2. A pump and motor.

3. Continuous flow hose reel and hand spray

gun

4. A wood mast 2-1/4-inch in diameter by 8 feet
6 inches in length, with a pulley wheel and

swivel mounted at the top.

One difficulty experienced in the past in spraying from a boat was

Photograph No. 2

Safety Factor

moving the hose along the
slope being sprayed. With
the addition of the pontoons

to stabilize the boat and the
pulley wheel on the mast, it is
now possible for the operator
to unreel the amount of hose
needed (Maximum 125 feet).
This will clear rock and other
ground obstructions, as the
boat moves along.

Photographs No. 3 and 4, on
the following page are views
of the equipment in operation
at the Bureau's Horsetooth
Reservoir, Colorado-Big
Thompson Project, Colorado,
which has a shoreline of ap-
proximately 18 miles.

The spray rig had to be fairly
light and compact due to the
launching restrictions and
transporting to and from sev-
eral reservoirs.

When this boat is being used on a large reservoir or any substantial
body of water, it has been found much safer to operate. The addition of
the pontoons has made this possible, especially when the wind rises and
the occupants are trying to get back to the launch area through rough

water.

17


It is desirable that hydraulic oil have the ability to permit any free
water or emulsified oil to settle out quickly. The ability of the oil to
separate from water in an emulsion is called demulsibility. Good hy-
draulic oils should have high emulsibility.

Oil with this quality loses its water content in the tank and can be re-
turned to the system in comparatively water-free condition. Of course,
the settled-out water should be removed from the bottom of the tank at
regular servicing.

Since hydraulic hoist oils perform such a critical function, it is neces-
sary to delineate all of the required characteristics- and there are many,
all of which do an important job.

In addition to the characteristics mentioned they must also have a de-
foaming ability. Because of the churning action of the pump and other
units, and because of turbulence of flow, the oil tends to mix with the

air that is present in the system. This promotes oxidation of the oil and
also results in the formation of foam. This foam compresses and expands
with the operation of hydraulic units and destroys the incompressability

of oil, thereby providing no lubricating ability and increasing wear. How-
ever, if a foam inhibitor is added to the oil (usually silicone polymers),

a reduction in interfacial tension around the small air bubbles is caused
so they combine to make large bubbles that rise to the surface more rap-
idly and break, thus reducing the entrained air in the tank.

Hydraulic hoist oils must also be able to resist oxidation and be chem-
ically stable. Oxidation products of the oil cause corrosion and forma-
tion of varnish, gums and residue. These interfere with the operation of
the hydraulic valves, pump, motors, cylinders, etc., and reduce the in-
terval between overhaul and repairs.

Although hydraulic oil is exposed to local high temperatures that increase
oxidation and decomposition effects where local heating occurs in the pump
due to agitation and applying high pressure to the oil system, an oxidation
inhibitor added to the oil can decrease the amount of oxygen taken up by
the oil and form inactive soluble compounds with the oil. It may also be
oxidized in preference to the oil, and it may reduce the formation of acids.
This additive is usually an organic compound containing sulphur, phos-
phorus or nitrogen, such as organic amines, sulphides, hydroxy sulphides
or phenols.

Last but not least, hydraulic oils must provide corrosion protection. Some
corrosive materials accumulate in hydraulic oil from oxidation and chem-
ical changes. A corrosion inhibitor added to the oil in the form of an or-
ganic phosphite, or metal salt of thiophosphoric acid, forms a protective
film on metal surfaces. This film decreases catalytic oxidation of the oil,
which is a result of chemical activity promoted by the metal but not entered
into by the metal, and protects the metal against corrosion of acids.

11



LT
tot

ty

PLAN VIEW

Galvanized nail

t

7.

i Galvanized anchor
END VIEW
Galvanized gnchor~,
AEE EEE

iH

iat

u

y ya

SECTION A-A

GPO 838-795



Clean all debris from the radiator to permit passage of air through
the radiator.

Oily dust or mud caked on the engine sides insulate and prevent cool-
ing of the engine by radiation. This is something that might not affect
engine operation until warm weather. Scrape or steam clean the out-
side of the engine to obtain proper cooling.

Fan Belts

Check the fan belts for proper tension and condition, the principle
parts involved for this operation are shown in Figure 2 below.

Worn or damaged belts should
be replaced at this time.
Where multiple fan drive belts
are used, always replace the
complete set even if only one
shows damage.

To help lower the operating
temperatures of the trans-
mission, steering clutches
and final drives, remove all
accumulated mud. Check for
loose or missing capscrews,
leaking gaskets, seals and
cracks, etc. --repair or re-
place as necessary.

Service the air pre-cleaner
and air cleaner as outlined
in the operator's manual,
being sure to clean all con-
necting tubes and hoses thor-
oughly. Inspect hoses and
Figure 2 clamps for damage.

Turbochargers

On turbocharged units, remove the air cleaner to turbocharger hose as
shown in Figure 3, on the following page and inspect compressor im-
peller vanes for caked dirt or damaged vanes. Clean or correct as
necessary. Do not use any sharp metallic object to remove dirt de-
posit from the vanes.

Fuel Tank

Open drain cock at bottom of fuel tank and remove water and sediment.


Photograph No. 3

18


successive walk plank. The anchor can be twisted just under the
3-3/4" measurement to a 90° offset. This gives added clearance
adjacent to the top bars of the concrete reinforcement.

3it ram

GALVANIZED ANCHOR DETAIL
aig THICK

Sketch-A
3 ef

GALVANIZED NAIL

Sketch-B

Installation

When installing the planks the first walk plank is placed between the
outside and the next inside anchor. A regular 16 or 20 penny nail is
used through the anchor holes of the outside anchor, then the double
pointed nail as shown in Sketch B, above, is used on the inside anchor
and the longer end of the nail is driven into the walk plank through the
hole in the anchor. This can be achieved by driving directly on the
point of the nail with a hammer or by using 3/8" inside diameter pipe
approximately 4'' long to be used as a driving tool. The next plank is
laid in place against the points of the double pointed nails and driven
against them till the plank drops in place. Succeeding planks are
placed the same way with outsides fastened with regular nails. The
drawings on page 21, graphically illustrate an installation.

Two sample installations of walk planks using this suggested method
were made on the Almena Project with anchors and nails supplied by
the contractor. According to information provided by him the compa-
rable cost of bolts or anchors is approximately the same although his
cost for the anchors was for a very small number, made up as a spe-
cialorder. Possibly in large lots the cost could be reduced.

Maintenance

If it is necessary in maintenance to remove walk planks it is a very
simple matter to pull the outside nails and remove the planks with a
nail bar.

If further information is desired regarding this installation, please

write to the Project Manager, Kansas River Projects Office, McCook,
Nebraska.

20


is for KNOWLEDGE. But it isn't enough
To know what to do; we must still do our stuff.

is for LIFE and the fruits of our labor.
Work safely, for your good and that of your neighbor.

is for MAINTENANCE, powerful pal
To men, to machinery, and to morale.

is for NOW. Let us faithfully vow
To deal with all hazards, and deal with them now!

for OBSERVANCE of all safety rules--
Obeyed by the wise, disregarded by fools.

for PREVENTION (far better than cure)
That PLANNING and PROGRAMS will help to insure.

for the QUALIFIED. They understand
Production and safety should go hand in hand.

for REPORTING and RECORDS. Both needed
For trends to be quickly discovered and heeded.

SUPERVISION. And experts agree,
In safety the competent foreman is key.

is for TRAINING, designed to instill
The desire to work safely, as well as the skill.

for the UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES that
Employers, employees, alike should combat.

is for VISION in hazard detection,
And also for VIGOR in hazard correction.

WASTE (and how it can hurt)
That safety and safety alone can avert.

is for Xmas, with family cheer
For those who work safely the rest of the year.

is for YOU for whom safety is planned.
It can't be complete unless YOU lend a hand.

for the ZEALOUS--each one a hero
Who strives to bring injuries closer to zero.

OK KK

15



TREATING SOIL WITH HERBICIDES
FOR TOTAL VEGETATION CONTROL

The Study

During the past 4 years the Office of Chief Engineer, Division of
Research, at the Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, has been
conducting evaluation tests of soil sterilant herbicides. The primary
purpose of this long-term field study was to provide reliable compar-
ative data for use in selecting the more promising materials to update
the Bureau of Reclamation program on treating soil with herbicides and
preparing recommendations for Operation and Maintenance personnel.

Sufficiently reliable information to warrant these suggested changes
in the presently used soil sterilant program has now been obtained.
Although some materials widely used in the past were effective, it
appears that better and longer term vegetation control can be accom-
plished with the newer materials at much lower cost.

The following table shows the relative cost comparisons of three newer
materials that are now suggested. These herbicides are recommended
for use in substations, switchyards and other areas where total vege-
tation control is required.

Relative cost

Relative Expected per year to
cost ona_ longevity, provide
Application per acre based on effective
Herbicides rate, per acre basis study results plant control
atrazine 15 lb*® $ 31.95 3 years ata $10.65
15 lb/acre
rate
prometone 15 gal* $105.00 4 years ata $26.25
(liquid) (2 1b/gal) 15 gal/acre
or 30 lb/acre, rate
active
ingredient
isocil 20 lb $103.00 4 years ata $25.75
20 lb/acre
rate

¥To insure complete control of deep rooted perennial weeds, a some-
what higher rate than that shown above should be used.

A 4-year study has shown that adequate vegetation control can be
achieved with these herbicides when used in semiarid areas similar
to the test site.

The soil sterilant programs listed on the following page are offered
for your guidance.



If a large accumulation of rust or scale is present, drain the tank
completely and flush it thoroughly. See Figure 4, on page 3.

Change all lubricants affected by climatic temperatures following the
recommendations in the operator's manual. Grease machine with cor-
rect lubricant as outlined in the manual.

Change all fuel and lubricating oil filter elements and thoroughly
clean filter assemblies.

Check entire unit for leaks, loose bolts or wires missing or damaged
parts and excessive wear. Take necessary corrective action.

Track Maintenance

Carefully inspect the undercarriage. Measure shoe, grouser, roller,
idler, sprocket, sidebar and rail wear with guage provided by the man-
ufacturer. Replace any component that shows excessive wear and rem-
edy the cause. Tighten all shoe bolts to correct torque. Adjust track
tension hydraulically, or mechanically if so equipped.

While these procedures apply generally to a crawler tractor, they can
be applied to motor scrapers, motor graders, tractor shovels and
rubber-tired loaders and dozers. Taking the time to perform these
services during the slack work periods, will save time and money.

Trouble Shooting

Using five of your six senses as indicated below, will provide you with
readily available tools when checking out diesel engines. Common
sense, as wellas touch, hearing, sight and smell is also recommended
to locate a source of malfunction, analyze it and repair it.

LOOK--for fuel leaks, exhaust smoke color, bent or crimped fuel
lines or restricted air intake system.

LISTEN--for engine loping, misfiring, metallic rubbing or knocking
noises.

TOUCH--for temperature, binding or linkages, abnormal vibration,
loose fittings, condition or air system hoses, crimped lines not
readily visible.

SNIFF --for leaking fuel, odors of burning materials, unusual ex-
haust smoke aroma.

Once the source of malfunction has been identified, it is a matter of
obtaining the proper instrument and tools to correct it. On pages 5
and 6, you will find a trouble shooting chart showing the symptom of
the trouble and the possible cause



Figure 3



BOAT MODIFICATION FOR WEED SPRAYING
(Suggestion R7-67S45)

This suggestion on the modification of a boat for weed spraying was
submitted by Mr. David D. Clark and Mr. Herman Krening, of the
Irrigation and General Maintenance Division, South Platte River Proj-
ects, Loveland, Colorado. The utilization of this equipment should
prove very useful and time saving where there is a need for the type
of spraying described.

Modification of Boat

The boat modification consists of the installation of two pontoons, one
along each side of the boat and fabricated from 10-inch I,D, aluminum
pipe, about 18 gage, (. 0478) 7 feet 9 inches in length. The leading end

of each pontoon is beveled to help reduce resistance in moving through
the water. The trailing, or

squared ends, were capped
and made water tight after the
interior was filled with poly-
urethane plastic foam. The
pontoons are attached toa
frame built of 1/4-inch by
1-1/4-inch by 1-1/4-inch
angle-iron. This frame is
fastened to the boat, across
the beam, at about the center
of the boat (52-inch beam by
14-foot length). Photograph
No. 1, at left shows the pon-
toons extended and other equip-
ment assembled as it would be
used for spraying at the reser-
voir site.

The pontoons extend 24 inches
from the sides of the boat while
in the water and are folded back
over the sides of the boat when
traveling on the highway. Photo-
graph No. 2, on page 17 shows
the equipment disassembled and
ready for transporting.

PX-D-58931

Photograph No. 1
Other material needed to modify and equip the boat for spraying include:

1. A 30-gallon solution tank

16


a | |e (2 \8
s o | 12/4 3
| #22 |2/8 ca
DIESEL Esleelé |5,/8|/2| 2/2
ENGINE 9/22/9212 [es/$ |e) 2 ls
TROUBLE elesleslse lee l2}e}F]e
SHOOTING =| 32/25) sslé2ls |S) ei .
CHART _ 5) eoj2o) oa) os |r | o | = | s
CAUSES SYMPTOM
24. Exhaust pipe or _ - ~~ 7 .
muffler clogged or
iched x x x x |
x x x

26. Incorrect timing
advance—retard jx|ox| x] x] x [x x

27. Incorrect fuel oil,
water, contamination,

wrong grade or type x} x] x] x x x
28. Lube oil pump
dirty or clogged x|_x
29. Lube oil system
restricted x x
30. Lube oil level too _
high (APE) x x x
31. Lube oil level too
low (APE) x x
32, Lube oil too heavy—
contaminated x x x x
33. Engine mount . -
deflection x x
34._ Engine running cold x x x ~
36._ Engine overheating x{x]x|]sx x|_
%. x{[ x [x fx] x [x x
37.
leaking x} x] x]{x{x [x x
38. Excessive carbon
deposits in combus-
tion chamber x x
39. Engine valve guides _
worn or gummed x x x x
40. Pistons or rings stuck,
worn or broken x x x x x x
4i,_ Plunger sticking x] x [x x [x
42. Injection pump .
plungers worn x| x |x x -
43. Injection pump rollers
or cams worn x x
44, Fuel tank vent plugged x .

45. Fuel tank vaive closed
Fuel tank empty

%. Fuel lines or filters

plugged x x x x
47. \ncorrect nozzle
popping pressure x | x x |x
48. Pump drive broken x
ee RR



me

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation

IRRIGATION OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

BULLETIN NO. 61

July, August, September 1967

= LAST COPY - DONOT REMOVE
= oP
Lge ; ff
=
S /

= x

>

S

—_

Se]

=

In This Issue:

A STITCH IN TIME can Prevent Diesel Engine Failure

Treating Soil with Herbicides for Total Vegetation Control
Safety Tips

The Important Function of Hydraulic Hoist Oil and It’s
Characteristics
The Art of Getting Along

Far Out--Research on Equipment Maintenance
ABC’s of Safety

Boat Modification for Weed Spraying
Installing Wooden Walk Planks on Irrigation Structures

LAST COPY - DO NOT REMOVE


NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
DATA SHEETS

The National Safety Council has recently published revised or new tech-
nical data sheets on the subjects listed below. Copies of these data
sheets (by numbers shown in parentheses) may be obtained from the
National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
60611.

Electric Cords and Fittings (385)

Portable Grinders (583)

Metal Saws (Cold Working) (584)

Management Policies on Occupational Safety (585)

Tractor Operation and Anti-Roll Bars (587)
2K KOK

WARNING
READ THE LABEL

Be A Label Reader--your life may depend on it. Warnings are printed
on cans of flammable lacquers, finishes, paint removers, thinners,
mastics, cleaners and similar materials that contain a flammable sol-
vent. When you use these materials, remember:

a. Work in a well-ventilated area, preferably outside.

b. Shut off pilot lights, stoves and other flame or spark
producing sources in the area.

c. Don't smoke.
Industrial Bulletin, 2/67
ok KOK ok Ok
HIGH COST OF ACCIDENTS
Two persons are killed and 200 injured by accidents in the United States
every 10 minutes, according to the National Safety Council. Cost of the

accidents occurring in a 10 minute period amount to approximately
$340, 000. 00.

%
%



Materials and Their Application

Atrazine--The soil sterilant commonly known as atrazine, shall be com-
posed of a finely divided wettable powder containing a minimum of 80 per-
cent 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine and related
compounds. Commercial mixtures meeting these requirements may be
used. This sterilant shall be mixed with water and applied uniformly so
that the equivalent of 0.046 pound of dry product is used per 100 square
feet (about 20 pounds per acre, total formulation). A minimum of 2 gal-
lons of water shall be applied with each pound of dry product. Material
must be kept in suspension at all times during application by continuous
agitation.

Isocil--The soil sterilant commonly known as isocil, shall be composed
of a finely divided wettable powder containing a minimum of 80 percent
5-bromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyluracil. Commercial mixtures meeting
these requirements may be used. The soil sterilant shall be mixed with
water and applied uniformly so that the equivalent of 0.046 pound of dry
product is used per 100 square feet (about 20 pounds per acre total
formulation). A minimum of 2 gallons of water shall be applied with
each pound of dry product. Material must be kept in suspension at all
times during application by continuous agitation.

Prometone--The soil sterilant commonly known as prometone, shall con-
sist of liquid emulsifiable solution containing a minimum of 25 percent
2-methoxy-4, 6-bis (isopropylamino)-s-triazine. Commercial mixtures
meeting these requirements may be used. This sterilant shall be mixed
with water and applied uniformly so that the equivalent of 0. 0344 gallon
(130 cc) is used per 100 square feet (15 gallons per acre, total formu-
lation). A minimum of 4 gallons of water shall be applied with each gal-
lon of herbicide.

Summary

All of the described materials are noncorrosive and have a low order of
mammalian toxicity when used under recommended procedures.

The rates and methods of application used in the suggested specifications
were established for areas of low rainfall (15 inches annual or less),

with all vegetation removed and on reasonably light nonorganic soils.
These conditions would probably be characteristic of most of the Bureau's
areas of activity.

Any specifications requirement for soil sterilants in areas of high rain-
fall or excessively heavy or highly organic soils would require other
methods of application and possibly other more suitable herbicides. We
have included in these suggestions the minimum amount of water to be
applied with each material unless adequate rainfall is expected following
application. This is very critical to the success of the treatments in
most western areas of the United States where rainfall is low.

OR KOK OK

8


e ~
| |e |g |.
a ° ° Ss
E/E &
os a ja n 4
g e jo |E]3 £
e 2j2e 13/8 w
g. & ile |/2] 2 3
DIESEL _| 58 & |6,1/8/ 8] Pie
ENGINE g/sel25|/2 |e3)3) 6] 5] ¥
TROUBLE e}es eu (ezielelale
SHOOTING 2 | 38 8s/s2lealale2ie
CHART 3 /eg Golge{zr | ole]
CAUSE SYMPTOM
1. Throttle linkage
adjustment x x x
2
sticking-binding x
3. Incorrect governor
setting (Ext.)
4. Incorrect governor
setting (Int.)
5. Air cleaner
restriction
6. Excessive lube oil
in air cleaner
7. Fuel delivery
incorrect
8. Fuel supply pressure
low
9. Overflow valve leak-
ing or stuck open
i0. Fuel filter clogged-
restricted
11. Air leaks in fuel
supply system
12. Incorrect bleeding-
fuel tank
13. Fuel return line
restricted
14. High pressure tub-
ings—restricted
15. Injection pump to
engine timing
16. Engine valve timing
17. Fuel control rack
sticking-injection
pump
18. Nozzles defective-
Leaking—Worn
19. Incorrect nozzle
opening pressure
20. Nozzle incorrectly
torqued
21. Nozzle valve sticking
22. Delivery valve stick-
ing or leaking
23. Fuel transfer pump

inoperative



INSTALLING WOODEN WALK PLANKS
ON
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES
(Suggestion R7-67S-40)

A suggestion by Mr. Alfred A. Fritz, Jr., of the Almena Construction
Field Division, Kansas River Project, McCook, Nebraska, concerns a
new method of installing wooden walk planks on irrigation structures.
Although we do not use wooden walk planks in our newer designs, this
could be of use to irrigation districts when they are rebuilding existing
structures and retaining the wooden planks. The suggestion, as illus-
trated in the sketches on the following page and also on page 21, re-
quires the fabrication of a special galvanized strap anchor and double
pointed galvanized nail.

The suggested method of installing walk planks produces an extremely
neat appearance and this type of installation has an immeasurable safety
factor built in because these are no obstructions (such as a mismeasured
anchor bolt sticking up above the walk), and no countersunk holes to catch
the toe of a shoe or boot. The suggestion should also result in lower
labor and material costs.

When using bolts the contractor has to drill the bolt hole by hand or fur-
nish a power plant to run a drill and two sizes of bits, one for the bolt
hole and one to countersink. The plank has to be marked for each hole
to be sure the bolt holes are drilled in the right place. After installing
the planks the washers and bolts have to be put on with a wrench.

In a typical installation where three walk planks for a structure are re-
quired, two 12-5/8" x 10" galvanized bolts with washers and nuts must
be provided for each end of each plank. Using the anchor strap only

8 anchors plus regular nails and two double pointed nails are needed.
This eliminates the need for measuring the depth to place the anchor in
the concrete, as the anchors are already premeasured by their design.
An added saving can be realized because using the strap anchor all
planks can be precut ready for installing. Materials and tools required
for plank installation are the planks, double pointed nails, regular nails,
and hammer.

Anchor Detail

The measurement of 2-3/4'' or 3-3/4" of the Galvanized Anchor Detail,
as shown in Sketch A, on the next page, is the distance the concrete fin-
isher leaves the anchor above the finished concrete surface for a 3" or
4" thick walk plank that is to be installed. A ruler or tape measure is
not necessary. The spacing between anchors is 12-1/2" to 12-3/4" so
therefore the top end of one of these anchors to the notch plus the total
length can be used to set the space between anchors instead of using

a measuring tape or ruler. This spacing allows room to insert each

19



A STITCH IN TIME CAN PREVENT 1/
DIESEL ENGINE FAILURE

New techniques and improvements in earthmoving machinery have
practically eliminated deadlining units during the winter months. This
practice has also eliminated many of the needed inspections and re-
pairs formerly performed while the equipment was inactive.

It is doubly important, therefore, to carefully service machinery prior
to spring activities. To obtain maximum equipment availability dur-
ing the approaching heavy work season, it is advisable to inspect and,
if necessary, repair certain components; components that may not
show a malfunction in cold weather.

Cooling system deficiencies, for instance, are not as apparent during
winter operations as when the equipment is operated during warmer
weather. This system should be first on the checkout list before
starting the spring operations.

Cooling System

Drain and flush the cooling system thoroughly. See Figure No. 1,
for the location of the petcocks, they are all similarly located on any
engine. Fill the system with clean, soft water or rainwater whenever
possible. Adda commercial rust inhibitor if the unit is to run with-
out antifreeze, following the
manufacturer's directions.
(CAUTION: Do not add rust
ea we > inhibitor to a cooling system
alike containing antifreeze. )
¥ a ALB ; On systems equipped with
eh? coolant filters use of soft
water or rust inhibitors is
not necessary as the ele-
ment will soften the water
and inhibit rust. Replace
the filtering element and
clean or replace the lower
www id ay FLL magnesium alloy plate.

Open the vent cocks when
filling the system and raise
coolant level to approxi-
mately l-in. below bottom
of radiator filler pipe.

4 COOLING SYSTEM FILTER Va SHUT VALVE

Figure 1

I/Reprinted by permission of the author and editor, from an article

appearing in the December 1966 issue of World Construction.



THE ART OF GETTING ALONG
by
Lt. E. C, Estabrooke, USNR 1/

Sooner or later, a man, if he is wise, discovers that life is a mixture
of good days, and bad, victory and defeat, give and take. He learns
that it doesn't pay to be a sensitive soul; that he should let things go
over his head like water off a duck's back.

He learns that he who loses his temper usually loses out. He learns
that all men have burnt toast for breakfast now and then, and that he
shouldn't take the other fellow's grouch too seriously. He learns that
carrying a chip on his shoulder is the easiest way to get into trouble.
He learns that the quickest way to become unpopular is to carry tales
and gossip about others.

He learns that buck-passing always turns out to be a boomerang, and
that it never pays. He comes to realize that the business could run
along perfectly well without him. He learns also, that it doesn't mat-
ter so much who gets the credit so long as the job is done.

He learns that all people are human and that it doesn't do any harm to
smile and say "good morning", even if it is raining. He learns that
most of the other fellows are as ambitious as he is, that they have
brains that are as good or better, and that hard work and not clever-
ness is the secret of success. He learns to sympathize with the young-
ster coming into the business because he remembers how bewildered
he was when he first started out.

He learns not to worry when he has a failure because experience has
shown him that if he always gives his best, his average will break
pretty even. He learns that no man ever got to first base alone, and
that it is only through cooperative effort that we move on to better
things. He learns that bosses are not monsters, trying to get the last
ounce of work out of him for the least amount of pay, but that they are
usually fine men who have succeeded through hard work.

He learns that folks are not any harder to get along with in one place
than another, and that the "getting along'' depends about ninety-eight
per cent on his own behavior.

OR KKK

T/Officer-in-C harge, Teacher's Training, Navy Pier, Chicago,
Illinois, from a U.S. Navy Official publication.

12


A prototype print-out system records diagnostic findings, compares
the results with known standards, and tells the technician whether the
findings are good or bad.

The dealership diagnostic service center of tomorrow may contain
several test stations. As soon as a vehicle is connected to the testing
equipment, the diagnostic data are fed into a computer. The "brain"
then tells the technician what parts must be repaired or replaced and
the cost of the parts plus local labor costs. The exact "prescription"
for repairing all defects of a vehicle might take less than 5 minutes.

* OK OK KOK

ABC'S OF SAFETY 1/
by
Michael Flag

A- is for Accidents, which can be tabooed.
The very first step is the right ATTITUDE.

B- is for BOONS safety brings in variety
To workers, their family, home, and society.

C- injury COSTS, seldom fully revealed;
Like icebergs, the far greater part is concealed.

D- is for DATA, essential to bare
Just what are the problems, and where.

E- EDUCATION, which has no divorcement
From sound ENGINEERING and wholesome ENFORCEMENT.

F- is for FOLLOW-UP. Surveys are vain
Without further check whether hazards remain.

G- is for GUARDING, and it's a disgrace
When guards are not used, or not kept in place.

H- for HOUSEKEEPING, a pretty good guage
Of whether a firm, safety-wise, is of age.

I- is for INJURIES--(outcome of flaws).
They never just happen; there's always a cause.

J- for JARGON. However sincere,
The message is lost if the meaning's not clear.

1/Reprinted from GRIST, May/June 1967 issue, a publication by the

National Conference on State Parks, Washington, D.C., and written
by the editor of California Safety News.

14


IRRIGATION OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
BULLETIN No. 61

July, August, September 1967
INTRODUCTION

The old saying ''A Stitch in Time Saves Nine," is just as true today as
when the phrase was coined. This article starting on page 1, on how
to prevent diesel engine failure calls for change in maintenance rou-
tine, and how timely attention can prevent such failure. The article
also includes a chart for trouble-shooting diesel engines.

The Bureau's Division of Research in Denver, Colorado, presents a
soil sterilant program, beginning on page 7, that offers better vege-
tation control, with the proper use and application of several new her-
bicides. A table showing relative cost comparisons of a variety of
suggested new materials for this purpose is also given.

Safety tips on page 9, include a list of the recently published, revised,
or new National Safety Council technical data sheets. These data
sheets may be obtained by writing to the Safety Council. Also on the
same page is a warning to be on the safe side and read the label, fol-
lowed by the "High Cost of Accidents."

Hydraulic hoist oils perform a very important service on many kinds
of equipment. An article starting on page 10, discusses it's impor-
tant characteristics.

On page 12, Lt. E. C. Esterbrooke, of the United States Naval Re-
serve, gives a basic formula on getting along with people, and what
can be learned from others.

Research on equipment maintenance goes far out in an article begin-
ning on page 13. This diagnostic technique is expected to pin down
troubles before they start and take the guess work out of motor ve-
hicle repairing.

An alphabetical approach to safety is given on page 14.

The last two articles in the Bulletin were suggested by Bureau Project
personnel. Starting on page 16, is a suggestion for the modification
of a boat for weed spraying. This should prove to be a safe, useful,
and time saving suggestion, if a need for this kind of spraying is

found necessary. The last suggestion on page 19, proposes a new
type installation for wooden walk planks on irrigation structures.



The Irrigation Operation and Maintenance bulletin is published quar-
terly, for the benefit of irrigation project people. Its principal pur-
pose is to serve as a medium of exchanging operation and mainte-
nance information. It is hoped that the reports herein concerning
labor-saving devices and less costly equipment and procedures, de-
veloped by resourceful project people, will result in improved effi-
ciency and reduced costs of the systems for those operators adapting
these ideas to their needs.

To assure proper recognition of those individuals whose suggestions
are published in the bulletins, the suggestion number as well as the
person's name is given. All Bureau offices are reminded to notify

their Suggestions Award Committee when a suggestion is adopted.

eee RK

Division of Irrigation Operations
Office of Chief Engineer
Denver, Colorado 80225

ON THE COVER:

As pointed out in the beginning article,
this drawing is to illustrate that a
STITCH IN TIME can prevent engine
failure.



THE IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF HYDRAULIC
HOIST OIL AND IT'S CHARACTERISTICS 1/

Machines employ hydraulic system lubricants quite extensively. For
instance, these lubricants are required for hydraulic cylinders on
dump trucks, loaders graders, etc. ; hydraulic power steering units
on heavy-duty trucks; and hydraulic lifts for cars and trucks in shops
and hydraulic gate systems.

To avoid confusion with hydraulic brake fluids, hydraulic transmission
fluids and automatic transmission fluids, this lubricant is called "hy-
draulic hoist oil'' in State service. It is not a satisfactory substitute
for these other fluids.

Several characteristics are required of hydraulic hoist oils. First of
all they should provide flowability and pumpability at all temperatures
within operating range. Their ability to flow is determined by their
viscosity and pour point, or the temperature at which the oil congeals.
The operating range is established by the viscosity of SUS deg. F. and
the viscosity index of the oil.

Lubrication is also a required characteristic of hydraulic hoist oils,
for they are the only lubricants for hydraulic pumps, valves, motors,
cylinders, etc. They must prevent excessive wear of moving parts in
the entire system, especially between the vane and pump body in vane-
type pumps, where local pressures and rubbing speeds are high.

Hydraulic hoist oils must also provide rust protection. They must have
a high metal-wetting ability, or the ability to form a protective film
over metal surfaces. This characteristic, which is a natural ability,
can be improved by the use of chemical additives that have metal-wetting
ability: petroleum sulphonic acids, amine salts and phosphates, are
sometimes used. Rust protection can also be enhanced by the ability of
the lubricant to produce a skin of water repellent, or hydrophobic, ma-
terial on the metal surface. Some protection is also obtained by neu-
tralizing corrosive acids.

Very fine water droplets surrounded by oil during violent agitation will
ordinarily remain suspended in oil in the form of an emulsion. This is
the basis of emulsion sludge formed in the engine's crankcase. For this
reason, the hydraulic hoist oil must be able to resist formation of a stable
emulsion with water. Detergent-dispersent additives tend to assist in
collecting water from the oil by forming a stable suspension in the crank-
case which helps the oil filter to remove the water. This action is

not wanted in hydraulic oil.

1/Reprinted by permission of the editor, from the December 1966 issue
of Western Construction, as taken from Lubrication and Preventive
Maintenance, a manual of the California Division of Highways Equipment
Department.

10


FAR OUT--RESEARCH ON EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 1/

The cartoon image of a mechanic in white coat applying a stethoscope
to the hood of a truck may not be so far-fetched after all.

A sophisticated version of the stethoscope is being studied by a lead-
ing automobile manufacturing company and one of it's subsidiaries as
one of several "blue-sky" research projects under way in the com-
pany's new service research center. This diagnostic technique is ex-
pected to help pinpoint vehicle troubles without taking things apart.

Theoretically, the technique would compare the "heart beat" of a faulty
engine, transmission or other component with the vibration patterns of
a "healthy" component. The pattern-recognition device automatically
would pinpoint the exact defect.

This technique of translating acoustical and vibration patterns visually
onto a television screen was demonstrated recently by the subsidiary
of this automobile manufacturing company. Eventually it is expected
that diagnostic information might be translated into punched tape or
printed cards.

Use of the technique in a service shop is a long way off, according to
the manager of the new service research center. Nevertheless, con-
verting ideas such as this into usable devices and techniques is a prime
objective of this new $2, 000, 000 center.

The center also is working on use of ultrasonic sensing apparatus for
detecting minute leaks in exhaust systems. Progress to date on the
project has suggested the possibility that the ''voice" of the tailpipe
may help the mechanic detect many types of problems.

The research center is already tied into the companies technical com-
puter center. Repair and parts malfunction data on 1, 500 company-
owned vehicles serviced at the center are being recorded and fed into
the computer's memory bank. Eventually, diagnostic results on all
cars (including those not requiring repair) will be computerized.

Another example of futuristic service equipment being used at the cen-
ter is an electronic wheel-balance checker. It tells a technician how
much weight is needed and where to put it. Sensors attached to the
front suspension transmit vibrations to the display console. Another
is a prototype vibrometer which might be used to locate car squeaks
and rattles by inducing wheel vibrations.

T/Reprinted from an article appearing in the May 1967 issue of
Western Construction, by special permission of the editor.

13