^íCTrees

from

AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

FOREST SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Growth Through Agricultural Progress
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS

By ELBERT L. LITTLE, Jr., Dendrologist ^

Since ancient times mankind has

sought from distant parts of the earth

new and better faiTn crops, garden

plants, and trees. Many of these

strange trees, introduced from seeds

brought back by explorers and travelers through the years, have been

highly successful for lumber, shelterbelts, shade, ornament, fruits and nuts,

and other uses where the conditions

for growth are not too different from

those in their native lands.

Primarily for identification, this bulletin presents descriptions and drawings of 60 species of trees introduced

from foreign countries and commonly

planted in different parts of the LTnited

States. This bulletin is an enlarged

revision of the article Fifty Trees from

Foreign Lands, which appeared in

Trees, The Yearbook of Agriculture,

1949, pp. 815-832, illus. (Yearbook

Separate No. 2157).

Among these trees are some popular

for various purposes, such as wood and

lumber, shelterbelts, Christmas trees,

shade, ornament, street, highway, and

landscape planting. As cultivated

trees are omitted from most popular

tree guides, a separate publication is

needed. Many other well-known varieties cultivated in orchards for their

valuable fruits and nuts have not been

included.

Discovery of the New World made

possible great interchange of trees and

other plants between East and West.

Much of the early botanical exploration of North America was made by

horticultural collectors who were

hunting new plants for European

gardens.

With settlement of the climatically

diverse parts of the United States came

introduction of trees from far away.

Naturally the colonists from Europe

brought their familiar shade trees,

most of which succeeded also in eastern United States where the climate is

similar. Examples are Norway

spruce, white poplar, European white

birch, and sycamore maple. The

Yankee Clippers and afterwards botanical explorers brought back from

temperate parts of Asia other kinds,

such as ginkgo, Chinese scholartree,

panicled goldenrain-tree, and royal

paulownia. The subtropical regions

of Florida, southern Texas, southern

Arizona, and California, as well as the

tropical islands Hawaii, Puerto Rico,

and Virgin Islands, have obtained a

wealth of exotic trees from tropical

lands throughout the world.

After some years of testing, the good

points and limitations of these introduced trees, such as their degree of

hardiness to winter temperatures, soil

and moisture requirements, drought

resistance, susceptibility to insects and

disease, and tolerance to city smoke

and dust have become known. Indeed, some of these exotics have been

so successful that they have escaped

from cultivation and have become

naturalized, propagating themselves

in waste places, roadsides, and woods

as if wild. However, the native trees in

any locality, having become adapted

through the ages, usually are preferable to untested exotics.

^Division of Forest Management Research, Forest Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture.

Washington, D.G. Issued November 1961

1
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

For several reasons foreign trees

have not been widely planted in the

United States for forestiy purposes.

The United States has been richly endowed with timber trees and possesses

many more species than corresponding

areas of Europe, for example. Also,

large acreages of virgin forests remain,

chiefly in the National Forests of the

Western States. Under good forest

management the cutover forests are

perpetuated through natural regeneration. Where plantations are needed,

such as on abandoned farmlands and

burned areas, the tested native trees

generally have been more satisfactory

than introduced trees. Also, native

trees are easily obtained as seeds and

nursery stock. However, foreign trees

will become increasingly important in

future tree improvement programs, for

example, in producing more vigorous

hybrids and varieties, both rapidly

growing and resistant to diseases and

insect pests.

Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and

European larch, perhaps the most

popular foreign forest trees, have been

planted chiefly in the Northeastern

States. The first two are cultivated

also for Christmas trees. California

has its plantations of eucalyptus from

Australia, which provide a source of

rapidly grown pulpwood. In the

prairie-plains shelterbelts, several exotic trees, such as the following, have

been successful: Siberian elm, Chinese

elm, Russian-olive, Russian mulberry,

Austrian pine, white willow, and

ailanthus.

At present nearly a thousand kinds,

or species, of foreign trees from temperate lands, not counting their numerous horticultural varieties are

grown in the United States for shade,

ornament, and related uses. Additional thousands not yet popular have been

introduced in arboretums and botanical gardens for testing or have been

planted infrequently as specimen trees.

The trend is toward reduction in number through elimination of the inferior

and the less adapted. At the same time

improved varieties and selections are

being developed through scientific

tree breeding and are offered by the

trade.

Home owners in all parts of the

United States now have wide selections of foreign trees for planting. The

less familiar exotics command attention in contrast to the common native

shade trees. Improved horticultural

varieties, such as those with drooping

branches, columnar crown, odd-tinted

or cutleaf foliage, or distinctively colored flowers, are available.

Aristocratic trees rich in histoiy and

legend may be planted. Among these

is the ginkgo, a peculiar living fossil

from China saved from extinction by

plantings around temples through the

ages. The cedar-of-Lebanon, so

closely associated with the Holy Land

and the source of the beautiful wood

used in King Solomon's Temple, deserves to be planted more but is not

hardy in the far North. The Italian

cypress, the classical cypress of the

ancient Greeks and the Romans, whose

columnar shape is displayed in formal

gardens, can be grown in Southern

and Pacific States.

For a tropical atmosphere, hardy

trees that are representative of their

relatives from wanner lands can be

grown northward. Examples are silktree (mimosa), with its fernlike foliage and pink, ball-like blossoms;

ailanthus, with its coarse, compound

leaves; and royal paulownia, with its

big leaves and striking clusters of large

violet flowers.

Likewise, the zones where certain

less hardy foreign trees can be grown

in the United States are being extended northward. Trees from seeds

collected at the coldest areas within

the natural range have proved more

resistant than earlier introductions.

Cedar-of-Lebanon is an illustration.

How^ever, the number of tree species,

both native and introduced, decreases

toward the North.

For their size, the subtropical regions

from Florida to California have more
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS

different kinds of exotic trees than do

any temperate regions of the country.

Because of the richness of tropical

floras over the earth, many hundred

kinds of trees have become available

to these warmer regions. Indeed, one

author records 1,000 kinds of exotic

flowering trees in his gardens in southern Florida. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and

the Virgin Islands in the frost free

tropics have a seemingly endless selection of exotic timber, shade, and ornamental trees, many with beautiful,

large, brightly colored flowers.

Thus, a wide selection of foreign

trees is available for ever)^ locality and

purpose. Certain double or triple

purpose trees, which can serve for two

or more uses, may be preferred. For

example, nut trees and fruit trees may

be suitable also for shade or ornament.

Besides shade, some kinds have showy

flowers, attractive fruits, handsomely

colored spring or fall foliage, or other

unusual features. A few kinds produce high-quality wood that could be

utilized whenever the mature tree is

cut. Many trees provide cover and

food for birds and other wildlife. For

planting around homes, trees of small

and medium size when mature require

less maintenance than large trees.

The 60 trees described here for

identification are among the commonest and most popular from foreign

lands. Emphasis has been given to

the trees widely planted for shade and

ornament in temperate regions of the

United States. However, about a

fourth of the species selected are tropical trees restricted to the subtropical

regions along the southern border from

Florida to California.

Several are no longer widely recommended, because of objectionable

features or susceptibility to disease or

insects or because some better kinds

are available, though they may be

suitable for special purposes. Nevertheless, they have been planted so frequently that they merit inclusion in a

list used for identification purposes.

Nearly half these 60 species have already become naturalized and grow

in their adopted home as if native.

The description of each tree species

contains the approved common and

scientific names, as well as other names

frequently used. Size is stated as

large (more than 70 feet tall), or medium-sized (30 to 70 feet tall), or

small (less than 30 feet tall). Leading characteristics useful in identification, such as form of the tree, bark,

leaves, flowers, and fruits, are briefly

described in nontechnical terms.

However, some horticultural varieties

with unusual or extreme characteristics may diflfer from the general descriptions. Though many trees reveal

their geographic origin in their names,

the native home is stated along with

the regions in the United States where

the species is grown.

Notes on special uses and desirable

quaHties, as well as objectionable

points, are included. The drawings

of leaves and fruits mostly by Leta

Hughey, late botanical artist. Forest

Service, will aid in naming trees or

specimens.

To assist in identification, the 60

species have been combined into 12

artificial groups according to leaf

characters, such as whether evergreen

or deciduous (shedding leaves in fall),

whether borne singly (alternate) or

paired (opposite), and whether or not

divided into leaflets. (Leaflets differ

from leaves in usually smaller size and

in their attachment on a common leafstalk that sheds with them.) These

12 groups are designated by letter, followed by the leaf characters of the

group. A specimen being identified

should first be placed in the proper

group and then compared with the

descriptions and drawings.

Infoi-mation on hardiness and other

climatic characteristics is important in

the selection of tree species for planting and is useful also in identification.

The degree of hardiness of introduced

trees and shrubs to cold weather in

winter is expressed by division of the

United States into hardiness zones, cli-
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

matic zones based upon average annual

minimum temperatures. Writers on

liorticultural subjects have adopted

these zones, citing the northernmost

zone where each species can be ,s;rovvn

and will sur\'i\'e the coldest winter

weather.

The Plant Hardiness Zone Map reproduced here was prepared by the

National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, in cooperation with the

American Horticultural Society. This

m.ap is an adapted version of a larger

map in color published in 1960. The

latter is the most recent revision based

upon records of the U.S. Weather

Bureau.

Ten zones for North America have

been designated by number, beginning

with zone 1. wáth average annual minimum temperature below —50° F. and

representing the treeless zone of northern Canada and Alaska. The nine

zones of the United States are di\dded

from north to south by 10° intervals

based upon average annual minimum

temperatures (Fahrenheit) as follows:

Zone 2, -50° to -40°; zone 3, -40°

to -30°; zone 4, -30° to —20°;

zone 5, - 20° to - 10° ; zone 6, - 10°

to 0°; zone 7, 0° to 10°: zone 8, 10°

to 20°; zone 9. 20° to 30°; zone 10,

30° to 40°.

x\s factors other than latitude affect

the coldest temperature in winter, the

hardiness zones do not extend across

the United States from east to west

unifoiTnly in parallel strips. The

zones cui^-e southward in the interior,

where extremes of temperatures are

great, and shift to the south also in

mountainous regions, where higher altitudes have a cooling effect. Zone 2,

the coldest, crosses the Canadian border only in extreme northern Minnesota and North Dakota.

Along the coasts the southern zones

project farthest north, owing to the

moderating influence of the oceans

and ocean currents. For example,

New York City and Boston, both located on the coast, are in warmer

zones than nearby inland areas of the

same States. On the Pacific coast

zone 9 extends north into Canada.

The Great Lakes also have an influence, as shown by the warmer zones

along their southern and eastern

borders.

Zone 10 comprises the nearly frostless subtropical areas of southern

Florida, southern Texas, and southern and coastal California. Subtropical trees can be grown also in the

warmer parts of zone 9 in these same

States and others along the Gulf, South

Atlantic, and Pacific coasts.

At the end of each tree description,

the northernmost zone of hardiness is

stated, or placed in parentheses if the

species is hardy only under favorable

conditions or in warmer parts of this

zone. Thouo^h the southernmost

zones are not indicated, species hardy

in the far north generally will not

thrive also in the extreme south.

Naturally many trees from humid regions will not be successful in drier

parts of these temperature zones unless

watered or irrigated.

Many other tree species cultivated

for w^ood, shade, and ornament are also

native and may be identified in the

State tree guides and other references.

Important Forest Trees of the UnitedStates, by the author, describes and

illustrates the common timber species.

Information about native and introduced forest trees suitable for planting may be obtained from the State

foresters.

For further infoiTnation about trees

from foreign lands and their identification, there is included a selected list

of general references together with a

few special publications on the distinctive trees of the subtropical regions.

Most States, through their agricultural

experiment stations or the State college extension services, have issued bulletins or circulars on the shade and

ornamental trees, both foreign and

native, best suited to their regions and

containing instructions on planting and

care.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

Index of Common Names by Number

The 60 species included in this leaflet are listed here by accepted common

names. Other common names in use are mentioned with the descriptions.

The numbers refer to the descriptions of the species on pages 8-28.

Acacia^ greenwattle, 23.

Ailanthus, 36.

x\rborvitae, oriental, 5.

Beech, European, 44.

Birch, European white, 55.

Cajeput-tree, 14.

Camphor-tree, 18.

Carob, 22.

Casuarina, horsetail, 1.

Cedar, deodar, 8.

Cedar-of-Lebanon, 7.

Chinaberry, 38.

Corktree, Amur, 32.

Crapemyrtle, common, 29.

Cr>'ptomeria, 12.

Cypress, Italian, 3.

Elm, Chinese, 49.

Elm, English, 47.

Elm, Siberian, 48.

Eucalyptus, longbeak, 16.

Eucalyptus, red-ironbark, 15.

Eucalyptus, Tasmanian blue^, 17.

False-cypress, sawara, 4.

Fig, India-rubber, 19.

Flamboyant-tree, 40.

Ginkgo, 27.

Goldenrain-tree, panicled, 37.

Holly, English, 13.

Horsechestnut, 33.

Larch, European, 25.

Linden, European, 45.

Linden, silver, 46.

Magnolia, saucer, 41.

Maple, Norway, 30.

Maple, planetree, 31.

Metasequoia, 26.

Mulberry, white, 56.

Oak, English, 60.

Paper-mulberry, 57.

Parasoltree, Chinese, 59.

Paulownia, royal, 28.

Peppertree, 20.

Pine, Austrian, 10.

Pine, Scotch, 9.

Planetree, London, 58.

Poplar, Carolina, 53.

Poplar, Lombardy, 52.

Poplar, white, 54.

Russian-olive, 43.

Scholartree, Chinese, 34.

Silk-oak, 21.

Silktree, 39.

Spruce, Norway, 6.

Tallowtree, 42.

Tamarisk, athel, 2.

Tamarisk, five-stamen, 24.

Umbrella-pine, 11.

Walnut, Persian, 35.

Willow, weeping, 51.

Willow, white, 50.
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS

Index of Scientific

Additional scientific names in use

synonyms with the descriptions.

Acacia decurrens, 23.

Acer platanoides, 30.

Acer pseudoplatanus, 31.

Aesculus hippocastanum, 33.

Ailanthus altissirna, 36.

Alhizia julibrissin, 39.

Betula péndula, 55.

Broussonetia papyrijera, 57.

Casuarina equisetifolia, 1.

Cedrus deodara, 8.

Cedrus lihani, 7.

Ceratonía siliqua, 22.

Chamaecyparis pisifera, 4.

Cinnamomum camphora, 18.

Cryptomeria japónica, 12.

Cupressus sempervirens, 3.

Delonix regia, 40.

Elaeagnus angustifolia, 43.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 16.

Eucalyptus globulus, 17.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 15.

Fagus sylvatica, 44.

FzVi¿í elástica, 19.

Firmiana platanifolia, 59.

Ginkgo biloba, 27.

Grevillea robusta, 21.

//^x aquifolium, 13.

Juglans regia, 35.

Koelreuteria paniculata, 37.

Lagerstroemia indica, 29.

Names by Number

for some of the 60 species are cited as

Larix decidua, 25.

Magnolia X soulangiana, 41.

Melaleuca quinquenervia, 14.

Melia azedarach, 38.

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, 26.

Morus alba, 56.

Paulownia tomentosa, 28.

Phellodendron arnurense, 32.

Picea abies, 6.

Pinus nigra, 10.

Pinus sylvestris, 9.

Platanus X acerifolia, 58.

Populus alba, 54.

Populus X canadensis, 53.

Populus nigra, 52.

Quercus robur, 60.

^a/zA: (2/6(2^ 50.

^a/zx babylonica, 51.

Sapium sebiferum, 42.

Schinus molle, 20.

Sciadopitys verticillata, 11,

Sophora japónica, 34.

Tamarix aphylla, 2.

Tamarix pentandra, 24.

Thuja orientalis, 5.

Tz7fa Xeuropaea, 4:5.

Tilia tomentosa, 46.

Ulmus parvifolia, 49.

Ulmus procera, 47.

Ulmus pumila, 48.
8 U.S. DEPy\RTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

A. Evergreens, leaves scalelike. Nos.

1 to 5.

1. HORSETAIL CASUARiNA, Casuarina

equisetifolia L. (horsetail beefwood,

"Australian-pine"). Medium-sized to

large evergreen tree resembling conifers, with thin open crown of drooping

branches and with leaves reduced to

scales. Bark gray brown, smoothish,

becoming rough, furrowed, and shaggy. Twigs wiry, pale green, jointed

and grooved, with rings j4 inch apart

consisting of 6 to 8 brownish scale

leaves 14,3 inch long. Male flowers in

narrow clusters /o inch long and

female flowers in short clusters ^s inch

in diameter. Fruiting cones ^2 inch in

diameter, light brown. Native of

tropical Asia and Australia. Planted

in subtropical regions of Florida,

southern Texas, southern Arizona, and

California. Extensively naturalized in

southern Florida. Used for windbreaks and planting on sand dunes as

well as a street tree, ornamental, and

hedge. Rapidly growing and adapted

to dr)^ sandy, alkaline, and saline soils.

Zone 10.

2. ATHEL TAMARISK, Tamarix

aphylla (L.) Karst, (athel, evergreen

athel, desert athel, evergreen tamarisk;

T. articulata Vahl). Small to

medium-sized evergreen tree with

many spreading branches and dense

rounded or irregular crown. Bark

brown, smoothish. Twigs wiry, gray

green, jointed, the joints composed of

scale leaves 14ß inch long each circling

the twig and ending in a minute point.

Flowers very small, pink, less than y^g

inch long in slender branched clusters

in summer. Fruit a small capsule.

Native of northeastern Africa and

western Asia. Planted in subtropical

regions in southern Texas, southern

Arizona, and California. Rapidly

growing tree used for shade and windbreaks. Drought-resistant and tolerant of alkaline and saline soils.

Zone (9).

3. ITALIAN CYPRESS, Cupressus semperi'irens L. (Mediterranean cypress).

Tall, medium-sized, cone-bearing

evergreen tree (conifer) with erect

branches (horizontal in a variety) and

very narrow, columnar crown. Bark

thin, gray, smooth or slightly fissured.

Leaves scalelike, Y24 inch long, bluntpointed, dark green, crowded and

forming 4-angled twigs. Cones 1 inch

in diameter, gray, with a short knob

or point on each scale. Native of

southern Europe and western Asia.

The classical cypress of the ancient

Greeks and Romans, much planted in

fornial gardens in southern Europe.

Hardy in subtropical and warm temperate climates in the Pacific, Gulf,

and South Atlantic States. Common

in California. Suited for formal

planting and borders. Zone (7).

4. SAW ARA FALSE-CYPRESS,

Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. &

Zuce.) Endl. (sawara cypress, retinospora). Large cone-bearing evergreen tree with narrow pyramidal

crown and horizontal spreading

branches. Bark reddish brown,

shreddy, peeling in long thin strips.

Leaves mostly scalelike, about y^o

inch long, sharp-pointed, paired,

overlapping, green aloove and whitish

beneath, arranged in flattened, horizontal, fernfike sprays. Cones ^ to

Ys inch long, rounded, whitish green,

turning brown. Native of Japan,

where it is a timber tree and ornamental. Commonly planted for ornament across the United States in many

horticultural varieties. Among them

are golden sawara false-cypress with

golden yellow foliage, thread sawara

false-cypress with weeping threadlike

twigs, plume sawara false-cypress with

feathery, awl-shaped leaves about Ys

inch long \vhitish on one side, and moss

sawara false-cypress with ver}- feathery

or mosslike spreading blue-green leaves

whitish beneath about YQ inch long.

The last two varieties retain the longer

leaves of young plants, or juvenile

foliage, though sometimes the short,

scalelike leaves are present on the same

plant. Zone 4.

5. ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE^ TJluja Orientalis L. (Chinese arborvitae, Biota

orientalis (L.) Endl.). Small bushy

or pyramidal cone-bearing evergreen
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS

1. Horsetail casuarina. 2. Athel tamarisk. 3. Italian cypress. 4. Sawara false-cypress,

5. Oriental arborvitae. 6. Norway spruce, 7. Cedar-of-Lebanon. 8. Deodar cedar.

9. Scotch pine. 10. Austrian pine.
10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

tree, branching near base, with compact narrow crown. Bark reddish

brown, thin, forming papery scales.

Leaves scaleUkc, mostly about 14 ß

inch long, shiny yellow green, pointed

or overlapping, fragrant, arranged in

flat, vertical, fernlike sprays. Cones

5/8 to 1 inch long, bluish but becoming

brown, with usually 6 scales ending in

hooks or horns, remaining attached

after opening. Native of northern

China and Korea. A popular ornamental with many horticultural varieties of difl'erent shape and color of

foliage. Used as a shrub around

houses and in hedges. Planted across

the United States but especially in the

South and sometimes escaping. Zone

6.

B. Evergreens, leaves needlelike

(cone-bearing, or conifers). Nos.

6 to 12.

6. NORWAY SPRUCE. Picea abies

(L.) Karst. [P. excelsa l^ink). Large

conical cone-bearing evergreen tree

with spreading branches and drooping

twdgs. Bark reddish brown, scaly.

Needles 4-angled, S/g to 1 inch long,

dark green. Cones 4 to 6 inches long,

light brown, with thin, slightly pointed,

irregularly toothed scales. There are

numerous horticultural forms. Native

of northern and central Europe, where

it is the common spruce and used for

paper pulp and lumber. Adapted to

cool moist climates of northeastern

United States, Rocky Mountains, and

Pacific coast. Widely planted for

ornament, shelterbelts, Christmas

trees, and forest plantations, and occasionally escaping from cultivation.

Best suited to well-drained loam but

successful on most other soils. Zone 2.

7. CEDAR-OF-LEBANON, Ceclrus lihani A. Rich. (C. libanotica Link).

Large cone-bearing evergreen tree with

pointed or irregular spreading crown

of horizontal branches. Bark dark

gray, becoming fissured and scaly.

Twigs smooth or slightly hairy. Needles many in cluster on short spur

branches (or single on leading twigs),

3-angled, short 3/4 to 1^ inches long,

dark or bright green. Cones 3 to 4

inches long, reddish brown^ upright.

Native of Asia Minor and Syria.

Adapted to warm temperate and subtropical climates in Atlantic, Gulf, and

Pacific regions but not hardy in far

North. Beautiful ornamental tree of

special interest because of its association with the Bible and the Holy Land.

Zone 5.

8. DEODAR CEDAR, Cedfus deodaïd

(Roxb.) Loud. (deodar). Large

cone-bearing evergreen tree with

regular pyramidal shape and graceful

drooping branches down to base.

Bark dark gray, becoming brown and

deeply furrowed. Twigs densely hair}'.

Needles many in cluster on short spur

branches (or single on leading twigs),

3-angled, short, 1 to 2 inches long,

mostly dark blue green. Cones 3 to

5 inches long, reddish brown, upright.

Native of Himalaya. Adapted to subtropical cHmates of Gulf. Mexican border, and Pacific regions and especially

popular in California. Zone 7.

9. SCOTCH PINE,, Pinus sylvestris L.

(Scots pine). Large cone-bearing

evergreen tree with irregular crown,

spreading branches, and blue green

foliage. Bark reddish brown, on older

trunks becoming grayish and fissured

into scaly plates. Needles 2 in cluster,

1 /o to 3 inches long, blue green, usually

twisted. Cones I/2 to 2^ inches long,

yellow brown, with minute prickles.

Native and widely distributed across

Europe and northern Asia and one of

the most important timber trees of

Europe. Hardy across the United

States. In the Northeast and in adjacent Canada extensively planted in

forest plantations, shelterbelts, and for

ornament and Christmas trees.

Spreading and becoming naturalized.

However, native pines are usually superior for forestiy purposes. Thrives

on poorer, sandy soils as well as on better loams. Resistant to city smoke.

Zone 2.

10. AUSTRIAN PINE, Pinus nigra

Arnold (P. austríaca Hoess, P. laricio

Poir. ). Medium-sized to large pyramidal cone-bearing evergreen tree with
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 11

spreading branches and dense, darkgreen foliage. Bark dark gray, fissured

into irregular, scaly plates. Needles 2

in cluster, 3/2 to 6 inches long, dark

green, stiff. Cones 2 to 3 inches long,

yellow brown, shiny, usually with short

prickles. Several geographic varieties

and garden forms are distinguished.

Native of central and southern Europe

and Asia Minor and a valuable timber

tree there. Across the United States

one of the commoner foreign ornamental trees. Used also in shelterbelts

and screens. Hardy in East extending

north to southern New England and

in west except coldest, hottest, and

driest regions. Grows in sandy, loam,

and clay soils. Tolerant of city dust

and smoke. Zone 4.

11. UMBRELLA-PINE, SciadopityS

verticillata (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zuce.

Small to medium-sized pyramidal

cone-bearing evergreen tree with narrow dense crown and short horizontally spreading branches and shiny

dark green foliage. Bark smoothish,

gray and reddish brown beneath, separating in long shreds. Leaves of 2

kinds, small scalelike triangular leaves

^ to ^ inch long, single on twigs but

crowded at ends and 2 or 3 clusters or

rings of 8 to 30 flat needles 3 to 5

inches long, notched at end, grooved

on both surfaces, shiny dark green

above, paler with yellowish band beneath, spreading like ribs of an umbrella. Cone oblong, 2 to 4/2 inches

long. Native of Japan. A handsome

slow-growins; ornamental planted in

the East and Pacific coast. Zone 5.

12. CRYPTOMERiA, Cryptomeria japónica (L. f.) D. Don (Japanese

cryptomeria). Medium-sized or large

pyramidal cone-bearing evergreen

tree with horizontally spreading

branches. Trunk straight, tapering

from enlarged base. Bark reddish

brown, fibrous, peeling ofî in long

shreds. Leaves awl-shaped or needlelike, spirally arranged, ^ to %

inch long, curved forward and inward,

pointed, slightly flattened and

4-angled, stifiP, usually dark blue green.

Cone rounded, /2 to 34 inch in diameter, brown, with bristly or spiny

scales. Native of China and also of

Japan, where it is the national tree

and important forest and street tree.

Grown as an ornamental in Eastern

States north to Boston and in Pacific

States. Zone 5.

C. Broadleaf evergreens (subtropical,

except No. 13), leaves not divided into leaflets (simple), Nos.

13 to 19.

13. ENGLISH HOLLY, Ilex aquifolium L. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree with short, spreading

branches and dense pyramidal crown.

Leaves oval, 1 /2 to 3 inches long, stiff

and leathery, the wavy edges with

large spiny teeth, shiny dark green,

lighter beneath. Flowers male and

female on different trees, white, small,

less than ^ inch long, fragrant, in late

spring. Fruits /4 to 3/8 inch in diameter, berrylike, bright red, shiny,

usually clustered, remaining on tree in

winter. There are numerous horticultural forms. Native from western

and southern Europe and northern

Africa to western Asia and China.

Planted in Atlantic, Southern, and

Pacific States for the ornamental

evergreen foliage and red berries.

Male plants are needed for pollination and fruit formation. Zone 7.

14. GAJEPUT-TREE, Melalßuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake (punktree, bottlebrush; M. leucadendron of

authors). Medium-sized to large,

slender tree with drooping, smooth or

silky twigs. Bark thick and spongy or

corky, whitish, peeling ofif in many

thin layers. Leaves evergreen, narrowly eUiptical or lance-shaped, 2 to 4

inches long, pointed at base and apex,

with parallel veins, thick, pale green

on both sides. Flowers creamy white,

% inch long, stalkless, in manyflowered clusters 2 to 6 inches long,

with many stamens suggesting a

bottle-brush, in summer and fall.

Fruiting capsules less than ^/4 inch in

diameter, brown, the clusters remaining on the tree. Native from Australia
12 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

to New Guinea. Subtropical tree

planted in Florida, where it reseeds

and has become naturalized^ and in

southern California and southern

Texas. Fast growing" and resistant to

wind, drought, fires, and salt water.

Suitable for windbreaks and beach

planting as well as for ornament and

shade. The bark is used for packing

fruits and for roofs and boats. Cajeput oil of medicine is obtained from

the leaves. Zone 10.

15. RED-IRONBARK EUCALYPTUS,

Eucalyptus sideroxylon Cunn. (red

ironbark, mulga ironbark eucal)qDtus,

mugga). Medium-sized slender evergreen tree. Bark rough, deeply furrowed, reddish brown. Leaves lanceshapped, 3 to 6 inches long, often

curved, gray green on both sides.

Flowers showy, white to pink to red in

difiPerent varieties, about % inch

broad, numerous in clusters in winter

and spring. Fruiting capsules oval,

54 to 3/8 inch in diameter. Native of

Australia. Subtropical tree planted

in southern California, where it is

hardy, drought-resistant, and moderately tolerant of alkali. Zone (9).

16. LONGBEAK EUCALYPTUS, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (redgum; E. rostrata Schlecht., not Cav.).

Tall evergreen tree with slender symmetrical crown and slender, slightly

drooping branches. Bark dark gray,

rough and furrowed near base, smooth

and peeling off above. Leaves lanceshaped, 4 to 6 inches long, leathery,

long-pointed, wáth smooth edges,

green on both sides. Flowers wdiitish,

% inch broad, clustered. Fruiting

capsules ^ inch in diameter. Native

of Australia. Planted in subtropical

regions of California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, and Florida.

One of the hardiest species of eucalyptus in resistance to drought, frost,

heat, and alkali. Thrives in good

moist soils. Zone (9).

17. TASMANL\N BLUE EUCALYPTUS,

Eucalyptus glohulus Labill. (Tasmanian bluegum, blue,gum). Very tall

evergreen tree with straight trunk and

narrow crown. Bark peeling off in

long thin strips, becoming smooth and

grayish. Leaves lance-shaped, slightly

curved, 6 to 12 inches long, leathery,

long-pointed, with smooth edges, green

on both sides, aromatic; leaves of

young plants and young shoots paired,

stalkless, broad and oval, bluish, covered with a bloom. Flowers whitish,

1/2 inches broad, scattered, in winter

and spring. FiTiiting capsules 4-angled, 34 to 1 inch broad, warty, bluish

white. Native of Tasmania. Subtropical species, the most commonly

cultivated eucalyptus in the world.

Common in California, where it grows

very rapidly. Used as street tree, for

windbreaks and screens, and in forest

plantations for pulpwood. Adapted

to a wide range of conditions and

alkali-tolerant but thrives in good,

moist soil. Sprouts from stumps. Objectionable because the roots penetrate

defective sewers. Zone 9.

18. CAMPHOR-TREE, Cinnamomum

camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm.

(Camphora camphora (L.) Karst,).

Small to medium-sized evergeen tree

with enlarged base and dense oval

crown. Leaves long-stalked, elliptical,

2 to 5 inches long, long-pointed, with

2 or more prominent side veins, pinkish

when young, shiny green above and

grayish white beneath, with odor of

camphor when ciTished. Flowers yellowish, small, YQ inch long, in clusters

2 to 3 inches long. Fruit a berry %

inch in diameter, black, 1-seeded. Native of tropical Asia and Malaya to

China and Japan. In the United

States extensively planted as an ornamental in subtropical and warm temperate regions in Florida, along the

Gulf, and in southern California.

Also escaped from cultivation in the

South. Alkali-tolerant. Camphor is

obtained from the wood and leaves.

Zone 9.

19. INDIA-RUBBER FIG. Ficus elástica

Nois. (India rubber-plant, Indian

iTibber-tree ). Large, much branched

evergreen tree wdth enlarged or buttressed base, broad crown, and milky

juice. Bark light gray, smoothish.

Leaves large, oblong or elliptical, 4 to
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 13

11. Umbrella-pine. 12. Cryptomeria. 13. English holly. 14. Cajeput-tree. 15. Redironbark eucalyptus. 16. Longbeak eucalyptus. 17. Tasnrianian blue eucalyptus. 18.

Camphor-tree. 19. India-rubber fig. 20. Peppertree.
14 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

12 inches long, short-pointed, leathery,

smooth, shiny green, lighter beneath.

Fruits paired, stalkless, oblong, /2 inch

long, greenish yellow. Native of tropical Asia. Cultivated in subtropical

Florida and in southern California.

This is the familiar rubber-plant grown

indoors in the North. The milky latex

has been used as a source of rubber.

Zone 10.

D. Broad leaf evergreens (subtropical), leaves divided into leaflets

(compound), Nos. 20 to 23.

20. PEPPERTREE, Scliiuus molle L.

(California peppertree, Peruvian peppertree). Small to medium-sized

spreading evergreen tree with short,

gnarled trunk, rounded crown, graceful drooping branches, and fine foliage. Leaves compound, 6 to 12 inches

long, drooping, with milky juice.

Leaflets about 20 to 40, narrowdy

lance-shaped, 1 to 2 inches long,

short-pointed, with edges smooth or

slightly toothed, light green. Flowers

male and female on different trees,

yellowish white, small, ^ inch long,

numerous in clusters 4 to 6 inches long.

Fruits many, beadlike, %e inch in

diameter, reddish, remaining on tree

in winter. Native from Peru to Argentina. Subtropical tree extensively

planted in California, where it has become naturalized, and in southern

Texas and southern Arizona. Adapted

to a wide range of soils, alkali-tolerant,

and drought-resistant. Subject to

black scale and root rot. The shallow

roots crack pavements and damage

sewers. Zone 9.

21. SILK-OAK, Grevillea robusta A.

Cunn. (silk-oak grevillea, Australianferntree). Large, graceful tree with

many branches and evergreen fernlike

foliage. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long,

twice divided or very' deeply lobed into

narrow, pointed divisions with edges

rolled under, deep green above and

white silky beneath. Flowers orange

or yellow, Y^ inch long, long-stalked,

in clusters 3 to 5 inches long, numerous

on the trunk and main branches in

spring and early summer. Pods 34

inch long, broad, curved, black, 1- or

2-seeded. Native of Australia.

Planted in subtropical regions of

Florida, southern Texas, southem

Arizona, and California and indoors

northward as a fernlike ornamental

potted plant. Naturalized in southern Florida. Drought-resistant. The

brittle branches break easily. Zone

9.

22. CAROB, Ceratonía siliqua L. (St.

Johns-bread, algarroba). Small to

medium-sized spreading evergreen tree

with rounded crown. Bark dark reddish brown. Leaves compound, 4 to 8

inches long, with 4 to 10 oval leaflets 1

to 2 inches long, rounded, shiny dark

green above, paler beneath. Flowers

male and female on same or difl'erent

tree, small, red to yellow in clusters 1

to 2 inches long. Pods large, 4 to 12

inches long, thick and flattened,

leathery, dark brown, wdth sugary

edible pulp, used for forage and human food. Native probably of Asia

Minor and Syria but long cultivated

in the Mediterranean Basin and elsewhere as a forage crop for the edible

pods. In the United States limited to

subtropical regions of Florida, southern Texas, southern Arizona, and

California. Grown both as a shade

tree and for forage. x\dapted to hot

dry climates and to a variety of soils including alkali, thriving in heavy^ soils.

The name St. Johns-bread is from the

mistaken belief that the seeds and

sugar)^ pulp were the locusts and wild

honey which St. John the Baptist found

in the wilderness. The pods were the

"husks" in the parable of the Prodigal

Son. Zone (9).

23. GREENWATTLE ACACIA, Acacid

decurrens Willd. (green wattle; blackgreen-wattle acacia, or black wattle,

and silvergreen-wattle acacia, or silver

wattle, are varieties). Small to medium-sized evergreen tree with open

rounded crown. Leaves finely divided, twice compound, 3 to 6 inches

long, with 15 to 30 feathery forks, each

with 30 to 80 very narrow leaflets ^

to % inch long, grayish green or dark

green. Flowers crowded in many
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 15

91 Si'lU nak 2^ Carob 23. Greenwattlc acacia. 24. Five-stamen tamarisk. 25. European larch. "26. Metasequoia. 27. Ginkgo. 28. Royal paulownia. 29. Common

crapemyrtle.
16 U.S. DEPARTMP:NT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 2 12

fraorant yellow balls |4 inch in diameter in spring. Pods 2 to 4 inches long

and ^ inch wide, reddish. Native of

Australia. Subtropical tree extensively planted in California. Adapted

to a wide range of soils. Zone 10.

E. Deciduous, leaves needlelike or

scalelike, Nos. 24 to 26.

24. FIVE-STAMEN TAMARISK, Tamarix pentandra Pall, (salt-cedar; T.

gallica of authors). Shrub or small

tree with slender upright or spreading

branches and narrow or rounded

crown, resembling a juniper. Bark

reddish brown, smoothish, becoming

furrowed and ridged. Twigs long,

slender, becoming purplish, shedding

with leaves. Leaves many, crowded,

scalelike, i/^^ inch long, narrow and

pointed, blue green. Flowers pink,

numerous, very small, i/^^ß inch long,

crowded in many narrow clusters at

ends of twigs. Fruit a small capsule.

Native of southeastern Europe and

western Asia. Planted for ornament

and erosion control and naturalized in

Southern and Western States. Rapidly growing and tolerant of alkaline

and saline soils. Abundant in thickets

along streams, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches in the Southwest. Classed

as an undesirable weed and a phreatophyte (literally, well-plant, having

deep roots and high water use) and

eradicated because of its waste of íITígation water. Zone 5.

25. EUROPEAN LARCH, Larix decidua

Mill. (L. europaea DC, L. larix (L.)

Karst. ). Medium-sized cone-bearing

deciduous tree with straight axis,

pyramidal open crown becoming irregular, and spreading horizontal or

drooping branches. Bark gray and

pinkish brown, scaly. Needles many

in cluster on blackish short spur

branches (or single on leading twigs),

flattened, short, % to 1^ inches long,

soft bright green, turning yellow in

autumn. Cones 3/4 to 1 y^ inches long,

reddish and like rosebuds when young,

upright, remaining attached several

years and turning dark gray. Native

of northern and central Europe and an

important timber tree there. Grown

in Northern United States and adjacent Canada for ornament and in

forest plantations and locally spreading. Zone 2.

26. METASEQUOIA, Metascquoia

glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng (dawnredwood) . Large cone-bearing deciduous tree (conifer) with conical pointed

crown of ascending and spreading

branches. Trunk swollen at base,

tapering into straight axis. Bark

gray, the inner bark rusty brown, fissured into thin narrow strips. Twigs

very slender, often paired, shedding

with needles. Needles paired, in 2

rows, narrow, flattened, thin, 3^ to 1

inch long, green to blue green, turning reddish brown in autumn. Cones

rounded, about 1 inch in diameter,

drooping, long-stalked, seeds narrowly winged. Native of central China

but very local and rare. Discovered

in 1944, named and introduced in

1948. Of considerable interest as a

recently discovered surviving example

of a fossil group. More closely related to baldc\qDress (Taxodium

distichum) than to redwood {Sequoia

semperuirens). Easily propagates by

cuttings and grows rapidly in moist

soil in humid temperate climates.

Planted in the Southeast north on Atlantic coast to New York City and

Boston and on Pacific coast. Zone

(5).

F. Deciduous, leaves fan-shaped,

mostly clustered on short spur

branches, No. 27.

27. GINKGO, Gi?ikgo biloba L.

(maidenhair-tree). Medium-sized to

tall resinous tree with straight trunk,

lew branches, and conical to spreading

crown. Bark gray, becoming deeply

furrowed. Leaves 3 to 5 in a cluster

on short spur branches or single, with

leafstalks 1 to 2 inches long. Leaf

blades oddly fan-shaped, 1 to 2 inches

long and 1 /2 to 3 inches broad, often

2-lobed, with parallel veins, leathery,

bright to dull green, turning yellow

and shedding in fall. Pollen and

seeds on different trees. Seeds single
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 17

or paired, stalked, plumlike, 1 inch

long, yellowish, with an ill-smelling

thin outer coat and large edible nut.

Ginkgo is a living fossil from China

related to conifers and the sole survivor of its family, apparently not

found wild but long perpetuated in

cultivation in China and Japan around

temples. Adapted to moist temperate

regions in eastern United States and

Pacific coast. Especially suited as a

street tree because it is resistant to

smoke, dust, wind, and ice, and free

from insect pests and disease. Male

clones are preferred, because the fruits

of the female tree have a disagreeable

odor. Zone (5).

G. Deciduous, leaves paired (opposite), not divided into leaflets

(simple), Nos. 28-31.

28. ROYAL PAULOWNIA^ Paulownia

tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zuce,

(paulownia, princess-tree, empresstree) . Small to medium-sized, widely

spreading tree with stout branches.

Bark gray brown with shallow fissures.

Leaves paired, resembling those of catalpa, with leafstalks 3 to 8 inches long

and very large heart-shaped leaf blades

5 to 16 inches long, with edges smooth

or slightly 3-lobed, light green, slightly

hairy above and densely haiiy beneath.

Flowers large and very showy, violet,

about 2 inches long, fragrant, borne in

dense upright clusters 6 to 10 inches

long in spring before the leaves appear. Fruiting capsules egg-shaped,

pointed, 1 to 1 /2 inches long, brown,

remaining on tree in winter. Native

of China. A rapidly growing ornamental planted for the showy violet

flowers and large leaves. Eastern

United States north to New York but

not hardly where the winters are severe. Also in Pacific States. Thrives

in rich moist soil and naturalized as a

"weed" tree in waste places in Eastern

States. Zone (5).

29. COMMON CRAPEMYRTLE, LagCTstroemia indica L. (crapemyrde).

Small tree or shrub often branched at

base, with spreading crown. Bark

smooth, light brown. Trunk slightly

angled and twigs 4-angled. Leaves

paired or upper ones single, stalkless

or nearly so, elliptical, 1 to 2 inches

long, blunt or short-pointed, with

smooth edges, hairless or nearly so.

Flowers showy, usually pink, P/4 to

1/2 inches across, many in upright

clusters 3 to 8 inches long forming

solid masses in summer. Usually 6

roimded crapelike petals, crinkled or

fringed, spreading on long slender

stalks. Fruit a rounded capsule nearly 1/2 inch long containing many small

winged seeds. Native of southeastern

Asia. This handsome ornamental is

much planted in the Southeast and on

the Pacific coast for the profuse showy

flowers. Persistent at old home sites

and occasionally escapes. Many varieties with flower color from white to

pink, red, and purple. Zone 7.

30. NORWAY MAPLE, Acer platanoides L. (Schwedler maple and

Crimson King maple are varieties).

Medium-sized to large spreading tree

with roimded symmetrical crown of

dense foliage. Bark dark brown, with

narrow ridges and furrows. Leafstalks

about 3 inches long, with milky juice.

Leaves paired, heart-shaped, 3 to 7

inches in diameter, 5-lobed, with few

pointed teeth, smooth, bright green,

turning yellow in fall. Flowers yellowish green, abundant in masses of

many-flowered clusters in spring before the leaves develop. Key fruits

paired, long-winged, I/2 to 2 inches

long, spreading horizontally. Native

across Europe from Norway to Caucasus. Widely planted in eastern

United States and in Pacific and

Rocky Mountain regions. Fast growing shade and street tree, tolerant of

city smoke and dust, and relatively

free from insect pests and diseases.

The popular variety Schwedler maple

has bright red leaves when young,

changing to dark green. Crimson

King maple has deep red leaves which

keep their color. Zone 4.

31. PLANETREE MAPLE, AcCY pSCUdoplataniis L. (sycamore maple, "sycamore" in Europe). Large spreading

tree with rounded crown. Bark with
18 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

broad flaky scales. Leafstalks 3 to 4

inches long. Leaves paired, heartshaped at base, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, 5-lobed with the lobes pointed

and coarsely toothed, dark green

above, pale and smooth or slightly

hairy beneath. Flowers yellowish

green, distinctive, hanging in long,

narrow clusters 3 to 7 inches long in

spring. Key fruits paired, longw^inged, 1^/4 to 2 inches long. Native

of Europe and western Asia, where it

is an important timber and shade tree.

Planted as a shade tree in Pacific

States and in Eastern States except

coldest regions, but not as hardy as

Norw^ay maple. Rapidly growing and

suited to exposed situations such as

bca shores. Zone 5.

H. Deciduous, leaves paired (opposite), divided into leaflets (compound), Nos. 32 and 33.

32. AMUR CORKTREE, Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Medium-sized

to large, aromatic tree with low spreading branches and rounded crown.

Bark light gray, corky, deeply fissured,

conspicuous in winter. Twigs yellowish gray. Leaves paired, compound,

6 to 12 inches long. Leaflets 5 to 13,

oval, 2 to 4 inches long, long-pointed,

with minute dots, shiny dark green

above, light green and smooth or hair)^

beneath, turning yellow^ in fall.

Flowers small, yellowish green, ^/4 inch

long, in clusters 2 to 8 inches long in

early summer. Fruit S/g inch in diameter, black. 5-seedcd, ornamental, with

odor of turpentine. Native of northem China and Manchuria. Hardy in

most temperate regions of United

States. Tolerant of city conditions and

relatively free from insects and disease.

Zone 3.

33. i-iORSECHESTNUT, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (common horsechestnut). Medium-sized to large

spreading tree with rounded crown.

Bark brow^nish, thin, fissured and scaly.

Leaves paired, compound, with leafstalks 3 to 7 inches long. Leaflets 5 to

7, spreading fingerUke (palmate), elliptical, 4 to 10 inches long, we

shaped at base and broader toward

the abrupt point, toothed, dark green

above, paler beneath. Flowers white

with reel spots, about % inch long, in

large showy upright clusters. Fruiting capsule 2 to 2/2 inches in diameter,

spiny, with 1 or 2 large inedible seeds.

Native of Balkan Peninsula. Widely

planted across the United States and

escaped from cultivation in the Northeast. The showy flowers and large

palmate leaves have made this species

a popular ornamental and shade tree.

Tolerant of city smoke but subject to

insect attacks and disease. Zone 3.

L Deciduous, leaves borne singly (alternate), divided into leaflets

(compound), Nos. 34 to 40.

34. CHINESE SCHOLARTREE, Sophora japónica L. (Japanese pagodatree ). Medium-sized tree with

spreading branches and dense rounded

crown. Bark gray brown, fissured.

Twdgs dark green, smooth or nearly so.

Leaves 6 to 10 inches long, compound.

Leaflets 7 to 17, narrowly oval, 1 to 2

inches long, short-pointed, with

smooth edges, shiny dark green above,

pale and finely hain^ beneath. Flowers yellowish white, ^2 inch long, beanlike, in loose showy clusters 6 to 12

inches long in late summer. Pods 2

to 3 inches long and 3/^ inch in diameter, narrowed between the seeds, often

remaining on tree in winter. Native

of China and Korea and cultivated

around temples in Japan. Planted in

the southern half of the United States

and hardy north to New York. Especially suitable as a street tree because

of its tolerance of city fumes, but slow

growing. Relatively free from insect

pests and diseases. Zone 4.

35. PERSIAN WALNUT, Juglans regia

L. (English walnut). Medium-sized

tree wdth spreading branches and

roimded crown. Bark smooth, silverv^

gray. Compound leaves 8 to 16 inches

long. Leaflets usually 5 to 9, oblong,

2 to 5 inches long, pointed, with edges

usually smooth, bright green, nearly

hairless. Male flowers in narrow

clusters 2 to 4 inches long. Nuts I/2
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 19

30. Norway maple. 31. Planetree maple. 32. Amur corktree. 33. Horserhestnut.

34. Chinese scholartree. 35. Persian walnut.
20 U.S. DEPAKTMKXT OF AGHJCULTUHF HANDBOOK NO. 2 12

inches in diameter including the green

husk, thin-shelled, sweet and edihle,

known as English wahiuts. Native

from southeastern Europe to Himalaya

and China. Planted as a commercial

nut tree in California and Oregon.

Useful also as a shade tree in the

Southern and Eastern States. Zone 6.

36. AiLANTiius, Ailanthus allissima

(Mill.) Swingle (tree-of-Heaven ailanthus, tree-of-Heaven; A. glandulosa

Desf. ). Medium-sized. coarsely

branched tree with siTiooth, striped,

Hght brown bark. Leaves large, compound, I/o to 2/2 feet long, with 13

to 25 leaflets, short-stalked and mostly

paired, broadly lance-shaped. 3 to 5

inches long, long-pointed, with 2 to 4

teeth near base, each tooth with a

gland beneath. Flowers small, greenish, /, inch long, in large clusters 6

to 10 inches long in summer, the male

flowers with disagreeable odor. Fruits

winged, I/2 inches long, reddish

brown, showy in late summer and fall.

Native of China but widely planted

and naturalized as a "weed" tree in

waste places in eastern United States,

southern Rocky Mountains, and Pacific States. Rapid growing, with handsome coarse foliage like tropical trees.

Not among the more desirable trees

but successful in crowded city and

smoky factory districts where most

other kinds will not thrive. Planted

also in shelterbelts. Objectionable

about drains, springs, and wells, as the

roots get into drains and both roots

and leaves are poisonous. Grows on a

variety of soils from sand to clay and

spreads rapidly by suckers. Only seedbearing plants should be propagated,

because of the ill-scented male flowers

and because the unpollinated seeds do

not produce seedlings. Zone 4.

37. PANICLED GOLDENRAIN-TREE^

Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (goldenrain-tree, China-tree, pride-ofIndia, varnish-tree). Small, sparingly

branched tree with rounded open

crown. Leaves once or twice compound, 6 to 15 inches long. Leaflets

7 to 15, oval, 1 to 3 inches long, coarsely and irregularly toothed, reddish

when young, dai'k green and smooth

above, pah^r and slightly hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, small.

/2 inch long, in broad, showy clusters

8 to 14 inches long in summer. Pods

showy, bladderlike, egg-shaped, I/2 to

2 inches long, pointed, with papery

walls, brown. Native of China, Korea, and Japan. Planted in Atlantic,

southern, central, Rocky Mountain,

and Pacific regions of the United

States but not hardy in the colder

regions. Drought-resistant, relatively

free from insect pests and diseases, and

tolerant of alkali. Zone 6.

38. CHiNABERRY, McUa üzedarach

L. (chinatree, pride-of-China; umbrella chinaberry or umbrella-tree is a

variety ). Small tree with spreading,

hemispherical crowTi or, in the umbrella chinaberry, with crowded

branches forming a dense, flattened

crown like an umbrella. Bark furrowed. Leaves large, twice compound, 1 to 2 feet long. Leaflets

many, oval, 1 to 3 inches long, sharppointed, toothed or lobed, bright

green, smooth. Flowers purpHsh, 5/8

inch across, fragrant, in open clusters

4 to 8 inches long in spring. Fruit

5/8 inch in diameter, yellow, 1-seeded.

Native of Himalaya. Planted for

shade and ornament in southern

LTnited States north to Virginia and

west to California. Naturalized in

the Southeast. Rapidly growing but

short-lived. Zone 8.

39. siLKTREE, Albizia julibrissin

Durazz. (silktree albizia, "mimosa,"

powder-pufif-tree ). Small, widely

branched tree wdth spreading, flattened

crown. Bark blackish, nearly smooth.

Leaves twice compound, finely divided

and fern like or feather)-, 6 to 15

inches long, with 10 to 24 forks, each

wdth 30 to 60 small, oblong, pointed,

pale-green leaflets % inch long.

Flowers pink and showy, crowded in

ball-like clusters of long threadlike

stamens 1 to 2 inches in diameter

through the summer. Pods 4 to 6

inches long, flat, green to brown. Native from Iran to China. Widely

cultivated and escaped from cultiva-
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 21

36 Ailanthus. :i7. Panicled goldenrain-tiee. 38. Chinaberry. 39. Silktree.

40. Flamboyant-tree.
22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

tion in the Gulf and Atlantic States

and planted also in Pacific States. In

the Southeast, many trees have been

killed by a serious wilt disease, but

resistant selections are now available.

As the hardiest of a group of tropical

and subtropical leguminous trees, this

handsome ornamental is reminiscent

of warmer regions. Zone 7 (5).

40. FLAMBOYANT-TREE, D 6 I O Til X

re^ia (Bojer) Raf. (royal poinciana,

flame-tree; Poinciana regia Bojer).

Small tree with broad, widely spreading top, nearly ex-ergreen but leafless

for a time in spring. Bark gray

brown, smoothish. Leaves finely dix'ided, twice compound, 1 to 2 feet

long, with 20 to 50 feather)^ forks,

each with 30 to 70 oval leaflets ^ to

/2 inch long, dark green. Flowers

large and very show^^, 3 to 4 inches

across, bright orange red or scarlet, in

large clusters in spring and summer.

Pods large, 1 to I/2 feet long, flat,

dark brown. Native of Madagascar.

A brilliantly flowered tropical ornamental \-ery^ popular in southern

Florida, where it is naturalized.

Planted also southern Texas and

southern California. Zone 10.

J. Deciduous, leaves borne singly

(alternate), not divided into leaflets (simple), leaf edges smooth.

Nos. 41 to 43 (see also No. 29).

41. SAUCER MAGNOLIA, MügnoUa

y soulangiana Soul. {M. denudata

X liliflora). Shrub or small tree with

usually several trunks and widely

spreading crown. Bark light gray,

smooth. Leaves often large, oval,

broadest toward apex, 5 to 8 inches

long, abruptly short-pointed, tapering toward the short leafstalks, with

smooth edges, thin, dull green, hairy

beneath. Flowers numerous, vei'y

large and showy, like large tuHps but

opening widely like saucers, pink, purple, or white, white inside, 3 to 4

inches long, 4 to 8 inches across

the 6 petals, often fragrant, in

early spring before the leaves,

present even on small shrubs. Fruits

oblong, like cucumbers, 4 to 5 inches

long, opening along the sides to expose

the red seeds. A hybrid of two Chinese species, yulan magnolia and lily

magnolia. Several varieties differ

mainly in flower size, color, and time

of flowers. Widely planted in humid

areas cross the United States as an

ornamental for the gorgeous early

spring flowers. Zone (5).

42. TALLOWTREE, SapiuTU sebijeruTU

(L.) Roxb. (Chinese tallowtree; Triadica sebifera (L.) Small). Small

spieading tree with several large

branches and poisonous milky juice.

Leafstalks 1 to 2 inches long. Leaf

blades broadly oval or nearly round,

1/2 to 3 inches long, long-pointed,

with smooth edges, shiny light green,

turning red or yellow in fall. Male

and female flowers small, greenish, in

dense clusters 2 to 4 inches long.

Fruiting capsules /2 inch in diameter,

with 3 white, oval, waxy seeds remaining attached. Native of China, where

candles are made from the waxy seed

coats. Cultivated and naturalized in

the South Atlantic and Gulf States.

Zone 9.

43. RussiAN-OLi\T, Elaeagnus anoustifolia L. (oleaster). Small tree or

shrub, sometimes spiny, with crooked

trunk, irregular crown, and silvery

twigs and foliage. Bark brown, shredding. Leaves lance-shaped, 1/2 to 3

inches long, blunt-pointed, with

smooth margins, grayish green above,

silvery scaly beneath. Flowers silver)-

and pale yellow, small 3/^ inch long,

fragrant, in spring or summer. Fruits

oval, 3/8 inch long, yellow w4th silvery

scales, sweet and mealy, 1-seeded.

Native from southern Europe to western and central Asia. Planted as an

ornamental for its handsome silvery

gray foliage and fragrant flowers

nearly throughout temperate United

States and occasionally escapes from

cultivation. Hardy in the far North

and especially adapted to drier regions,

such as Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Extensively used in shelterbelts.

Drought-resistant, tolerant of city

smoke, and suited to a wide range of
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 23

41. Saucer magnolia. 42. Tallowtree. 43. Russian-olive. 44. European beech. 45. European linden. 46. Silver linden. 47. English elm. 48. Siberian elm. 49. Chinese elm

50. White willow. 51. Weeping willow.
24 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

soils from moist to sandy and alkaline.

Zone 3.

K. Deciduous, leaves borne singly

(alternate), not divided into leaflets (simple), leaf edges toothed

but not lobed, Nos. 4:4^ to 53.

44. EUROPEAN BEECI-IJ Fagus sylvatica L. (purple, cutleaf, and weeping

European beech are horticultural varieties). Medium-sized to large tree

with symmetrical oval crown and

dense foliage. Bark smooth, dark

gray. Leaves in 2 rows, 2 to 4 inches

long, short-pointed, minutely toothed,

hairy when young, shiny dark green

above and light green beneath, turning reddish brown in fall. Flowers

male and female, small, in early spring.

Fruit a spiny bur 1 inch long, with 2

or 3 triangular edible seeds % inch

long known as beechnuts. Native

in central and southern Europe, an important hardwood forming extensive

forests. Planted in northeastern

United States and in Pacific States.

Zone 4.

45. EUROPEAN LINDEN, Tilia ^ europaea L. (common linden; T. cordata X platyphyllos, T. vulgaris

Hayne). Large tree with dense pyramidal crown. Leaves in 2 rows,

heart-shaped, 2 to 4 inches long,

short-pointed, the 2 sides unequal at

base, sharply toothed, dark green

above, bright green beneath with tufts

of hairs in angles of main veins. Flowers pale yellow, ^ inch long, very

fragrant in clusters on a strap-shaped

greenish stalk in summer. Fruits nutlike, ^/4 inch in diameter. A hybrid of

two European species, littleleaf linden

and bigleaf linden. In the United

States adapted to moist temperate

regions, especially in the Northeast

and Pacific Northwest, as a shade tree

tolerant of city conditions. The

flowers are a good source of honey.

Zone 3.

46. SILVER LiNDENj Tilia tomentosa

Moench (white linden). Large tree

with upright branches and dense broad

pyramidal crown. Twigs white hairy.

Leaves in 2 rows, heart-shaped and

rounded, 2 to 5 inches long, longpointed, sharply toothed, dark green

and slightly hairy above when young,

beneath silver}^ white with a coat of

woolly hairs. Flowers pale yellow, %

inch long, fragrant, in clusters on a

strap-shaped greenish stalk in summer.

Fruits nutlike, % inch long, oval,

minutely warty and slightly 5-angled.

Native of southeastern Europe and

western Asia. In the United States

suited to moist temperate regions, especially in the East, but planted also

west to the Pacific States. Tolerant of

city conditions and resistant to heat

and drought. Zone 4.

47. ENGLISH ELM, Ulmus procera

Salisb. ( U. campestris of authors in

part). Large tree with straight trunk,

spreading and nearly horizontal

branches, and oval crown. Bark

deeply fissured. Leaves in 2 rows, elliptical, 2 to 3 inches long, shortpointed, the 2 sides unequal, doubly

toothed, dark green and rough above,

soft-hairy beneath. Flowers small,

greenish, in clusters in early spring.

Fruits flattened, ^2 inch in diameter.

Native of western and southern Europe. In the United States planted in

moist temperate regions of Pacific and

Eastern States. Tolerant of city smoke

but produces undesirable root sprouts.

Subject to Dutch elm disease and attacked by elm leaf beetle. Zone 5.

48. SIBERIAN ELM, Ulmus pumila L.

(Asiatic elm, Pekin elm, dwarf elm,

dwarf Asiatic elm; erroneously called

Chinese elm, which is U. parvifolia

Jacq., No. 49). Small to mediumsized tree with rounded crown and

rough bark. Twigs hairy when young.

Leaves in 2 row^s, narrowly elliptical,

small, 34 to 2 inches long, shortpointed, the two sides almost equal,

toothed, thick, smooth and dark green

above, becoming smooth beneath.

Flowers small, greenish, in clusters in

early spring. Fruits flattened, ^2 inch

in diameter. Native from Turkestan

to eastern Siberia and northern China.

Widely grown in central and western

United States for shade and shelterbelts. Hardy in dry regions and
SIXTY TREES FROM FOREIGN LANDS 25

drought-resistant, tolerates city smoke

and^ poor soils, and grows rapidly.

Subject to cotton root rot and canker

disease. Zone 4.

49. CHINESE ELM, Ulmus paruifolia

Jacq. Small tree with broad rounded

crown and spreading branches, shedding leaves in fall or half-evergreen in

warm climates. Bark dark brown,

mottled, smooth or rough. Twigs

hairy. Leaves in 2 rows, elliptical,

small, Y4 to 2 inches long, shortpointed, the two sides slightly unequal,

toothed, thick and leatheiy, smooth

and shiny dark green above, paler and

becoming nearly smooth beneath, turning to red or purple or remaining green

into winter in warm climates. Flowers small, greenish, in clusters in fall.

Fruits elliptical, % inch long, flattened. Native of northern and central

China, Korea, and Japan. Planted

especially in Gulf and Pacific States

but hardy northward in the East.

Fast growing shade tree and ornamental, used also for shelterbelts.

Zone 5.

50. WHITE WILLOW, Salix alba L.

Medium-sized tree with spreading

branches and whitish foliage. Leaves

lance-shaped, 2 to 4 inches long, longpointed, finely toothed, v^hitish and

silky beneath. Male and female flowers on different trees in early spring,

minute, many in clusters 2 inches long.

Capsules with cottony seeds. Native

from Europe and northern Africa to

central Asia. Grown for ornament in

moist temperate regions of the

United States and adjacent Canada,

where it has become naturalized. A

commonly planted variety or hybrid of

this species with yellow branches (yellowstem white willow, golden willow;

var. vitellina (L.) Stokes) is one of the

basket willows. Both the typical form

and this variety have been used in

shelterbelts in the North. Zone 2.

5L WEEPING WILLOW, Salix habylonica L. (Babylon weeping willow).

Small to medium-sized tree with long,

slender, drooping branches. Bark

gray brown, rough and fissured.

Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, 2 to 6

inches long, long-pointed, finely

toothed, dark green above and paler

beneath, smooth. Male and female

flowers on difi'erent trees in early

spring, minute, many in clusters % to

1/2 inches long. Capsules with cottony seeds. Native of China. Long

planted for its weeping foliage as a

lawn and landscape tree especially

near water in eastern United States

where it has become naturalized.

Grown also in Western States.

Adapted to moist soil and tolerant of

city smoke. The branches are brittle,

and the roots invade sewers. Zone

(6).

52. LOMBARDY POPLAR, PopuluS

nigra L. (black poplar is the typical

variety; Lombardy poplar is a hybrid

clone known as var. itálica Muenchh.).

Medium-sized to tall columnar tree

with narrow crown of upright

branches. Bark gray, furrowed.

Leafstalks 1 to 2 inches long, slender,

flattened. Leaf blades wedge-shaped

or triangular, I/2 to 3 inches long,

long-pointed, the edges with curved

teeth, smooth or slightly haiiy. The

trees are male only and do not produce seeds, the male flowers many in

clusters 2 inches long. Black poplar

is native of Europe and western Asia.

Lombardy poplar, distinguished by its

columnar crov/n, is widely cultivated

almost throughout the United States

and spreads by root-sprouts. Grown

especially in rows for shelterbelts,

screens, roadside trees, and formal

efifects. Short-lived, subject to European canker disease, and not recommended. The roots may damage

nearby drains. Zone 2.

53. CAROLINA POPLAR, Populus

Xca?iadensis Moench (P. deltoides

X nigra var. itálica; P. X eugenei

Simon-Louis). Large tree with

rounded, spreading crown. Bark

gray, furrowed. Leafstalks 1 to 2

inches long, flattened. Leaf blades

triangular, 3 to 4 inches long, longpointed, the edges with curved teeth,

shiny green and smooth on both sides.

The trees are male only and not producing seeds, the male flowers many
26 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 2 12

in clusters 3 inches long in early spring.

A hybrid clone which probably originated in Europe. Extensively planted

across the United States and spreads

from cultivation by root-sprouts. Tolerant of city smoke and dust and quick

growing, but not recommended for

city planting because the roots penetrate sewers. Zone 5.

L. Deciduous leaves borne singly

(alternate), not divided into leaflets (simple), leaf edges lobed,

Nos. 54 to 60 (see also No. 44).

54. WHITE POPLAR, PopuluS ülhü L.

febele; silver poplar and Bolleana

poplar are clones). Large, much

branched, wide-spreading tree. Bark

smoothish, whitish or light gray.

Leaves long-stalked, oval or 3- or

5-lobed and maplelike, 2/2 to 4

inches long, short-pointed, coarsely

and irregularly toothed, dark green

above with a white haiiy coat beneath, turning reddish in fall. Male

and female flowers on different trees

in early spring, many in clusters 2 to 3

inches long. Capsules with cottony

seeds. Native from central and

southern Europe to central Asia.

Planted across the LTnited States and

naturalized in Eastern States and adjacent Canada. Spreads by objectionable root-sprouts, and the roots

may damage drains and sewers. The

commonly cultivated silver poplar, a

clone with maplelike leaves silverywhite beneath, is tolerant of city

smoke but its leaves become dirty colored from city dust. Bolleana poplar

is another clone with columnar shape

and leaves green beneath. Gray poplar {P. canescens (Ait.) Sm.), thought

to be a hybrid of white poplar and

European aspen (P. trémula L.), has

toothed leaves but not lobed. Zone 3.

55. EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCPI, Betula

péndula Roth (European birch, European weeping birch; B. alba L. in

part). Medium-sized tree with slender, drooping branches. Bark white,

papeiy. Leaves long-stalked, triangular, 1 to 2/2 inches long, long-pointed,

doubly toothed, also deeply lobed in

the commonly cultivated varieties,

smooth. Flowers male and female,

small, in narrow clusters in early

spring. Fruiting cones 1 inch long,

narrow, slender stalked. There are

numerous horticultural varieties. Extensively planted across the United

States as a lawn tree for its white bark

and graceful drooping branches. Subject to attacks by the bronze birch

borer. Zone 2.

56. WHITE MULBERRY, Morus alba

L. (silkworm mulberr\^; Russian mu\-

berr)^ and weeping mulberry are varieties ). Small tree with rounded crown

and spreading branches, juice milky.

Leaves broadly oval but variable in

shape, 2^2 to 7 inches long, rounded

or heart-shaped at base, short-pointed,

coarsely toothed and often lobed. light

green and smooth above, slightly hain'

beneath. Male and female flowers

small and greenish, clustered, in

spring. Fruits % to 1 inch long,

white, pinkish, or purplish, edible.

Native of China. Extensively grown

and naturalized in many countries, as

the leaves are the main food of silkworms. Widely planted for ornament

across the United States and naturalized in the East. Russian mulberr\\

a hardy variety, has been used in shelterbelts. Male trees or fruitless varieties, such as the rapidly growing

Kingan fruitless variety, are preferred.

Zone 4.

57. PAPER-MULBERRY, Broussonetia

papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Papyrius

papyrifera (L.) Kuntze). Small to

medium-sized tree with wide spreading rounded crown and often irregular

shaped trunk, juice milky. Bark

smoothish, light gray to brown. Twigs

haiiy. Leaves single or sometimes

paired, long-stalked, oval, 3 to 8 inches

long, heart-shaped at base, longpointed, coarsely toothed and often

deeply and irregularly lobed. rough

hain,^ above and soft gray hair)^ beneath. Male and female flowers on

diíTerent trees, small, greenish, and inconspicuous. Fruits round, 34 inch in

diameter, orange to red, showy. Native of eastern Asia in Thailand, Bur-
SIXTY TRKES FIÍOM FORKKIN LANDS

52. Lombardy poplar. 53. Carolina poplar. 54. White poplar. 55. European white

birch. 56. White mulberry. 57. Paper-mulberry. 58. London planetree. 59. Chinese

parasoltree. 60. English oak.
28 U.S. DEPAHTMKNT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK IN^O. 2 12

ma, China, possibly Japan, and

perhaps elsewhere. Planted as an

ornamental and street tree and escaping or naturalized in Eastern United

States from New York to Kansas and

southward. Hardy and does well on

poor soil and under difficult conditions

of heat, smoke, and dust. The common name refers to papermaking from

the fibrous bark in China. Zone 6.

58. LONDON PLANETREE, Platanus

Xacerifolia (Ait.) Willd. {P. occidentalis X onentalis). Large tree wdth

upright axis, spreading branches, and

rounded crown. Bark peeling off in

large flakes, smoothish, with patches of

browm, green, and gray. Leaves longstalked, heart-shaped, 5 to 10 inches

long and wide. 3- or 5-lobed, with

edges of the triangular pointed lobes

smooth or with few teeth, bright green

and shiny above, pale beneath. Flowers male and female in ball-like clusters in spring. Fruit of usually 2

bristly balls 1 inch in diameter, conspicuous on trees in winter. Probably

a hybrid between American sycamore

and oriental planetree, originated long

ago. Widely planted as a street tree

in Eastern United States and Pacific

coast and southern Rocky Mountain

regions. Tolerant of city smoke and

alkali but subject to a canker disease.

Zone 5.

59. CEIINESE PARASOLTREE, Firmiana platanifolia (L. f.) Shott & Endl.

( Phoenix-tree. Japanese varnish-tree.

bottletree; Firmiana simplex of authors, Sterculia platanifolia L. ). Small

to medium-sized tree with rounded

crow^n. Bark smooth, gray green.

Leaves long-stalked, very large, heartshaped, 6 to 12 inches long, 3- or 5-

lobed with pointed lobes and smooth

edges, finely hairy beneath. Flowers

small, yellow green, /2 inch long, in

clusters 8 to 18 inches long in summer.

Fruit 2 to 4 inches long, show^, of 4 or

5 open podlike parts with pealike

seeds. Native of China and Japan but

widely planted as an ornamental and

street tree in warmer regions of United

States, including South Atlantic and

Gulf States and California. Fastgrowing and naturalized in Southeastern States. Zone 9.

60. ENGLLSH OAK, Quercus robur L.

Medium-sized to lárice spreading tree

with short stout trunk, widespreading

branches, and broad rounded crown.

Bark dark, deeply furrowed. Leaves

oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, with 7 to

15 rounded lobes, smooth, dark green

above and pale blue green beneath.

Flowers male and female, small, in

early spring. Acorns 1 to 5 on a stalk

1 to 3 inches long, 5/g to 1 inch long, a

third enclosed by the cup. There are

many horticultural varieties. Native

of Europe, northern x\frica, and western x\sia. In the L^nited States planted

chiefly in the Pacific, Gulf, and South

Atlantic States. Zone 5.
Selected References

Bailey, L. H.

1925, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. 3 v., illus. The Macmillan Co., New York. [Popular ed. 1935; reprinted 1947.]

1933. The Cultivated Conifers in North

America. 404 pp., illus. The

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and Bailey, Ethel Zoe, compilers.

1941. Hortus Second. 778 pp., illus.

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Barrett, Mary Franklin.

1956. Common Exotic Trees of South

Florida {Dicotyledons). 414

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Beale, James H.

1960. The Evergreens. 285 pp., illus.

Doubleday & Co., Garden City,

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Cloud, Katherine M-P.

1960. Evergreens for Every State; How

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Dallimore, W., and Jackson, A. Bruce.

1948. A Handbook of Coniferae Including Ginkgoaceae. Ed. 3, 682

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Dayton, William A.

1952. United States Tree Books; a Bibliography of Tree Identification.

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20, 32 pp. [Out of print.]

Felt, Ephraim Porter.

1943. Shelter Trees in War and Peace.

320 pp., illus. Orange Judd

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Friend, W. H.

1942. Plants of Ornamental Value for

the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui.

609, 156 pp., illus. College

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Grant, John A., and Grant, Carol L.

1943. Trees and Shrubs for Pacific

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Graves, Arthur Harmount.

1956. Illustrated Guide to Trees and

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Hottes, Alfred Carl.

1952. The Book of Trees. Ed. 3, 440

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Hoyt, Roland Stewart.

1938. Check Lists for the Ornamental

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383 pp., illus. Livingston

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1946. The Friendly Evergreens. 237

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Little, Elbert L., Jr.

1949. Fifty Trees from Foreign Lands.

U.S. Dept. of Agr. Yearbook

1949: 815-832, illus. In Trees,

The Yearbook of Agriculture

1949, 944 pp., illus. U.S. Govment Printing Office, Wash. 25,

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1949. Important Forest Trees of the

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Mattoon, H. Gleason, ed.

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29
30 DKPAHTMKXT OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 212

McMinn. Howard E.. and Maino, E\('l>n.

1946. An Illustrated Manual of Pacific

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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951

F..I- sail, by thr Supprintendpnt of Documents, U.S. Government Printinir Office

Washin.uton '17), D.C. - Price l.ö cents