It was found in our work that the new Brodjet nozzle could be used
in a horizontal position from 2 inches to 12 inches above the crop with satis-
factory distribution pattern over the entire swath, and with only a small re-

duction in the swath width, obtained in the n
No other nozzle h:

sprayer.

both the vertical and horizontal position.

+ 4 tt s

ormal vertical position of the
as been found to produce a satisfactory pattern in

*

| | | |

| i | }
T T Tr SrowNe sot = Verrrcat = (acxcK=s0u0)— +

we r [est HOR|ZONTAL - (RED - DASHED)
7 i | OF eh NEW 953 NOZELE. i
j

>

« =e ea Gl hr ee oe ahs
7 | [opsnaP- Fy Peet | ==S/
| i t I i | “

gee ra ne a ee T4— TT ~
wa | ‘
3 1 | | pel apS |e gs,

SES Ee scescer i |
4 + i Sa eS Oe A $

This chart shows the distribution pattern of the new Brodjet spray
nozzle in both the vertical position at 36 inches above the crop and horizontal
position at just above the crop. Both curves are at 40 lbs. pressure and
4M.P.H. The dotted line indicates the distribution of the horizontal pattern,

Correlation of Laboratory and Field Performance

In order to correlate laboratory performance data with field perform-
ance, this same set of nozzles were mounted on a tractor in a standard manner
and tests were made as follows:

Conditions of Test:

Operation inside, without wind interference.

36 inches above the crop for the vertical.

12 inches above the crop for the horizontal,

4 M.P.H, and 40 lbs. pressure.

Solution A;--a dye solution only, to show visually the spray swath
and pattern.

Solution B;--a solution of Sodium Carbonate (Approx. 2# / gal.)
to show actual chemical distribution.

OpPwNe

a

IVA5-3


[7 FIGURE |. Output per day based on different rotes of application. Ditch bank spra;

19 of 2,4-D using +4

125 gallon sproy rig. Refiller pump 20 g.p.m.

an
[
i] GPA
$
2 Ce
z
z« aa
®
4
e A
§ .
2
5 —_—-—
Ba Lt
= =
3 [+
[4
2 =
prt tr
2=S—m
==
i
ACRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG”
eesti x-210-289
[-FFIGURE 2. Output per day based on different rates of application. Ditch bank spraying of 2,4-D using
250 gallon spray rig. Refiller pump 20 g.p.m.
3
Fy
5
2
z
z
& ze
7 A peseral
2
& |
H +
3 +

I TT

15 20 E
ACRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG

IVA4-4

X-210-290


The actual position of the boom which results from dropping one
wheel 4 inches from the horizontal, chart No, 10 results in an obvious con-
dition, described in the instructions as too high on one end and too low on the
other, The solid black line for the level condition, the dotted red line, the
dropped wheel position,

A similar test with the Brodjet nozzle in which one tractor wheel is
dropped 4 inches on a 72-inch tread shows only a slight difference in dis-
tribution from that obtained when the tractor wheels were level.

Solid black line--vertical position--wheels level.

Dotted red line--vertical position--left wheel up 4 inches--72-inch
tread,

Dot and Dash green line--vertical position--left wheel down 4 inches--
72-inch tread,

a>

ae:
i
in



For example to determine the gallons applied per acre when one
nozzle discharges 4 gallons per hour, with nozzles spacing of 12 inches,
and the forward speed of the sprayer is 5 miles per hour, use formula (2),

Set 12 on I scale opposite 4 on H scale
Move hairline to 5 on M scale

Read A scale under hairline

Answer 6,7 gallons per acre,

Similar computers can be made for calculating many other problems,
For example, it is possible to construct the scales to show quantity of
liquid or solid commercial formulations required for small experimental
plots or lawns which will give a rate of application equivalent of a known
number of pounds of chemical expressed on an acre basis,

This slide rule was developed by Agronomist L.S, Evans, Bureau
of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agri-
culture, Beltsville, Maryland, Additional information regarding the rule can
be obtained on request or by referring to the December 1948 issue of Rec-
lamation Era,

IVA2-3




The procedure is repeated using concentrations from 90 to 300 parts
per million and a curve similar to the one on page IVA6-3, is established.

Test Procedure

Samples are taken from the canal at various locations during the
period of treatment with Benoclor 3-C, and the above procedure is followed
to obtain the depth of solution required to obscure the light filament. By
checking these readings again the curve previously plotted with known parts
per million, the concentration of Benoclor 3-C being used in the canal to
control the submerged weeds can be estimated,

This estimation represents results in terms of parts per million
of Benoclor 3-C by volume. To convert to parts per million by weight,
multiply the results obtained by 1,45 which is the specific gravity of Benoclor

This method of determination can be applied to aromatic solvents as
well as to Benoclor in instances where the type of emulsifiers used produces
a milky or white cloudy mixture when the material is thoroughly mixed with
water,

A Bross tube 1!) 1D
“me 8 terior non-refiecting block
| Copper reinforcing dise

8

© Rubber seat Ya thick

OD Fibre disc~34'nole

E Ordinary 2 cell flashlight

F Standard Jackson Turbidimeter
tube 18° long

MODIFIED JACKSON TURBIDIMETER wa6-c

IVA6-2

Interior - Reclamation - Denver, Colo


Proper evaluation and testing of any spraying method can only be
accomplished by comparisons with other methods used for the same purpose,
A search for laboratory tests and field operating data of multiple nozzle
spraying methods was made and other than single nozzle tests, none were found,
It was felt that inasmuch as the facilities were available, a comparative test
of an entire multiple nozzle unit with currently used nozzles should be made,
The following slides showing results obtained in testing a regular multiple
nozzle boom sprayer using the test methods; show first, the unevenness of
pattern under ideal conditions as specified in the operating direction,

wat I {.(BUACK“SOLIDD- MULTIPLE Be as
TGR
ent | J (2. (RED-DASRED)~ WHSEL 4% ON ITZ" TREAD.

4 | }anes (PAs Zctesat aes bweneeeet -

STA O56 —

Pe a a ped ee kh

The solid black line shows the laboratory volume distribution pattern
of a multiple nozzle boom, with cone nozzles approximately 10 G,P., A, set

according to direction, 18 inches apart, at 18 inches above the crop and 40
lbs, pressure,

Then the resulting spray pattern which results when one tractor wheel
is dropped 4 inches lower than the other on a 72-inch tread, is shown by the
red dotted line,



A METHOD FOR THE TESTING AND COMPARISON OF
BRODJET SPRAYERS
by
Cady S. Corl, Agricultural Engineer
Hanson Chemical Equipment Co.,
Beloit, Wisconsin

A review of methods applicable to the testing of agricultural sprayers
indicates that while individual nozzles of the flat spray and cone type have been
tested by very satisfactory laboratory methods, (Ref: R. E, Larson, University
of Minnesota, and G. L, Shanks, University of Manitoba) no satisfactory per-
formance tests of multiple nozzle booms and/or Brodjet nozzles, either in the
laboratory or field, have been reported or described heretofore.

In order to evaluate and compare Brodjet spray nozzles and assembled
multiple nozzle boom sprayers, a test table of 1-1/4 inch corrugated aluminum
sheets, 27 feet long and 16 feet wide was constructed. This was considered to
be of sufficient length to obtain accurate data on one half of the spray swath width
of the two-way Brodjet and the full width of most standard multiple nozzle
sprayers,

A pumping control stand connected to an electric motor and pump, con-
sisting of a high pressure and low pressure standard gauge, pressure regulator
and a meter, supply the necessary instruments. A stop watch and 100 cc grad-
uated cylinders make up the balance of the equipment requirements,

The nozzle or nozzles under test are set at the specified height above
the board, The pressure regulated (in all ofour tests at 40 lbs.) the initial
meter reading and the number of gallons per minute determined.

The run-off (for a period of one minute) from each 1-1 /4-inch trough
is measured in graduated cylinders, These volumes are the points on all of
the charts involved in this study.

Calculations will show that 32 cc per 1-1/4-inch strip for one minute
represent a spray volume of ten gallons per acre at four miles per hour,

The charts in this study are based on a standard condition of set-up,
namely three feet above the crop, forty pounds pressure and a vertical position,
Later, the Height above the crop was established at 12 inches or less for hori-
zontal spraying. The following slides are indicative of the results obtained
using the equipment just described. Most all slides show 1/2 of entire swath.

IVA5-1


Calibration of the Spray Rig in Applying Aromatic Solvent

Effective, economical use of aromatic solvents depends upon the

accuracy of calibration,

The nomogram on this page willassist you in rapidly

and easily determining the nozzle discharge needed to apply aromatic solvents

over the desired contact time,

From the chart the discharge rate in gallons

per minute required to build up the desired chemical concentration for one

nozzle is shown,

After obtaining this computed GPM, the pressure is adjusted

on the rig or larger nozzled tips are substituted until the measured amount
obtained in a timed interval from a single nozzle is approximately equal to the

computed GPM,

For example to control pondweed a concentration of 400 ppm of
aromatic solvent applied over a contact time of 30 minutes (CTM) is recom-

mended,

If a boom with seven nozzles is used (ZN) and the total amount of

aromatic solvent needed is 32 gallons (GHS) it is shown from the nomogram
that 0,15 gallons per minute for each nozzle is required.

SPRAY RIG CALIBRATION NOMOGRAM
FoR

HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS IN IRRIGATION DITCHES

term

2
EEE

oo GRabES

oT

IVA3-5

When applying aromatic
solvents, a booster shot of
chemical frequently is needed
about 2 miles downstream
from the original application
point. If the booster shot
also is to be applied with a
7 nozzle (ZN) boom at a con-
centration of 300 ppm for a
contact time of 30 minutes
(CTM) it will require 24
gallons (GHS) of chemical,
To determine the required
nozzle discharge rate (GPM)
connect the 24 GHS with 7
(ZN), Mark this point on the
reference line, Then connect
this point with 30 CTM, It
is shown that 0,11 gallons per
minute per nozzle will be re-
quired,



inches to obtain double coverage, The height of the boom for double coverage
always is twice as much as for single coverage.

To figure the proper distance of the boom from the ground, simply
measure the height of weed growth and add that to the answer obtained from
the chart, For double coverage the nozzles should be staggered on alternate
side of the boom or tilted so that the spray from one nozzle does not strike
and deflect the spray from an adjacent nozzle,

Illustrative of proper spray height

UNIFORM SINGLE COVERAGE are the drawings to the left, The weeds
NO2ZL! in the upper illustration are being well

sean covered, but those in the center are not

{ and a poor kill of the weeds will result.

a Plants in the lower illustration are

| receiving double spray coverage, yet
the same volume of fluid per acre is

being applied as for the other illustra-

alle 'S Badia i
A- Height for single coverage tions,

IMPROPER HEIGHT
INSUFFICIENT COVERAGE

B- Height for double coverage

IVA3-2


SHORT CUTS TO WEED-KILLING CALCULATIONS

When spraying weeds good results can be obtained without wasting
time and money if the spray equipment is calibrated and chemicals are
properly mixed, The Handbook of Weed Control Calculations prepared by
Mr, John Maletic, Region 7, Bureau of Reclamation, and the Reclamation
Era series "Short Cuts to Weed Killing Calculations" published in the April
1951 through February 1952 issues will help with the calculations involved,
Several of the nomograms which are included in the above-mentioned pub-
lications are being reproduced herein to illustrate how easily problems on
application rates of herbicides and aromatic solvent, or problems pertaining
to spray rig calibration, etc., can be solved,

Height of Boom for Proper Spray Coverage

How high the boom is
raised above the tops of
the weeds determines how

ne tenn rae STERN Te MET eo effective the spraying
SPRAY ABOVE VEGETATION operation will be. The
wor tS cm ————_—_——_ nomogram on the left can
twones be used to figure the height
e* nec of the boom to attain the
i ae most effective spray cover-
Es nore age. To use the nomogram,
E* - the nozzle spacing on the

boom and the angle that
the nozzles deliver the

Ear ro spray must be known, For
Bt example, if the nozzles

Es. oo are spaced 21 inches apart
Ee and at the pressure being
Ee or used, the spray is dis-

charged at an 80° angle,
a take a straight edge and
connect the figure 21 on
the left-hand scale (NSI)
with the figure 80 on the
right-hand scale as illus-
A trated in the key at the
corner of the nomogram,
The answer will be found
at the point where the rule

- crosses the center dia-
BASED ON THE FORMULAS xe gonal scale (small "h" for
NS! ne NSE single coverage, capital
Ten $8 2 Tan $8 "H" for double coverage. )

H+ nEicHT oF BOOM FOR DOUBLE COVERAGE IW INCHES In this example, you would
h > welonT OF BOOM FOR & - -
WSI Distance perwEEN. NOZZLES OW BOOM IN INCHES. set the boom 12-1/2 in
@ = ANGLE FORMEO BY SPRAY AT NOZZLE IN DEGREES ches above the weeds to

get single coverage, or 25

IVA3-1



z
H
CN

A chart showing the laboratory performance of a single typical off
center spray nozzle of 10 gallon per acre capacity, used during the 1952
season,

Any short coming (short swath and uneven distribution) of the 1952
off center sprayers were undoubtedly most noted in very sensitive crops and
in the eradication of very resistant weeds. They performed with remarkable
success generally for the more hardy crops and in the control of the less resis-
tant weeds.

A laboratory performance chart of an improved special Brodjet spray
nozzle, available since August, 1952.

In certain areas there has been an insistent demand for a sprayer that
‘would minimize the effect of gusty, almost ever present, wind conditions.

IVA5-2


Aromatic Solvent Application

The nomogram on this page can be used to quickly compute the
amount of aromatic solvent required during the specified contact time to
control waterweeds, The next step, as outlined on page IVA3-5 will be to
calibrate the spray rig so that the discharge from each nozzle delivers the
chemical into the water at the correct rate,

The key in the lower left-hand corner of the nomogram shows how to
use this chart to determine the quantity of solvent necessary for waterweed
control, For example, suppose you are making an aromatic solvent applica-
tion into a lateral flowing 6 cubic feet per second. The recommended con-
centration to control this species of weed is to apply 400 parts per million
of aromatic solvent for a 30-minute contact period. By connecting the 400
ppm with the 6 cfs and making the reference line, and then by connecting the
point of the reference line with 30 minutes contact time, the answer of 32
gallons is shown on the left side,

NOMOGRAN The CFS scale can
or be modified to read in
AROMATICaTeRWEED conTAggy ATOM miner's inches, It
<= states where 50 miner's
| sham inches equal 1 cubic

foot per second, insert
50 opposite 1 on the CFS

eb ptaianti

scale and 100 opposite
* the 2 on the CFS scale,
. ° etc, Computation then

is made in the described
manner as as shown in
*, ‘e the key.

i



This slide, chart No, 12, shows the actual chemical distribution de-
termined by chemical analysis as previously described for a multiple nozzle
boom,

The dotted blue line--equipped with cone nozzles.
The solid red line--flat spray nozzles.

To Summarize

A method and the necessary equipment for laboratory and field testing
of the Brodjet nozzle and the comparison with multiple nozzle boom sprayers
has been described, A distribution pattern of certain off center nozzles available
during the 1952 season has been reported, A substantially improved Brodjet
nozzle has been tested in both the laboratory and under field operating conditions
in both the vertical plane and horizontal plane operations.

It has been shown that this new Brodjet nozzle produces uniform distri-
bution of chemicals in both the vertical and horizontal positions and that their
use in the horizontal position will undoubtedly broaden to a great extent the
ability to spray during continuous, gusty wind conditions heretofore considered
impractical with all types of sprayers.

By comparison it has been shown, Chart No. 6, page IVA5-3 that the
Brodjet nozzle produces a more uniform pattern than the conventional multiple
nozzle boom, which apparently is subject to irregular and erratic distribution
curves not previously appreciated. The new improved Brodjet nozzle is so de-
signed that it can be used either in the vertical or horizontal position so as to
produce considerably more uniform distribution of agricultural chemicals than
has been heretofore possible. Continued research during the coming year will
involve the thermal effect on spray patterns, droplet size and other factors.

IVA5-8


(7 pounds 2, 4-D in 4 gallons carrier per acre)
METHOD OF DETERMINING SPRAY DROPLET PATTERNS

The determination and recording of spray droplets per unit area and
the uniformity of droplet distribution are interesting points to check when
herbicides are applied in low volumes by aircraft. These determinations es-
pecially are essential when applications of herbicide are performed under con-
tract in order to verify the adequacy of spray coverage in conformity with
terms of the agreement for the spraying work. Information on spray droplet
patterns also is essential in studies to determine the volume of herbicide and
diluent which is the most effective but the least expensive.

When oil-base materials are used as the spray diluent, or when the
commerical herbicide preparation has an oil base and is not further diluted with
water, the number and distribution of spray droplets can be determined and
recorded by the following method without using dyes or other chemical compounds.

(7 pounds 2, 4-D in 2 gallons carrier per acre)

IVA1-1


The maximum width of spray pattern and/or rate of application per
acre is directly affected by the capacity of the pump. A simple formula for
calculating the pump capacity is:

Pump Capacity in gpm = Spray pattern factor x rate per acre
peep y in 6p Minutes in one hour

A Problem: The pump capacity for the sample problem above would

be:
12,12 x 25
Spray discharge = 2 a3 = 5.05 gpm
where, Spray pattern factor = 12,12 acres per hour
Rate per acre = 25 gpa
Minutes in one hour = 60

Some discussion

Spray pattern factor values are shown in Table 1 attached. All figures
shown are based on formula for calculating output for spray rigs.

Figures 1 through 6 show output curves of various size spray rigs. The
charts clearly show that the output is greater at the lower rates per acre and
that the gains are greater at the higher spray pattern factors.

Figure 7 shows that at the lower spray pattern factors there is not much
advantage in the larger spray rigs. As the factor increases, the larger rigs
become more advantageous, but since the average value is about 10 or smaller
the tank size can be limited from 300 to 500 gallons.

The greatest improvement that can be made in spray rigs to increase
the output is by using a larger refiller pump, The output of a 100-gallon rig
having a 50 gpm refilling pump is equivalent to a 500-gallon rig using a 10-
gallon refilling pump. The smaller rig, however, will do the job at less cost
because of the lower original and operating cost, Figure 8, shows that the out-
put is increased by using the larger refiller pumps, and this increase is greater
at the higher spray pattern factor values.

IVA4-2


OUTPUT OF SPRAY RIGS
FOR
2,4-D DITCHBANK SPRAYING

One of the major problems in ditchbank spraying is the development

of a spray rig of a proper size to do the job economically. Output is the most
important item affecting the cost per acre, Factors affecting the output may
be listed as: (1) length of boom; (2) speed of rig; (3) rate per acre; (4) size of
tank; (5) rate of refill; (6) time worked; and (7) efficiency. By knowing the
value of the several factors, the output can be calculated for any spray rig.

There is given below a formula for computing the output and also

a typical problem illustrating use of the formula.

The Problem: How many acres of ditchbank will a 300-gallon spray
rig cover in an 8-hour day, traveling 4 miles per hour, if the width

of spray pattern is 25 feet, the refiller pump has a capacity of 50 gpm
and the application rate is 25 gallons per acre?

_ _TAE _ 480 x12 x 50% _ 2880 _
Output = Gxt R (12 x 60) + 16 75.4 38.2 acres
F * 12. 12
where, T = 8 hours (480 mins,) = Time worked in minutes

A = 300/25 = 12 acres = Number of acres covered by 1 tank

(vuesber acres = Tank Size in gals.
Rate per acre

E = 50% maximum output = Use 50% maximum output unless the
efficiency factor is known. (For
crop land spraying and under excel-
lent conditions for ditchbank spraying
use 75% maximum output.)

F = 25/8,25x4 = 12.2 Spray pattern factor expressed in
acres per hour, It is the product
of the width of the spray pattern
expressed in acres per mile

(1/8. 25) multiplied by the speed of
the rig in mph,

t = 60 Minutes in one hour

R = 300/50 + 10 = 16 = Refill time in minutes plus 10 minutes,
Refill time is calculated by dividing
size of tank by capacity of refiller,
The extra 10 minutes for refill is to
account for extra work during the re-
filling operation,

IVA4-1



Spray-rig Calibration

To obtain good results with a spray rig it must be calibrated, The
nomogram on this page can be used to help with this calculation.

A speed of 4 miles per hour is usually satisfactory for ditchbank
spraying, This is shown as MPH onthe nomogram. The quantity of spray
solution that should be applied per acre appears on the GPA scale, and
distance between nozzles on the rig in inches and in feet appears on the NSI
scale or NSF scale. With this information the nomogram can be used by
connecting a straight-edge with the known values as shown by the key to
determine the gallons per minute that each nozzle should put out,

Now to determine if the mozzles are discharging the calculated
amount, fill the tank with a few gallons of the spray solution that is being
used, Adjust the operating pressure at the approximate value to deliver the
necessary volume, While the rig is operating catch and measure the discharge
from one nozzle during a timed period, If the measured discharge rate from
the nozzle corresponds to what was previously calculated from the nomogram
then the rig is calibrated, If the volume is less or more it then will be
necessary to increase or de-
crease the pressure setting

ee ie, wnettée | and repeat'the nozzle discharge
NOMOGRAM aa measurements until the de-
ror pTM sired rate is obtained. Cal-
SPRAY RIG CALIBRATION 0 ibrations of several nozzles at
different locations along the
rc boom is suggested,

GPM sas
MPH NSF

opas

Pn
Wena WST® oar

Foe Grae

GPA + cALLons vem acne
GhM + GALLoms PER MINUTE pem MoZzLE
GPH * cacions PER HOUR PER NOZZLE
NSP + NorauE’ spacing im FEET

IS! + NOR2LE Spacing Im INCHES:



Sheets of 36-inch white paper, about 30 feet long, were laid down
perpendicular to the direction of the tractor, and with the sprayer properly
adjusted as to height, pressure and throttle, and gear setting on the tractor
adjusted to 4M. P,H,, the paper was sprayed with the dye solution "A,"' The
general pattern noted and the maximum swath noted for both the vertical and
the horizontal position are indicated in the slides, page IVA6-4.

In general the larger drops fall to the far end of the spray pattern
providing greater resistance to pattern distortion then the smaller drops
which fall to the inside of the spray swath, It appears that the swath width
has been reduced about 20 per cent at 4 M,P,H, over the maximum swath
obtained in a standing position, This tractor operation was repeated, using
the Sodium Carbonate solution 'B" under the same conditions and the sheet
of paper dried and carefully folded twice with the treated side inside. Two
inch strips of this sprayed paper were carefully cut with a paper cutter at
each one foot interval and digested in distilled water and titrated with N/10
Hydrochloric acid,

> SHows (ACTUAL CHEMICAL:
|. (BLACK + SOLID) - 1952 - LARGE CAPA

5 (BLue-for- DASH) GOSS. BRoDUET 3° 8 rh

ad ea we8 -enoose SPRAY NOEZLE-VERTICAL | Soe

\~ | RACTOR IED, AT 4/M PH, anid 4D POUNDS PRESSURE. | 7 ci rm
| t

Seat i i 1 a MC
paye [ i i {
i

The three tests and resulting graph show the actual chemical distri-
bution over the width of the swath and is indicated in slide No. 8, showing
both the vertical and the horizontal application for the improved Brodjet and
the vertical position graph for the old type off center nozzle (vertical), The
horizontal pattern being indicated by the dotted line, and the vertical by a dot
and dash,

By comparison with tests made in the laboratory, or what could be
called with no forward movement of the tractor, the swath at 4 M,P.H, has
been reduced by about 20 per cent, resulting in an operating swath of about
45 feet in the vertical position and about 40 feet in the horizontal position,

It is to be particularly noted in the graphs showing tests of actual chemical
distribution that the pattern has been uniformly condensed by this amount and
that the uniformity of the original swath has been maintained.

IVA5-5


DEPTH (IN CM) TO OBSCURE FILAMENT

40

35

“K

°
90 120 150 180 210 240
PPM BENOCLOR 3-C (BY VOLUME)

STANDARDIZATION OF JACKSON TURBIDIMETER WITH BENOCLOR 3-C

270

IzA6-d

300

IVA6-3



For example to find gallons of aromatic solvent required for 400-
parts-per-million concentration for 30 minutes in a 2 cubic feet per second
ditch, set 30 on T scale over 400 on C scale. Move hairline to 2 on Wscale
and read A scale under hairline. The answer is approximately 10,8 gallons
of chemical required.

This slide rule was developed by Agronomist Jesse M. Hodgson,
Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Department of
Agriculture, Bozeman, Montana, and construction details were outlined in
detail in the April 1950, Reclamation Era. At least one commercial firm has
followed these instructions to manufacture slide rules for computing aromatic
solvent problems. The rules are distributed for advertising purposes and
possibly may be obtained in your area.

Slide Rule for calculating 2, 4-D application problems

By using one of the following formulea and by making corresponding
manipulations with the computer, problems involving gallons per acre, miles
per hour, nozzle spacing, and gallons per hour can be determined provided
three of the variables are known or assumed.

When
(1) GPH = GPA x .01 x MPH x inches GPH = gallons per hour
per nozzle
GPH
(2) GPA = OL x MPH x CPA GPA = gallons per acre
GPH .
(3) Inches = OT x MPH x CPA MPH = miles per hour
GPH
(4) MPH= OLX GPA x inches Inches = inches between
nozzles

IVA2-2


|-LFIGURE 3. Output per day based on different rates of application. Ditch bank spraying of 2,4-D using
100 gallon spray rig. Refiller pump 50 g.p.m.
a “4
*
i
S
5 7
zi
&
2 4
® Ft =
Sao
é “| “I
3 zi [+ EDGR A.
| 4 [ m7
= 3 G.P. A.

« —t = 100 6. FA
265nen= 1008-7 AS
s==—= G10...

—— =F ZI80, @.F a:
500 6.P.A'
tii
36
sos wean AGRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG x-210-291
|-LFIGURE 4. Output per day based on different rates of application. Ditch bank spraying of 2, 4—D using |}
350 gallon spray rig. Refiller pump 50 9. p.m.
po fi
ict
100 106.PA
A
tT
9) C25 GPa.
g
3 |
4
&
2 |
z i
=
3
Fy Pai
5 |
540
= Ae iT
3 -
265eer=
. Ee yt
26enm
ee
7
we oem AGRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG x-210-292

IVA4-5



I! if a4 t ]
[1 FicuRE 7. ditch bank spraying of 2,4-D. Comporison of ||} i} t t
so} output per day based on size of spray rig. Rote tcf 2000 ca. RIG
of application 100 golions per acre. Re’ Mer + | 1
pump 50 g.p.m. 1 aa |
RIG
“0
S GAL. RIG
4 | Ti
2 al [ |
Zz, a LL t t [
x T LT | +300 Gal. RIG] \ |
6 = t |
ro FT 7
« T
. |
5 1
2» | |
3 71100 GAL. RIG I T
A — imi |
> f tt
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10
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[itt |
A | | | Pett
I LI PEE ty |
° Ey 1s 15 2 o
ACRES PER HOUR GOVERED eY SPRAY RIG X-210-295
[| Figure 8. pitch bonk spraying of 2,4-0. Output of 300 gallon spray rig based on size of
refiller pumps. Application rate 100 gallons per acr t 4
\ A fi
1
|
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coo
i] T I i |
§ t T
2 1
< T
z if |
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3 i
° eeee im im
& oe et im
: em [ mn
iT jt \
z., iH {I i +++
3 = T t
A poc.em. | | | |
- jt =F |
Sa i i Lit [
A 1 Terry i mm
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Yi | pti tt |
4 HHH
4
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r % 25
AGRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG

IVA4-7

X-210-296



SLIDE RULES FOR COMPUTING WEED PROBLEMS

Handy and inexpensive slide rules for rapidly calculating problems
involving the use of 2, 4-D and aromatic solvent have been devised. The photo-
graphs on this and the following page show arrangements of scales made on 3-
cycle semilog paper attached to inexpensive engineer's slide rules from which
the regular scales have been removed,

Slide Rule for calculating aromatic solvent application problems

The gallons of solvent and the concentration in parts per million vary
in direct proportion and these constants are put on the outside scales which
are labeled A andC. The log paper should be pasted so that units 2, 3, etc.
on the A scale are opposite to numbers 200, 300, etc., onthe C scale. The
time and water variables are placed on the inner movable scale, Both miner's
inches and cubic feet per second are shown. In the illustration 50 miner's in-
ches equal 1 cubic foot per second.

Any one of the following variables of chemical, cubic feet per second
of water, time, or concentration, can be determined quickly if the other three
are known or assumed, These variables can be determined from the following
formulae:

1B al Pal
Gallons of chemical = SS 0

1,000, 000 x gal. of chemical
450 x time x ppm

,Cubic feet per second

1, 000, 000 x gal. of chemical
450 x cfs x ppm

Time in minutes =

1, 000, 000 x gal. of chemical

Concentration (ppm) 450 x cfs x time

(1) 450 is the number of gallons of water per minute
in 1 cubic foot per second

(2) Cfs in cubic feet per second
(3) Time is in minutes
(4) Pprn is parts per million on a volume basis

IVA2-1


TURBIDIMETER FOR ESTIMATING CONCENTRATION OF BENOCLOR 3-C

Benoclor 3-C is a mixture of chlorinated benezenes with added
emulsifying agents used to suppress aquatic weed in irrigation systems, The
general practice of determining the necessary quantity of Benoclor has been
by observing intensity of the milky cloud in the ditch resulting from contact of
the emulsifier and the water, Benoclor is absorbed by the plants and will
settle to the bottom of the ditch thereby making it impossible to determine the
exact concentration of chemical at any given location downstream of initial
introduction point,

The turbidimetric method for es-
timating concentration of Benoclor 3-C
was developed by Chemist John M, Shaw,
Chemical Engineering Section, Bureau of
Reclamation, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado. The technique is ex-
plained in detail in Chemical Laboratory
Report No, CH-89, Tests for the Estima-
tion of Benoclor 3-C in Irrigation Water.

Construction Details:

A modified Jackson turbidimeter
shown below may be fabricated in a shop
according to the sketch on the following
page. A standard two-cell flashlight is
fitted with a brass cylinder 1-1/4 inches
inside diameter and 18 inches in length
into which is placed a flat-bottom glass
tube graduated in centimeters,

The glass tube is placed in the brass
casing and the flashlight turned on, The
solution, containing a known amount of
Benoclor 3-C mixed with water taken
from the ditch to be treated, is poured
slowly into the glass tube until the
filament of the flashlight bulb barely is
obscured from sight, The reading in
centimeter is plotted on cross section

paper against the known parts per million of Benoclor 3-C,

IVA6-1


Sheets of bond paper or ribbons of good grade adding machine tape
are placed on the ground throughout the area to be treated, or in case of a
ditchbank the tapes are placed at right angles to the flight swath extending the
full width of the rights-of-way. After the application has been made, the pa-
pers are marked as to location and treatment. When it is desired to study
the droplet patterns, the papers are drawn through a pan of water which makes
the oil spots translucent and easily seen, The oil spots do not show when the
paper is dry. The spots will not disappear even after long periods of storage
and the paper can be rewetted as often as desired to expose the patterns.

If a permanent record is desired, sections of the wet paper areplaced
on a black background and photostated or photographed as has been done to the
illustrations which are shown on the foregoing page. This procedure was de-
veloped by personnel of the Bureau of Reclamation, Region 4, Salt Lake City, Utah.

IVA1-2


ON LOAN~:

FREE OF CHARGE:-
Borrower required to pay

shipping charges both ways.--

UNITED STATES
ae DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
‘a BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

BRANCH OF OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

WEED CONTRO
ON IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

A I6 mm. sound, color film of thirty-two minutes
running time which is suitable for educational use or for showing
fo any group interested in irrigation project maintenance.-------

OBTAINABLE FROM THE FOLLOWING

Fs Region 4, Bureau of Reclamation, P.O, Bex 360, Salt Lake City, Utah

jegion 5, Bureau of Reclamation, P.O. Box 1609, Amarillo, Texas

legion 6, Bureau of Reclamation, P, ©. Box 2130, Billings, Montane



TABLE 1

Spray Pattern Factor Values Based on Different Widths
and Speeds

idth of Spray

Spray Pattern Factor

Width of Spray

Spray Pattern Factor

Pattern Acres per hour Pattern Acres per hour
Acres [Speed in Miles per Hr. Acres |Speed in Miles per Hr.

Feet] Per Mi. 2 3 4 5 | Feet| Per Mi. 2 3] 4 5
1 12 ~24 .4 5 .6 26 3.16 6.3] 9.5]12. 6] 15.8
2 .24 5 ~7) 1,0] 1.2 27 3.27 6.5| 9.8/13.1]16.4
3 .36 .7 1.1] 1.4] 1.8 28 3.40 6.8|10. 2/13. 6)17.0
4 .46 1.0 1.5] 2.0] 2.5 29 3.52 7.0{10.5|14.1]17.6
5 -61 1,2 1.8] 2.4] 3.1 30 3.64 7. 3110.9} 14. 6] 18.2
6 73 1.5 2.2] 2.9] 3.7 31 3.76 7.5[11.3/15.0]18.7
7 .85 1.7 2.6] 3.4] 4.3 32 3.88 7.8111. 6/15. 5|19.4
8 97 1.9 | 2.9| 3.9] 4.9 33 4.00 8.0{12.0/16.0)20.0
9 1.09 2.2 | 3.3] 4.4] 5.5 34 | 4,13 8.3|12.4/16.5/ 20.7
10 1.21 2.4 | 3.6] 4.8] 6.1 35 | 4.25 8.5/12.8]17. 0] 21.3
ll 1.34 2.7 | 4.0] 5.4] 6.7 36 | 4.37 8.7}13.1]17.5/21.9
12 1,46 2.9 4.4} 5.8] 7.3 37 4.49 9.013.518. 0) 22.5
13 1.58 3.2 4.7| 6.3| 7.9 38 4.61 9.2}13.8/18. 4/ 23.1
14 1.70 3.4 5.1] 6.8| 8.5 39 4.73 9.5114. 2}18.9] 23.7
15 1,82 3.6 5.5] 7.3] 9.1 40 4.85 9.7}14.6]19, 4/24. 3
16 1.94 3.9 5.8] 7.8] 9.7 41 4.97 9.9 |14.9}19.9} 24.9
17 2.06 4.1 6.2] 8.2{10.3 42 5.09 10. 2|15. 3] 20. 4] 25.5
18 2.18 4.4 6.5] 8.7 |10.9 43 5. 22 10. 4/15. 7/20. 9] 26.1
19 2.31 4.6 6.9] 9.2]11.6 44 5.34 10. 7{16.0| 21. 4/ 26.7
20 2.43 4.9 7.3] 9.7|12.2 45 5. 46 10.9 |16. 4) 21. 8] 27.3
21 2.55 5.1 7.6 |10.2 {12.8 46 5.58 11, 2/16. 7/22. 3) 27.9
22 2.67 5.3 8.0110. 7 |13.4 47 5.70 11.4417. 1] 22.8] 28.5
23 2.79 5.6 8. 4/11. 2 {14.0 48 5.82 11. 617.5] 23. 3) 29.1
24 2.91 5.8 8.7111.6 [14.6 49 5.95 11.9 17.9] 23.8] 29.8
25 3.03 6.1 9.1412,.115.2 50 6.07 12.118. 2] 24. 3|30.4

IVA4-3



FIGURE 5. Output per day based on different rates of application. Ditch bank spraying of 2,4-D using
500 gallon spray rig. Refiller pump 50 g.p.m.
‘oo Faded!
£25 GRA.
=
2
ra Ez
2 >
z, A
g
=
«
“ [+
a = =
Ba
é pz a Per
3 + Lt}
pt
EZss +t
a = +=
=
° 3 ‘0 is 2 3 Fs
00 we-cu ene ACRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG X-210-293
IGURE 6. Output. per day based on different rates of application. Ditch bank spraying of 2,4-D using
1000 gallon spray rig. Refiller pump 150 g. p.m.
‘
“
e -
2
2
&
8
z >
% [+ i
Se | Lt
rs ce= i
be zi [+ (£250 G.RA
2 AT Lt —
3 + Lt
Z2g5=— 300 6...
20} —t
Tt =

c 2s
ACRES PER HOUR COVERED BY SPRAY RIG

IVA4-6

X-210-294