# Supporting Material

A Methodology for Ecosystem-Scale Modeling of Selenium

(Ecosystem-Scale Modeling of Selenium)



# Theresa S. Presser*† and Samuel N. Luoma†‡

†U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefie ld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025

‡John Muir Institute of the Environmen t, University of California, Davis

*To whom correspondence may be addressed: tpresser@usgs.gov

Theresa S. Presser

U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025

tpresser@usgs.gov

650-329-4512

FAX 650-329-4538

Samuel N. Luoma

U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025

snluoma@usgs.gov

650-329-4481

FAX 650-329-4545

John Muir Institute of the Environment, Univ ersity of California, Davis, California 95616

snluoma@ucdavis.edu

530-754-9141

1

# ECOSYSTEM-SCALE SELENIUM MODELING: DATA AND

REFERENCES

Compilation and Calculation of Kds and TTFs

Ratios derived here employ dry weight (dw) fo r media (particulate material and tissue).

Datasets are temporally and spatially matched from 52 field studies that included water-column

Se concentrations and particulate Se c oncentrations (Supplemental Table A). The K d 

# s typical of a

variety of ecosystems (e.g., ponds, rivers, estuaries) are given. If a range was reported, a median

is listed; if a series of data was reported, a mean is listed.

A compilation of experimental data for inve rtebrate physiological parameters allowed

calculation of kinetic TTFs for invertebrates (par ticulate to invertebrate ) (Supplemental Table B).

Additional calculated TTFs from denoted field studies are shown in Supplemental Table C. A

compilation of experimental data for fish physiol ogical parameters allowed calculation of kinetic

TTFs for fish (invertebrate to fish) (Supplementa l Table D). Additional calculated TTFs from

denoted field studies (invertebrate to fish excep t where noted as fish to fish) are shown in

Supplemental Table D.

Detailed Data Sets for Field Ca se Studies Used in Validation

Datasets (in dw) are temporally and spatially matched from 29 field locations (Supplement

Tables E and F). Food webs focus on particulate material, invertebrates, and fish (Supplemental

Table E) or birds (Supplement Table F). Predicted and obser ved Se concentrations for

invertebrates, fish (whole-body or muscle), and bird eggs are shown. Da ta collection at most

field case studies included all these media phases. Case studies that were not complete still

2

# yielded useful information in either validation of prey or predator Se concentrations. Sites

illustrated are those exposed to selenium contamination. However, in three study area

investigations (Kesterson Re servoir, McLeod River/Luscar Creek watershed, and the San

Joaquin River), sites identified as reference sites are included.

Modeled invertebrate and fish species are id entified under food webs (Supplemental Tables E

and F). Bioaccumulation data for invertebrates (i n dw) from field studies for comparison with

biodynamic predictions were available for crustaceans (amphipods, copepods, generic

zooplankton, Daphnia , crayfish); aquatic insects (may fly, caddisfly, cranefly, stonefly,

damselfly, corixid, chironomid); a nd freshwater and marine clams ( C. fluminea; C. amurensis,

respectively). Bioaccumulation data for fish (i n dw) were available for freshwater minnow,

sunfish, trout, sucker, catfish, sculpin, perch, silver sides; shad; killifish, livebearers (sailfin molly

and mosquitofish) and saltwater sturgeon, sargo, ta lapia, croaker, corvina, topsmelt, halibut,

goby, turbot, perch, mullet, and anchovy. Bioaccumula tion data for birds were included for coot,

stilt, avocet, killdeer, gadwall, teal, mallard, grebe, dipper, sandpiper, scoter, scaup, gull,

skimmer, rail, tern, egret, and heron (See main text Tables 3 and 4 and Supplemental Tables B,

C, and D for more detailed information on species).

Prediction starts with an obser ved particulate Se concentratio n and uses a species-specific

TTF invertebrate 

# (see main text Tables 3 and 4 for details) to predict an invertebrate Se concentration

(Supplemental Tables E and F). The type of partic ulate material that was collected varied among

different case studies. Where data were available from multiple types of particulates,

concentrations were averaged. In a few cases professional judgment was employed to eliminate

unrepresentative particulate data (e.g. to avoid what were obv iously sandy sediments or an

obvious error in data reduction). Invertebrate Se concentrations are predic ted using a subset of

3

# TTF invertebrate 

# shown in main text Table 3: amphipod, 0.9; zooplankton, 1.5; crayfish, 1.6; aquatic

insects, 2.8; brine shrimp, 4.2; brine fly, 1.65; freshwater clam, 2.8; and marine clam 6.25.

Where applicable to a specific species (i.e. for pi scivores), an additional factor of 1.1 is applied

to an invertebrate Se concentration to represent an interim transfer step of invertebrate to fish for

a fish-eating bird or forage fish to predator fish. For the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary, an

additional factor of 1.35 is applie d to represent a food web from particulate material to copepod

to mysid to striped bass. In a few cases, data for Se concentrations in diet were used to validate

both fish and bird food webs, if, for example, a complete temporally matched data set was not

available (e.g., Blackfoot Rive r watershed, southeast Idaho).

Fish Se concentrations are predicted using a TTF fish 

# of 1.1 (see main text Table 3) applied to

the predicted invertebrate Se concentrations (S upplemental Table E). If data are available for

more than one invertebrate food web, multiple fish concentrations are predicted. Ranges of fish

Se concentrations and means of invertebrate and fish species fo r a site location are given for

comparison. As noted in Supplemental Table E, individual identified sp ecies-specific food web

Se concentrations or grand means of observed inve rtebrate and fish Se concentrations were used

to derive correlations of observe d to predicted Se concentrations (see main text Figures 3 and 4).

Bird egg Se concentrations are predicted using a 1.8 TTF bird 

# applied to the predicted

invertebrate Se concentration (Supplemental Table E). In complex food webs that consider birds

consuming fish, an additional step applying a TTF fish 

# of 1.1 is used.

Sites are noted in Supplemental Tables E a nd F (e.g., Belews Lake, Kesterson Reservoir)

where Se exposure caused die-offs and deformities in fish or high rates of embryonic terata in

birds (Skorupa, 1998; Ohlendorf, 2002). Conditions at these sites showed extensive ecosystem

exposure and, at sites affecting birds, effect s of general Se toxici ty or poisoning (e.g,,

4

# emaciation, no nesting, dead adult birds). In modeling, these sites show predicted Se

concentrations in tissue of pr edators above observed Se concen trations. Food avoidance by birds

is a documented phenomenon in the laboratory (H einz and Sanderson, 1990) and at contaminated

sites such as Kesterson Reservoir (Ohlendor f, 1996; Ohlendorf et al., 1988). Heinz and

Sanderson (1990) state that at 10 to 20 μg/g, Se-treated diets we re avoided by mallards. Heinz

and Fitzgerald (1993) state that high dietary concentrations of Se make birds sick, leading to

reduced feeding, and ultimately to severe em aciation and death. Food avoidance by fish in

laboratory experiments takes place in about th e same range (13-14 μg/g) (Hodson et al., 1980;

Finley, 1985).



# WILDLIFE SELENIUM CRITER IA: EXAMPLE CALCULATION

A reference dose (RfD) for Se can be derived from experimental feeding studies for adult

mallards in which effects from maternally ingest ed Se were measured (Heinz, 1989; Sample et

al. (1996)). The measured reproductive endpoint is avian egg hatchability . The example equation

RfD = (4 μg/g ww food as selenomethionine ) (0.1 kg food/day) ÷ 1 kg BW ww (1)

uses a No Observable Effect Level (NOEL) of 4 μg/g (laboratory chow at 10% moisture

enriched with selenomethionine), an ingestion rate of 100 g/da y, and a Body Weight (BW) of 1

kg. This ingestion rate is 10% of BW because a 1-kg mallard was tested. The derived RfD is

0.400 mg/kg-day or 400 μg/kg-day. Th e USEPA derived an avian ti ssue residue value (TRV) for

Se by combining three endpoints (growth, reprod uction, and mortality) for two test species

ingesting invertebrates and sediment from te rrestrial food webs (USEPA, 2007). The derived

avian wildlife TRV for Se is 290 μg/kg-d [hi ghest NOEL lower than lowest bounded Lowest

5

# Observable Effect Level (LOEL) for reproduction, growth or survival ], with a geometric mean of

NOEL values of 606 μg/kg-day.

If a Se RfD of 400 μg/kg-day is assumed for modeling of effect s to birds, then allowable

C food 

# for various species of birds can be calculated. Note that uncerta inty factors could be applied

to adjust the selected RfD downward for a margin of safety as is recommended in 1) a Canadian

protocol for wildlife protection [Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME),

1999]; and 2) the derivation of fish consumption advisories for humans (USEPA, 2000a). In an

example deriving a wildlife criter ion for lesser scaup, a bird of si milar body weight to mallard of

1 kilogram, the ingestion rate is increased to 0.2 kg (20% of BW) and 0.3 kg (30% of BW)

food/d based on increased feeding rates for wild bi rds. If 10% moisture is assumed in ingested

food (similar to laboratory chow), then the calculated allowable C food 

# is 2.0 μg/g ww and 2.2

μg/g dw at the lower feeding rate and 1.3 μg/g ww and 1.5 μg/g dw at the higher feeding rate. If

the hypothetical ingested food is fish with a 75% moist content, then the allowable C food 

# is 2.0

μg/g ww and 8.0 μg/g dw at the lower feeding rate and 1.3 μg/g ww and 5.3 μg/g dw at the

higher feeding rate. In an example derivation for a smaller bird species, if a belted kingfisher

weighs 0.148 kg, ingests 50 g fish/d (34% of BW) with a moisture content of 75%, then the

allowable C food 

# is

(400 μg Se/kg BW-day) (0.148 kg) ÷ 12.5 g dw food/day = 4.74 μg/g dw (2)

Thus, to successfully calculate allowable C food 

# , both the % BW ingested and the % moisture in

food need to be specified. For wa tershed evaluation, the allowable C food 

# is used as a dietary target

and compared to 1) existing Se concentrations in dietary items of biologically appropriate food

webs; or 2) predicted concentra tions as a result of food web modeling. Equations can be added to

consider mixtures of food (see main text Table 6).

6

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system. Environ Sci Technol 30:2613-2619.15Supplemental Table A.Water-column Se concentrations, particulateSe concentrations (dw), and calculated Kds from field studies. Ifa range was reported, amedian is listed; if a series of data wasreported, a mean is listed. [a) see examplein text; b) means of Kds, water-column Se, and algae Se]KdEcosystemWater-columnSe(μg/L)Particulate Se (μg/gdw)Reference107San Diego Creek, California14.41.54Presser and Luoma, 2009110Alamo River, California6.350.7LeBlanc and Schroeder, 2008122Fording River, British Columbia, Canada182.2Harding et al., 2005146San Joaquin River, California111.6Saiki et al., 1993255San Diego Creek constructed pond, California20.45.2Presser and Luoma, 2009256New River, California3.91.0LeBlanc and Schroeder, 2008269Tulare Basin, evaporation ponds, California (range 109-500)2.2-490.45-19.4Moore et al., 1990272Upper Newport Bay, California (range 101-776)0.29-3.50.17-0.39Presser and Luoma, 2009276Mud Slough, California133.6Saiki et al. 1993340Benton Lake (pool 2), Montana10.43.5Zhang and Moore, 1996346Luscar Creek, Alberta Canada (range 220-514)a10.73.7Casey, 2005355Kesterson Reservoir (SLD/pond 2), California (range 200-500)33055-165Presser and Piper, 1998359Salt Slough, California9.03.2Saiki et al. 1993494Sage Creek, Idaho7.73.8Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006500Benton Lake, Montana, pool 50.740.35Zhang and Moore, 1996512Benton Lake, Montana, pool 1 channel20.310.4Zhang and Moore, 1996591Elk River, British Columbia, Canada2.21.3McDonald and Stosher, 1998611Lower Great Lakes, Lake Ontario0.180.11Ware, 2008625East Allen Reservoir, Wyoming4.83.0Birkner, 1978657Crow Creek at Toner, Idaho3.52.3Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006667Meeboer Lake, Wyoming0.30.2Birkner, 1978750Diamond Lake, Wyoming0.30.225Birkner, 1978762Chevron Marsh (constructed), California (range 214-1241)5-9.82.1-6.7Hansen and others, 1998767Miller's Lake, Colorado6.04.6Birkner, 1978784San Diego Creek constructed marsh, California2.01.6Presser and Luoma, 2009818Mac Mesa Reservoir, Colorado2.21.8Birkner, 1978968Sweitzer Lake, Colorado9.49.1Birkner, 1978968Desert Reservoir, Colorado12.512.1Birkner, 19781,104Mud River at Spurlock, West Virginia6.256.9USGS, 20081,196Salton Sea, California0.921.1California Resources Agency, 20061,224Twin Buttes Reservoir, Wyoming7.69.3Birkner, 19781,312Galett Lake, Wyoming0.81.05Birkner, 19781,341Angus Creek, Idaho0.821.1Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006;16KdEcosystemWater-columnSe(μg/L)Particulate Se (μg/gdw)ReferencePresser et al., 20041,388Lower Great Lakes, Hamilton Harbor0.670.93Ware, 20081,436Tulare Basin, evaporation ponds, Californiab8.811.8Fan et al., 20021,498Big Canyon Wash (sites 1 and 2), California21.532.2Presser and Luoma, 20091,579Cobb Lake, Colorado3.86.0Birkner, 19781,619Timber Lake, Colorado2.11.3Birkner, 19781,717Larimer HWY 9 pond, Colorado15.927.3Birkner, 19781,759Great Salt Lake, Utah0.540.95Marden, 20081,800Upper Mud River Reservoir at Palermo, West Virginia3.76.7USGS, 20081,818Crow Creek above Sage Creek, Idaho0.991.8Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 20061,941Wellington State Pond, Colorado1.73.3Birkner, 19781,943Thompson Creek, Idaho1.753.4GEI Consultants Inc., 20082,143Highline Reservoir, Colorado4.29.0Birkner, 19782,250Deer Creek, Idaho1.63.6Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 20062,798Belews Lake, North Carolina10.930.5Cumbie, 1984; Lemly, 19852,902Kesterson Reservoir (pond 8), California41119Saiki and Lowe, 19873,044Hyco Reservoir, North Carolina6 -1727Bowie et al., 19963,150Big Canyon Wash (site 3) California2475.6Presser and Luoma, 20093,556Kesterson Reservoir (pond 11), California9.032Saiki and Lowe, 19874,000Delaware River (tidal freshwater), Delaware0.17-0.350.6-1.5Riedel and Sanders, 19986,500Great Marsh, Delaware0.01-0.060.3-0.7Velinsky and Cutter, 19917,817San Francisco Bay, California (1998-1999)0.1140.823Cutter and Cutter 2004; Doblin et al., 20069,456Salton Sea estuary, Alamo River0.928.7LeBlanc and Schroeder, 200811,956Salton Sea estuary, Whitewater River0.9211LeBlanc and Schroeder, 200813,788Outer San Francisco Bay, California (1998-1999)0.0881.20Cutter and Cutter 2004; Doblin et al., 200615,000Xiamen Bay, Fujian Province, China0.081.2Liu et al., 198717,391Salton Sea estuary, New River, California0.9216LeBlanc and Schroeder, 200821,500San Francisco Bay (1986;1995-96) (range 3,000-40,000)0.05-0.4suspended 0.3-8Presser and Luoma, 200618,942Lower Newport Bay, California (range 6,933-42,715)0.07-0.151.05-2.98Presser and Luoma, 2009Supplemental Table B. Experimental data for invertebrate physiological parameters andcalculated kinetic TTFs for invertebrates (particulate to invertebratein dw). [a) assumed IR; b) chosen from Fowler and Benayoun, 1976; Zhang et al., 1990; and Okazaki and Panietz, 1981; c) calculated from 23 day half-life[efflux (/d) = 0.69/half-life (d)], Reinfelder et al., 1997; d) calculated from 52 dayhalf-life; e) calculated from 70 day half-life; f) calculated from 10 day half-life.]Marine EnvironmentsSpeciesAEIRkeTTF (AE X IR/ke)Referencecopepod (Acartia tonsa)0.970.42a0.133.1Fisher and Reinfelder, 1991copepod (Temora longicornis)0.550.420.1552.0Wang and Fisher, 1998copepod (A. tonsa;T. longicornis)0.80.42a0.191.8Wang et al., 1996bcopepod (Oithona; Limnoithona;Tortanus; Acartia;T. longicornis)0.500.420.1551.35Schlekat et al., 2004mysid (Neomysis mercedis)0.61-0.730.450.251.1-1.3Schlekat et al., 2004amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus)0.450.200.150.6Schlekat et al., 2004clam (Corbula amurensis)0.45-0.800.250.0254.5-8.0Schlekat et al., 2002clam (C.amurensis)0.36-0.540.250.0253.6-5.4Lee et al., 2006clam (Corbicula fluminea) (also freshwater)0.29-0.810.050.0101.45-4.05Lee et al., 2006clam (Macoma balthica)0.22-0.860.250.012b11.2 (using mean AE)Luoma et al., 1992clam (M. balthica)0.54 (mean)0.250.030c4.5Luoma et al., 1992clam (Puditapes philippnarum)0.52-0.700.25a0.013d10-13.5Zhang et al., 1990clam (Mercenaria mercenaria)0.920.25a0.010e23Reinfelder et al., 1997oyster (Crassostrea virginica)0.45-0.700.25a0.069f1.6-2.5Reinfelder et al., 1997oyster (Crassostrea rivularis)0.550.45Ke and Wang, 2001oyster (Saccostrea glomerata)0.450.32Ke and Wang, 2001mussel (Mytilus edulis)0.310.270.0223.8Wang et al., 1996amussel (M. edulis)0.720.270.0228.8Reinfelder et al., 1997barnacle (Balanus amphitrite)0.63-0.790.400.01418-22.6Wang et al., 1999barnacle (Elminius modestus)0.34-0.740.400.01379.9-21.6Rainbow and Wang, 2001Freshwater EnvironmentsSpeciesAEIRkeTTF (AE X IR/ke)Referencezebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)0.28-0.460.420.0264.5-7.4Roditi and Fisher, 1999clam (Corbicula fluminea) (also marine)0.29-0.810.050.0101.45-4.05Lee et al., 20061718Supplemental Table C. Calculated TTFs from field studies for invertebrates (particulate to invertebrate in dw).Freshwater EnvironmentsInvertebrateField TTFReferencemayfly (Baetidae; Heptageniidae; Ephemerellidae)2.7Casey, 2005caddisfly (Rhyacophilidae; Hydropsychidae)3.2Casey, 2005cranefly (Tipulidae)2.3Casey, 2005stonefly (Perlodidae/Perlidae; Chloroperlidae)2.6Casey, 2005aquatic insect (composite)3.2Harding et al, 2005damselfly (Coenagrionidae)2.6Birkner, 1978midge (Chironomussp.)2.7Birkner, 1978; Saiki et al., 1993waterboatman (Cenocorixasp.)2.14Birkner, 1978crayfish (Procambarus clarki;Astacidae;Orconectessp.)1.5Birkner, 1978; Saiki et al., 1993Daphnia(Daphnia magna)1.9Besser et al., 1989amphipod (Hyalella azteca; Gammarus fasciatus; Corophiumspp.)0.94Birkner, 1978; Saiki et al., 1993zooplankton (composite)1.5Saiki et al., 1993Saline or Marine EnvironmentsInvertebrateField TTFReferenceeuphausiid (Meganyctiphanes norvegica)1.3Fowler and Benayoun 1976brine shrimp adult (Artemia franciscana)4.2Marden, 2008brine shrimp nauplius2.6Marden, 2008brine shrimp cysts2.2Marden, 2008brine fly adult (Ephydra gracilis)1.8Cavitt, 2007; Wurtzbach, 2007brine fly larvae1.5Cavitt, 2007; Wurtzbach, 200719Supplemental Table D.Calculated kinetic or field TTFsfor fish (invertebrate to fish in dw except where noted as fish to fishin dw). [a) rotifer to larval fish microcosm;b) with assumptions; c) experimental microcosm.]Fish SpeciesKineticTTFField or lab TTFExperimental PhysiologicalParametersReferencemangrove snapper(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)1.1ke 0.031; IR 5%; 69% AEXu and Wang, 2002striped bass (juvenile)(Morone saxatilis)0.89ke 0.08; IR 17%; 42% AEBaines et al., 2002Chinese mudskipper(Periophthalmus cantonensis)0.84ke 0.019; IR 5%; 32% AENi et al., 2005smooth toadfish(Tetractenos glaber)0.80ke 0.015-0.032; assumed IR 7-10%; AE24%Alquezar et al., 2007gilthead sea bream(Sparus auratas)0.6ke 0.13; assumed IR 10%; AE 77%Mathews and Fisher. 2008sea bass (from bream)(Dicentrarchus labrax)1.1ke 0.06; assumed IR 10%; AE 64%Mathews and Fisher. 2008fathead minnowa(Pimephales promelas)1.0bke 0.025; assumed IR 5%; AE 50%Bennett et al.,1986fathead minnow adult0.71-1.8bke 0.014;assumed IR 5%;AE 20-50%Bertram and Brooks, 1986bluegill (fry/juvenile)c(Lepomis macrochirus)0.51bke 0.035; AE 36% assumed IR 5%Besser et al., 1993bluegill (fry/juvenile)0.61bke 0.041; assumed IR 5% AE 50%Cleveland et al., 1993bluegill (juvenile)1.15 (lab)Lemly, 1993bluegill1.06Saiki et al., 1993white sturgeon(Acipenser transmontanus)1.7Presser and Luoma, 2006white sturgeon0.6-1.3 (mean 0.9)Stewart et al., 2004yellowfin goby(Acanthogobius flavimanus)1.2Stewart et al., 2004starry flounder(Platichthys stellatus)1.6Stewart et al., 2004leopard shark(Triakis semifasciata)0.52Stewart et al., 2004striped bass0.8Stewart et al., 2004western mosquitofish(Gambusia affinis)range 0.71-1.8(mean 1.2)Saiki et al., 1993western mosquitofish1.3Saiki et al., 2008largemouth bassrange 0.95-1.1Saiki et al., 199320Fish Species KineticTTFField or lab TTF Experimental PhysiologicalParametersReference(Micropterus salmoides)(mean1.0)sailfin molly(Poecilia latipinna)1.4Saiki et al., 2008rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)range 0.71-1.1(mean 0.91)Casey,2005rainbow trout1.04Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004cutthroat trout(Oncorhynchus clarkii)1.0McDonald and Stosher, 1998cutthroat trout from dacerange 0.87-0.99(mean 0.93)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004cutthroat trout from sculpinrange 0.95-1.0(mean 0.98)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004cutthroat troutrange 0.97-1.53(mean 1.25)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004brook trout(Salvelinus fontinalis)0.77Hamilton and Buhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004brown trout(Salmo trutta)range 1.18-1.45(mean 1.32)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004mottled sculpin(Cottus bairdi)range 1.23-1.66(mean 1.45)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004longnose dace(Rhinichthys cataractae)range 1.41-1.65(mean 1.53)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004chub (Gilasp.) (Utah chub iscommon in Idaho)range 1.03-1.38(mean 1.21)Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006; Hamilton andBuhl, 2004; 2005; Hamilton et al., 2004redside shiner(Richardsonius balteatus)1.5Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006mountain whitefish(Prosopium williamsoni)1.31Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 2006sucker (Catostomussp.)(Utah and mountain suckers arecommon in Idaho)0.97Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 2005; 200621Supplemental Table E. Model validation for prediction of invertebrate and fish (whole-body or muscle) Seconcentrations. Predicted and observed Seconcentrations are shown. If data are available for more than one invertebrate food web, multiple fish concentrations are predicted. Ranges of fish Seconcentrations and means of invertebrate and fish species for a site location are given for comparison. As noted below, individual identified species-specific foodweb Se concentrations or grand means of observed invertebrate and fish Se concentrationswere used to derive correlations of observed to predicted Seconcentrations (see main text Figures 3 and 4). Additional detailsof data interpretation are described in the main text. [ND =no data available; ** = die-offs andpotential food avoidance by fish; mt whitefish = mountain whitefish; wt mosquitofish =western mosquitofish; CA killifish = California killifish; CAhalibut = Californiahalibut; spt sand bass = spotted and bass]LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)Belews Lake** (mainreservoir, 1975-1984)North Carolina(Cumbie, 1984; Lemly,1985) (converted from wwexcept suspended)suspended particulate>insect>sunfish, bass30.51.52.82.845.885.485.451 zoo- +phytoplankton93 insect54 mollusk53 crustacean70 annelid1.194 forinsectivores(16 fishspeciesextripated)70 bluegill, redearsunfish, warmouth,pumpkinseed81 largemouth bass(mean 72) (16species extirpated)Cienega de Santa Clara,Colorado River Delta(Garcia-Hernandez et al.,2000; 2001)bed sediment>adult brineshrimp, crayfish>fish1.64.21.66.72.65.0 brine shrimp3.5 crayfish1.11.17.42.9(mean 5.2)8.6 sailfin molly1.7 largemouth bass2.1 striped mullet2.5 common carp(mean 3.7)Elk Valley, AlexanderCreek, British Columbia,Canada(Orr et al., 2006)sediment, algae>insect>trout2.72.87.69.6mayfly4.5 stonefly3.4 caddisfly(mean 5.8)1.18.44.9 cutthroat troutElk Valley, Barns Lakewetland, British Columbia,Canada(Orr et al., 2006)algae> insect>trout4.42.812.311.1 mayfly5.9 cranefly(mean 8.5)8.2 beetleNDNDElk Valley, Elk River(below Michel Creek),British Columbia, Canada(McDonald and Strosher,1998)attached algae>benthicinvertebrate>trout1.32.83.64.3 benthic1.14.05.3 cutthroat trout4.2 mt whitefish4.1 bull trout(mean 4.5)Elk Valley, Fording River(above Swift Creek), BritishColumbia, Canada(McDonald and Strosher,1998)attached algae>benthicinvertebrate>trout1.62.84.510.7 benthic1.15.09.1 cutthroat troutElk Valley, Fording Riversediment>insect>trout8.82.824.618.4 mayfly1.127.138.5 cutthroat trout22LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)(oxbow), British Columbia,Canada(Orr et al., 2006)33 caddisfly28.4 chironomid(mean 26.6)Elk Valley, Fording River,British Columbia, Canada(Harding et al., 2005)particulate>insect2.22.86.2(from below)7.1 (mayfly, stonefly,caddisfly, cranefly)NDNDSee bird casestudiesElk Valley, Fording River,British Columbia, Canada(Kennedy et al., 2000)particulate>insect >trout2.2(from above)2.86.2ND1.16.812.5 cutthroat trout(6.7-41)Elk Valley, Fording River,British Columbia, Canada(Orr et al., 2006)sediment, algae>insect>trout2.92.88.17.1mayfly6.9 stonefly8.9 caddisfly(mean 7.6)1.18.98.2 cutthroat troutElk Valley, GoddardMarsh, British Columbia,Canada(Orr et al., 2006)sediment>insect>trout262.872.842.6, 29.5 dragonfly165.4 caddisfly66.6 mayfly(mean 76)NDNDElk Valley, Line Creek,British Columbia, Canada(Orr et al., 2006)sediment, algae>insect>trout2.152.86.07.3 mayfly2.7 stonefly5.4 caddisfly(mean 5.1)1.16.67.0 cutthroat troutHyco Reservoir** (1986-1987)North Carolina(Bowie et al., 1996)phytoplankton>insect>bluegill272.87670 benthic insects1.18450 1986 bluegill70 1987 bluegillmean 60 (38-75%reductions in fishdensities)Illco Pond (1996), KendrickReclamation Project,Natrona County, Wyoming(Ramirez and Dickerson.1999; See et al.,1992)pondweed>insect6.62.818.525 composite insect1.120.423.4 common carpImperial National WildlifeRefuge, Lower ColoradoRiver (Lusk, 1993;Martinez, 1994)sediment, detritus,aufwuch>clam, crayfish4.02.81.611.26.410.5 clam(C. fluminea) (6-26)7.7 crayfish (2-36)NDNDSee bird casestudiesKesterson Reservoir**(1983), pond 2sediment, algae,detritus>insect>582.8162180 dragonfly, damselfly,chironomids1.1178224 wt mosquitofish(other species23LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)(Saiki and Lowe, 1987)mosquitofishextirpated)Kesterson Reservoir**(1983), pond11(Saiki and Lowe, 1987)sediment, algae,detritus>insect>mosquitofish182.85041 dragonfly,damselfly, chironomidKesterson Reservoir**(1984), ponds 2, 7, and 11,(Schuler et al., 1990;Ohlendorf and Hothem,1995)sediment, diatom,algae>insect>35.32.89918.6 corixid (59-130)98 damsel (50-160)69 dragonfly (48-110)59 beetle (12-110)102 diptera l(76-180)(72 mean insect)NDNDSee bird casestudiesKesterson Reservoir**(1983),(Ohlendorf et al., 1986)algae>zooplankton,insect>mosquitofish (all otherspecies died)43.51.52.86512285 net plankton22 corixid139 chironomid122 dragonfly175 damselfly(mean insect 114)1.11.171.5134(mean 103)170 wt mosquitofish(115-283) (otherspecies extirpated)Kesterson Reservoir areareference site (VoltaWasteway), California(Saiki and Lowe, 1987)sediment>plankton,insect>mosquitofish0.341.42.80.480.952.8 net plankton1.7 damselfly1.11.10.531.1(mean 0.79)1.4 wt mosquitofishMcClean Lake area(Vulture Lake), northernSaskatchewan, Canada(Muscatello and Janz,2009)sediment, algae, netplankton (153micron)>insect>fish1.32.83.61.6 chironomid3.1 caddisfly1.6 dragonfly(mean 2.1)0.86 leech0.52 snail1.14.01.3 northern pike3.4 white sucker4.2 stickleback11 burbot(mean 5.0)McLeod River/LuscarCreek watershed, Alberta,Canada(Casey, 2005)sediment, biofilm,algae>insect > trout,whitefish3.72.810.410.1 mayfly11.8 caddisfly8.4 cranefly9.4 stonefly(mean insect 10)1.1118.9 rainbow trout14.6 brook trout8.2 bull trout11.6 mt whitefish(mean 10.8)McLeod River/LuscarCreek watershed referencesite (Deerlick Creek),Alberta, Canada(Casey, 2005)sediment, biofilm>insect > trout0.62.81.76.2 mayfly3.8 caddisfly3.3 stonefly2.4 cranefly(mean insect 3.9)1.11.851.8 rainbow troutMiller’s Lake, Colorado(Birkner, 1978)algae>insect, crayfish>fathead4.62.81.612.97.418.8 chironomid9.9 corixid1.11.114.28.111 fathead minnow(8.7-16.6)24LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)(mean insect 14.4)11.3 crayfish(mean 11.2)Newport Bay (lower),California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate>copepod>pelagic fish2.051.53.1ND1.13.43.9 CA killifish2.6 topsmelt1.5 CA halibut1.6-2.3 goby2.2 spt. sandbass2.7 diamond turbot2.0 staghorn sculpin1.2 surfperch(mean 2.5)Newport Bay (upper),California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate> mysid,clam>pelagic fish1.50.92.81.44.24.8 amphipod6.1 bivalve2.9 clam4.4 mussel(mean 4.5)8.4 isopod6.1 crab6.2 snail1.11.13.64.6(mean 4.1)3.4 topsmelt3.3 diamond turbot3.0 anchovy4.0 CA halibut5.5 striped mullet5.8 CA killifish4.0-5.1 goby3.2 spt. sand bass1.6 staghorn sculpin1.8 surfperch(4.07 mean)Rasmus Lee Lake**(1994), KendrickReclamation Project,Natrona County, Wyoming(Ramirez and Dickerson.1999; See et al.,1992)pondweed>insect>302.88493 composite insectNDNDSee bird casestudiesRed Draw Reservoir, BigSpring, Texas (USEPA2000b)periphyton>snail, chironomid>silverside, minnow,killifish3.12.88.712.4 chironomid2.2 snail (up to 8.8)1.19.611.8 inland silverside(7.0-18)8.2 sheepsheadminnow (5.9-16.3)8.0 Gulf killifish(4.1-11.7)(mean 9.3)Salton Sea, California(California ResourcesAgency, 2006)sediment, algae>amphipod, corixid1.10.92.80.993.11.6 amphipod2.3 corixidNDNDSee bird casestudies25LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)Salton Sea, California(California ResourcesAgency, 2006)sediment, algae>pileworm>fish6.0 (sitespecific)6.66.6 pileworm1.17.38.1 largemouth bass8.8 sargo9-10 redbelly talapia12 Gulf croaker12 orangemouthcorvina3.2 channel catfish(mean 8.9)San Diego Creekwatershed (lower SanDiego Creek), California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate> insect,crayfish, clam2.82.81.62.87.84.57.87.5 corixid5.8 crayfish7.5 clam4.9 snailNDNDSee bird casestudiesSan Diego Creekwatershed (marsh A),California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate>insect2.22.86.25.6 dragonfly4.2 backswimmer(mean insect 4.9)NDNDSan Diego Creekwatershed (marsh B),California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate> zooplankton,insect, crayfish>fish5.31.51.62.88.08.514.86.8 zooplankton12.1 crayfish11 chironomid11.6 corixid10.2 dragonfly(10.9 mean insect)5.3 snail7.6 freshwater clam1.11.11.18.89.416.3(mean 11.5)13 mixed fish10.1 wt mosquitofish19 common carp(mean 14)San Francisco Bay-DeltaEstuary (1989—1997),California(Presser and Luoma,2006)particulate>clam>sturgeon2.06.2512.513.5 (maximum 20)(C. amurensis, in 1995-1997)1.113.815 (2-50) whitesturgeon in 1989-1990San Francisco Bay-DeltaEstuary (2000-2001),California(Presser and Luoma,2006)particulate>copepod>mysid>striped bass1.01.3 and1.35(two-steps)1.84.5 zooplankton2.2 mysid1.8 amphipod1.7 isopod2.2 shrimp1.1 (frommysid)2.02.0 striped bassSan Francisco Bay-DeltaEstuary (2000-2001),particulate>clam>sturgeon1.06.256.210.8 (clam,C. amurensis)1.16.88.0 white sturgeon26LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)California(Presser and Luoma,2006)San Joaquin River at HillsFerry, California (Saiki etal., 1993)particulate>amphipod, zooplankton,insect, crayfish>bluegill, bass1.61.50.92.81.62.41.44.52.6(mean 2.7)4.3 zooplankton2.8 amphipod4.1 chironomid1.9 crayfish(mean 3.3)1.13.0 (basedon mean ofpredictedinvertebrates)2.7 bluegill2.4 largemouth bass(mean 2.6)San Joaquin Riverreference site (at Durham),California (Saiki et al.,1993)particulate>amphipod, zooplankton,insect, crayfish>bluegill, bass0.611.50.92.81.60.920.551.70.98(mean 1.04)1.8 zooplankton1.1 amphipod1.6 chironomid1.3 crayfish(1.45 mean )1.11.1 based onmean)1.9 bluegill1.7 largemouth bass(mean 1.8)San Joaquin Riverreference site(at Lander),California (Saiki et al.,1993)particulate>amphipod, zooplankton,insect, crayfish>bluegill, bass0.251.50.92.81.60.380.220.700.40(0.42 mean )1.3 zooplankton1.3 amphipod1.0 chironomid0.74 crayfish(1.1 mean )1.10.46 basedon mean)1.4 bluegill1.8 largemouth bass(mean 1.6)San Joaquin River tributary(Mud Slough)California (Saiki et al.,1993)particulate>amphipod, zooplankton,insect, crayfish>bluegill, bass3.61.50.92.81.65.43.210.15.8(mean 6.1)4.4 zooplankton3.7 amphipod6.9 chironomid3.2 crayfish(mean 4.6)1.16.7 (basedon mean ofpredictedinvertebrates)4.3 bluegill4.0 largemouth bass(mean 4.2)San Joaquin River tributary(Salt Slough)California (Saiki et al.,1993)particulate>amphipod, zooplankton,insect, crayfish>bluegill, bass3.21.50.92.81.64.82.99.05.1(mean 5.45)5.4 zooplankton3.3 amphipod7.2 chironomid4.4 crayfish(mean 5.1)1.16.0 ((basedon mean ofpredictedinvertebrates)5.0 bluegill6.9 largemouth bass(mean 6.0)Savage River watershed,Blacklick Run(atmospheric )western Maryland(Mason et al., 2000)periphyton,bryophyte>crayfishinsect>sculpin,dace>trout0.781.62.81.252.20.89 crayfish7.8 mayfly6.2 caddisfly1.3 cranefly2.7 stonefly2.3 dragonfly2.4 dobsonfly(mean insect 3.8)1.11.11.42.4(mean 1.9)2.0 mottled sculpin1.3 longnose dace1.4-1.7 brook trout(mean 1.6)Savannah River (D-areaPower Plant) (coal ashsediment>insect>chubsucker20.72.85856.9 benthic1.162.670.3 lake chubsucker27LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)drainage swampmicrocosms)South Carolina(Hopkins et al., 2004)Sweitzer Lake**, Colorado(Birkner, 1978)particulate>zooplankton,insect, crayfish >killifish,minnow, mixed fry9.11.52.81.613.625.514.642.5 plankton45 damselfly27 chironomid(mean insect 36)20 crayfish1.11.11.1152816.1(mean 19.7)32 plains killifish26 mixed fry(mean 29)(progressivemortality of 7 speciesof stocked fish)Thompson Creekdownstream of ThompsonMine, Idaho(GEI Consultants, 2008)sediment,detritus>insect>sculpin,trout3.22.89.011.5 insect1.19.915.6 slimy sculpin13.8 cutthroat/rainbow trout(mean 14.7)Thompson Creekdownstream of ThompsonMine, Idaho (GEIConsultants, 2008)sediment,detritus>insect>sculpin,trout6.32.817.613.9 insect1.119.411.4 slimy sculpin7.8 cutthroat/rainbow trout(mean 9.6)Thompson Creekdownstream of ThompsonMine, Idaho (GEIConsultants, 2008)sediment, detritus>insect>sculpin, trout4.32.812.017.9 insect1.113.218.9 slimy sculpin14.0 cutthroat/rainbow trout(mean 16.4)Thompson Creek upstreamof Thompson Mine, Idaho(GEI Consultants, 2008)sediment, detritus>insect>sculpin, trout1.82.85.07.2 insect1.15.513.5 slimy sculpin10.0 cutthroat/rainbow trout(mean 11.8)Thompson Creek upstreamof Thompson Mine, Idaho(GEI Consultants, 2008)sediment, detritus>insect>sculpin, trout2.12.85.99.6 insect1.16.510.9 slimy sculpin7.8 cutthroat/rainbow trout(mean 9.4)Tulare Basin Pond** (SamAndrews), San JoaquinValley, California(Moore et al., 1990)sediment, algae>adult brine shrimp, insect,brine fly larvae4.44.22.81.518.512.36.620.6 brine shrimp8.1 brine fly larvae7.5 damselflyNDNDSee bird casestudiesTulare Basin Pond**(Westfarmers), SanJoaquin Valley, Californiasediment, algae>adultbrine shrimp, brine flylarvae, insect,5.454.21.52.822.98.215.325.5 brine shrimp21.7 fly larvae41.1 corixidNDNDSee bird casestudies28LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)(Moore et al., 1990)80 damselfly(mean insect 61)Tulare Basin Pond**(Stone Land Company),California(Moore et al., 1990)sediment, algae>adultbrine shrimp, insect0.754.22.83.22.13.4 brine shrimp2.3 corixidNDNDSee bird casestudiesTulare Basin Pond**(Carmel Ranch) SanJoaquin Valley, California(Moore et al., 1990)sediment, algae>adultbrine shrimp, insect, brinefly larvae0.404.22.81.51.71.10.603.9 brine shrimp4.4 brine fly larvae2.5 corixidNDNDSee bird casestudiesTwin Buttes Reservoir,Wyoming(Birkner, 1978)sediment,algae>zooplankton,amphipod, insect> darter,killifish, fathead minnow,mixed fry9.31.50.92.8148.426.015.4 plankton11 amphipod16 corixid18 damselfly34 chironomid(mean insect 23)1.11.11.115.49.228.6(mean 17.7)42 Iowa darter22 plains killifish34 fathead minnow22 mixed fry(mean 30)Uncompahgre Riverwatershed, Arizona andColoradoDry Creek, DRY1(Butler et al., 1994)sediment, algae>insect>sucker, dace,chub2.452.86.9NA1.510.42.0 bluehead sucker5.9 flannelmouthsucker4.9 white sucker9.7 speckled dace8.1 roundtail chub(mean 6.1)Uncompahgre Riverwatershed, Arizona andColorado LoutsenhizerArroyo, LZA 1(Butler et al., 1991; 1994;1996)sediment, algae>insect,crayfish> sucker, dace,sunfish5.52.81.615.48.826 invertebrates (someinsects)14 crayfish1.11.116.99.7(mean 13.3)9.0 bluehead sucker17 flannelmouthsucker28 speckled dace(18 mean)37 green sunfish(all mean 22.8)Upper Blackfoot Riverwatershed, southeastIdaho(Hamilton and Buhl, 2004;2005; Hamilton et al.,2004)sediment>insect >sculpin, dace2.52.87.012.1 benthic (somecranefly)1.17.77.7 mottled sculpin9.3 longnose dace(mean 8.5)Upper Blackfoot Riverwatershed, southeastsediment>insect>sculpin, dace>2.52.87.012.1 benthic (somecranefly)1.1and8.513.2 cutthroat trout13.4 brook trout29LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g dw)TTFfish(wbor muscle)Predictedfish Se (wbor muscle)(μg/g dw)Mean observed fishSe (wb or muscle)(μg/g dw)Idaho(Hamilton and Buhl, 2004;2005; Hamilton et al.,2004)trout1.1(mean 13.3)Upper Blackfoot Riverwatershed, southeastIdaho(Greater YellowstoneCoalition 2005;2006)attached algae>insect >sculpin, dace4.12.811.47.8 (cranefly, caddisfly,dragonfly, mayfly,stonefly, shrimp)1.112.511.4 mottled sculpin15.6 longnose dace(mean 13.5)Upper Blackfoot Riverwatershed, southeastIdaho(Greater YellowstoneCoalition 2005; 2006)attached algae>insect>sculpin, dace>trout4.12.811.47.8 (cranefly,caddisfly,dragonfly, mayfly,stonefly, shrimp)1.1and1.113.88.6 cutthroat trout12.6 brown trout(mean 10.6)Upper Mud Reservoir (leftfork),West Virginia(USGS, 2008; WestVirginia Department ofEnvironmental Protection,2009)suspendedmaterial>insect, crayfish,clam1.72.81.62.84.82.74.810.5 dragonfly5.6 crayfish17.5 clam8.5 snailNDNDUpper Mud Reservoirabove Palermo, (right fork)West Virginia[USGS, 2008; WestVirginia Department ofEnvironmental Protection(WVDEP), 2009]suspendedmaterial>insect, crayfish,clam>bluegill, greensunfish, crappie6.72.81.62.819.010.91916.5 dragonfly12.1 crayfish30.7 clam36.6 snail1.120.912.029.7(mean 20.9)28 bluegill (USGS)26 bluegill (WVDEP)20 green sunfish20.4 crappie(mean 22.1)30Supplemental Table F.Model validation for prediction of invertebrate and bird egg Se concentrations. Predicted and observed Se concentrations are shown. [ND= no data available; max = maximum); ** = embryonic terata and potential food avoidance; blk-nk stilt = black-necked stilt; red-wg blackbird = red-wingedblackbird]LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g, dw)TTFbird eggPredictedbird eggSe(μg/g, dw)Mean observed bird egg Se(μg/g, dw)Converse County (uraniummine wastewater irrigatesgrasslands), Wyoming(Ramirez and Rogers,2002)soil>grass> grasshopper>blackbird3.1 soil12.7 grass12.8 grasshopper(11-20)1.823.017.4 red-wg blackbird (13.2-22)Elk Valley, Fording River,British Columbia, Canada(Harding et al., 2005)particulate>insect> dipper,sandpiper2.22.86.27.1 (mayfly,stonefly, caddisfly,cranefly)1.811.28.4 American dipper7.3 spotted sandpiperGoose Lake** (1994),Kendrick ReclamationProject, Natrona County,Wyoming (Ramirez andDickerson. 1999; See etal.,1992)pondweed>insect>avocet37.62.810552.6 (compositeinsect)1.818940.8-111 eared grebe(embryonic terata)Great Salt Lake,Ogden/Antelope Islands,Utah (Cavitt, 2007;Wurtzbach, 2007)seston>brine fly larvae>shorebirds0.951.51.41.4 brine fly larvae1.7 brine fly adults1.82.52.7 American avocet and blknk stiltGreat Salt Lake, Utah(Marden, 2008; Conover,2009)seston>brine shrimp>gull0.953.02.82.8 brine shrimp(4.0 adults; 2.4nauplius; 2.1 cyst)1.85.03.0 California gullImperial National WildlifeRefuge, Lower ColoradoRiver (Lusk, 1993;Martinez, 1994)particulate>crayfish, clam>bird4.01.62.86.411.27.7 crayfish (2-36)10.5 clam (C.fluminea) (6-26)1.820.211.55.2 l. lesser nighthawk8.7 gr een heron(developing eggs)10.3; 8.6 green heron9.9 pied-billed grebe8.7 least bitternKesterson Reservoir**(1984) (ponds 2, 7, and11), California(Schuler et al., 1990;Ohlendorf and Hothem,1995)particulate>insect> aquaticand terrestrial birds(grebes and coots notnesting)35.32.89998 damselfly69 dragonfly59 adult beetle102 diptera larvae19 corixid1.817825 blk-nk stilt (max 64)16 American avocet (max 61)33 killdeer (max 50)21 gadwall (max 26)14 cinnamon teal (max 37)10 mallard (max 19)15 western meadowlark (24)6 tri-color blackbird (max 9.6)31LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g, dw)TTFbird eggPredictedbird eggSe(μg/g, dw)Mean observed bird egg Se(μg/g, dw)4.4 cliff swallow (max 9)(embryonic terata)Kesterson Reservoir**(1983), California(Ohlendorf et al., 1986)algae, plants>insect>grebe, coot, duck, stilt(grebes and coots notnesting)43.51.42.86112285 net plankton22 corixid139 chironomid122 dragonfly175 damselfly1.822081 eared grebe(72-110)54 American coot (34-110)9.9 duck (mallard, northernpintail, cinnamon teal,gadwall) (2.2-46)32.7 blk-nk stilt (12-74)(embryonic terata)Kesterson Reservoir areareference site (VoltaWildlife Area) (Ohlendorf etal., 1986)plankton>insect>grebe,duck, stilt, avocet2.0 net plankton1.7 insects1.83.63.1(mean 3.4)1.9 eared grebe1.2 mallard0.84 gadwall1.6 blk-nk stilt1.4 American avocetNewport Bay (upper),California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate> copepod,amphipod>avocet, stilt,killdeer, rail0.201.51.40.282.11.80.503.85.3 American avocet5.1 blk-nk stilt2.6 killdeer3.7 clapper railNewport Bay (upper),California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate> copepod,amphipod>topsmelt>tern, skimmer, grebe0.201.51.4 and 1.11.4 and 1.1(two-steps)0.312.31.81.80.564.24.4 least tern3.1 black skimmer5.8 pied-billed grebeRasmus Lee Lake**(1994), KendrickReclamation Project,Natrona County, Wyoming(Ramirez and Dickerson.1999; See et al., 1992)pondweed>insect>avocet302.88493 compositeinsect1.816785.9 American avocet(embryonic terata)Salton Sea, California(California ResourcesAgency, 2006)particulate>amphipod,insect, pileworm>bird1.10.62.87.40.663.18.11.6 amphipod2.3 corixid6.6 pileworm1.82.95.611.92.8 Caspian tern3.6 white-faced ibis5.3 snowy egret6.0 black skimmer6.3 great egret6.7 night heronSalton Sea, California(California ResourcesAgency, 2006)particulate>insect>fish>bird1.12.8 and 1.1(two-steps)3.48.1 largemouthbass8.8 sargo9-10 redbelly1.86.12.8 caspian tern3.6 white-faced ibis5.3 snowy egret6.0 black skimmer32LocationFood WebMean observedparticulate Se(μg/g dw)TTFinvertebratePredictedinvertebrateSe(μg/g dw)Mean observedinvertebrate Se(μg/g, dw)TTFbird eggPredictedbird eggSe(μg/g, dw)Mean observed bird egg Se(μg/g, dw)talapia12 Gulf croaker12 orangemouthcorvina3.2 channel catfish6.3 great egret6.7 night heronSan Diego Creekwatershed (lower SanDiego Creek), California(Presser and Luoma,2009)particulate> insect,crayfish, clam> avocet,stilt, killdeer, grebe, coot1.21.62.82.81.93.47.5 corixid5.8 crayfish4.9 snail7.5 clam1.83.46.12.8 American avocet6.9 blk-nk stilt9.5 killdeer5.8 pied-billed grebe5.2 American cootTulare Basin Pond**(Sumner Peck), California(Moore et al., 1990)particulate>brine shrimp6.02.84.216.825.254.2 brine shrimp100 damselfly250 fly larvae25.7 beetle43.9 corixid1.845.460 American avocet67 blk-nk stilt(embryonic terata)Tulare Basin Pond**(Westfarmers), California(Moore et al., 1990)particulate>brine shrimp>shorebird, grebe5.452.84.215.322.925.5 brine shrimp80 damselfly21.7 fly larvae41.1 corixid1.841.220.8 American avocet28 blk-nk stilt74 eared grebe(embryonic terata)Upper Blackfoot Riverwatershed, southeastIdaho (Ratti et al., 2006)sediment>insect> bird7.8 (assumed fromGreaterYellowstoneCoalition data; seeSupplementalTable E)1.81410.7 common snipe8.6 American coot8.1 killdeer8.1 eared grebe8.0 cinnamon teal8.0 mountain bluebird7.2 red-wg blackbird7.2 yellow-headed blackbird6.9 marsh wren6.7 western grebeplus other species