Pos t Offic e Bo x 2 3 Lexingto n Parlt , Marylan d 2065 3 5 Jul y 201 0 U S Departmen t

o f Transportatio n Docke t Operation s Wes t Building , Groun dFloor , Roo mW12-14 0 120 0 Ne w Jerse y Avenue , Southeas t Washington , D C 2059 0 Gentlemen : I recentl y reviewe dth e acciden t report s fo

r Ai r Canad a19 0 an d America n 587 . Thes e flight s experience dwak e turbulenc e encounters . Durin g thes e encounters , th e ver tica l stabilize r

experience dload s exceedin g th e desig n loads . Unfortunately , th e stabilize r faile do n America n 587 . Becaus e th e acciden t t o Ai r Canad a19 0 was s o similar an d coul dhav e easil y bee n catastrophic , I wis h t o petitio n t o amen d 1 4 CF R25.35 1 (d ) t o rea d § 25.35 1 Ya w Maneuve r Conditions . (d ) Wit h th e airplan e yawe d t o th e stati c equilibriu msidesli p angl e o f paragrap h (c ) o f

thi s section , i t

i s assume d tha t

th e cockpi t

rudde r contro l i s suddenl y returne d t o neutra l reverse d t o full opposite de

flection. I hav e enclose dacop y o f apape r whic h present s th e argument s for th e propose d change. Thi s petitio n i s submitte db y m e a s an individua l an d shoul d no t b e attribute d t o any organization . I f

yo u hav e an y questions , pleas e fee l fre e t o writ e o r cal l m e a

t 301

- 257-688 7 (Fax : 301-560-5665) . Than k you . Sincerely , Richar dL . Newma n enclosure : supportin g materia l

### SUPPORTIN G MATERIA L FO RRUL E REVISIO N T O §25351(d ) Richar d L Newman , P h D Lexingto n Park , M D Backgroun d On 1 2 Novembe

r 2001 , America

n Fligh t 587 , a n Airbu s A-30 0 encountere dth e wak e of a Boeing B-747 on departur

e fromNe w York' s Kenned y airport.Q ) During thi s encounter , th e copilo t who wa s th e handlin g pilo t useda n excessiv e amoun

t o f rudde r durin g th e recovery . Thes e rudde

r input s ledto repeate dback-and-fort h yawing , coupledwit

h out-of-phas e rudde

r applications . Thes e cycli c load s greatly increase dth e load s o n th e vertica l fi n unti l i t failedwhe

n th e load s exceede dultimat

e load . Th e investigatio n reveale dtha t th e copilo t

ha dbeen traine dt o emphasiz e th e rudde r us e during upse

t recoveries . Th

e Nationa l Transportatio n Safet

y Boar d(NTSB ) repor

t include s th e followin g comment : "mos t America n Airline s pilot s believe dtha t th e airplane wouldb e protecte dfrom structura l damag e if

alternatin g ful

l rudde r peda l input s wer

e mad e a t a n airspee d belo w maneuverin g speed. " NTS B ReportQ ) Man y i n th e industr

y wer e surprise dto realiz e tha

t fiill andfree us e o f

th e flight control s a t o r belo w maneuvering speedcoul dresult in structura

l failure.(2 ) Respons e t o American-58 7 T o their credit , th e industr

y andth e FA

A initiate dchange s in pilo t trainin g to re emphasiz e th e prope

r us e o f flight control s durin g in-fligh

t upsets . This , i

t wa s felt , wouldmiti

gat e th e problemo f

latera l load s o n th e empennage . FA A Sponsore dResearc h Th e FA A als o awardedtw o contract s to th e Internationa l Air Transpor t Associatio n (LATA ) andt o Ho

h Aeronautic s (Hoh) . lATA Study : Th e TAT

A sttrfy(3 ) surveyedaii4 ^ pilot s worldwid e abou t experience s i n latera l upsets . Almos t

100 0 pilot s responded . While th e final FA A analysis(4 ) ha s not

been re leased , it make s tw o disturbin g observations : First , th e result s indicat e tha t afte r severa l year s of increasing emphasi s o n prope r us e o f rudder , abou

t athirdt o ahal f

o f th e respondin g pilot s indi

cat e the y wouldus e rudde

r durin g upset

recovery . The respondent s als o indicat e the y wouldus e rudde r t o correc t Dutch roll . Th e result s als o indicat

e tha t afourt h o f th e pilot s believ e they hav e bee n instructe dto us e rudde r during upset

recover y andbetwee

mafifth andafourt

h state dtha

t the y hav e bee

n in

structe dt o us e rudde

r durin g Dutc h rol l recovery . Ho h Study : Th

e Ho h stud y wa s apilote dsimulatio n performedin th e NAS A Vertica l Motion Simulato

r to examine th e effec

t of variou s desig n alternative s o n pilo t contro l of lateral

directional . Thi s stud

y use dagenera

l transpor t airplane wit

h avariet y o f rudde r design s simila

rSupportin g Materia l for Rul e Revisio n Pag e 2

t o thos e i n us e i n curren t

transports . Again , th e fina l repor t ha s not bee n released . However , i n a presentatio n t o th e Aerospac e Contro l an d Guidanc e Committee,(5 ) Ho h di d mak e th e observa

tio n tha t all pilot s use dth e rudder , an dman y o f the mals o over-controlled . Ai r Canad a19 0 O n 1 0 Januar y 2008 , Ai r Canad aflight

19 0 e n rout e fromVictoria , B C t o Toronto , On

tario , encountere dth e wak e o f aBoein g B-74 7 durin g clim b a t flight leve l 366 . Eleve n passen ger s an dcre w wer e injured , thre e seriously . Althoug h th e acciden t t o th e Airbu s A-31 9 occurre d i n U S airspace , th e NTS B delegate dth e investigatio n t o th e Transpor t Safet y Boar d o f

Canad a (TSB) . Th e TS B acciden t repor t ha s jus t bee n released.(6 ) Th e sequenc e o f

event s i s remaikabl y similar t o thos e i n th e acciden t

t o America n 587 . Th e Ctqitai n reacte dt o th e encounte r wit h nin e ailero n inputs , five t o full deflectio n accompanie d b y seve r successiv e rudde r

peda l input s ~ si x cycli c rudde r reversal s wit h maximu mrudde r de

flections o f

6 ° lef t an d7 ° right. Th e rudde r input s wer e approximatel y 90 ° out-of-phas e wit h th e latera l excursions . Th e rear vertica l stabilize r

attachmen t

fitting experience d aloa d o f 129 % o f design . A s i n th e America n 58 7 accident , th e cycli c rudde r input s ar e believe d t o hav e cause d th e peak structura l loads . Th e repor t

state s tha t

th e Ai r Canad aFligh t

Cre w Trainin g Manua l discusse s th e hazard s o f rudde r reversals . Rudde r

reversa l i s not

atopi c include d i n aruiual recurren t training . Discussio n Take n together , thes e result s sugges t tha t th e additional rudde r

an d upse t

recovery train

in g initiative s take n followin g America n 58 7 hav e not produce d th e desire d results . Thi s findin g reinforce s th e tene t

o f himia n factor s tha t

relyin g o n trainin g alon e i s not likel y t o b e successful . Huma n factor s an dsafet y engineerin g principle s generall y conside r tha t trainin g i s th e leas t effectiv e an dleas t

desirabl e approac h t o risk mitigation . Preventio n i s t o b e preferred . I n th e cas e o f

rudde r reversal s causin g excessiv e loads , thi s means requirin g th e desig n t o accom modat e pilo t

rudde r peda l reversals . T o preven t

future catastrophi c rudde r failures , I propos e amendmen t o f Sectio n 25.351 , Yaw Maneuve r

Conditions , t o appl y full peda l an d allo w th e airplan e t o ya w t o th e overswin g sidesli p angl e an dthe n achiev e astati c equilibriim i sideslip . Fro mthi s stati c condition , fiill op posite rudde r

woul db e applied . Specifically , amen dSectio n 25.35 1 (d ) t o rea d (d ) with th e airplan e yawe dt o th e stati c equilibriu msidesli p angl e o f paragrap h (c ) o f thi s section , i t

i s assume d tha t

th e cockpi t

rudde r contro l i s suddenl y returne dt o neutra l reverse dt o full opposit e deflection . Som e migh t

argu e tha t

thi s propose d chang e i s les s stringen t tha n requirin g th e rudde r re versa l t o occu r

a t th e pea k o f th e ya w overshoot . I agree . However , thi s reversin g fromth e stead y sidesli p i s muc h easie r t o defin e tha n reversin g fromth e overshoot . I t wil l likel y prov e a s effectiv e i n th e lon g run .

### Supporting Materia l fo r Rul e Revisio n Pag e 3 Reference s 1 In-Fligh

t Separation o f

Vertica l Stabilizer . America

n Airline s Fligh

t 587 . Airbu s Industri e A300-605R , N14053 . Belle Harbor . Ne

w York . Novembe

r 12,2001 , NTS B AAR-04-04,2004 2 Discussion s a

t Fligh t Safet y Workshop , Lon

g Beach , California , Societ

y of Experimenta

l Tes t Pilots , 2002 3 Surve y o n Yaw/Rol l Upsets : Dat

aAnalysi s Fina

l Report . Internationa

l Ai r Transpor t Association Contracto

r Re

por t to Federa l Aviation Administration , 200 8 4 L S Peterson , L

A Haworth , R

C Jones , R L Newman , R

J McGuire , A

A Lambregts , T McCloy , an d T RChidester , A n Internationa

l Surve y of Transpor t Airplane Pilots ' Experience s and Perspective s o n Lateral/Directiona

l Con

tro l Event s an

d Rudde r Issue s i n Transpor t Airplane s (Rudde

r Survey) , draf

t FA A report , 5 RHoh , "Criteri ato Mitigat e Rudde r Overcontro l in Transpor

t Aircraft, " presented t o Aerospac e Contro l an d Guidanc e Committee , Stateline , NV , Marc h 201 0 6 Encounte

r wit h Wak e Turbulence : Ai

r CanadaAirbu s A319-441 . C-GBHZ . Washin^ n State . United States . 1 0 Januar y 2008 . TS B Repor

t A08W007,201 0