Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the 

Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the 

Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound 

volumes go to press.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

No. 17-PR-628

ALDRAY REED, APPELLANT,

V.

FLORINE ROWE, APPELLEE. 

Appeal from the Superior Court

of the District of Columbia

(LIT-6-13)

(Hon. Erik P. Christian, Trial Judge)

(Argued October 16, 2018 Decided November 15, 2018)

Darrel S. Parker for appellant.

Hughie D. Hunt for appellee.

Before THOMPSON and MCLEESE, Associate Judges, and EDELMAN,

Associate Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia.

*

THOMPSON, Associate Judge: Plaintiff/appellant Aldray Reed (“Ms. Reed”)

appeals from a June 5, 2017, judgment of the Superior Court, entered upon the 

verdict in a bench trial, rejecting Ms. Reed’s claim that upon the death of her 

husband MC Reed (“the decedent” or “Mr. Reed”), she, and not defendant/appellee 

 

*

 Sitting by designation pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-707 (a) (2012 Repl.).

11/15/2018
2

Florine Rowe, was entitled to the funds in an investment account that had been 

opened by the decedent years earlier as a joint account with rights of survivorship 

titled in the names of Mr. Reed and Ms. Rowe. Resolution of this matter requires 

us to apply the Uniform Nonprobate Transfers on Death Act (the “UNTDA”), D.C. 

Code §§ 19-601.01 – 604.19 (2012 Repl. and 2018 Cum. Supp.).1 

For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. 

I.

 

This litigation arose out of competing claims to the funds in Mr. Reed’s

RBC Wealth Management (“RBC Bank” or “the Bank”) investment account 

following Mr. Reed’s death on December 22, 2011. Mr. Reed opened the account 

many years before his marriage to appellant, which occurred on August 6, 2011. 

The investment account was a joint account with rights of survivorship titled in the 

names of Mr. Reed and Ms. Rowe, Mr. Reed’s sister, but the trial court found that 

Mr. Reed “contributed all the funds in the RBC account[,]” received monthly 

 

1

 The relevant provisions of the UNTDA in effect during the period in issue 

here were identical to those in the current codification.
3

checks from RBC Bank from the derivative income of the account, periodically 

made withdrawals from the account, and, during his lifetime, was the only person 

who made use of the funds in the account. In short, he was (at least prior to the 

events that gave rise to this litigation) the owner of the account. See D.C. Code § 

19-602.11 (b) (2012 Repl.) (“During the lifetime of all parties, an account belongs 

to the parties in proportion to the net contribution of each to the sums on deposit, 

unless there is clear and convincing evidence of a different intent.”). 

The testimony at trial established that appellant and Mr. Reed met in the 

early 1990’s, cohabited for a period of time, and discussed the prospect of marriage

as early as 1996, notwithstanding their difference in age of approximately fifty to 

fifty-five years: Mr. Reed was in his 90’s when the couple married in 2011, while 

appellant Ms. Reed was in her forties. 

On July 5, 2011, Mr. Reed executed a last will and testament, which the trial 

court found was never superseded by a new will and in which he bequeathed “any 

and all available funds in [his] checking, savings and securities investment 

accounts[,]” including his accounts at Industrial Bank and his investment accounts 

held by RBC Bank, to Ms. Rowe, his sister. However, after Mr. Reed’s marriage 
4

to appellant on August 6, 2011, Mr. Reed and appellant began commingling their 

assets. For example, on August 12, 2011, Mr. Reed closed the savings and 

checking accounts he held as primary account holder at Industrial Bank, and on the 

same day, he and Ms. Reed used the funds withdrawn from those accounts to open 

a joint savings account and joint checking account at Industrial Bank, both entitled 

in the names of Mr. Reed and Ms. Reed with rights of survivorship. As another 

example, the trial court found that Ms. Reed held an account at RBC Bank as sole 

owner, and that she transferred the funds from that account to open another 

account at RBC Bank titled in her name and the name of Mr. Reed as joint tenants 

with rights of survivorship. The trial court found that the RBC Bank form used to 

accomplish that change was signed by Ms. Reed and Mr. Reed on October 3, 2011. 

RBC Bank investment advisor Timothy Stocker testified that he signed that form 

on September 28, 2011.

Much of the testimony at trial focused on what occurred when the Reeds 

went to RBC Bank on August 23, 2011, and met with Mr. Stocker, who had been 

Mr. Reed’s investment advisor since 1994. According to Ms. Reed’s testimony, 

the couple went to the Bank on that date to execute the necessary documents to 

remove Ms. Rowe’s name from the investment account at issue here and to replace

it with Ms. Reed’s name as the joint owner of the account with a right of 
5

survivorship. Appellant testified that Mr. Stocker gave Mr. Reed the bank’s form 

(the “Transfer Form”) to be used to cancel the existing RBC account and to 

transfer ownership of the account and create a new joint account with rights of 

survivorship, and that Mr. Reed signed the Transfer Form during the August 23, 

2011, meeting with Mr. Stocker. According to appellant, Mr. Reed and she asked 

Mr. Stocker to mail the Transfer Form to Ms. Rowe for her signature, which was 

required under the Bank’s policy. The record indicates that Ms. Rowe received the 

document on or before September 2, 2011, but refused to give her signature 

relinquishing her interest in the account, stating that her refusal was “[i]n the best 

interest of [Mr. Reed], due to his sometimes lapse in memory and judgement 

[sic][.]” 

By contrast, Mr. Stocker testified that the Reeds’ visit to his office on 

August 23, 2011, was for the purpose of converting appellant’s solely owned 

account to a joint account in the names of Mr. and Ms. Reed. Mr. Stocker testified 

that he had no recollection “of any other business being conducted” with the Reeds 

during the August 23, 2011, meeting. Mr. Stocker testified that he “definitely” and 

“absolutely” did not “[receive] any written authorization signed by M.C. Reed to 

retitle his account in any way[.]” 
6

The trial court found that Mr. Stocker prepared the Transfer Form, that Mr. 

Reed signed it on August 23, 2011, and that appellant mailed the signed Transfer 

Form to Ms. Rowe for her signature. The court also found that Ms. Rowe received

the form and thereafter sent Mr. Stocker her letter dated September 2, 2011, stating 

that she would not sign the form out of concern for Mr. Reed’s “sometimes lapse 

in memory and judgement [sic][.]” The court also found that later, pursuant to a 

request from Mr. Reed via telephone, Mr. Stocker sent a second (unsigned) 

Transfer Form to Ms. Rowe. Ms. Rowe refused to sign the second Transfer Form

as well. 

In light of Mr. Reed’s request by telephone, the court found that Mr. Stocker 

recognized that Mr. Reed wanted to remove Ms. Rowe’s name from the RBC 

account, i.e., “had actual notice of Decedent’s intent to discontinue [Ms. Rowe’s]

joint ownership title to the RBC Account.” The trial court also found, however,

that while RBC Bank “had actual notice of Decedent’s intent to change the title 

ownership of the RBC Account,” appellant, “failed to show that RBC Bank 

received the required signed written notice and thus . . . failed to show that title 

ownership of the RBC Account was altered.” In addition, the trial court 

determined that Ms. Reed had failed to prove that the RBC account was given to 

Ms. Reed as an inter vivos gift. The court ruled that Ms. Rowe “rightfully received 
7

the RBC Account as the surviving joint owner with right of survivorship by 

operation of law upon Decedent’s death.” 

This appeal followed. Appellant contends the trial court clearly erred in 

finding that RBC Bank did not have signed written notice of Mr. Reed’s intent to 

alter the account by making her a joint owner with survivorship rights. She also 

argues that it was enough — to establish her rightful ownership of the RBC 

account — that the Bank had actual notice of Mr. Reed’s intent to alter the 

account. In addition, Ms. Reed renews her claim in the alternative that she is the 

rightful owner of the RBC account because it was an inter vivos gift from Mr. 

Reed. 

II.

In our review of a judgment following a bench trial we, “may review both as 

to the facts and the law, but the judgment may not be set aside except for errors of 

law unless it appears that the judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it.” D.C. Code § 17-305 (a) (2012 Repl.). “Under this standard of review, 

we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party . . . and we 
8

defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations unless they are clearly 

erroneous.” Ross v. Blackwell, 146 A.3d 385, 387 (D.C. 2016) (internal quotation 

marks, brackets, and citation omitted). The ‘plainly wrong’ standard “means that if 

the trial court’s determination is plausible in light of the record viewed in its 

entirety, we will not disturb it whether or not we might have viewed the evidence 

differently ourselves.” Hildreth Consulting Eng’rs, P.C. v. Larry E. Knight, Inc., 

801 A.2d 967, 971-72 (D.C. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). It means 

that “[w]here the facts admit of more than one interpretation, [we] must defer to 

the trial court’s judgment.” Id. at 972 (internal quotation marks omitted). “A 

finding is clearly erroneous ‘when, although there is evidence to support it, the 

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction 

that a mistake has been committed.’” Murphy v. McCloud, 650 A.2d 202, 209-10

(D.C. 1994) (quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 

395 (1948)). 

“This court reviews legal conclusions de novo.” Vizion One, Inc. v. District 

of Columbia Dep’t of Health Care Fin., 170 A.3d 781, 789 (D.C. 2017). “[T]he 

construction of a statute raises a clear question of law, and we review the trial 

court’s ruling de novo.” Jackson v. United States, 819 A.2d 963, 965 (D.C. 2003)

(internal quotation marks omitted). 
9

III.

A.

The UNTDA provides that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this 

subchapter, on death of a party sums on deposit in a multiple-party account belong 

to the surviving party or parties.” D.C. Code § 19-602.12 (2012 Repl.). 

Particularly pertinent here, it further provides that:

(a) Rights at death under section 19-602.12 are 

determined by the type of account at the death of a party. 

The type of account may be altered by written notice 

given by a party to the financial institution to change the 

type of account or to stop or vary payment under the 

terms of the account. The notice must be signed by a 

party and received by the financial institution during the 

party’s lifetime.

(b) A right of survivorship arising from the express terms 

of the account, section 19-602.12 . . . may not be altered 

by will.

D.C. Code § 19-602.13 (a), (b) (2012 Repl.) (italics added).

2

 

 

2

 “‘Receive’ . . . means receipt in the office or branch office of the financial 

institution in which the account is established[.]” D.C. Code § 19-602.01 (9) (2012 

Repl.).
10

Thus, in order for Mr. Reed to alter the RBC investment account to create 

joint ownership of the account with appellant and to confer a right of survivorship 

on her (instead of Ms. Rowe) pursuant to the UNTDA, Mr. Reed had to provide 

RBC Bank with written notice signed by him of his intent to make those changes in 

the account. The trial court found, as noted above, that RBC Bank had actual 

notice of Mr. Reed’s intent to remove Ms. Rowe from the RBC account, but also 

found that “Mr. Stocker’s testimony that he did not see Decedent’s signature on the 

. . . Transfer Form during Decedent’s lifetime” was “credible.” The court therefore 

found that the Bank “did not have signed written notice during Decedent’s lifetime 

of Decedent’s intent to sever Defendant’s interest in the RBC Account,” with the 

result that a right of survivorship continued in Ms. Rowe.

We are satisfied that the trial court’s credibility determination and its finding

that Mr. Stocker did not receive a signed written alteration notice from Mr. Reed 

are not clearly erroneous.3 To be sure, at least at first glance, some of the court’s 

 

3

 We note that the court stated on page 13 of its Order that it was 

“inconclusive that Decedent signed the . . . Transfer Form in Mr. Stocker’s 

presence.” Of course, the applicable standard of proof was proof by a 

preponderance of the evidence, not “conclusive” proof, but we do not read the trial 

court’s statement as a statement about the burden of proof. The court seems to 

have used the term “inconclusive” to mean that the testimony about what occurred 

during the meeting on August 23, 2011, was not “so strong as to overbear any 

(continued...)
11

findings appear to be surprising if not contradictory. Most prominently, although 

finding Mr. Stocker credible and, notwithstanding Mr. Stocker’s testimony that the 

focus of the August 23, 2011, meeting was on conversion of Ms. Reed’s solely 

owned account and his lack of recall about whether the discussion during the 

meeting addressed altering the terms of the investment account that was in the 

names of Mr. Reed and Ms. Rowe, the court’s findings reflect that it credited

appellant’s divergent testimony. Specifically, the court appears to have credited 

appellant’s testimony that, during the August 23, 2011, meeting, Mr. Stocker 

prepared the Transfer Form that would serve to transfer funds from the Reed/Rowe

account to a joint account in the names of Mr. Reed and appellant and that was sent 

to Ms. Rowe before September 2, 2011.

4

 

(...continued)

other evidence to the contrary.” Conclusive Evidence, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 

(10th ed. 2014). The court then went on to consider the circumstantial evidence, 

which it found was “consistent with Mr. Stocker’s testimony.” 

4

 As noted above, the court found that the form used to transfer funds from 

Ms. Reed’s solely owned RBC Bank account, in order to open another account 

titled in her name and Mr. Reed’s name, was not signed by Mr. Stocker until 

September 28, 2011, and was not signed by Ms. Reed and Mr. Reed until October 

3, 2011. That finding seems consistent with appellant’s testimony that this 

transaction was not the main order of business on August 23, 2011.
12

However, the court was permitted to credit some parts of appellant’s

testimony and not others.5 The court found that appellant, not Mr. Stocker, mailed 

the signed Transfer Form to Ms. Rowe for her signature, a finding supported by

Ms. Rowe’s testimony that Ms. Reed sent her the signed Transfer Form. Thus, the 

court could permissibly find that Mr. Stocker, not having sent the signed form, also 

never saw the signed form on August 23. Further, the court’s finding that Mr. 

Reed signed the form on August 23, 2011, was not tantamount to a finding that Mr. 

Reed signed the form in Mr. Stocker’s office on that day. The form could, for 

example, have been signed later that day, after the Reeds had returned home from 

meeting with Mr. Stocker. 

There are other reasons why, on the “entire evidence,” we are not left with a 

conviction that “a mistake has been committed.” Murphy, 650 A.2d at 210. First, 

the trial court found, based on the testimony, that Mr. Reed was Mr. Stocker’s 

client for about seventeen years and that Mr. Stocker greeted Mr. Reed by name 

when Mr. Reed entered RBC Bank on August 23, 2011. From that, the court 

inferred — reasonably — that in light of the many years Mr. Stocker had managed 

 

5

 See Brown v. 1401 N.Y. Ave., Inc., 25 A.3d 912, 916 n.7 (D.C. 2011) (“It 

is clear . . . that a finder of fact may credit some, but not all, of the testimony of a 

witness.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
13

Mr. Reed’s investment account, Mr. Stocker would have been likely to remember 

important changes to Mr. Reed’s account if they had occurred. Second, according 

to Ms. Reed’s testimony, August 23, 2011, the day of the meeting with Mr. 

Stocker, was the day of the earthquake that was felt in Washington, D.C., and Ms. 

Reed testified that people “had to get out of the building” with some urgency

before the meeting with Mr. Stocker had concluded. Although appellant testified 

that she saw Mr. Reed sign the form and asked Mr. Stocker to mail it to Ms. Rowe, 

it seems quite possible that Mr. Reed may not have had time to sign it before 

leaving the Bank, or that even if he did, Mr. Stocker may have left the building 

before seeing Mr. Reed’s signed form. 

Third, the trial court heard testimony that appellant was coaching the ailing 

Mr. Reed to complete the transaction, suggesting that appellant had a pecuniary 

motive not to tell the truth about when the Transfer Form was signed (so that she 

rather than Ms. Rowe would be “one rich lady” after the death of Mr. Reed). 

Further, although the trial court found without discussion that Mr. Reed signed the 

Transfer Form on August 23, 2011, the date next to his signature on the form (“8-

23 2011”), is unlike the date format Mr. Reed used in signing the several other 

documents in the record that bear his signature. The difference suggests some 

irregularity in the signing of the form.
14

For all these reasons, we will not disturb the trial court’s finding that the 

Bank did not receive signed written notice of Mr. Reed’s intent to alter the terms of 

his investment account. “We may not substitute our judgment on conflicting 

evidence for that of the trial court.” Modern Eng’g & Serv. Corp. v. McCrea, 46 

A.2d 767, 768 (D.C. 1946). As the Supreme Court of California aptly put it long 

ago, it is when the “evidence . . . is so conflicting that the finding of the trial court 

upon [a] question is conclusive on [an appellate] court.” In re Dow’s Estate, 183 

P. 794, 797 (Cal. 1919). 

By its terms, the UNTDA requires “written notice . . . signed by a party and 

received by the financial institution during the party’s lifetime” to change the type 

of account. § 19-602.13 (a). We have not previously had occasion to interpret this 

provision, but most other jurisdictions that have applied their jurisdiction’s version 

of this uniform law have held (at least as to multiple-party accounts and, in some 

jurisdictions, as to individually held accounts as well) that the provision is to be 

strictly applied according to its terms, such that mere verbal notice or other actual 
15

(though unsigned) notice is not sufficient to alter the terms of the account.6 See

Newman v. Thomas, 652 N.W.2d 565, 573 (Neb. 2002) (holding, despite claim that 

before his death account holder Chamberlin had made an oral request to bank 

personnel that his friend Thomas be added as the payable-on-death beneficiary of 

the account, that “to add Thomas as a POD beneficiary, [the uniform non-probate 

transfer statute identical to § 19-602.13 (a)] required Chamberlin to give [the bank]

signed written notice of the desired change”); see also id. at 572 (interpreting the 

statute “as setting out a mandatory method for altering the type of an account” and 

reasoning that “[r]equiring signed written notice to alter the type of account . . .

ensur[es] clear evidence of the account owner’s intent, thus preventing fraud and 

adding certainty to nonprobate transfers”); Estate of Wolfinger v. Wolfinger, 793 

P.2d 393, 396 (Utah Ct. App. 1990) (holding that since there was no evidence 

presented showing a written request by the primary account holder to change the 

form of the account after he had previously added his daughter as a joint payee, the 

daughter was entitled to the funds in the account after the father’s death (applying 

provision as set out in Uniform Probate Code)); In re Estate of Leier, 524 N.W.2d 

106, 110 (N.D. 1994) (“A right of survivorship in an account . . . can only be 

 

6

 Some of these jurisdictions’ versions of the “uniform” law refer to 

alterations in the “the form of the account” (e.g., Utah Code Ann. § 75-6-105

(2018)) rather than the “type of the account,” as § 19-602.13 (a) does, but we do 

not perceive these differences to be material. 
16

altered by a written notice given by the party to the financial institution.” (applying 

provision as set out in Uniform Probate Code) (brackets and internal quotation 

marks omitted)); Linehan v. First Nat’l Bank, 579 N.W.2d 157, 160 (Neb. Ct. App. 

1998) (“[A]fter a joint account has already been created[,] . . . a signed written 

order is necessary to modify the terms of the account.”);

7

cf. Jordan v. Burgbacher, 

883 P.2d 458, 464 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994) (applying nonprobate transfer statute 

similar to the uniform version and holding that “[t]he question whether the account 

holder intended or attempted to communicate an account change order to the bank 

is not material . . . . It is the receipt of the written order by the bank that is 

material.”).

While the foregoing decisions are not binding on us, they are persuasive

authority as to the meaning of our version of the uniform law from which § 19-

602.13 is derived. Moreover, as we have previously observed, the UNTDA was 

enacted to address concerns about “fraud, overreaching, and deceit, often 

culminating after the other party to the transaction is dead.” Dennis v. Edwards, 

 

7

 But see Jampol v. Farmer, 524 S.E.2d 436, 439 (Va. 2000) (holding, as to 

the decedent’s solely owned certificates of deposits, that the Virginia statute almost 

identical to our § 19-602.13 (a) “does not mandate that a change in the terms of a 

CD must be made with a writing. Rather, the statute merely provides that the form 

of the account ‘may’ be altered by a written order, not that the form ‘shall’ be so 

altered”). 
17

831 A.2d 1006, 1012 (D.C. 2003). Recognizing that the § 19-602.13 (a) reference 

to a written notice “signed by a party and received by the financial institution 

during the party’s lifetime” was a response to those concerns, agreeing with the 

rulings in the cases cited above, and having declined to disturb the trial court’s 

finding that Mr. Stocker did not see the signed Transfer Form before Mr. Reed’s 

death, we must conclude that the court did not err in determining that no alteration 

in the account pursuant to the terms of § 19-602.13 (a) was accomplished before 

Mr. Reed’s death. 

B.

Ms. Reed also contends that Mr. Reed made an inter vivos gift of his RBC 

investment account funds to Ms. Reed.8 “The requisites of a valid gift inter vivos

 

8

 We entertain this claim because the legislative history of the UNTDA 

indicates that the Council of the District of Columbia did not intend to render 

invalid all non-written inter vivos transfers of interests in bank deposit accounts. 

See Council of the District of Columbia, Comm. on the Judiciary, Report on Bill 

13-298, The “Omnibus Trusts and Estates Amendment Act of 2000 [which 

adopted the UNTDA]” (“Committee Report”) at 41 (stating that D.C. Code §19-

601.1, which recognizes that account agreements and deposit agreements may 

include nontestamentary, written provisions for nonprobate transfers on death,

“does not speak to the phenomenon of the oral trust to hold property at death for 

named persons, an arrangement already generally enforceable under trust law”); 

(continued...)
18

are delivery, intention on the part of the donor to make a gift, and absolute 

disposition of the subject of the gift.” Estate of Presgrave v. Stephens, 529 A.2d 

274, 280 (D.C. 1987) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The burden of proving 

that a transfer was an inter vivos gift is upon the party asserting the gift, and when 

the gift is asserted after the donor has died it must be established by clear and 

convincing evidence.” Id. Where the putative gift is an account and, as here, 

“none of the money in the . . . account[] came from [the putative donee], the 

presumption arises that the account[] [was] set up for decedent’s convenience

rather than as a gift.” Id. (footnote citation omitted); see also Committee Report at 

41 (stating that the UNTDA “recognizes that a depositor may add another person 

to an account for various reasons,” such as “simply to enable account transactions 

by a third person as a convenience without creating any ownership”). The 

presumption can be overcome by evidence that the putative donor intended to 

 

(...continued)

see also In re Estate of Blake, 856 A.2d 1151, 1156 (D.C. 2004) (“The [UNTDA]

does not effect a material change in the law with respect to whether the decedent 

made an inter vivos gift[.]”); cf. Quander v. Dow, 721 A.2d 977, 978 (D.C. 1998)

(remanding for further proceedings litigation involving a claim that the funds in a 

bank account in the name of the appellant’s father were held in trust for appellant, 

and declining to decide in the first instance whether the father’s “utterance of the 

words that the funds belong to his son without some cognizable legal instrument 

which effectuates that intent, or his mere desire to use the funds in question for the 

. . . minor child, . . . create[d] a legal or cognizable interest in the same by the 

minor child”).
19

create a present interest in the putative donee, such as by enabling the latter to use 

the gifted asset during the donor’s lifetime. Cf. Presgrave, 529 A.2d at 280 

(recounting testimony that donor “encouraged [the donee] to buy a new car” with 

the money in the jointly titled account).

Ms. Reed’s inter vivos gift claim founders on the donative intent

requirement (and thus we need not consider whether the other requirements were 

satisfied). The trial court correctly stated that “no intention to make a present gift 

[could be] imputed from [Mr. Reed’s verbally stated desire to open] an account in 

two names[.]” Estate of Blake, 856 A.2d at 1156. The trial court specifically 

found that Mr. Stocker “had actual notice of Decedent’s intent to discontinue [Ms. 

Rowe’s] joint ownership title to the RBC Account[,]” not that Mr. Stocker had 

actual notice of Mr. Reed’s intent to add Ms. Reed’s name to the account;

nevertheless, given the court’s finding that Mr. Stocker prepared the Transfer Form

that was sent (unsigned) to Ms. Rowe for her signature, we can assume that Mr. 

Stocker also had actual notice of Mr. Reed’s intent to substitute the name of Ms. 

Reed for that of Ms. Rowe as the joint account holder. But, as Estate of Blake 

instructs, donative intent cannot be inferred from that alone, and we see in the 

record no other evidence of donative intent. For example, no evidence was 

presented that any of the funds in the RBC account were withdrawn (by anyone) at 
20

Ms. Reed’s direction or for her use during Mr. Reed’s lifetime. Cf. Estate of 

Blake, 856 A.2d at 1156-57 (concluding that appellant did not meet his burden of 

showing that the decedent made an inter vivos gift when she added his name to 

bank accounts where “appellant never spent or took possession of the funds in any 

of the accounts and never treated them as his own”). 

How the other requisites for an inter vivos gift apply in the case of a bank 

account has been a matter of some dispute.

9

 However, Ms. Reed’s counsel 

acknowledged at oral argument that if — as the trial court found — a Transfer 

Form directing the removal of Ms. Rowe’s name from the account and bearing Mr. 

Reed’s signature was not received by Mr. Stocker, there was no delivery that could 

satisfy the requirements of an inter vivos gift. For the reasons discussed in the 

preceding paragraph, and for that additional reason as well, we hold that the trial 

 

9

 See, e.g., Spark v. Canny, 88 So. 2d 307, 311 (Fla. 1956) (“[T]he rules 

relating to gifts inter vivos cannot be strictly and literally applied in determining 

whether a joint bank account with right of survivorship has been established. 

Thus, the very nature of a joint bank account is such that one essential element of a 

gift inter vivos is missing — that of surrender of dominion and control by the 

donor — since each party has an equal right to withdraw the funds on deposit. Nor 

is the rule as to ‘delivery’ of the gift applicable in this situation.” (citation 

omitted)), superseded by statute as stated in In re Estate of Gainer, 466 So. 2d 

1055, 1057-58 (Fla. 1985).
21

court did not err in rejecting appellant’s claim that Mr. Reed made an inter vivos

gift to her of the RBC investment account.

**

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in determining that the

funds in the RBC Bank account passed to Ms. Rowe pursuant to her right of 

survivorship. Wherefore, the judgment of the Superior Court is

Affirmed.