BILL OF MATERIALS

24" x 24° opening Rough planks 2'x 12x8___.8 only
) Rough timbers 6x6x8_—-_4 only
Tt 7 Std. steel pipe 23 "y ZL | only
4 1 H Std. steel pipe x74 4 only
5 h-hh H Steel bar 3x4" x3 en | only
“fi Ht fi t Steel baseplate 2 3.6 12___4 only
| Tl TT! Oil drums, 55 gallon ares 4 only
T_T itt Steel strap, 1'x 4-13 148 only
Li tit Machine bolts, $x 10L 8 only
sthigel-c-g'ldeigdlfe Lag screws, 3. 32----- 20 only
8-0" Lag screws , 2 ar 20 only
Washers, Nails, Etc.
15 3-2"

TT
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ola

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5 Steel strap

SEC. A-A
DETAIL OF BARREL STRAP

RAFT FOR 1I6" DISCHARGE LINE

Sketch 3

17


crest and rotated 90° upstream into the flow. The head on the weir is
then taken to be the maximum height to which the water rises on the
weir gage. With care reasonable results can be secured, but a stand-
ard weir gage should be used. This practice should not be used where
close measurement of discharge is necessary. In addition, the errors
involved are always such as to make the measurement low. Thus, the
water user receives more than his allowance of water.

The principle of this type of measurement is illustrated in Figure 3
below, in an upstream reading.

Water will rise to horiz. line
when sticking weir.

Horiz. LINE

Velocity head

h=V%q

LL AR

Correct Location
a of weir gage

"STICKING" WEIR

FIGURE 3

The water surface at the weir blade is lower than the water surface
S or 10 feet upstream. The decrease in elevation of the water sur-
face between the head gage and the weir is called the velocity head
and represents the potential required to produce the increase in
velocity between the points. ''Sticking'' the weir merely transforms
this velocity head into measurable elevation head. Therefore, the
water elevation on the weir gage would read nearly the same as a
weir gage properly placed upstream from the weir.


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21


TWELVE TIPS ON ENGINE CARE i)
by
C. F. Bender

Some engine maintenance practices lead to trouble that is often blamed
on the wrong causes. Twelve of them are discussed in this article.
Mechanics have labeled them "'the dirty dozen."

Using Electric Welder to Turn Engine Starting Motors

Starting motors on construction machinery are designed for either a
6, 12 or 24-volt power source with controlled amperage input. Using
a higher voltage, high current welder as a power source may damage
the starting motor or its related components in several ways:

a. Spinning the starter at higher than rated speeds can throw
windings and commutator bars from the armature, and if pro-
longed, will cause insulation failure due to overheating.

b. High speed engagement of the drive member with the flywheel
ring gear can severely damage the drive member and drive housing,
and may "wrap up" the Bendix spring. In some cases when drive
teeth are not fully engaged (due to high speed rotation), the
resulting jack-screw force breaks the commutator end frame.

c. Surges of high current will permanently deform the contact
discs and/or blades in solenoid or magnetic switches on start-
ing motors so equipped.

Improper or Excessive Use of Starting Fluids

Despite the easy starting of modern diesels, cold weather conditions
still require starting aids. Because ether starting fluids ignite at
a much lower temperature than fuel, they must be introduced into the
combustion chambers in a fine mist or vapor and in quantities deter-
mined for the prevailing temperatures. Never insert starting fluids
in a fluid state--it causes extreme explosive pressures at initial
combustion and can result in piston damage.

Avoid excessive use of starting fluids. If the engine does not start
after several attempts, shut the fuel off and crank the engine for
about 20 seconds to clear the compression chambers of fluid. Then,
check compression of one or two cylinders.

Excessive starting fluid washes the lubricant from the cylinder walls
and fumes may even pass the piston rings and enter the engine crank-
case. This can result in engine oil dilution and possible explosion
in the crankcase.

1/ Reprinted by special permission of the Editor, from an article that
appeared in the January 1970 issue of Western Construction.


+-3-10 271

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BILL OF MATERIALS
Sheaves for $' manila rope__.4 only

Rough planks 2 xl2x!6--___ 12 only
Rough timbers 3x6x7L---_ 2 only
Rough timbers 6x6xl2____1 6 only

Std. steel pipe 4'x I6__
Std. steel pipe pxle- 9!
Std. steel pipe I$x 71_____
Std. steel pipe 13 2x4-6.
Steel bar 3x3 16
Steel plate 2°xé'x 2
Oil drums, 55 gal. _--___
Steel strap I'x #'x4-

Machine bolts zx (Geran!

Lag. screws 2x 31_____.
Log. screws 2"x6--____ Wj 72 only

Washers, Nails, etc.

---! only

of ax $ bar @ I" spacing, approx. 2" dia.,
leaving” at least |" lower edge distance as shown.
2-5" | 1-2" 2-5 4" Std. pipe
| > | 3x5" Bor ee
25° Std. pipe
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3°x Bor "2 pipe
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RAFT FOR AIR LIFT

Sketch 4

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1

8


MANHOLE AND VAULT STRUCTURE VENTILATION

The Ventura River Municipal Water District has found that there has
been a severe ventilation problem in some of their valve and meter
vaults and as corrective actions, maintenance personnel are required
to pump air in the vault systems before entering them. The require-
ment for such a program followed a near tragedy to one of the Dis-
trict employees. To prevent this from happening again the following
procedures have been made mandatory:

"When It is necessary to enter a manhole or vault at
various structures throughout the system, the follow-
ing safe practices will be followed by all personnel:

1. Before entering unvented manholes or vaults
of depths of 6 feet or over, a portable
blower will be used to displace the stale air
in the hole and provide needed oxygen. The
blower will be run at least 5 minutes prior
to entering.

2. This practice will also apply to deep holes
even if they are vented. Good judgement
should apply in determining these.

3. A portable 12-volt blower with hoses will be
furnished as part of inventory on each of the
following trucks:

a. Painter's truck
b. Valve and pipeline distribution truck

One blower will be available in the tool checkout
in the warehouse with proper leads for connection
to truck battery.

4. To get the best circulation of air, the hose
should be placed as near to the bottom of hole
as possible with the end of hose at the opposite
corner of entrance to vault. See drawing on the
next page for the right and wrong methods of
ventilation."

20


had been necessary to clean the entire basin or to remove large quan-
tities of gravel, the discharge pipe could be shortened to dump the
gravel into skips or barges for transporting it out of the area.

Schedule No. 10 pipe as shown in Sketch 2, is suggested, if using a
12-inch airlift. The raft shown in Sketches 3 and 4, is designed to
balance this weight. If Schedule No. 10 pipe is not available, smooth
line pipe should be used and should weigh 20 to 30 pounds per foot,
with 12-3/4-inch outside diameter. The 12-inch long-radius elbow may
have to be Schedule No. 30 or 40. A 5-foot removable section is pro-
vided near the top of the airlift to be removed when it is necessary
to remove rocks which may jam in the elbow, and to permit shortening
of the column for use in shallower water.

To achieve the proper alinement, when installing the homemade pipe
flanges it is suggested they be fastened together in pairs by three
or four bolts, being careful to square them on the pipe ends and aline
the pipe sections before tack-welding the flanges to the pipe. Apply
the one-fourth fillet weld in 2-inch beads, skipping 180°, then 90°
alternately to minimize warpage of the flange faces. Matchmark the
mating flanges so they will always be connected in the same relation-
ship. It is important that the air manifold at the bottom of the air-
lift be round, that it aline with the inside of the 12-3/8-inside-
diameter pipe, and that it be securely welded to the lower end of the
pipe so rocks will not beat it off.

The discharge pipe should be smooth, lightweight, and 16 or 18 inches
in diameter. Several round support collars should be lightly welded
to keep the pipe round. Means to raise or lower this pipe should be
provided on the small raft, to insure free flow of the rocks.

To clean a larger path through the gravel, the bottom end of the air-
lift can be swung in a short arc. This can be done by tugging on the
guy ropes, but a small hand winch makes it easier. The winch drum
could be made from a wood block if no other is available.

The estimated air requirement for the 12-inch airlift is 200 cfm, but
300-cfm compressor capacity should be available and the best air rate
should be determined by experimentation.

15


TRACK CLEANER FOR GANTRY CRANE
(Suggestion R4-CRSP-69S-15)

This suggestion for cleaning the rails of the gantry crane at the power-
house at Flaming Gorge Dam, was submitted jointly by James Coe, Lloyd
Wright and Floyde Gale, employees of the Flaming Gorge Field Division,
Dutch John, Utah. The device was planned and fabricated by these em-
ployees and improvements were made as needed for a smooth operation.

The units were built from scraps of material (angle and bar iron), and
the only cost involved in material was the four mounting bolts.

The debris as shown in Photograph 1 below extended the full length of
the rails on both tracks across the dam, this material was an excessive
buildup of heater sealing tar, stones, dirt, etc. To clean these rails
manually would have involved many hours of work.

Photograph 1
(Photo P591-D-66666NA)

It has been reported that the device as suggested proved to be very
effective for the kind of job it was designed to do, and it can be
remounted in minutes for cleaning the track when the gantry crane is
in use. This cleaning device could be adopted to any similar location
where a gantry crane is used.

Photograph 2 on the next page shows how the units are bolted to the
existing plates that are provided for cleaning the rails ahead of the
wheels on the crane. These units can be set for any depth desired,


After-boil can occur if the engine is stopped without idling it for
two or three minutes. Temperature can rise as much as 100 degrees,
turning coolant to steam. The expanding steam lifts the pressure
cap valve and allows the coolant to escape through the overflow. As
engine temperature drops, coolant condenses and pulls down the vacuum
valve in the pressure cap, replacing the lost coolant with air to
cause overheating unless the radiator is refilled.

A leak at the water pump or any point between the pump and the radia-
tor may draw in air. Turbulence in the top tank or a leak in the
radiator core can also draw air.

Using Starting Motor to Turn Engine and Prime Fuel System

After changing fuel filter elements, fuel pumps, fuel lines, or after
running out of fuel, manually prime the fuel system before cranking
the engine. Cranking the engine with a dry fuel system not only dis-
charges the battery and overheats the starter, but may score the close-
fitting fuel pump plungers and barrels. The plunger will reciprocate
and on certain fuel pumps will also revolve in the barrel without the
lubrication normally supplied by fuel oil.

Use of Contaminated or Improper Grade Fuel Oil

Nearly all major oil companies furnish fuel that is clean and uncon-
taminated; any contamination, therefore, results after the fuel
leaves the refinery. Minute particles of abrasive material or water
can severely damage the highly polished, close fitting parts of fuel
injection pumps and nozzles.

Failure to Polarize Generator After Disconnecting Generator-Regulator
Leads (Excluding Alternators)

When reinstalling a generator or a regulator or when reconnecting
wiring between the generator and the regulator, always polarize the
generator with respect to the battery before starting the engine.
Regulators are designed for either negative or positive ground,
Using the wrong polarity will burn or stick the contact points and
cause early failure.

Improper Starting and Stopping of Engine

After a cold start, operate at part throttle for a short time to
assure lubrication to all parts. Work the unit at part load until
pressures and temperatures stabilize, then operate at most efficient
speed,

When stopping an engine which has reached operating temperature,
reduce to idle speed and operate there from three to five minutes.
This will normalize engine temperatures and prevent after-boil. It


Increasing Fuel on Fuel Pump Governors

Proper combustion depends on the correct fuel/air ratio. Increasing
the fuel supply beyond specifications upsets this ratio. On a natu-
rally aspirated engine it provides more fuel than can be consumed with
the air available. This increases temperature, pressure and fuel con-
sumption, and leaves raw fuel in the combustion chambers which "after-
burns" in an uncontrolled state. Excessive fuel is usually indicated
by black exhaust smoke.

Since a turbocharged engine operates with excess air, when more fuel
is added the turbocharger speed increases (due to the combustion tem-
perature rise), and supplies still more air. Exhaust temperature
increases to where severe damage could occur to the engine and/or
turbocharger. Governor settings on turbocharged engines must never
be set in the field without properly determining manifold tempera-
tures and pressures.

Improper Placement of Electric Ground when Welding on Assembled
Machinery

Always clamp the ground cable as near to the area that is to be welded
as possible.

It is common practice to place the ground in any convenient location,
disregarding the arcing between metal-to-metal clearances of compo-
nents between the ground and the welding electrode.

During welding, any close metal-to-metal clearances--bearing settings
(roller or cup), valves and seats, or between metallic seals and adja-
cent metal components--which may be in the current flow are subject to
high amperage arcing which repeated many times, results in pitting.
These pits or craters enlarge rapidly in use to the point of severe
damage and possible ultimate failure.

Working on Equipment Without First Detaching Battery Grounds

A 24-volt electrical system can cause severe bodily injury by short
circuiting at a bare connection with a metal tool. Finger rings have
been known to cause severe burns on such occasions. Sparks from the
arc can cause eye injury. The tremendous current surge can also dam-
age the entire electrical system. Always disconnect it.

Filling or Adding Coolant

When filling a drained cooling system protected by a radiator pressure
cap, or when adding coolant in excess of approximately 20% of system
capacity, open the thermostat vent cock. Add coolant until it flows
from the open vent cock, then close the vent and fill to one inch
below the bottom of the radiator filler neck.


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Long radius elbow —

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Bg = os or # A fife weld SECTION C-C
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5 = rubber gaskets
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23 =
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23 ANE é | four loops for guy lines
2B [=3
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| a / between holes
7 DETAIL A
Drill 24 holes ¢
dio. spaced approx
Lf oport,
123 102
DETAIL B
Detail A 12" AIR LIFT- PIPE DETAILS
Sketch 2

16


ACCESS LADDER

The access ladder on the pipe
stand-box shown in photograph at
left, Photo PS50-D-66665NA, was
installed to facilitate instal-
lation and removal of irrigation
flow meters. A heavy steel grat-
ing is also used to cover the top
part of pipe stand-box.

This access ladder was fabricated
and installed by shop personnel,
Yuma-Mesa Division, Gila Project,
All-American Canal System, Yuma,
Arizona, and it meets all require-
ments set forth in the Construc-
tion Safety Standards.

The galvanized pipe handrail on
the upper part of the ladder is
of sufficient height to permit
standing erect on the top rung and
entrance into the pipe stand with

an extension ladder can be accomplished without bending or stooping.

As shown in the sketch below, materials include:

1/4- by 2-inch flat

iron for the ladder; 3/4 inch for the handrails; and l-inch round steel

bars for ladder rungs.

MATERIAL

ke Re

Toe clearance should be approximately 7 inches.

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*


LOGGING TRACTORS FOR
CANAL DEMOSSING 1/

Old timers in timber country will tell you there are some jobs rubber-
tired logging tractors can do that a modern steel track type can't
touch. Removing pondweeds and debris from Project canals is just
such a job. The use of tractors with heavy metal tracks, made it
necessary to place protection on paved roads near the canals to avoid
damage to the pavement when crossing, but large rubber-tired logging
tractors could cross the roads without any problem.

These tractors, also known as skidders, can move from one job to
another under their own power.

A pair of the machines have been purchased by the Salt River Project
for this work, and they have proven to be very successful for the job
intended. Large discs are placed in the canal and chained to the skid-
ders that are located on both sides of the canal, as shown in the photo-
graph above (Photo P25-D-66664NA), the discs collect the pondweeds that
are growing on the bottom.

However, it was reported that the track type tractors do not stay in
the garage gathering rust. "In areas where the ground is sandy or
muddy, rubber tires have been known to get bogged down; a track type
tractor has no trouble completing the job."

1/ Reprinted by special permission of the Editor of The Current News,
August 1969 issue. This is a publication printed by the Salt River
Project, Phoenix, Arizona.

22 GPO ess-s72


United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation

~ IRRIGATION OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

BULLETIN NO. 72
April, May, June 1970

‘¢s

YOUR IRRIGATION DISTRICT IS
H ONLY AS GOOD AS ITS MANAGEMENT |

S
Ss
=
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B

—
Q=
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In This Issue:
Your Irrigation District is only as Good as Its Management
Ultrasound
Twelve Tips on Engine Care
Welding Repair to Hydraulic Equipment
Access Ladder
Track Cleaner for Gantry Crane
Measurement of Water Over Submerged Weirs
Airlift Installation
Drum and Barrel Truck

_~ Manhole and Vault Structure Ventilation
Logging Tractors for Canal Demossing



MEASUREMENT OF WATER OVER SUBMERGED WEIRS

Discharge measurements on submerged weirs are reliable only to an
approximate degree, and if continuous submergence of a weir is experi-
enced, consideration should be given to selecting another type of meas-
uring device. The Bureau's Water Measurement Manual in Section 24
states that ''Accurate measurements cannot be made of submerged weir
discharges because of lack of extensive, accurate experiments for de-
termining discharge coefficients.'' The manual also states that "If
accuracies appreciably better than about 5 percent are needed for sub-
merged-weir measuring stations, the weir, or one like it must be care-
fully calibrated under field conditions."

At times it does become necessary to measure water over submerged weirs.
For example, when farm ditches become clogged with weed growth a tem-
porary flooding or partial submergence may result. Under such circum-
stances if limitations of the methods are recognized, it is possible to
make an estimated discharge measurement which may be far better than
operating without any measurement at all. Two common methods of mak-
ing this estimate are described in this article.

Method No. 1

Coefficients or multipliers are given in the table (Figure 1) below,
which can be used to determine discharges for varying degrees of sub-
mergence.

a DISCHARGE CORRFCTION MULTIPLIERS 1/
% DETERMINING EFFECT OF WEIR SUBMERGFNGE
i
a=x § 0.00 | 0.01 | .02 |.03 |.0h |.05 |.06 |.07 |.08 |.09
Tenths4 |
0.0 [1-00 [1-01 [1.01 [1.01 [1-01 [1.01 [1.01 | 1-01 | 1.01 [1.01
0.1 | 1.01 [1.00 | 1.00 |1.00 |1.00 [0.99 |0.99 | 0.99 [0.98 0.95
oe | 0.98 [97 | 97] 97] .96| .96| .90] .95] .95 | .98
0.3 on] .ou T9353 | 93 | 92 [ .92[ 91] 91] .90] .90
0.4 90 9 | BOT Bey Bey BT [BT | 86 BS [85
0.5 BE Ai: 837 .B2] B27 81] Bry 80, 79 | .79
0.6 “18, .77 | .76] «76 | .75 | «16 | .73] .72| .72] «TL
0.7 +70 69 C8] .67 | 66) 665 | O47 .63 | 62 | 60
0.8 239 | 58 | .50/ .55 | .53] 52] -50| 9] a7] oS
0.9 “aa | 42 | toy .38 | .35| -32| .29| 20] .e1 | .16

Figure 1

1/ Taken from the Water Measurement Manual, Table 13, which
is available from the Bureau of Reclamation, Attention: Code
841, Building 67, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado
80225.


and it was stated that they can be easily revised to be used on any
type of crane or track setup.

WHIT

Photograph 2 (Photo P591-D-66667NA)

Photograph 3 (Photo P591-D-66668NA)

Photograph 3 above shows how the device slices tar-bound material, and
leaves a flat base on each side of the rail.
ae


will also allow a turbocharger to slow down to a safe stopping speed,
avoiding damage to shaft and bearings due to insufficient lubrication
during the coast-down period of the turbocharger.

Improper Maintenance of Air Cleaners

A restricted or partially clogged air cleaner upsets the fuel/air
ratio and usually shows more exhaust smoke on naturally aspirated
engines. On turbocharged engines, exhaust color change may not be
too noticeable, but some darkening should occur. Operating with a
partially clogged or restricted air cleaner not only results in higher
temperatures with a resultant horsepower loss, but also allows unfil-
tered air, conducive to rapid engine wear, to enter the engine.

Prolonged Engine Idling of Torque Converter Units

Extensive idling of engines on torque converter units should be avoided
to minimize temperature buildup of converter fluid. Depending on type
of cooler used, this heat may be transferred to the engine.

On units having both torque converters and engine clutches, operating
at low idle speed with the engine clutch engaged raises converter fluid
temperature. This can damage seals and/or melt the grease from the tur-
bine and impeller ball bearings. If the torque converter is cooled by
the engine coolant, the engine operating temperature will increase.

ee RK

WELDING REPAIR TO HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT
(Power O&M Bulletin No. 24)

Power O&M Bulletin No. 24 entitled, "Welding Repair to Hydraulic
Equipment," contains information about the methods of repairing run-
ners of pumps and turbines.

Any Project which operates and maintains pumps will find the above
bulletin most useful.

This publication can be obtained by writing to the: Office of Chief

Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Building 67, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado 80225, Attention: Code 841.

ke RR


DRUM AND BARREL TRUCK
(Suggestion R1-70S-8)

A suggestion we feel worth passing along was made by Emmett L. Olmsted,
of the Palisades Power Field Branch, Minidoka Project, Burley, Idaho.
Mr. Olmsted suggested that a drum or barrel hand truck commercially
available be purchased for use in the powerhouse, for safety and ease
of handling barrels of grease when moving them from the storage room
to the work area. The truck has proven to be a very worthwhile idea.

This hand truck purchased and shown above is especially designed to
handle steel drums easily and safely (Photo P456-D-66669NA). It is

of sturdy design, has a capacity of 1,000 lbs., and has rubber-tired
wheels.

ee RR

When goals are exceeded it is too often considered one not requiring
management action. In fact, managers frequently feel that everyone
should do his best--'"'He's being paid a good salary and quality work is
no more than management has a right to expect.'' This "quick to criti-
cize, slow to praise’ type of management leads to employee apathy which
is usually expressed as ''they don't care or give any credit for good
work.'' This is a corrosive attitude which destroys employee motiva-
tion. No organization can afford to allow it to develop.

Civil Service Journal

19


YOUR IRRIGATION DISTRICT IS ONLY AS GOOD
AS IT'S MANAGEMENT

A portable display shown on the cover of this issue of the bulletin
was prepared under the direction of Mr. Nat Tolman, Supervisor of Land
and Water Operations, Regional Office, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,
Denver, Colorado. It has received much attention at water user meet-
ings in Region 7 and elsewhere. The black and white photograph on
the cover does not do justice to the effective use of color in the
attractive display unit.

First used at a recent Four-State irrigation conference in Denver,
the display has attracted much attention to the kinds of documents,
references, and guidelines district managers should make available to
board members and others concerned with the operation of Irrigation
and other water-supply projects. The documents shown include, irri-
gation law, repayment contracts, district by-laws, operating budgets,
agenda of board meetings and guidelines for directors.

The portable display is made of plywood and is relatively compact,

it can be set up in a minimum base space of 30 inches by 18 inches,
stands about 3-1/2 feet high, and can be folded to about 30 inches by
40 inches for shipping purposes.

This display unit and copies of the displayed documents can be made
available by writing to: Regional Director, Attention: Code 400,
Region 7, Building 20, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225.

a a ae

ULTRASOUND

An electrically powered "ultrasonic" device widely used in industry for
cleaning and testing purposes, is one that generates high-frequency
vibrational energy that can't be heard by the human ear. A manufac-
turer recently developed a portable cleaning device that runs on ordi-
nary electrical house current. It can be used to clean many kinds of
objects that might warrant consideration by some, from fine jewelry and
delicate sea shells to wrenches, carburetors, and instruments, etc.

The machine has three major working parts--a generator, a transducer,
and a cleaning tank that fills with water. Dirty objects are placed in
the tank. The generator then produces high-frequency electrical im-
pulses that are subsequently converted to ultrasonic energy waves by
the transducer. When these waves enter the water-filled cleaning tank,
they create millions of microscopic bubbles that produce an action sim-

ilar in effect to that of tiny scrub brushes, removing the dirt and
contaminants from the dirty object.

Supervisory Management


The downstream head is measured like the upstream head except that
the enameled gage is placed downstream to obtain "d.'"' If the staff
gage is wetted and dusted, a close reading can be obtained.

After obtaining the upstream and downstream heads "'H" and ''d" the

following method of calculation can be used to obtain the approxi-
mate discharge of a submerged weir:

1. Using the upstream "'H,"' first obtain the free-flow
discharge of the weir as taken from an appropriate table.

2. Using the downstream ''d,'' obtain the free-flow dis-
charge of the weir as taken from the same table, then
divide this discharge by 2.

3. For final calculation, subtract this result from
the discharge found by using the upstream head "H.""

As an example, using the same figures as in the explanation given
above for Method 1:

H equal to 1.32 ft

d equal to 0.33 ft
From a table, the free-flow discharge of the same head is:

H

1.32 ft Qy = 15.7 cfs

d

0.33 ft Qq = 1.9 cfs

Then the discharge of the submerged weir = 15.7 cfs - 1.9 /2

"

14.8 cfs

This is approximately equal to the discharge of 15.1 cfs found in the
first example.

This method should not be used when d/H is greater than 0.8. If the
ratio d/H is greater than 0.8, the error of discharge will increase
rapidly: However, if carefully performed, and used within this limit
it should provide a measurement within 5 to 10 percent of the actual
flow.

ee eR

12


WS. El. 3648

16 1.D, 10 Ga.
40 ft. long
25 Lbs/ ft.
1000 Lbs

Sched. 10 x 12"
0.18" wall °
23°0.D. HS
26*/ ft.

1700* incl. air pipe

Swing bottom of pipe by El. 3600.00
i“ means of guy line winch. )

AIR LIFT INSTALLATION

Sketch 1

14


IRRIGATION OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
BULLETIN NO. 72

April, May, June 1970
INTRODUCTION

The article "Your Irrigation District is Only as Good as It's Manage-
ment," on page 1, describes a display for use at meetings of managers
and directors of irrigation districts. Also on page 1, an article
entitled "Ultrasound,' describes a portable electrical cleaning
instrument now available.

An article from Western Construction, starting on page 2, discusses
12 important tips on engine care. A source of information on methods
used in repairing runners of pumps and turbines will be found on
page 5.

An access ladder in the article on page 6, was installed by the person-
nel on the All-American Canal System. It was fabricated and installed
on the pipe stand-box for safety and easy handling when in the process
of replacing or removing irrigation flow meters.

A suggestion jointly submitted by three employees of the Flaming Gorge
Field Division, for cleaning the debris from rails of a gantry crane
can be found on page 7.

Water measurement over submerged weirs occasionally becomes necessary
in field operations. The article starting on page 9, on this very
subject, you will find most helpful.

Descriptive data and sketches for an airlift recommended for the
removal of gravel from a stilling basin at Canyon Ferry Dam begins on
page 13.

A hand truck for use in handling heavy steel drums of grease is
described in the article "Drum and Barrel Truck," on page 19.

Mandatory requirements by one irrigation district for the ventilation
of manhole and vault structures, before they can be entered and while
working in them, is on page 20.

On page 22 is an article describing the removal of pondweeds with
rubber-tired logging tractors that can be used in lieu of track type
tractors.


The Irrigation Operation and Maintenance bulletin is published quar-
terly, for the benefit of irrigation project people. Its principal
purpose is to serve as a medium of exchanging operation and mainte-
nance information. It is hoped that the reports herein concerning
labor-saving devices and less costly equipment and procedures, devel-
oped by resourceful project people, will result in improved effi-
ciency and reduced costs of the systems for those operators adapting
these ideas to their needs.

To assure proper recognition of those individuals whose suggestions
are published in the bulletins, the suggestion number as well as the
person's name is given. All Bureau offices are reminded to notify
their Suggestions Award Committee when a suggestion is adopted.

a

Division of Irrigation Operations
Office of Chief Engineer
Denver, Colorado 80225

COVER PHOTOGRAPH:

The cover photograph is of a display
that is available on loan from the
Regional Director, Region 7, Denver,
Colorado. It is approximately 4 feet
square and comes in a wooden box ready
for assembly. Photo PX-D-66663NA



These multipliers can be used to obtain the approximate discharge of a
submerged weir by first obtaining the free-flow discharge, using the
upstream head ''H."' The free-flow discharge of the weir, as taken from
appropriate tables for the head on the upstream side of the weir, is
simply multiplied by the appropriate figure obtained from the table.

For example: Find the discharge over a submerged standard Cipolletti
weir with a crest length of 3 feet. When the Head on upstream side is:
H = 1.32 feet, and the downstream Head 1/ is: d= 0.33 foot.

As shown in a standard weir discharge table the free-flow discharge of
the weir is:

With "H'" equal to 1.32 ft

then "Qy'' equal to 15.7 cfs

regret 0.33 _
and ''d/H" equal to Taz * 0.25

From the table (Figure 1) the coefficient or multiplier = 0.96

Then the discharge of the submerged weir = 0.96 x 15.7 = 15.1 cfs.
Method No. II

A second approximate method
for obtaining the discharge of
a submerged weir was developed
in the field and has been used
successfully for many years.
This method also depends upon
finding the upstream head "H"
and downstream head "d."" This
is accomplished by "sticking
the weir."

coe —_l] | ¥ ers
1 In this method a standard enam-
eled staff gage is used. For
convenience, a 3/4-inch board
T1 can be attached to the gage
with a nail inserted in the end
of the board as shown in Fig-
ure 2 at left.

The staff gage is placed verti-
cally on the center of the weir

1/ In the experimental work on which the table on page 9 was developed,
the downstream Head was obtained by hook gage in a still pool near the
bulkhead several feet laterally from the weir crest.

10


AIRLIFT INSTALLATION 1/

To remove gravel from the stilling basin at Canyon Ferry Dam, Missouri
River Basin Project, Helena, Montana, without dewatering, engineers in
the Office of Chief Engineer, Denver, Colorado, recommended that an
airlift be used. This same idea could be used in other places where
similar problems exist. It is very effective, simple, and inexpensive
for removing mud, sand, gravel, and rocks up to a size that will pass
through a 12-inch pipe. We have no experience with airlifts larger
than 12-inch diameter. Sizes down to 4 inches have been used for re-
moving fine materials from small areas.

The airlift operates upon the same principle as a smoke stack. Com-
pressed air is introduced at the lower end of a water column, and the
rising bubbles reduce the density of the mixture within the column,
causing it to rise above the surrounding water level. Flow velocity
depends upon the pressure difference that can be developed at the
lower end or entrance. Obviously, greater differentials and higher
flow velocities can be attained in deep water than in shallow water,
just as a higher smokestack develops more draft. Therefore, with
deeper water, the discharge can be elevated higher above the water
surface and heavier materials can be lifted. We have successfully
dredged silt and fine gravel from water 10 feet deep, lifting it 3 or
4 feet above the water surface, but the effectiveness of an airlift
will decrease sharply as water depth becomes less than 10 feet. Sub-
mergence of an airlift is the vertical height from the pipe entrance
to the water surface. Lift is the vertical height from the water sur-
face to the discharge centerline. Generally, the lift should not be
more than 35 percent of the submergence, and for dredging rocks it is
better to keep it below 20 percent.

Sketches on the following pages show a 12-inch airlift with a 16-inch
discharge line and rafts to support and move them in the Canyon Ferry
Dam stilling basin area. Adequate mooring lines should be provided
for the rafts. The overall height of the airlift as shown in the
sketches is 54 feet. If a different water depth is anticipated, the
height of the airlift should be adjusted accordingly. Air injection
orifice area should also be designed according to water depth.

As shown in Sketch 1, the airlift is being used to clean the bottom
of a stilling basin in an area where damage has occurred, discharg-
ing the gravel into areas where repairs are not necessary. If it

1/ Suggested by R. W. Fowler, Acting Chief, Equipment Installation
and Inspection Branch, Division of Construction, Office of Chief
Engineer, USBR, Denver, Colorado.

13: