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offside for spot spray-
ing, Figure 55. Spray-
ing may be done ata
rate as high as 400 gal-
lons per acre with a
speed as great as

20 miles per hour.

A diagrammatic layout
of a mobile weed
sprayer is shown in
Figure 56. This rig
was constructed by
O&M personnel,

North Unit, Deschutes
Project, Oregon, for
use on a 4-wheel drive,
Fig. 55 1-ton truck.

Booms for Spray Rigs

Many types of booms are used on the spraying equipment utilized
by the operators of irrigation systems. Also, several methods
of controlling the booms have been used. Generally, the lighter
constructed booms are mechanically operated, but even some of
these are operated by electrical and hydraulic systems.

The spray rig shown in several illustrations below and in the draw-
ing, Figure 65, was developed by the Kirwin Irrigation District.
The District operates the irrigation system of the Kirwin Unit of
the Missouri River Basin Project in Kansas. Boom construction
is shown in detail in the drawing. The spray unit itself is powered
by an auxiliary engine and is mounted on the rear of a truck. The
innovation which the Kirwin Irrigation District has conceived is the
control of the spray boom by electrical power rather than by mechan-
ical or hydraulic methods. This is accomplished simply by the use
of automotive starter motors which are powered by the truck's
6-volt electrical system.

The starter motors power winches, which through a system of
cables, provide the desired control to the spray boom. Two
starter motors are used on each power unit to accomplish forward
and reversé movement of the winch drum. This is done simply by
the fact that the starter motors have been reversed in position and,
therefore, automatically rotate in opposite directions.

The operation of the complete rig is usually accomplished by two

men; however, if necessary, it can be operated satisfactorily by
the driver. The Kirwin Irrigation District is well satisfied with

54


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Details of the weed
sprayer and its com-
ponent parts are shown
in Figure 65,

Details of a hydraulically-
operated 20-foot side
boom which utilizes two
hydraulic cylinders are.
shown in Figure 66,

The diagonal cylinder
provides for vertical
movement and the hori-
zontal cylinder for swing-
ing the boom back along
the side of the truck,

Each of the two 10-foot
boom sections is con-
structed so that the hori-
zontal members are the
pipes carrying spray
fluid; the vertical mem-
bers are made rigid to the spray pipe, and wire rope diagonal members
are adjusted just tight enough to take up slack, The double acting hydrau-
lic cylinder is fixed to the first boom section permitting the movement of
the outer boom section by extension and retraction of the piston rod.

Fig. 66

The hydraulic spray boom shown in Figure 67 is unique and simple in
construction, It allows for one-man operation of both the spray boom

and the vehicle, The operator has full control of the spray boom at all
times as the control panel is located within easy reach of the driver's

seat and, when operating, the spraying nozzles are visible, Operation

of the boom and spray bar is accomplished by pressure developed by

the spray unit. That is the hydraulic system of the equipment is merged
with the spraying system thereby eliminating the necessity of two indepen-
dent pressure units. Pressure is developed with any liquid or chemical
solution, but use of corrosive herbicides is not recommended.

This hydraulic spray boom was designed and constructed by personnel
on the Tucumcari Project, Tucumcari, New Mexico.

The spray pump develops a pressure of 800 pounds per square inch,
which is adequate to operate the hydraulic cylinders at the same time
fluid is being discharged through the spray nozzles, The nozzles are
spaced 17 inches on center along the spray bar. Using these nozzles
the sprayer will apply from 10 to 200 gallons of fluid per mile depend-
ing upon rate of travel and operating pressure.

61


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Fig. 61

Details of the boom pivot assembly are shown in Figure 60. The
right side power unit is shown in Figure 61 with the two starter

motors oppositely mounted.

58

The assembly of the
left side power unit
is shown in Figure 62.

In Figure 63, a detailed
view of the boom joint
from underneath shows
the hose and nozzle
arrangement.

Figure 64 is a view of
the control panel
mounted within the cab
and on the dash of the
truck. Shown is the
selective valve control
and pressure regulator
on the right, and spray
boom control unit with
pushbutton switches on
the left.


The initial cost of a sprayer of this type may become small in
comparison to the savings made in the number of man hours that
would ordinarily be spent for these many and varied tasks.

Fig. 48

Several views of a multipurpose sprayer designed by the Tracy
Division, Central Valley Project and used on the Delta-Mendota

and other canals are shown in the Figures 48, 49, 50, and 51.
Features include an electrically operated side boom, of light

weight rigid construction extendable to 30 feet; a 400-gallon tank,
exhaust priming for the one-stage centrifugal pump and mechanical
swing back for the side boom. Also featured are hour meters on
the truck and on the sprayer engine, and a truck engine tachometer
calibrated in miles per hour for each forward gear used in spraying.

The top mounted reel, Figure 51, contains 100 feet or more of
hose for spot spraying. The hose is available from either side of
the truck. Agitation of spray material is accomplished by paddles
on a shaft through the length of the tank near its bottom,

50


The two 10-foot booms, as shown in Figure 45, are lowered and
raised hydraulically by remote control from the rear platform,

the hydraulic control pressure being supplied by a 2-gallon-per-
minute pump. The booms are capable of being lowered from 35°
below horizontal to a vertical position. This is an extremely
desirable characteristic since it may be adjusted to the slope of
the canal banks. This is a feature which is not generally available
on most of the commercial weed sprayers, at the time of purchase.

The side booms are held in a horizontal spraying position simply
by friction and swing back along the sides for traveling. In addi-
tion to the two side booms there is a 90-inch center spray mani-
fold mounted under the operating platform which is in two sections,
but controlled by a single valve. It may be operated with or with-
out the side booms, but is not movable.

Mounted on the lower side of each boom are two 3/4-inch pipe
manifolds, an inner and an outer, on which the spray nozzles are
connected. The effective coverage of the booms is increased by
the addition of off-center nozzles on the ends.

The pressure to the spray nozzles is controlled by a 0-800-pounds-
per-square-inch pressure regulator. There is also a pressure
regulator for the hand lines which will allow the booms and hand
lines to be operated simultaneously at different pressures. Through
the manipulation of the valves at the operating platform, either the
outer or inner spray manifold may be used individually or both may
be used simultaneously.

With the foregoing description in mind, numerous uses of the spray
rig are apparent. To
cite a particular,
and one of the most
important alternate
uses, it was used in
shotcrete operations
for repairing of broken
or cracked concrete
lining on the Friant-
Kern Canal. Whena
shotcrete machine, for
the pneumatic applica-
tion of the portland
cement mortar first
arrived on the job, it
was necessary to
maintain a continuous
Fig. 45 supply of compressed
air and water under
pressure. At first it was considered necessary to have a tank
truck with water, a truck to pull the air compressor and
also the shotcrete machine. This required several men

47


Fig. 44

Basically the spray rig consists of a ''V" bottom, 500-gallon tank
made of a material resistant to the chemicals used in spraying
weeds. It may be mounted on any standard 2-1/2-ton truck frame
with minor alterations. A mechanically driven agitator, driven
from the pump, insures adequate mixing of the various ingredients
in the solution,

Pressure is supplied by a 40-gallon-per-minute, three-cylinder
reciprocating pump. It is in turn gear driven by a gasoline engine.

In order to fill the tank, a portable-type 1-1/2-inch self-priming
pump and two 15-foot lengths of neoprene lined 1-1/2-inch hose
have been provided as shown in the illustration.

The two hose reels shown on topof the tank each contain 100 feet

of 3/4-inch neoprene lined and covered 2, 500-pounds-per-square-
inch hose. These are used when it becomes necessary to hand spray
or work in confined areas. When used in this manner, the hose is
usually led down the side of the tank and out along the boom through
the two sets of roller guides which are fastened to the upper side

of the boom. High pressure orchard spray guns or hand wands can
be used with the handling, depending on the nature and requirements
of the respective operations.

46


Fig. 63

X-701-279

Fig. 64
59


one man, with approximately 150 gallons of primer. Upon com-
pletion a few gallons of solvent were used to clean out the tank and
hose. After the catalytically blown asphalt had been applied, the
asphalt base aluminum paint was sprayed on in the same manner in
the same amount of time.

Other lesser uses also have been made of the sprayer on the
Central Valley Project. It became routine for the field offices to
keep the truck filled with water over the weekends during the dry
months, in the event a fire should occur.

During one irrigation season, pondweed became a serious problem

in the Friant-Kern Canal. In order to make the proper herbicidal
applications, it was necessary to treat the surface area of the water.
This required applications from a boat. The materials were thoroughly
mixed with the agitator and then applied, as shown in Figure 47. The
boat was pulled by a pick-up, not shown, over a one-mile stretch of
unlined canal.

P214-D-29198

Fig. 47

Another utilization of the rig's high pressure was in cleaning out
piezometer rings in venturi meters. Hydrographers had previously
used compressed air, but found that 125 to 150-pounds-per-square-
inch water pressure was much more effective in cleaning out the
accumulated silt. It was also found invaluable in cleaning structures
for painting and maintenance work. The high pressure water jet
was very effective in removing mud and debris from checks, bridges,
and siphons. Also it has been converted into a weed-burning rig

and for storing or transferring fuels from tank to tank. Along this
line it might also be used for transporting fuel to a location where
several pieces of heavy equipment are working.

49


Fig. 41 Fig. 42

Cattleguards made of rubber strips, Figures 41 and 42, extend

across certain paved county roads on the same project. No pit

is required. The guards may be moved rapidly to another location.
Objects trailing from a vehicle have snapped one of the bands occasion-
ally.

All cattle guards have been eliminated and wire gates substituted
on some of our projects because of restricted funds.

Many believe that serious consideration might well be given to the
use of bump gates in lieu of cattle guards. A gate of this type
will serve both to provide for passage of equipment too wide for

a cattle guard and provide a means of keeping stock from straying,
without delaying the ditch riders.

Spraying Equipment for Land Weeds

Spraying equipment for use in the control of land weeds may be of
the mounted-motorized type or it may be easily portable small units,
depending upon the job to be done, access to the area where the
problem exists, and the condition and needs encountered on the
individual project. Large motorized equipment may be of the

single or multiple purpose types, with a selection of booms, means
of controlling the booms, and accessories that may be needed ina
given situation.

The decision for obtaining single purpose or multipurpose equip-
ment is based on the expected requirements for each purpose.

41


Figure 52 is a view of acommercial sprayer. The large tank,
the 4-wheel drive truck, the broad-fan nozzle, and side arm
multi-nozzle booms are illustrated. In Figure 53, the absence
of extendable booms and the large tank indicate use of the equip-
ment largely from well improved roads or for spot treatment of
weeds off these roads. Developed by the Yolo County Agricul-
tural Commissioner, California, this spray rig is more nearly
a single-purpose rig than the commercial sprayer shown in
Figure 52.



The spray rig is operated by two men. One man drives the 4-wheel
drive, 1-1/2-ton rated capacity truck. The sprayer operator stands
on a railed platform at the rear of the truck, where he can see the
boom and the banks to be sprayed.

This multi-purpose
sprayer has been used
for spraying weeds with
boom and gun, to supply
water pressure for gun-
ite operator for cleaning
cracks in concrete, to
spray undercoat and
paint in asphalt mem-
brane installations.

Other multi-purpose
sprayers may be devel-
oped to overcome a
limitation. The oil or
water used as the spray
fluid carrier is an
important limitation.
Very large tanks, 1,000
gallons or more in capac-
ity, become feasible only
if water or other carrier
is not readily available
and a relatively high
rate per acre is required.
‘ Large tanks may be uti-
lized on areas which have
good roads though the
= rate of application may
a be comparatively low.
Where access to the
wee : area is no problem and
the road will support
the extra weight, it will
be desirable to fill the
tank only once per day.

Low and high rates are
Fig. 50 comparative terms.

Rates of application may

vary from 1 gallon to
more than 400 gallons per acre. Rates of 1 to 20 gallons per acre
are within the range of aircraft application. Ground spray rigs have
a low range of approximately 5 to 35 gallons per acre. The high
range then would include the 100- to 400-gallon rates.

51


and pieces of equipment which was soon found to be unnecessary.
An air-driven pump was furnished with the shotcrete machine to
be used on a tank truck. However, this did not prove satisfactory
as there was a shortage of air for this type of service. The use
of the spray rig was proposed. Its use became two-fold in that it
was a ready source for the continuous high pressure water supply
required, and was also the prime mover for the air compressor
shotcrete machine and sand trailer. The arrangement of equip-
ment is shown in Figure 46, which was taken during lining repair
operations.

Prior to application of the mortar, the cracks in the lining had to
be thoroughly cleaned. In order to speed this process the spray
rig was again put to use. A man with the hose was lowered down

» P214-v-29196

Fig. 46

the slope by a line. The water pressure was adjusted to 400 pounds
per square inch which had been found to be the right pressure to
easily jet the silt from between the cracks.

During a recent maintenance period, a contract was let for provid-
ing a catalytically blown asphalt membrane over a 400-foot section
of concrete lining at Mile 79.85 on the Friant-Kern Canal. Bureau
of Reclamation personnel were to apply an asphalt primer prior to
the application, and apply a coat of asphalt base aluminum paint
after the asphalt membrane had been applied. It was necessary,

of course, to have the lining clean before applying the primer. Here
again the sprayer played an important role. Not only was it used to
water wash the lining, but was also used for spraying the primer and
aluminum paint. This was done simply by filling the tank with the
asphalt primer and applying it by the use of ahand wand. The 34, 400-
square foot area was completely covered inslightly less than 4 hours by

48


Fig. 67

The operator controls the boom and spray bar by manipulation of the
valves on the control panel, The boom and spray bar can be adjusted
to either a horizontal or below horizontal position which permits
spraying regardless of ground contour or slope of the ditch bank or

levee.

62

With reference to

the illustration and
drawing, Figures 68
and 69, a double
action hydraulic
cylinder activates
the spray bar and

is controlled by
valve "A." By plac-
ing the control
handle in "up" posi-
tion, the spray bar
is raised, Valve
"B" operates the
single-action hydraulic
cylinder, When the
control handle is at
"up" position, the
spray boom is raised


9. Nozzles are one-piece type with an orifice large enough to
pass debris which is not retained on the 50 mesh line strainer.
Thus, no nozzle strainers are required. Nozzles seldom need
cleaning.

10. The sprayer tank has a capacity of 380 gallons, may be
placed parallel or at right angles to the truck frame axis
and may be mounted separately or as a unit with the power
supply system. The tank or whole unit may be demounted by
removing "U" bolts and lifting from the truck.

11. The boom system covers a 50-foot swath. It is bolted to the
truck frame in place of the front bumper.

12. The hydraulic and spray controls are mounted in banks which
may be placed where the operators have the greatest visibility.
Spray controls are poppet type (pushbutton) in manifolds which
contain three boom unit valves and one master valve. Cost of
this valve manifold is less than that of most 90° gate or ball
valves as single units.

13. Operation is designed for two men; one as truck driver, the
other at the sprayer controls. Where visibility and road con-
ditions permit, the controls can be placed so that the driver
can also operate the sprayer.

14. Wherever possible, hose is used instead of pipe to carry
fluid. Less vibration damage occurs and maintenance and
repair is less expensive.

15. Containers for records, maps, tools, and parts for main-
tenance and field repairs protect these items from damage by
spray.

16. A small anemometer (cost $5.00) is kept on the sprayer for
checking wind velocity and direction.

17. The sprayer is designed in compartments or systems. As
better or less expensive components become available, they
may be employed. If original parts cannot be obtained, they
may be replaced with other brands. The problems of parts
availability and obsolescence are reduced.

Details of the design and construction of the waterway weed sprayer
may be obtained from Project Manager, Columbia Basin Project,
Ephrata, Washington.

The commercially available multipurpose spray rig, shown in
Figure 44, is used by Bureau forces on the Friant-Kern, Madera,
and Delta-Mendota Canals, Central Valley Project, California.

44



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Fig: 59

Fig. 60

57


The factors essential to the satisfactory performance of a spray

rig were embodied in the waterway weed sprayer designed for
spraying large and small ditchbanks under irrigation system con-
ditions on the Columbia Basin Project, Washington. The assembled
unit was the result of suggestions and tests by more than 25 employ-
ees. Credit for many of the basic principles should go also to
contributors to the O&M Equipment and Procedures releases, to
numerous contributors from other projects, and from commercial
concerns. The final design, however, was a cooperative effort of
sprayer operators, shop men, and their supervisors. Functioning
and component parts were such that:

1. The sprayer is simple to construct, operate, maintain, and
repair, with parts being standard items or simply constructed.

2. Effective operation is flexible enough to cover rough terrain,
long steep slopes, or sandy or wet sites at low or high speed,

low or high gallonages, and very low to moderate spray pressures.

3. Refilling is done from the ditch on either side of the vehicle
in 8 minutes or less. Line strainer and large nozzle pre-
vent frequent nozzle cleaning.

4, Sufficient herbicide concentrates are carried to spray 1
day (up to 150 acres). Concentrates are measured and fed
directly into spray tank without handling. Two major con-
centrates may be carried separately in the piggy-back tank.

5. Mechanical agitation is adequate for water-oil emulsion
and suspended solid types of herbicides. The propellor is
small and is driven directly from the single cylinder gaso-
line engine.

6. The single-stage centrifugal pump cost less than $60. The
10-gallon priming tank permits use of all the material in the
spray tank before refilling.

7, The hydraulic system operates at low pressure, less than
300 pounds per square inch. Cylinders on the jointed booms
are light weight types. Automobile convertible top cylinders
can be used.

8. Spray hose is nylon reinforced vinyl plastic garden hose and
the 3/4-inch inside diameter size weighs less than 3/8-inch
high-pressure spray hose. It has several times less friction
loss, costs 25 percent as much and is resistant to oils and
herbicides. This hose may be obtained in standard lengths
or in bulk. Neoprene hose washers are used.

43


A sprayer will be acquired for a single purpose if there is sufficient
need for that one kind of performance. Single purpose units may be
designed to get a job efficiently utilizing labor, equipment and mate-
rials to the best advantage, provided there is a sufficient quantity

of one kind of work to be done during the lifetime of the equipment.
Often other uses will be found for the sprayer, should the sprayer
be available during a part of the season.

Spray Rigs

A multipurpose unit may fulfill several needs, where the quantity
of work of one kind is insufficient to support a single purpose
sprayer. For example, if a project could afford only one weed
sprayer, that sprayer would probably be capable of a wide range

of pressures, and could be changed rapidly to spray with a boom,
with a gun, to apply sterilants, aquatic herbicides, to fight fires,
to transfer liquids from tank to tank, to apply residual insecticides,
dust control chemicals, and to perform other project work where
there is a need for the application of liquids under pressure.

The disadvantages of a multipurpose sprayer are that it will do
none of the jobs as well, it may be more cumbersome, it may
require more changeover time, and the operating charge will be
higher than that of single purpose equipment. With the excellent
availability of small portable power supplies, a few single pur-
pose units may be feasible even for a very small irrigation system.

Multipurpose sprayers have been used for:

Fire fighting, especially grass fires

Cleaning insulators on electrical installations

Applying residual insecticides to pump houses

Mosquito control

Emergency dewatering

Preliminary phases of asphalt membrane lining applications

Applications of concrete curing

Emergency grouting behind concrete lining

Applying aquatic herbicides

Applying dust control chemicals

Operation of remote hydraulic motors such as in pipeline
cleaning

Weed burning

Transfer of liquids from tank to tank

Water pressure for gunite

Cleaning silt from cracks in concrete lining

Cleaning piezometer rings on venturi meters

Several of the factors that should be considered in the design and
construction of a good quality weed spraying rig are shown in the
diagram, Figure 43, which illustrates the functions that are
required by such a rig.

42



Fig. 53

Fig. 54

A multi-purpose spray rig developed for high volume spraying

of roadside and ditchbank weed control is shown in Figures 54
and 55. Features of this rig include a 1,000-gallon tank, a
hydraulic cylinder actuated side boom for spraying narrow strips
on road sides and an overhead boom capable of supporting a man

53


x-7or-272

Fig. 5

the spray unit because of the ease of controlling the spray boom.
It is simple, has a high degree of maneuverability and precise

adjustments are possible.

56

Figures 57, 58, and
59 show the boom
and the method used
in mounting it on the
front of a truck.

Figure 57 is a general
view of the front mount-
ing with the boom in an
extended position.

Figure 58 is a general
view of the spray unit
with the boom ina
traveling position.
Details of the front
mounting assembly

are shown in Figure 59.