10–1



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### 30—2011 

# Chapter 10 Transportation and the Economy

Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter

Source

Figure 10.2 Share of gasoline cost attributed to taxes, 2010

Canada 35%

France 62%

Germany 63%

Japan 46%

United Kingdom 64%

United States 18%

Table 10.12 Average price of a new car, 2009 (current dollars) 23,186

Domestic 22,107

Import 25,308

Table 10.13 Car operating costs, 2010

Variable costs (constant 2010 dollars per 10,000 miles) 1,673

Fixed costs (constant 2010 dollars per 10,000 miles) 5,719

Table 10.17 Transportation sector share of total employment

2000 8.3%

2010 7.1%10–2



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### 30—2011 The Transportation Services Index (TSI) was created by the U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). It is an index that measures the movement of freight and passengers. The Freight TSI consists of:

• for-hire trucking (parcel services are not included);

• freight railroad services (including rail-based intermodal shipments such as containers on flat cars);inland waterway traffic;

• pipeline movements (including principally petroleum and petroleum products and natural gas);

• and air freight.

The index does not include international or coastal steamship movements, private trucking, courier services, or the United States Postal Services.

The index does not include intercity bus, sightseeing services, taxi service, private automobile usage, or bicycling and other nonmotorized means of transportation.



### Figure 10.1. Transportation Services Index, January 1990–January 2011

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transporta tion Statistics, Transportation Services Index Web site, www.bts.gov/xml/tsi/src. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov.)10–3



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### 30—2011 Until 2007, gasoline prices in China were, on average, less than the United States. Sin ce then, the United States prices are the lowest of these listed countries. Those in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany paid, on average, more than six dollars per gallon.



### Table 10.1 Gasoline Prices a 

### for Selected Countries, 1990–2010

Current dollars per gallon Average annual percentage

change

1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009 2010 b 1990–2010

China c 1.03 c 1.70 2.29 3.27 c c Japan 3.16 4.43 3.65 4.28 4.49 4.86 5.93 3.2%

France d 3.63 4.26 3.80 5.46 6.60 6.35 6.72 3.1% United Kingdom d 2.82 3.21 4.58 5.97 7.15 5.86 6.81 4.5% Germany 2.65 3.96 3.45 5. 66 6.88 6.81 6.86 4.9%

Canada 1.87 1.53 1.86 2. 89 3.59 3.15 3.72 3.5%

United States e 1.16 1.15 1.51 2.27 2.80 2.34 2.72 4.3%

Constant 2010 dollars f per gallon Average annual percentage

change

1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009 2010 b 1990–2010

China c 1.47 c 1.90 2.41 3.33 c c Japan 5.27 6.34 4.62 4.78 4.73 4.94 5.93 0.6%

France d 6.06 6.10 4.81 6.09 6.94 6.45 6.72 0.6% United Kingdom d 4.70 4.59 5.80 6.66 7.52 5.96 6.81 1.9% Germany 4.42 5.67 4.37 6. 31 7.24 6.92 6.86 2.3% Canada 3.12 2.19 2.36 3. 22 3.78 3.20 3.72 0.9%

United States e 1.94 1.65 1.91 2.54 2.94 2.38 2.72 1.8%

Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2010 , Paris, France, 2011. (Additional resources: www.iea.org)

Note: Comparisons between prices and price trends in differe nt countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

a Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for regular unleaded gasoline, except for France and the United Kingdom which are premium unleaded gasoline.

b 3 rd quarter 2010.

c Data are not available.

d Premium gasoline.

e These estimates are international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other sections of the book.

f Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–4



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### 30—2011 Of these selected countries, the United Kingdom had the highest diesel fuel price average in 2010, while the United States had the lowest. Similar to the trend with gasoline prices, China’s diesel prices were lower than the United States until 2007.



### Table 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices a 

### for Selected Countries, 1998–2010

Current dollars per gallon Average annual percentage

change

1998 2000 2003 2004 2005 2007 2009 2010 b 1998–2010

China c c 1.32 1.47 1.69 2.42 3.23 c c Japan 2.25 2.85 2.76 3.08 3.45 3.82 4.19 5.04 7.0%

France 2.71 2.95 3.39 4.16 4.81 5.66 5.27 5.59 6.2% United Kingdom 4.10 4.66 4.82 5.68 6.25 7.34 6.14 6.95 4.5% Germany 2.45 2.79 3.79 4.41 5.01 6.06 5.73 5.94 7.7%

United States d 1.04 1.50 1.51 1.81 2.40 2.88 2.46 2.94 9.0%

Constant 2010 dollars e per gallon Average annual percentage

change

1998 2000 2003 2004 2005 2007 2009 2010 b 1998–2010

China c c 1.57 1.70 1.89 2.55 3.28 c c Japan 3.01 3.61 3.27 3.56 3.85 4.02 4.26 5.04 4.4%

France 3.62 3.73 4.02 4.80 5.37 5.95 5.35 5.59 3.7% United Kingdom 5.49 5.90 5.71 6.56 6.98 7.72 6.24 6.95 2.0% Germany 3.28 3.54 4.49 5.09 5.59 6.37 5.83 5.94 5.1%

United States d 1.40 1.89 1.79 2.08 2.68 3.03 2.50 2.94 6.4%

Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2010 , Paris, France, 2011 (Additional resources: www.iea.org)

Note: Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.

a Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for automotive diesel fuel for non-commercial (household) use.

b 3 rd quarter 2010.

c Data are not available.

d These estimates are for international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other sections of the book.

e Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–5



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### 30—2011 In 2010 m ore than sixty percent of the cost of gasoline in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom went for taxe s. Of the listed countries, the United States has the lowest percentage of taxes.



### Figure 10.2. Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2010

Source: Table 10.1 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2010, Paris, France, 2011. (Additional resources: www.iea.org.)10–6



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### 30—2011 Diesel fuel is taxed heavily in the European countries shown here. The U.S. diesel fuel tax share is the lowest of the listed countries.



### Figure 10.3. Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2010

Source: Table 10.2 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes, Fourth Quarter, 2010, Paris, France, 2011. (Additional resources: www.iea.org.)10–7



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### 30—2011 Though the cost of crude oil certainly influences the price of gasoline, it is not the only factor which determines the price at the pump. Processing cost, transportation cost, and taxes also play a major part of the cost of a gallon of gasoline. The average price of a barrel of crude oil (in constant 2010 dollars) increased by 114% from 2000 to 2010, while the average price of a gallon of gasoline increased 43% in this same time period.



### Table 10.3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2010

Crude oil a (dollars per barrel) Gasoline b (cents per gallon) Ratio of gasoline to Year Current Constant 2010 c Current Constant 2010 c crude oil 1978 12.5 41.7 65.2 218.1 219.8 1979 17.7 53.2 88.2 264.9 209.1 1980 28.1 74.3 122.1 323.1 182.7 1981 35.2 84.5 135.3 324.6 161.3 1982 31.9 72.0 128.1 289.5 168.8 1983 29.0 63.5 122.5 268.2 177.5 1984 28.6 60.1 119.8 251.4 175.7 1985 26.8 54.2 119.6 242.4 187.8 1986 14.6 28.9 93.1 185.2 268.7 1987 17.9 34.4 95.7 183.7 224.5 1988 14.7 27.0 96.3 177.5 275.7 1989 18.0 31.6 106.0 186.4 247.7 1990 22.2 37.1 121.7 203.0 230.0 1991 19.1 30.5 119.6 191.5 263.5 1992 18.4 28.6 119.0 185.0 271.2 1993 16.4 24.8 117.3 177.0 300.2 1994 15.6 22.9 117.4 172.7 316.3 1995 17.2 24.7 120.5 172.4 293.7 1996 20.7 28.8 128.8 179.0 261.2 1997 19.0 25.9 129.1 175.4 284.8 1998 12.5 16.7 111.5 149.2 374.0 1999 17.5 22.9 122.1 159.8 292.9 2000 28.3 35.8 156.3 197.9 232.3 2001 23.0 28.3 153.1 188.5 280.2 2002 24.1 29.2 144.1 174.7 251.1 2003 28.5 33.8 163.8 194.1 241.1 2004 37.0 42.7 192.3 222.0 218.4 2005 50.2 56.1 233.8 261.0 195.5 2006 60.2 65.2 263.5 285.0 183.7 2007 67.9 71.5 284.9 299.6 176.1 2008 94.7 96.0 331.7 335.9 147.1 2009 59.3 60.2 240.1 244.0 170.1 2010 76.7 76.7 283.6 283.6 155.3 Average annual percentage change 1978–2010 5.8% 1.9% 4.7% 0.8% 2000–2010 10.5% 7.9% 6.1% 3.7%

Sources: Crude oil - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2011

, Washington, DC, Table 9.1. Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2011

, Washington, DC, Table 9.4. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Refiner acquisition cost of composite (domestic and imported) crude oil.

b Average for all types. These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80% of the total U.S. population.

c Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–8



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### 30—2011 Diesel fuel price has generally been lower than gasoline; however, from 2005 through 2010 the price of diesel fuel was higher than that of gasoline.



### Table 10.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2010 (cents per gallon, including tax)

Diesel fuel a Average for all gasoline types b

Year Current Constant 2010 c Current Constant 2010 c 1978 d d 65 218 1979 d d 88 265 1980 101 267 122 323 1981 118 283 135 325 1982 116 262 128 289 1983 120 263 123 268 1984 122 256 120 251 1985 122 247 120 242 1986 94 187 93 185 1987 96 184 96 184 1988 95 175 96 178 1989 102 179 106 186 1990 107 179 122 203 1991 91 146 120 191 1992 106 165 119 185 1993 98 148 117 177 1994 111 164 117 173 1995 111 159 121 172 1996 124 172 129 179 1997 120 163 129 175 1998 104 140 112 149 1999 112 147 122 160 2000 149 189 156 198 2001 140 172 153 189 2002 132 160 144 175 2003 151 179 164 194 2004 181 209 192 222 2005 240 268 234 261 2006 271 293 264 285 2007 289 303 285 300 2008 380 385 332 336 2009 247 251 240 244 2010 299 299 284 284 Average annual percentage change 1978–2010 3.7% e -0.4% e 4.7% 0.8% 2000–2010 7.2% 4.7% 6.2% 3.7%

Sources: Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2011, Washington, DC, Table 9.4. Diesel - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004

, Washington, DC, June 2004, Table 7.2. 2005–2010 data from EIA Web site. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a 1980-1993: Collected from a survey of prices on January 1 of the current year. 1994-on: Annual average.

b These prices were collected from a sample of servic e stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80 percent of the total U.S. population.

c Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.

d Data are not available.

e Average annual percentage change is from the earliest year possible to 2010.10–9



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### 30—2011 The fuel prices shown here are refiner sales prices of transportation fuels to end us ers, excluding tax. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, in cluding bulk consumers. Bulk sales to utility, industrial, and commercial accounts previously included in the wholesale category are now counted as sales to end users.



### Table 10.5 Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2010 (cents per gallon, excluding tax)

Propane a No 2. diesel fuel Constant Constant Year Current 2010 b Current 2010 b

1978 33.5 112.0 37.7 126.1 1979 35.7 107.2 58.5 175.7 1980 48.2 127.6 81.8 216.5 1981 56.5 135.5 99.5 238.7 1982 59.2 133.8 94.2 212.9 1983 70.9 155.2 82.6 180.8 1984 73.7 154.7 82.3 172.7 1985 71.7 145.3 78.9 159.9 1986 74.5 148.2 47.8 95.1 1987 70.1 134.6 55.1 105.8 1988 71.4 131.6 50.0 92.2 1989 61.5 108.1 58.5 102.9 1990 74.5 124.3 72.5 121.0 1991 73.0 116.9 64.8 103.7 1992 64.3 99.9 61.9 96.2 1993 67.3 101.6 60.2 90.8 1994 53.0 78.0 55.4 81.5 1995 49.2 70.4 56.0 80.1 1996 60.5 84.1 68.1 94.6 1997 55.2 75.0 64.2 87.2 1998 40.5 54.2 49.4 66.1 1999 45.8 59.9 58.4 76.4 2000 60.3 76.4 93.5 118.4 2001 50.6 62.3 84.2 103.7 2002 41.9 50.8 76.2 92.4 2003 57.7 68.4 94.4 111.9 2004 83.9 96.8 124.3 143.5 2005 108.9 121.6 178.6 199.4 2006 135.8 146.9 209.6 226.7 2007 148.9 156.6 226.7 238.7 2008 189.2 191.6 315.0 319.0 2009 122.0 124.0 183.3 186.0 2010 148.1 148.1 213.4 213.4 Average annual percentage change 1978–2010 4.8% 0.9% 5.6% 1.7% 2000–2010 9.4% 6.8% 8.6% 6.1%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2011, Washington, DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Consumer grade.

b Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–10



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### 30—2011 Prices of finished aviation gasoline and kerosene-type jet fuel began climbing in 1999 and peaked in 2008. In 2010 the prices showed an increase over 2009.



### Table 10.6 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2010 (cents per gallon, excluding tax)

Finished aviation gasoline Kerosene-type jet fuel

Year Current Constant 2010 a Current Constant 2010 a

1978 51.6 172.6 38.7 129.4 1979 68.9 206.9 54.7 164.3 1980 108.4 286.9 86.6 229.2 1981 130.3 312.6 102.4 245.6 1982 131.2 296.5 96.3 217.6 1983 125.5 274.8 87.8 192.2 1984 123.4 259.0 84.2 176.7 1985 120.1 243.4 79.6 161.3 1986 101.1 201.1 52.9 105.2 1987 90.7 174.1 54.3 104.2 1988 89.1 164.2 51.3 94.6 1989 99.5 175.0 59.2 104.1 1990 112.0 186.9 76.6 127.8 1991 104.7 167.6 65.2 104.4 1992 102.7 159.6 61.0 94.8 1993 99.0 149.4 58.0 87.5 1994 95.7 140.8 53.4 78.6 1995 100.5 143.8 54.0 77.3 1996 111.6 155.1 65.1 90.5 1997 112.8 153.3 61.3 83.3 1998 97.5 130.4 45.2 60.5 1999 105.9 138.6 54.3 71.1 2000 130.6 165.4 89.9 113.8 2001 132.3 162.9 77.5 95.4 2002 128.8 156.1 72.1 87.4 2003 149.3 176.9 87.2 103.3 2004 181.9 210.0 120.7 139.3 2005 223.1 249.1 173.5 193.7 2006 268.2 290.1 199.8 216.1 2007 284.9 299.6 216.5 227.7 2008 327.3 331.5 305.2 309.1 2009 244.2 248.2 170.4 173.2 2010 302.8 302.8 220.1 220.1 Average annual percentage change 1978–2010 5.7% 1.8% 5.6% 1.7% 2000–2010 8.8% 6.2% 9.4% 6.8%

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review , March 2011, Washington, DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)

a Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–11



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### 30—2011 At the end of 2009, only three states offered tax exemptions to encourage the use of gasohol for transportation purposes. This list is quite short compared to the 30 st ates which offered gasohol tax exemptions twenty-five years

ago.



### Table 10.7 State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2009

State Exemption (cents/gallon of gasohol) Idaho 2.5 Iowa 2.0

Maine 6.5

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2009 , October 2010, Washington, DC, Table MF-121T. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)



### Table 10.8 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2009

Fuel Cents per gallon

Gasoline a 

### 18.40 Diesel 24.40

Gasohol b 

### 18.40 Other special fuels b 

### 18.40 CNG 18.30 LNG 24.30 LPG 18.30

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2009 , October 2010, Washington, DC, Table FE-21B. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)

a All gasohol blends are taxed at the same rate.

b Includes benzol, benzene, naphtha, and other liquids used as a motor fuel.10–12



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### 30—2011 These states have laws and incentives for alternative fuels production and/or use.



### Table 10.9 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, 2011

State Biodiesel Ethanol Natural Gas Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Electric vehicles (EVs) Neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) Hydrogen fuel cells Aftermarket conversions Federal 34 29 27 27 22 2 27 6 Alabama 7 5 4 4 3 0 3 0 Alaska 2 3 4 2 2 1 2 2 Arizona 7 6 13 13 13 1 11 0 Arkansas 4 3 6 3 2 0 2 1 California 13 10 25 16 30 3 22 5 Colorado 8 9 11 8 6 1 7 3 Connecticut 5 4 8 5 7 0 7 3 Delaware 3 3 3 5 3 1 2 0 Dist. of Columbia 1 2 4 3 5 0 3 0 Florida 12 13 3 3 7 1 7 0 Georgia 6 6 7 3 5 0 3 2 Hawaii 8 10 5 5 9 1 6 0 Idaho 4 2 3 3 0 1 2 0 Illinois 20 18 10 9 10 2 9 4 Indiana 12 17 9 6 5 1 5 3 Iowa 13 18 6 5 7 1 5 1 Kansas 9 14 5 4 1 1 1 1 Kentucky 8 8 6 4 1 1 1 0 Louisiana 6 10 12 5 4 1 1 2 Maine 7 7 4 4 4 1 3 0 Maryland 2 3 1 1 4 2 0 0 Massachusetts 5 4 4 2 3 0 2 0 Michigan 9 9 4 4 6 0 5 0 Minnesota 9 11 3 2 5 2 4 0 Mississippi 4 4 8 5 2 0 2 1 Missouri 8 6 7 6 4 1 5 0 Montana 8 7 4 4 2 1 2 1 Nebraska 5 6 4 3 2 0 2 1 Nevada 6 5 7 7 6 1 6 0 New Hampshire 7 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 New Jersey 2 2 4 4 4 1 2 0 New Mexico 12 9 7 6 7 1 8 1 New York 9 10 13 8 9 1 9 0 North Carolina 13 11 6 6 6 0 5 1 North Dakota 12 9 3 2 0 1 3 0 Ohio 8 9 4 4 3 0 4 1 Oklahoma 11 12 13 9 9 1 8 5 Oregon 11 11 6 5 9 1 5 2 Pennsylvania 6 5 5 3 3 0 3 1 Rhode Island 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 South Carolina 11 9 3 4 2 1 7 0 South Dakota 9 9 1 2 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 11 10 5 4 4 1 2 0 Texas 9 9 14 10 8 1 6 3 Utah 1 1 12 7 7 0 4 2 Vermont 5 5 6 4 4 1 4 1 Virginia 15 10 13 9 12 1 10 3 Washington 18 14 9 8 19 1 6 4 West Virginia 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 0 Wisconsin 15 12 9 9 7 1 8 0 Wyoming 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 436 418 360 283 302 43 260 60

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. Data downloaded April 2011. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/matrix/tech)10–13



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### 30—2011 Table 10.10 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, 2011

State Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) or Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) Fuel Economy or Efficiency Idle Reduction Other a Federal 8 13 6 9 Alabama 1 1 2 0 Alaska 0 2 0 0 Arizona 1 0 2 2 Arkansas 0 1 2 0 California 23 5 4 8 Colorado 2 1 3 0 Connecticut 6 2 3 3 Delaware 2 2 3 0 Dist. of Columbia 3 2 1 1 Florida 3 1 2 1 Georgia 0 1 3 1 Hawaii 1 1 1 0 Idaho 1 1 0 0 Illinois 6 3 3 0 Indiana 4 1 1 0 Iowa 0 1 0 0 Kansas 0 1 1 0 Kentucky 1 1 0 0 Louisiana 2 1 0 0 Maine 1 1 2 1 Maryland 3 0 1 2 Massachusetts 2 0 1 1 Michigan 7 2 1 0 Minnesota 2 1 2 1 Mississippi 1 1 0 0 Missouri 0 0 1 0 Montana 0 1 0 0 Nebraska 0 0 1 0 Nevada 5 0 1 0 New Hampshire 2 1 3 0 New Jersey 3 1 1 1 New Mexico 2 1 1 1 New York 4 1 3 2 North Carolina 3 1 3 0 North Dakota 0 0 0 0 Ohio 0 0 2 0 Oklahoma 3 0 1 0 Oregon 3 3 4 5 Pennsylvania 1 1 5 1 Rhode Island 1 1 1 3 South Carolina 3 0 2 0 South Dakota 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 4 2 0 0 Texas 6 0 4 1 Utah 2 1 2 0 Vermont 3 3 2 1 Virginia 4 3 2 1 Washington 6 2 3 3 West Virginia 1 0 2 0 Wisconsin 5 0 2 0 Wyoming 0 0 0 0 Totals 141 68 90 49

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. Data downloaded April 2011. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/matrix/tech)

a Includes Clean Fuel Initiati ves and Pollution Prevention.10–14



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### 30—2011 The average price of a new car in 2009 ($23,186) was very close to the average price in 1916 ($21,272) when adjusted for inflation. Average new car prices were at their lowest in 1940 ($11,898). Since 1914 the highest average price was in the year 1998 ($26,803).



### Table 10.11 Average Price of a New Car, 1906–2009

Year 2009 Constant Dollars Year 2009 Constant Dollars Year 2009 Constant Dollars Year 2009 Constant Dollars 1906 $36,588 1935 $14,783 1961 $19,410 1987 $25,280 1908 $32,755 1936 $12,980 1962 $19,295 1988 $25,266 1910 $27,877 1937 $13,340 1963 $19,082 1989 $24,864 1912 $28,922 1938 $13,701 1964 $19,178 1990 $24,691 1913 $31,007 1939 $12,800 1965 $18,815 1991 $24,376 1914 $32,089 1940 $11,898 1966 $18,800 1992 $24,980 1915 $26,681 1941 $12,052 1967 $20,657 1993 $25,048 1916 $21,272 1942 $12,207 1968 $19,465 1994 $25,917 1917 $19,650 1943 $12,361 1969 $19,465 1995 $25,281 1918 $18,027 1944 $12,515 1970 $19,585 1996 $25,675 1919 $17,847 1945 $12,620 1971 $19,822 1997 $25,712 1920 $17,667 1946 $12,824 1972 $19,909 1998 $26,803 1921 $18,749 1947 $12,978 1973 $19,579 1999 $26,669 1922 $19,830 1948 $13,592 1974 $19,321 2000 $25,665 1923 $18,027 1949 $15,839 1975 $19,739 2001 $26,013 1924 $16,225 1950 $16,232 1976 $20,428 2002 $25,340 1925 $16,044 1951 $16,508 1977 $20,583 2003 $25,238 1926 $15,864 1952 $17,882 1978 $20,990 2004 $24,574 1927 $15,684 1953 $17,904 1979 $20,233 2005 $25,284 1928 $15,504 1954 $17,579 1980 $19,720 2006 $25,151 1929 $15,323 1955 $17,483 1981 $21,029 2007 $24,721 1930 $15,143 1956 $17,987 1982 $21,987 2008 $23,334 1931 $16,946 1957 $19,982 1983 $22,845 2009 $23,186 1932 $18,749 1958 $21,138 1984 $23,488 1933 $17,667 1959 $21,183 1985 $23,603 1934 $16,585 1960 $20,384 1986 $24,766

Sources: Compiled by Jacob Ward, Vehicle Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, from the following sources. Raff, D.M.G. & Trajtenberg, M. (1 995), "Quality-Adjusted Prices for th e American Automobile Industry: 1906-1940," National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; Gordon, R.J. (1990), The Measurement of Durable Goods Prices , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (2010), National Income and Product Accounts.

Note: Estimations were used for years 1941-1946.10–15



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### 30—2011 In current dollars, import cars, on average, were less exp ensive than domestic cars until 1982. Since then, import prices have almost tripled, while domestic prices have more than doubled (current dollars).



### Table 10.12 Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), 1970–2009

Domestic a Import Total

Year Current dollars Constant 2009 dollars b Current dollars Constant 2009 dollars b Current dollars Constant 2009 dollars b 1970 3,708 20,503 2,648 14,642 3,542 19,585 1975 5,084 20,273 4,384 17,482 4,950 19,739 1976 5,506 20,760 4,923 18,562 5,418 20,428 1977 5,985 21,188 5,072 17,956 5,814 20,583 1978 6,478 21,316 5,934 19,525 6,379 20,990 1979 6,889 20,357 6,704 19,811 6,847 20,233 1980 7,609 19,811 7,482 19,480 7,574 19,720 1981 8,912 21,034 8,896 20,996 8,910 21,029 1982 9,865 21,932 9,957 22,136 9,890 21,987 1983 10,516 22,651 10,868 23,410 10,606 22,845 1984 11,079 22,876 12,336 25,472 11,375 23,488 1985 11,589 23,107 12,853 25,627 11,838 23,603 1986 12,319 24,114 13,670 26,758 12,652 24,766 1987 12,922 24,404 14,470 27,327 13,386 25,280 1988 13,418 24,334 15,221 27,603 13,932 25,266 1989 13,936 24,111 15,510 26,834 14,371 24,864 1990 14,489 23,783 16,640 27,314 15,042 24,691 1991 15,192 23,930 16,327 25,718 15,475 24,376 1992 15,644 23,922 18,593 28,431 16,336 24,980 1993 15,976 23,719 20,261 30,081 16,871 25,048 1994 16,930 24,508 21,989 31,832 17,903 26,917 1995 16,864 23,740 23,202 32,662 17,959 25,281 1996 17,468 23,885 26,205 35,831 18,777 25,675 1997 17,600 23,526 27,509 36,771 19,236 25,712 1998 18,479 24,322 29,614 38,977 20,364 26,803 1999 19,032 24,508 27,542 35,467 20,710 26,669 2000 18,577 23,144 27,447 34,195 20,600 25,665 2001 20,042 24,279 25,787 31,238 21,474 26,013 2002 18,897 22,535 27,440 32,723 21,249 25,340 2003 19,971 23,285 26,081 30,409 21,646 25,238 2004 18,910 21,476 28,409 32,265 21,646 24,584 2005 21,593 23,720 26,621 29,243 23,017 25,284 2006 22,166 23,588 27,062 28,799 23,634 25,151 2007 22,273 23,046 27,487 28,441 23,892 24,721 2008 22,166 22,087 25,908 25,816 23,417 23,334 2009 22,107 22,107 25,308 25,308 23,186 23,186 Average annual percentage change 1970–2009 4.7% 0.2% 6.0% 1.4% 4.9% 0.4% 1999–2009 1.5% -1.0% -0.8% -3.3% 1.1% -1.4%

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts , underlying detail estimates for Motor Vehicle Output, Washin gton, DC, 2011. (Additional resources: www.statusa.gov)

a Includes transplants.

b Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.10–16



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### 30—2011 The total cost of operating a car is the sum of the fixed cost (depreciation, insurance, finance charge, and license fee) and the variable cost (gas and oil, tires, and maintenance), which is related to the amount of travel. The gas and oil share of total cost was 15.4% in 2010.



### Table 10.13 Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2010

Constant 2010 dollars per 10,000 miles a Total cost per mile b (constant Percentage gas and oil of total Model year Variable cost Fixed cost Total cost 2010 cents a ) cost 1985 1,504 4,177 5,680 56.80 19.9% 1986 1,297 4,590 5,887 58.87 15.1% 1987 1,286 4,469 5,755 57.55 14.7% 1988 1,456 5,585 7,041 70.41 13.6% 1989 1,407 5,135 6,542 65.42 14.2% 1990 1,401 5,432 6,834 68.34 13.2% 1991 1,553 5,709 7,262 72.62 14.6% 1992 1,399 5,881 7,280 72.80 12.6% 1993 1,388 5,617 7,005 70.05 12.7% 1994 1,339 5,644 6,983 69.83 11.8% 1995 1,374 5,730 7,104 71.04 11.7% 1996 1,334 5,827 7,162 71.62 10.9% 1997 1,467 5,907 7,375 73.75 12.2% 1998 1,431 6,057 7,489 74.89 11.1% 1999 1,387 6,099 7,487 74.87 9.8% 2000 1,545 5,982 7,527 75.27 11.6% 2001 1,675 5,690 7,364 73.64 13.2% 2002 1,430 5,908 7,338 73.38 9.7% 2003 1,552 5,788 7,340 73.40 11.6% 2004 1,454 6,502 7,957 79.57 9.4% 2005 1,574 6,043 7,617 76.17 12.0% 2006 1,633 5,069 6,702 67.02 15.3% 2007 1,525 5,011 6,536 65.36 14.3% 2008 1,718 5,468 7,186 71.86 16.4% 2009 1,567 5,617 7,184 71.84 14.3% 2010 1,673 5,719 7,392 73.92 15.4% Average annual percentage change 1985–2010 0.4% 1.3% 1.1% 1.1%

Source: Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2010 , Southfield, Michigan, 2010, p. 68, and a nnual. Original data from AAA “Your Driving Costs.”

a Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.

b Based on 10,000 miles per year.10–17



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### 30—2011 While the previous table shows costs per mile, this table pr esents costs per year for fixed costs associated with car operation. For 2010 model year autos, the fixed cost is over $16 per day.



### Table 10.14 Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2010 (constant 2010 dollars) a

License, Average registration Finance fixed cost Model year Insurance b & taxes Depreciation charge Total per day 1975 1,552 122 3,133 c 4,807 13.17 1977 1,834 262 2,999 c 5,094 13.95 1978 1,395 243 2,942 c 4,580 12.54 1979 1,427 266 2,784 c 5,352 14.66 1980 1,297 217 2,747 c 5,380 14.74 1981 1,204 208 3,038 c 5,605 15.36 1982 998 120 3,015 c 5,331 14.61 1983 1,012 209 2,796 c 5,157 14.13 1984 1,043 219 2,492 c 4,844 13.28 1985 942 223 2,557 1,082 4,805 13.17 1986 1,013 259 2,626 1,267 5,165 14.15 1987 1,027 246 2,868 1,010 5,150 14.11 1988 1,056 256 3,288 1,041 5,642 15.46 1989 1,134 253 3,549 1,034 5,970 16.35 1990 1,123 275 3,932 1,134 6,465 17.72 1991 1,134 269 4,009 426 5,837 15.99 1992 1,223 270 4,223 1,237 6,954 19.05 1993 1,123 269 4,271 1,011 6,673 18.29 1994 1,131 285 4,326 953 6,696 18.35 1995 1,120 290 4,397 982 6,789 18.60 1996 1,174 299 4,406 998 6,877 18.85 1997 1,151 283 4,445 1,043 6,933 18.99 1998 1,204 302 4,500 1,088 7,094 19.44 1999 1,270 296 4,497 1,084 7,146 19.58 2000 1,228 282 4,422 1,075 7,008 19.20 2001 1,220 256 4,369 1,066 6,911 18.94 2002 1,229 244 4,510 1,004 6,987 19.14 2003 1,306 243 4,430 882 6,860 18.80 2004 1,850 479 4,366 855 7,551 20.69 2005 1,438 434 4,331 825 7,028 19.26 2006 1,002 579 3,669 774 6,024 16.51 2007 1,036 566 3,567 771 5,940 16.27 2008 955 561 3,363 768 5,647 15.48 2009 992 576 3,518 792 5,878 16.10 2010 1,031 585 3,554 806 5,976 16.37 Average annual percentage change 1975–2010 -1.2% 4.6% 0.4% c 0.6% 0.6% 2000–2010 -1.7% 7.6% -2.2% -2.8% -1.6% -1.6%

Source: Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2010 , Southfield, Michigan, 2010, p. 68 and annual. Original data from AAA “Your Driving Costs.”

a Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.

b Fire & Theft: $50 deductible 1975 thro ugh 1977; $100 deductible 1978 through 1992; $250 deductible for 1993 – on. Collision: $100 deductible through 1977; $250 deductible 1978 thro ugh 1992; $500 deductible for 1993 – on. Property Damage & Li ability: coverage = $100,000/$300,000.

c Data are not available.10–18



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### 30—2011 Table 10.15 Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1970–2010 (billion dollars)

Personal consumption expenditures Transportation personal consumption expenditures Constant Constant Transportation PCE Year Current 2010 a Current 2010 a as a percent of PCE 1970 648.3 2,952.3 80.8 368.0 12.5% 1980 1,755.8 4,070.7 241.7 560.4 13.8% 1990 3,835.5 5,878.4 455.7 698.4 11.9% 2000 6,830.4 8,526.3 814.3 1,016.5 11.9% 2001 7,148.8 8,726.5 829.6 1,012.7 11.6% 2002 7,439.2 8,936.6 832.6 1,000.2 11.2% 2003 7,804.0 9,177.3 874.2 1,028.0 11.2% 2004 8,285.1 9,474.1 927.8 1,060.9 11.2% 2005 8,819.0 9,758.6 1,000.3 1,106.9 11.3% 2006 9,322.7 9,990.3 1,031.0 1,104.8 11.1% 2007 9,806.3 10,208.0 1,076.2 1,120.3 11.0% 2008 10,104.5 10,293.1 1,061.5 1,081.3 10.5% 2009 10,001.3 10,096.7 913.5 922.2 9.1% 2010 10,349.1 10,349.1 1,002.9 1,002.9 9.7%

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 2.3.5, http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb.

Note: Transportation PCE includes the following categories: tr ansportation, motor vehicles and parts, and gasoline and oil.



### Table 10.16 Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2010 (1970 = 1.000)

Year Consumer Price Index Transportation Consumer Price Index b New car Consumer Price Index Used car Consumer Price Index Gross National Product Index 1970 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1980 2.124 2.216 1.667 1.997 2.702 1990 3.369 3.213 2.286 3.769 5.585 2000 4.438 4.088 2.689 4.994 9.562 2005 5.034 4.637 2.597 4.468 12.191 2006 5.196 4.824 2.591 4.487 12.895 2007 5.344 4.925 2.566 4.351 13.578 2008 5.549 5.215 2.527 4.293 13.921 2009 5.529 4.780 2.554 4.070 13.655 2010 5.620 5.157 2.599 4.587 14.213

Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index Table 1A for 2010, and annual. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov) GNP – U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Econ omic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 1.7.5. (Additional resources: www.bea.doc.gov)

a Adjusted by the GNP price deflator.

b Transportation Consumer Price Index includes new and used cars, gasoline, auto insurance rates, intracity mass transit, intracity bus fare, and airline fares.10–19



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### 30—2011 The data below were summarized from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics Survey data using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Transportation-related employment was 7.1% of total employment in 2010.



### Table 10.17 Transportation-related Employment, 2000 and 2010 a 

### (thousands)

Percent 2000 2010 Change Truck transportation (includes drivers) 1,405.8 1,244.1 -11.5% Transit and ground transportation 372.1 432.4 16.2% Air transportation 614.4 464.2 -24.4% Rail transportation 231.7 214.9 -7.3% Water transportation 56.0 62.8 12.1% Pipeline transportation 46.0 42.4 -7.8% Motor vehicle and parts - retail 1,846.9 1,624.5 -12.0% Motor vehicles and parts - wholesale 355.7 309.4 -13.0% Gasoline stations - retail 935.7 816.4 -12.7% Automotive repair and maintenance 888.1 799.6 -10.0% Automotive equipment rental and leasing 208.3 162.6 -21.9% Manufacturing 2,143.9 1,382.0 -35.5% Autos and light trucks 237.4 127.5 -46.3% Heavy-duty trucks 54.0 23.8 -55.9% Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 182.7 107.6 -41.1% Motor vehicle parts 839.5 415.1 -50.6% Aerospace products and parts 516.7 477.1 -7.7% Railroad rolling stock & other transportation equipment 72.7 53.3 -26.7% Ship & boat building 154.1 125.5 -18.6% Tires 86.8 52.1 -40.0% Oil and gas pipeline construction 72.2 94.2 30.5% Highway street and bridge construction 340.1 289.0 -15.0% Scenic & sightseeing 27.5 27.3 -0.7% Support activities for transportation 537.4 540.1 0.5% Couriers and messengers 605.0 527.1 -12.9% Travel arrangement and reservation services 298.6 186.6 -37.5% Total transportation-related employment 10,985.4 9,219.6 -16.1% Total nonfarm employment 131,785.0 129,818.0 -1.5% Transportation-related to total employment 8.3% 7.1%

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site query system : www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics.htm, (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)

a Not seasonally adjusted.10–20



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### 30—2011 The total number of employees involved in the manufacture of motor vehicles decreased by almost 56% from 1990 to 2010 and by about 64% for those involved in the manufacture of motor vehicle parts. Beginning in 2008, the share of production workers fell below 80% for manufacturers of both vehicles and parts.



### Table 10.18 U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, 1990–2010 a

Year All Employees Production Workers Share of Production Workers to Total Employees

Motor Vehicles

1990 271.4 243.4 89.68% 1991 258.4 234.8 90.87% 1992 259.9 234.0 90.03% 1993 263.7 234.8 89.04% 1994 281.5 250.9 89.13% 1995 294.7 273.7 92.87% 1996 285.3 271.2 95.06% 1997 286.8 273.6 95.40% 1998 283.6 254.8 89.84% 1999 291.3 254.3 87.30% 2000 291.4 251.0 86.14% 2001 278.7 236.4 84.82% 2002 265.4 220.8 83.20% 2003 264.6 217.1 82.05% 2004 255.9 208.0 81.28% 2005 247.6 198.6 80.21% 2006 236.5 191.8 81.10% 2007 220.0 177.3 80.59% 2008 191.6 151.1 78.86% 2009 146.4 114.2 78.01% 2010 151.3 119.7 79.11%

Motor Vehicle Parts

1990 653.0 527.4 80.77% 1991 638.9 514.7 80.56% 1992 661.2 537.0 81.22% 1993 677.8 554.7 81.84% 1994 735.6 606.9 82.50% 1995 786.9 647.7 82.31% 1996 799.9 657.4 82.19% 1997 808.9 662.4 81.89% 1998 818.2 660.3 80.70% 1999 837.1 674.2 80.54% 2000 839.5 676.7 80.61% 2001 774.7 624.9 80.66% 2002 733.6 590.9 80.55% 2003 707.8 567.6 80.19% 2004 692.1 561.6 81.14% 2005 678.1 553.9 81.68% 2006 654.7 533.7 81.52% 2007 607.9 488.9 80.42% 2008 543.7 430.6 79.20% 2009 413.7 317.8 76.82% 2010 415.1 320.4 77.19%

Source: Tabulated from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, March 2010.

a Not seasonally adjusted.