (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

Vespa Orientalis L. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Vespula germánica (F.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

DATE PALM INSECTS

Principal host crop: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) (other

Palmaceae involved).

Acariña

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Brevipalpus phoenicis (G.). (See under Polyphagous Insecs

Raoliella indica Hirst. Dat^ palm, other palms. Egypt,

Sudan, Mauritius. Important pest on leaves.
118 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Tetranychidae (spider mit^)

Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McG.), Old World date mite. Date palm.

Iran, Libya, Iraq, Algeria. Destroys crop some years in areas of

Iran; important in areas of Libya.

Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), date palm mit^. Date palm. Tunisia, other north African areas, Sudan, Iraq. Feeds on fruit and

foliage. Light infestations reported in Sudan ; serious in dry years in

Iraq and Tunisia.

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

Zonocerus variegatus (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Isoptera

Termitidae (termites)

Odontotermes (O.) sudanensis (Sjöst.). Date palm trees, peanut.

Sudan.* Heavy infestation on date palms in areas of Sudan, up to

60 percent attacked in 1962; serious damage on peanut.

Homoptera

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Asterolecanium phoenicis Eamachandra Rao. Date palm. Iran,

Iraq, Israel. Some importance on leaves in Iran.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Sign.), tessellated scale. Palms, mango,

some other plants. Egypt, north Africa, parts of Europe, widespread.

Does not generally cause important damage.

Dactylopiidae (dactylopiid scales)

Phoenicococcus marlatti Ckll., red date scale. Date palm, other

palms. Tunisia, Libya, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Iran, southern

Europe. Infests leaf bases. No appreciable damage in northeast

Africa-southwest Asia.

Diaspididae (armoredscales)

Aonidiella orientalis (Newst.). (See under Citrus Insects.)

Parlatoria Manchardi (Targ.-Tozz.). Date palm, other palms.

Saudi Arabia, Sudan,* Somalia, Libya, Iran, Afghanistan,* Tunisia,

Iraq, Israel, Turkey, Egypt, other desert areas from India to Morocco.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 119

Infests fruit stems mostly. Light to heavy populations in Iran;

serious in Libya and Morocco; serious infestations reported from

Northern Province, Sudan ; light infestations observed in Afghanistan.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aspidiotus camelliae Sign.

Aspidiotus cyanophylli Sign.

Aspidiotus destructor Sign.

Aspidiotus hederae ( Vail. )

Fioriniafioriniae (Targ.-Tozz.)

Pinnaspisaspidistrae (Sign.)

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morg.)

Issidae (issid planthoppers)

Asarcopas palmarum Horv. Dat^ palm. Egypt. Feeds on tender

growth. Apparently not damaging in Egypt.

Margarodidae (margarodid scales)

Icerya aegyptiaca (Dougl.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus (Hall). Date palm. Libya.

Apparently some importance.

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Pseudococcus adonidum (L.)

Pseudococcus brevipes (Ckll.)

Pseudococcus citri (Risso)

Pseudococcus nipae (Mask.)

Tropiduchidae

Ommatissus binotatus Fieb. Date palm. Iran, Iraq, Egypt,

north Africa, Spain, southeast U.S.S.R. Severe damage reported

from Iran; most damaging insect on date in Iraq m 1956, over ^

million trees treated there in 1957.

Lepidoptera

Hesperiidae (skippers)

Zophopetes dysmephila (Trimen). Ornamental palm, date p >

Ethiopia, Africa south of Sahara. Minor pest on date palm, T - ;

on leaves.
120 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lycaenidae (blues, coppers, hairstreaks)

Virachola livia (Klug). (See under Insects Affecting Miscellaneous Fruits.)

Momphidae

Batrachedra amydraula Meyr., lesser date moth. Date. Saudi

Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, India, Libya, Aden. Infests young fruit.

Phycitidae

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeil). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Myelois phoenicis Durr. Date palm. North Africa, Iraq. Feeds

on fruit.

Pyralidae (pyralid moths)

Arenipses sabella (Hmpsn.), greater date moth. Date. Iraq, Iran,

Algeria, Libya, Egypt. Serious pest of date on tree and in storage.

Coleóptera

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Apate nwnacha F. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Enneadesmus forfícula (Fairm.). Palms. Libya.

Enneadesmus trispinosus (01.). Palms, tamarisk. Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Iraq. Bores into dead branches and leaves.

Phonapate frontalis (Fahr.). Date palm, tamarisk. Iraq, Arabia,

Egypt, Libya, tropical Africa. Develops in dry leaf midribs of date

palm.

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Julodis caillaudi (Latr.). Date palm, sorghum. Sudan, Egypt,

Ethiopia. Considerable damage to leaves of palms.

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Apatophysis barbara (Lucas). Date palm. Tunisia, Algeria.

Prionus (Polyarthron) pectinicornis fairmairei Pic. Date palm.

Tunisia, Algeria.

Pseudophilus testaceus Gahan. Date palm. Iraq, Egypt.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 121

Curculionidae (weevils)

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (01.). Date palm, coconut palm.

Iraq, West Pakistan, India, Ceylon. Common and inj urious ; most important pest on coconut in Ceylon.

Rhynchophorus phoenicis ( F.). Date palm, other palms. Ethiopia,

east Africa, other tropical African areas. Injurious in Ghana.

Nitidulidae (sap beetles). (See under Insects Affecting Stored

Products.)

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Oryctes elegans Prell., date stem borer. Date palm. Iraq, Iran,

Arabia. Damages fruit stems, severe in Iran.

Oryctes monoceros (01.). Date and coconut palms. Aden, east

Africa. Lan^ae feed in tnmks.

Oryctes rhinoceros (L.). Date and coconut palms, sugarcane. West

Pakistan, Iraq, east Asia. Larvae bore in trunks. Common in West

Pakistan. Important pest.

Scolytidae (bark beetles)

Coccotrypes dactyliperda (F.), date stone beetle. Date. Libya,

Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, many other areas of world. Larvae develop

in seed. Important in Libya.

Hymenoptera

Vespidae (hornets, yellow jackets)

Vespa orientalis L. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

INSECTS AFFECTING MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS

Principal host crops: Fig {Ficus carica), m^ngo {Mangiferas indix^a),

pomegranate {Púnicagranatwn).

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Aceria granati (Can. & Mass.). Pomegranate. Cyprus, isros.

Mediterranean area. Requires controls some years.
122 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Acería mangiferae Sayed. Mango. Egypt. Kills terminal buds.

Very injurious.

Vasates mangiferae Attiah. (Species apparently not same as A,

mcmgiferae Sayed.) Mango. Egypt. Kills buds.

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Tenuipalpus granati Sayed. (See under Grape Insects.)

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Eotetranychus hirsti Prit. & Bak. { = Tetranychus fíci Hirst). Fig.

West Pakistan. Infests leaves and fruit.

Eutetranychus oríentalis (Klein). (See under Citrus Insects.)

Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra). (See under Cotton

Insects.)

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

Selenothríps rubrocinctus (Giard). (See under Polyphagous

Insects.)

Heteroptera

Coreidae (coreidbugs)

Anoplocnemis curvipes F. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Miridae (plant hugs)

Helopeltis schoutedeni Reut. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Hamoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Acaudaleyrodes alhagii (Pr. & H.). Zizyphus, legumes. Egypt,

Bemisiaafer {Vv.&H.), Zi^ypJmis, Fims. Egypt, Iran.*

Siphoninus finitimus Silv. (See under Insects Ajffectin^ Pome and

Stone Fruits.) ^

Siphoninus granati Pr. & H. ( See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 123

Aphidae (aphids)

Aphis punicae Pass., pomegranate aphid. Pomegranate, some otlier

plants. Israel, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Iraq, parts of Europe and U!S.S.R. Damage from

sooty mold and direct feeding. May be severe in Egypt.

Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. Banana. Egypt, Israel, tropical

areas, greenhouses in other areas. Leaves, shoots, underground parts.

Vector ot "bunchy top" virus in tropical regions.

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

inlZT^"^^^^ ^^^*^^^^^ (Ckll.). (See under Polyphagous

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Idiocerus atkmsoni Leth., mango leafhopper. Mango. West Pakistan, India. Two generations a year. Serious damage from feeding

on inflorescence and from honeydew ; may destroy crop m India.

fdiocerus clypealis J^th. Mango. West Pakistan, India. Serious

aamage, can cause complete loss of crop.

Idiocerus niveosparsus Leth. Mango. Pakistan, India. Major

pest of mango.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Ceroplastes africanas Green, African wax scale. Fig, tamarisk,

acacia. Egypt, Libya. Populations can be heavy.

Ceroplastes rusci (L.), fig wax scale. Ficus spp. primarily, many

plants. Lebanon,* Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Syria, Ethiopia (specimens determined as possibly this species),* Iraq, Israel, Cyprus,

Greece, Egypt, Jordan, Iran,* widely distributed in Mediterranean

area; also reported from other areas but records oft^n difficult to

confirm. Severe injury to fig frequently occurs in Mediterranean

area from feeding and honeydew, but populations fluctuate; most

important pest of fig in Israel ; severe damage in Iran ; complete loss

of fig crop reported from areas of Libya in 1962; reported as

damaging to pistachio in Turkey. (Fig. 29.)

Coccus acuminatus (Sign.), mango shield scale. Mango, guavri

-^gypt, France, Ceylon. Produces heavy honeydew.

Coccus mangiferae (Green). Mango. Israel. May cause leaf ful

in heavy infestations; produces large amounts of honeydew.

Eulecanium ficiphilum Borkh. Fig. Iran.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Ceroplastes sinensis Del G.
124 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 29.—Ceroplastes rusci infesting branches of Ficus.

Coccus hesperidum L.

Coccus viridis (Green)

Pulvinaria psidii Mask.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targ.-Tozz.)

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Africonidia africana {^evfst.). Mango. Ethiopia.* Light infestations observed.

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newst. {=A. cinnamomi Newst.). Mango.

Egypt, Kenya.

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.). (See under Citrus Insects.)

Lepidosaphes ficus (Sign.), Mediterranean fig scale. Fig, apple,

plum, other trees. Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Iran.

Important in areas of Libya and Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 125

Lepidosaphes tapleyi Wms. Mango. Sudan.* Attacks leaves.

Kequires controls in some areas.

Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Ldgr. Mango^ orchid. Sudan,* east

Asia. Attacks leaves. Infestations required controls on mango in

Sudan.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aspidiotus cyanophylli Sign.

Aspidiotus destructor Sign.

Aspidiotushederae (Vail.)

Aspidiotus lantaniae Sign.

Chrysomphalus personatus (Comst.)

Parlatoria cinérea Hadd.

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Sign.)

Issidae (issid planthoppers)

Hysteropterum sp. Blackberry. Lebanon.* Heavy populations

observed.

Hysteropterum flavescens (01.). (See under Olive Insects.)

Margarodidae (margarodid scales)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Drosichastebbingi (Green)

Drosichiella tamarindus Green

leerya aegyptiaca (Dougl.)

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Pseudococcus adonium (L.)

Pseudococcus nipae (Mask.)

Psyllidae (psyllids)

Homotoma ficus (L.), fig psyllid. Fig. Tunisia, Libya, Lebanor.

Syria, Iran, France, Greece, Italy, Algeria.

Trioza buxtoni Laing. Fig. Syria, Jordan. Produces g^5lG .

leaves. Damaging in Jordan.
126 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lepidoptera

Bombycidae (silkworm moths)

Trilocha ficicola (Westw.). Fig. Ethiopia.

Glyphipterygidae

Simaethis (Hemerophila) nemorana Hbn. Fig. Libya, Lebanon,

Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Greece. Feeds on leaves, sometimes young fruit.

Important pest in Libya and Iran.

Lycaenidae (blues, coppers, hairstreaks)

Tarucus theophrastus (F.), jujube butterfly. Zizyphus sp. Iraq.

Feeding causes white patches on leaves.

Virachola isocrates (F.), copper butterfly. Pomegranate, guava,

citrus. West Pakistan, India. Common important pest on pomegranate ; minor pest on citrus.

Virachola livia (Klug), pomegranate butterfly. Pomegranate, date,

loquat, acacia. Israel, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Aden,

Sudan, tropical Africa. As much as 70-percent infestation of pomegranate in Israel ; serious damage in Lebanon, Syria, Egypt.

Lymantriidae (tussock moths)

OcneroflTi^ia amanda Stand., fig caterpillar. Fig. Iraq. Severe damage through defoliation.

Noctuidae (=Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

Bombotelia jocosatrix (Gn.), Mango. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Anuatirhaca (Cram.)

Parallelia algira (L.)

Phycitidae

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeil.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Euzophera punicaella (Moore). Pomegranate, secondary pest in

apple and pear. West Pakistan, central Asia. Attacks inner bark

and fruit. As much as 30- to 80-percent loss on pomegranate in

-Baluchistan.

Tortricidae (leaf roller moths)

Cacaecimorpha pronubana (Hbn.). (See under Insects Affecting

Pome and Stone Fruits.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 127

Coleóptera

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Apate monacha F. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Sinoxylon sexdentata (01.) • (See under Grape Insects.)

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Anthaxia inculta (Germ.). Fig. Libya.

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Batocera rubus (L. ). Mango. Jordan,* Lebanon.*

Batocera rufomaculata Deg., fig stem borer, tropical ñg borer. Fig,

mango. Pakistan, Jordan, Israel, India. Larvae bore mto trunks.

Destroyed over one-half of fig trees in Israel areas ; serious damage

in West Pakistan.

HesperophanesfasciculatusF^ld. Fig. Libya. Important in some

areas.

Hesperophanesgriseus {¥.), Fig. Egypt, Cyprus, Mediterranean

area. Larvae develop in trunks, common in old trees.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Monolepta lepida Reiche. Avocado. Israel. Minor pest.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Aphthona latipennis Pic

Aphthona whitñeldi Bryant

Curculionidae (weevils)

Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust. (See under Polyphagous

Insects.)

Sibinia planiuscula (Desbr.). ( See under Cotton Insects. )

Nitidulidae. (See under Insects Affecting Stored Products.)

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Epicometis hirta Poda. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

7l37-6a2 0^—64 9
128 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Scolj^idae (bark beetles)

Hypoborus ficus Er., fig shot-hole borer. Fig, loquat. Libya, Lebanon, Cyprus, Iran, Egypt, Israel, southern Europe. Important in

some areas of Libya and Iran ; not important in Lebanon.

Hypothenemusaspericollis (Woll.) {=H. ehlersiEichh.). Fig,citrus, pistachio, other trees. Iran, U.S.S.E. Larvae attack inner bark

of branches, cause some damage.

Díptera

Cecidomyiidae ( = Itonididae) (gall midges)

Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis Mani, fig midge. Fig. Pakistan,

India. Adults appear in April. Serious pest in West Pakistan, attacking up to 25 percent of fruit; infested fruit becomes elongated,

wrinkled, soft.

Drosophilidae (vinegar flies)

Drosophila melanogaster Meig. ( See under Insects Affecting Pome

and Stone Fruits.)

Gitona beckeri Duda. Fig. Cyprus.

Lonchaeidae

Silba virescens Macq. ( =Lonchaea aristella Beck.), black fig fly.

Fig. Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Egypt, Italy,

France, Greece. Five or six generations per year in Turkey. Serious

pest on fig in Lebanon and Libya; up to 50-percent infestation in

Iraq; up to 25-percent loss in Turkey.

Tephritidae (=Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

Carpomyia incompleta (Beck.). Zizyphus fruit. Egypt, Sudan,

Ethiopia, Italy, Libya, Greece.

Carpomyia vesuviana (A. Costa). Zizyphus jujuba. West Pakistan, India, Lebanon, Libya, southeastern Europe. Damaging major

pest, causing severe losses in cultivated Zizyphus, Eecords on melons

may be erroneous.

Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ( See under Cucurbit Insects. )

Dacus zonatus (Saimd.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 129

NUT INSECTS

Principal host crops: Almond (see under Insex^ts Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits), hazelnut {CoryJm avellana), pistachio {Phtaeia vera

and Pistacia spp.), walnut {Juglam spp.).

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

iccriaerí/iea (Nal.), walnut blister mite. Walnut. Cyprus. Feeds

on leaves. Not very important pest.

Aceria tristriatus (Nal.), walnut gall mite. Walnut. Iran,* Greece.

Produces galls on leaves. Can cause severe damage.

Eriophyes pistaciae Nal. Pistachio. Iran. Causes severe deformation of flowers.

Phytoptus avellanae Nal., filbert bud mite. Hazelnut. Turkey,

Cyprus, Europe. Causes galling of buds, up to 30 percent of buds

destroyed in Turkey. Some reports question its seriousness.

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). (See under Citrus Insects.)

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Liothrips jakhontovi Kreits. Pistachio. Afghanistan, Irari, parts

ofü.S.S.R. Six to seven generations per year. Considerable damage

to young growth and fruit.

Thripidae (thrips)

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Thrips iranicus Yakhontov. Pistachio. Iran attacks male flowers

and prevents adequate pollination. Medium to severe damage.

r/irips pfefaciae Yakhontov. Pistachio Iran Attactem^if^^«

and prevents adequate pollination. Medium to severe damage.

Heteroptera

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Carpocoris pudicus (Poda). (See under Polyphagous Insect.

iwers
130 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Homoptera

Aphidae (aphids)

Baizongia pistaciae (L.^. Pistachio. Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Algeria. Gall former on leaves. Serious pest

in Lebanon.

Chromaphis juglandicola (Kltb.), walnut aphid. Walnut. Israel,

Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan,* Pakistan. Europe, north Africa, U.S.S.R.

(Transcaucasia). Attacks underside of leaves, sooty mold develops.

Some importance in Iran ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Corylobium avellanae (Schrk.). Hazelnut. Turkey. Minor pest.

Forda sp. Pistachio. Iran.* Heavy populations observed.

Forda formicaria Heyden. (See under Cereal Insects.)

Forda riccobonii (Stef.). Pistachio, grasses. Libya, Israel, Syria,

Turkey, Italy, Spain. Produces galls on edges of pistachio leaves.

Geoica utricularia (Pass.). Pistachio, grasses. Lebanon, Libya,

other Mediterranean areas. Serious pest in Lebanon on pistachio,

roots of graminaceous plants secondary host.

Geoica utricularia rungsi Rem. & Dav. Pistachio. Libya. Minor

pest.

Panaphis juglandis (Goeze). Walnut. Lebanon,* Israel, Jordan,

Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, Afghanistan,* Iran, Pakistan. Heavy infestations in Lebanon ; some importance in Iran ; minor pest in

Pakistan; very light infestations observed in Afghanistan.

Slavum wertheimae H. R. L. Pistachio. Syria. Produces conspicuous green galls on young twigs.

Smynthurodes betae Westw. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Idiocerus alkard Wag. Pistachio. Turkey.

Idiocerus stali Fieb. Pistachio. Iran,* Turkey, Syria. Most damaging insect on pistachio in Iran, destroyed most fruit in Kazvin area

before DDT; severe damage in Turkey, causing 15-percent loss.

Heavily infested trees covered with honeydew.

Coccidae (soft scales)

Pulvinaria pistaciae Bod. Pistachio. Iran, Israel. Common pest

in Iran, but damaging only in north.

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Epidiaspis gennadii Leon. Pistachio. Israel, Iran. Injurious in

Israel ; minor pest in Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 131

Lepidosaphes pistaciae Arkh. Pistachio. Iran, Turkey. Considerable damage in Turkey and Iran.

Lepidosaphes pistaciae f. pistacicola Borchs. Pistachio. Iran.

Minor to medium attack on branches and trunks.

Leucaspis (Salicicola) pistaciae Ldgr. Pistachio. Lebanon,* Iran,

Turkey. Severe damage on trunks and branches in Iran; heavy infestations in Lebanon.

Melanaspis inopinata (Leon.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Salicicola davatchii Bal. & Kaus. Pistachio. Iran. Minor to

medium damage on twigs and branches.

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrh.). (See under Polyphagous

Insects.)

Psyllidae (psylhds)

Agonoscena targionii (Licht.), pistachio psyllid. Pistachio. Iran.*

Attacks leaves and fruit. Important pest on pistachio in Iran.

Lepidoptera

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Schneidereria pistaciicola (Danil.). Pistachio. Iran, Afghanistan,

U.S.S.R. (Uzbekistan area). Two to three generations per year.

Bores into nuts. Abundant on younp; fruit in Iran ; up to 40-percent

lossinU.S.S.R.

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Eupithecia dodoneata dubiosa Dietz. Pistachio. Lebanon. Not

important.

pulohophora externata (H.-S.). Pistachio. Lebanon. Not

important.

Gracilariidae (leaf blotch miners)

Parornix avellanella (Staint.). Hazelnut. Turkey. Minor pest

Lasiocampidae (tent caterpillar moths)

Pachypasa otus (Drury), pistachio silkworm. Pistachio, oak, oHi

trees. Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Greece. Fe^ds a

night. Important on pistachio in Turkey and Syria.
132 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lymantriidae (tussock moths)

Euproctis karghalica Moore. Pistachio. Iran. Feeds on leaves.

Ocneria terebynthina Stand. Pistachio. Iran,* Iraq. Severe leaf

skeletonizer in Iran.

Lyonetiidae

Leucoptera scitella (Zeil.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

Nepticulidae

Nepticula promissa Stand. Pistachio. Iran, Israel. Leaf miner of

some importance, may cause heavy damage at times.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

Anua tirhaca (Cram.). (See imder Polyphagous Insects.)

Eutelia adulatrix (Hbn.). Pistachio. Lebanon, Tunisia, Egypt,

Europe into Asia. Not important in Lebanon and Tunisia.

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Carpocapsa pomonella (L.). (See under Insects Affecting Pome

and Stone Fruits.)

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Gypsonoma dealbana (Froel.). Hazelnut. Turkey. Destroys leaf

buds. Usually no importance, but can cause serious damage.

Thaumetopoeidae

Thaumetopoea processionea (L.). Pistachio, oak. Iran, Europe.

Larvae feed on leaves, can cause severe damage.

Thaumetopoea solitaria (Frey.). Pistachio. Iran, Lebanon, Israel,

Iraq, Turkey, Cyprus. Larvae congregate in forks of branches; one

generation per year. Defoliator. Severe leaf feeder in Iran.

Coleóptera

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Agrilus viridicaerulans ssp. esfandiarii Oben. Pistachio. Iran.

Some importance on twigs and fruit peduncles.

Anthaxia ephippiata Redt. Pistachio. Iran. Importance unknown.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 133

Anthaxia judinae Step. Pistachio. Iran. Larvae tunnel through

branches, attack inner Dark. Some importance.

Capnodis cariosa Pall., pistachio borer. Pistachio. Lebanon,* Iran,

Syria, Turkey, Israel^ Italy, Greece, southern U.S.S.R. Larvae bore

into roots; adults active from May through summer; 2- to 3-year life

cycle. Destroys trees in Syria and Iran.

Capnodis cariosa hauseri (Oben.). Pistachio. Iran. Larvae attack roots and sometimes trunk just above soil surface. Minor to

medium importance.

Capnodis cariosa iranica Bog. Pistachio, probably other trees.

Iran. Larvae attacks roots, causing economic damage.

Capnodis parumstriata Ball. Pistachio, almond, other fruit. Iran,

Pakistan. Larvae attack woody parts of pistachio ; adults chew leaf

petioles on almond. Minor to medium damage in Iran ; major pest in

Pakistan.

Melanophilacuspidata (Klug) {=jakovlevi Sem,), Pistachio, juniper, fig, poplar. Iran, Egypt, Syria, Algeria, Italy, Greece. Larvae

bore into trunk. Importance unknown in Iran.

See also following species under Insects Affecting Pome and Stone

Fruits:

Capnodis anthracina (Fisch.)

Capnodis carbonaria Klug

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Batocera horsfieldi Hope. Walnut. West Pakistan. Bores into

wood. Serious pest in Pimjab.

Besperophanes sericeus (F.). Pistachio, almond, fig, oak. Israel,

Iran, Cyprus. Lives in dead wood. Minor pest.

Oberea linearis (L.). Hazelnut. Turkey, Greece. Bores beneath

bark, causing breaking of branches.

See also following species under Insects Affecting Pome and Stone

Fruits:

Aeolesthes holosericea (F.)

Aeolesthes sarta (Solsky)

Cerambyx dux (Fald.)

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Altica quercetorum Foudr. Hazelnut. Turkey. Minor pest.

Aphthona whitfieldi Bryant. ( See under Polyphagous Insects, )

Curculionidae (weevils)

Alcidodes porrectirostris (Mshl.). Walnut. West Pakistan, lïidia.

Larvae bore in nuts. Common pest seriously damaging fruit.
134 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Anoplus plantaris (Naezen). Hazelnut. Turkey. Feeds on young

growth.

Curculio elephas (GylL), chestnut weevil. Chestnut, acorn. Algeria, Lebanon, Cyprus, southern and middle Europe. One of most

serious pests of chestnut in Europe; as much as 70-percent damage in

Bulgaria.

Curculio glandium Marsh. Hazelnut, acorn. Turkey, Greece,

U.S.S.E. Damaging pest.

Curculio nucum L., hazelnut borer. Hazelnut, chestnut. Turkey,

Europe. Most damaging insect of hazelnut crop in Turkey, 10- to

30-percent loss each year.

Lasiorhynchites syriacus (Desbr.) (var. kindermani (Desbr.) and

apicalis Voss). Pistachio. Lebanon, f Medium infestations of adults

observed on leaves.

Scolytidae (bark beetles)

Anisandrus dispar (F.). Hazelnut, walnut, fruit, oak, other trees.

Turkey, Europe into Siberia, north Africa. Attacks mostly weakened stems. Severe damage in Turkey, up to 80 percent of branches

may be attacked.

Carphoborus (Estenoborus) perrisi (Chap.), lesser pistachio bark

beetle. Pistachio. Syria, Iran. Economic status apparently not

established.

Chaetoptelius vestitus (Muls. & Eey), pistachio bark beetle. Pistachio. Iran,* Syria, Turkey, Israel, north Africa, southern Europe.

Damages twigs, buds, trunks. Serious pest in Syria : important in

Iran.

Hypothenemus aspericollis (Woll.). (See under Insects Affecting

Miscellaneous Fruits.)

Hymenopteia

Eurytomidae (eurytomids, seed chalcids)

Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikolskaya. Pistachio. Iran,* Turkey,

Greece. Adults begin emerging early May; apparently one generation. Serious pest m Iran, 50-percent loss some years.

Torymidae (torymids)

Megastigmus pistaciae Wlk. Pistachio. Iran,* Turkey, Afghanistan. Adults active in summer; two generations. Feeds in nuts,

berious pest in Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 135

INSECTS AFFECTING BEETS AND RELATED

CROPS

Principal host crops: Chard {Beta vulgari,s var. cicla)^ garden beet

and sugarbeet {Beta vidgaris), spinach {Sp'niada olerácea).

Orthoptera

Gryllidae (crickets)

Tartarogryllus burdigalensis (Latr). (See imder Polyphagous

Insects.)

Tettigoniidae (longhom grasshoppers)

Tettigonia viridissima (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Haplothrips clarisetis Pries. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Thripidae (thrips)

Hercinothrips sp. Chard. Ethiopia.* Undescribed species damages

leaves of chard.

Thrips tabaci Lind. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Heteroptera

Miridae (plant bugs)

Calocoris norvégiens (Gmel.). (See under Insects Affecting Forage

Legumes.)

I^ygus pratensis (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects,)

lygus rugulipennis Popp. (See under Polyphagous Insects,)

Piesmatidae

Piesma quadratum (Fieb.), beet bug. Beets, spinach, mange! o^ :->

Chenopodiaceae, many other plants, Europe, Tunisia. Vector r : <o,

crinkle virus disease of sugarbeet, which causes more damage U.

crop in parts of Europe than all other insects and diseases ro... -
136 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Homoptera

Aphidae (aphids)

Aphis fabae Scop. (See under Insects Affecting Edible Legumes.)

Cicadellidae (leaflioppers)

Circulifer opacipennis (Leth.). Beets, sesame, many other cultivated and wild plants. Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Iran,* Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, U.S.S.R., Europe, north

Africa including Tunisia and Libya. Vector of curly top of beet in

Turkey; severe on sesame in Iran in 1958, destroying some fields.

Circulifer tenellus ( Baker), beet leafhopper. Beets, tomato, cucurbits, spinach, other plants. Israel, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco,

Egypt, Sudan, Italy, Spain. Vector of curly top of beet in North

America.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca decedens Paoli

Empoasca decipiens Paoli

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Ocnogyna loewi (Zeil.). Beets, other plants. Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Israel, Syria, Iraq. Larvae damage foliage, make tent

on host in early instars ; one generation per year in Israel.

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Gnorimoschema ocellatella (Boyd), beet moth. Beets. Turkey,

Iran,* Israel, Jordan, Libya, Egypt, Morocco, other Mediterranean

areas. Damages leaves and roots. Important in Iran, up to 100-

percent infestation in outbreaks; apparently minor pest in Turkey.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Phlogophora meticulosa L. Beets, lettuce. Jordan, Libya, Egypt.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agrotis prónuba (L.)

Autographa gamma (L.)

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.)

Euxoa segetum (Denis & Schiff.)

Euxoa spinifera (Hbn.)

Heliothis dipsácea (L.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 137

Prodenia litura (F.)

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)

Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.)

Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

Vamssa cardui (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Hymenia recurvalis (F.), Hawaiian beet webworm, beet webworm.

Beets preferred, other plants. Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Lebanon,

Somalia, budan, eastern and southern Africa. Larg-e numbers may

cause severe defoliation.

Loxostegenudalis (Hhn.), Beets, castorbean. Libya,* Sudan, Iraq,

iurkey, Cyprus, Egypt. Feeds on leaves. Damaging in Iraq.

Coleóptera

Alleculidae

Omophlus caucasius Kirsch. Beets. Turkey. Recorded as pest.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Älledoya seraphina (Mené.). Beets. Turkey. Minor pest.

Cassida vittata Vill., tortoise beet beetle. Beets, chard. Turkey,

J^gypt, Libya, Israel, other Mediterranean areas. Larvae and adults

cause defoliation ; two to four generations. Minor pest in Turkey ;

more important in southern countries of Mediterranean region.

Chaetocnema sp. Amaranthus sp. Iran.* Heavy populations

reported.

Chaetocnema tibialis (111.), beet flea beetle. Beets, related plants,

Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, parts of Europe. Damage caused

mainly by adults feeding on leaves. Damaging pest, severe in Iran;

important in parts of Europe.

Chaetocnema tibialis breviuscula (Fald.). Beets, tobacco. Iran,

eastern Europe. Larvae feed on roots; adults attack yomig plants.

skeletonizing leaves. Rated severe pest in Iran.

Psylliodes elliptica Alld. (See under Cereal Insects.)

Coccinellidae (lady beetles)

Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata (L.). (See under Ins

Affecting Forage Legumes.)
138 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Curculionidae (weevils)

Brachyrhinus (Otiorrhynchus) ligustici (L.), alfalfa snout beetle.

Beets. Turkey, Greece. Reported as pest.

Cleonus (Bothynoderes) punctiventris farinosus Fahr. Beets.

Turkey. Economic infestations reported.

Cleonus (Bothynoderes) punctiventris punctiventris Germ., beet

weevil. Primarily pest of beets, reported from many other crops.

Turkey, middle and southern Europe. Serious on sugaAeet, often

destroying young plantings.

Cleonus (Chromoderus) fasciatus Müll. Beets. Turkey, Europe.

Minor pest in Turkey.

Cleonus (Conorhynchus) sp. Chard. Libya.* Heavy infestation

noted.

Cleonus (Conorhynchus) nigrivittis F?i\\. Beets. Turkey. Recorded

as pest.

Cleonus (Temnorhinus) kirghisicus Chevr. Beets. Turkey. Minor

pest.

Lixus ascanii (L.). Beets. Israel, Bulgaria, Libya, Egypt, Cyprus,

Greece.

Lixus cardui 01. Beets. Iran, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus), Europe. Larvae attack leaf petioles. Medium to severe pest.

Lixus elongatus Goeze var. rufitarsis Boh. Beets. Tunisia.

Lixus incanescens Boh. Beets. Iran. Larvae cause medium to severe damage to petioles.

Lixus iridis 01. Beets. Israel, Jordan. Recorded as pest.

Lixus junci Boh. Beets most important cultivated host, attacks many

plants, but breeding reported to take place only on Chenopodiaceae.

Generally distributed in Mediterranean region including Israel, Egypt,

Libya, Jordan, Cyprus. May have two generations in Israel. Adults

and larvae of major importance on sugarbeet, as much as 50-percent

loss in Israel.

Lixus linearis 01. Beets. Israel, Egypt, Jordan. Heavy populations

develop at times. Major pest in Jordan.

Lixus subtilis Boh. Beets. Turkey, Iran. Larvae pest in leaf

petioles in Turkey and Iran.

Tanymecus palliatus (F.). Beets, grape. Turkey, eastern Europe.

Chief pest of beets in Rumania.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll.

Tanymecus indicus Faust

Elateridae (wireworms)

Se^ following species under Polyp]lagous Insects :

Agrióles lineatus (L.)

Agrióles pilosus (Panz.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 139

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Epicauta erythrocephala Pall. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Mylabris calida Pall. Beets. Iran. Adults danuige flowers.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Phyllopertha lineata (F.). Beets. Turkey, southern U.S.S.R.,

southern and eastern Europe.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Pentodon idiota (Hbst.)

Polyphylia olivieri (Lap.)

Tenebrionidae (darklingbeetles)

Gonocephalum pusillum (F.). Beets, cotton. Turkey, Iran,

U.S.S.R. Minor pest in Iran.

Pedinus strabonis Seidl. Beets. Turkey. Minor pest.

Hymenoptera

Tenthredinidae (sawflies)

Athalia colibri (Christ). (See under Crucifer Insects.)

Díptera

Anthomyiidae (leaf miner flies)

Pegomya hyoscyami (Panz.), spinach leaf miner. Beets, spinach,

other Chenopodiaceae. Iran,* Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Turkey,

Libya, Europe. May cause severe damage to seedlings. Injurious

in many areas of Iran and Jordan ; controls not warranted m Israel.

Bibionidae (march flies)

Bibio hortulans (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Scatopsidae

Scatopse fuscipes Meig. Beets. Iran.* Damages roots,

Tipulidae (crane flies)

Típula olerácea L.
140 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CRUCIFER INSECTS

Principal host crops: Brassica spp. including cabbage, cauliflower,

mustard.

CoUembola

Entomobryidae (springtails)

Entomobrya purpurascens Pack. Cabbage. Ethiopia.* Heavy

populations reported in Ethiopia.

Orthoptera

Acrididae (Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi Kirby. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Gryllidae (crickets)

Gryllus bimaculatus DeG. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Haplothrips clarisetis Pries. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Thripidae (thrips)

Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel. Cabbage, grape. Libya. Minor pest

locally.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Thrips angusticeps (Uzel)

Thrips tabaci Lind.

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

Nysius cymoides (Spin.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Miridae (plant bugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Deraeocoris punctulatus (Fall.)

Lygus gemellatus (H.-S.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 141

FiGUEE 30.—Sagrada cruciferarnm adults. Note difference in size.

in

on

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Bagrada hilaris Burm. f. cruciferarnm Kirk. ( =pwta {¥.)). Crucilers, cowpea, sugarcane. West Pakistan,* Iraq, India, Egypt, Su

y, east Africa. Major pest on cauliflower seedlings and mustard i

west I'akistan, sometimes requiring controls; reported to feed

sugarcane in West Pakistan. (Fig. 30.)

Eurydenm oleraceum (L.), cabbage bug. Crucifers, other plants,

lurkey, Europe into Asiatic U.S.S.R. Common pest of crucifers.

iJestructive m some areas of Europe.

^urydema ornata (IJ.) {=festivmn (L,.)). Cabbage, other cruciters, cotton, potato, cereals. Ethiopia,* Iran,* Lebanon,* Cyprus,

TT^Q' ^J^^I Afghanistan,* Egypt, Turkey, Europe, north Africa,

U.b.S.R. (Transcaucasia). Heavy populations observed in Afghanistan ; light damage repyorted from Ethiopia ; important pest over wide

areas. (Fig. 31.)

Eurydema pulchrum (West.). Crucifers, (collected from alfalfa in

Afghanistan, but may have been mixed with wild mustard). Afghanistan,* east Asia to Philippines.

Eurydema rugulosum Dhrm. Crucifers. Lebanon, Syria. Occasionally important.

Eurydema ventrale Kol. Cabbage. Iran,* Europe. Some damage

reported from Iran in 1958.

Bolcostethus sphacelatus (F.). Turnip. Iran.*

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Carpocoris pudicus (Poda)

Carpocoris purpureipennis (DeG.)
142 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

*

FIGURE 31.—Eu/rydema orn-ata adult.

Homoptera

Aphidae (aphids)

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), cabbage aphid. Cnicifers. Iran,

Libya,* Aden, Afghanistan,* Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia,* Israel, Egypt,

Sudan,* Turkey, Iraq, Cyprus, I^ebanon, Syria, cosmopolitan. Injurious to crucifers during cooler months, often causing heavy damage

in Iran, Libya, other areas.

Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) {=Lipaphis erysimi (Kltb.)),

(fonuerly in genus Rhopalosi¡ylnom), turnip aphid. Mustard, other

crucifers. Iran,* India, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Libya,* Europe, Africa,

widespread. Heavy on turnip in areas of Iran in 1958.

Lepidaptera

Hyponomeutidae (plutellid moths)

Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), diamondback moth. Crucifers.

Egypt, Iraq, Iran,* Turkey, Ethiopia,* Cyprus, Israel, Arabia,

Libya.* Pakistan, Lebanon, Syria, Afghanistan, cosmopolitan. Important pest in Egypt Delta, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, other

areas.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Agrotis sp. Cabbage. Ethiopia.* Very heavy damage to transplants and heads observed.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Diachrysia orichalcea (F.)

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.)

Euxoa segetum (Denis & Schiff.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 143

Mamestra brassicae (L.)

Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.)

Pieridae (whites, sulfur butterflies)

Pieris brassicae (L.), large white butterfly. Crucifers preferred,

other plants Iran,* Lebanon, Israel, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Jordan

Afghanistan,* Cyprus, Turkey, Tunisia, Libya,* Ethiopia.* Sporadic outbreaks cause serious losses; serious damage to crucifers in

Israel and Pakistan.

Pieris brassicoides Gmv, Crucifers. Ethiopia. Damaging.

Ä1''?"''?^J^-^- Cabbage, other crucifers. Libya, Tunisia,

uSsR ""^^ '''^'' U.S.S.R. (Siberia). Some injury in

^l^l^napi (L.) green-veined white. Cabbage, other crucifers.

^aji, lunisia, Turkey. Larvae feed on leaves. Some economic importance.

^rTX^^^% (L.), small white butterfly, imported cabbageworm.

Uucifers. Iran,* Libya, Afghanistan,* Iraq, Lebanon, Tunisia,

f/^ :.i:^^F?^-^' -^^i,^^^' Jordan, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, widespread

m north Africa, Europe, eastward through Asia. Successive broods

in Iraq. Damaging in Iran and Pakistan.

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Crocidolomia binotalis Zeil., cabbage moth. Crucifers, some other

plants. >omaha, Sudan, southern Africa, Pakistan to Australia. Injurious in Somalia; may occur in severe outbreaks, but rarely causes

severe damage in Sudan ; minor pest in Pakistan and India.

aellula undalis (F.), oriental cabbage webworm, cabbage stemDorer^ Turnip, cabbage, other crucifers. Arabia, Cyprus, Israel,

^^^i,' ^^P^ Libya,* Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Sudan,

southern Europe, widespread. Larvae bore into sterns and heads.

Damaging in Iran, Israel, Libya, Sudan, Egypt. Important pest,

sometimes causes serious injury.

Udea ferrugalis (Hbn.). Cabbage, lettuce. Sudan.

Coleóptera

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Colaphellus hoefti (Mené.). Cultivated and wild crucifers. Ir

southern U.S.S.R. Extensive damage to foliage in Iran soniei 3 enT

Entotnoscelis berytensis Reiche. Crucifers. Jordan, Israel, Mvi

pest.

Galeruca sp. Turnip. Iran.* Medium populations observed

7S7-Ö32 O—64-^10
144 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Phyllotreta sp. near armoraciae (Koch). Cabbage. Iran.* Very

hea\^ infestations reported.

Phyllotreta atra (F.) {=punctulata (Marsh.)). Cabbage, other

crucifers, sometimes on beets and other plants. Iran, north Africa,

Europe. Adults feed on leaves ; larvae attack roots and germinating

seeds. Severe infestations on crucifers.

Phyllotreta cheiranthi Weise. Crucifers, cotton, alfalfa, other

plants. Sudan, Egypt, east Africa, Ceylon. Adults feed on leaves.

Major pest on crucifer seedlings in Sudan, may destroy entire crops;

minor pest on cotton.

Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), garden flea beetle, cabbage flea

beetle. Crucifers preferred, beets, other vegetables. Lebanon, Syria,

Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Cyprus, Europe into U.S.S.R.

(Siberia). Larvae feed on roots. Adults very serious in Lebanon;

damaging in Iraq and Israel, especially on young plants.

Phyllotreta mashonana Jac. Cabbage, other crucifers. Ethiopia,!

Kenya, Uganda. Heavy infestations observed in Ethiopia.

Phyllotreta sisymbrii Weise. Crucifers. Libya.

Phyllotreta tenuimarginata Jac. Crucifers, cotton. Sudan, Somalia. Food plants not known with certainty.

Phyllotreta undulata Kutsch. Crucifers. Iran, Turkey, Europe

into U.S.S.R. (Siberia). Severe damage in Iran and other areas.

Phyllotreta weiset Jac. Crucifers, cotton, alfalfa. Sudan. Apparently of minor importance only on crucifers.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Baris coerulescens (Scop.). Crucifers. Libya, other north African

areas, Europe into U.S.S.R. Minor pest locally in Libya, but important in U.S.S.R.

Lixus anguinus (L.). Crucifers, adults may be found on other plants.

Libya, Egypt, Israel, Europe, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus). Larvae bore into

stems, as much as 30-percent stalk breakage in seed plants. Minor pest

m some areas of Libya ; common in Israel.

Lixus latro Mshl. Crucifers. Ethiopia. Feeds in stalks and leaves.

Up to 66-percent mfestation in Eritrea.

Elateridae (wireworms)

Agriotes meticulosas Cand. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Oxythyrea funesta (Poda). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 145

Hymenopteia

Tenthredinidae (sawflies)

Athalia sp. Cabbage. Ethiopia.* Medium infestation observed.

Athalia colibrí (Christ), turnip sawfly, beet sawfly. Crucifers, beets,

carrot, flax, grape. Iran,* Turkey, Morocco, Europe through Asia.

Important on crucifers in many parts of Europe, causing heavy

defoHation; some importance in Iran.

Díptera

Anthomyiidae

Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), cabbage maggot, cabbage root fly.

Brasma spp., other crucifers. Israel, Turkey, Europe into Asiatic

U.S.S.R.; Libya,* Tunisia. Apparently of little importance in northeast Africa-southwest Asia.

Tipulidae (crane flies)

Tipula olerácea L. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

CUCURBIT INSECTS

Principal host crops: Cucumber {Ciœumis sativus), melon {Cucmnis

m^Zo), squash (C'i¿(^r6¿^a spp.), watermelon {CitruUus vulgaris).

Acariña

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Tetranychus sp. probably kanzawai Kishida. Melons. Afghanistan.* Light infestation observed.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Tetranychus atlanticus McG.

Tetranychus telarius (L.)

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Oedipoda miniata (Pall.)

Thisoicetrus littoralis (Kamb.)
146 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Gryllidae (crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Gryllus bimaculatus DeG.

Tartarogryllus burdigalensis (Latr.)

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

Decticus annaelisae Ramme. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Heteroptera

Coreidae (coreid bugs)

Leptoglossus membranáceas (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Miridae (plant bugs)

Campylomma diversicornis Reut. ( See under Polyphagous Insects.)

V JS^ ^

FIGURE S2.—Coridius ¡anus adult (left) and nymph (right).
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 147

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Agonoscelis pubescens (Thunb.). (See under Polypbagous Insects.)

Coridius janus (F.). Cucurbits, eggplant, beans. West Pakistan,*

India, Ceylon. Major pest in West Pakistan, very beavy populations

observed in Karachi area. (Fig. 3'2.)

Coridius viduatus (F.), black melon bug. Melons, other cucurbits.

Syria, Turkey, Sudan,* Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, otlier African areas.

Adults and nymphs feed on leaves, stems, fruit. May cause loss of

early melon crop in Sudan; minor pest in Iran.

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)

Aphidae (aphids)

Aphis craccivora Koch. (See under Insects Affecting Forage

Legumes.)

Aphis gossypit G\oY. (See under Polyphagous Insects.) (Fig. 33.)

FIGURE 33.—Ap/iis gossypii damage to melon leaves.
148 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Capitophorus elaeagni (Del Guer.). (See under Insects Affecting

Miscellaneous Vegetables.)

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Circulifer tenellus (Baker). (See under Insects Affecting Beets

and Related Crops.)

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Empoasca decipiens Paoli

Erythroneura asiática Kusn.

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Pericallia ricini (F.). (See irnder Polyphagous Insects.)

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Diachrysia orichalcea (F.)

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.)

Heliothis nubigera H.-S.

Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

Vanessa cardui (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Diaphania indica (Saund.), pumpkin caterpillar. Cucurbits, other

hosts. Southern Asia (includmg Saudi Arabia) to Australia, Sudan

mto central and southern Africa, Reported as important pest of

cucurbits in Indian region.

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

Acherontia styx Westw. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Coleóptera

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Apomecyna sip. Gourd. Ethiopia.* As many as 200 larvae per vine

observed m stems of gourd.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 149

Apomecyna binubila Pase, melon stem borer. Cucurbits. Sudan,

southern Africa. Larvae may occur in lartj;e nuinl)ers, sometimes

cause serious damage.

Pseudoalbana lameeri Pic. Watermelon. Egypt. Attacks stems.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Aphthona whitfieldi Brjant (See under Polypbagous Insects.)

Asbecesta transversa Alld. Cucurbits. Aden.

Lamprocopa kunowi (Weise). Cucurbits. Somalia, Kenya,

Uganda.

Raphidopalpa sp. Cucumber. Afghanistan.* Observed attacking

young plants.

Raphidopalpa foveicollis (Lucas), red pumpkin beetle. Melons,

beans, legiunes. Pakistan, Lebanon,* Cyprus, Afghanistan,* Turkey,

Iraq, Greece, Israel, Egypt, Yemen,* Somalia, Iran, Sudan,* India.

Adults damage leaves, flowers, fruit; larvae roots; two to four generations in Israel. Causes severe damage to early melons in Iraq;

serious pest in Pakistan and Afghanistan; 12-percent damage in

Turkey. (Fig. 31.) ^ ' i

•ä.

FIGURE 34.—Raphidopalpa foveicollis adult.
150 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Coccinellidae (lady beetles)

Epilachna chrysomelina (F.), 12-spotted melon beetle. Principally

pest of cucurbits, some other crops. Libya,* Tunisia,* Saudi Arabia,

Aden, Iran,* Sudan,* Iraq, Ethiopia,* Somalia, Afghanistan,* Israel,

West Pakistan,* Turkey, Cyprus, widespread in Africa, southern

Europe, Middle East. Five generations in Israel. Major pest of

cucurbits in Egypt and Libya; 10-percent damage in Turkey; heavy

damage in several other areas.

Epilachna sparsa (Hbst.) { = dodecastig7na Mx\h,). Cucurbits, tomato, eggplant, other Solanaceae. West Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon. Up to 50-percent fruit loss on melons reported in some

areas of Afghanistan ; recorded as minor pest in West Pakistan.

Curculionidae (vveevils)

Baris granulipennis (Toum.). Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber.

Afghanistan (determined as probably this species),* Egypt, Israel,

Iran, U.S.S.R. Large nmnbers in fruit in Egyj)t on occasion; about

10-percent infestation observed in Afghanistan; also important in

Israel.

Baris traegardhi Auriv., melon weevil. Cucurbits. Sudan. Larvae

feed in pulp of fruit. Damage can be important in Sudan.

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Lydoceras flavosellata Fairm. Cucurbits, other plants. Somalia,

east Africa.

Mylahris flavoguttata Reiche. ( See under Insects Affecting Solanaceous Crops.)

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Epicauta albovittata Gestro

Epicauta erythrocephala Pall.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum)

Pentodon idiota (Hbst.)

Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

Opatriodes punctulatus Brülle. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Díptera

Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies)

Liriomyza bryoniae Kltb., melon leaf miner. Cucurbits preferred,

other plants. Israel, parts of U.S.S.R. Recently has become so

abundant on melons m Israel that controls are necessary.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 151

Phytobia sp. Melons. Iran. Severe, leaf miner.

Lonchaeidae

Silba laevis (Bezzi). Cucurbits, tomato. Ethiopia, Kenya. P\)und

in fallen fruit of cucurbits.

Tephritidae (^Tryi^etidae) (fruit Hies)

Dacus bivittatus cucumarius Sack. C^uurbits, tomato, papaya.

Last Africa, Ethiopia, other African countries. Damagintr to melons

m some areas. ^

Dacusciliatus I^ew (=brer;.^fi/fm Rezzi), lesser pimipkin fly, melon

mut fly. Melons preferred, citrus, tomato, beans. P^g^pt, Ethiopia,

bomaha, Sudan, many otlier African areas, Pakistan, Aden, Arabia.

causes citrus fruit drop and serious damage to melons. Major pest

m rakistan. '

Dacus cucurbitae Coq., melon ñy, melon fruit fly. Cucurbits, citrus,

maiigo, beans, tomato, stone fruit, many otlier plants. Afghanistan,*

raKistan eastward to nortliern Australia, also reported from east

Airica. Í5evere infestations observed in cucurbits in eiistem Afghanistan and West Pakistan. Major pest in much of its range. (Fig. 35.)

FIGURE 35.—Dacus cvcurbitae damage in melon.
152 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dacus vertebratus Bezzi. Cucurbits, other vegetables, fruit. Sudan,

Ethiopia, other areas of Africa. May cause important damage in

fruit of cucurbits.

Dacus zonatus (Saund.). (See under Insects AiFecting Pome and

Stone Fruits.)

Myiopardalis pardalina (Bigot), Baluchistan melon fly (also called

melon fly). Cucurbits, particularly watermelon, cucumber, muskmelon. India, Pakistan, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus), Iran,* Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Cyprus, Afghanistan.*

Larvae burrow and feed in fruit; three generations between MayAugust in Pakistan. May infest up to 85 to 90 percent of crop in

some areas; up to 65-p6rcent infestation observed in Afghanistan

areas in 1961 with as many as 50 to 100 maggots per melon. Major

pest. (Fig. 36.)

FIGURE 36.—Myiopardalis pardalina adults.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 153

INSECTS AFFECTING EDIBLE LEGUMES

Principal host crops: Broadbean (T''/<"/(/ A^^^O^ chickpea {CIcer arietinum)^ common bean {PJuhseolus vulgarly), cowpea ( Vlgna shiensis)^

hyacinth-bean {DoUchos lahlab)^ lentil {Lern culinarias)^ pea {Pmim

sativum)^ peanut {Arachis hypogaea)^ pigeonpea {Cajanus cajcm)^

soybean {Glycine max).

Acariña

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Tetranychus frater Warnstein. Soybean. Libya.*

Tetrancychus tumidellus Prit. & Bak. Peanut. Turkey.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Tetranychus atlánticas McG.

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Bdv.)

Tetranychus telarius (L.)

Orthoptera

Acrididae (Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Chrotogonus homalodemus (Blanch.)

Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.)

Gryllidae (crickets)

Brachytrupes megacephalus (Lef.). (See under Polyphagous

Insects.)

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Decticus albifrons (F.)

Tettigonia viridissima (L.)

Isoptera

Termitidae (termites)

Odontotermes (O.) sudanensis (Sjöst). (See under Date

Insects.)

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:
154 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Microtermes obesi Holmgr.

Odontotermes obesas (Ramb.)

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

Caliothrips impuras (Pries.). (See under Cotton Insects.)

See also following species under Polypliagous Insects :

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

Selenothrips rubrocinctas (Giard)

Heteraptera

Coreidae (coreid bugs)

Acanthomia brevirostris Stal. Hyacinth-bean. Sudan. Reported

as feeding on this crop.

Acanthomia hórrida Germ. Legumes (including peas, beans).

Somalia, east Africa. Reported as injurious species.

Acanthomia tomentosicollis (Stal), bean bug. Beans. Ethiopia,*

southern Africa. Feeds on pods. Heavy damage reported from

Harar, Ethiopia.

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

Aphanas sórdidas F. Peanut, sesame. West Pakistan. Sometimes

serious.

Miridae (plant bugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Campylomma nicolasi Put. & Reut.

Taylorilygus pallidulus (Blanch.)

Trigonotylus brevipes Jak.

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Agonoscelis pabescens (Thunb.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Aspavia vittiventris Leth. Soybean, grasses. Ethiopia.* Light

populations observed.

Bagrada cruciferaram Kirk. (See under Crucifer Insects.)

Coridius Janas (F.). (See under Cucurbit Insects.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 155

Homoptera

Aphidae (aphids)

Aphis fabae Scop., bean aphid. Beans, beets, chard, other phmts.

Lebanon,* Syria, Iran,* Iraq, Libya,* Tunisia,* Israel, Cyprus, Ejiypt,

Jordan, Turkey, Ethiopia, Afghanistan,* Greex'e. C'onsidei-able damage in Lebanon; heiivy infestations on beets in Iran, Jordan, Libya;

serious in Israel in spring.

Smynthurodes betae Westw. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

See also following species under Insects Affecting Forage Legumes:

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.). (Fig. 37.)

ff

FiGUEE 37.—Acyrthosiphon pisum on pea terminal.
156 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aphis craccivora Koch

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Empoasca distinguenda Paoli. ( See under Insects Affecting Special

Crops.)

Tettigoniella cosmopolita (Sign.). Soybean. Ethiopia.* Very

heavy infestation found in one area in 1961.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca dolichi Paoli

Empoasca lybica (Berg.)

Erythroneura lubiae China

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.)

Phenacoccus hirsutus Green

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Amsacta moorei (Butl.)

Diacrisia obliqua (Wlk.)

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Gymnoscelis pumilata (Hbn.). Beans. Libya.* Attacks bean

flowers in Libya.

Lycaenidae (blues, coppers, hairstreaks)

Catochrysops cnejus (F.). Beans, cowpea, other legumes. West

Pakistan to southeast Asia. Feeds on buds and pods. Sometimes

serious on cowpea in Pakistan.

Lampides boeticus (L.), bean butterfly, tailed blue, pea blue. Legumes including beans, peas, soybean, alfalfa, vetch. Cyprus, Lebanon, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Ethiopia, Somalia,

Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, widespread in areas of Europe, Asia, Africa.

Larvae feed on flowers and seeds. Injurious to legumes in many areas,

particularly in Mediterranean region, but considered minor pest in

many parts of its range; almost 100-percent infestation noted in

Oytims seed pods in Afghanistan; major pest of sunn hemp in

Pakistan.
CROP INSECTS OP NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 157

Noctuidae (=Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Anficarsia irrorata (F.). Cowpea, other legumes, cereals. Sudan,

Pakistan, India, Nyasaland. Minor pest in Pakistan : may be severe

m India. "^

Autographa sp. Beans. Ethiopia.* Light infestations observed.

Tarache nitidula (F.). (Se« under Cotton Insects.)

Xykna exoleta (L.). Broadbean, peas, flax, alfalfa. Iraq, Libya.

i*eeds on foliage. '^

See also following species imder Polyphagous Insects:

Agrotis Ípsilon (Hfn.)

Autographa gamma (L.)

Chrysodeixis chalcites ( Esp. )

Diachrysia orichalcea (F.)

Heliothis armígera (Hbn.)

Helíothís dipsácea (L.)

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)

Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

^ymphalis polychloros (L.)

Vanessa cardui (L.)

Phycitidae

Etiella zinckenella (Treit.), lima-bean pod borer, legimie-pod moth,

i^ima bean, sunn hemp, cowpea, hyacinth-bean, other legumes. Egypt,

S "^^' ^^^'*^P^^' Sudan, Cyprus, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan,

öaudia Arabia, Turkey, widespread over world. Larvae bore into

pods. Important on lima bean and cowpea in Egypt, up to 62-percent

crop loss recorded; some importance in Iran and Israel; serious on

sunn hemp in Pakistan. (Fig. 38.)

Pterophoridae (plume moths)

Exelastis atomosa (Wlsm.). Beans. Pakistan, east Afrira. Attacks pods, causing appreciable damage. May be serious localh/

Sphenarches caffer (Zeil.). Beans, pigeonpea, hyacinth-bean, • !

other plants. Sudan, other African areas, Pakistan, ears! .1

Australia. Minor pest of buds and flowers.

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Hedylepta indicata (F.). (See under Insects AfFecting F: ;. :

Legumes. )
158 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 38.—Etiella zinckenella damage to lima bean pods.

Maruca testulalis (Geyer), bean pod borer. Beans, other legumes.

Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, many tropical areas of world. Destroys

pods. Sometimes serious pest in Pakistan.

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acherontia átropos (L.)

Acherontia styx Westw.

Coleóptera

Bruchidae (seed beetles). (See under Insects Affecting Stored

Products.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 159

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Longitarsus gossypii Bryant. (See under Cotton Insecte.)

Paraluperodes quaternus (Fairm.). (Determined as Luperodes

exdarmtionis Jac. from Ethiopia.f) Soybean, hyacinth-bean, beans,

peas, peanut. Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda. Light populations observed

in Ethiopia. Serious pest of hyacinth-bean.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Aphthona whitfieldi Bryant

Hermaeophaga ruficollis (Lucas)

Curculionidae (weevils)

Apion aestivum Genn. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Apion arrogans Wenk. (See under Insects Affecting Forage

Legumes.)

Apion illex (Faust). Soybean. Ethiopia,! other areas of Africa.

Light infestation observed.

Hypera striatus (Boh.). (See under Insects Affecting Forage

Legumes.)

Lixus algirus (L.). Broadbean, peas. Tunisia,! Israel, Jordan,

Cyprus. Hea\^ damage in Tunisia ; minor pest in Israel.

Sitona lineata (L.), pea leaf weevil. Legumes (including peas,

vetch). Israel, Lebanon, Afghanistan,^ Iran, Syria, Cyprus, Europe.

Reported as serious in Lebanon ; some importance in Israel.

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Ceroctis rufimembris Thomas. Beans. Somalia. Injurious.

Coryna ambigua Gerst. Chickpea, cotton. Somalia, east Africa.

Epicauta albovittata Gestro. (See imder Polyphagous Insects.)

Epicauta jeanneli Pic. Beans. Somalia. Injurious pest.

Mylabris designata Reiche. (See under Insects Affecting Solanaceous Crops.)

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Anómala egregia Gahan

Anómala plebeja 01.

Oxythyrea pantherina (Gory & Perch.)

Tropinota squalida (Scop.)

Tenebrionidae (darklingbeetles)

Gonocephalum simplex (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insect. ;

737-632 O—64 ^H
160 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Díptera

Agromyzidae (leaf miner.flies)

Liriomyza cicerina (Kond.). Chickpea. Turkey, Mines leaves.

Liriomyza congesta (Beck.) { = trlfolii (Burg.)). Broadbean, peas.

Egypt, Israel. Minor importance.

Melanagromyza obtusa (Mall.). Pigeonpea, beans, some other

legumes. Pakistan, India, east Africa. Larvae feed on young seeds.

May cause serious damage.

Melanagromyza phaseoli (Coq. ), bean fly. Pest of beans principally,

other legumes. Jordan, Israel, Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan, many other

African countries. Mines in leaves and stems. Frequently causes loss

of bean crop in some areas; serious on cowpea in Pakistan; most destructive pest of snap bean in Egypt.

Tephritidae (=Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

See following species under Cucurbit Insects :

Dacus ciliatus Loew

Dacus cucurbitae Coq.

INSECTS AFFECTING SOLANACEOUS CROPS

Principal host crops: Eggplant {Solanum melongena)^ pepper {Capsicimru spp.), potato {Solanum tuberosum)^ tobacco {Nicotiana tal:>aGuim^ possibly other species), tomato {Lycopersicon escutentwrrh),

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Aculas lycopersici (Massée), tomato russet mite. Tomato. Saudi

Arabia, Israel, Iran. Eriophyid mites (may be this species) also reported on tomato from Libya, Tunisia, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus ; severe

russetmg and bronzing reported from Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Phytoptus cladophthirus Nal., tomato gall mite. Tomato. Egypt,

southern Africa. Serious pest of seedlings in Egypt; damaging in

southern Africa ; attacked plants appear silvery.

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acrotylus insubricus (Scop.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 161

Anacridiumaegyptium (L.)

Calliptamus barbarus Costa

Calliptamus palaestinensis Ramme

Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi Kirby

Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.)

Oedipoda caerulescens ( L. )

Thisoicetrinus pterostichus (F. W.)

Gryllidae (crickets)

Gryllus bimaculatus DeG. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)

Gryllotalpa africana P. de B. (See mider Polyphagous Insects.)

Isaptera

Termitidae (termites)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Microtermes obesi Holmgr.

Odontotermes obesus (Ramb.)

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Frankliniella intonsa (Tryb.)

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

Thrips tabaci Lind.

Heteroptera

Miridae (plantbugs)

Calocoris norvegicus (Gmel.). ( See under Insects Affecting E

Legumes.)

Cyrtopeltis (Nesidiocoris) tenuis Reut., tomato bug. Tom 1

plant, tobacco, potato. Libya,* Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Sudari, i . Prefers blossoms as feeding site. Common but seldom mjiii:

Libya; slight to moderate damage in Israel; sometimes minier

Egypt ; minor pest of tomato in Sudan.

Lygus pratensis (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)
162 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Coridius Janus ( F.). ( See under Cucurbit Insects. )

Holcogaster fibulata var. exilis Horv. Tobacco. Libya.*

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Carpocoris purpureipennis (DeG.)

Dolycoris baccarum (L.)

Dolycorispenicillatus (Horv.)

Rhopalidae ( = Coreidae)

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Tingidae (lace bugs)

Urentius hystricellus (Rich.) { = asgypti/icus Berg., sentis Dist.,

echimis Dist.). Eggplant. Sudan,* Egypt, Pakistan, India, Ceylon.

Adults and nymphs feed on leaves of eggplant ; sometimes numerous

and damaging. Important pest in Pakistan; common in Sudan;

requires controls in some areas.

Homoptera

Aphidae (aphids)

Myzus persicae (Sulz.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.) (Fig.

o9. )

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Circulifer tenellus (Baker). (See under Insects Affecting Beets

and Related Crops. )

Empoasca signala Haupt. Eggplant, tomato, pepper. Israel. Considerable damage.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca devastans Dist.

Empoasca flavescens (F.)

Empoasca lybica ( Berg. )

Membracidae (treehoppers)

Oxyrachis tarandus (F.). Tomato. Libya,* Egypt, Afghanistan,

Ortheziidae (ensign scales)

Orthezia insignis Browne. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )

Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)

Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 163

FiGUEE SQ.—Myzus persicae colony.

Lepidoptera

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Gelechia plebeiella Zeil. Tomato, Libya, Israel, southern Europe.

Serious pest on tomato at times m Libya.

GnorimLcÄemaeri/asim« (Meyr.). Eggplant. Iraq, Egypt, India,

Minor pest.
164 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Gnorimoschema heliopa (Lower), tobacco stem borer. Tobacco, eggplant, wild Solanaceae. Turkey, Cyprus, Sudan, Israel, Somalia,

Greece, West Pakistan, India to Australia, southeastern Africa.

Mines in leaves and stems, causing galls. Major pest of tobacco in

Australia, Ceylon, Malaya; damaging in Turkey; bores into flowers

and buds of eggplant in Sudan.

Gnorimoschema operculella (Zeil

field potatoes, tobacco (field), other

nisia, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan,

widespread in many parts of world

pecially on stored potato ; serious in

Libya on potato and tobacco ; severe

Ethiopia. (Fig. 40.)

. ), potato tuberworm. Stored and

Solanaceae. Cyprus, Libya,* TuIsrael, Pakistan, Egypt, Ethiopia,

. Widespread important pest, esLebanon and Syria ; important in

infestations observed on potato in

FIGURE iO.—Onorimoschema operculella damage to potato tuber.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 165

Noctuidae (=Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Agrotis comes (Trat). Tobacco. Turkey. Some daina<re.

Eublemma olivácea (Wlk.), brinjal leaf roller. Effffplaiit, wild

Solanaceae PaJiistan, India, Burma, Ceylon. Bores into stems.

Occasionally destructive.

Euxoa tritici (L.). Tobacco, cotton. Turkey, U.S.S.R. Causes

some damage to tobacco in Turkey.

Euxoa tmx (Hbn.). Potato, otlier low plants. Libya, Tunisia.

Minor pest m l^ibya ; one of most damaging cutworms in Timisia.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Agrotis flammatra (Denis & Schiif.)

Agrotis Ípsilon (Hufn.)

Agrotis prónuba (L.)

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.)

Eublemma brachygonia Hmpsn.

Euxoa conspicua (Hbn.)

Euxoa segetum (Denis & Schiff.)

Euxoaspinifera (Hbn.)

Feltia exclamationis L.

Heliothis armígera (Hbn.)

Beliothis dipsácea (L.)

Heliothis nubigera (H.-S.)

Beliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiff.)

Prodenia litura (F.)

Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.)

Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.)

Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

Acraea terpsichore (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Phycitidae

Euzophera osseatella ( Tr. ), eggplant stem borer. Eggplant, potot: ,

tomato, pepper, tobacco. Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Eg3q>t, Cjp; ;s

Israel, Syria, southern Europe. Six generations a year in Isv '

Bores into stems, can cause important injury. Serious da? ¡«g: i

potato reported from Israel.

Euzophera perticella Rag., brinjal stem borer. Eggi>]ani, ..p

tomato, potato. West Pakistan, India. Serious pest of eggpi

times, especially in West Pakistan.
166 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Leucinodes orbonalis Gn., eggplant fruit borer. Eggplant, potato,

tomato, other Solanaceae. Pakistan* eastward through Asia; Somalia, Ethiopia,* other areas of Africa. Injurious to eggplant in

Indian region ; important in Pakistan ; damages potato in Congo.

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Sceliodes laisalis Wlk. Eggplant, pepper, tomato. Sudan, Somalia,

Uganda, Arabia. Damages tomato fruit in Sudan.

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acherontia átropos (L.)

Acherontia styx Westw.

Coleóptera

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Aphthona latipennis Pic. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Epitrix torvi Bryant. Eggplant. Sudan. Feeds on leaves.

Labidostomis decipiens (Fald.). (See under Grape Insects.)

Coccinellidae (lady beetles)

Epilachna fulvosignata Eeiche. Eggplant. Ethiopia.* Heavy

damage observed in Ethiopia.

Epilachna hirta (Thunb.). Vegetables, grasses. Ethiopia southward in Africa. Recorded as pest, sometimes serious.

Epilachna sparsa (Hbst.). (See under Cucurbit Insects.)

Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.). Eggplant, other Solanaceae,

also reported on cucurbits, other plants. West Pakistan to Australia.

Recorded as pest in West Pakistan and India. (Records may involve

other Epilachna species.)

Epilachna wissmanni Muls. Solanum sp. West Pakistan.* Observed causing heavy damage to wild SolamAim,

Elateridae (wireworms)

Conoderus (Heteroderes) bicarinatus (Reit.). Tobacco, cotton.

Jordan, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia, Turkestan). Attacks roots.

Melanotus fusciceps (Gyll.). Tobacco, other plants. Israel, Cyprus, U.S.S.R. (Transcaucasia).

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agrióles meticulosas Cand.

Agriotes pilosas ( Panz. )
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 167

Lagriidae

Lagria villosa F. Potato, cotton. Ethiopia, east Africa.

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Epicauta erythrocephala Pall. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Mylabris designata Keiche. Potato, fava bean. Ethiopia.

Mylabris ñavoguttata Reiche. Potato, other Solanaceae, cucurbits.

Ethiopia.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

Pleurophorus caesus (Cr.). Tobacco. Libya,* Egypt. Importance on this crop not known.

Polyphylia fullo (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

Apentanodes globosas (Reiche). Tobacco. Cyprus. Damages

young plants.

Zophosis punctata Brülle. Tobacco. Cyprus. Damages young

plants.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Gonocephalum simplex (F.)

Opatriodes punctulatus Brülle

Díptera

Bibionidae (march flies)

Bibio hortulanus (L.). (See imder Polyphagous Insects.)

Cecidomyiidae (=Itonididae) (gallmidges)

Asphondylia capsici Barnes. Peppers. Turkey, Cyprus. Deforms

flowers, buds, fruit.

Lonchaeidae

Silba péndula (Bezzi). Red pepper. Libya. Secondary r iu

following Ceratitis capitata attack.

Tephritidae (=Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

See following species under Citrus Insects :

Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)
168 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dacus dorsalis Hend.

See following species under Cucurbit Insects :

Dacus bivittatus cucumarius Sack.

Dacus ciliatus Loew

Dacus cucurbitae Coq.

INSECTS AFFECTING MISCELLANEOUS

VEGETABLES

Principal host crops: Artichoke {Cynara scolymus)^ carrot {Daucus

carota)^ celery {Apium graveolens)^ lettuce {Lactuca sativa)^ onion,

garlic {Allium spp.), sweetpotato {Ipomoea batatas).

Orthoptera

Acrididae ( =Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Calliptamus italicus (L.)

Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.)

Phymateus viridipes Stal

Schistocerca gregaria ( Forsk. )

Gryllidae (crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Brachytrupes megacephalus (Lef.)

Melanogryllus desertus (Pall.)

Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.)

Gryllotalpa unispina Sauss.

Tettigoniidae (longhorn grasshoppers)

Eugasteroides loricatus (Gerst.). Vegetables (including tomato,

eggplant). Ethiopia. Considerable damage in gardens.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 169

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

See following species under Polypliagous Insecte:

Retithrips syriacus (Mayet)

Thrips tabaci Lind.

Heteroptera

Coreidae (coreid bugs)

Leptoglossus membranaceus (F.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Nysius cymoides (Spin.)

Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.)

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Grap/iosoma ííaZíca Mueller. Umbelliferae. Iran.* Heavy populations reported from one area.

Graphosoma semipunctata (F.). Carrot, dill. Libya.* Heavy

populations observed on flowers.

TholagmusñavolineatusiY.). Carrot, dill. Libya.* Heavy populations observed on flowers.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Calidea duodecimpunctata (F.)

Dolycoris baccarum (L.)

Nezara viridula (L.)

Stenozygum coloratum (Klug)

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)
170 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aphidae (aphids)

Acyrthosiphon (Tija) scariolae (Nevsky). Lettuce. Iran. Severe

on young leaves and terminal parts of plant.

Aphis intybi Koch. Ciohorium sp. Libya, Israel, Europe. Minor

l>est in Libya.

Brachycaudus cardui (L.). Artichoke, plum. Ethiopia, Libya,

Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Afghanistan.* Very serious on artichoke

in Lebanon.

Capitophorus elaeagni (Del Guer.). Artichoke, cucurbits, Elaeagnus spp. Libya,* Ethiopia, Egypt, Israel, Turkey, probably cosmopolitan. Attacks leaves. Heavy infestations in Libya.

Cavariella aegopodii (Scop.). Celery, fennel, willow. Libya,*

Egypt, Ethiopia,* Israel, Turkey, Europe, central Asia. Minor pest

locally in Libya ; heavy damage on fennel in Ethiopia.

Dactynotus cichorii (Koch). Chicory. Libya.*

Dactynotus compositae (Theob.). Artichoke, chrysanthemum,

dahlia, Solanaceae, other plants. Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Ethiopia,

Somalia, east Africa.

Dysaphis apiifolia (Theob.). Celery, artichoke. Egypt, Europe.

Some damage to seed production.

Dysaphis foeniculus (Theob.). Celery, dill. Ethiopia,* Libya.*

Heavy infestations reported from Ethiopia.

Hyadaphis apii Hall. Celery. Egypt, Israel, Morocco. Some damage to seed production.

Hyadaphis coriandri (Das). Carrot, celery, other Umbelliferae.

Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Libya,* Pakistan.

Hyadaphis foeniculi (Pass.). Celery, Lonwera spp. Libya, Israel,

Turkey, Europe, Morocco. Minor pest locally in Libya on celery;

heavy damage on Lonicera in Israel.

Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.). Sweetpotato. Ethiopia.* Light

infestations observed.

Nasonovia (Hyperomyzus) lactucae L. Lettuce. Libya.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Empoasca facialis (Jac). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Ortheziidae (ensign scales)

Orthezia insignis Browne. ( See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Lepidoptera

Cossidae (carpenterwormmoths)

Dyspessa ulula (Borkh.). Onion, garlic. Iraq, Turkey, Syria,

Israel, north Africa, southern Europe. Larva bores into bulb, may

move from plant to plant, causing heavy loss in some instances.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 171

Gelechiidae (gelechiidmoths)

Brachmia convolvuli (Wlsm.). Sweetpotato. Somalia, other

areas of Africa, India.

Lyonetiidae

Bedellia somnulentella (Zeil.), morning-glory leaf miner. Sweetpotato. Egypt, Ethiopia.* Minor pest in Egypt ; heavy populations

observed m sweetpotato at Jimma, Ethiopia, where around 20 percent

or leaves mmed.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths, cutworms)

Hydroeciaxanthenes (Germ.). Artichoke. Tunisia,* France, Italy.

J^eedsm buds and petioles, heavy damage in Tunisia, Italy, France; up

to55-percent loss in Sardinia. ' J' ' i

TriphaenanmbriaiL.). Lettuce. Libya. Injurious.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agrotis Ípsilon (Hufn.)

Agrotis prónuba (L.)

Autographa gamma (L.)

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.)

Cornutiplusiacircumflexa (L.)

Diachrysiaorichalcea (F.)

Feltia exclamationis ( L. )

Mamestra brassicae (L.)

Prodenialitara (F.)

Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.)

Nymjïhalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

öee following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acraea terpsichore (L. )

Vanessa cardui (Tu.)

Oecophoridae

Agonopterix sp. Artichoke. Tunisia (determined as near or pq

to this genus).* Larvae observed causing serious injury ir p-'

and buds, population very heavy.

Lepidechidna acharnias Meyr. Artichoke. Tunisia. Heav i

lations reported in stems and heads.
172 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)

Papilio machaon L. ( See under CitrusInsects. )

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

Acherontia styx Westw. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Herse convolvuli (L.). Sweetpotato, beans. Egypt, Tunisia, Libya,

Somalia, Sudan, Pakistan, Arabia, Israel, Iraq, Syria. Migrates from

Tropics. Can cause complete defoliation in high populations; apparently heavy concentrations not common.

Coleóptera

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Agapanthia cardui (L.). Artichoke, safHower. Israel, other eastern

Mediterranean areas. Larvae bore into stems.

Phytoecia cylindrica (L.), carrot borer. Carrot. Israel, Turkey,

parts of Europe and Ü.S.S.E. Larvae bore in stalk, may cause death

of young plants.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Cassida deflorata Suffr. Artichoke. Libya, Greece. Important in

some areas of Libya.

Cassida palaestina Eeiche. Artichoke. Lebanon. Keported as

serious pest.

Conchyloctenia (Aspidomorpha) parummaculata (Boh.). Sweetpotato, Somalia, east Africa.

Crioceris sp. Ethiopia.* Heavy on wild asparagus.

Crioceris asparagi (L.), asparagus beetle. Asparagus. Libya, Israel, Europe. Appeared in Israel when asparamis be^an to be

cultivated. ^ ^ fe

Crioceris bicruciata Sahib. Asparagus. Cyprus.

Crioceris nigropunctata f. detecta Wse. Asparagus. Somalia.

Injurious.

Crioceris nigropunctata Lac. ssp. párvula Heinze. Asparagus.

Exoracollaris (Kmnm,), Onion. Turkey. Damage to leaves.

^P¡l^^\^f^^^9:^t^^i<^<^^um{Y.), Artichoke, wild composites. Israel,

north Atrica, Europe. Adults and larvae feed on leaves; larvae cause

injury by mining m leaves. Heavy infestation rare in Israel.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects:

Altica pyritosa Erich.

Aphthona fuentei Reit.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 173

Curculionidae (weevils)

Alcidodes erroneus Thomps. Sweetpotato, eucalyptus. Somalia.

Alcidodes humerosus Harold. Sweetpotato. Ethiopia.J Heavy infestation noted on stems at ground level.

Blosyrus rugulosus Auiiv. ssp. abyssinicus Auiiv. Sweetpotato.

Ethiopia.! Heavy infestations observed on stems.

Cylas formicarius formicarius (F.). Sweetpotato. Sudan,* east

Asia. Medium infestations in Sudan.

Cylas punticollis Boh., sweetpotato weevil, sweetpotato root borer.

Sweetpotato. Somalia, Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya. One of most important pests of sweetpotato in Kenya ; principal pest of this crop

in Sudan.

Hypera fausti Petri. Strawberry. Jordan, Israel. Reported as

damaging on leaves.

Lixus lutescens Cap. Artichoke. Cyprus.

Elateridae (wireworms)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Agnates lineatus (L.)

Agrióles pilosus (Panz.)

Cardiphorus rufipes (Goeze)

Meloidae (blister beetles)

Mylabris (Zonabris) convexior Pic. Vegetable crops. Somalia.

Causes complete defoliation.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Polyphylla fullo (L.)

Rhizotrogus aequinoctialis (Hbst.)

Hymenoptera

Tenthredinidae (sawflies)

Athalia vollenhoveni Grib. Artichoke. Ethiopia.* Light

tions reported.

Diptera

Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies)

Tylomyza pinguis (Fall.). Lettuce. Egypt, Europe.
174 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Anthomyiidae

Hylemya antigua (Meig.), onion maggot. Onion, garlic. Cyprus,

Iran (specimens from Iran determined near or equal to this species),

Israel, Greece, many other areas. Of some importance in Iran and

Israel.

Tephritidae ( = Trypetidae) (fruit flies)

Capparimyia savastani (Mart.), caper fly. Caper {Cappam

spinosa). Tunisia.* Attacks fruit.

Euleia heraclei (L.), celery fly. Celery, parsnip, chief cultivated

hosts. Cyprus, Turkey, Morocco, generally in Europe. Frequently

causes great reduction in value of celery and parsnip crops in Europe.

INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS

Acariña

Acaridae (acarid mites)

Acarus siro L. { = Tyroglyphus fariruie L.), flour mite, grain mite.

Grains, flour, cereal products. Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey, Iran. Injurious in some areas; reported important in Iran.

Aleuroglyphus ovatus Troup. Stored products. Iran.

Tyrophagus tenuiclavus Zach. Grains. Tunisia.

Urodinychidae

Leiodinychus krameri Can. Stored grains. Turkey, Tunisia,

Morocco.

Orthoptera

Blattidae (cockroaches)

Blatta orientalis (L.), oriental cockroach. Stored products. Jordan, Libya, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, widespread. Important in Iran.

Blattella germánica (L.), German cockroach. Stored products.

Libya, Iran, Cyprus, Egypt, widespread. Important in Iran.

Periplaneta americana (L.), American cockroach. Stored products.

Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Libya, Cyprus, widespread.

Periplaneta australasiae (F.), Australian cockroach. Bread, other

stored products. Iran. Kated as important pest.

Polyphaga aegyptiaca (L.). Stored products. Iraq, Iran, Egypt.

iN ot common m houses. Keported to be of some economic importance

m Iran.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 175

Polyphaga (Heterogamia) saussurei (Dolirn.). Stored products.

Iran. Reported to be of some importance.

Shelfordella tártara (Sauss.). Stored products. Iran. Reported

to be of some importance.

Supellasupellectilium (Serv.), brown-banded roach, furniture cockroach. Israel, Egypt. Common in Egypt.

Gryllidae (crickets)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Acheta domesticus (L.)

Gryllus campestris L.

Isoptera

Hodotermitidae (termites)

Anacanthotermes turkestanicus (Jacobson), harvester termite.

Occasionally damages contents of buildings. Afghanistan,* U.S.S.R.

(Turkestan).

Anacanthotermes vagans septentrionalis (Jacobson). Railroad

ties, dried wood, stems and roots of living plants. Iran,* Afghanistan.

Economic importance in Iran.

Rhinotermitidae (termites)

Coptotermes sjostedti Holmg. Stored food. Sudan.*

Termitidae (termites)

Macrotermes natalensis (Haviland). Trees, wood. Sudan.*

Pseudacanthotermes militaris (Hagen). Wood, tobacco stems.

Sudan.*

Lepidoptera

Galleriidae (wax moths)

Achroia grisella (F.), lesser wax moth. Beeswax. Egypt, Libya.

India.

Aphomia gularis (Zeil.),stored nut moth. Hazelnut, walnut, penniit.

other nuts., Turkey, southeastern Asia, western Europe. Art:> ^.

stored nuts.

Corcyracephalonica (SUmt.), rice moth ceve^\ moth, ^^^y^ii ï-gucts including date. Turkey, Egypt, Libya,* Sudan, Paki u.

73T-632 O—64 12
176 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

malia, Cyprus. Important pest in Somalia ; problem in Pakistan flour

mills.

Galleria mellonella (L.), greater wax moth. Beeswax. West Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Arabia, Cyprus, Egypt, Libya. Severe pest in

Iran ; destructive in Egypt.

Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths)

Gnorimoschema operculella (Zeil.). (See under Insects Affecting

Solanaceous Crops.)

Sitotroga cerealella (01.), Angoumois grain moth. Stored grains,

other products. Turkey, Cyprus, Tunisia, Egypt, Ethiopia,* Libya,

Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Pakistan, Sudan, Algeria, Greece. One of

most serious grain pests in Libya, Turkey, Sudan, Pakistan ; injurious

in Egypt. Second only to rice and granary weevils as stored-grain

pest. (Fig. 41.)

FIGURE 41.—Sitotroga cerealella infestation in corn.

Heliodinidae

Stathmopoda trissorrhiza Meyr. Stored products. Pakistan. Important pest causing serious damage to raisins and date.

Phycitidae

Anagasta (Ephestia) kuhniella (Zeil.), Mediterranean flour moth.

Flour, stored products. Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Tunisia, Egypt,

Libya, Lebanon, Ethiopia,* Greece, cosmopolitan. Severe pest in

Iran and Pakistan; important in other areas.

Cadra calidella (Gn.), carob moth. Dried fruit. Iraq, Iran, Libya,

Egypt, Lebanon.* Important pest on dried fruit; principal pest of

ripe and dried dates in Egypt.

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeil.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 177

Ephestia cautella (Wlk.), tropical warehouse moth, ahnond moth,

fig moth. Fig, raisins, flour, date, rice, grain sorghum. Cyprus,

Turkey, Libya, Egypt, Sudan,* Somalia, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Ethiopia,* Lebanon, Greece, Morocco, widespread. Principal pest of fig

and raisins in Turkey, date in Egypt ; important, stored-products pest

in Iran, other areas. This species and other Ephestui spp. cause

20-percent damage in Turkey.

Ephestia elutella (Hhn.), tobacco moth, raisin moth, warehouse

moth. Stored tobacco, seed, other stored products. Cyprus, Turkey,

Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Greece, widespread. Important

pest in Iran.

Ephestia figulilella Greg., raisin moth. Fig, raisins, date. Egypt,

Cyprus, Turkey, Greece. Principal pest of fig and raisins in Turkey.

Plodia interpunctella (Hbn.), Indian-meal moth. Com, dried fruit,

stored products. Turkey, Cyprus, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran,

Egypt, Lebanon, Tunisia,'Saudi Arabia, Libya,* Ethiopia,* Somalia,

Greece, Algeria, Morocco. Important in dried fig in Turkey ; severe

in stored fruit and nuts in Iran ; rare in Pakistan.

Pyralidae (pyralid moths)

Aglossa pinguinalis (L.), grease moth. Refuse of cereals, seed,

other stored products. Iraq, Afghanistan,* Libya, Egypt, Europe. ^

Importance unknown.

Arenipses sabella (Hmpsn.). (See under Date Palm Insects.)

Hypsopygia costalis (F.), clover hayworm. Stored clover, other

fodder. Iraq, Libya.

Pyralis farinalis L., meal moth, meal snout moth. Stored products.

Cyprus, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Tunisia, Libya,* Egypt, Lebanon,

Iraq. Minor pest in Pakistan.

Tineidae (clothes moth)

Haplotinea ditella (Pierce & Diakonoiï). Stored products. Turkey,

Iran.

Nemapogon granella (L.), corn moth, European grain i^^ot^^- ^^ored

grain. Lebanon, Libya, Turkey, Europe, most parts ot world. K^-

garded as important pest in Lebanon.

Niditinea fuscipunctella (Haw.), common clothes moth. Stored

products including dried fruit. Iran, Pakistan, India, Iraq, î^gypi'^

Tinea pellionella (L.), casemaking clothes moth. Stored products.

Turkey, Libya, Egypt, Iran, Greece. Senous pest m Iran.

Tineola biselliella (Hum.), common clothes moth, webbing

moth. Stored products. Iran, U.S.S.R., Greece. Severe pes.i

Trichophaga tapetzella (L), carpet moth Wool and ha i

ucts. Iran, U.S.S.R. Larvae cause severe damage.
178 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Coleóptera

Anobiidae (deathwatch beetles)

Anobium punctatum (DeG.) {=A, domesticumQ^ñr,)^ ^mo^m

furniture beetle. Hardwood and coniferous timbers used in construction and furniture. Iran. Larvae tunnel through dry wood, causing

medium damage.

Lasioderma serricorne (F.), cigarette beetle. Stored tobacco, seed,

other products. Turkey, Somalia, Pakistan^ Libya,* Egypt, Iran,

Cyprus, Greece, widely distributed over world. Primarily pest of

stored tobacco. Important in Pakistan and Iran.

Stegobium paniceum (L.), biscuit beetle, drugstore beetle. Stored

products, drugs, grain products. Ethiopia,* Iran, Turkey, Libya,

Egypt, Europe. Not much importance in grains generally ; economic

pest in Iran.

Anthicidae (antlike flower beetles)

Anthicus floralis (L.). Stored products. Iran, Egypt, Morocco.

Anthribidae (fungus Aveevils)

Araecerus fasciculatus (DeG.), coffee bean weevil. Cottonseed,

dried fruit, coffee bean, spices. Iran, Pakistan, Europe, probably

cosmopolitan.

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Dinoderus minutus (F.), bamboo borer. Bamboo. Egypt, Asia,

cosmopolitan. Larvae attack dead bamboo ; often found in shipments.

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer. Stored wheat, other

cereals. Egypt^ Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Cyprus, Tunisia, Libya,*

budan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Algeria. Severe damage in Libya and Sudan ; principal pest in

Iran, Pakistan, Turkey. ' F i^ F

Xylopertha picea ( 01. ). Seasoned lumber. Sudan. Pest of native

timber.

Bruchidae (seed beetles)

Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), bean weevil, dried bean beetle.

r^^l\Ï Tr!^^''"^^ ^^^^' ^SyV^^ Libya,* Turkey, Iran, India, Greece,

U.b.h.K. (Caucasus), widespread over world. Attacks seed in field

and storage. Important in some areas, particularly Israel.

Bruchidius incarnatus (Boh.). Broadbean, peas, chickpea. Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt. Damaging, particularly in Egypt.

Bruchidius meleagrinus Gene. Lebanon.* Collected in OTainlegume mixture in field.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 179

Bruchidius quinqueguttatus (01.). Lentil, broadbean, vetcli, other

legume seed. Iraq, Cyprus, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Algeria, soiitliei-n

Europe. Attacks both green and dry seed.

Bruchidius (Bruchus) trifolii (Motsch.). Alfalfa, berseem seed.

Egypt, Israel. Important damage to berseem seed, destroys viability.

Bruchidius (Bruchus) unicolor (01.) { = c(7mi^^ Germ.). Legume

seed. Iran, Cyprus, Algeria, Europe. Infestation begins in field,

continues m storage.

Bruchus afñnis Froel. S^yeetpea, vetch, hyacinth-bean. Syria,

north Africa, Europe mto central Asia. Pest of some importance.

Bruchus baudoni (Cail.). Seeds of Acacm arabira, DoUchos lahlnh,

Abuhlonsip. Sudan.

Bruchus brachialis (Fahr.), vetch bruchid. Vetch seed. Libya,

other Mediterranean areas.

Bruchus dentipes Baudi. Broadbean, vetch, other stored legumes.

Cyprus, Iran, Egypt, Arabia, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, southern U.S.S.E.

Une generation per year in Israel. Very injurious to broadbean.

Bruchus emarginatus All. Stored peas, cowpea, vetch, other legumes. Tunisia, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, India, Algeria,

Japan, U.S.S.E. (Caucasus), southern Europe. Important pest.

Bruchus ervi Froel. (=s€rtatn.s 111.). Vetch, lentil, beans, other

stored legumes. Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Libya, Europe. Serious in

Lebanon ; some importance in Israel.

f•K"^'^"^ ^^'ïîîS Froel., lentil weevil. Lentil. Iran,* Cyprus, Egypt,

j^ibya, Israel, Syria, Algeria, Morocco, Europe into central Asia.

Larvae feed in seed in field and storage. Up to 80-percent infestation

m Iran; seriously reduces yields in field in Algeria.

Bruchus pisorum L., pea weevil. Peas, alfalfa, stored products. Tunisia, Brazil, Uruguay, Israel, Lebanon,* Libya,* Egypt, Ethiopia,

i^akistan, Turkey, Iran, cosmopolitan. Larvae feed in seed in field

and storage. Serious in Lebanon and Iran; important in Israel,

Bruchus rufimanus Boh. {=fahae Motsch.), broadbean weevil, large

bean seed beetle. Beans, peas, vetch, sometimes lentil. Tunisia, Iraq,*

Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan,* Libya, Egypt, Europe.

Larvae feed in seed in field and storage; one generation a year. Serious m Lebanon and Iran ; some importance in Israel.

Bruchus signaticornis Gyll. {=pallidicornis Boh.). Lentil. Libya,

-^gypt, other north African areas, Turkey, Syria, Europe» Infestations start, in field, continue in storage. Serious damage.

Bruchus tristis Boh. Vetch, peas, beans. Egypt, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Europe. Important pest in seed in some coi

Callosobruchus (Bruchus) analis (F.). Stored l^eans, olumes. Pakistan, Cyprus, Arabia, Iran, Uganda, southern 1

Important pest in Pakistan and India.

Callosobruchus (Bruchus) chinensis (L), cowpea beetK

legumes including beans and lentil. Ethiopia,* Ira)., '<

Cyprus, Egypt, Israel. Important pest of stored legumes in T •

Iran, Egypt, Pakistan; very heavy infestations observed m 1' -

' cour!
180 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), cowpea weevil. Chickpea, beans,

cowpea. Ethiopia/' Iraq,* Israel, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey.

Major pest in Pakistan; some importance in Israel.

Spermophagus sericeus Geoff. Legumes. Israel, Jordan, Cyprus,

Egypt. Occasionally important in Israel.

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Pseudocastalia aegyptiaca (Gmel.). Structural timbers, flooring,

furniture. Iran, Egypt, Arabia, Syria. Severe damage in Iran.

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Hylotrupes bajulus (L.), house longicom, old-house borer. Construction timber, chiefly coniferous. Libya, Lebanon,* Egypt, Cyprus,

Israel, Syria, Turkey, Greece, north Africa through Europe, other

areas. Damaging in Cyprus and other areas.

Stromatium fulvum Villers {=unicolor OÍ.). Construction woods,

oak, ash, sycamore, willow, citrus. Lebanon,* Iran, Israel, Egypt,

Turkey, Cyprus, U.S.S.R., other areas. Develops in dead or dying

wood. Serious pest of construction timbers.

Cleridae (checkered beetles)

Necrobia rufipes (DeG.), red-legged ham beetle. Animal skins,

stored meat, nuts, other stored prcxiucts. Egypt, Iran. Severe pest

in Iran.

Cucujidae (cucujid beetles)

Ahasvérus advena (Waltl), foreign grain beetle. Stored products,

farm grains. Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, India. Does not damage clean,

dry grains.

Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.), rust red grain beetle, rusty

grain beetle. Grains. Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Tunisia,

Greece, worldwide. Important pest in Turkey; minor pest in

Pakistan.

Cryptolestes pusillus (Schön.). Stored grains. Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, cosmopolitan. Distribution

seems to be limited by low temperatures and low humidity. Common

in grains in Turkey ; minor pest in Iran and Pakistan. Not a primary

pest.

Cryptolestes spartii (Curtis). Flour. Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco,

Europe.

Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouv.). Flour, stored products. Turkey,

Iran, Tunisia, Egypt, northern and tropical Africa, Europe, cosmopolitan. Common in grain stores in Turkey ; damaging in Iran.

Laemophloeus ater (01.). Wheat, barley, date. Libya, Egypt.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 181

Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauv.), merchant grain beetle. Stored

products. Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt.

Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), saw-toothed grain beetle. Stored

grams, dried fruit flour mills. Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, Libya,

Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Algeria

Morœco, cosmopolitan. Important pest in Tunisia and Turkey fserious damage in Lebanon and Iran; minor pest in Pakistan.

Curculionidae (weevils)

AiïoMiVMSi/ra/iarms (L.), granary weevil. Stored grains. Iran,

Iraq, L%a, Ethiopia,* Somalia, Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Turkey

oyprus, iL^pt, Lebanon, Tunisia, practically cosmopolitan. Mai or

pest in Turkey; important pest in Iran, Libya, Lebanon, Ethiopia,

otherareas;minor pest in Pakistan.

Sitophilus oryzae (L.), rice weevil. Stored grains. Egypt, Libya,*

lurkey, Iraq, Lehanon, Israel, Cyprus, Tunisia, Somalia, Ethiopia*

budan, Gree<^e, Afghanistan,* Pakistan, Iran, widespread in naany

areas of world. Major stored-grain pest in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan,

i^ioya, l^ebanon, Ethiopia. Called most destructive pest of stored

grains; causes great loss in Ethiopia and elsewhere.

Dermestidae (dermestid beetles)

Anthrenus coloratus Reit. Caraway seed, stored animal products.

Anthrenus flavipes LeC, furniture carpet beetle. Stored products.

Anthrenus museorum ( L. ), museum beetle. Stored products including wool and skins. Iran. Larvae reported to cause important

damage in Iran.

Anthrenus pimpinellae F. Stored products. Iran, Egypt. Larvae

reported to cause important damage in Iran.

Anthrenus verbasci (L.), varied carpet beetle. Stored products.

Turkey, Greece, Morocco, Libya, Egypt.

Attagenus alfierii Pic. Stores of drugs, myrobalan. Egypt.

Attagenus gloriosae (F.). Flour, grains, peanut. Libya, Egypt,

Iran, east Africa. Occasional pest.

Attagenus lobatus Rosen. Stored products. Iran.

Attagenus megatoma (F.), black carpet beetle. Stored producís.

Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan,* Iran, Cyprus, Greece, Algeria, Iii':

rocco, nearly cosmopolitan. Serious pest in Iran and some othj«T

areas ; common in grain stores in Turkey ; minor pest in Pakistan

Dermestes frischii Kug. Stored products. Iran, Libya, •'

Rated as very severe pest in Iran.

Dermestes lardarías L., bacon beetle, larder beetle. Stored ] > L

Iran.
182 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dermestes maculatus DeG. {=vulpinus F.), leather beetle, hide

beetle. Stored products, hides. Iran, Pakistan, Egypt. Kated as

very severe pest in Iran.

Dermestes mustelinus Erichs. Stored products. Iran, Libya.

Trogoderma granarium Everts, khapra beetle. Stored grains, other

stored products. Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, Tunisia, Libya,* Iran, Pakistan, Sudan,* Egypt, Afghanistan,* Ethiopia, India, Algeria, Morocco, parts of Europe. One of principal grain pests of Cyprus; major

pest in Pakistan; important in southern Turkey; hea^^ losses in

southern Iran ; serious in Sudan.

Trogoderma versicolor (Creutz.). Stored products (mainly of animal origin). Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Europe, India. Considerable damage reported in Cyprus ; rated severe in Iran.

Lathridiidae

Lathridius minutas (L. ). Stored products. Turkey, Greece, Egypt,

Morocco.

Lyctidae (powder-postbeetles)

Lyctus africanas Lesne. Seasoned timber, drugs, ginger. Sudan,

Egypt. Pest of native timber.

Lyctus branneus (Steph.). Furniture. Ethiopia,* Greece. Heavy

infestations reported from Ethiopia.

Trogoxylon impressum (Comolli). Furniture, wooden floors.

Egypt. Injurious.

Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles)

Typhaea stercorea (L.), hairy fungus beetle. Stored products, flour

mills. Iran, West Pakistan, Turkey, Sudan, Somalia, Cyprus,

cosmopolitan.

Nitidulidae (sap beetles)

Carpophilus sp. Date. Iran.* Heavy in ripening fruit.

Carpophilus dimidiatus ( F. ), corn sap beetle. Stored products, ripe

and dried fruit. Sudan, Libya, Somalia, Cyprus, Turkey, Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, Egypt, widespread. Rated serious pest on fruit in

Pakistan.

Carpophilus halli Dobson. Dried fruit. Turkey.

Carpophilus hemipterus (L.), dried-fruit beetle. Date, apple, fig,

stored products. Libya, Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Greece. Serious pest in Lebanon and Pakistan;

important on date in Libya and fig in Turkey ; minor pest in Iran.

Carpophilus mutilatus Erich. Guava fruit, stored products.

Sudan,* Egypt.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 183

Carpophilus obsoletas Erich. Stored grains, peaiuit, sesame, fruit.

Israel, Pakistan. Important on fruit in Pakistan.

Ostomatidae (ostomatid beetles)

Lophocateres pusillus (Klug), Siamese grain beetle. Rice mills,

stored grams, stored products. Pakistan, Egypt, widespread in

subtropics and Tropics.

Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.), cadelle. Stored grains, other

stored products. Turkey, Cyprus, Tunisia, Lebanon, Ethiopia,*

Libya, Somalia, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Pakistan, Greece, widespread.

Major pest ni Turkey and Iran ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Ptinidae (spider beetles)

Gibbium boieldieui Lavrat. Stored products. Iran. Some importance m Iran.

Gibbium psylloides (Czemip.), Stored products. Tunisia,* Egypt,

Iran, lurkey, Pakistan, Libya. Rated as important pest in Iran.

Niptus hololeucus (Fald.), golden spider beetle. Stored products,

iran. home importance in Iran.

Ptinus clavipes Panz., brown spider beetle. Stored products. Iran.

öome importance in Iran.

Ptinus fur (L. ), white-marked spider beetle. Stored products. Iran,

Cyprus, Great Britain. Some importance in Iran.

Ptinus ocellus Brown. Stored products. Turkey, Britain.

Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)

Älphitobius diaperinus (Panz.), lesser mealworm. Stored products.

Imiisia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Morocco, Algeria, Libya,^ Egypt,

widespread. Common in grain stores in Turkey.

Alphitobius laevigatus (F.), black fungus beetle. Stored products.

Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan,* Pakistan.

Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say), two-banded fungus beetle, waste

^rain beetle. Grains. Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, cosmopolitan.

Cyphogenia lucífuga (Adams). Stored products. Iran.

Gnathocerus cornutus (F.), broad-homed flour beetle. Stored

grains, flour, meal. Libya, Turkey, Tunisia, Egypt, Ethiopia.*

Greece, cosmopolitan. Secondaiy feeder in Egypt.

Gonocephalum rusticum (01.). Stored products. Iran, Cyprus

Gonocephalum setulosum Fald. Stored products. Iraji^ ^ 31 -

Latheticus oryzae Waterh., long-headed flour beetle. Stoied pij

ucts, flour mills. Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Pakistan,, Turkey^ TIUîV !

Libya, Morocco, cosmopolitan. Reported as severe in Iran ; se^ o à I

pest in Pa-kistan.
184 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Mosostena puncticollis Solier. Stored products. Iran.

Ocnera hispida (Forsk.). Stored products. Iran, Egypt.

Opatroides punctulatus Brülle. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Palorus ratzeburgi (Wiss.), small-eyed flour beetle. Stored grains

and grain products. Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Tunisia, Egypt, Greece,

Algeria, cosmopolitan. Common pest in flour mills.

Palorus subdepressus (WolL), depressed flour beetle. Stored products. Turkey, Tunisia, Eg3^t, Morocco, Algeria.

Tenebrio molitor L., yellow mealworm. Stored products. Turkey,

Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Iran, Pakistan, widespread. Some importance

in Iran ; minor pest in Pakistan.

Tenebrio obscuras F., dark mealworm. Stored products. Turkey,

Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Iran. Some importance in Iran;

common in Turkey.

Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.), red flour beetle. Flour mills, stored

wheat, barley. Egypt, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Pakistan^ Afghanistan,* Lebanon, Algeria, Tunisia, Sudan, Ethiopia,* Somalia, Greece,

Libya,* widespread. Serious in Sudan and Lebanon ; principal pest

in Iran and Pakistan; important in Turkey. This species and T.

confusum considered worst pests of flour mills.

Tribolium confusum J. duVal, confused flour beetle. Stored products, flour mills. Turkey, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia,

Pakistan, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Greece, widespread. Serious in

Sudan and Iran ; common in Pakistan.

Tribolium destructor Uttem. Flour. Ethiopia.*

Díptera

Piophilidae (skipper flies)

Piophila casei (L.), cheese skipper. Cheese, cured meat. Libya,

î^gypt? Cyprus, Iran, Greece. Considerable importance in Iran.

INSECTS AFFECTING SPECIAL CROPS

Principal host crops: Castorbean {Ricinm communis)^ coffee {Coifea

sp.), flax {Linvmv mitatisshnum), safflower {OartTiamm tinctorius)^

sesame {SesaTnum indicum), tea (Camellia sinensis).

Acariña

Tenuipalpidae ( = Phytoptipalpidae) (false spider mites)

Brevipalpus obovatus Bonn. ( See under Polyphagous Insects. )
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 185

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). (See under Citrus Insects.)

Tetranychus atlanticus McG. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Orthoptera

Acrididae (=Locustidae) (grasshoppers)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Chrotogonustrachypterustrachypterus (Blanch.)

Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.)

Thysanoptera

Thripidae (thrips)

Frankliniella schultzei (Tryb.). Guizotia abyssmica, Ethiopia.*

Noted infesting flowers.

Taeniothrips sp. near simplex (Morison). Flax. Ethiopia.

Heavy infestations observed.

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeidbugs)

Aphanus sordidus F. (See under Insects Affecting Edible

Legumes.)

Miridae (plant bugs)

Campylomma diversicornis Reut. (See under Polyphagous

Insects.)

Pentatomidae (stink bugs)

Acrosternum pallidoconspersum (Stal). (See under Cotton

Insects.)

Antestia lineaticollis (Stal). Coffee. Ethiopia,* east Africa^

Feeds on berries, buds, leaves, green twigs. Major pest ot ^al' .

coffee.

Antestia orbitalis (Thunb.)- Coffee. Ethiopia.* Light mfest.

tions reported. _

Antestiopsis intricata (Ghesg. & Carayon). Coffee. Sudan, :

opia, other areas of Africa. Feeds mostly on young berne..
186 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dolycoris indicas Stâl. Safflower. West Pakistan. Minor pest.

Sphaerocoris annulus (F.). Guizotia ahyssinica, Ethiopia.*

Light infestations observed on this crop, which is grown for oilseed.

Veterna abyssinica Leth. Flax. Ethiopia.* Light populations

observed.

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Bemisia sip. False banana (Mitrsa sp,), Ethiopia.* Light populations observed on this plant, which is cultivated for food.

Trialeurodes ricini ( Misra ). ( See under Citrus Insects. )

Aphidae (aphids)

Acyrthosiphon sp. probably mordvilkoa Nevsky. Flax. Afghanistan.* Extremely heavy, damaging populations observed on

terminals.

Dactynotus sonchi (L.). Safflower, chicory, various composites.

Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Pakistan, other areas.

Sometimes abundant on stem of safflower in Egypt; major pest on this

crop in Pakistan.

Macrosiphum sp. False banana (Musa sp.). Ethiopia.* Light

populations observed.

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Asterolecanium bambusae (Bdv.). Bamboo. Egypt. Common on

bamboo in Egypt.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Circulifer opacipennis (Leth.). (See under Insects Affecting Beets

and Related Crops.)

Empoasca distinguenda Paoli. Castorbean, beans, corn. Sudan,

Egypt, Israel, Italy. Importance apparently undetermined.

Orosius albicinctus Dist Sesame. Iran.* Serious in Iran on leaves

and stems; reported as one of most important pests on crop in 1957.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Empoasca facialis (Jac.)

Empoasca ñavescens (F.)

Dactylopiidae (dactylopiid scales)

Oratococcus agavium (Dougl.) {=Pseudantonma agaves Chiar.).

bisal. Ethiopia. Feeding causes breakage of leaves.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 187

Margarodidae (margarodid scales)

Icerya aegyptiaca (Dougl.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae (tiger moths)

Pericallia geométrica (Obth.). Castorbe.an. Ethiopia.*

Utetheisa pulchella (L.), crimson-speckled moth. Sunn liemp

[Crotalaria jumeea). Arabia, Afghanistan, Cyprus, Tunisia, Iran,

Pakistan, India, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Somalia. Important pest on

this fiber crop.

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Amsacta moorei (Butl.)

Diacrisia obliqua (Wlk.)

Pericallia ricini (F.)

Cosmopterygidae

Pyroderces simplex (Wlsm.). (See under Cotton Insects.)

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Thalassodes digressa (Wlk.), castorbean geometrid. Castorbean.

Somalia, Uganda, Zanzibar.

Gracilariidae (leaf blotch miners)

Acrocercops bifasciata Wlsm. (See under Cotton Insects.)

Acrocercops conflua Meyr. Castorbean. Egypt, Somalia, Uganda,

Israel, Iraq. Mines leaves, sometimes injurious, especially to small

plants.

Lymantriidae (tussock moths)

Euproctis convergens B.-Bak. Castorbean. Somalia.

Euproctis lunata Wlk. Castorbean. West Pakistan, India, Fe^ds

on leaves.

Porthesia scintillans (Wlk.). Sunn hemp, flax. Pakistan. Mir.cr

pest.

Lyonetiidae

Leucoptera coffeella (Guer.), coffee leaf miner. Coffee. Ethi-p I,

east Africa. Minor pest.
188 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

Achaea catella Gn. Castorbean, citrus, other fruit. Egypt, Sudan,

Ethiopia, Somalia, southern Africa. Larvae cause slight to heavy

damage to castorbean in Sudan; some damage to citrus and other

fruit by moth, which pierces fruit.

Achaea Janata (L.), smooth castor caterpillar. Castorbean preferred, sugarcane, citrus. Pakistan, India, Australia, other tropical

regions. Causes defoliation on castorbean; minor pest in sugarcane;

some damage by moth^ which pierces citrus.

Anomis sabulifera (Gn.), jute semi-looper. Jute, hibiscus. Pakistan, Sudan, Uganda, Aden, southern Africa. Light to moderate

injury to jute in Pakistan.

Eublemma brachygonia Hmpsn. ( See under Polyphagous Lisects. )

Grammodes congenita Wlk. Castorbean. Sudan.

Grammodes geométrica (F.). Castorbean. Sudan, Egypt, Cyprus,

Old World Tropics and subtropics. Damage reported from Sudan

and some other areas.

Parallelia algira (L.). (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Oecophoridae

Depressaria pimpinellae Zeil. Aniseed. Turkey. Serious damage

reported.

Olethreutidae (olethreutid moths)

Eccopsis wahlbergiana (Zeil.). (See under Cotton Insects.)

Enarmonia pseudonectis Meyr. Sunn hemp (Orotalaria júncea).

West Pakistan. Major pest.

Phycitidae

Phycita diaphana Stand. Israel, Iraq, Libya, Egypt, Algeria. Pest

on leaves and inflorescence. May cause considerable damage.

Phycita fuscopilella Chret. Castorbean. Libya.

Phycita poteriella Zeil. Castorbean. Libya, Egypt, Sudan. Feeds

in and around florescence. Minor pest locally in Libya.

Pieridae (whites, sulfur butterflies)

Catopsilia florella (F.). Senna, cassia. Sudan, Uganda, Tanganyika. Larvae feed on leaves. Can cause severe damage to senna.

Pyralidae (pyralid moths)

Cornifrons ulceratalis Led. Sesame. Libya, Egypt.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 189

Pyraustidae (pyraustid moths)

Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.), sesame seedpod borer, sesame leaf

roller. Sesame preferred. Israel, Iran,* Iraq, Cyprus, India, Aden,

Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Egypt, Libya, other African areas, tropical Asia, southern Europe. Feeds on shoots, leaves, flowers, pods.

Important pest in Somalia, Egypt, Pakistan, India.

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gn. (See under Polyphagous Insects.)

Pyraustameridionalis Stand. Mint. Iraq, Morocco.

Coleóptera

Bostrichidae (false powder-post beetles)

Apate indistincta Murray. Coffee, acacia, guava, some other plants.

Ethiopia, east Africa. Adults bore into trunks and branches.

Bruchidae (seed beetles)

Pachymerus pallidus 01. Senna. Sudan. Destroys seed. One

of most important pests of crop in Sudan.

Buprestidae (flatheaded wood borers)

Sphenoptera arabica (Lap. & Gory). Castorbean. Sudan. Feeds

in stems.

Sphenoptera ardens Klug. Castorbean, other plants. Egypt.

Attacks trunks.

Sphenoptera fulgens Gory. Castorbean. Sudan. Feeds in stems.

Cerambycidae (roundheaded wood borers)

Agapanthia dahli ( Rieht.). Safflower, sunflower. Israel, other eastern Mediterranean areas. Larvae bore into stems.

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Aphthona euphorbiae ( Sehr.). Flax. Syria, Cyprus, Libya, Italy,

other Mediterranean areas. Damaging on young plantings, may

require reseeding.

Aspidomorpha infuscata Spaeth. Coffee, sweetpotato. Somalia,

Kenya.

Longitarsus parvulus (F^yk), Flax. Cyprus, Italy. Dama^i -

on young plantings.

Podagrica menetriesi Fald. Flax, hollyhock. Iran. Adult y

on leaves ; larvae attack roots and germmatmg seeds.
190 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

See also following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Altica pyritosa Erich.

Aphthona whitfieldi Bryant

Hermaeophagaruficollis (Lucas)

Curculionidae (weevils)

Larinus spp. (Z. ovaliformis Cap., Z. syriaxms Gyll., Z. orientalis

Cap., Z. grkescens Gyll.) Safflower. Israel, Turkey, some other

nearby areas. Larvae feed on developing seed, destroying as much as

50 percent of yield.

Lixus speciosus Mill. Safflower. Cyprus, Israel, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus). Larvae bore into stem, making spindle-shaped gall; may

reduce yield.

Rhynchites hungaricus (Hbst.) var. anatolicus Schisky. Rose.

Turkey. Reported as causing 6-percent damage on rose grown for oil.

Scarabaeidae (scarabs)

See following species under Polyphagous Insects :

Anómala egregia Gahan

Anómala plebeJa (01.)

Melolontha melolontha ( L. )

Oxythyrea funesta (Poda)

Polyphylla fullo (L.)

Scolytidae (bark beetles)

Stephanoderes hampei (Ferr.), coffee berry borer. Coffee. Sudan,

widespread in Africa. Serious injury to coffee in some areas.

Hymenoptera

Tenthredinidae (sawflies)

Aráis sp. Rose. Turkey. Causes about 15-percent damage on rose

grown for oil.

Díptera

Cecidomyiidae (=Itonididae) (gallmidges)

Asphondylia sesami Felt. Sesame. Aden, Uganda.

Tephritidae ( = Trypetidae) (fruitflies)

Trypanea stellata Fuess. Safflower, Carduus, Calendula, Israel,

India, U.S.S.R. (Ukraine). Maggots feed on soft seed, sometimes

causing important loss.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 191

INSECTS AFFECTING ORNAMENTALS

Acariña

Eriophyidae (eriophyid mites)

Acería georghioui Keif. Carnation. Cyprus. Causes distortion of

leaves and shoots.

Tetranychidae (spider mites)

Eurytetranychus huxi (Garman). Hedge. Iran.*

Thysanoptera

Phlaeothripidae (thrips)

Haplothrips cottei (Vuillet). Carnation. Egypt, Europe. Recorded as pest in Egypt.

Haplothrips gowdeyi (Frkl.). Dalilia. Ethiopia,* southern Africa.

Thripidae (thrips)

Taeniothrips dianthi Pries. Carnation. Egypt, Morocco, Europe.

Heavy damage in some cases.

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel. Pyrethrum. Egypt, Europe. Damage

to leaves.

Heteroptera

Lygaeidae (lygaeid bugs)

Metopoplax ditomoides (Costa). Hollyhock. Lebanon.* Heavy

infestation on seed pods.

Tingidae (lace bugs)

Cysteochila delineata ( Dist. ). Papilionaceae. Afghanistan.*

Heavy damage observed on ornamental shrubs in eastern Afghanistan,

Homoptera

Aleyrodidae (whiteflies)

Bulqarialeurodes cotesii (Mask). Rose. Afghanisüi^.J^

India, Russia, Bulgaria, Turkey.* Heavy damage m Aí-h.

and Iran.

7^7-632 O—64 13
192 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kot.). Ornamentals, citrus. Egypt, Pakistan, Syria, India.

Aphidae (aphids)

Acyrthosiphon porosum (Sand.). Rose. Libya, Egypt, Israel,

many areas of world. May be abundant. Minor pest in Libya.

Aphis matthiolae Theob. Matthiola^ radish. Egypt.

Aphis nerii Fonsc. Asclepias sp., oleander. Tunisia,* Libya,*

Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon,* Pakistan, Syria, Turkey,

Somalia, southern Europe. Causes heavy damage to young growth

and flowers.

Aphis umbrella (Bnr.). Althaea, Malva, other Malvaceae. Israel,

Jordan, Turkey, Europe, U.S.S.R., central Asia. Damages Althaea,

rolls leaves.

Aphis verhasci Schrk. Bwddlem, Verbascum. Israel, Turkey, Egypt,

Morocco, Libya, Europe. Considerable damage to young growth.

Brachycaudus sp. Cosmos. Afghanistan.* Pleavy populations

observed.

Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kltb.). Compositae, stone fruit. Israel,

Egypt, Libya,* Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran,* Afghanistan,* Pakistan, cosmopolitan. Causes deformation and wilting. Rated as

serious in Lebanon, Syria, Pakist^an on fruit; damaging infestations

also reported from Iran and Afghanistan.

Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wils.). Chrysanthemum. Egypt, India,

part.s of Europe. Virus vector.

Dactynotus jaceae (L.). Ca^rdmis, Centaurea. Ethiopia, Somalia,

Egypt, Israel, Turkey, Europe, central Asia.

Dysaphis tulipae (Fonsc). Iris. Afghanistan (determined as

probably this species),* Libya.*

Macrosiphoniella ahsinthii (L.). Chrysanthemum, other Compositae. Egypt, Israel, Europe, U.S.S.R. (Siberia), Morocco. Does not

cause heavy injury.

Macrosiphoniella sanhorni (Gill.), chrysanthemum aphid. Chrysanthemum. Egypt, Libya, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Turkey, Afghanis-,

tan,* many other parts of world. Commonly infests leaves and stems.

Macrosiphum rosae (L.), rose aphid. Rose. Tunisia,* Egypt, Iraq,

Lebanon,* Israel, Turkey,* Libya,* Iran, Afghanistan,* cosmopolitan.

Some importance in Middle East.

Myzaphis turanica Nevsky. Rose. Israel, central Asia. Severe

injury to buds in Israel.

Myzus certus (Wlk.). Pansy. Iran (specimens determined as probably this species) .* Severe leaf curling reported.

Neomyzus circumflexus (Bckt.) (formerly in genus My2nis). Tulip, cyclamen, other ornamental plants. Iran. Attacks leaves and

stems, causing medium to severe damage.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 193

Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)

Asterolecanium fimhriatum (Fonsc.). Ivy, broom. Libya.

Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)

Edwardsiana rosae (L.), rose leafhopper. Rose, apple, pear, some

other plants. Iran. Attacks underside of leaves, causing chlorosis.

Diaspididae (armored scales)

Aonidia lauri (Bouché). Launig sp. Turkey,* Greece, Morocco.

Very heavy, damaging infestations observed in Istanbul.

Aspidiotus hedericola Ldgr. IA y, palms. Lebanon,* Europe.

Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché), rose scale. Rose preferred, some other

Eosaceae. Iraq, Eg}^pt, Iran, Greece, cosmopolitan. Attacks twigs

and branches. Sometimes severe in Iran and other areas.

Diaspis carueli (Targ.-Tozz.), jumper scale. Juniper. Ethiopia.*

Unaspis euonymi (Comst.), euonymus scale. Euony7mis spp. Turkey,* other areas. Severe damage in Turkey and elsewhere.

Lepidoptera

Danaidae (milkweed butterflies)

Panlymnas chrysippus (L.), plain tiger, Indian milkweed butterfly.

Asdepias\ CaUtropJs. Iraq, Uganda, Pakistan, Tunisia. Minor pest.

Geometridae (geometrid moths)

Scopula fulminataria (Turati). Carnation. Libya. Feeds on

flowers.

Hesperiidae (skippers)

Carcharodus altheae insolatrix (LeCerf), hollyhock sKipper.

Hollyhock. Iraq. Feeds on leaves.

Noctuidae ( = Phalaenidae) (owlet moths)

Brithys crini (F.). Lily, OrnitJwgaJmn. West Pakistan, Uganda.

Damaging.

Brithys pancratiiiCyv). Lily. Sudan.* Medium infestation found

mining in lily leaves.
194 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Olethreutidae (olethreiitid moths)

Rhopobota naevana (Hbn.), black-headed fireworm. Holly. Iran.*

Feeds on new growth.

Sphingidae (sphinx moths)

Celerio euphorhiae (L.). Euphorhm spp. Tunisia.

Deilephila nerii ( L. ), oleander hawk moth. Oleander, gardenia, other

ornamentals. Iraq, Libya, Egypt, east Africa. Local damage, where

numbers large, in Egypt.

Coleóptera

Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles)

Monolepta sp. possibly cruciata Guer. Daisy. Ethiopia.* Light

populations reported.

Phyllotreta corrúgala Reiche. Stock, wallflower. Cyprus.

Curculionidae (weevils)

Apion longirostre 01., hollyhock weevil. Hollyhock. Afghanistan,*

Iran.

Pantomorus godmani (Crotch), Fuller rose beetle. Ornamentals.

Egypt, Ethiopia. Found for first time in Egypt in 1941, in Eritrea

(Ethiopia) in 1945.

Hymenoptera

Cephidae (stem sawflies)

Syristaparreyssi (Spin,). Rose. Iran,* Turkey. Damaging to rose

grown for oil in Turkey.

Tenthredinidae (sawflies)

Arge ochropa (Gmel.) (=HyIotomn rosarum Klug), Rose. Iran.

Larvae feed on leaves; adults damage plant by ovipositing inside

young shoots. Severe pest.

Díptera

Cecidomyiidae (=Itonididae) (gall midges)

Dasyneura affinis (Kieff.), violet leaf midge, violet leaf rolling gall

midge. Viola spp. Libya, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Europe. Serious

damage to cultivated and wild violet by dwarfing and distortion.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 195

SELECTED REFERENCES

ABBAS, H. M., and AHMAD, F.

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BECCARI, F.

1953. ENTOMOFATJNA SOMALA - LINEE PROGRAM MATICHE E CORSIDERAZIONI.

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1959. ENTOMOFAUNA PERSIANA ! PRIMO ELENCO DI INSETTI NOCIVI. EstrattO

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BiGí, F.

1954. GLI AMBIENTI, I PARASSITI E LE MALATTIE DEL CONTONE IN AFRICA ORIENTALE (ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA). Estratto dalla Riv. di Agr.

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1944. ADDITION TO THE coccoiDEA OF IRAQ . . . Soc. Fouad Premier d'Ent

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1951. CITRUS ENTOMOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. 663 pp., lllUS. The HagUe.

1958. [INSECTS OF CROPS AND FORESTS . . .] 347 pp. Ankara. [In Turkish.]

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1957. THE APHOiDEA OF THE MIDDLE EAST. 378 pp., illus. Jerusalem.

Box, H. E.

1953. LIST OF SUGARCANE INSECTS. 101 pp. Loudon.

CASWELL, G. H.

1962. AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY IN THE TROPICS. 147 pp. LoudOU.

CAUDRI, L. W. D.

1953. RAPPORT AU GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SYRIE SUR L'INSPECTION PHYTOSANITAIRE ET LA LUTTE CONTRE LES INSECTES ENNEMIS DU COTON. FAO RPT

110, 24 pp. Rome.

CHIAROMONTE, A.

1933. ASPETTI ENTOMOLOGICAL DELLA COLTURA . . . NELLA COLONIA ERITREA.

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1933. CONSIDERAZIONI ENTOMOLOGICHE SULLA COLTURA . . . SOMALLA ITALIANA.

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COTTERELL, G. S.

1954. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF AFGHANISTAN ON PLANT PROTECTION

AND LOCUST CONTROL. FAO Rpt. 253, 36 pp. Rome.

COTTON, R. T.

1956. PESTS OF STORED GRAIN AND GRAIN PRODUCTS. 306 pp., iUus. Minneapolis.

DAMIANO, A.

1961. ELENCO DELLE SPECIE DI INSETTI DANNOSI RICORDATI PER LA LIBIA FINO

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DAVATCHI, A., and TAGHIZADEH, F.

1954. LES INSECTS AUX AURANTiACEES EN IRAN. Iran Miu. de I'Agr. Ent. et

Phytopath. Appl. 14: 1-21.

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1959. CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE BIOLOGIQUE ET ECONOMIQUE DES COLEOPTEREvS

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1955. GLI INSETTI DANNOSI ALLE PIANTE COLTIVATE E SPONTANEE OELL'ERITEEA

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EBELING, W.

1959. SUBTROPICAL FRUIT PESTS. 436 pp., illus. Los Angeles.

EL MISTIKAWY, A. M. _ ,

1956. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA ON INSECT PESTS OF COTTON i

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73T-63i2 O—64 14
196 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

EVANS, J. W.

1952. THE INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH. 242 PP.

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FARAHBAKHSH, G.

1961. CHECKLIST OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT INSECTS ... IN IRAN. DEPT.

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FREEMAN, J. A.

[n.d.] INFESTATION OF STORED PRODUCTS OF IRAN. [Rpt. Of Survey Oct., Nov.

1957; Jan. 1958.] 84 pp., illus. Gt. Brit. Min. Agr., Fisheries and

Food, London.

[n.d.] INFESTATION OF STORED PRODUCTS IN PAKISTAN. [Survey of 1957-58.]

129 pp., illus. Gt. Brit. Min. Agr., Fisheries and Food, London.

[n.d.] STORED PRODUCTS INFESTATION AND ITS CONTROL IN TURKEY. [Rpt. OH

Visit to Turkey in Sept. 1957.] 88 pp., illus. Gt. Brit. Min. Agr.,

Fisheries and Food, London.

GEORGHIOU, G. P.

1957. A CATALOGUE OF CYPRUS INSECTS. Cyprus Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 7,

65'pp.

GHOURI, A. S. K.

1960. INSECT PESTS OF PAKISTAN. FAO Plant Protect. Com. for South East

Asia and Pacific Region, Tech. Doc. 8, 31 pp. Bangkok, Thailand.

HARGREAVES, H.

1948. LIST OF RECORDED COTTON INSECTS OF THE WORLD. 50 pp. LoudOU.

JANJUA, N. A., and KHAN, M. H.

1955. INSECT PESTS OF WHEAT IN WEST PAKISTAN. Agr. Pakistan 6 (3) :

67-74,

JANNONE, G.

1940. PRINCIPALI CAUSE DI NATURA ANIMAL! RISCONTRATE DANNOSE ALL'AGRICOLTURA DELL'AFRICA ORIENTALE ITALIANA DURANTE IL 1939.

Estratto da FAgr. Colon. [Italy] 18 (5, 6, 7), 34 pp.

JEPSON, W. F.

1954. CRITICAL REVIEW OF WORLD LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS STALK BORERS

OF TROPICAL GRAMINACEOUS CROPS. 127 pp. LoudOU.

KAUS SARI, M.

1955. LA PREMIERE LISTE DES COCHENILLES DE L'IRAN. Iran Miu. de l'Agr.

Ent. et Phytopath. Appl. 15: 14-20.

LE PELLEY, R. H.

1959. AGRICULTURAL INSECTS OF EAST AFRICA. 307 pp. Nairobi, Kenya.

LEPESME, P.

1947. LES INSECTES DES PALMIERS. 904 pp., illus. Paris.

MARCOVITCH, S.

1953. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAEL ON PLANT PROTECTION. FAO

Rpt. 151, 15 pp. Rome.

MARTELLI, G. M.

1941. PRINCIPALI PARASSITI ANIMALI DELLE PIANTE AGRARIE E DEI PRODOTTI

ALIMENTARI NELLA LIBIA OCCIDENTALE. EstrattO da FAgr. ColOU.

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MARTIN, H.

1959. OBSERVATIONS PHYTOSANITAIRES ET PROTECTION DES PLANTES EN

CYRENAïQUE. 63 pp. Beugazi, Libya.

1959. OBSERVATIONS PHYTOSANITAIRES ET PROTECTION DES PLANTES AU FEZZAN.

22 pp. Sebha, Libya.

1959. OBSERVATIONS PHYTOSANITAIRES ET PROTECTION DES PLANTES EN TRIPOLiTAiNE. 23 pp. Tripoli, Libya.

1960. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF LIBYA. FAO Rpt. 1234, 15 pp. Rome.

MAXWELL-LEFROY, H.

1907. THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS INJURIOUS TO INDIAN AGRICULTURE.

India Dept, Agr. Mem. 1 (2), pp. 8-252.

NEUMAN, H. E. K.

1957. REPORT TO GOVERNMENT OF AFGHANISTAN ON PLANT PROTECTION AND

LOCUST CONTROL. FAO Rpt. 714, 9 pp. Rome.
CROP INSECTS OF NORTHEAST AFRICA-SOUTHWEST ASIA 197

OfiGANIZATION FOR EUBOPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION.

1958. CONTROL OF PESTS IN STORED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO GRAIN. Proj. 212, 169 pp., illus. Paris.

PAGLIANO, T.

1951. LES ENNEMIS DES VERGERS, DES OLIVETTES ET DES PALMERAIES. 366 pp.,

illus, Tunis.

PAOLI, G.

1934. PRÓDROMO DI ENTOMOLOGíA AGRARIA DEIXA SOMALIA ITALIANA. 42á pp.,

illus. Florence.

PEARSON, E. O.

1950. FIELD KEY TO PRINCIPAL DISORDERS OF COTTON IN AFRICA. Empire Cotton Growing Rev. 27 (1) : 10-15.

1958. INSECT PESTS OF COTTON IN TROPICAL AFRICA. 355 pp., illUS. LoudOU.

PELEKASSIS, C. E. D.

1962. A CATALOGUE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS AND OTHER ANIMALS

HARMFUL TO THE AGRICULTURAL CROPS OF GREECE DURING THE LAST

THIRTY-YEAR PERIOD. Inst Phytopath. Benaki Ann. [Athens,

Greece] (n.s.) 5 (1), pp. 1-1(M.

POLLARD, D. G.

1955. THE INSECT PESTS OF VEGETABLES IN THE SUDAN. SudaU Min. AffT.

Bui. 16, 72 pp.

1956. HALTiciNAE OF THE SUDAN. Bul. Ent. Res. 47: 73-87.

PRIESNER, H., and ALFIERI, A.

1953. A REVIEW OF THE HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA KNOWN TO US FROM EGYPT.

Soc. Fouad Premier d'Ent. Bul. 37: 1-119.

PRITCHARD, A. E., and BAKER, E. W.

1955. REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE. 472 pp., illus.

San Francisco.

PROCTOR, J. H.

1960. REVIEW OF WORK IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN ADEN. Commonwealth

Ent. Conf., London, Rpt. 7, pp. 198^201.

RAO, R. R.

1921. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF INSECT PESTS OF IRAQ. Iraq Dept. Agr. Mem. 7,

35 pp.

REMAUDIERE, G.

1956. RAPPORT AU GOUVERNEMENT DE L'IRAN SUR LES RECHERCHES ENTOMOLOGIQUES EN IRAN . . . FAO Rpt. 454, 23 pp. Rome.

RiVNAY, E.

1962. FIELD CROP PESTS IN THE NEAR EAST. 450 pp., illus. The Hague.

SCHNEIDER, p.

1957. REPORT TO GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA ON INSECT PESTS OF FRUIT TREES AND

SOME OTHER CROPS. FAO Rpt. 661, 20 pp. Rome,

SHALABY, F.

1958. LIST OF EGYPTIAN INSECTS IN COLLECTION OF MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.

Egypt Min. Agr. Tech. Bul. 284, 135 pp.

SOURES, B.

1948. CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DES LEPIDOPTERES DE LA TUNISIE. Tuuisia

Serv. Bot. et Agron. Ann. 21, pp. 1-211.

TALHOUK, A. S.

1950. A LIST OF INSECTS OBSERVED ON ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS AND

PLANT PRODUCTS IN LEBANON. Soc. Fouad Premier d'Ent. Bul. 34 :

133-141.

1954. A LIST OF INSECTS FOUND ON PLANTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN SYRIA.

Soc. Fouad Premier d'Ent. Bul. 38: 305-309.

1957. DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS OF CROPS FOUND IN E. PROVINCE OF SAUDI

ARABIA. 87 pp., illus. Beirut.

U.S. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, PLANT PEST CONTROL DIVISION.

1956-63. [SUMMARY OF INSECT CONDITIONS IN NEAR EAST AND áFRICA.] Coop

Econ. Insect Rpt. 6-13.

1957-62. INSECTS NOT KNOVTN TO OCCUR IN THE UNITED STATES. Coop, ii;

Insect Rpt. 7-12.
198 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

WEBER, N. A.

1954. THE INSECT FAUNA OF AN IBAQ OASIS, THE CITY OF BAGHDAD. Ent.

News 65: 178-182; 203^206.

WiLLCOCKS, F. C.

1922. A SURVEY OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ECONOMIC INSECTS AND MITES OF

EGYPT. Sultanic Agr. Soc., Cairo, Bui. 1, 493 pp.

WILTSHIRE, E. P.

1948. THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT. (Pt. 1.) SoC. Fouad

Premier d'Ent. 32: 203-208.

1949. THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT. (Pt. 2.) SoC. Fouad

Premier d'Ent. 33: 381-460.

1957. LEPIDOPTERA OF IRAQ. 160 pp., iUus. Iraq Min. Agr., Baghdad.

ZACHER, F.

1935. FAUNA IN EGYPTIAN GRAIN MILLS. Intematl. Cong. Ent, Madrid, VI,

pt. 1, pp. 353-397.
INDEX TO SPECIES

A Pag«

aherrans, Pyrilla 36

ahigail, Oxythyrea 26

ahlutelluSy Anerastia 42

absinthiif Macrosiphoniella 192

abyssinia, Spodoptera 42

ahyssinica, Veterna 186

abyssiniens, Cataloipus 57

abyssiniens, Tanymecus 46

aceris, Phenacoccus 78

acharnias, Lepidechidna 171

acuminata, Aelia 32

acuminatns, Coccus 123

acuta, Aerosternum 61

acuta, Maerorhaphis 62

algirus, Lixus

alhageos, Cicadatra

alhagii, Acaudaleyrodes

alkani, Idiocerus

alternans, Anaphothrips

aluco. Microtermes

amanda, Ocnerogyia

ambigua, Agromyza

amhiguella, Clysiana

americana, Periplaneta

ampelophaga, Altica—_ —

ampelophaga, Theresimima.

amydraula, Batrachedra....

amygdalae, Eriochiton

adtó;yom«p«....;/.::::::::: 78 amygdaU, Eurytoma^

adonidnm, Pseudococcus 19

adspersa, Polyphylla 89

adulatrix, Eutelia 132

advena, Ahasvérus 180

aegopodii, Cavariella 170

aegrotus, Phymateus 5

aegyptiaca, Ieerya 19

aegyptiaca, Polyphaga 174

aegyptiaca, Pseudocastalia 180

aegyptiaca, Schizops 33

aegyptiacus, Retithrips 9

aegyptiacus, Scaphoideus 64

aegyptiacus, Urentius 162

aegyptium, Anacridium 3

aenea, Megalongnatha 87

aeqninoctialis, Rhizotrogus 27

aestivnm, Apion 25

afer, Bemisia 122

affaher, Alcidodes 70

affinis, Aiolopus 3

affinis, Bruchus 179

affinis, Chrysobothris 84

affinis, Dasyneura 194

affinis, Pempherulus 70

affinis, Protaetia ^^

afrasiaticus, Oligonychus H^

africana, Africonidia 124

africana, Gryllotalpa 7

africanus, Ceroplastes 1^3

africanus, Lyctus |^^

agaves, Pseudantonina 18^

agricola, Anisoplia ^7

agropyrella, Sipha ^^

alba, Polyphylla ^^

albella, Stalagmopygus ^^

albicinctus, Orosius ^^^

albifrons, Decticus ^^

albovittata, Aelia

albovittata, Epicauta

alfierii, Atiagenus-^.

algira, Parallelia

26

181

22

amygdali, Odinadiplosis

amygdali, Scolytus

amygdalinus, Brachycaudus

analis, Callosobruchus

anatolicus, Notostaurus

anatolicus, Rhynchites

anguinus, Lixus

angulifera, Kraussaria

angusticeps, Thrips

annaelisae, Decticus

annulosus, Thisoicetrus

annulus, Sphaerocoris

anthracina, Capnodis

anthyllidella, Anacampsis

antigua, Hylemya _

aonidum, Chrysomphalus

apicalis, Lygus.

apii, Hyadaphis.-

apiifolia, Dysaphis

apterus, Pyrrhocoris

arabica, Sphenoptera

arachniformis, Eptacus

archangelskyae, Salicicola

ardenSy Sphenoptera

aristella, Lonchaea

armata, Pyrgodera

armígera, Dicladispa

armigera, Heliothis

armorociae, Phyllotreta

arrogans, Apion

articulatus, Selenaspidus

arundinis, Hyalopterus

ascanii, Lixus

asiática, Chionaspis

asiática, Erythroneura

asparagi, Crioceris

aspericollis, Hypotheriemus

aspidistrae, Pinnaspis

ater, Laemophloeus

ater, Stenopterus

atkinsoni, Idiocerus

199

Pag«

159

113

122

130

31

59

126

48

115

174

116

116

120

76

91

93

90

74

179

29

190

144

5

10

8

50

186

85

53

174

99

11

170

170

52

189

116

78

189

128

5

46

22

144

55

18

75

138

77

15

172

128

18

180

87

1 '^?i
200 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page

atlanticus, Tetranychus 3

atomosa, Exelasiia 157

atra, Phyllotreta 144

atra, Pseudonapomyza 48

atricorniSy Phyiomyza 28

átropos y Acherontia 24

aurantiiy Aonidiella 98

aurantiij Pulvinaria 98

aurantiiy Scirtothrips 95

aurantiiy Toxoptera 97

auratüy Cetonia 89

auratuSj Rhynchites 88

aureay Lamprolonchaea 28

aurelianaj Margarodes 36

auriculariOj Forficula 8

australasiacy Periplaneta 174

austriacay Anisoplia 47

austriacuSy Eurygaster 32

avellanacy Corylobium 130

avellanas, Phytopius 129

avellanellay Parornix 131

avenasy Macrosiphum 35

avulsuSy Barytychius 46

axillarisy Catantops 29

azurescenSy Sphingonotus 6

B

haccarurriy Dolycoris 12

baccuSy Rhynchites 88

hajuluSy Hylotrupes 180

haluchistanensiSy Lepidosaphes 77

hambusaey Asterolecanium 186

banksi, Eutetranychus 94

barbaruSy Callipiamus 3

barduSy Perieges 46

barodensiSy Aleurolobus 34

baudoniy Bruchus 179

beckeriy Gitona 128

beckiiy Lepidosaphes 99

bergenstammiy Apiomyia 93

bergiiy Neomaskellia 34

bergrothiy Helopeltis 11

berytensisy Entomoscelis 143

betaey Smynthurodes 14

betulasy Pulvinaria 113

bicarinatuSy Conoderus 166

bicolor y Acrida 57

bicolor y Anthaxia 85

bicruciata, Crioceris 172

bifasciatOy Acrocercops 66

bifasciatus, Alphitophagus 183

bimaculatuSy Gryllus 7

binotaliSy Crocidolomia 143

binotatuSy Ommatissus 119

binubilOy Apomecyna 149

biplagOy Earias 66

bipunctiferay Schoenobius 44

biselliellay Tineola 177

bispinifronSy Pentodon 27

bistriatuSy Pachnephorus 46

bituberculaturriy Eulecanium 76

blancardellay Lithocolletis 81

Manchardiy Parlatorio 118

boeticuSy Lampides 156

bohemani, Calidea 11

boieldieui, Gibbium 183

Pagf

botrana, Lobesia 115

brachialis, Bruchus 179

brachygoniay Eublemma 21

brassicacy Brevicoryne 142

brassicacy Hylemya 145

brassicacy Mamestra 22

brassicacy Pieris i43

brassicoideSy Pieris 143

brevicolliSy Cryptothrips ll2

brevipeSy Pseudococcus 20

brevipeSy Trigonotylus U

brevirostriSy Acanthomia 154

breviSy Atraciomorpha 51

breviSy Hoplocampa 91

brevistyluSy Dacus 151

breviusculay Chaetocnema 137

britannicuSy Aspidiotus 17

brumatay Operophtera 80

brunneipenniSy Hypera 55

brunneuSy Lyctus 182

brunnulay Sibinia 70

bryoniae, Liriomyza 150

bucephalay Phalera 82

burdigalensiSy Tartarogryllus 7

buxiy Eurytetranychus 191

buxtoniy Trioza 125

bykoviy Hemitrama 34

C

caeruleocephalay Episema 82

caerulescenSy Oedipoda 5

caesuSy Pleurophorus 167

caffery Sphenarches 157

caillaudiy Julodis 120

caliday Mylabris 139

calidellay Cadra 176

californicuSy Brevipalpus 2

callosuSy Sitona 55

camelliaey Aspidiotus 17

campestriSy Gryllus 7

campestriSy Philaenus 35

capitatay Ceratitis 105

capsiciy Asphondylia 167

carbonariay Capnodis 85

cardinalisy Dysdercus 62

cardinaliSy Rodolia lOl

carduiy Agapanthia 172

carduiy Brachycaudus 170

carduiy Lixus 138

carduiy Vanessa 23

carinata, Pnorisa 29

carinatuSy Sphingoderus 6

cariosay Capnodis 133

carueliy Diaspis 193

caseiy Piophila 184

castaneuniy Tribolium 184

catalaunaliSy Antigastra 188

catellOy Achaea 188

caucasiensy Phloeotribus 110

caucasiuSy Omophlus 137

caudatOy Tettigonia 8

cautellay Ephestia 177

celerioy Hippotion 115

cephalonicay Corcyra 175

cerasiy Caliroa 91

cerasiy Magdalis 88
INDEX TO SPECIES 201

cerasi, Myzus _.

cerasi, Rhagoletis

ceratoniae, Ectomyelois.

cerdo, Ceramhyx

cerealella, Sitotroga.

cerealiurriy Limothrips..

certuSy Myzus

chalciteSj Chrysodeixis _

Page

75

93

24

86

176

31

192

21

cheiranthif Phyllotreta 144

chinensisy Callosohruchus 179

chinensiSy Polistes 91

chloranüy Perotis 86

chlorophanüy Chaetocnema 46

chrysippuSy Partlymnas 193

chrysomelinay Epilachna 150

cicerinay Liriomyza 160

cichoriiy Anthaxia 85

cichoriiy Dactynotus 170

ciliatus, Dacus 151

cilicruray Hylemya 28

cinctellay Oxythyrea.__, 26

dnereuy Apriona 86

einereüy Pariatorta 17

cingulatuSy Dysdercus 62

cinnaharinuSy Tetranychus 3

cinnamomiy Aulacaspis 124

circumflexay Cornutiplusia 21

circumflexusy Neomyzus 192

citrellay Phyllocnistis 103

citriy Acaudaleyrodes 96

citriy Dialeurodes 97

citriy Diaphorina 103

citriy Panonychus 95

citriy Prays 103

citriy Pseudococcus 20

citricidusy Toxoptera 97

confinis y Physatocheila.

confluay Acrocercops

corijusuniy Triholium..

congentiuy Grammodes.

congestaj Liriomyza

conicay Pyrgomorpha..

conjugellay Argyresthiaconspicuay Euxoa.

citrifoliiy Aleurolobus 96

citrinay Aonidiella 98

cladophthirusy Phytoptus 160

claray Caloptenopsis 29

clariseiisy Haplothrips 9

classicuSy Odontotermes 31

clavipalpisy Athetis 39

clavipesy Ptinus 183

clerkellay Lyonetia 82

clypealisy Idiocerus 123

cnejuSy Catochrysops 156

coacta, Erythroneura 36

coarctatay Hylemya 49

coeruleipenniSy Quettania 87

coerulescenSy Baris 144

coerulescenSy Osphranteria 87

coffeacy Oligonychus 5^

coffeellay Leucoptera 187

cognatay Aelia ^2

cognatay Pyrgomorpha ^8

colibri, Athalia 145

collarisy Exora 1'^

coloratum, Stenozygum 12

coloratuSy Anthrenus 181

comeSy Agrotis 1^^

compositaey Dactynotus l^y

compressuSy Janus ^1

comptusy Phaeadoretus ^^

comstockiy Pseudococcus ^^

concavirostrisy Sitona ^^

concavuSy Chrotogonus

Page

74

187

184

188

160

58

81

21

convergenSy Euproctis 187

convexior, Mylabris 71

convexior, Zonabris 71

convolvuliy Brachmia 171

convolvuliy Herse 172

coriacellay Pyroderces 65

coriandriy Hyadaphis 170

corni, Anoecia 52

corniy Lecanium 76

cornutuSy Gnathocerus 183

corrugatay Phyllotreta 194

coryli, Lecanium 76

corymbatus, Pseudococcus 64

cosmopolita, Tettigoniella 156

cossus, Cossus 80

costalis, Hypsopygia 177

cotesii, Bulgarialeurodes 191

cottei, Haplothrips 191

craccivora, Aphis 52

crataegi, Aporia 84

crética, Sesamia 40

crética, Thereira 115

cribricollis, Brachyrhinus 109

crinÎ, Brithys 193

crinitus, Sitona 56

croceuSy Colias 54

cruciata, Monolepta 194

cruciferae, Phyllotreta 144

cruciferarum, Bagrada 141

cruentatus, Dionconotus 96

cruentatus, Rhipiphorothrips 112

cucumarius, Dacus 151

cucurbitae, Dacus- 151

cupreoviridis, Earias 66

cupreus, Rhynchites.. 88

curvipes, Anoplocnemis 10

cuspidata, Melanophila 133

cyanophylli, Aspidiotus 17

cyanura, Mimastra 87

cylindrica, Phytoecia 172

cylindricollis, Sitona

cymoides, Nysius

cynodonti, Asiphonella

cyprius, Anthonomus

56

10

34

D

dactyliperda, Coccotrypes 121

dactylonii, Asiphonella-.- 34

dad-khani, Sphenoptera 86

daganensis, Hieroglyphus 29

dahli, Agapanthia 189

dampfi, Frankliniella 60

daplidice, Pieris 143

dardanus, Papilio 104

davatchii, Salicicola 131

davatchii, Sphenoptera 86

dealbana, Gypsonoma 132

decedens, Empoasca 14
202 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

decipiens, Empoasca

decipienSf habidosiomis.

decorus, Oedaleus

defecia, Crioceris

deflorataj Cassida

delineatay Cysteochila

demodocus, Papilio^

Page

14

116

5

172

172

191

104

demoleus, Papilio 104

dentipeSy Bruchus 179

depressella, Emmalocera 43

depunctalis, Nymphula 44

derógala, Sylepta 69

desertus, Melanogryllus 7

desígnala, Mylabris 167

deslitula, Lymaniría 81

deslruclor, Aspidiotus 17

deslruclor, Phylophaga 49

destruclor, Tribolium 184

devastans, Empoasca 15

devorans, Sphenoplera 69

dianlhi, Taeniothrips 191

diaperinus, Alphitobius 183

diaphana, Phycita 188

dictyospermi, Chrysomphalus 99

digressa, Thalassodes 187

dilalicollis, Tanymecus 25

dilativentris, Marseulia 46

dilecta, Nisotra 69

dimidialus, Carpophilus 182

dionysius, Phyllognathus 47

dipsácea, Heliothis 22

dirhodum, Acyrthosiphon 34

discolor, Taeniothrips 95

dispar, Anisandrus 134

dispar, Porthelria 82

distincla, Sogata 36

distinguenda, Empoasca 186

ditella, Haplotinea 177

ditomoides, Melopoplax 191

divergens, Duplachionaspis 36

diversicornis, Campylomma 10

diversus, Microcerolermes 73

dodecastigma, Epilachna 150

dolichi, Empoasca 15

dolicholhripoides, Haplolhrips 60

domeslicum, Anohium 178

domeslicus. Acheta 7

dominica, Rhyzoperiha 178

dorsalis, Dacus 105

dorsatis, Scirtothrips 9

dregii, Calidea H

duodecimpunctata, Calidea 11

dux, Cerambyx 86

dysmephila, Zophopetes 119

E

echinus, Urentius 162

edusa, Colias 54

egregia. Anómala 26

elaeagni, Capitophorus 170

elegans, Orycles 121

elephas, Curculio I34

elliptica, Psylliodes . 46

elongata, Dialeurolonga 97

elongatus, Coccus 15

Page

elongatus, Lixus 138

elpenor, Pergesa 115

elutella, Ephestia 177

emarginatus, Bruchus 179

ephippiata, Anthaxia 132

epunctifera, Sesamia 42

ergasima, Gnorimoschema 163

erinea, Aceria 129

erroneus, Alcidodes 173

ervi, Bruchus * 179

erysimi, Lipaphis 142

erythreae, Spanioza 103

erythrocephala, Epicauta 26

euonymi, Unaspis 193

euphorbiae, Aphthona 189

euphorbiae, Celerio 194

euphorbiae, Macrosiphum 170

evonymellus, Hyponomeuta 81

exáltala, Acrida 57

excavatus, Macropes 32

excavatus, Phyllognathus 89

excisa, Atherigona 48

exclamationis, Feltia 22

exclamationis, Luperodes 159

exempta, Spodoptera 42

exigua, Spodoptera 23

exoleta, Xylena 157

extérnala, Oulobuphora 131

fabae. Aphis 155

fabae, Bruchus 179

fabia, Earias 66

fabricii, Alcidodes 70

facialis, Empoasca 15

fairmairei, Prionus 120

falcifer, Rhizoecus 113

farinae, Tyroglyphus 174

farinalis, Pyralis 177

farinosus, Cleonus 138

fasciata, Euproctis 66

fasciata, Pachnoda 89

fasciatus, Cleonus 138

fasciatus, Dysdercus 62

fasciatus, Scolytus 90

fasciculatus, Araecerus 178

fasciculatus, Hesperophanes 127

fausti, Hypera 173

fedtschenkoi, Cratomerus 84

felderi, Scapsipedics 59

femoratus, Zabrus 44

ferrugalis, Udea 143

ferrugineus, Cryptolestes 180

ferrugineus, Rhynchophorus 121

festivum, Eurydema 141

fibulata, Holcogaster 162

fici, Tetranychus 122

ficicola, Trilocha 126

ficus, Chrysomphalus 99

ficus, Homotoma 125

ficus, Hypoborus 128

ficus, Lepidosaphes 124

fieberi, Oxycarenus 61

figulilella, Ephestia 177

figuratus, Chlorophorus 87

fimbria, Triphaena 171
INDEX TO SPECIES 203

Page

fimhriaturriy Asterolecanium 193

finitimus, Siphoninus 74

fioriniaef Fiorinia 17

flahellaria, Zamacra 39

flammatraj Agrotis 20

flava, Anomis 66

flava, Hoplocampa 91

flavescens, Empoasca 15

flavescens, Hysteropterurn 108

flavihasis, Hylemya 49

flavipes, Anthrenus 181

flavoguttata, Mylahris 167

flavolineatus, Tholagmus 109

flavomacidatus, Ragmus 61

flavosellata, Lydoceras 150

flavus, Thrips 60

floccifera, Pulvinaria 98

floralis, Anthicus 178

florella, Catopsilia 188

floridensis, Ceroplastes 98

foeniculi, Hyadaphis 170

foeniculus, Dysaphis 170

forficula, Enneadesmus 120

formicaria, Forda 34

formicarius, Cylas 173

fornicaius, Phytodecta 54

foveicollis, Raphidopalpa 149

frater, Tetranychus 153

fraxini, Lepersinus 110

frici, Taeniothrips 95

frischii, Dermestes 181

frit, Oscinella 49

frontalis, Phonapate 120

fuentei, A phthona 25

fulgens, Sphenoptera 189

fullo, Polyphylla 27

fulminataria, Scopula 193

fulvosignata, Epilachna 166

fulvum, Stromatium 180

fumipennisy Caliothrips 60

funehrana, Grapholitha 83

funesta, Oxythyrea 26

fur, Ptinus 183

furcatus, Lygaeus 60

furcula, Aelia 32

fusca, Busseola 39

fuscicepsy Melanotus 166

fuscicornis, Podagrica 70

fuscipes, Scatopse. 139

fuscipunctella, Niditinea 177

fuscopilella, Phycita 188

G

galbay Chüades _.

gallicus, Polistes

gammay Autographa

gayneriy Euhlemma.

gemellatuSy Lygus

gennadiiy Epidiaspis j^^

geométrica, Grammodes j-^^

geométrica, Pericallia 1^^

georghiouiy Acería j^^

germánica, Blattella 1^^

germanicay Vespula ^^

giganteus, Rhynchües ^^

glandium, Curculio |^^

glohosus, Apentanodes ^o/

Pag«

glomeratus, Aspidiotus 36

gloriosae, Attagenus 181

gloveriiy Lepidosaphes 99

glycyrrhizae, Cicadatra 113

gnidiella, Cryptohlahes 24

godmani, Pantomorus 194

gossypiella, Pectinophora 65

gossypii, Acería 57

gossypíi. Aphis 14

gossypii, Contarinia 71

gossypíi, Filippía 64

gossypii, Longitarsus 69

gossypíi, Smicronyx 70

gossypii, Sphenoptera 69

gossypíperda, Bemisia 12

gowdeyi, Haplothríps 191

graellsí, Xanthodes 67

gramínea, Nezara 33

graminís, Antonína 37

gramínum, Schízaphís 35

granarium, Macrosíphum 35

granarium, Trogoderma 182

granaríus, Sítophilus 181

granatí, Acería 121

granatí, Siphoninus 74

granatí, Tenuípalpus 111

granella, Nemapogon 177

granulípennís, Baris 150

gregaria, Schisiocerca 6

gressoríay Sitona 56

gríseiventrísy Leptocorís 60

grísella, Achroía 175

gríseola, Hydrella 49

grísescens, Larínus 190

gríseus, Hesperophanes 127

gríseus, Sitona ^^

gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa 7

gulariSy Aphomía 175

H

haemorrhoídalísy Catantops 4

haemorrhoídalísy Heliothríps 96

hallíy Carpophílus 182

hallíy Nílotaspis ^7

hampeíy Stephanoderes 190

hauseriy Capnodis 133

hederae, Aspidiotus 17

hedericola, Aspidiotus 193

helichrysí, Brachycaudus 192

helíopa, Gnorímoschema 164

hemerohíella, Coleophora 80

hemípterusy Carpophílus 182

hemípterus, Valgus...- 90

hemísphaerica, Saíss.etía 16

henningí, Capnodis 85

heracleí, Euleía 174

heros, Cerambyx 86

heros, Rhynchítes 88

herus, Macrotermes 8

herzogí, Agrotís Ij^

^ 15

64

hesperídum. Coccushíbiscí, Cerococcus

híeroglyphícus, Poekílocerus.

híroglyphíca, Potosía

hirstí, Eotetranychus

hirsutus, Phenacoccus

80

122

19
204 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page

hirta, Epicometis 26

hirta, Epilachna 166

hirtaria, Lycia 80

hispida^ Ocnera 184

hispidulüy Sitona 56

hispidus, Tanymecus 70

hoefii) Colaphellus 143

holoserica, Aeolesthes 86

homalodemus, Chrotogonus 4

hórrida, Acanthomia 154

horsfieldij Batocera 133

hortulanus, Bibio 28

hospes, Lygaeus 61

humeralls, Sitona 56

humerosus, Alcidodes 173

hungarica, Potcsia 89

husanii, Aleurocanthus 96

hyalinipennis, Oxycarenus 61

hyalinus, Liorhyssus 12

hyoscyami, Corizus 52

hyoscyamiy Pegomya 140

hyphaeniacus, Pseudaspidoproctus 119

hysticelluSy Urentis 162

I

ianthes, Dichomeris 53

idiota, Pentodon 27

illex, Apion 159

immaculata, Ne zara 33

impávida, Protaetia 90

importunitas, Ragmus 61

impressum, Trogoxylon 182

impurus, Caliothrips 60

incanescens, Lixus 138

incarnatus, Briichidius 178

incarnatus, Pie zodorus 12

incarnatus, Zabrus 44

incertana, Cnephasiella 54

incertellus, Schoenohius 44

incertulus, Tryporyza 44

incompleta, Carpomyia 128

inconseguens, Taeniothrips 73

inconspicuus, Eusarcoris 12

inculta, Anthaxia 127

incurvinasus, Lixus 46

indica, Atherigona 4g

indica, Diaphania 148

indica, Malacosoma 81

indica, Raoliella 117

indicata, Hedylepta 54

indicus, Dolycoris 186

indicus, Oligonychus 29

indicus, Proceras 39

indicus, Tanymecus 25

indistincta, Apate 189

inferens, Sesamia 42

infúscala, Aspidomorpha 189

infusella, Phycita 68

inopinata, Melanaspis 17

inops, Sitona 56

inornatus, Brevipalpus 2

insignis, Orthezia 19

insignis, Tuarega 7

insolatrix, Carcharodus 193

instabilis, Corigetus 70

instabilis, Hamartus 70

Pag«

insubricus, Acrotylus 3

insulana, Earias 66

insulsa, Brachmia 39

integriceps, Eurygaster 33

intermedia, Cercopis 35

internodii. Ripersia 37

interpunctella, Plodia 177

interrupta, Pachnoda 27

intonsa, Frankliniella 9

intricata, Antestiopsis 185

intybi. Aphis 170

investigatorurn, Diacrisia 20

involuta, Anomis 66

Ípsilon, Agrotis 21

iranica, Capnodis 133

iranicus, Thrips 129

iridis, Lixus 138

irrorata, Anticarsia 157

isocrates, Virachola 126

itálica, Graphosoma 169

italicus, Calliptamus 4

jaceae, Dactynotus 192

jakhontovi, Liothrips 129

Janata, Achaea 188

janus, Coridius 147

jeanneli, Epicauta 159

jocosatrix, Bombotelia 126

joycei, Catantops 4

judaica, Necyamontes 88

judinae, Anthaxia 133

juglandicola, Chromaphis 130

juglandis, Panaphis 130

junci, Lixus 138

K

kalmii, Orthops 61

kambyses, Sphenoptera 86

karghalica, Euproctis 132

kashmirensis, Capnodis 85

kirghisicus, Cleonus 138

kirkaldyi, Dialeurodes 192

kolbei, Sphenoptera 69

krameri, Leiodinychus 174

kraussi, Dociostaurus 4

kuhniella, Anagasta 176

kunowi, Lamprocopa 149

labiata, Arcyptera 3

lacteipennis, Paharia 76

lactinea, Amsacta 20

lactucae, Nasonovia 170

laevigatum, Stenodema H

laevigatus, Alphitobius 183

laevis, Macrosteles 113

laevis, Silba 151

laisalis, Sceliodes 166

lameerei, Sphingonotus 50

lameeri, Pseudoalbana 149

lanceolatisetae, Brevipalpus 72

lanigerum, Eriosoma 75

lanuginosum, Eriosoma 75

lapidicola, Lymantria 81

lardarius, Dermestes 181

lataniae, Aspidiotus 17
INDEX TO SPECIES 205

Page

latenSf Petrobia 29

latipennis, Aphthona 25

latro, Lixus-- 144

lauri, Aonidia 193

lavaterae, Oxycarenus 61

lentis, Bruchus 179

leperii, Epidiaspis 77

lepida, Monolepta 127

leucaspiSf Anisoplia 47

leucotreta, Cryptophlebia 24

libanotica, Blastodacna 82

licarsisaliSf Psara 44

ligniperda. Cossus 80

ligustici, Brachyrhinus 138

limbatay Necyornantes 88

limosus, Sitona 55

linearis, Lixus 138

linearis, Oberea I33

linéalaj Phyllopertha I39

lineata, Sitona I59

lineatella, Anarsia 80

lineaticollis, Antestia 185

lineatuSj Agrióles 26

lineatus, Hyperstylus 88

lineolaluSj Adelphocoris 51

littoralis, Thisoicetrus ~__ 6

litura, Prodenia 22

lituratus, Piezodorus 12

livia^ Virachola 126

lividipes, Sitona ~__ 56

livornica, Celerio 115

lobaluSj Atlagenus 181

lobulifera, Monosteira 74

loewi^ Ocnogyna I36

longirostrej Apion I94

longulus, Lygaeus 61

loreyij Leucania 40

loricalus, Eugasteroides 168

lubiaey Erythroneura 15

lucifuga^ Geoica 34

lucifugus, Reliculitermes 96

lugubris, Chrotogonus 4

lugubrisj Perotis 86

lunata^ Euproctis 187

luteola^ Therioaphis 53

lutescensy Lixus 173

lybicaj Empoasca 15

lycopersici, Aculus 160

lysimony Zizeeria 53

M

machaon^ Papilio 104

macúlalay Therioaphis 53

maculatumj Conocephalus 51

maculatuSy Callosobruchus 180

maculatus, Dermesles 182

maculipenniSy Plulella 142

maculosus, Myllocerus 70

maidiSy Peregrinus 36

maidiSy Rhopalosiphum 35

major y Penthaleus 29

majory Thrips 10

maliy Scolytus 90

rnalicolüy Lepidosaphes 77

malvaey Podagrica 70

malvellay Platyedra 65

mangiferaey Acería 122

Pag«

mangiferaCy Coccus 123

mangiferaey Scirlothrips 60

mangiferaCy Vasales 122

mangiferuSy Oligonychus 57

marginatay Forda 34

marginaluSy Scapsipedus 59

marilimuSy Pseudococcus 20

marlaltiy Aleurolobus 96

marlalliy Phoenicococcus 118

marmoanay Colias 54

marmoratuSy Plalymycterus 25

maroccanuSy Docioslaurus 4

mashonanay Phyllolreta 144

rnasrensiSy Trionymus 37

malhiaSy Pelopidas 39

malthiolacy Aphis 192

mauray Axiopoena 80

maurilanicuSy Tenebroides 183

mauritiay Spodoptera 42

mauruSy Eurygaster 33

maximay Pulvinaria 64

maxwelliy Oxypleuriles 106

maydis y Sipha 35

medicaginiSy Aphis 53

méditerraneusy Scolylus 90

megacephaluSy Brachylrupes 7

megatomay Altagenus 181

melanogasterj Drosophila 93

melanopay Oulema 46

melanorhodon, Anacridium 3

melanolay Aelia 32

meleagrinuSy Bruchidius 178

mellonellay Galleria 176

melolonthay Meloloniha 26

membranaceuSy Leptoglossus 10

menetriesiy Podagrica 189

mercatorj Oryzaephilus 181

meridionaliSy Pyrausla 189

meridionaliSy Taeniolhrips 95

mespiliellay Ovatus 75

meticulosay Phlogophora 136

meticulosuSy Agrióles 26

migratoria. Locusta 5

migratorioideSy Locusta 5

mileSy Cerambyx 86

militariSy Pseudacanlhotermes 175

miniatay Oedipoda 5

minica, Kolla 64

minuta, Hoplocampa 91

minutuSy Dinoderus 178

minutuSy Lathridius 182

minuluSy Leptodemus 10

módica, Apatophysis 86

moesta, Proutista 36

molesta, Grapholitha 83

molilory Tenebrio 184

moloneyiy Amsacta 65

monachay Apate 25

monoceros, Oryctes 121

monstrosuSy Schizodaclylus 8

mooreiy Amsacta 20

moriOy Zabrus 44

morosus, Ragmus 61

morrisoniy Parlatoria 99

mosipennella, Coleophora 80

musculosa, Oria 40

musculus, Tanymecus 70
206 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 73, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page

museorum, Anthrenus 181

musielinuSj Dermestes 182

muiilatus, Carpophilus 182

myopaeformis, Aegeria 79

N

naevana, Rhopohota 194

nanay Agromyza . 56

nana, Calidea 12

nanella, Recurvaría 80

napiy Pieris 143

nasuta, Truxalis 7

natalensis, Macrotermes 175

nazarena, Phyllopertha 47

nebulosa, Rhaphigaster 33

neglecta, Sphenoptera 69

neglectus, Oecophyllemhius 108

nemorana, Simaethis 126

nepalensis, Pieris 43

nerii, Aphis 192

nerii, Deilephila 194

neustria, Malacosoma 81

ni, Trichoplusia 23

nicolasi, Campylomma 10

nigra, Saissetia 16

nigra, Scatopse 49

nigrirostris, Hypera 55

nigrivittis, Cleonus 138

nigrofasciatus, Dysdercus 62

nigrofasciatus, Oedaleus 5

nigronervosa, Pentalonia 123

nigropilosus, Thrips 191

nigropunctata, Crioceris 172

nipae, Pseudococcus 20

nitidula. Tarache 67

nivella, Scirpophaga 44

niveosparsus, Idiocerus 123

nociuana, Acrobasis 84

noctuella, Nomophila 54

norvegicus, Calocoris 51

nostradamus, Gegenes 39

noxia, Eyprepocnemis 4

noxius, Cuernavaca 34

nubiferana, Hedya 83

nubigera, Heliothis 22

nubilalis, Ostrinia 24

nubilosus, Paralixus 104

nucum, Curculio 134

nudalis, Loxostege 137

O

obesi. Microtermes 8

obesus. Odontotermes 9

obliqua, Diacrisia 20

obovatus, Brevipalpus 2

obscuratus, Phytocoris 61

obscurus, Tenebrio 184

obsoletus, Carpophilus 183

obtectus, Acanthoscelides 178

obtusa, Melanagromyza 160

ocellana, Spilonota 84

ocellatella, Gnorimoschema 136

ocellus, Ptinus 183

ochropa. Arge 194

olea, Aceria- 106

Fag«

olea, Dasyneura HI

oleae, Dacus 111

oleae, Filippia 107

oleae, Liothrips 107

oleae, Parlatoria 18

oleae, Saissetia 17

oleae, Zonabris 109

olearius, Brevipalpus 107

cleellus. Prays 108

oleiperda, Hylesinus 110

oleiperda, Rhabdophaga 111

oleisuga, Thomasiniana HI

oleivorus, Phyllocoptruta 94

olerácea, Tipula 28

oleraceum, Eurydema 141

olivácea, Eublemma 165

olivieri, Polyphylla 27

olivina, Euphyllura 108

olivinus, Aleurolobus 107

opacipennis, Circulifer 136

operculella, Gnorimoschema 164

orbitalis, Antestia. 185

orbona, Agrotis 21

orbonalis, Leucinodes 166

orichalcea, Diachrysia 21

Orientalis, Aonidiella 99

Orientalis, Blatta 174

Orientalis, Eutetranychus 94

Orientalis, Larinus 190

Orientalis, Vespa 27

ornata, Eurydema 141

oryzae, Echionocnemus 46

oryzae, Latheticus 183

oryzae, Pachydiplosis 49

oryzae, Sitophilus 181

osseatella, Euzophera 165

ostreaformis, Quadraspidiotus 77

otus, Pachypasa 131

ovaliformis, Larinus 190

P

padellus, Hyponomeuta 81

padi, Rhopalosiphum 35

paglianoi, Pemphigella 35

palaestina, Cassida 172

palaestinensis, Calliptamus 4

palliatus, Tanymecus 138

pallida, Nisotra 69

pallidicolor, Podagrica 70

pallidicornis, Bruchus 179

pallidoconspersum, Acrosternum.- 62

pallidulus, Taylorilygus H

pallidus, Creontiades H

pallidus, Pachymerus 189

palmarum, Asarcopo^ 119

palmata, Macrotoma 104

pancratii, Brithys 193

pandurus, Spilostethus 10

paniceum, Stegobium 178

pantherina, Oxythyrea 27

paolii, Heteronychus 47

pardalina, Myiopardalis 152

pariana, Anthophila 81

parreyssi, Syrista 194

parummaculata, Conchyloctenia - - 172

parumpunctatus, Heteronychus 47
INDEX TO SPECIES 207

Page

parumstriatüy Capnodis 133

párvula, Adria 52

parvulusj Longitarsus 189

patrizzii, Sphenoptera 69

pellionella, Tinea 177

pellucens, Oecanthus 7

pellucidus, Longitarsus 87

peltigeraf Heliothis 22

péndula. Silba 167

penicillatus, Dolycoris 12

pennatula, Dasychira 39

pentágona, Pseudaulacaspis 77

perforans, Sinoxylon 85

pergandii, Parlatoria 99

pernidosus, Aspidiotus 77

perpusilla, Pyrilla 36

perrisi, Carphoborus 134

pérsica, Melolontha 89

persicae, Lecanium 76

persicae, Myzus 14

persicae, Pterochlorus 75

persicus, Adoretus 89

personatus, Chrysomphalus 17

perticella, Euzophera 165

peshawarensis, Anjeerodiplosis 128

peshawarensis, Lapazia 77

phaeorrhoea, Nygmia 81

phaseoli, Melanagromyza 160

phaseoli, Trifidaphis 14

philippa, Archips 84

phoenicis. Asterolecanium 118

phoenicis, Brevipalpus 2

phoenicis, Myelois 120

phoenicis, Rhynchophorus 121

picea, Xylopertha 178

picta, Bagrada 141

picta, Lytta 47

pictus, Poekilocerus 5

pilifer, Polydrosus 88

pilleriana, Sparganothis 115

pilosa, Anoxia 26

pilosus, Agriotes 26

pimpinellae, Anthrenus 181

pimpinellae, Depressaria 188

pinguinalis, Aglossa 177

pinguis, Euzophera 109

pinguis, Tylomyza 173

pinnuUfer, Chrysomphalus 99

piri, Aphanostigma 76

pisorum, Bruchus 179

pistaciae, Baizongia 130

pistaciae, Eriophyes 129

pistaciae, Lepidosaphes 131

pistaciae, Leucaspis 131

pistaciae, Megastigmus 134

pistaciae, Pulvinaria 130

pistaciae, Thrips 129

pistacicola, Lepidosaphes 131

pistaciicola, Schneidereria l3l

pisum, Acyrthosiphon 52

plagiata, Callimorpha 114

planiuscula, Sibinia. ^0

plantaginea, Dysaphis 75

plantaris, Anoplus 1^^

platura, Hylemya j^

plebeiana, Crocidosema o7

plebeiella, Gelechia loo

Page

plebeja, Anómala 26

plorans, Eyprepocnemis 4

plotnikovi, Eurytoma 134

podalirius, Iphidicles 84

pollini, Pollinia 107

polonica, Porphyrophora 37

polychloros, Nymphalis 23

pomi, A phis 74

pomivora, Archips 84

pomonella, Carpocapsa 82

pomorum, Anthonomus 88

poricollis, Amblyrhinus 55

porosa, Capnodis 85

porosum, Acyrthosiphon... 192

porrectirostris, Alcidodes 133

postica, Hypera 55

poteriella, Phycita 188

praetiosa, Bryobia 72

praeustus, Rhynchites 88

prasiniferum, Spathosternum 50

pratensis, Lygus 11

pratensis, Oligonychus 118

processionea, Thaumetopoea 132

producía, Porthesia 66

promissa, Nepticula 132

prónuba, Agrotis 21

pronubana, Cacaecimorpha 85

propagatus, Omophlus 116

propinqua, Labidostomis 87

proserpina, Proserpinus 115

proteus, Parlatoria , 99

pruinana, Hedya 83

pruinosa, Ochrilidia 5

prunastri, Lecanium 77

pruni, Hyalopterus 75

prunorum, Aspidiotus 77

prunorum, Phenacaspis.^ 77

pseudaspidiotus, Parlatoria 125

pseudobrassicae, Hyadaphis 142

pseudomagnoliarum. Coccus 98

pseudonectis, Enarmonia 188

psidii, Pulvinaria 16

psylloides, Gibbium 183

pterostichus, Thisoicetrinus 6

pubescens, Agonoscelis 11

pudicus, Carpocoris 12

pulchella, Utetheisa 187

pulcher, Cenopalpus 72

pulcherrimus, Phymateus 5

pulchrum, Eurydema 141

pulicarius, Rhamphus 88

pullus, Adoretus. ___ 89

pumilata, Gymnoscelis 156

punctata, Zophosis 167

punctatum, Anobium 178

puncticollis, Cylas 173

puncticollis, Mesostena 184

puncticollis, Podagrica.. 70

punctiferalis, Dichocrocis 24

punctigerum, Apion 55

punctiventris, Aelia 32

punctiventris, Cleonus 138

punctulata, Diacrisia 65

punctulatus, Deraeocoris H

punctulatus, Opatraides 27

punicae. Aphis 123

punicaella, Euzophera 126
208 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

purchasiy Icerya

purpurascens, Entomohrya.

purpureipennis, Carpocoris.

pusana, Pyrilla

pusilla, Exora

pusilluiUj Gonocephalum

pusillus, Cryptolestes

pusillus, Lophocateres

pustulans, Asterolecanium..

pygmaeus, Cephus

pyri, Eriophyes

pyriy Lachnus

pyriy Quadraspidiotus

pyrij Saturnia

pyri, Stephanitis

pyricola, Psylla

pyrina, Zeuzera

pyritosaj Altica

Page

101

140

12

36

46

139

180

183

14

48

72

75

78

84

74

79

80

25

Q

quadratuTYij Piesma

quadrimaculata, Cimbex

quaerulay Psalmocharias

quaternuSj Paraluperodes

quearula, Psalmocharias

querceiorum, AItica

quinaria, Ceratiiis

quinqueguttatuSj Bruchidius _

radiolus, Apion

rapae, Pieris

rapax, Hemiberlesia

raptoria, Atelocera

ratzehurgi, Palorus

recurvalis, Hymenia

reflexum, Apion

repanda, Taragama

répandus, Deuterosminthurus

reuteri, Drepanothrips

rhediella, Pammene

rhinoceros, Oryetes

riccae, Leucaspis

riccobonii, Forda

ricini, Pericallia

ricini, Trialeurodes

riehmi, Therioaphis

rivillei, Antispila

robertsi, Chrotogonus

rosae, Aulacaspis

rosae, Edwardsiana

rosae, Macrosiphum

rosana, Archips

rosea, Anuraphis

rostrata, Aelia

ruber, Rhynchites

rubrinervis, Calocoris

rubrioculus, Bryobia

rubrocinctus, Selenoihrips

rubrofasciatus, Piezodorus

rubus, Batocera

rufescens, Odontotarsus

rufiabdomnalis, Rhopalosiphum.

ruficollis, Hermaeophaga

ruficornis, Trigonotylus

rufimanùs, Bruchus

135

91

76

159

76

133

105

179

70

143

17

62

184

137

55

81

50

140

84

121

108

130

20

97

53

114

4

193

193

192

84

75

32

109

107

72

10

52

127

33

35

25

31

179

rufimembris, Ceroctis

rufipes, Cardiphorus

rufipes, Necrobia

rufiventris, Oxycarenus

rufomaculata, Batocera

rufomaculata. Coloradoa

rugiceps, Syagrus

rugipennis, Psalmocharias.

rugulipennis, Lygus

rugulosum, Eulecanium

rugulosum, Eurydema

rugulosus, Adoretus

rugulosus, Blosyrus

rugulosus, Scolytus

rumicis, Acronicta

rungsi, Geoica

rusci, Ceraplastes

russoi, Dendrothrips

rusticum, Gonocephalum

ruthae, Odonaspis

S

sabella, Arenipses

sabulifera, Anomis

sacchari, Longiunguis

sacchari, Ripersia

sacchari, Trionymus

saccharicaulis, Odonaspis

saccharicola, Pseudococcus

sacchariphagus, Proceras

salavatiani, Chortinaspis

saltatrix, Meromyza

samsonovi, Eurytoma

sanborni, Macrosiphoniella

sanguninolenta, Cercopis

sarcostega, Archips

sarta, Aeolesthes

saucia, Peridroma

saucius, Catantops

saussurei, Polyphaga

savastani, Capparimyia

savignyi, Aiolopus

scabricornis, Megopis

scarabaeoides, Phloeotribus

scariolae, Acyrthosiphon

scebelica, Sphenoptera

schonherri, Leptomias

schoutedeni, Helopeltis

schultzei, Frankliniella

scintillans, Porthesia

scitella, Leucoptera

secalis, Mesapamea

segetum, Anisoplia

segetum, Evxoa

semipunctata, Graphosoma

senecionis, Nysius

senegalensis, Forficula

senegalensis, Oedaleus

senicula, Epicometis

seniculus, Apion

sentis, Urentius

septemfasciata, Nomadacris

septentrionalis, Anacanthotermes _

seraphina, Alledoya

sericeus, Hesperophanes

sericeus, Spermophagus

serricorne, Lasioderma

Pagf

159

26

180

61

127

192

70

76

11

76

141

47

173

90

82

130

123

60

183

36

120

188

34

37

37

36

37

39

36

49

91

192

35

84

86

22

58

175

174

3

87

110

170

69

55

11

185

187

82

40

47

21

169

112

31

5

89

55

162

5

175

137

133

180

178
INDEX TO SPECTES 209

Page

sertaiuSy Bruchus 179

servusj Graptostethus 60

sesami, Asphondylia 190

setosuSj Mesomorphus 117

setulosum, Gonocephalum 183

sexdentata, Sinoxylon 116

seychellarum^ Icerya 19

sheldoni, Acería 94

siculuSy Calliptamus 3

signata, Empoasca 162

signalay Euproctis 81

signaticornis, Bruchus 179

similis y Chnootriha 46

simpleXj Chilo 38

simplex, Gonocephalum 27

simplex, Nisaga 39

simplex, Pyroderces 65

sinensis, Ceroplastes 15

sinuata, Peragallia 64

sinuatus, Agrilus 85

siro, Acarus 174

sisymbrii, Phyllotreta 144

sjostedti, Coptotermes 175

sjostedti, Taeniothrips 60

sohrah, Zyginidia 36

solani, Acrythosiphon 14

solitaria, Thaumetopoea 132

somalicus, Catantops 4

somnulentella, Bedellia 171

sonchi, Dactynotus 186

sordens, Apamea 39

sordidus, Aphanus 154

sorghi, Aphis 34

sorghicola, Contarina 49

sparsa, Epilachna 150

sparsus, Tanymecus 70

spartii, Cryptolestes 180

speciosus, Lixus 190

spectra, Cicadella 35

sphacelatus, Holcostethus 141

spinifera, Evxoa 22

spiniferus, Aleurocanthus 96

splendidus, Rhynchites 88

squalida, Tropinota 27

stali, Idiocerus 130

stebhingi, Drosicha 19

steineri, Pseudypera 116

stellata, Trypanea 190

steniellus, Bissetia 37

stercorea, Typhaea 182

sticticraspis, Argyria 37

stigmatica, Chahophorella 85

strabonis, Pedinus 139

strachaniy Pinnaspis 64

strepens, Aiolopus 3

striatus, Hypera 55

styXj Acherontia 24

subdepressus, Palorus 1^4

subsidiaria, Archips 85

subtilis, Lixus . 138

sudanensis, Caliothrips 60

sudanensis, Odontotermes 118

sudanica, Sibinia JO

sudanicum, Sinoxylon—^ 69

sulphurea, Cyrtacanthacris 29

supeliectilium, Supella 175

superbus, Puto ^0

Page

superstitiosus, Dysdercus 62

suppressalis, Chilo 38

surinamensis, Oryzaephilus 181

syriacus, Larinus 190

syriacus, Lasiorhynchites 134

syriacus, Retithrips 9

tabaci, Bemisia

tabaci, Thrips ^

tabidus, Cephus

tamarindus, Drosichiellatapetzella, Trichophaga

tapleyi, Lepidosaphes

taprobanes. Odontotermes.

tarandus, Oxyrachis

targionii, Agonoscena

tártara, Schelfordella

tatarica, Cyrtacanthacris _

telarius, Tetranychus

temperatella, Syringopais.

tenebrioides, Zabrus

tenebrionis, Capnodis

tenebrosa, Zonabris

tenellus, Circulifer

tenue, A pion.

12

10

48

19

177

125

31

162

131

175

4

3

44

44

85

26

136

55

tenuiclavus, Tyrophagus 174

tenuimarginata, Phyllotreta 144

tenuis, Cyrtopeltis 161

terebrans, Apate 116

terebynthina, Ocneria 132

terpsichore, Acraea 23

tessellatus, Eucalymnatus 118

testaceum, Sphaeroderma 172

testaceus, Pseudophilus 120

testudinarius, Eurygaster 33

testudínea, Hoplocampa 91

testulalis, Maruca 158

thalassinus, Aiolopus 50

theophrasius, Tarucus 126

thoracalis. Microtermes 59

thrax, Pelopidas 39

tibialis, Chaetocnema 137

tipycus, Eriophyes 72

tirhaca, Anua 21

tomentosicollis, Acanthomia 154

torvi, Epitrix 166

trachypterus, Chrotogonus 4

traegardhi, Baris 150

transversa, Asbecesta 149

trifolii, Bruchidius 179

trifolii, Lasiocampa 53

trifolii, Therioaphis 53

tripolitani, Oxythyrea 89

trispinosus, Enneadesmus 120

trissorrhiza, Stathmopoda 176

tristis, Bruchus 179

tristriatus, Aceria 129

tritici, Contarina 49

tritici, Euxoa 165

^ritici, Haplothrips 31

tritici, Porphyrophora 37

trux, Euxoa 165

tubercularis, Aulacaspis 124

tulipae, Dysaphis 192

tumidellus, Tetranychus 153

tumidicostalis, Chilo 38
210 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 2 7 3, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pag«

turanicüj Epicometis 89

turanica^ Myzaphis 192

turanicum, Lecanium 77

turanicuSy Calliptamus 4

turcicus, Cryptolestes 180

turcomana, Ramburiella 29

iurkestanicus, Anacanthotermes__. 175

U

ulceratalis, Cornifrons 188

ulmi, Lepidosaphes 77

ulmif Panonychus 72

ulula, Dyspessa 170

umbrella. Aphis 192

undalis, Hellula 143

undecimmaculata, Ptosima 86

undecimpustulatus, Myllocerus 25

undulata, Phyllotreta 144

unicolor, Bruchidius 179

unicostata, Monosteira 74

unifasciana, Clepsis 85

uniformis, Sesamia 42

unionalis. Palpita 109

unipuncta, Pseudaletia 40

unispina, Gryllotalpa 8

utricularia, Geoica 130

V

vapidella, Ephestia 104

vaporariorum, Trialeurodes 13

variabilis. Hypera 55

variabilis, Nychiodes 80

variegana, Acleris 84

variegana, Argyroploce 83

variegatus, Zonocerus 7

varius, Chlorophorus 87

varius, Phymatodes 87

vastator, Nipaecoccus 19

velox, Oxya 5

ventrale, Eurydema 141

ventralis, Leptodemus 73

verbasci, Anthrenus 181

verhasci, Aphis 192

verrucivorus, Decticus 31

versicolor, Agonoscelis 11

versicolor, Trogoderma 182

versutus, Adoretus 26

vertebratus, Dacus 152

vestitus, Chaetoptelius 134

vesuviana, Carpomyia 128

viator, Acheta 58

viciae, Perrisia 56

viduatus, Coridius 147

Pagi

viennensis, Tetranychus 73

vigintioctopunctatq, Epilachna 166

vigintipunctata, Epilachna 46

vigintiquatuorpunctata, Subcoccinella 55

vilella, Platyedra 65

vilis, Amitermes 8

villica, Arctia 114

villosa, Lagria 167

virescens. Silba 128

virgata, Aelia 32

virgaia, Ferrisia 19

viridicerulans, Agrilus 132

viridipes, Phymateus 5

viridis, Cicadella 35

viridis. Coccus 15

viridis, Sminthurus 50

viridissima, Tettigonia 8

viridula, Nezara 12

vitifoliae, Phylloxera 113

vitis, Anómala 117

vitis, Eriophyes 111

vittata, Cassida 137

vitticollis, Sibinia 70

vittiger, Zaprionus 105

vittiventris, Aspavia 154

vollenhoveni, Athalia 173

vosseleri, Taylorilygus 61

vulgaris, Gryllotalpa 7

vulpes, Amphicoma 89

W

wahlbergiana, Eccopsis 68

watersi, Diparopsis 66

weisei, Phyllotreta 144

wertheimi, Slavum 130

whitfieldi, Aphthona 25

willcocksi, Anoecia 34

wissmanni, Epilachna 166

woglumi, Aleuracanthus 96

X

xanthenes, Hydroecia 171

xanthorrhoea, Porthesia 39

Z

zemiodes, Mometa 65

zinckenella, Etiella 157

zizyphi, Psorosticha 103

zizyphus, Parlatoria 99

zonatus, Dacu,s 93

zonellus, Chilo 38

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