J-A16021-16

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ELIZABETH GARSTECKI, AS 

ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF 

RHODA BALDWIN, DECEASED

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellant

v.

ASTER ASSEFA, M.D.; ASTER ASSEFA, 

M.D., P.C.; AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 

SERVICES, INC., D/B/A DIAMOND 

PHARMACY

Appellees No. 1222 WDA 2015

Appeal from the Judgment Entered August 3, 2015

In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County

Civil Division at No(s): 4251 of 2012

BEFORE: SHOGAN, OLSON and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 17, 2016

Appellant, Elizabeth Garstecki, as administratrix of the estate of Rhoda 

Baldwin, deceased, appeals from the judgment entered on August 3, 2015. 

We affirm. 

On July 11, 2012, Appellant filed a complaint naming, as defendants, 

Aster Assefa, M.D., Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C., and Medical Laboratory Service,

Inc., d/b/a Diamond Pharmacy (hereinafter collectively “Defendants”). The 

complaint raised wrongful death and survival claims and, in the complaint, 

Appellant averred the following.

In 2001, defendant Dr. Aster Assefa (hereinafter “Dr. Assefa”) became 

the primary care physician of Rhoda Baldwin (hereinafter “Ms. Baldwin”). At 
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the time, Ms. Baldwin “was in a general state of good health with mild 

mental retardation.” Appellant’s Complaint, 7/11/12, at ¶¶ 7-8.

In 2009, Ms. Baldwin “was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy, a 

condition that required [her] to be treated with [warfarin], also known as 

Coumadin, to decrease the risk of developing ischemic stroke.” Id. at ¶ 9. 

As Appellant averred, following the diagnosis, Dr. Assefa prescribed Ms. 

Baldwin Coumadin and managed the international normalized ratio (“INR”) 

levels of Ms. Baldwin’s blood, in an attempt to safely provide Ms. Baldwin 

with a therapeutic level of the drug. See id. at ¶¶ 10-11. Appellant 

averred:

13. On August 12, 2010, [Ms. Baldwin’s prothrombin time 

(“PT”) and INR] were still below the therapeutic level.

14. In response, [Dr. Assefa] changed [Ms. Baldwin’s] 

Coumadin dosing to 10 mg on Monday, Tuesday, 

Wednesday and Friday and 7.5 mg on all other days of the 

week. The total weekly dose of Coumadin intended was 

62.5 mg.

15. This prescription change, if communicated to [Ms. 

Baldwin,] took place by means of a telephone conversation.

16. On August 17, 2010, [Dr. Assefa] wrote a prescription 

as: “Warfarin Sodium 7.5 mg tablet. Take one tablet by 

mouth as directed. Refills 5. Quantity 30.”

17. On August 17, 2010, [Dr. Assefa] wrote a second 

prescription as: “Warfarin Sodium 10 mg tablet. Take one 

tablet every day as directed. Refills 5. Quantity 30.”

18. [Ms. Baldwin] presented these prescriptions to 

[defendant Diamond Pharmacy,] which filled the 

prescriptions and labeled the bottles as:
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a) “Warfarin Sodium 7.5 mg tablets. Take one tablet by 

mouth as directed[]”; and

b) “Warfarin Sodium 10 mg tablets. Take one tablet 

every day as directed.”

19. [Ms. Baldwin] followed the instructions on the pill 

bottles and took 7.5 mg tablets on Thursday, Saturday and 

Sunday and 10 mg tablets every day.

20. The total weekly Coumadin dose taken by [Ms. 

Baldwin,] who was following the pill bottle instructions[,] 

was 92.5 mg.

Id. at ¶¶ 13-20.

Appellant averred that, on August 26, 2010, Ms. Baldwin visited with 

Dr. Assefa “in order to obtain pre-operative clearance for cataract surgery.” 

Id. at ¶ 21. During this visit, Dr. Assefa “did not address [or] discuss [Ms. 

Baldwin’s] anticoagulation” and Dr. Assefa did not order an INR test. Id. at 

¶¶ 22-23.

As Appellant averred, on September 1, 2010, Ms. Baldwin “awoke 

screaming in pain and speaking incoherently.” Id. at ¶ 24. Ms. Baldwin was 

then taken to the hospital, where she was diagnosed with a “diffuse 

hemorrhage throughout the midbrain, anterior pons and right cerebellar 

peduncle” and with an INR that was “extremely elevated at 7.3.” Id. at 

¶¶ 25-26. That day, Ms. Baldwin died from “an intracranial hemorrhage 

caused by excessive Coumadin overdose.” Id. at ¶ 27.

Within Appellant’s complaint, Appellant claimed (among other things) 

that Dr. Assefa was negligent in “writing a prescription order that was 
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wrong, confusing and misleading” and “writing a prescription order that 

prescribed and caused an overdose of medication.” Id. at ¶ 33(j) and (k).

Prior to trial, Appellant filed two motions in limine, wherein Appellant 

sought to preclude evidence that, prior to August 17, 2010, Ms. Baldwin had 

been non-compliant with her prescription medication instructions. See

Appellant’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Character Evidence of Rhonda 

Baldwin’s Past Failure to Follow Prescription Instructions, 2/20/15, at 1-3; 

Appellant’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Expert Reports of Dr. Chris T. 

O’Donnell and Dr. Anthony F. Pizon, 2/20/15, at 1-5. According to 

Appellant, such evidence was inadmissible under Pennsylvania Rule of 

Evidence 404(a)(1), as the evidence was only relevant to prove that Ms. 

Baldwin’s “past failure to follow prescription instructions [demonstrated that] 

she would have acted in the same manner when being prescribed 

[Coumadin] during this incident.” Appellant’s Motion in Limine to Exclude 

Character Evidence of Rhonda Baldwin’s Past Failure to Follow Prescription 

Instructions, 2/20/15, at 2. Thus, Appellant claimed, “any evidence of Ms. 

Baldwin’s past failure to follow prescription instructions is inadmissible to 

prove she would have acted in accordance with this character trait during 

the time at issue, which includes proving her comparative negligence.” Id.

at 3.

On May 11, 2015, the trial court denied Appellant’s motions in limine 

and the parties proceeded to trial. During trial, Appellant put forth evidence 

that “Dr. Assefa and her office fell below th[e] standard of care in issuing the 
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wrong [Coumadin] prescription, in not clarifying for [Ms. Baldwin] exactly 

what she wanted [Ms. Baldwin] to take when she changed [Ms. Baldwin’s] 

prescription and then in not following up with [Ms. Baldwin] when [Ms. 

Baldwin] came back in when she had the chance to find her mistake and see 

what was going on with the patient and monitor her correctly.” See N.T. 

Trial, 5/12/15, at 20.1 With respect to these issues, Appellant presented the 

testimony of Dr. Robert L. Perkel, whom the trial court accepted as an 

expert in the field of family practice medicine. Id. at 99. Initially, Dr. Perkel 

testified regarding: the effects of Coumadin; Ms. Baldwin’s atrial fibrillation 

and her need for Coumadin; the proper therapeutic level of the drug; and, 

the dangers inherent in taking Coumadin. As Dr. Perkel testified:

Coumadin or warfarin is, simply put, a blood thinner. If you 

cut yourself [on] your arm, [] the higher the dose of 

Coumadin you’re taking and the higher the INR, the more 

difficult it is to stop the bleeding. In simple parlance, it is a 

blood thinner.

. . .

It’s a blood thinner. It stops the blood from clotting at 

some level. And while if you don’t have an underlying 

medical problem, it’s not a good idea to have your blood too 

thin. If you do happen to have a particular type of medical 

problem, you reduce the chances of that underlying medical 

____________________________________________

1 During Appellant’s case in chief, Appellant presented no evidence that 

defendant Diamond Pharmacy was negligent. Further, after the evidentiary 

portion of the trial concluded (and over the objections of defendants Dr. 

Assefa and Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C.), the trial court granted a directed 

verdict in favor of defendant Diamond Pharmacy. N.T. Trial, 5/14/15, at 

578-582.
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problem causing major league trouble if you take Coumadin 

at an appropriate dose and have your blood thinned to the 

appropriate level. 

. . .

. . . [Ms. Baldwin] had atrial fibrillation and irregular 

heartbeat. . . . [T]here’s no rhyme or reason for an 

irregular heartbeat. So, why is that bad? Because if you 

have an irregular heartbeat and it’s not regularly irregular . 

. . [i]t sets up currents in the heart.

The heart, after all, is a cavity that has blood, liquid, and 

you’re supposed to have smooth laminar flow through the 

heart. But when you set up funny currents, called eddy 

currents, it’s like looking in a stream of a whirlpool. [It] 

gets pooled and that can cause the blood to clot.

When the blood clots on the valves on the inside wall of the 

heart, it forms a clot. And with the disordered regulation of 

the heartbeat, it can flop off the thrombus or clot that 

travels up to the brain through the carotid circulation and 

becomes a sudden stroke. . . . 

So we use blood thinners in order to cut down on the clot or 

the thrombus on the valves and wall in the heart. . . .

In a nutshell, that’s anticoagulation. The art of using 

Coumadin is science and art. You have to be careful. You 

have to be precise. You have to be exact.

. . . You and I, if we’re not taking Coumadin, have an INR 

[of] 1.0, 1.1[,] something like that. For each milligram of 

Coumadin you go up, the INR goes up. . . . [W]ith . . . 

atrial fibrillation of the heart, we’re aiming for a thinning 

amount of 2.0 to 3.0.

. . .

[K]eep in mind that 2.0 to 3.0 is our goal. Below 2.0 

there’s an increase[d] chance of the patient forming clots. 

Clots are not good. Greater than 3.0 there is an increase[d] 

chance of bleeding. Bleeding is not good. 
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So it’s a balancing act between giving enough Coumadin to 

get them over 2.0 but yet not too much Coumadin to get 

them up above 3.0.

And I guess the last piece I would say here in an 

introduction to blood clotting is that it’s clear, the scientific 

evidence is clear that bleeding risk goes up as the INR goes 

up. And the magic number to keep in mind is about an INR 

of 4.5. . . . 4.5 [is] a kind of magic number where serious 

and severe bleeding starts to increase dramatically, keep in 

mind that at the time of her hospitalization with the stroke 

on September 1st, [Ms.] Baldwin [had] a measured INR of 

7.3. That is dangerous territory for bleeding.

Id. at 101-106.

Dr. Perkel also testified regarding the “art and science” of prescribing 

Coumadin and achieving, in the patient, a therapeutic and safe INR of 

between 2.0 and 3.0: 

So, in this case, the correct diagnosis was offered of atrial 

fibrillation and cardiomyopathy. And cardiologists in the 

hospitalization assumed the INR monitoring, appropriately 

started the patient on Coumadin to achieve an INR of 2.0 to 

3.0.

. . . Now the hard part is actually how do you dose [the 

Coumadin], how do you do it?

You start at low Coumadin doses like was done in this case, 

3 milligrams a day, 5 milligrams a day[,] whatever. Then 

you bring the patient back at frequent intervals. Usually 

when you start Coumadin, twice a week. You measure the 

INR. You get the INR back. You adjust the Coumadin dose. 

You bring – if you’re therapeutic at 2.0 to 3.0, if you’re 

subtherapeutic, below 2.0 as was the case here early on, 

1.0, 1.1, you bring the patient back. You increase the 

Coumadin dose. We usually start by increasing about 10 to 

15 percent the weekly dose.
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You add up all the doses over seven days, you get a 

number. You take ten percent of that number and you 

increase one or two of the daily doses in order to get a ten 

percent rise in the weekly dose. You measure the INR once 

or twice a week or once a week until you reach a 

therapeutic INR of 2.0 to 3.0.

So you keep doing that, you keep responding, going up and 

up slowly and carefully because you don’t want to get them 

too much Coumadin. Because remember, you’re on the 

bleeding end of the problem. And if you don’t give enough 

Coumadin, you’re on the clotting end of the problem.

So it is an art based in science on that magic number of 

about ten percent. As long as the INR isn’t too low or if the 

INR isn’t too high, you can decrease by ten percent if you’re 

a bit over. You keep doing that until you reach a 

therapeutic level of between 2.0 and 3.0.

And then what most people like to do is get about weekly or 

every other week INR for the next couple of blood draws 

until you see that the patient is kind of in a steady state 

with keeping that INR therapeutic, between 2.0 and 3.0, 

and then you can drop down to safely doing INRs once a 

month.

Id. at 106-109.

As Dr. Perkel testified, Ms. Baldwin began taking Coumadin in January 

2010 and, from January 2010 until August 2010, Dr. Assefa managed Ms. 

Baldwin’s Coumadin dose and INR appropriately. Id. at 118. Specifically, 

Dr. Perkel testified, since Ms. Baldwin’s INR was subtherapeutic during the 

period from January to August 2010, Dr. Assefa properly (and gradually) 

increased Ms. Baldwin’s Coumadin dose from 21 milligrams per week to, 

eventually, 57.5 milligrams per week. Id. at 116-121. 

Dr. Perkel testified that, on August 9, 2010, Ms. Baldwin came in to 

Dr. Assefa’s office for another appointment and Dr. Assefa ordered that Ms. 
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Baldwin take another blood test to discern her INR level. Ms. Baldwin did so 

and, on August 12, 2010, it was revealed that Ms. Baldwin’s INR was 1.6 –

and, thus, still subtherapeutic. Id. at 127. Therefore, Dr. Perkel testified, a 

medical assistant at Dr. Assefa’s office telephoned either Ms. Baldwin or Ms. 

Baldwin’s husband and told the person, over the telephone, that Dr. Assefa 

was prescribing an increase in Ms. Baldwin’s Coumadin dose, from 57.5 

milligrams weekly to 60 milligrams weekly. Id. at 128-129. Dr. Perkel 

testified that this four percent increase in Ms. Baldwin’s Coumadin dose was 

“conservative” and within the standard of care. Id. at 128 and 130.

However, Dr. Perkel testified, Dr. Assefa violated her standard of care 

on August 17, 2010. As Dr. Perkel testified, on this date, Dr. Assefa gave a 

written Coumadin prescription to Ms. Baldwin’s husband – with the apparent 

intention of repeating the “dose adjustment that was made by telephone on 

August 12th.” Id. at 130. Although Dr. Perkel acknowledged that he “never 

[saw] those written prescriptions,” Dr. Perkel testified:

the way [the prescription] was written by the pharmacist, 

interpreted by the pharmacist, taking it from the written 

prescription from Dr. Assefa, was now written as 7.5 

milligram [Coumadin] tablets . . . taken by mouth as 

directed. And the second prescription was [Coumadin] 10 

milligram tablets, one tablet taken every day as directed.

. . .

Does that mean the same 7.5 that she had been taking 

Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, in the form 

of one and a half five milligram tablets? That’s the way I 

would interpret it. And the way I would interpret 10 

milligram tablet size, it’s written one tablet taken every day 
J-A16021-16

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as directed means you now take a 10 milligram tablet every 

day.

If you look at that prescription, the way it was written and 

the way I think it’s fair to interpret it, the math is going 

from 60 milligrams a week, which is what the telephone 

instructions were [on August 12, 2010], to a whopping 100 

milligrams per week based on a fair interpretation of the 

way those labels read.

This is a lady who has an INR of 1.6. Not quite therapeutic. 

That represents a 67 percent increase in the weekly 

Coumadin dosing if you give it the most conservative 

interpretation of how that label was to be read.

If, on the other hand, the patient reads the label as 7.5 

milligrams taken as directed to mean that you’re also 

supposed to take 7.5 milligrams every day, in addition to 10 

milligrams every day, . . . that gets us to 122.5 milligrams 

per week up from 60. That represents a 104 percent 

increase in Coumadin.

I know that’s not what Dr. Assefa intended. No doctor in 

their right mind would write for either a 67 percent increase 

per week or a 104 percent increase per week when you 

have a patient already taking Coumadin who got an INR of 

1.6. No right thinking doctor would do that. . . . But sadly, 

in my estimate, that is a fair reading of the way the label 

got produced taken from the written prescription, because I 

don’t think it’s likely that the written prescription was as 

precise as it needed to be about stating . . . one 10 

milligram tablet Monday, Wednesday and Friday and one 

7.5 milligram tablet Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday and 

Sunday.

Id. at 131-133.

Moreover, Dr. Perkel testified that Dr. Assefa violated the standard of 

care on August 18, 2010. On that date, pharmacist Andrea Billey, of 

Diamond Pharmacy, telephoned Dr. Assefa’s office to ensure that Ms. 

Baldwin’s written prescription was correct. Id. at 58. After speaking to a 
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“Lisa” at Dr. Assefa’s office, Ms. Billey testified that she “clarified” that the 

written prescription was correct – and Ms. Billey then dispensed the 

Coumadin to the Baldwins, with the written instructions: “Warfarin Sodium 

7.5 mg tablets. Take one tablet by mouth as directed[]” and “Warfarin 

Sodium 10 mg tablets. Take one tablet every day as directed.” Id. 58-59 

and 72.

Finally, Dr. Perkel testified that Dr. Assefa violated the standard of 

care on August 26, 2010 – when Dr. Assefa provided Ms. Baldwin with 

medical clearance to receive cataract surgery. According to Dr. Perkel, Dr. 

Assefa should not have medically cleared Ms. Baldwin for this elective 

surgery without first testing for and knowing Ms. Baldwin’s current INR. Id.

at 142-145.

During Defendants’ case in chief, Defendants presented evidence that 

Ms. Baldwin had a history of poor compliance with taking her prescription 

medications, including her prior Coumadin prescriptions. Defendants used 

this history of poor compliance to first demonstrate that, even if Dr. Assefa 

was negligent in writing the August 17, 2010 prescription and in 

communicating with the pharmacy on August 18, 2010, the negligence did 

not cause Ms. Baldwin’s harm because a variety of things could have caused 

Ms. Baldwin’s INR level to spike and Ms. Baldwin’s “poor medical compliance 

makes predicting the exact warfarin dose prior to her death virtually 

impossible.” N.T. Trial, 5/13/15, at 361-362 and 368. Indeed, Defendants 

presented the expert medical testimony of Dr. Anthony Pizon and Dr. Pizon 
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testified that, because of Ms. Baldwin’s history of poor compliance with 

taking her prescribed Coumadin doses, Ms. Baldwin’s INR could have spiked 

to 7.3, even if Ms. Baldwin was taking the 60 milligrams of Coumadin per 

week that Dr. Assefa orally prescribed on August 12, 2010 – and that 

Appellant’s own expert testified was a dosage that fell within the standard of 

care. Id. at 348-349; N.T. Trial, 5/12/15, at 128 and 130. 

Further, Defendants used Ms. Baldwin’s history of non-compliance to 

demonstrate that Ms. Baldwin was contributorily negligent in causing her 

harm. With respect to this point, Defendants presented the expert 

testimony of Dr. Christopher O’Donnell. Dr. O’Donnell testified that Ms. 

Baldwin’s history of failing to take her prescribed doses of Coumadin placed 

her “at risk of complications either from undertreatment or overtreatment,” 

which, Dr. O’Donnell testified, is especially dangerous when dealing with 

Coumadin because it “is so important to [achieve] a proper dose” of the 

drug. N.T. Trial, 5/14/15, at 453-454.

In addition, Dr. O’Donnell specifically testified that, in his opinion: 

“Dr. Assefa managed the Coumadin therapy to the best of her ability given 

the circumstances of the case;” Dr. Assefa was not negligent “in any aspect 

of her treatment;” and, Dr. Assefa could not have done anything that would 

have prevented Ms. Baldwin’s death. Id. at 448 and 468. 
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After the evidence was presented, the parties proceeded to a charging 

conference where Dr. Assefa and Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C. requested a 

comparative negligence instruction.2 Id. at 589. The trial court granted the 

request over Appellant’s objection and, during the jury charge, the trial court 

instructed the jury on comparative negligence. Id. at 589-591 and 648. 

The trial court then submitted to the jury a general verdict slip with 

special findings. The verdict slip read:

VERDICT SLIP

Question 1:

Was Dr. Assefa/Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C., negligent?

Yes ____ No ____

If you answered Question 1 “Yes”, proceed to 

Question 2.

If you answered Question 1 “No”, Plaintiff cannot 

recover and you should not answer any further questions. 

Tell the court officer you have reached a verdict.

Question 2:

Was the negligence of Dr. Assefa/Aster Assefa, M.D., 

P.C., a factual cause of any harm to the Plaintiff?

Yes ____ No ____

If you answered Question 2 “Yes”, proceed to 

Question 3.

____________________________________________

2 Again, after the evidentiary portion of the trial concluded, the trial court 

granted a directed verdict in favor of defendant Diamond Pharmacy. N.T. 

Trial, 5/14/15, at 578-582.
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If you answered Question 2 “No”, Plaintiff cannot 

recover and you should not answer any further questions. 

Tell the court officer you have reached a verdict.

Question 3:

Was Rhoda Baldwin negligent?

Yes ____ No ____

If you answer Question 3 “Yes,” go to Question 4.

If you answer Question 3 “No,” go to Question 6.

Question 4:

Was Rhoda Baldwin’s [sic] a factual cause of any harm 

to her?

Yes ____ No ____

If you answered Question 4 “YES,”[] proceed to 

Question 5[.]

If you answered Question 4[] “NO,” proceed to 

Question 6[.]

Question 5:

Taking the combined negligence that was a factual 

cause of any harm to Rhoda Baldwin as 100 percent, what 

percentage of that negligence do you attribute to each 

party?

Dr. Assefa/Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C. ______%

Rhoda Baldwin ______%

Question 6:

State the amount of damages sustained by the plaintiff 

for:

Survival Action: $_______

Wrongful Death Action: $_______

Verdict Slip, dated 5/14/15, at 1-2.
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On May 14, 2015, the jury arrived at its verdict. In open court, the 

jury announced “no” to “Question number [one], was Dr. Assefa slash Aster 

Assefa, M.D., P.C. negligent?” N.T. Trial, 5/14/15, at 673. Moreover, the 

jury’s signed verdict slip reflects the announced verdict: the jury checked 

“No” to “Question 1” and, in accordance with the instructions, did not 

proceed further. See Verdict Slip, dated 5/14/15, at 1-2.

Appellant filed a timely post-trial motion3and, within the motion, 

Appellant claimed that the trial court erred in denying the motions in limine

she filed, wherein she sought to preclude evidence that, prior to August 17, 

2010, Ms. Baldwin had been non-compliant with taking her Coumadin 

medications. Appellant’s Post-Trial Motion, 5/26/15, at 1-3. Specifically, 

Appellant’s post-trial motion declares that the trial court committed error 

because:

The defense was overwhelmingly based upon “character 

evidence” of [Ms. Baldwin]; specifically, that during the 

period from January 1, 2010 until August 17, 2010[, Ms. 

Baldwin] had been noncompliant with taking the exact 

prescribed dose of Coumadin during said period. The 

[d]efense argument was that because [Ms. Baldwin] had 

been non-compliant with earlier Coumadin prescriptions, a 

determination of how much Coumadin was taken 

subsequently was impossible to make. [Appellant] filed a 

motion in limine arguing that said evidence was improperly 

based on character evidence of [Ms. Baldwin] and was 

entirely irrelevant and prejudicial to the issue of whether 

[Ms. Baldwin] was prescribed an excessive dose of 

____________________________________________

3 Appellant filed her post-trial motion on Tuesday, May 26, 2015. The 

motion was timely because Monday, May 25, 2015 was Memorial Day. 
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Coumadin on August 17, 2010, and whether [Ms. Baldwin] 

had an excessive amount of Coumadin in her blood at the 

time of her stroke on September 1, 2010. Said motion was 

denied and substantial evidence was offered based upon 

[Ms. Baldwin’s] character of failing to take the prescribed 

dose during periods of time before the erroneous 

prescription was made.

The defense experts including Dr. Pizon, a toxicologist, 

based his entire opinion on character evidence of [Ms. 

Baldwin]. Specifically[,] Dr. Pizon testified that it was 

impossible to know how much Coumadin was in [Ms. 

Baldwin’s] system despite an INR reading that was critically 

high, because [Ms. Baldwin] had shown a pattern of 

noncompliance prior to August 17, 2010. The same 

opinions were offered by [Appellant’s] other expert Dr. 

O’Donnell who claimed that [Ms. Baldwin’s] noncompliance 

with earlier prescription medications made it impossible to 

determine the amount of Coumadin in her system at the 

time of her fatal hemorrhagic stroke. [Appellant] filed 

motions in limine asking that the testimony of said experts 

be excluded since it was based upon the improper character 

evidence and said motion was denied.

Id. at ¶¶ 5-6.

On May 28, 2015, the trial court issued a scheduling order, declaring 

that Appellant’s brief in support of her post-trial motion must be filed by 

June 16, 2015. Trial Court Order, 5/28/15, at 1. Appellant filed her brief in 

support of her post-trial motion on June 16, 2015. Within Appellant’s brief 

in support, Appellant attempted to raise a claim of error that was not 

contained in her post-trial motion. The new claim of error concerned the 

trial court’s comparative negligence jury charge and declared: “the trial 

court erred in admitting character evidence of Rhoda Baldwin’s 

noncompliance with taking her medications, specifically from January 1, 

2010 through August 17, 2010, and therefore also erred in charging the jury 
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on Rhoda Baldwin’s comparative negligence.” Appellant’s Brief in Support of 

Post-Trial Motion, 6/16/15, at 5.

The trial court denied Appellant’s motion by order entered July 29, 

2015 and, following the August 3, 2015 entry of judgment, Appellant filed a 

timely notice of appeal. 

On appeal, Appellant raises one claim:

Whether the trial court erred in denying [Appellant’s] posttrial motion for a new trial after the trial court admitted 

character evidence of Rhoda Baldwin’s past noncompliance 

with taking her medications, and therefore, erred in 

charging the jury on Rhoda Baldwin’s comparative 

negligence[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 7.4

At the outset, Appellant waived any claim that the trial court “erred in 

charging the jury on Rhoda Baldwin’s comparative negligence,” as Appellant 

failed to include the claim in her post-trial motion. See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b) 

____________________________________________

4 Within the argument section of Appellant’s brief, Appellant lists a second 

claim. The second claim declares: “the evidence of Rhoda Baldwin’s past 

noncompliance does not rise to the level of admissible habit evidence, and it 

cannot be used to show a ‘lack of habit’ in taking medication because a lack 

of habit is equivalent to a character for not taking medication.” Appellant’s 

Brief at 22. Although this specific claim was not contained in Appellant’s 

statement of questions involved on appeal, the claim is essentially subsumed 

within Appellant’s first claim – that the trial court erred in “admit[ting] 

character evidence of Rhoda Baldwin’s past noncompliance with taking her 

medications.” Appellant’s Brief at 7. Therefore, even though we will not 

separately discuss Appellant’s second claim on appeal, the claim is not 

technically waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“[n]o question will be 

considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions involved or is 

fairly suggested thereby”).
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(“post-trial relief may not be granted unless the grounds therefor . . . are 

specified in the motion. Grounds not specified are deemed waived unless 

leave is granted upon cause shown to specify additional grounds”); 

Diamond Reo Truck Co. v. Mid-Pacific Indus., Inc., 806 A.2d 423, 428 

(Pa. Super. 2002) (“[i]f an issue has not been raised in a post-trial motion, it 

is waived for appeal purposes”) (internal quotations and citations omitted). 

Moreover, even though Appellant included the claim in her “brief in support 

of post-trial motion,” a brief is not a motion. Thus, Appellant’s inclusion of 

the claim in her brief did not preserve the claim of error.5 Commonwealth

v. Gravely, 404 A.2d 1296, 1297 (Pa. 1979) (declaring: issues that were 

omitted from the post-verdict motion are waived, even if they were 

contained in the supporting brief and considered by the trial court); Cherry 

v. Willer, 463 A.2d 1082, 1084 (Pa. Super. 1983) (“only issues specifically 

raised in post-verdict motions can be considered and will be preserved for 

appeal, and issues raised only in briefs in support of those motions may not 

be considered”); In re Trust of Bachman, 488 A.2d 27, 29 (Pa. Super. 

1985) (“issues not included in exceptions or petitions will not be preserved 

by virtue of their having been argued in the supporting brief or at oral 

argument”); Siculietano v. K & B Amusements Corp., 915 A.2d 130, 

____________________________________________

5

Further, Appellant filed her brief over one month after the verdict in this 

case. See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(c)(1) (“[p]ost-trial motions shall be filed within 

ten days after . . . verdict”).
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132-133 (Pa. Super. 2006) (even though appellants raised their claim in 

their brief in support of post-trial motion, the claim was waived on appeal 

because appellants failed to specifically raise the claim in their post-trial 

motion). Therefore, the claim is waived.

The only claim that Appellant properly preserved for appeal is her 

claim that the trial court erred in denying her motions in limine and 

“admit[ting] character evidence of Rhoda Baldwin’s past noncompliance with 

taking her medications.” Appellant’s Brief at 7. This claim fails. 

“When reviewing a ruling on a motion in limine, we apply an 

evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of review.” Commonwealth v. 

Parker, 104 A.3d 17, 21 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). 

Admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the 

trial court and a trial court’s rulings on the admission of 

evidence will not be overturned absent an abuse of 

discretion or misapplication of law. An abuse of discretion is 

not merely an error of judgment, but if in reaching a 

conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the 

judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the 

result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will, as shown by 

the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.

To constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must 

not only be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the 

complaining party. . . . A party suffers prejudice when the 

trial court's error could have affected the verdict.

Schuenemann v. Dreemz, LLC, 34 A.3d 94, 100-101 (Pa. Super. 2011) 

(internal quotations and citations omitted); see also B & L Asphalt Indus. 

v. Fusco, 753 A.2d 264, (Pa. Super. 2000) (“[a]n evidentiary ruling which 
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[does] not affect the verdict will not provide a basis for disturbing the factfinder’s judgment”) (internal quotations, citations, and corrections omitted). 

In the case at bar, Appellant’s claim immediately fails because – even 

assuming, arguendo, that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of Ms. 

Baldwin’s past noncompliance with taking her medication – the asserted 

error was harmless. 

Here, “evidence of Rhoda Baldwin’s past noncompliance with taking 

her medications” could only have affected the issues of causation and 

comparative negligence. Yet, the jury in this case specifically found that Dr. 

Assefa and Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C. were not negligent. Thus, as to the 

effect of the challenged evidence on Ms. Baldwin’s comparative negligence, 

the admission of the evidence could not have affected the verdict because,

under Pennsylvania law, “where a jury finds no negligence on the part of a 

defendant, purported error regarding questions of comparative and/or 

contributory negligence are not prejudicial and cannot serve as a basis for 

the award of a new trial.” Boyle v. Indep. Lift Truck, Inc., 6 A.3d 492, 

496 (Pa. 2010) (citations omitted); Whitton v. H.A. Gable Co., 200 A. 644, 

646 (Pa. 1938) (“as the jury found no negligence on the part of appellee the 

question of contributory negligence passes out of the case, and any error in 

the charge in this respect would not have been prejudicial”).

Further, as to the effect of the challenged evidence on the issue of 

causation, again, the jury found that Dr. Assefa and Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C. 

were not negligent. Therefore, as a matter of law, the evidence could not 
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have impacted the jury’s determination regarding whether Dr. Assefa and 

Aster Assefa, M.D., P.C. deviated from the standard of care in the treatment 

of Ms. Baldwin. The asserted error is, thus, harmless. See Parr v. Ford 

Motor Co., 109 A.3d 682, 697 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc) (error in 

admission of causation evidence was harmless as the jury did not reach the 

issue of causation). 

Accordingly, the admission of evidence regarding Ms. Baldwin’s past 

noncompliance with taking her medications did not contribute to the jury’s 

verdict. As any error in admitting the challenged evidence was harmless, 

Appellant is not entitled to relief.

Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/17/2016