RENDERED: MAY 31, 2024; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2023-CA-0998-MR

JIM TOPOLSKI D/B/A AMERICAN 

DECK & SUNROOM COMPANY APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE THOMAS L. TRAVIS, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 17-CI-00023

MARY JOHNSON APPELLEE 

OPINION

REVERSING AND REMANDING

**   **  **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; A. JONES AND LAMBERT, 

JUDGES. 

THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE: Jim Topolski, d/b/a American Deck & Sunroom 

Company, appeals from a judgment of the Fayette Circuit court ordering him to 

pay over eight thousand dollars to Mary Johnson for breach of contract. We 

reverse and remand because the judgment was unclear on one issue and additional 

findings are necessary.
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FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Appellee contracted with Appellant to construct a deck onto her 

home. The plans for the deck included a ramp from the ground onto the deck for 

access and a fire pit. Appellee claimed that the fire pit was to be built in and the 

ramp was to be wheelchair accessible. After the deck was completed, there was no 

fire pit and the ramp was not suitable for a wheelchair. Appellant claimed that 

there was never a discussion regarding the ramp being suitable for a wheelchair. 

Appellant also claimed that the fire pit could not be built into the deck due to the 

materials Appellee chose to build the deck out of. 

The underlying suit came about because Appellee refused to pay 

Appellant a final payment of $7,212.00. Appellant sued for breach of contract. He 

also sought attorney fees based on language in the contract allowing him to collect 

such. Appellee countersued for breach of contract and fraud. A bench trial was 

ultimately held. At the trial, Appellant, Appellee, and an expert hired by Appellee 

all testified. The trial court concluded that Appellant breached the contract by not 

building a built-in fire pit, by not building a handicapped accessible ramp, and by 

not obtaining a building permit. The court awarded Appellee $15,863.08. This 

was the amount testified to by Appellee’s expert that it would cost to modify the 

deck to include a built-in fire pit, handicapped accessible ramp, and other repairs 

and modifications. The trial court then reduced that award by the $7,212.00 
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Appellee owed to Appellant. The court also declined to award either party

attorney fees. Appellant then filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate; however, 

that motion was denied. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court erred in not enforcing 

the contract as written because it was unambiguous. He also argues that the court 

erred by finding that he breached the contract by not building a wheelchair 

accessible ramp and built-in fire pit. He argues that the contract did not mention 

that the ramp was to be wheelchair accessible or that the fire pit was to be built in.

The interpretation of a contract, including determining 

whether a contract is ambiguous, is a question of law for 

the courts and is subject to de novo review.

In the absence of ambiguity, a written instrument 

will be enforced strictly according to its terms, and a 

court will interpret the contract’s terms by assigning 

language its ordinary meaning and without resort to 

extrinsic evidence. Courts will find that a contract is 

ambiguous where a reasonable person would find it 

susceptible to different or inconsistent interpretations.

If there is no ambiguity in the contract, a reviewing 

court must determine the intention of the parties from the 

four corners of that instrument. Further, [i]n the absence 

of ambiguity a written instrument will be enforced 

strictly according to its terms, and a court will interpret 

the contract’s terms by assigning language its ordinary 

meaning and without resort to extrinsic evidence. The 

fact that a party may have intended different results is 

inadequate to construe a contract at variance with its 

plain and unambiguous terms.
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Superior Steel, Inc. v. Ascent at Roebling’s Bridge, LLC, 540 S.W.3d 770, 783-84 

(Ky. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “Where a contract is 

ambiguous or silent on a vital matter, a court may consider parol and extrinsic 

evidence involving the circumstances surrounding execution of the contract, the 

subject matter of the contract, the objects to be accomplished, and the conduct of 

the parties.” Cantrell Supply, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 94 S.W.3d 381, 385 

(Ky. App. 2002) (citations omitted). “However, once a court determines that a 

contract is ambiguous, areas of dispute concerning the extrinsic evidence are 

factual issues and construction of the contract become subject to resolution by the 

fact-finder.” Id. The trial court’s findings of fact are then reviewed under the 

clearly erroneous standard. 

The Court of Appeals . . . [is] entitled to set aside 

the trial court’s findings only if those findings are clearly 

erroneous. And, the dispositive question that we must 

answer, therefore, is whether the trial court’s findings of 

fact are clearly erroneous, i.e., whether or not those 

findings are supported by substantial evidence. 

“[S]ubstantial evidence” is “[e]vidence that a reasonable 

mind would accept as adequate to support a conclusion”

and evidence that, when “taken alone or in the light of all 

the evidence, . . . has sufficient probative value to induce 

conviction in the minds of reasonable men.” Regardless 

of conflicting evidence, the weight of the evidence, or the 

fact that the reviewing court would have reached a 

contrary finding, “due regard shall be given to the 

opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of 

the witnesses” because judging the credibility of 

witnesses and weighing evidence are tasks within the 
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exclusive province of the trial court. Thus, “[m]ere doubt 

as to the correctness of [a] finding [will] not justify [its] 

reversal,” and appellate courts should not disturb trial 

court findings that are supported by substantial evidence.

Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 353-54 (Ky. 2003) (footnotes and citations 

omitted).

Here, the court held that Appellee had a “reasonable expectation” that 

the fire pit would be built in and appropriate materials would be used. The court 

also held that Appellee had a “reasonable expectation” that the ramp would be 

wheelchair accessible. The court held that by not building these two features as 

such, Appellant breached the contract. The court did not use the term “ambiguous” 

in its judgment, but by using the “reasonable expectation” language and allowing 

extrinsic evidence to be presented about the contract, the trial court was concluding 

the terms of the contract were ambiguous.

We agree with the trial court. The contract was ambiguous because it 

did not specify the type of fire pit that would be included, whether built in or free 

standing. In addition, the contract did not indicate if the ramp was handicapped 

accessible or simply being used in lieu of stairs as a method of entering and exiting 

the deck. The court’s determination that the contract was ambiguous was correct 

and the court’s use of extrinsic evidence was appropriate.

The court also heard evidence from both parties as to the terms of the 

contract and found Appellee’s evidence more credible. Appellee provided 
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substantial evidence to the court that her interpretation of the contract was the 

correct one. She testified as to her conversations with Appellant regarding the 

deck and provided text messages that bolstered her testimony. The court found 

Appellant’s testimony more credible, as was its prerogative, and ruled in her favor. 

There was no error.

Appellant’s next argument on appeal is that the court erred in finding

that he breached the contract by not obtaining a building permit for the deck. The 

contract called for Appellee to acquire any necessary permits. The contract also 

allowed the contract to be modified either orally or in writing. Appellant 

volunteered to get the building permit and Appellee agreed. This agreement was 

memorialized in text messages which were submitted into evidence. Appellant did 

not obtain the permit. Appellant argues that he was not required to do so because 

there was a lack of new consideration and the modification of the contract was 

invalid. 

Appellant cites to Energy Home, Division of Southern Energy Homes,

Inc. v. Peay, 406 S.W.3d 828, 834 (Ky. 2013), for the proposition that “by 

subsequent agreement based upon a sufficient consideration parties may modify 

their contract in any manner they choose; and that generally a new consideration is 

required in order for an attempted modification for a contract to be valid.” 
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(Citation omitted.) Appellant argues there was no new consideration to modify the 

contract and require him to obtain the permit. We disagree. 

Consideration is defined as:

A benefit to the party promising, or a loss or detriment to 

the party to whom the promise is made. Benefit, as thus 

employed, means that the promisor has, in return for his 

promise, acquired some legal right to which he would not 

otherwise have been entitled. And detriment means that 

the promisee has, in return for the promise, forborne 

some legal right which he otherwise would have been 

entitled to exercise.

Huff Contracting v. Sark, 12 S.W.3d 704, 707 (Ky. App. 2000) (internal quotation 

marks, footnote, and citations omitted). Testimony at trial indicated that Appellant 

told Appellee that if he were to get the permit, it would delay the construction start 

date by two weeks. Appellee agreed to the delay. That two-week delay was 

consideration. While we agree with Appellant’s claim that there was no evidence 

the lack of a permit damaged Appellee, it was still a breach of the modified 

contract and the court did not err in making such a finding. 

Appellant also argues on appeal that the court erred by finding that 

Appellee did not breach the contract. Appellant claims that by not making the final 

$7,212.00 payment, she breached the contract. We find no error. Appellee 

testified that she did not make the final payment because she did not believe the 

deck was completed due to the lack of fire pit and wheelchair accessible ramp. 
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The court’s finding on this matter was appropriate and based on substantial 

evidence. 

Appellant next argues that the court erred in awarding Appellee 

damages based on defects in the deck that were not related to the fire pit and ramp. 

The court found that Appellant should have constructed a built-in fire pit and a 

wheelchair accessible ramp. The court also held the following: “That as to the 

work actually done (materials, goods & labor performed) by [Topolski] and his 

employees/agents, the Court finds that such work was done in a good and 

workman-like manner.”

The court awarded $15,863.081in damages to Appellee to compensate 

her for the lack of a fire pit and lack of a wheelchair accessible ramp. That 

$15,863.08 figure came from Appellee’s expert. The expert in this case testified 

and presented a written report. The written report set forth the costs associated 

with installing a fire pit and fixing the ramp. The report also included other 

general structural defects and poor workmanship that he believed needed to be 

corrected. This included extra support needed under the deck and under a seating 

1 We note that Appellee briefly claims that the award should have been $13,219.24 and not 

$15,863.08. The record shows that Appellee’s expert did use the $13,219.24 figure as the cost 

for repairs, but the expert also testified there would be an additional 20% in overhead costs that a 

contractor would charge Appellee to make the repairs. This additional 20% cost raises the 

amount to $15,863.08 and that is what the trial court awarded. The $15,863.08 amount was not 

an error and was based on the expert’s testimony.
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area, misaligned or incorrectly measured boards, and issues with the deck railing. 

The report indicated the total cost to fix all defects would be $15,863.08.

The expert’s testimony, however, was a little different from the report. 

The expert in this case was not a contractor, he was an expert insurance claims 

adjuster. Prior to trial, Appellant moved to limit the expert’s testimony based on 

the fact that he was not a contractor. The court agreed. The court ruled that the 

expert could testify as to what it would cost to install a fire pit and a wheelchair 

accessible ramp, but he could not testify as to overall workmanship and the general 

state of the deck’s construction. 

During the expert’s testimony, he testified that it would cost around 

$4,400 to install the fire pit and around $1,000 to fix the ramp. He also stated it 

would cost $3,300 to fix a bench area once the fire pit was installed. This amounts 

to a cost of around $8,700.

The court’s findings held that Appellant’s workmanship was 

appropriate except when it came to the fire pit and ramp; however, it awarded 

Appellee damages that seem to be unrelated to the fire pit and ramp. In other 

words, the expert testified to a repair cost of around $8,700, but the court used the 

full $15,863.08 figure from the report when it awarded damages. Appellant argues 

these damages should have been excluded because they were not related to the fire 

pit or ramp. Appellee claims that the other issues testified to by the expert and 
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identified in the report, such as the seating area and support issues, should be 

included in the damages calculation. She claims that, in order to build the fire pit, 

the section of the deck that contains the seating area would need to be demolished 

and rebuilt. In other words, the expert’s testimony and report were related to 

rebuilding part of the deck, including the seating area, after the new fire pit is 

installed and that his testimony and report were not related to current deck defects. 

The court’s judgment on this issue is unclear and we must remand. 

Some of the issues found in the report, such as changes to the bench seating area 

and extra supports under the deck, could be related to the installation of the fire pit. 

Other issues, such as misaligned boards and defects in the railing might not be 

related. Did the court intend to award Appellee damages related to other issues, 

such as the deck seating area, misaligned boards, and other such issues? If so, 

were these damages to compensate Appellee for current deck defects and poor 

workmanship or for future modifications once the fire pit is installed? This needs 

to be cleared up.

Appellant’s final argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in not 

awarding him attorney fees. As previously mentioned, the contract at issue 

allowed Appellant to recover attorney fees for any court action seeking to enforce 

the terms of the contract. He argues that because he had to bring suit to recover the 

final $7,212.00 payment, he is entitled to attorney fees. 
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Generally, Kentucky courts apply the so-called 

American Rule regarding attorney’s fees. That rule 

requires parties to pay their own fees and costs and does 

not allow, as in the English courts, for the shifting of the 

prevailing party’s fees to the loser. However, one 

exception to this general rule, is where the parties have 

agreed through a specific contractual provision to allow 

for recovery of attorneys’ fees. An award of attorneys’

fees is within the sound discretion of the trial court and 

will not be disturbed [a]bsent a showing of an abuse of 

that discretion. The test for abuse of discretion is 

whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary, 

unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal 

principles.

Superior Steel, Inc. v. Ascent at Roebling’s Bridge, LLC, 540 S.W.3d 770, 787 

(Ky. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

In this case, the trial court held the following: “That under the 

circumstances, the Court finds that neither party is entitled to the recovery of 

attorney’s fees, thus the Court makes no award of attorney’s fees to either party.” 

We find no error as to this issue. Yes, the contract allowed Appellant to collect 

attorney fees, but Appellant was found to have breached the contract while 

Appellee did not. Under these circumstances, it was not an abuse of discretion for 

the trial court to deny an award of attorney fees.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we reverse and remand for additional 

findings.
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ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Chad R. Wadlington

Shelbyville, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Mary S. Johnson

Jace S. Martin

Louisville, Kentucky