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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |  |
| Technology                     Transfer: The Use of Government Laboratories and Federally                     Funded Research and Development
**Tracer Bullet 93-5**
- Scope
- Subject Headings
- Background Readings
- Basic Texts
- Government Publications
- Bibliographies and Directories
- Abstracting and Indexing Services
- Journals and Newsletters
- Representative Journal Articles
- Technical Reports
- Selected Technical Reports
- Selected Materials
- Additional Sources of Information
**SCOPE**
The opportunity to improve the availability, dissemination, and                 use of federal technology has consistently been a challenge. Over                 the years, several federal efforts have been undertaken to promote                 the transfer of technology from the federal government to state                 and local jurisdictions and to the private sector. The primary                 law affording access to the federal laboratory system is P.L.                 96-480, the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980,                 as amended by the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L.                 99-502), the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (P.L. 101-418),                 the National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act of 1989 (P.L.                 101-189), and the National Defense Authorization Act for FY91                 (P.L. 101-510). In addition, this legislation has firmly established                 technology transfer as a mission of all federal laboratories and                 facilities. In addition, these legislative acts have given federal                 agencies the authority to enter directly into cooperative research                 and development agreements (CRADAs) with U.S. private companies.               

 While there are over 700 federal laboratories, the majority                 of these are small operations that employ 5-10 researchers and                 are located within a federal agency, a contractor, or a university.                 The largest laboratories, with 8,000-10,000 employees, focus primarily                 on basic research or very specialized applications, and although                 many federal laboratories are attempting to become more attuned                 to industry's needs, their primary responsibility remains to their                 executive agencies and to Congress. According to the Council on                 Competitiveness in its Industry as a Customer of the Federal Laboratory                 (Washington, 1992), 'the challenge facing industry is how to help                 focus R&D at the labs so that it is appropriate to industrial                 needs, how to structure joint technology development programs,                 and how to access R&D at the labs.'

 The efforts of several agencies (NASA, DOE, and Commerce) and                 those of the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Federal Technology,                 aimed at encouraging the private sector to utilize the knowledge                 and technologies generated by the federal laboratories, are discussed                 below.

**The National Aeronautics and Space Administration**                When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)                 was established in 1959, Congress set aside a small percentage                 of the total budget to make the technical fruits of the space                 program available to other users. By their challenging nature,                 NASA programs are especially productive sources of advanced technology.                 These technologies are a national asset in that they can be reused                 or retooled to develop new products and processes to the benefit                 of the U.S. economy and expanded industrial productivity. Indeed,                 technology transfer--the process by which technology developed                 in one organization, in one area, or for one purpose is applied                 in another organization, in another area, or for another purpose--is                 generally referred to as a "spinoff." "Spinoffs,"                 however, do not happen automatically; it takes well-organized                 efforts to put the technology to work in new ways and to realize                 a dividend on our considerable national investment in aerospace                 research. 

 NASA tries to facilitate and expedite the process by means of                 its Technology Transfer Program, in which it utilizes a variety                 of methods and mechanisms to stimulate the transfer of aerospace                 technology to other sectors of the economy. The program is managed                 by the Technology Transfer Division, a component of NASA's Office                 of Commercial Programs. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the                 division coordinates the activities of technology transfer specialists                 located throughout the United States. Mechanisms to encourage                 technology transfer include an annual technology transfer conference                 and exposition and a series of government/industry/academic workshops                 covering such topics as patent licensing, cooperative R&D,                 and small business research opportunities. Publications, such                 as its monthly NASA Tech Briefs and its annual Spinoff, inform                 potential users of technologies that can be used to solve manufacturing                 or industry problems, meet market needs, or develop new products                 in a timely and cost-effective manner.

 In 1985, NASA created a nationwide network of nonprofit consortia                 of NASA, universities, and companies to conduct space-based, high                 technology research and development in specific areas ranging                 from materials processing to remote sensing to biotechnology.                 The program was designed to use the collective abilities and expertise                 of all three sectors to move emerging technologies from the laboratory                 to the marketplace with some dispatch. As of September 1993, there                 were 17 Centers for the Commercial Development of Space throughout                 the United States, more than 350 industrial affiliates, and in                 excess of 50 universities participating in the program.

 In early 1993, NASA established a pilot program to develop Technology                 Commercialization Centers in conjunction with several NASA field                 centers. These "incubators" couple NASA technological                 innovations with skills and resources needed to create new business                 ventures. Two Centers already in existence, one at the Ames Research                 Center, Mountain View, California, and the other at the Johnson                 Space Center, Houston Texas, draw upon their own talent and technology                 pool as well as a regional network of entrepreneurs, investment                 capital, market and business expertise.

NASA's Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology's mission is                 to pioneer innovative customer-focused space concepts and technology                 generated and developed through industrial, academic, and governmental                 alliances. In addition to the centers previously mentioned, the                 office also sponsors NASA's University Space Engineering Research                 Centers, a National Technology Transfer Network, and a NASA Small                 Business Innovation Research program. 

**Department of Commerce**

 The Department's Under Secretary for Technology is responsible                 for identifying opportunities and/or barriers affecting U.S. commercial                 innovation, quality, productivity, and manufacturing; advocating                 federal policies and programs to eliminate government-wide statutory,                 regulatory, or other barriers to the rapid commercialization of                 U.S. science and technology; fostering and promoting federal involvement                 in research and development; and promoting joint efforts involving                 business, industry, educational institutions, and state and local                 organizations to encourage technology commercialization. Reporting                 to the Under Secretary of the Office of the Assistant Secretary                 for Technology Policy, which has the primary responsibility for                 maximizing the role and contribution of technology to U.S. competitiveness                 and economic security, are the National Institute of Standards                 and Technology (NIST) and the National Technical Information Services                 (NTIS).

 The National Institute of Standards and Technology, founded                 in 1901 as the National Bureau of Standards, was renamed in 1988                 by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act and directed specifically                 to assist industry in developing technology to improve product                 quality and to facilitate rapid commercialization of products                 based on new scientific discoveries. Several NIST programs have                 been set up to spur innovation and accelerate the adoption of                 new ideas and technology by U.S. companies. NIST's Advanced Technology                 Program provides seed money to help U.S. businesses on precompetitive,                 generic technologies with high commercial potential, and NIST's                 research and testing facilities at Gaithersburg, Maryland, and                 Boulder, Colorado, are made available to businesses engaged in                 cooperative and proprietary work. A 20-megawatt research reactor                 with a cold neutron facility, a metals processing laboratory,                 and an automated manufacturing research facility are among the                 resources available for use. The Malcolm Baldridge National Quality                 Award, established by Congress in 1987 and managed by NIST in                 cooperation with the private sector, is another approach used                 by NIST to encourage industry and business to create a competitive                 advantage.

 Through its regional manufacturing technology centers (MTCs),                 NIST provides technical and financial support to nonprofit centers                 that assist small- and medium-sized companies in gaining expertise                 with new manufacturing technologies. Each center's approach is                 unique, dictated by its location and the type of manufacturing                 of its client base. In general, the MTCs provide a wide range                 of services, including individual project engineering, training                 courses, demonstrations, and assistance in selecting and using                 software and equipment. All manufacturing technology centers have                 established large collections of computer aided design (CAD) and                 computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software packages as well as                 a wide variety of PC-based hardware systems and workstations.                 This allows manufacturers to experiment with an extensive selection                 of state-of-the-art systems to make intelligent decisions on the                 systems best suited for their business. Since 1989, seven MTCs                 have been established in the following cities: Cleveland, Ohio;                 Columbia, South Carolina; Ann Arbor, Michigan; Overland Park,                 Kansas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Torrance, California. Each                 MTC must be sponsored by a U.S.-based nonprofit institution or                 organization, which may include a state government agency, and                 receives financial support from NIST for the first six years.

 The Department of Commerce's National Technical Information                 Service contains an Office of Federal Patent Licensing. This office                 encourages federal agencies to evaluate their technical reports                 and identify those projects with commercial applications. Consequently,                 a variety of products and services has been developed by NTIS                 to improve industrial access to practical government technology.                 Among these are the Guide to Innovation Resources Planning for                 the Smaller Business which describes more than 50 federal and                 85 state government offices that offer assistance to smaller businesses                 in bringing technologies to market; the Directory of Federal Technology                 Resources, which describes special technical resources provided                 by federal agencies and their laboratories, including staff experts,                 equipment for sharing, technical information centers, software                 sources, information analysis centers, and other services; the                 Federal Technology Catalog, published annually, which indexes                 some 1200 new technologies announced throughout the year in NTIS'                 Tech Notes; and the annual Catalog of Government Inventions Available                 for Licensing, containing some 1200 summaries of patents and patent                 applications arranged into more than 40 subject categories.

**Department of Energy**

 Although technology transfer has always been a concern of the                 Department of Energy (DOE) and its laboratories, it has received                 increasing emphasis from U.S. policy makers in recent years as                 a means for enhancing the nation's competitiveness. DOE's goals                 for technology transfer for the 1990's are defined in its Partnerships                 for Global Competitiveness: a Draft Strategic Plan (July 29, 1993).                 Responding to the new challenges and the economic imperative facing                 the nation, DOE plans to reorient programs and redirect resources--particularly                 at its laboratories--toward technology transfer programs. Efforts                 are underway to inform business and industry of the capabilities                 of DOE's laboratories, to help find assistance or collaboration,                 and to indicate the best way to accomplish the desired objectives.                 Key initiatives in promoting the success of its plan include reducing                 the processing time for its Cooperative Research and Development                 Agreements (CRADAs), developing integrated programs with industry                 and other government agencies, stepping up its exchange programs                 in which its laboratory staff work in industry facilities and                 industry personnel work in government laboratories to enhance                 each others' technical capabilities and support research in specific                 areas, and encouraging arrangements that permit private parties                 to conduct research and development at DOE laboratories.

 DOE has significant resources that can be accessed by the private                 sector, e.g., 10 national laboratories plus many other laboratories                 and specialized facilities with a replacement value approaching                 $100 billion, about 60,000 highly skilled and experienced scientists,                 engineers, and technicians, thousands of licensable patents and                 software packages, and annual R&D investments of more than                 $6.5 billion. By implementing CRADAs and utilizing other technology                 transfer mechanisms, DOE can reduce costs and provide benefits                 to both private industry and the nation as a whole through collaborative,                 cost-shared research and development. While the research and development                 pursued under a CRADA are generally part of the participating                 DOE laboratory's mission and related to a DOE program, some funding                 is available to pursue "spinoff" developments. DOE's                 annual Technology Transfer provides commentary on some of the                 many opportunities available to U.S. business and industry to                 work with DOE and its laboratories and facilities. One of DOE's                 most important goals in this area is to increase the number and                 scope of collaborative research and development projects with                 U.S. industry. Successful technology transfer cannot occur if                 organizations work in isolation; the technology transfer process                 requires a team effort between laboratories and industry. The                 laboratories and facilities provide some of the technical capabilities                 required for successful application of technology, and industry                 lends a market-oriented production perspective to the technology                 transfer process.

**Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer**

 One of the primary federal efforts to facilitate and coordinate                 the transfer of technology between various levels of government                 and to the private sector is the Federal Laboratory Consortium                 for Technology Transfer (FCC). The consortium was originally established                 under the auspices of the Department of Defense in 1971 to improve                 the exchange of technology among defense laboratories. In 1974,                 it was expanded to include other federal departments in a voluntary                 organization of approximately 300 federal laboratories. The Federal                 Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-502) provided the FCC                 with a legislative mandate and required the membership of most                 federal laboratories. Today, over 600 research laboratories and                 centers from more than 16 federal departments are members of the                 consortium, a service organization that works to maximize the                 transfer of technology. Regional activities are organized by six                 regional coordinators, who also serve as primary referral points                 to funnel requests for technical assistance to appropriate laboratories.                 The FCC network of federal laboratories can be accessed through                 these regional coordinators, individual laboratories, the FCC                 Locator in Sequim, Washington, or FCC's national contacts.

 Technology transfer from federal laboratories to the private                 sector works best when a person-to-person match can be made between                 a potential user and the appropriate laboratory expertise. Technology                 transfer officers at specific laboratories are the representatives                 to the FCC and can help initiate those contacts and technology                 transfer arrangements at their laboratories.

 The FCC itself does not transfer technology; it assists and                 improves the technology transfer efforts of the laboratories where                 the work is performed. In addition to developing methods to augment                 individual laboratory transfer efforts, the consortium serves                 as a clearinghouse for requests for assistance and will refer                 requesters to the appropriate laboratory or federal department.                 The work of the consortium is funded by a set-aside of 0.008%                 of the portion of each agency's R&D budget used for the laboratories.                 Five percent of this is used for a demonstration program with                 state, local, or nonprofit organizations designed to improve methods                 of transfer.

 Regardless of the size of an organization, dealing with a resource                 as large and diverse as the federal laboratory system can sometimes                 be a cumbersome and time consuming process. FCC provides a technology                 support system to help U.S. firms make use of this federal resource.                 Smaller businesses classically require outside help in financial                 base support and analysis, business management and planning, problem                 solving and idea feasibility evaluations, and product or process                 improvements. The road from government R&D to markets and                 industry is bridged by people providing leads to government laboratories                 that can furnish technical input, expertise, and facilities. This                 Tracer Bullet lists sources, contacts, and references that individuals                 seeking to take advantage of the expertise, facilities, and technology                 available at the more than 700 federal laboratories may be able                 to use to their benefit.

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**SUBJECT HEADINGS**
Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which under               which materials on federally funded research and development and               technology transfer can be located in most card, book, and online               catalogs, include those listed below. 

**Highly Relevant**
FEDERAL AID TO RESEARCHRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTS, GOVERNMENT--UNITED STATESRESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL--UNITED STATESTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTECHNOLOGY AND STATE--UNITED STATES
**Relevant**
LABORATORIES--UNITED STATESNEW PRODUCTSPATENTS AND GOVERNMENT-DEVELOPED INVENTIONSTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
**More General**
INDUSTRY AND STATE
TOP OF PAGE
**BACKGROUND READINGS**
 Brown, Harold, and John Wilson. A new mechanism to fund R&D.               *Issues in science and technology*, v. 9, winter 1992/93:               36-41.                  Q124.6.I85                 Calls for the creation of a unique federally funded               quasi-public entity--the Civilian Technology Corporation that would               "help industry identify research that could potentially be               commercialized and then provide financial support. It must be able               to make decisions free from power politics and insulated from narrow               self-interest--whether congressional, executive branch, or corporate."             

Carr, Robert K. Doing technology transfer in federal laboratories               (Part 1). *Journal of technology transfer*, v. 17, spring/summer               1992: 8-33.                  T174.3.J68                 Based on interviews with technology-transfer professionals               in federal laboratories and universities, this paper discusses the               phenomenon of technology transfer, highlighting subjects such as               technology push and market pull, cooperative R&D, technology               licensing, start-up companies, information dissemination, models               of technology transfer, and limits to federal technology transfer.             

*Industry as a customer of the federal laboratories*. Washington,               Council on Competitiveness, 1992. 32 p.                  Pamphlet Box <SciRR>                 Explores the opportunities and barriers facing               industry and the federal laboratories, especially DOE and NASA,               as they attempt to establish new partnerships in the transfer of               technology. Nine recommendations for achieving customer-driven technology-transfer               programs are given. 

Winebrak, James J. A study of technology-transfer mechanisms for               federally funded R&D. *Journal of technology transfer*,               v. 17, fall 1992:                  54-61. T174.3.J68                 Attempts to understand the relative effectiveness               of various technology-transfer mechanisms used in federally funded               research and development projects. An analysis is carried out for               116 technology-transfer case studies based on survey data compiled               through the U.S. Department of Energy program offices. The results               show that offering financial incentives and creating supportive               advisory groups are highly successful ways to transfer technology.             

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**BASIC TEXTS**
*Beyond spinoff: military and commercial technologies in a               changing world*. John A. Alic and others. Boston, Mass., Harvard               Business School Press, c1992. 428 p.                 T15.B48 1992 

Carter, Ashton B., and William J. Perry. *New thinking and American               defense technology*. New York, Carnegie Commission on Science,               Technology, and Government, 1990. 32 p.                  Pamphlet box <SciRR> 

*Commercializing defense related technology*. Edited by               Robert Lawrence Kuhn. New York, Praeger, 1984. 251 p.                                "Derived from a seminal Conference on Commercial               Application of Defense Related Research and Development, sponsored               by the Austin-based RGK Foundation and held in the spring of 1983               in Tallahassee, Florida."			     HC110.T4C64 1984

*Federal lab technology transfer: issues and policies*.               Edited by Gordon R. Bopp. New York, Praeger, 1988. 208 p.                  T174.3.F43 1988 <SciRR> 

Grissom, Fred E., and Richard L. Chapman. *Mining the nation's               brain trust: how to put federally funded research to work for you*.               Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., c1992. 194 p.                  T174.3.G77 1992 <SciRR> 

*Innovation through technical and scientific information: government               and industry cooperation*. Science and Public Policy Program,               University of Oklahoma and others. New York, Quorum Books, 1989.               198 p.                  Q180.U5I46 1989 

*Made in America: regaining the productive edge*. Michael               L. Dertouzos and others. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, c1989. 344               p.                  Bibliography: p. 331-340.			     HC110.I52M34 1989               

National Academy of Engineering. Committee on Technology Policy               Options in a Global Economy. *Mastering a new role: shaping technology               policy for national economic performance*. Committee on Technology               Policy Options in a Global Economy, National Academy of Engineering.               Washington, National Academy Press, 1993. 132 p.                  Bibliography: p. 110-121.			     HD3616.U47N24 1993               

*Science, technology, and the federal government: national goals               for a new era*. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public               Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering,               Institute of Medicine. Washington, National Academy Press, 1993.               54 p.                  Pamphlet Box <SciRR> 

*Science, technology, and the states in America's third century.*               A report of the Carnegie Commission. New York, Carnegie Commission               on Science, Technology, and Government, 1992. 73 p.                  Pamphlet Box <SciRR> 

*Technology and U.S. competitiveness: an institutional focus*.               Edited by W. Henry Lambright and Dianne Rahm. Prepared under the               auspices of the Policy Studies Organization. New York, Greenwood               Press, 1992. 185 p. (Contributions in economics and economic history,               no. 139)                  Bibliography: p. 169-175.			                   See especially "Federal Programs, institutions,               and issues": p. 1-67.			     HC110.T4T395 1992               

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**GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS**
*Commercialization of federally funded R&D: a guide to technology               transfer from federal laboratories ... for the use of the Committee               on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate*.               Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1988. 58 p.                  HC110.T4C63 1988 

President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (U.S.).               *Renewing the promise: research-intensive universities and the               nation; a report*. Prepared by the President's Council of Advisors               on Science and Technology. Washington, President of the United States;               For sale by the U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 46 p.                  Q180.6.U54P74 1992 

*Technology transfer obstacles in federal laboratories: key               agencies respond to subcommittee survey.* Subcommittee on Regulation,               Business Opportunities, and Energy of the Committee on Small Business,               House of Representatives, 101st Congress, second session. Washington,               U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1990. 349 p.                  T174.3.T395 <SciRR> 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and               Technology. *The future of the Department of Energy laboratories.*               Hearing, 102nd Congress, 1st session. Oct. 9, 1991. Washington,               U.S. Govt. Print. Office., 1992. 155 p.                 KF27.S39 1991g <Law> 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and               Technology. H.R. 5229--*Fundamental Competitiveness Act of 1992               and H.R. 5230--American Technology and Competitiveness Act of 1992*.               Hearing, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session. Aug. 5, 1992. Washington,               U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 177 p.                 <N&CPR> 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and               Technology. Subcommittee on Energy. *Technology transfer*.               Hearing, 103rd Congress, 1st session. Mar. 23, 1993. Washington,               U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1993. 252 p.                 <N&CPR> 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and               Technology. Subcommittee on Technology and Competitiveness. *Technology               transfer from federal laboratories and universities: report*.               Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 16 p.                  T174.3.U516 1992 

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee               on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy. *Improving               technology transfer programs at Department of Energy laboratories*.               Hearing, 102nd Congress, 2nd session. Dec. 4, 1992. Washington,               U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1992. 233 p.                 <N&CPR> 

United States. General Accounting Office. *NASA aeronautics:               impact of technology transfer activities is uncertain; report to               Congressional requesters*. Mar. 16, 1993. Washington, U.S. General               Accounting Office, 1993. 12 p.                  <N&CPR>                 "GAO/NSAID-93-137, B-252106." 

United States. General Accounting Office. *Technology transfer:               barriers limit royalty sharing's effectiveness; report to Congressional               committees*. Dec. 7, 1992. Washington, U.S. General Accounting               Office, 1992. 128 p.                  <N&CPR>                 "GAO/RCED-93-6, B-247177." 

United States. General Accounting Office. *Technology transfer:               federal efforts to enhance the competitiveness of small manufacturers;               report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Small Business,               U.S. Senate*. Nov. 22, 1991. Washington, U.S. General Accounting               Office, 1991. 46 p.                  <N&CPR>                 "GAO/RCED-92030, B-246099." 

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**BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND DIRECTORIES**
*Catalog of government inventions available for licensing*.               1981- Springfield, Va., National Technical Information Service.                                T21.C37 

*Directory of federal laboratory & technology resources:               a guide to services, facilities, and expertise*. 1986?- Springfield,               Va., National Technical Information Service.                                Includes listing of federal laboratory technology               transfer contacts.                 The 1992/93 issue available from NTIS as PB93-100097.			     T21.D57 <SciRR desk> 

*Federal laboratories for partnerships in technology reinvestment:               directory of federal laboratories with programs in TRP technology               focus areas*. Produced by DelaBarre & Associates, Inc. Sequim,               Wash., Federal Laboratory Consortium, Administration Office, June               1993. 44 p.                                A partial listing of member laboratories indicating               technology and capabilities within each specific focus area. 			     Pamphlet Box <SciRR>

Gibson, David V., Frederick Williams, and Kathy L. Wohlert. The               state of the field: a bibliographic view of technology transfer.               In *Technology transfer: a communication perspective*. Edited               by Frederick Williams, David V. Gibson. Newbury Park, Calif., Sage               Publications, c1990. p. 277-292.                  T174.3.T3757 1990 <SciRR> 

Orr, James F., and Judith L. Wolfe. *Technology transfer and               the diffusion of innovations: a working bibliography with annotations*.               Monticello, Ill., Vance Bibliographies, 1979. 76 p. (Public Administration               series--bibliography: P-232)                  Z7914.T256O77 

*Tapping federal technology: inventions, expertise, and facilities*.               Prepared by the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer,               Information Systems Committee. Kathleen C. Hayes, Project Manager.               Washington, Federal Laboratory Consortium, 1992. 220 p. (Federal               Laboratory Consortium handbook series, no. 3)                  Pamphlet Box <SciRR> 

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**ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES**
Abstracting and Indexing Services that index relevant journal articles               and other literature on technology transfer, government laboratories               and federal aid to research are listed below. Suggested terms are               given as aids in searching.

*ABI/Inform* (1987-)                  CD-ROM <B&E>                  See: Laboratories			      Technology Transfer 

*Applied Science & Technology Index*(1913-)                  CD-ROM <SciRR>                 Z7913I7 <SciRR A&I>                 See: Government Laboratories			     Research, Cooperative                 Technology Transfer 

*Business Periodicals Index* (1958-)                  CD-ROM <B&E>                 Z7164.C81B983 <B&E>                 See: Government Laboratories                  Industrial Research/Conversion                  Technological Innovations                  Technology Transfer 

*Magazine Index*                 Available in several formats at LC                 See: Government Laboratories                Technology Transfer--Technique 

*Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin* (1915-)                  CD-ROM <MRR>                 See: Government-Sponsored Research Z7163.P9 (B&E>                Industry and State                  Technological Innovations                  Technology and State                  Technology Transfer 

*Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature* (1900-)                  AI3.R48                 See: Government Laboratories                Technology Transfer 

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**JOURNALS AND NEWSLETTERS**
Journals that often contain relevant articles include the following:               
*GDP's Business Science Technology Developments                     & News*Not in LC Collections*Issues in Science and Technology*Q124.6.I85*Journal of Technology Transfer*T174.3.J68 *Newslink* (Federal Laboratory Consortium                     for Technology Transfer) Not In LC Collections*Research Policy*Q180.A1R44b*Tech Trans, the Technology Transfer Newsletter*Not In LC Collections*Technology Transfer: U.S. Department of                     Energy Research & Development Laboratory Transfer Program*TJ163.25.U6T38*Technology Transfer Business*Not In LC CollectionsUnited States. *Spinoff* (National Aeronautics                     and Space Administration. Technology Utilization Office) T1.U39a
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**REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES**
 Berkowitz, Bruce D. Can defense research revive U.S. industry?               *Issues in science and technology*, v. 9, winter 1992/93:               73-81.                  Q124.6.I85 

Bloch, Erich, and David Cheney. Technology policy comes of age.               *Issues in science and technology*, v. 9, summer 1993: 55-60.                                Q124.6.I85 

Brown, Marilyn A., and others. Demonstrations: the missing link               in government sponsored energy technology deployment. *Technology               in society*, v. 15, no. 2, 1993: 185-205.                  T14.5T443 

Cole, Bernard. DOE labs: models for tech transfer. *IEEE spectrum*,               v. 29, Dec. 1992: 53-57.                  TK1.I15 

Federal-State cooperation in science and technology programs. *Journal               of technology transfer*, v. 17, spring/summer 1992: 40-50.                  T174.3.J68 

Fulghum, David A. U.S. labs reorient to new endeavors. *Aviation               week & space technology*, v. 137, Dec. 7, 1992: 46-48, 50-51,               53, 56-58.                  TL501.A8 

Hays, Sandy M. Inventions in the wings. *Agricultural research,*               v. 40, Sept. 1992: 4-8.                  S1.A1815 

Hunt, Margaret. Star wars materials launch commercial products.               *Machine design*, v. 65, Mar. 26, 1993: 52- 54, 56, 58.                  TJ1.M15 

Marazita, Carlo F. Technology transfer in the United States: industrial               research at engineering research centers versus the technological               needs of U.S. industry. *Technological forecasting and social               change*, v. 39, July 1991: 397-410.                 T174.T38 

Niosi, Jorge, and others. National systems of innovation: in search               of a workable concept. *Technology in society*, v. 15, no.2,               1993: 207-227.                  T14.5.T445 

Schriesheim, Alan. Toward a golden age for technology transfer.               *Issues in science and technology*, v. 7, winter 1990/91:               52-58.                  Q124.6.I85 

Swennes, Robert H. Commercializing government inventions: utilizing               the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. *Public contract               law journal*, v. 20, spring 1991: 365-385.                  K16.U17 <Law> 

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**TECHNICAL REPORTS**
*Government Reports Announcements & Index* (1946-)                  CD-ROM <SciRR>                 Z7916.G78 <SciRR A&E>                 See: Government/Industry Relations                  Government Inventions for Licensing                 Technology Transfer                 Technology Utilization 

*Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications*                 CD-ROM <N&CPR>                 See: Federal Aid To Research               Technology Transfer

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**SELECTED TECHNICAL REPORTS**
*Commercialization process for achieving technological innovation               from federal laboratory inventions: the Fort Monmouth experience.               A case study approach in the use of training materials for technology               transfer workshops*. Final report. Prepared in cooperation with               Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA. Sponsored by the Economic Development               Administration. Norwalk, Conn., Association of University Technology               Managers, Aug. 1992. 175 p.                  PB93-109981 <SciRR> 

*Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA) handbook*.               Final report. San Diego, Calif, Naval Oceans System Center, Mar.               1991. 129 p.                 AD-A237-474 <SciRR> 

*Improvement of technology transfer from government laboratories               to industry*. Washington, Dept. of Engineering Management, George               Washington University, June 1990. 19 p.                  Not in LC Collections                 "PB93-161586."                 Presented at the 15th Technology Transfer Society               Annual Conference, Technology Transfer in the Global Economy, Dayton,               Ohio, June 26-28, 1990. 

*Licensing in the federal laboratory: a discussion of the main               subjects in licensing as it relates to the transfer of technology               from the federal laboratory.* Final report. Funded by the Economic               Development Administration, Washington, D.C. Norwalk, Conn., Association               of University Technology Managers, Aug. 1992. 111 p.                  PB93-109999 <SciRR> 

*Moving technology from federal laboratories to industry*.               Final report. Gaithersburg, Md., U.S. National Bureau of Standards,               Office of Research and Technology Applications, 1988. 11 p.                  HC13.I63 1988                 "PB92-166297."                 Published in Proceedings of the International               Symposium on Advanced Technology in Natural Resource Management,               Fort Collins, Colo., June 20-23, 1988, p. 198-208. 

*Innovation, the economy, and the federal laboratories: principles               and issues of the innovation process*. Funded by the Department               of Energy, Washington, D.C. Albuquerque, N.M.. Sandia National Labs.,               Dec. 1991. 117 p.			     "SAND 893014."                 DE92006909 <SciRR>              

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**SELECTED MATERIALS**
Selected materials available in the Science Reading Room pamphlet               boxes include the following:             
Barrett, Randy. A day at Sandia puts technology transfer in far               sharper focus: a visit with Dan Arvizu and his staff of 30 reveals               the many moving parts behind a national laboratory's very successful               courtship of major U.S. companies. *Technology transfer business,*               spring 1993: 12-16, 18.             
 Berlin, Brett. Defense contractors go gunning for the green. *Technology               transfer business*, summer 1993: 23-26.

 Brown, Marilyn A., Linda G. Berry, and Rajeev K. Goel. Guidelines               for successfully transferring government-sponsored innovations.               *Research policy*, v. 20, Apr. 1991: 121-143.

 The Defense labs wage peace. *Design news*, v. 49, Apr.               19, 1993: 52-56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 80, 82.              Partial contents: Murray, C. J. Carderock reaches out to private               industry.--Wingo, W. Technology transfer spreads like wildfire at               NRL.--Haskins, S. Los Alamos: a wealth of computer power.--Lynch,               T. CRADAs augment army technology.

 Jenks, Andrew. Livermore National Laboratory: free software leads               to wider use. *Technology transfer business*, spring 1993:               47.

*The National laboratories of the U.S. Department of Energy               ... creating technology for America's energy future*. [Washington?               1993] 93 p.                 See particularly "The DOE national laboratories: contact information,               operators, budgets, and staffing" (p. 91-93).

 Nichols, Don. Technology transfer. *Small business reports*,               v. 17, Apr. 1992: 29-37, 39.

*Partnering in technology with the federal government: a quick               reference*. Sponsored by the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of               Technology Utilization. Oak Ridge, Tenn., Oak Ridge Institute for               Science and Education, 1993. 26 p.

 Scott, William B. U.S. labs increase focus on technology transfers.               *Aviation week & space technology,* v. 136, Feb. 17,               1992: 38-39.

 Souder, William E., Ahmed S. Nashar, and Venkatesh Padmanabhan.               A guide to the best technology-transfer practices. *Journal of               technology transfer*, v. 15, winter/spring 1990: 5-16.

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**ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION**
**Commercial Development and Technology Transfer Division**                National Aeronautics and Space Administration                 NASA Headquarters                CODE: CU                Washington, DC 20546                Telephone: 202-358-1986                Fax: 202-358-1500 

**Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer**                1850 M Street N.W.                Washington, DC 20036                Telephone: 202-331-4220                Fax: 202-331-4290                Can provide an overview on its technology support system to help                 industry and smaller businesses capitalize on the technical expertise                 and information available at federal laboratories.

**Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer                 Information Locator**                P.O. Box 545                Sequim, WA 98382                Telephone: 206-683-1005                Fax: 206-683-6654                Identifies laboratory resources capable of responding to specific                 requests, utilizes the FCC Technical Specialist System to complement                 information sources, monitors status of laboratory and other responses,                 and obtains user feedback and evaluation. Also publishes *Newslink*,                 a monthly newsletter of technology transfer activities, upcoming                 meetings, and notes, as well as Tapping Federal Technology and                 other handbooks and directories useful to individuals working                 in the field of technology transfer.

**National Technology Transfer Center**                Wheeling Jesuit College                316 Washington Avenue                Wheeling, WV 26003                Telephone: 304-243-2463                An independent organization, initially funded by NASA, chartered                 to promote the transfer of technologies developed in the federal                 laboratory system to U.S. businesses. Acts as a hub for a new                 nationwide technology transfer network, working closely with the                 Federal Laboratory Consortium, the six Regional Technology Transfer                 Centers, and other appropriate federal, state, and local economic                 development authorities, as well as with universities, companies,                 and industry associations. Maintains Business Gold, an electronic                 bulletin board that tracks research in progress at 17 federal                 agencies. In cooperation with several federal agencies performing                 research and development work, administers a program of licensing                 and promoting government inventions. Also screens inventions and                 selects those appropriate for prospective industry licensees.                 Useful publications for the prospective patentee include *Government                 Inventions for Licensing and the annual Catalog of Government                 Patents.*

**Office of Federal Patent Licensing**                National Technical Information Service                5285 Port Royal Road                Springfield, VA 22161                Telephone: 703-487-4838                Fax: 703-321-8199

**Office of Scientific and Technical Information**                U.S. Department of Energy                P.O. Box 62                Oak Ridge, TN 37831                Telephone: 615-576-1188**Office of Technology Utilization**                U.S. Department of Energy                1000 Independence Avenue S.W.                Washington, DC 20585                Telephone: 202-586-5388                Fax 202-586-8854 

**Technology Development and Small Business Programs**                Office of Technology Commercialization                National Institute of Standards and Technology                Physics Building, Room B256                Gaithersburg, MD 20899                Telephone: 301-975-6501                Contact point for NIST programs for business and industry.

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