Appendix 2

Meteorological Data for HEM-AERMOD Modeling
 

2

DRAFT 

METEOROLOGICAL DATA PROCESSING 

USING AERMET 

FOR 

HEM-AERMOD 

Submitted by: 

MACTEC Federal Programs, Inc. 

5001 S. Miami Blvd., Suite 300 

Durham, NC 27703 

919-941-0333 

July 28, 2006 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

i 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PROJECT BACKGROUND ...............................................................................................1 

METEOROLOGICAL DATA PROCESSING ...................................................................1 

MISSING DATA.................................................................................................................5 

ANEMOMETER HEIGHTS ...............................................................................................6 

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................6 

MODIFICATIONS TO AERMET CODE ..........................................................................7 

RESULTS ............................................................................................................................7 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table

1 SURFACE STATIONS PAIRED WITH UPPER AIR STATION.........................1 

2 UPPER AIR STATIONS WITH MISSING 1200 GMT SOUNDINGS 

 AND STATION USED FOR DATA SUBSTITUTION.........................................5 

3 SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS ..........................................................................7 

4 PERCENT CALM AND MISSING BY STATION ...............................................8 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure

1 SURFACE AND UPPER AIR STATIONS ............................................................4 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

1 

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND 

The AERMOD meteorological processor, AERMET, was used to process one year of 

hourly data from 122 National Weather Service (NWS) surface observation stations 

across the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 

METEOROLOGICAL DATA PROCESSING 

To estimate the boundary layer parameters required by AERMOD, AERMET requires 

hourly surface weather observations and the full (i.e., meteorological variables reported at 

all levels) twice-daily upper air soundings. The surface and upper air stations are paired 

to produce the required input data for AERMOD. 

One of the requirements of the project was to use surface observations prior to the 

introduction of the Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS). Installation and 

operation of ASOS equipment began in 1992; therefore, data for 1991 were processed 

with AERMET. 

A list of 86 previously paired surface and upper air stations was provided to MACTEC. 

On review of these stations, it was determined that data for 1991 for three of the stations 

– Galveston, TX, Houston-Hobby, TX and Boulder, CO – was not available. The 

remaining 83 stations did not provide adequate coverage for the MACT sources to be 

modeled with AERMOD. As a result, an additional 39 surface stations were identified to 

include for processing. These additional surface stations were paired with representative 

upper air stations. A list of the surface and paired upper air stations are in Table 1. 

Data were retrieved from products available from the National Climatic Data Center 

(NCDC). The surface data for 1991 were retrieved from the Hourly United States 

Weather Observation (HUSWO) CD. Upper air soundings were obtained from the 

Radiosonde Data of North America CDs produced by NCDC and the Forecast Systems 

Laboratory (FSL). 

TABLE 1 

SURFACE STATIONS WITH PAIRED UPPER AIR STATION 

SURFACE WBAN LAT LON UPPER AIR WBAN LAT LON 

Paducah, KY 03816 37.07 -88.77 Paducah, KY 03816 37.07 -88.77 

Huntsville, AL 03856 34.65 -86.78 Nashville, TN 13897 36.13 -86.68 

Huntington, WV 03860 38.37 -82.55 Huntington, WV 03860 38.37 -82.55 

Greenville, SC 03870 34.90 -82.22 Athens, GA 13873 33.95 -83.32 

Fort Worth, TX 03927 32.90 -97.02 Stephenville, TX 13901 32.22 -98.18 

Wichita, KS 03928 37.65 -97.45 Topeka, KS 13996 39.07 -95.63 

Lake Charles, LA 03937 30.12 -93.23 Lake Charles, LA 03937 30.12 -93.23 

Jackson, MS 03940 32.32 -90.08 Jackson, MS 03940 32.32 -90.08 

Kansas City, MO 03947 39.30 -94.73 Topeka, KS 13996 39.07 -95.63 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

2 

SURFACE WBAN LAT LON UPPER AIR WBAN LAT LON 

San Juan, PR 11641 18.43 -66.02 San Juan, PR 11641 18.43 -66.00 

Orlando, FL 12815 28.45 -81.32 Tampa, FL 12842 27.70 -82.40 

Gainesville, FL 12816 29.68 -82.27 Waycross, GA 13861 31.25 -82.40 

Tampa, FL 12842 27.97 -82.53 Tampa Bay, FL 12842 27.97 -82.53 

W. Palm Beach, FL 12844 26.68 -80.10 W. Palm Beach, FL 12844 26.68 -80.12 

Victoria, TX 12912 28.85 -96.92 Corpus Christi, TX 12924 29.77 -97.50 

New Orleans, LA 12916 30.00 -90.25 Slidell, LA 53813 30.33 -89.82 

Port Arthur, TX 12917 29.95 -94.02 Lake Charles, LA 03937 30.12 -93.23 

Brownsville, TX 12919 25.90 -97.43 Brownsville, TX 12919 25.90 -97.43 

San Antonio, TX 12921 29.53 -98.47 Del Rio, TX 22010 29.37 -100.92 

Corpus Christi, TX 12924 27.77 -97.52 Corpus Christi, TX 12924 27.77 -97.52 

Houston, TX 12960 29.98 -95.37 Lake Charles, LA 03937 30.12 -93.23 

Raleigh, NC 13722 35.87 -78.78 Greensboro, NC 13723 36.10 -79.95 

Greensboro, NC 13723 36.08 -79.95 Greensboro, NC 13723 36.08 -79.95 

Norfolk, VA 13737 36.90 -76.20 Wallops Island, VA 93739 37.93 -75.47 

Philadelphia, PA 13739 39.87 -75.23 Atlantic City, NJ 93755 39.75 -74.67 

Richmond, VA 13740 37.50 -77.32 Sterling, VA 93734 38.98 -77.47 

Roanoke, VA 13741 37.32 -79.97 Greensboro, NC 13723 36.10 -79.95 

Wilmington, NC 13748 34.27 -77.90 Charleston, SC 13880 32.90 -80.03 

Wilmington, DE 13781 39.67 -75.60 Atlantic City, NJ 93755 39.75 -74.67 

Meridian, MS 13865 32.33 -88.75 Jackson, MS 03940 32.32 -90.08 

Charleston, WV 13866 38.38 -81.58 Huntington, WV 03860 38.37 -82.55 

Atlanta, GA 13874 33.63 -84.45 Athens, GA 13873 33.95 -83.33 

Birmingham, AL 13876 33.57 -86.75 Centerville, AL 03881 32.90 -87.25 

Bristol, TN 13877 36.47 -82.40 Huntington, WV 03860 38.37 -82.55 

Charleston, SC 13880 32.90 -80.03 Charleston, SC 13880 32.90 -80.03 

Charlotte, NC 13881 35.22 -80.93 Greensboro, NC 13723 36.08 -79.95 

Columbia, SC 13883 33.95 -81.12 Athens, GA 13873 33.95 -83.33 

Jacksonville, FL 13889 30.50 -81.70 Waycross, GA 13861 31.25 -82.40 

Memphis, TN 13893 35.05 -89.98 N. Little Rock, AR 03952 34.83 -92.27 

Mobile, AL 13894 30.68 -88.25 Slidell, LA 53813 30.33 -89.82 

Montgomery, AL 13895 32.30 -86.40 Centerville, AL 03881 32.90 -87.25 

Nashville, TN 13897 36.13 -86.68 Nashville, TN 13897 36.13 -86.68 

Shreveport, LA 13957 32.45 -93.82 Longview, TX 03951 32.35 -94.65 

Little Rock, AR 13963 34.73 -92.23 N. Little Rock, AR 03952 34.83 -92.27 

Wichita Falls, TX 13966 33.98 -98.50 Stephenville, TX 13901 32.22 -98.18 

Oklahoma City, OK 13967 35.40 -97.60 Norman, OK 03948 35.23 -97.47 

Baton Rouge, LA 13970 30.53 -91.15 Slidell, LA 53813 30.33 -89.82 

Dodge City, KS 13985 37.77 -99.97 Dodge City, KS 13985 37.77 -99.97 

St. Louis, MO 13994 38.75 -90.37 Peoria, IL 14842 40.67 -89.68 

Springfield, MO 13995 38.82 -92.27 Monet, MO 03946 36.87 -93.97 

Buffalo, NY 14733 42.93 -78.73 Buffalo, NY 14733 42.93 -78.73 

Newark, NJ 14734 41.72 -75.17 Atlantic City, NJ 93755 39.75 -74.67 

Albany, NY 14735 42.75 -73.82 Albany, NY 14735 42.75 -73.82 

Allentown, PA 14737 40.65 -75.45 Albany, NY 14735 42.75 -73.82 

Boston, MA 14739 42.37 -71.02 Chatham, MA 14684 41.67 -69.97 

Hartford, CN 14740 41.93 -72.68 Albany, NY 14735 42.75 -73.80 

Burlington, VT 14742 44.47 -73.15 Albany, NY 14735 42.75 -73.82 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

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SURFACE WBAN LAT LON UPPER AIR WBAN LAT LON 

Portland, ME 14764 43.65 -70.30 Portland, ME 14764 43.65 -70.30 

Providence, RI 14765 41.73 -71.43 Chatham, MA 14684 41.67 -69.97 

Syracuse, NY 14771 43.12 -76.12 Buffalo, NY 14733 42.93 -78.73 

Williamsport, PA 14778 41.27 -77.05 Pittsburgh, PA 94823 40.53 -80.23 

Cleveland, OH 14820 41.40 -81.85 Pittsburgh, PA 94823 40.53 -80.23 

Columbus, OH 14821 39.98 -82.88 Dayton, OH 13840 39.83 -84.05 

Fort Wayne, IN 14827 41.00 -85.20 Dayton, OH 13840 39.83 -84.05 

Lansing, MI 14836 42.78 -84.58 Flint, MI 14826 42.97 -83.75 

Madison, WI 14837 43.13 -89.33 Green Bay, WI 14898 44.48 -88.13 

Erie, PA 14860 42.08 -80.18 Buffalo, NY 14733 42.93 -78.73 

Akron, OH 14895 40.92 -81.43 Pittsburgh, PA 94823 40.50 -80.23 

Green Bay, WI 14898 44.50 -88.12 Green Bay, WI 14898 44.50 -88.12 

Duluth, MN 14913 46.83 -92.22 Int'l Falls, MN 14918 48.57 -93.40 

Minneapolis, MN 14922 44.88 -93.23 St. Cloud, MN 14926 45.55 -94.05 

Moline, IL 14923 41.45 -90.52 Peoria, IL 14842 40.67 -89.68 

Rochester, MN 14925 43.92 -92.50 St. Cloud, MN 14926 45.55 -94.08 

Sioux Falls, SD 14944 43.57 -96.73 Huron, SD 14936 44.38 -98.22 

Eau Claire, WI 14991 44.87 -91.48 St. Cloud, MN 14926 45.55 -94.08 

Lihue, HI 22536 21.98 -159.33 Lihue, HI 22536 21.98 -159.33 

Midland, TX 23023 31.95 -102.18 Midland, TX 23023 31.95 -102.18 

El Paso, TX 23044 31.82 -106.38 El Paso, TX 23044 31.82 -106.38 

Amarillo, TX 23047 35.22 -101.70 Amarillo, TX 23047 35.22 -101.70 

Albuquerque, NM 23050 35.03 -106.62 Albuquerque, NM 23050 35.03 -106.62 

Denver, CO 23062 39.77 -104.87 Denver, CO 23062 39.77 -104.88 

Goodland, KS 23065 39.37 -101.70 Dodge City, KS 13985 37.77 -99.97 

Grand Junction, CO 23066 39.12 -108.53 Grand Junction, CO 23066 39.12 -108.53 

Tonopah, NV 23153 38.05 -117.08 Ely, NV 23154 39.30 -114.85 

Tucson, AZ 23160 32.12 -110.93 Tucson, AZ 23160 32.12 -110.93 

Daggett, CA 23161 34.87 -116.78 Desert Rock, NV 03160 36.62 -116.02 

Los Angeles, CA 23174 33.93 -118.38 Miramar, CA 03190 32.87 -117.15 

Prescott, AZ 23184 34.65 -112.43 Tucson, AZ 23160 32.12 -110.93 

San Diego, CA 23188 32.73 -117.17 Miramar, CA 03190 32.87 -117.15 

Sacramento, CA 23232 38.52 -121.50 Oakland, CA 23230 37.75 -122.22 

San Francisco, CA 23234 37.62 -122.40 Oakland, CA 23230 37.72 -122.22 

Bismarck, ND 24011 46.78 -100.75 Bismarck, ND 24011 46.78 -100.75 

Cheyenne, WY 24018 41.15 -104.77 Denver, CO 23062 39.77 -104.88 

Billings, MT 24033 45.80 -108.55 Great Falls, MT 24143 47.47 -111.38 

Casper, WY 24089 42.90 -106.47 Lander, WY 24021 42.82 -108.73 

Rapid City, SD 24090 44.05 -103.07 Rapid City, SD 24090 44.05 -103.07 

Salt Lake City, UT 24127 40.78 -111.97 Salt Lake City, UT 24127 40.78 -111.97 

Great Falls, MT 24143 47.47 -111.38 Great Falls, MT 24143 47.47 -111.38 

Spokane, WA 24157 47.62 -117.53 Spokane, WA 24157 47.62 -117.53 

Medford, OR 24225 42.37 -122.87 Medford, OR 24225 42.37 -122.87 

Portland, OR 24229 45.60 -122.60 Salem, OR 24232 44.90 -123.00 

Salem, OR 24232 44.90 -123.00 Salem, OR 24232 44.90 -123.00 

Seattle, WA 24233 47.45 -122.32 Quillayute, WA 94240 47.93 -124.55 

Juneau, AK 25309 58.37 -134.58 Annette Is., AK 25308 55.03 -131.57 

Cold Bay, AK 25624 55.20 -162.72 Cold Bay, AK 25624 55.20 -162.72 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

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4 

SURFACE WBAN LAT LON UPPER AIR WBAN LAT LON 

Fairbanks, AK 26411 64.80 -147.88 Fairbanks, AK 26411 64.80 -147.88 

Valdez, AK 26442 61.13 -146.35 Anchorage, AK 26409 61.22 -149.85 

Anchorage, AK 26451 61.20 -150.00 Anchorage, AK 26409 61.22 -149.85 

Nome, AK 26617 64.50 -165.43 Nome, AK 26617 64.50 -165.43 

Colo. Springs 93037 38.82 -104.72 Denver, CO 23062 39.77 -104.88 

Fresno, CA 93193 36.78 -119.72 Oakland, CA 23230 37.72 -122.22 

Baltimore, MD 93721 39.18 -76.67 Sterling, VA 93734 38.98 -77.47 

Sterling, VA 93738 38.95 -77.45 Sterling, VA 93734 38.98 -77.47 

Evansville, IN 93817 38.05 -87.52 Paducah, KY 03816 37.05 -88.77 

Indianapolis, IN 93819 39.73 -86.28 Dayton, OH 13840 39.83 -84.05 

Lexington, KY 93820 38.03 -84.60 Dayton, OH 13840 39.83 -84.05 

Louisville, KY 93821 38.18 -85.73 Dayton, OH 13840 39.83 -84.05 

Springfield, IL 93822 39.85 -89.68 Peoria, IL 14842 40.67 -89.68 

Pittsburgh, PA 94823 40.53 -80.23 Pittsburgh, PA 94823 40.50 -80.23 

Toledo, OH 94830 41.58 -83.80 Flint, MI 14826 42.97 -83.73 

Chicago, IL 94846 42.00 -87.93 Peoria, IL 14842 40.67 -89.68 

Detroit, MI 94847 42.23 -83.33 Flint, MI 14826 42.97 -83.75 

Figure 1 shows the surface stations (green circles) and upper air stations (red pentagons) 

used in this study. 

FIGURE 1. SURFACE AND UPPER AIR STATIONS 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

5 

MISSING DATA 

While AERMET will run if input observations are missing, the output will be incomplete, 

with missing data indicators in the output file. The input to and output from AERMET 

were examined for indications of missing input data. 

The 1200 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) sounding is required for AERMET to calculate 

the convective boundary layer height and several associated parameters. There were 

many isolated days in which the 1200 GMT sounding was missing for many of the 

stations. However there also were several stations for which there were two or more 

consecutive days of missing 1200 GMT soundings. The longest period of consecutive 

missing 1200 GMT soundings was at Dayton, Ohio with seven days of missing 

soundings. To minimize the impact on the output from AERMET and not consume too 

much time and effort, MACTEC substituted upper air data from a representative upper air 

station for those periods for which the 1200 GMT sounding was missing for two or more 

consecutive days. Table 2 shows the station substitutions. 

TABLE 2 

UPPER AIR STATIONS WITH MISSING 1200 GMT SOUNDINGS AND STATION 

USED FOR DATA SUBSTITUTION 

Upper Air Station 

With Missing Data 

WBAN Station Used for Data 

Substitution 

WBAN 

Amarillo, TX 23047 Norman, OK 03948 

Athens, GA 13873 Greensboro, NC 13723 

Brownsville, TX 12929 Corpus Christi, TX 12924 

Centerville, AL 03881 Jackson, MS 03940 

Chatham, MA 14684 Portland, ME 14764 

Dayton, OH 13840 Paducah, KY 03826 

Ely, NV 23154 Winnemucca, NV 24128 

Grand Junction, CO 23066 Salt Lake City, UT 24127 

Lake Charles, LA 03937 Slidell, LA 53813 

Paducah, KY 03826 Nashville, TN 13897 

Peoria, IL 14842 Omaha, NE 94918 

Pittsburgh, PA 94823 Huntington, WV 03860 

Salt Lake City, UT 24127 Ely, NV 23154 

St. Cloud, MN 14926 Huron, SD 14936 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

6 

ANEMOMETER HEIGHTS 

The file STNS.TXT located on the HUSWO CD was used for the anemometer heights 

required by AERMET. These heights are to the nearest meter and were deemed 

appropriate for use in this application. 

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS 

One of the important requirements of applying the AERMOD model is the specification 

of surface characteristics for use in processing the meteorological data using AERMET. 

Application of AERMET requires specification of the surface roughness length, the 

Bowen ratio (an indicator of surface moisture), and the albedo (an indicator of surface 

reflectivity). These surface characteristics are used by AERMET to calculate the level of 

shear-induced mechanical turbulence generated by flow over the surface and for the 

energy balance calculations used in the determination of the Monin-Obukhov stability 

parameter and the convective velocity scale. 

The surface characteristics can be varied by wind direction sector (upwind) and by month 

or season. Current guidance specifies defining the characteristics for the meteorological 

measurement site and extending outward from the measurement location for three 

kilometers. In an application of this magnitude, it is impractical to evaluate and vary the 

surface characteristics for each of the 122 stations, therefore, MACTEC used annual 

values for one sector, as shown in Table 3. 

The albedo used here is representative of conditions for all seasons which includes winter 

without continuous snow cover. Most stations fall into this category and continuous 

snow coverage for several months even at northern stations in the continental United 

States is unlikely. 

Without a detailed and individual analysis for each of the 122 station locations and for 

this large an area for an entire year, a value representing an equal partition of the fluxes, 

or a Bowen ratio of 1.0, is the best representation to use in this type of analysis. 

The surface roughness not only includes runways and areas between runways, but usually 

terminal buildings and other airport structures. In addition, in urban environments, offairport structures often are within 3 kilometers of the measurement site. This 

combination of land covers suggests a value of 0.2 – 0.3 meters is appropriate. 

MACTEC used 0.25 for the roughness length. 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

7 

TABLE 3 

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS 

MODIFICATIONS TO AERMET CODE 

Recent use of AERMET identified two ‘bugs’ in the code that required fixing before 

running AERMET. The first had to do with the hourly surface observations. Incorrect 

missing indicators in the code for wind speed and direction were output when the data 

were extracted from the raw input file in Stage 1. When AERMET encountered these 

flags in Stage 3, AERMET simply stopped processing data, resulting in files with less 

data than requested. MACTEC modified the code to use correct missing indicators. 

MACTEC also checked other meteorological variables to be sure the correct missing 

indicators were used. No other missing indicators were in error. 

The second ‘bug’ was associated with the upper air soundings. AERMET would not 

process an entire station’s data if the surface pressure for the first sounding was less than 

850 millibars (mb). Surface pressures less than 850 mb is not uncommon for stations at 

high elevations such as Denver, CO and Albuquerque, NM. MACTEC modified the code 

to expand the allowable surface pressures. 

Both ‘bugs’ were fixed prior to running AERMET with the result that AERMET 

successfully ran to completion for all files. 

RESULTS 

AERMET successfully ran for all 122 stations. While the reports and output from 

AERMET provide an indication of the success of the runs, MACTEC ran AERMOD with 

a single source and single receptor to obtain information on the number of hours with 

calm winds or missing data. Table 4 shows these values by surface station. 

Albedo 0.15 

Bowen Ratio 1.0 

Surface Roughness (m) 0.25 
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

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TABLE 4 

PERCENT CALM AND MISSING BY STATION 

WBAN Station Calms % Calm Missing % Missing Total % Total

03816 Paducah, KY 820 9.4% 66 0.75% 886 10.1%

03856 Huntsville, AL 719 8.2% 0 0.00% 719 8.2%

03860 Huntington, WV 340 3.9% 28 0.32% 368 4.2%

03870 Greenville, SC 810 9.2% 20 0.23% 830 9.5%

03927 Fort Worth, TX 508 5.8% 24 0.27% 532 6.1%

03928 Wichita, KS 215 2.5% 0 0.00% 215 2.5%

03937 Lake Charles, LA 616 7.0% 15 0.17% 631 7.2%

03940 Jackson, MS 1228 14.0% 58 0.66% 1286 14.7%

03947 Kansas City, MO 231 2.6% 0 0.00% 231 2.6%

11641 San Juan, PR 670 7.6% 11 0.13% 681 7.8%

12815 Orlando, FL 144 1.6% 0 0.00% 144 1.6%

12816 Gainesville, FL 952 10.9% 11 0.13% 963 11.0%

12842 Tampa, FL 572 6.5% 0 0.00% 572 6.5%

12844 W. Palm Beach, FL 566 6.5% 8 0.09% 574 6.6%

12912 Victoria, TX 320 3.7% 0 0.00% 320 3.7%

12916 New Orleans, LA 721 8.2% 8 0.09% 729 8.3%

12917 Port Arthur, TX 736 8.4% 10 0.11% 746 8.5%

12919 Brownsville, TX 418 4.8% 36 0.41% 454 5.2%

12921 San Antonio, TX 913 10.4% 11 0.13% 924 10.5%

12924 Corpus Christi, TX 371 4.2% 0 0.00% 371 4.2%

12960 Houston, TX 1097 12.5% 13 0.15% 1110 12.7%

13722 Raleigh, NC 810 9.2% 0 0.00% 810 9.2%

13723 Greensboro, NC 542 6.2% 24 0.27% 566 6.5%

13737 Norfolk, VA 598 6.8% 39 0.45% 637 7.3%

13739 Philadelphia, PA 154 1.8% 2 0.02% 156 1.8%

13740 Richmond, VA 605 6.9% 0 0.00% 605 6.9%

13741 Roanoke, VA 1287 14.7% 1 0.01% 1288 14.7%

13748 Wilmington, NC 976 11.1% 0 0.00% 976 11.1%

13781 Wilmington, DE 837 9.6% 0 0.00% 837 9.6%

13865 Meridian, MS 1567 17.9% 56 0.64% 1623 18.5%

13866 Charleston, WV 1257 14.3% 29 0.33% 1286 14.7%

13874 Atlanta, GA 309 3.5% 21 0.24% 330 3.8%

13876 Birmingham, AL 1228 14.0% 15 0.17% 1243 14.2%

13877 Bristol, TN 2541 29.0% 28 0.32% 2569 29.3%

13880 Charleston, SC 487 5.6% 0 0.00% 487 5.6%

13881 Charlotte, NC 985 11.2% 0 0.00% 985 11.2%

13883 Columbia, SC 1340 15.3% 20 0.23% 1360 15.5%

13889 Jacksonville, FL 1134 12.9% 12 0.14% 1146 13.1%

13893 Memphis, TN 809 9.2% 0 0.00% 809 9.2%

13894 Mobile, AL 527 6.0% 8 0.09% 535 6.1%

13895 Montgomery, AL 1027 11.7% 19 0.22% 1046 11.9%

13897 Nashville, TN 87 1.0% 0 0.00% 87 1.0%

13957 Shreveport, LA 1088 12.4% 11 0.13% 1099 12.5%

13963 Little Rock, AR 1090 12.4% 0 0.00% 1090 12.4%
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

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9 

WBAN Station Calms % Calm Missing % Missing Total % Total

13966 Wichita Falls, TX 622 7.1% 23 0.26% 645 7.4%

13967 Oklahoma City, OK 158 1.8% 0 0.00% 158 1.8%

13970 Baton Rouge, LA 787 9.0% 9 0.10% 796 9.1%

13985 Dodge City, KS 30 0.3% 32 0.37% 62 0.7%

13994 St. Louis, MO 416 4.7% 26 0.30% 442 5.0%

13995 Springfield, MO 212 2.4% 39 0.45% 251 2.9%

14733 Buffalo, NY 181 2.1% 0 0.00% 181 2.1%

14734 Newark, NJ 197 2.2% 0 0.00% 197 2.2%

14735 Albany, NY 1217 13.9% 8 0.09% 1225 14.0%

14737 Allentown, PA 465 5.3% 9 0.10% 474 5.4%

14739 Boston, MA 36 0.4% 38 0.43% 74 0.8%

14740 Hartford, CN 204 2.3% 8 0.09% 212 2.4%

14742 Burlington, VT 155 1.8% 9 0.10% 164 1.9%

14764 Portland, ME 381 4.3% 25 0.29% 406 4.6%

14765 Providence, RI 215 2.5% 39 0.45% 254 2.9%

14771 Syracuse, NY 481 5.5% 0 0.00% 481 5.5%

14778 Williamsport, PA 1403 16.0% 24 0.27% 1427 16.3%

14820 Cleveland, OH 271 3.1% 27 0.31% 298 3.4%

14821 Columbus, OH 734 8.4% 0 0.00% 734 8.4%

14827 Fort Wayne, IN 440 5.0% 0 0.00% 440 5.0%

14836 Lansing, MI 632 7.2% 10 0.11% 642 7.3%

14837 Madison, WI 685 7.8% 30 0.34% 715 8.2%

14860 Erie, PA 286 3.3% 4 0.05% 290 3.3%

14895 Akron, OH 232 2.6% 28 0.32% 260 3.0%

14898 Green Bay, WI 414 4.7% 28 0.32% 442 5.0%

14913 Duluth, MN 336 3.8% 0 0.00% 336 3.8%

14922 Minneapolis, MN 311 3.6% 3 0.03% 314 3.6%

14923 Moline, IL 812 9.3% 24 0.27% 836 9.5%

14925 Rochester, MN 10 0.1% 0 0.00% 10 0.1%

14944 Sioux Falls, SD 492 5.6% 0 0.00% 492 5.6%

14991 Eau Claire, WI 1193 13.6% 0 0.00% 1193 13.6%

22536 Lihue, HI 6 0.1% 0 0.00% 6 0.1%

23023 Midland, TX 207 2.4% 19 0.22% 226 2.6%

23044 El Paso, TX 262 3.0% 0 0.00% 262 3.0%

23047 Amarillo, TX 113 1.3% 6 0.07% 119 1.4%

23050 Albuquerque, NM 606 6.9% 0 0.00% 606 6.9%

23062 Denver, CO 530 6.1% 0 0.00% 530 6.1%

23065 Goodland, KS 176 2.0% 41 0.47% 217 2.5%

23066 Grand Junction, CO 295 3.4% 15 0.17% 310 3.5%

23153 Tonopah, NV 341 3.9% 11 0.13% 352 4.0%

23160 Tucson, AZ 154 1.8% 24 0.27% 178 2.0%

23161 Daggett, CA 616 7.0% 11 0.13% 627 7.2%

23174 Los Angeles, CA 944 10.8% 21 0.24% 965 11.0%

23184 Prescott, AZ 376 4.3% 23 0.26% 399 4.6%

23188 San Diego, CA 473 5.4% 21 0.24% 494 5.6%

23232 Sacramento, CA 1324 15.1% 77 0.88% 1401 16.0%

23234 San Francisco, CA 376 4.3% 77 0.88% 453 5.2%

24011 Bismarck, ND 676 7.7% 22 0.25% 698 8.0%
Meteorological Data Processing using AERMET July 28, 2006 

For HEM-AERMOD 

10 

WBAN Station Calms % Calm Missing % Missing Total % Total

24018 Cheyenne, WY 110 1.3% 0 0.00% 110 1.3%

24033 Billings, MT 273 3.1% 25 0.29% 298 3.4%

24089 Casper, WY 138 1.6% 37 0.42% 175 2.0%

24090 Rapid City, SD 736 8.4% 33 0.38% 769 8.8%

24127 Salt Lake City, UT 581 6.6% 22 0.25% 603 6.9%

24143 Great Falls, MT 111 1.3% 26 0.30% 137 1.6%

24157 Spokane, WA 537 6.1% 36 0.41% 573 6.5%

24225 Medford, OR 1937 22.1% 0 0.00% 1937 22.1%

24229 Portland, OR 1180 13.5% 0 0.00% 1180 13.5%

24232 Salem, OR 1799 20.5% 0 0.00% 1799 20.5%

24233 Seattle, WA 66 0.8% 14 0.16% 80 0.9%

25309 Juneau, AK 1781 20.3% 6 0.07% 1787 20.4%

25624 Cold Bay, AK 119 1.4% 41 0.47% 160 1.8%

26411 Fairbanks, AK 1393 15.9% 0 0.00% 1393 15.9%

26442 Valdez, AK 661 7.5% 2 0.02% 663 7.6%

26451 Anchorage, AK 724 8.3% 0 0.00% 724 8.3%

26617 Nome, AK 358 4.1% 24 0.27% 382 4.4%

93037 Colo. Springs 195 2.2% 0 0.00% 195 2.2%

93193 Fresno, CA 1578 18.0% 76 0.87% 1654 18.9%

93721 Baltimore, MD 361 4.1% 3 0.03% 364 4.2%

93738 Sterling, VA 995 11.4% 0 0.00% 995 11.4%

93817 Evansville, IN 1434 16.4% 66 0.75% 1500 17.1%

93819 Indianapolis, IN 190 2.2% 0 0.00% 190 2.2%

93820 Lexington, KY 234 2.7% 0 0.00% 234 2.7%

93821 Louisville, KY 385 4.4% 0 0.00% 385 4.4%

93822 Springfield, IL 287 3.3% 25 0.29% 312 3.6%

94823 Pittsburgh, PA 493 5.6% 26 0.30% 519 5.9%

94830 Toledo, OH 898 10.3% 13 0.15% 911 10.4%

94846 Chicago, IL 343 3.9% 38 0.43% 381 4.3%

94847 Detroit, MI 468 5.3% 11 0.13% 479 5.5%