T.C. Memo. 2009-61

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

ESTATE OF JOHN DAVID MCCOY, DECEASED, MICHELE MCCOY, PERSONAL

REPRESENTATIVE, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 5521-07. Filed March 19, 2009.

Charles R. Brown, for petitioner.

Mark H. Howard, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

GOEKE, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency of

$412,330 in the estate tax of the Estate of John David McCoy. 

The issue to be decided is whether the Federal and State estate

taxes due from John David McCoy’s (decedent) estate were required

to be allocated to property that would have otherwise passed to
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1Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to

the Internal Revenue Code, and all Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

2In the petition the estate argued that respondent

erroneously denied a deduction of special attorney’s fees paid in

connection with the collection of estate taxes from beneficiaries

of life insurance proceeds included in decedent’s estate. The

estate did not produce any evidence regarding this issue at trial

and did not address the issue on brief. Accordingly, we deem the

estate to have conceded this issue and sustain respondent’s

adjustment to the attorney’s fees.

the surviving spouse, thereby reducing the marital deduction

under section 2056(b)(4)(A),1 or whether the estate taxes should

be allocated to the property included in decedent’s taxable

estate under Utah’s equitable apportionment law.2 We hold that

Utah’s equitable apportionment law applies and the marital

deduction is not reduced.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. 

The stipulation of facts and the accompanying exhibits are

incorporated herein by this reference. Decedent, a resident of

Utah, died on November 15, 2002. The estate’s personal

representative, Michele McCoy (Ms. McCoy), resided in Utah at the

time the petition was filed.

Decedent left an executed last will and testament dated May

25, 1994 (the will). On May 25, 1994, decedent also executed a

revocable living trust agreement for the John D. McCoy Trust

(sometimes referred to as the original trust agreement). The
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will and the original trust agreement stated that decedent’s

spouse was Roxanne McCoy. However, at the time of his death

decedent was divorced from Roxanne McCoy and married to Ms.

McCoy. The will was not updated to reflect that Ms. McCoy was

decedent’s spouse at the time of his death.

Decedent had earned a living in the printing industry, in

real estate, and by leasing and operating the Heber, Utah,

airport. Because he had dyslexia, decedent had trouble

understanding and communicating with other people. Decedent and

Ms. McCoy discussed estate issues during the course of their

marriage but did not specifically discuss taxes or tax planning. 

In planning his affairs decedent generally tried to minimize the

taxes he paid.

Shortly after decedent’s death, Ms. McCoy learned that

decedent had amended and restated the original trust agreement on

December 5, 1999 (the restated trust agreement). Decedent told

Ms. McCoy that he had been meeting with an attorney, Sara Henry,

regarding his estate. Ms. Henry drafted the restated trust

agreement and sent it to decedent for his review, and decedent

signed the draft without Ms. McCoy’s knowledge. 

After decedent’s death Ms. McCoy spoke with Ms. Henry

regarding decedent’s estate. After they discovered how complex

the restated trust agreement was, Ms. Henry recommended that Ms.

McCoy hire a second attorney because Ms. Henry did not feel
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confident that she could prepare the estate tax return. Ms.

McCoy followed Ms. Henry’s recommendation and hired Tom

Christensen, who has practiced in the area of estates and trusts

for 32 years. Mr. Christensen prepared the estate tax return.

Article 2.1 of the will provides that all of decedent’s

tangible personal property, with several enumerated exceptions,

would pass to his wife. Article 3.1 of the will, entitled

“Disposition of Residue”, provides:

I give the residue of my estate to the trustee of the

John D. McCoy Trust, created under the declaration of

trust executed on May 25, 1994, by John D. McCoy as

settlor and trustee. The trustee of that trust shall

add the residue of my estate to the trust principal and

hold, administer, and distribute the property in

accordance with the provisions of that declaration of

trust, including any amendments of that declaration of

trust that have been made before or after execution of

this will.

The original trust agreement provided that if decedent was

survived by his wife, payment of estate taxes and other debts and

expenses were to be charged to the nonmarital share of the trust.

However, the restated trust agreement is not as clear. 

Paragraph 5 states:

5. TRUSTEE’S AUTHORITY TO PAY EXPENSES, DEBTS AND

TAXES

The Trustee shall pay from the residue of the

trust estate prior to any distributions provided for

herein, all of the Settlor’s debts, expenses of last

illness, expenses of disposal of remains, all expenses

of administration and trust termination, including

attorneys’ fees, and shall pay all estate taxes, if

any, attributable to Settlor’s entire taxable estate.
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Paragraph 6 states in pertinent part:

6. DISTRIBUTIONS UPON SETTLOR’S DEATH

A. On the death of the Settlor and after all

payments are made pursuant to paragraph 5 above, the

Trustee shall distribute from the trust estate the

following specific bequests: * * * [specific bequests

to decedent’s children, grandchildren, and spouse

omitted]

* * * * * * *

B. Should Settlor be survived by MICHELE McCOY,

the rest, residue and remainder of the trust estate

shall remain in trust, to be held and distributed as

follows: * * * [Distribution directions omitted.]

Paragraph 6.B. provided for distributions of income and principal

solely for the benefit of Ms. McCoy. Nowhere in the restated

trust agreement or elsewhere is it stated expressly whether

paragraph 5 was intended to govern both the method of paying the

estate taxes and the manner in which the estate tax burden was to

be borne by the beneficiaries. Furthermore, the parties dispute

whether the “residue of the trust estate” discussed in paragraph

5 of the restated trust agreement is the residue of decedent’s

estate referred to in article 3.1 of the will or the residue of

the trust estate referred to in paragraph 6.B. of the restated

trust agreement.

Certain other property, such as life insurance and property

that decedent and Ms. McCoy jointly owned, passed outside the

will and trust according to the legal terms of the property.
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Decedent’s estate filed a Form 706, United States Estate

(and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, on August 8, 2003. 

The estate claimed a marital deduction of $3,933,725, which was

stated as the value of all of the assets of the gross estate

except those assets specifically passing to beneficiaries other

than Ms. McCoy. In determining the amount of estate tax, Mr.

Christensen charged the specific bequest beneficiaries other than

Ms. McCoy using equitable apportionment, generally by reducing

their shares for estate taxes before the shares were distributed.

On December 13, 2006, respondent issued to decedent’s estate

a statutory notice of deficiency determining that the estate’s

marital deduction should be reduced by $837,399 to $3,096,326,

resulting in a deficiency of $412,330. Respondent determined

that decedent’s estate improperly failed to reduce the value of

the property passing to Ms. McCoy by the amount of estate taxes

imposed on the estate. The Internal Revenue Service agent who

conducted the audit determined that the estate taxes should have

been paid out of the residue defined in paragraph 6.B. of the

restated trust agreement.

OPINION

I. The Marital Deduction

A tax is imposed on the transfer of the taxable estate of

every decedent who is a citizen or resident of the United States. 

Sec. 2001(a). In computing the value of the taxable estate, an
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estate may generally deduct the value of any interest in property

that passes from the decedent to the decedent’s surviving spouse

to the extent that that property is included in determining the

value of the gross estate (marital deduction). However, the

marital deduction is reduced by estate, succession, legacy, or

inheritance taxes (estate taxes) allocable to the surviving

spouse’s interest. Sec. 2056(b)(4)(A). The issue in this case

is whether the estate taxes owed on the transfer of decedent’s

estate are allocable to the portion of the estate passing to Ms.

McCoy.

II. Burden of Proof

Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and a taxpayer

generally bears the burden of proving entitlement to the

deductions claimed. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S.

111, 115 (1933). This rule applies to the marital deduction.

The parties dispute whether section 7491(a)(1) applies to

shift the burden of proof to respondent. However, we need not

decide whether decedent’s estate has satisfied the requirements

under section 7491(a)(2) to shift the burden of proof to

respondent because no factual issue affects the outcome of this

case.

III. Utah Apportionment Law

State law governs the manner in which estate taxes are

apportioned to the assets included in a decedent’s gross estate. 
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Riggs v. Del Drago, 317 U.S. 95, 98 (1942); Estate of Sawyer v.

Commissioner, 73 T.C. 1, 3 (1979). In this case Utah law governs

the apportionment of the estate’s taxes.

Utah Code Ann. sec. 75-3-916 (1993) provides, in pertinent

part:

(1) As used in this section:

 * * * * * * *

(d) “Person interested in the estate” means any

person, including a personal representative,

conservator, guardian, or trustee entitled to receive,

or who has received, from a decedent while alive or by

reason of the death of a decedent any property or

interest in property included in the decedent’s taxable

estate.

(2) Unless otherwise provided in the will or other

dispositive instrument, the [estate] tax shall be

apportioned among all persons interested in the estate. 

The apportionment shall be made in the proportion that

the value of the interest of each person interested in

the estate bears to the total value of the interests of

all persons interested in the estate. The values used

in determining the tax shall be used for that purpose. 

If the decedent’s will or other dispositive instrument

directs a method of apportionment of tax different from

the method described in this code, the method described

in the will or other dispositive instrument controls. 

[Emphasis added.]

The apportionment described in this statute is referred to as

“equitable apportionment”. Equitable apportionment is a rule

that estate taxes should be charged only to the property that

generates or creates the tax liability. Estate of Brunetti v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-517. Most State estate tax

apportionment statutes provide that this or a similar rule
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3The equitable apportionment statutes were added when Utah

adopted the Uniform Probate Code in 1975. Accordingly, cases

decided before that time, such as Thayn v. United States, 386 F.

Supp. 245 (D. Utah 1974), are not controlling.

applies unless a contrary intent is clearly expressed in the

testator’s will or other documents. Id. Accordingly, the issue

we must decide is whether the will and the restated trust

agreement direct a method of apportioning the estate taxes that

is different from the method prescribed in the Utah code.3

IV. Analysis

Respondent argues that the equitable apportionment statute

does not apply because paragraph 5 of decedent’s restated trust

agreement clearly directs that the residue of the trust estate

described in paragraph 6.B. of the restated trust agreement,

which was created solely for the benefit of Ms. McCoy, should

bear the burden of the estate taxes. Respondent argues that

there is no ambiguity to be resolved using Utah law.

While it is possible that the residue discussed in paragraph

5 of the restated trust agreement refers to the residue discussed

in paragraph 6.B. of the restated trust agreement, we find that

it is at least as likely that it refers to the residue of

decedent’s estate described in article 3.1 of the will, which

includes all of the property passing by the will except for

personal property specifically given to decedent’s wife. The

fact that the payments referred to in paragraph 5 of the restated
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trust agreement were intended to be made before the rest of the

estate was divided according to paragraph 6 of the restated trust

agreement supports this construction. However, the fact that

decedent uses the term “residue” in both article 3.1 of the will

and paragraph 6.B. of the restated trust agreement creates an

ambiguity that cannot be resolved by looking at these provisions

alone.

Furthermore, it is not clear whether decedent intended these

provisions to govern the allocation of the taxes at all or

whether he merely intended them to be the source of the estate

tax payments. The restated trust agreement states that “The

Trustee shall pay from the residue of the trust estate prior to

any distributions provided for herein , * * * all estate taxes,

if any, attributable to Settlor’s entire taxable estate.”

(Emphasis added.) While decedent may have intended the word

“from” to indicate that the taxes were to be both charged to and

paid out of the residue, this intention is not as clear as the

statement in the original trust agreement that “If the settlor is

survived by his wife, payments under this section shall be

charged to the Nonmarital Share”. The restated trust agreement

provides no similar clear guidance as to whether the residue of

the restated trust agreement (whether the residue described in

the will or in paragraph 6.B. of the restated trust agreement) is

also to bear the burden of the estate tax. While it is possible
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that, as respondent argues, decedent intended for the residue of

the trust estate to both be the source of the estate tax payment

and bear the burden of the estate tax, we find that this intent

is not clear.

The Utah Supreme Court, in In re Estate of Huffaker, 641

P.2d 120, 121 (Utah 1982), directed:

there is a strong policy in favor of the equitable

allocation of the tax burden provided in the statute

prescribing apportionment, and that a direction to the

contrary in a will or other dispositive instrument must

be expressed in terms that are specific, clear, and not

susceptible of reasonable contrary interpretation.

In support of this statement the Utah Supreme Court cited, and

therefore implicitly approved of, cases from a number of other

States where the rule is that if there is any ambiguity as to how

the estate taxes are to be apportioned, the ambiguity should be

resolved in favor of apportionment. Bolstad v. Wells Fargo Bank

Am. Trust Co. (In re Estate of Armstrong), 366 P.2d 490, 494

(Cal. 1961) (“But running through the cases generally is the

thought that apportionment of the taxes is the general rule to

which exception is to be made only when there is a clear an

unambiguous direction to the contrary. Ambiguities are to be

resolved in favor of apportionment.”); Jackson v. Hubbard (Estate

of Carley), 153 Cal. Rptr. 528, 531 (Ct. App. 1979) (finding

unanimous agreement in the courts that equitable apportionment

applies unless “there is a clear and unambiguous direction to the

contrary either in the will or the trust agreement, and * * * any
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ambiguity appearing in the instrument must be resolved in favor

of apportionment”); New York Trust Co. v. Doubleday, 128 A.2d 192

(Conn. 1956) (discussed below); Hunter v. Manhan, 580 P.2d 474

(Nev. 1978) (applying proration in the absence of a clause

prohibiting it); In re Estate of Erieg, 267 A.2d 841 (Pa. 1970)

(discussed below); Zerbe v. Eggleston (In re Estate of Hilliar),

498 P.2d 1237, 1239 (Wyo. 1972) (“a directive against

apportionment should be expressed in clear and unambiguous

language.”); see also Hamilton v. Hamilton, 869 P.2d 971, 978

(Utah Ct. App. 1994) (quoting In re Estate of Huffaker, supra at

121, and stating that equitable apportionment will not apply

“only if there is specific and clear language in * * * [the

testator’s] will directing that the tax burden should be

otherwise divided.”).

We particularly note that the Utah Supreme Court cited New

York Trust Co. v. Doubleday, supra at 192, which presents a

situation very similar to ours. In that case the testator’s will

made certain legacies to his widow and other persons and then

left his remaining assets in a residuary estate. Id. at 193. 

The residuary estate was to be divided into five parts, one part

to go to the testator’s widow and the other four to go to his

children and grandchildren. Id. The last paragraph of article

twelfth of the will provided:

“I direct my executors to pay from my residuary estate

all estate, inheritance, transfer, succession and other
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death taxes or other taxes in the general nature

thereof which may be payable with respect to any

property included in my gross taxable estate * * *”

Id. The parties agreed that under this clause all estate and

succession taxes were payable from the residuary estate,

including taxes on the specific legacies not included in the

residuary estate. However, the parties disputed how the actual

Federal estate tax should be borne within the residuary estate. 

Id. 

The children argued that the ninth article of the will

governed not only payment of the taxes but also how they should

be borne. They argued that the beneficiaries of each of the five

parts should bear one-fifth of the total tax, including the

widow, despite the fact that the widow’s share was exempt from

Federal estate tax. Id. at 196. The widow argued that

Connecticut’s proration statute applied. Like the Utah statute,

it provides that in the absence of a directive in the will to the

contrary, Federal and State estate taxes are equitably prorated

among the beneficiaries in proportion to the values of their

gifts, except that those whose legacies do not create or add to

the tax burden are not required to bear it. Id. at 196-197

(citing Jerome v. Jerome, 93 A.2d 139, 142 (Conn. 1952)).

The court found that the ninth article of the will only

directed the payment of the taxes and did not settle the question

of whether the residuary beneficiaries should bear the taxes
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equally or whether proration should apply: “The directive in the

will that all estate taxes be paid from the residue is not a

directive against the prorating of estate taxes among residuary

gifts.” New York Trust Co. v. Doubleday, supra at 196. The

court found that some doubt existed as to the testator’s

intention and the testator failed to speak clearly on the

question of proration. Id. Accordingly, the court found that

the will did not override the usual proration rule and that the

four nonmarital shares were required to bear all of the estate

tax burden. Id. at 196-197.

Similarly, in In re Estate of Erieg, supra at 842, also

cited with approval by the Utah Supreme Court, the testator left

all of his tangible personal property to his wife, then gave 67

percent of the residue of his estate to his widow and the

remaining 33 percent to his niece. The testator included a

clause that stated: “All taxes and interest and penalties

thereon payable by reason of my death with respect to property

comprising my gross taxable estate, whether or not passing under

this Will, shall be paid from my residuary estate.” Id. The

parties disagreed as to whether this meant that the widow and the

niece should each bear a portion of the estate taxes or whether

Pennsylvania’s proration statute, similar to Connecticut’s

proration statute and Utah’s equitable apportionment statute,

should apply. Id. at 843. The court agreed with the executor
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that the tax payment clause cited above did not trump the usual

proration rules:

We do not find that the directive in ITEM IV that

“[a]ll taxes * * * shall be paid from my residuary

estate,” provides the explicit expression of a contrary

intent necessary to render the statutory presumption

inapplicable. Both the executor’s and Jane Laher’s

[the niece] proposed methods of distribution would be

consistent with the direction that all taxes be paid

from the residue. The question in this case is not

whether the taxes are to be deducted from the residue,

but from whose share of the residue they should be

taken. And ITEM IV can hardly be said to contain any

guidance on this point.

Id. at 845.

Like the testators in these cases, decedent specified that

the residue was to be the source of the payment of the estate

taxes but failed to specify how the taxes were to be apportioned

between the beneficiaries of the residue. Furthermore, decedent

did not even clearly define what he meant by “residue”. 

Respondent argues that the wording of the restated trust

agreement is similar to that found in cases such as Estate of

Fine v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 1068 (1988), affd. without

published opinion 885 F.2d 879 (11th Cir. 1989), Estate of Miller

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-416, affd. without published

opinion 209 F.3d 720 (5th Cir. 2000), Estate of Lewis v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-168, and Estate of Lurie v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-19, affd. 425 F.3d 1021 (7th Cir.

2005), in which we found that equitable apportionment did not

apply because the testators’ wills unambiguously overrode the
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apportionment rules of those States (Virginia, Texas, New

Hampshire, and Illinois, respectively). In Estate of Fine v.

Commissioner, supra at 1070, 1074-1076, the Court found that the

testator specifically directed that the Virginia apportionment

statute would not apply because the testator’s will specifically

stated: “‘all such taxes [including estate taxes] are to be paid

out of the residuary estate without apportionment’.” (Emphasis

added.) Similarly, in Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, supra,

the testator’s will stated: “‘[estate taxes] shall be borne by

my residuary estate. Such payment shall be made as an expense of

administration without apportionment and without contribution or

reimbursement from anyone whomsoever’”. (Emphasis added.)

Also similarly, in Estate of Lewis v. Commissioner, supra, the

testator’s will stated: “estate taxes * * * shall be paid out of

the residue of my estate without apportionment and with no right

of reimbursement from any recipient of any such property’”.

(Emphasis added.)

In Estate of Lurie v. Commissioner, supra, the Court found

that Illinois equitable apportionment law did not apply and the

testator intended for estate taxes to be paid from the residuary

probate estate or a revocable trust (which would benefit the

surviving spouse) but not from other “notice” trusts (which would

benefit other beneficiaries). The testator’s will provided that

estate taxes were to be paid from the testator’s residuary
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estate. If the testator’s estate was insufficient, the revocable

trust instrument provided that the taxes should be “charged”

against the principal of the trust and that such payments should

be made “without reimbursement from the Grantor’s Executor or

Administrator, from any beneficiary of insurance upon the

Grantor’s life, or from any other person”. 

We find that the facts of the case before us more closely

resemble the facts set forth in New York Trust Co. v. Doubleday,

128 A.2d 192 (Conn. 1956), and In re Estate of Erieg, 267 A.2d

841 (Pa. 1970). Neither the will nor the restated trust

agreement contains the “without apportionment” language that the

Court found significant in the first three cases that respondent

cited. Furthermore, neither the will nor the restated trust

agreement specify whether the estate taxes should be “borne by”

or “charged against” the residue (whichever residue that may be),

or whether the residue should merely be the source of payment,

potentially entitled to reimbursement from the other

beneficiaries. 

While the testator’s trust agreement in Estate of Lurie v.

Commissioner, supra, did not clearly specify whether

apportionment should apply, the Court found that such a specific

direction was not necessary to opt out of Illinois equitable

apportionment law because the Illinois apportionment law applies

only “if the decedent provided no direction * * * about payment
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4The parties dispute whether we should consider extrinsic

evidence. Respondent argues that extrinsic evidence is not

necessary because the will and the restated trust agreement

unambiguously provide that the estate taxes are to be borne by

Ms. McCoy’s share of the estate. The estate argues that under

Utah law extrinsic evidence is admissible to show that a

(continued...)

of Federal estate tax”. Id. (emphasis added) (citing Fleming v.

Gowling (In re Estate of Gowling), 411 N.E.2d 266, 269 (Ill.

1980), and Roe v. Estate of Farrell, 372 N.E.2d 662, 665 (Ill.

1978)). By contrast, given the Utah Supreme Court’s approval of

New York Trust Co. and In re Estate of Erieg, under Utah law a

payment clause alone does not meet the standard set out in In re

Estate of Huffaker, 641 P.2d at 121, that a direction to opt out

of Utah’s equitable apportionment statute “must be expressed in

terms that are specific, clear, and not susceptible of reasonable

contrary interpretation.” See also Estate of Brunetti v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-517 (applying the California

equitable apportionment statute even though the testator’s will

provided that estate taxes were to be paid out of the residue of

the testator’s estate “without apportionment” because of the

strong presumption that equitable apportionment applies absent a

clear and unambiguous direction to the contrary). Because the

restated trust agreement does not specify how the estate taxes

should be apportioned and does not specify which residue those

taxes should be paid from, we find that equitable apportionment

applies.4
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4(...continued)

provision in a document is ambiguous. See Gillmor v. Macey, 121

P.3d 57, 70 (Utah Ct. App. 2005). We need not address these

arguments because we find the will and the restated trust

agreement fail on their face to direct the apportionment of

estate taxes, and the little extrinsic evidence that is available

supports our conclusion that decedent did not intend to direct

the apportionment of estate taxes in his testamentary documents. 

The facts that (1) Ms. Henry was not experienced in the area of

estate tax planning, (2) decedent had no background in estate tax

planning, (3) decedent had difficulty communicating with and

understanding others, and (4) decedent generally tried to

minimize the taxes he paid but did not discuss tax matters with

his wife when discussing estate planning, all indicate that

decedent most likely gave no consideration to which portion of

his estate would bear the burden of the estate taxes under the

restated trust agreement. If he had been aware of the issue, it

appears he most likely would have directed the apportionment of

the estate taxes as he did in the original trust agreement.

Accordingly, we need not address the parties’ alternative

arguments.

On the basis of the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.