This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A15-0848

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Mohamed Alpha Bah,

Appellant.

Filed January 4, 2016

Affirmed

Larkin, Judge

Hennepin County District Court

File Nos. 27-CR-12-3759, 27-CR-12-9268, 27-CR-11-40497

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Lee W. Barry, Assistant County 

Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for 

appellant)

Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Bjorkman, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

LARKIN, Judge

Appellant challenges the district court’s order revoking his probation. We affirm.
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FACTS

In April 2013, appellant Mohamed Alpha Bah pleaded guilty to first-degree 

burglary, offering a forged check, and fifth-degree controlled substance crime. The district 

court imposed a stayed, 58-month prison sentence for the burglary conviction and placed 

Bah on probation for five years. The district court stayed imposition of the sentences for 

the forged-check and controlled-substance convictions for three years. The district court 

ordered the following conditions of probation: remain law-abiding, abstain from alcohol

use, and follow all probation rules, including reporting any contact with police to the 

supervising probation officer.

In October 2013, the state charged Bah with attempted fourth-degree criminal 

sexual conduct. The case was tried to a jury, and the jury acquitted Bah of that charge. 

After the trial, the district court issued an order for Bah’s arrest and detention based on a 

report that Bah had violated probation. The report noted Bah’s October 2013 charge and 

alleged that Bah was intoxicated at the time of the underlying incident and that he had

failed to report his contact with law enforcement to his probation officer. Bah contested 

the failure to remain law-abiding violation and the need for revocation, and the district 

court held a contested probation-revocation hearing. The judge who presided over the 

revocation hearing was the same judge who presided over the jury trial of the October 2013 

charge.

At the beginning of the revocation hearing, Bah objected to the district court basing 

its revocation decision on testimony from his criminal trial. Bah’s attorney stated:
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[E]ssentially what’s happening is [Bah is] standing trial for the 

same incident, although in the form of a [probation-revocation]

hearing, but the same alleged incident that he was acquitted of.

Further, the way that the process is taking place where 

the State is asking you, Your Honor, who presided over the trial 

to take into account testimony that occurred during the trial, it 

would be my position that that is essentially shifting the burden 

to Mr. Bah having to prove he’s not in violation, rather than the 

other way around.

The district court rejected Bah’s argument, reasoning that “[a]n acquittal at a 

criminal trial does not mean that the probation matter can’t go forward.” The district court 

explained that:

With regard to going forward with my knowledge of the 

case, we talked about this before. The State could introduce a 

transcript because hearsay is admissible in a [probationrevocation] hearing. They could have [Bah’s probation 

officer] review the transcript and tell me what she reads from 

it. Candidly that would be a waste of time. I have a clear 

recollection of the testimony. I have clear notes. This wasn’t 

long ago that we had the trial.

The hearing proceeded, and the state presented testimony from Bah’s probation 

officer. As to Bah’s October 2013 charge, the prosecutor told the probation officer during 

direct examination that “the judge is familiar with those facts, so we don’t need to get into 

those.” The district court received several exhibits, including recordings of a 911 call from 

S.M., the alleged victim of the October 2013 incident, and a police interview of S.M. In 

his closing remarks, the prosecutor told the district court, “I don’t believe I need to say too 

much. You heard the trial. You heard my closing argument at trial.”

The district court found that the state had proved the following violations by clearand-convincing evidence: failure to report police contact to probation, failure to abstain 
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from alcohol use, and failure to remain law-abiding. Regarding Bah’s failure to remain 

law-abiding, the district court judge said, “I went through my notes and everything and 

each of the elements of [fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct] were proven at trial 

through testimony presented.” The district court also found that the violations were 

intentional or inexcusable and the need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring 

probation. The district court revoked the stays of execution and imposition, and sentenced 

Bah to serve concurrent sentences of 58 months for his burglary conviction and 12 months 

and one day for each of his forged-check and controlled-substance convictions. Bah 

appeals.

D E C I S I O N

Before revoking probation, the district court “must (1) designate the specific 

condition or conditions that were violated; (2) find that the violation was intentional or 

inexcusable; and (3) find that need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring 

probation.” State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250 (Minn. 1980). There must be clear-andconvincing evidence that a probation violation exists. Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.04, subds. 

2(1)(c)b, 3(1). “The [district] court has broad discretion in determining if there is sufficient 

evidence to revoke probation and should be reversed only if there is a clear abuse of that 

discretion.” Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 249-50.

Bah challenges the district court’s finding regarding the first Austin factor. His

argument focuses on the district court’s reliance on its memory of S.M.’s trial testimony 

when determining whether a violation had been proved. He argues that the district court

“essentially abrogated the state’s responsibility to meet its burden of proving the violation” 
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by relying “solely on its notes and recollection of evidence at a trial that had resulted in 

[his] acquittal.” 

It would have been appropriate for the district court to receive evidence regarding 

S.M.’s trial testimony at the revocation hearing. See Minn. R. Evid. 1101(b)(3) (providing 

that Minnesota’s evidentiary rules are inapplicable to probation-revocation proceedings); 

State v. Johnson, 679 N.W.2d 169, 171 (Minn. App. 2004) (“When the defendant has had 

ample opportunity to present evidence in a probation revocation hearing, the rules of 

evidence do not preclude admission of hearsay evidence . . . .”). But we question whether 

the district court should have relied on its recollection and notes regarding S.M.’s trial 

testimony. However, even if the district court erred by doing so, the recordings of S.M.’s 

statements, which were received as exhibits at the probation-violation hearing, provide

alternative support for the district court’s finding that Bah failed to remain law-abiding. In 

the 911 call, S.M. stated, “This guy just attacked me, just tried to rape me . . . . He tried 

choking me, and he bit me on my mouth. He tried to strangle me and tried to put his hands 

down my pants.” In her police interview, S.M. stated, “He choked me, tried to put his 

hands down my pants, and he bit me on my face.” S.M.’s recorded statements provide

clear-and-convincing support for the district court’s finding that Bah violated probation by 

failing to remain law-abiding. 

Bah also argues that precedent precludes the district court from revoking probation 

based on the allegations supporting the October 2013 charge because he was acquitted of 

that charge. He relies on State v. Weisberg, 473 N.W.2d 381 (Minn. App. 1991), review 

denied (Minn. Oct. 11, 1991). In Weisberg, this court considered whether a district court 
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“abused its discretion by revoking probation for the same conduct for which [the 

probationer] had been charged and acquitted by reason of mental deficiency.” 473 N.W.2d 

at 382. Weisberg pleaded guilty to sports bookmaking and, as a condition of his probation, 

was required to “remain law-abiding and have no same or similar violations.” Id. at 382-

83. While on probation, Weisberg was again charged with sports bookmaking. Id. at 382. 

A jury “found that Weisberg had engaged in sports bookmaking but acquitted him by 

reason of mental deficiency.” Id. On a motion from the state, the district court revoked 

Weisberg’s probation. Id. It is not clear what if any evidence the state offered to prove the 

probation violation. See id. at 382-83. This court reversed the revocation, concluding that, 

in light of Weisberg’s acquittal, the district court “lacked the requisite factual basis for 

finding that [he] had engaged in a similar violation of the law.” Id. at 383. 

Bah argues that the facts of his case call for the same result. But unlike Weisberg, 

the district court here did not lack the requisite factual basis to find that Bah had violated 

probation. S.M.’s recorded statements provide clear-and-convincing support for the 

district court’s finding that Bah violated probation by failing to remain law-abiding.

In sum, we disagree that the revocation should be reversed because Bah was 

acquitted of the October 2013 charge. The state was required to prove by clear-andconvincing evidence that Bah violated probation. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.04, subds.

2(1)(c)b, 3(1). Clear-and-convincing evidence is a lower standard of proof than proof 

beyond a reasonable doubt, and it requires only that the alleged facts be “highly probable.” 

Gassler v. State, 787 N.W.2d 575, 583 (Minn. 2010) (quotation omitted). Thus, the jury’s 

acquittal under the proof-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard did not preclude the district 
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court from determining that there was clear-and-convincing evidence that Bah committed 

the acts underlying the fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct charge.

Bah also challenges the district court’s finding regarding the third Austin factor, 

whether the need for confinement outweighs the benefit of continued probation. “When 

determining if revocation is appropriate, courts must balance the probationer’s interest in 

freedom and the state’s interest in insuring his rehabilitation and the public safety, and base 

their decisions on sound judgment and not just their will.” State v. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d 

602, 606-07 (Minn. 2005) (quotations omitted). 

To insure that both the probationer’s and the public’s needs are 

served, the trial courts should refer to the following found in 

the American Bar Association Standards for Criminal Justice 

regarding probation:

Grounds for and alternatives to probation revocation.

(a) Violation of a condition is both a necessary and a 

sufficient ground for the revocation of probation. Revocation 

followed by imprisonment should not be the disposition, 

however, unless the court finds on the basis of the original 

offense and the intervening conduct of the offender that:

(i) confinement is necessary to protect the public 

from further criminal activity by the offender; or

(ii) the offender is in need of correctional 

treatment which can most effectively be provided if he is 

confined; or

(iii) it would unduly depreciate the seriousness of 

the violation if probation were not revoked.

Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 251 (quoting A.B.A. Standards for Criminal Justice, Probation 

§ 5.1(a) (Approved Draft 1970)).

The district court reasoned that Bah is not amenable to probation and is a “safety 

concern” and therefore found that the need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring 
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probation. Bah argues that the evidence shows only that he failed to tell his probation agent

that he had police contact, that he consumed alcohol, and that he was found not guilty of a 

crime. He argues that there is no evidence that he poses an “appreciable” public-safety 

risk. And he notes that there was “scant discussion” of the need for correctional treatment 

and that there were “options here short of executing his sentence,” such as local jail time. 

Bah’s arguments do not persuade us that the district court abused its discretion. Bah 

was convicted of three felonies and ordered to remain law-abiding as a condition of 

probation. There is clear-and-convincing evidence that while Bah was on probation, he 

choked and bit S.M. as he attempted to engage in nonconsensual sexual contact with her. 

In addition, Bah’s probation officer testified that while Bah was on probation, he was 

charged with misdemeanor theft, admitted to smoking marijuana, missed urinalysis tests, 

and missed domestic-violence counseling sessions. On this record, the district court did 

not err by reasoning that Bah was not amenable to probation and posed a public-safety risk,

and therefore finding that the need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring 

probation. Simply put, Bah’s behavior shows that he cannot be counted on to avoid 

antisocial activity. See id. (stating that revocation requires a showing that the offender 

cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial activity).
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In conclusion, the district court did not abuse its discretion by revoking Bah’s 

probation.

Affirmed.