COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Athey, Ortiz and Lorish

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

RANDY LEE HARRIS, SOMETIMES KNOWN AS

 RANDY LEE HARRIS, JR.

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1294-21-1 JUDGE LISA M. LORISH

DECEMBER 20, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK

John R. Doyle, III, Judge

Harry Dennis Harmon, Jr., for appellant.

Lindsay M. Brooker, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Randy Lee Harris, Jr., was convicted in the City of Norfolk Circuit Court on one count of 

burglary, in violation of Code § 18.2-91, one count of grand larceny, in violation of Code § 18.2-95,

and one count of destruction of property, in violation of Code § 18.2-137. Harris asserts that the 

trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient to support the convictions. Finding no error in the 

trial court’s judgment, we affirm.

BACKGROUND1

Anthony Prebe owned a house on Heutte Drive in Norfolk, Virginia. In February 2018, the 

house was “completely intact” and “habitable” with complete copper piping throughout, although 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

1

“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in 

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v. 

Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381 

(2016)).

UNPUBLISHED
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Prebe was remodeling parts of the house. Before leaving the house to visit relatives for three weeks, 

Prebe stored some boxes and his valuables in the dining room, which he had blocked off with 

plastic “to keep the dust out of there.” He also stored his quality furniture and silk rugs in that 

room. Upstairs, everything was “nice and orderly.” The front door had a deadbolt lock on it, and 

the attached two-car garage was boarded off so it could be accessed only from the inside of the 

house.

When he returned from Florida, Prebe had to forcibly push the front door open to get back 

into the house, because “there was a bunch of stuff strewn in the foyer on the ground” in front of the 

doorway. Entering the house, Prebe observed that “it was a mess.” He saw sheetrock on the floor

and “stuff that was just all astray.” Entering the dining room, he discovered that all his paintings, all 

his silk carpets, all his “knickknacks,” and a “shield of boxes” were gone. As he ascended the stairs, 

he observed family mementos and pictures of his relatives strewn on the floor and stepped on. Two 

burial flags and other Marine Corps mementos were missing. Clutter was everywhere. There was 

damage to the wall in the upstairs bathroom, and copper pipes were missing. The tub and shower 

no longer worked. Outside, Prebe noticed that the brick he had placed at the opening of his crawl 

space appeared to be “slightly off.” A hole had been created in the crawl space to access the inside 

of the house. In the back of the house, all of the copper wires on his pool pump and saltwater 

generator had been cut, rendering his pool equipment nonfunctional. The copper telephone wiring 

for the home was also cut and removed. Inside the garage, copper from the water tank, a utility 

sink, and the circuit breaker were missing. Prebe did not give Harris, or anyone else, permission to 

enter his home while he was away on vacation. 

Forensic Investigator Emmanuel Zablan collected evidence from Prebe’s house. He found 

two Newport cigarette butts in the home—one in the upstairs bathroom and the other in the garage. 

Zablan placed the cigarette butts in the evidence locker at the Norfolk Police Department. He 
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collected no other forensic evidence from the scene. In July 2018, the Department of Forensic 

Science returned a certificate of analysis revealing a possible match for Harris’s DNA on the 

cigarettes. 

Investigator Taylor interviewed Harris at his home in June 2019. Harris first told Taylor 

that he was not familiar with the residence on Heutte Street. After Taylor told him that evidence 

with his DNA on it was discovered inside the residence, Harris first said that he may have been 

inside the residence doing a job with his girlfriend’s brother and then suggested that he had been 

framed. Taylor arrested Harris in July 2019 and obtained a buccal swab from Harris to submit for 

analysis. 

Forensic Scientist Lashanda Ogelsbee was qualified to testify as an expert in “Forensic 

biology, bodily fluid identification and analysis.” Ogelsbee testified that she developed a DNA 

profile from both of the cigarette butts submitted to the lab, and she determined that the same DNA 

profile was on each cigarette. The profile was from a single contributor. Ogelsbee then compared 

the DNA profile from the cigarettes to the DNA profile she extracted from Harris’s buccal swab and 

concluded that he “could not be eliminated as the contributor of the DNA profile” and that the 

“probability of randomly selecting another individual with [a] DNA profile matching that developed 

from the cigarette butts” was “1 in greater than 7.2 billion.”

After the Commonwealth rested its case, Harris moved to strike the evidence. Harris argued 

that the evidence failed to prove he committed the crimes and asserted that the “cigarettes could 

have gotten into that house any old kind of way.” The trial court denied the motion to strike. 

The defense presented no evidence and, instead, renewed its motion to strike. Harris again 

argued that the evidence failed to prove the cigarettes were left in the house at the time of the 

offenses and suggested that the cigarettes could have gotten inside the house after he wandered in to 

“see what’s going on.” Harris asserted that the evidence failed to prove his guilt. Disagreeing with 
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Harris’s arguments, the trial court again denied the motion to strike and convicted him of all three 

offenses. Harris noted this appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support 

it.’” Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327 (2018)). We consider the evidence “in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below, granting to it all reasonable 

inferences that flow from the evidence.” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)

(quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)). “If there is evidentiary support 

for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its 

opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” Id. (quoting 

Banks, 67 Va. App. at 288). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself whether it believes that 

the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Secret v. Commonwealth, 

296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 

(2017)). Instead, “the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 

190, 193 (2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

ANALYSIS

Harris argues that the only evidence connecting him to the burglary was the presence of his 

DNA on two cigarette butts found in the house and that this alone was insufficient to support his 

convictions.

2

2 There is no dispute that the Commonwealth satisfied the elements of burglary, grand 

larceny, and destruction of property, or that the monetary value of the stolen goods and the repair 

costs supported the felony offenses. The only query on appeal is the identity of the perpetrator.
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“At trial, the Commonwealth bears the burden of proving the identity of the accused as 

the perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cuffee v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 353, 364 

(2013) (quoting Blevins v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 412, 423 (2003)). On appeal, we review 

the trier of fact’s determination about the identity of the criminal actor in the context of “the 

totality of the circumstances.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 507, 523 (2002) (quoting 

Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 220, 249 (1992)).

“It is firmly established that ‘[c]ircumstantial evidence is competent and is entitled to as 

much weight as direct evidence provided that the circumstantial evidence is sufficiently convincing 

to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.’” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 

Va. App. 617, 629 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor, 294 Va. at 512). The statement that 

circumstantial evidence must exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt “is simply 

another way of stating that the Commonwealth has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Case v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 14, 23 (2014) (quoting Taylor v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 

13, 30 (2012)). To that end, “[c]ircumstantial evidence is not ‘viewed in isolation’ because the 

‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead 

a reasonable [fact finder]’ to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant is guilty.” Rams 

v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 12, 27 (2019) (second alteration in original) (quoting Muhammad v. 

Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 479 (2005)).

“While a factfinder may not arbitrarily disregard a reasonable doubt, whether ‘the 

hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is itself a “question of fact,” subject to deferential appellate 

review.’” Burton v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 274, 285-86 (2011) (quoting Clanton v. 

Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 572-73 (2009) (en banc)). “Merely because defendant’s theory 

of the case differs from that taken by the Commonwealth does not mean that every reasonable 

hypothesis consistent with his innocence has not been excluded.” Id. at 286 (quoting Clanton, 53 
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Va. App. at 573). “For a hypothesis of innocence to be reasonable, it must flow from the evidence 

actually presented; it cannot spring forth from the imagination of an appellant or his counsel.” 

Jiddou v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 353, 369 (2019) (quoting Butcher v. Commonwealth, 69 

Va. App. 406, 420 (2018)).

We disagree with Harris that the facts presented at trial, with all reasonable inferences drawn 

from them, can be reduced to the mere presence of his DNA in the house without more. Instead, the 

combination of where the DNA was found, the signs of forced entry at the home, and Harris’s 

changing explanations for why his DNA might be present is enough to sustain the convictions. In 

this case, the two partially smoked cigarettes found inside the house pointed to Harris as the 

perpetrator. One cigarette was found in the upstairs bathroom and the other in the garage—the very 

locations in Prebe’s home where the wall was damaged, the copper was removed, and the circuit 

breaker was stolen. Entry to the home was accomplished through the crawl space door and a hole in 

the floor, confirming that whoever dropped the cigarette butts was not authorized to be there. And 

the record also supports the trial court’s rejection of Harris’s morphing hypotheses of innocence. 

Indeed, when first questioned by Investigator Taylor, Harris denied any familiarity with the 

residence on Heutte Street. But when Taylor told Harris that his DNA was found inside the house, 

Harris altered his response and offered two different explanations. He first said that he was helping 

his girlfriend’s brother work on the house. When he could not give any other details about that

story, he suggested he might have been framed. At trial, Harris’s counsel offered a third possible 

explanation, arguing that he might have wandered into Prebe’s house merely out of curiosity. 

Without tangible evidence to support any of these theories, the trial court found Harris’s 

explanations “preposterous,” since there was no indication from the outside of the house that 

“anything was amiss,” and because it was clear that the perpetrator gained access to the house 

“through the crawl space in the back.” We cannot say that the trial court was factually incorrect in 
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finding that Harris’s several different hypotheses of innocence about how his DNA came to be 

inside Prebe’s home were not reasonable. Harris simply did not offer the trial court a reasonable 

hypothesis of innocence that would have created any reasonable doubt about his guilt.

The facts presented at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and 

with all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, proved Harris’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. 

The trial court did not err in concluding that Harris committed burglary, grand larceny, and 

destruction of property.

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we affirm Harris’s convictions.

 Affirmed.