# Patent

## Title
Non-dehiscent sesame variety sesaco 30

## Abstract

Improved non-dehiscent sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) designated Sesaco 30 (S30) is herein disclosed. Its degree of shatter resistance, or seed retention, makes S30 suitable for mechanized harvesting.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Not applicable.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to a new Sesamum indicum L. variety with improved non-dehiscence appropriate for mechanized harvesting.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Sesame, or Sesamum indicum, is a tropical annual cultivated worldwide for its oil and its nut flavored seeds. The sesame plant grows to a height of about 56-249 cm, and at its leaf axils are found capsules which contain the sesame seed. Upon maturity in nature, the capsules holding the sesame seeds begin to dry down, the capsules normally split open, and the seeds fall out. Commercially, the harvester tries to recover as much seed as possible from mature capsules. From ancient times through the present, the opening of the capsule has been the major factor in attempting to successfully collect the seed. Harvesting methods, weather, and plant characteristics all contribute to the amount of seed recovered.
The majority of the world's sesame is harvested manually. With manual non-mechanized methods, it is desirable for the sesame seed to fall readily from the plant. Upon physiological maturity, the sesame stalks are cut, tied into small bundles, and then stacked in shocks. Further harvesting procedures vary from country to country and from area to area within countries. Some move the shocks to a threshing floor so that the seed that falls out can be recovered. Others put plastic or cloth in the fields under the shocks to catch the seed. For manual harvesting methods in which the dried, shocked sesame is moved to a threshing floor or over a plastic or cloth, preferred plant varieties include dehiscent, or super shattering, in which less than 10% of the seeds set are retained in the capsule.
Other methods involve leaving the shocks in the fields, and when the shocks are dry, the sesame is turned upside down and struck with an implement to shake out all of the seed. For this type of manual harvesting method, it is preferred that plant varieties rated as “shattering” be used, wherein the capsule retains as much of the sesame seed as possible until the farmer inverts the stalk. Common methods of manual harvest are discussed in Weiss, E. A. “Sesame”, Oilseed crops (2nd ed.), Chapter 5, Blackwell Science, Inc., Maiden, Mass., p. 131-164 (2000).
In an effort to mechanize the harvest of sesame, D. G. Langham introduced the use of binders in Venezuela in 1944. The binders were used to cut and bundle the sesame plants, manual labor was used to shock the cut plants, and combines were brought in to thresh the shocks. This methodology is still used in Venezuela and Paraguay and is considered “semi-mechanized harvest” because it still requires some manual labor. It was determined that seed shattering during mechanized harvesting methods caused considerable loss of sesame seed. While mechanization was considered to be essential for crop production in the Western hemisphere, the dehiscence of the sesame seed capsule was the principal obstacle to the widespread acceptance of sesame as a commercial crop. (Langham, D. G. 1949. “Improvement of Sesame in Venezuela,” Proceedings First International Sesame Conference, Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, S.C., pp. 74-79). As programs to introduce sesame production in the United States in Arizona, South Carolina, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas were initiated, mechanization was considered essential due to high labor costs. Kalton, one of the Texas researchers, reported that the shattering nature of available strains was the main obstacle in complete mechanization of the sesame crop. (Kalton, R. 1949. “Sesame, a promising new oilseed crop for Texas,” Proc First International Sesame Conference, Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, S.C., pp. 62-66).
In 1943, D. G. Langham found a mutation on a sesame plant. Capsules did not open on plants expressing this mutation. In succeeding generations, Langham showed that it was a recessive single gene which produced this indehiscence, where all the seeds were retained inside the unopened capsule. While it was believed that indehiscence would solve the problem of seed loss on mechanized harvesting, it was found that the capsules were too tough to effectively release the seed. Many of the capsules passed through a combine without opening. When more rigorous combining was attempted, an increase in efficiency of capsule opening was achieved but at the expense of seed quality. Seeds were broken due to the more rigorous combine conditions, and the broken seeds released free fatty acids. Chemical reactions with free fatty acids led to rancidity and concomitant undesirability of the harvested seed.
The indehiscent sesame varieties described above were used by various plant breeders in an attempt to develop desirable sesame lines. In addition to traditional cross-breeding approaches, some attempted to alter the chromosome numbers through tetraploids and interspecific crosses. Yermanos attempted to improve release of seed by increasing the length of the capsule so that there would be more surface for the combine to crack the capsules open (personal communication). Unfortunately, even with a small opening on the top of the capsule, a high percentage of broken seed was found on mechanized harvesting, preventing commercial use of this sesame line.
D. G. Langham reported in the late 1950's that the placenta attachment between each sesame seed and the placenta was important in the retention of seed in the capsule. He believed that he could improve the shatter resistance of sesame with increased placenta attachment but did not believe that all the seed could be retained in the capsule (Langham, D. G., Rodriguez, Maximo, and Reveron Esteban. 1956. “Dehiscencia y otras caracteristicas del ajonjoli, Sesamum indicum L., en relacion con el problema de la cosecha”, Genesa, Maracay, Venezuela, pp. 3-16). However, Yermanos reported that during capsule maturity, the placenta attachment gradually weakens and is obliterated when the capsule is completely desiccated. (Yermanos, D. M. 1980. “Sesame. Hybridization of crop plants,” Am Soc Agronomy-Crop Sci of America, pp. 549-563). Thus, it appeared that the placenta attachment would have little effect on seed retention in dry, mature capsules during harvesting. A seamless gene which retained all the seed in the capsules was discovered by D. G. Langham and D. R. Langham in 1986. (Langham, D. R., “Shatter resistance in sesame”, In: L. Van Zanten (ed.), Sesame improvements by induced mutations, Proc. Final FAO/IAEA Co-ord. Res. Mtng., IAEA, Vienna, TECDOC-1195, p. 51-61 (2001)). This was crossed with shattering types, and some progeny had an opening at the tip of the capsule. The seamless capsules were similar to the indehiscent capsules in that it was too difficult to remove the seed from the capsule without damaging the seed.
In 1982, the first non-shattering line (retaining 50-70% of the seeds set) requiring no manual labor was introduced. This line could be harvested by swathing the sesame, leaving it to dry in the field, and then picking it up by a combine. This methodology is fully mechanized, but it is rarely used because it uses two machines—one to swath and the other to combine. Although complete mechanization was achieved, extensive loss of seed due to adverse weather conditions continued to occur. (Langham, D. R., 2001, supra).
Other varieties were developed between 1988 and 1997 which allowed for direct combining which is the fully mechanized methodology that is currently used in the United States because it only requires one machine. With these varieties there was 70-90% seed retention, but extensive loss of seed due to environmental factors such as wind and rain continued to occur. Lines that generally yielded 80% of the seed under ideal conditions would yield only 45-65% under adverse conditions. Thus, while many of the crosses began to moderate the deleterious effects of mechanized harvesting, none were able to increase the yields to the level of manually harvesting shattering cultivars.
A breakthrough was accomplished when non-dehiscent (ND) sesame was developed and patented by Derald Ray Langham. ND sesame was found to possess the proper characteristics which would enable mechanical harvesting without the seed loss disadvantages reported with prior varieties.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452 which issued Aug. 8, 2000, disclosed a method for sesame breeding which resulted in non-dehiscent (ND) sesame lines. Sesaco 22 (S22), Sesaco 23 (S23), Sesaco 24 (S24), 19A, and 11W, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-1400, PTA-1401, PTA-1402, PTA-1399, and PTA-1398, respectively were examples of ND sesame lines which were made according to the claimed method. These sesame lines are characterized by their high degree of seed retention within the capsule despite adverse weather conditions such as wind and rain and the retention of a sufficient amount of sesame seed during mechanized harvesting to be competitive with manual harvesting with minimization of seed breakage.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,576 which issued Nov. 9, 2004, disclosed a non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S25, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-4258. S25 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing an early maturity cycle which extends the planting region to more northern latitudes and improved resistance against common fungal diseases.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,031 which issued Aug. 24, 2004, disclosed a non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S26, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-4317. S26 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved drought resistance, improved resistance against common fungal diseases, a larger seed, and a later maturity cycle which limits the planting region to more southern latitudes.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,148,403 which issued Dec. 12, 2006, disclosed a non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S28, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-6008. S28 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved resistance against common fungal diseases, a comparably large seed, and an early maturity cycle which extends the planting region to more northern latitudes.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,652 which issued Feb. 19, 2008, disclosed a non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S29, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-6598. S29 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved resistance against common fungal diseases, improved yields, and an early maturity cycle which extends the planting region to more northern latitudes.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,257, filed Mar. 3, 2008 discloses a method for breeding improved non-dehiscent sesame (IND). Through increased constriction, better adhesion between the false membranes, and improved placenta attachment, IND plants hold more seed than prior sesame types, as measured four weeks after the crop was ready for harvest (could have been combined).
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,205, filed Mar. 3, 2008 discloses an improved non-dehiscent sesame cultivar S32, representative seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-8888. S32 is a stable, commercially suitable sesame line providing improved non-dehiscence, higher yield, and shorter drydown phase.
Herein disclosed is a sesame variety designated Sesaco 30 (S30), which exhibits improved non-dehiscence.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, the invention comprises a seed of sesame variety designated Sesaco 30 (S30), a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.
In yet another aspect, the invention comprises plant cells derived from a sesame plant, said plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887. The plant cells may be selected, for example, from pollen, tissue culture of regenerable cells, and asexually reproducing cultivars.
In yet another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S30, a sample of the seed of said variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from plant cells derived from sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887, wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S30. The plant cells may be derived from S30 seeds or plant cells from tissue from a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant and harvesting the resultant sesame seed, wherein said first or second parent sesame plant was produced by growing seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts the lineage of S30.
FIG. 2 depicts a comparison of the percent of seed retention during in shaker shatter resistance testing from 1997 to 2006 for sesame varieties released by Sesaco that have been used in direct harvest: Sesaco 11 (S11) released in 1988-1996, Sesaco 15 (S15) released in 1991, Sesaco 16 (S16) released in 1992-1996, Sesaco 17 (S17) released in 1994-2000, Sesaco 18 (S18) released in 1994-1996, Sesaco 19 (S19) released in 1994-1995, Sesaco 20 (S20) released in 1995-1997, Sesaco 21 (S21) released in 1995-2001, Sesaco 22 (S22) released in 1997-1999, Sesaco 23 (S23) released in 1998-2000, Sesaco 24 (S24) released in 1998-2004, Sesaco 25 (S25) released in 2001-2008, Sesaco 26 (S26) released in 2002-2008, Sesaco 28 (S28) released in 2004-2008, Sesaco 29 (S29) released in 2005-2008, Sesaco 30, and Sesaco 32.
FIG. 3 depicts a comparison of the mean improved non-dehiscent visual rating from 2005 to 2007 for the current commercial varieties released by Sesaco.
FIG. 4 depicts a comparison of the composite kill resistance ratings in Uvalde, Tex., and Lorenzo, Tex., in 2007 for the current commercial varieties released by Sesaco.
FIG. 5 depicts a comparison of the mean days to physiological maturity from 2005 to 2007 for the current commercial varieties released by Sesaco.
FIG. 6 depicts a comparison of the yield in Uvalde, Tex., and Lorenzo, Tex., in 2007 for the current commercial varieties released by Sesaco.
FIG. 7 depicts a comparison of the mean weight of 100 seeds in grams from 1997 to 2006 for the varieties released by Sesaco that have been used in direct harvest.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Sesame plants have been studied for their response to seasonal and climatic changes and the environment in which they live during the different phases and stages of growth and development. This type of study, called “phenology” has been documented by the inventor in Langham, D. R. 2007. “Phenology of sesame,” In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Issues in New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va.
Table I summarizes the phases and stages of sesame, and will be useful in describing the present invention.







TABLE I







Phases and stages of sesame











Stage/Phase
Abbreviation
End point of stage
DAPz
No. weeks





Vegetative
VG





Germination
GR
Emergence
0-5
1−


Seedling
SD
3rd pair true leaf length = 2nd
 6-25
3−


Juvenile
JV
First buds
26-37
1+


Pre-reproductive
PP
50% open flowers
38-44
1−


Reproductive
RP


Early bloom
EB
5 node pairs of capsules
45-52
1


Mid bloom
MB
Branches/minor plants
53-81
4




stop flowering


Late bloom
LB
90% of plants with no open
82-90
1+




flowers


Ripening
RI
Physiological maturity
 91-106
2+




(PM)


Drying
DR


Full maturity
FM
All seed mature
107-112
1−


Initial drydown
ID
1st dry capsules
113-126
2


Late drydown
LD
Full drydown
127-146
3





zDAP = days after planting. These numbers are based on S26 in 2004 Uvalde, Texas, under irrigation.






There are several concepts and terms that are used in this document that should be defined. In the initial drydown stage in Table I, the capsules begin to dry and open. This stage ends when 10% of the plants have one or more dry capsules. The late drydown stage ends when the plants are dry enough so that upon harvest, the seed has a moisture of 6% or less. At this point some of the capsules have been dry for 5 weeks in the example used in Table I, but in other environments for other varieties, the drying can stretch to 7 weeks. The “ideal harvest time” is at the end of the late drying stage. At this point, a combine (also sometimes referred to as a combine harvester, a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops) can be used to cut and thresh the plants and separate the seed from the undesired plant material. However, at times, weather may prevent harvest at the ideal time. The plants may have to remain in the field for as much as an additional four weeks, and in some cases even longer. Thus, time to corresponds to the ideal harvest time and time t1, which corresponds to the time the grower actually harvests the sesame is a time later than time to.
Sesame cultivar Sesaco 30 (hereinafter “S30”) is a variety which exhibits Improved Non-Dehiscence (IND) characteristics and desirable characteristics which make it a commercially suitable sesame line. IND characteristics are defined in comparison to non-dehiscence (ND) characteristics first described and defined by the inventor in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Compared to ND sesame, IND sesame has more seed in the capsules when measured between 4 and 9 weeks after the ideal harvest time.
Without wishing to be bound by one particular theory, it is believed that this increased amount of seed in the capsules is may be due to the S30 variety having the ability to better withstand adverse environmental conditions such as inclement or harsh weather. Examples of adverse weather conditions as to which S30 has been subjected to in this regard are rain, fog, dew, and wind.
Filed and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/041,257, filed Mar. 3, 2008 is herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This application discloses Improved Non-Dehiscent Sesame and the present invention. S30 is an example of a variety which resulted from breeding methods described therein.
S30 exhibits improved shatter resistance, acceptable resistance to common fungal diseases, and a maturity that allows a wide geographical range. Further, S30 exhibits higher yield in geographical locations desirable for sesame planting, and exhibits desirable seed size and seed color. S30 is suitable for planting in areas that have approximately a 21° C. ground temperature when planted in the spring and night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. An exemplary desirable geographical area for S30 is from South Texas at the Rio Grande to southern Kansas and from east Texas westward to elevations below 1,000 meters. S30 also has performed well in California, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Other exemplary areas are areas of the United States or of the world which areas have similar climatic conditions and elevations.
The pedigree method of plant breeding was used to develop S30. Sesame is generally self-pollinated. Crossing is done using standard techniques as delineated in Yermanos, D. M. 1980. “Sesame. Hybridization of crop plants,” Am Soc Agronomy-Crop Sci of America, pp. 549-563 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Ashri provides an overview of sesame breeding in Ashri, A. (1998). “Sesame breeding,” Plant Breed. Rev. 16:179-228 and Ashri, A. 2007. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). In: R. J. Singh, Ed., Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement, Vol. 4, Oilseed Crops, p. 231-289, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA
The lineage of S30 is presented in FIG. 1. G8 (1) was a line obtained from D. G. Langham in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was a selection from the cultivar ‘Guacara’ which D. G. Langham developed in Venezuela in the 1950s. Guacara was an initial selection from a cross that later produced one of the major varieties in Venezuela—Aceitera. Within Sesaco, G8 first carried the identifier X011 and was later changed to TG8.
111 (2) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI173955) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1949 from W. N. Koelz, USDA, Beltsville, Md. who obtained it from India. Within Sesaco, 111 first carried the identifier 0858 and was then changed to X111. In 1985, a selection of this line became Sesaco 4 (S04).
191 (3) was a selection from 192 which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
MEL (4) was a line obtained from Mel Tiezen in 1978 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Mr. Tiezen obtained it from a farmer in Mexico. Within Sesaco, MEL first carried the identifier 0543 and was then changed to TMEL.
G54 (5) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the designator SF408. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962. This line was given to Mr. Martin by D. G. Langham. G54 was a selection from G53.48, a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1954 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G54 carried the identifier 0408 and was then changed to TGS4.
193 (6) was a selection from 192 which was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
104 (7) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation (D. G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the designator SF084. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was known as Instituto 8. Instituto 8 was a selection from G53.48, a cross made by D. G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 104 carried the identifier 0084. In 1983, a selection of this line became Sesaco 2 (S02).
192 (8) was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft. Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
118 (9) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI425944) in 1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. The NGPS obtained it in 1978 from P. F. Knowles, University of California, Davis, Calif., who collected it in Pakistan. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 1118 and then changed to X118 and then to T118.
700 (10) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI292144) in 1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from India and Pakistan. Within Sesaco, 700 first carried the identifier 0700 and was later changed to T700.
702 (11) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in 1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier 0702 and then changed to X702 and then to X702C. In 1986, a selection from X702C became Sesaco 12 (S12).
111X (12) was an outcross in the 111 (2) plot BT0458 in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0745 and later changed to T111X.
96B (13) was an outcross in the 191 (3) in plot 4637 in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690 which later became X196B and was later changed to T96B.
B043 (14) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and MEL (4) in the Kamman nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier B043.
F853 (15) was a cross made by Sesaco between 104 (15) and 192 (8) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F853.
F822 (16) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111 (2) and 192 (8) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F822.
804 (17) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and 111X (12) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804; in 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco 11 (S11).
S11 (18) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and 111X (12) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier F804; in 1988, a selection of this line became Sesaco II (S11).
C063 (19) was a cross made by Sesaco between B043 (14) and G54 (5) in the Kamman nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier C063.
F820 (20) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111X (12) and 104 (7) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier F820.
562 (21) was a cross made by Sesaco between F822 (16) and 700 (10) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8562 and was later changed to T562.
K0338 (22) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (17) and 96B (13) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier K0338.
233 (23) was a cross made by Sesaco between C063 (19) and 193 (6) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier H6233 and was later changed to T233.
578 (24) was a cross made by Sesaco between F820 (20) and F853 (15) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8578 and was later changed to T578.
56B (25) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (17) and 562 (21) in the Wright nursery (Tacna, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAN00 and was later changed to X56B and then to T56B.
L6651 (26) was a cross made by Sesaco between 72C (11) and 804 (17) in the Wright nursery (Tacna, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier L6651.
ZSA (27) was a cross made by Sesaco between K0338 (22) and S11 (18) in the Yuma greenhouse (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1986. Within Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAC22 and was later changed to XZSA and then to TZSA.
031 (28) was a cross made by Sesaco between 578 (24) and 118 (9) in the Ramsey nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H0031 and then changed to T031.
2CA (29) was a cross made by Sesaco between L6651 (26) and S11 (18) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1988. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier LCX02 and later changed to X2CA and then to T2CA.
SAA (30) was a cross made by Sesaco between ZSA (27) and 233 (23) in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1989. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier PE046 and later changed to XSAA and then to TSAA.
2CB (31) was a cross made by Sesaco between 56B (25) and 2CA (29) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1992. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier AG729 and later changed to X2CB and then to T2CB.
13H (32) was a cross made by Sesaco between SAA (27) and 031 (28) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. Within Sesaco, it has carried the identifier CM413 and later changed to X13H and then to T13H.
S30 (33) was obtained with the following method. A cross between 13H (32) and 2CB (31) was made in Year 1 (hereinafter “Year” is abbreviated as “YR”) and designated GD038.
The resulting seed (D038) was planted in a greenhouse in YR1-YR2.
The seed from this plant (E365) was planted in a plot (7105) in YR2. Eight individual plants were selected based on having a capsule zone much longer than the 13H parent, and the line was segregating capsule length.
The seed (7503) from one of the plants was planted in a plot (4477) in YR3. Twelve individual plants were selected based on very good drought resistance, numerous capsules, and seed very close to the top.
The designator was changed to X3HD. The seed (2642) from one of the plants was planted in plot 8071 in YR4. Two individual plants were harvested based on having a low first capsule, even though they did not exhibit high yield.
The seed from a shaker shatter resistance test as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452 of the 2 individuals (R2151) was planted in YR5. The test plot was accessed by deer which destroyed much of it, but two individual plants survived and were used for further work.
The seed (4651) from one of the plants was planted in plot 0054 in YR6. Two plants were selected based on a good capsule gap, even after being subjected to hurricane-force winds, numerous capsules and good kill resistance.
The seed (4282) from one of the plants were planted in buffer plot WH47 in YR7. A bulk of 75 plants was selected based on having good yield in the Lubbock, Tex. area, numerous capsules, good lodging and shatter resistance when tested in late December. Commercially, plots would have been harvested in early October.
The seed (0621) was planted in strip VE77n in YR8. Most of the plants were selected for a commercial testing.
The seed (3HDGW) was tested in YR9 under farm conditions. The field was combined and this seed designated as S30.
The designator was changed to X3HD. The seed (2679) from one of the plants was planted in another plot A508 in YR4. A bulk of 6 plants was selected based on having an acceptable plant height, more nodes, and being better than the 13H parent in terms of main stem and branches.
The seed (3773) from the bulk was planted in plot 0471 YR5. A bulk of 10 plants was selected based on being equal to a sister plot with good yield.
The seed (6477) from the bulk was planted in plot 1686 in YR6. Three individual plants were selected based on low, good lodging resistance after the hurricane, weather shatter resistance, and being better than most of the plots in that part of the nursery.
The seed (1686) from one of the plants were planted in buffer plot 0314 in YR7. A bulk of 17 plants was selected based on being a sister plant of a plot with very good yield with the plot itself being one of the better plots in the area. This plot was segregating branched and uniculm plants and the uniculm plants were selected. The uniculm character is recessive and thus from this point forward the plants were uniculm. The designator was changed to X3HX.
The seed (0643) from the bulk was planted in strip VE64n in YR8. Most of the plants were selected in bulk for an increase.
The seed (3HXGW) was planted in strip VC01 in YR9. Most of the plants were selected for a commercial testing.
The seed (3HX00) was tested in YR10 under farm conditions. The field was combined and this seed designated as S30.
Along with breeding programs, tissue culture of sesame is currently being practiced in such areas of the world as Korea, Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka and the United States. One of ordinary skill in the art may utilize sesame plants grown from tissue culture as parental lines in the production of non-dehiscent sesame. Further IND sesame may be propagated through tissue culture methods. By means well known in the art, sesame plants can be regenerated from tissue culture having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the source plant.
The present invention includes the seed of sesame variety S30 deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887; a sesame plant or parts thereof produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887; any sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S30; any sesame plant all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a sesame plant produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887. The present invention also includes a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887 or a tissue culture of regenerable cells from sesame variety S30 or a part thereof produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887 or from sesame variety S30, wherein the regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S30 is also contemplated by the present invention. Methods of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant, wherein the first or second parent sesame plant was produced by seed having been deposited under ATCC Patent Deposit Designation No. PTA-8887 is part of the present invention.
Unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like. Further, unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term progeny includes plants derived from plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, root tips, and the like.
Sesame cultivar S30 has been tested experimentally over several years under various growing conditions ranging from South Texas to Northern Texas. Sesame cultivar S30 has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for the characters listed in Table II below. Table II provides the name, definition, and rating scale of each character as well as the method by which the character is measured. Under the rating section, the rating for S30 is presented in bold text. Additionally, the distribution of the character in Sesaco's sesame development program is indicated under the rating section. Sesaco uses slightly different character specifications from “Descriptors for sesame”, AGP:IBPGR/80/71, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, (1981) and from the form “Sesame (Sesamum indicum)”, U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Variety Protection Office, Beltsville, Md. The descriptors in those documents were developed in the early 1980s and have not been updated to incorporate new concepts in sesame data collection.
Table II provides characteristics of S30 for forty-three (43) traits. Numerical ratings and values reported in this table were experimentally determined for S30 with prior sesame varieties in side by side replicated trials. Actual numerical values and ratings for a given variety will vary according to the environment, and the values and ratings provided in Table II were obtained in the environment specified in the parenthetical following the S30 rating. Table V provides a direct comparison between the new S30 variety and the prior varieties thus demonstrating the relative differences between the varieties in the side by side trials.







TABLE II







Characters Distinguishing the S30 Line









Character
Rating
Methodology





(1) BRANCHING
S30 = U
The amount of branching on any


STYLE
(All crops, all nurseries)
particular plant depends on the space


The potential amount of
Subjective rating based on
around the plant. In high populations,


true branching in a line
the following values:
branching can be suppressed. This rating



U = Uniculm - no
should be based on potential as expressed



branching except weak
on end plants and plants in the open.



branches in open
True branches start in the leaf axil



B = True branches
below the first flower, and they begin to



Distribution within Sesaco
emerge before the first open flower. As



based on stable lines in
long as there is light into the leaf axils,



the crossing program in
there will be additional branches that start



1982-2001 (Total number
below the first branches in subsequently



of samples tested = 1,333)
lower nodes. Weak branches occur when



U = 42.4%
a plant is in the open. They develop in the



B = 57.6%
lowest nodes and subsequent branches




start at higher nodes. There are lines that




will not branch in any circumstance.




Some lines in the open will put on




spontaneous branches late in the cycle.




True and weak branches do not have a




capsule in the same leaf axil, whereas the




spontaneous branches form under the




capsule after the capsule has formed.




Spontaneous branches are not counted as




branches.




There are rare lines where the flowering




pattern is to put on flowers on lower nodes




late in the cycle. In this case, the capsule




is formed after the branch is developed.




This pattern should not be termed




spontaneous branching, and the branch is




normally counted as a true branch.




There are branched lines that have




secondary branches on the branches. In a




few cases, there can be tertiary branches.




Additional branches generally appear in




low populations.




COMMENTS: the effects of light




appear to have more of an effect on




branching than moisture and fertility. High




populations suppress branching.


(2) NUMBER OF
S30 = 1
Rating can be taken from about 60 days


CAPSULES PER LEAF
(All crops, all nurseries)
after planting through to the end of the


AXIL
Subjective rating based on
crop.


The predominant
the following values:
NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF


number of capsules per
1 = Single
AXIL is highly dependent on moisture,


leaf axil in the middle
3 = Triple
fertility, and light. In triple capsule lines, the


half of the capsule zone
Based on potential as
central capsule forms first, and axillary



described in the methodology
capsules follow a few days later. Triple



presented herein
capsule lines have the potential to put on



Distribution within Sesaco
axillaries, but will not do so if plants do not



based on stable lines in
have adequate moisture and/or fertility. In



the crossing program in
drought conditions, some triple capsule



1982-2001 (Total number
lines will produce only a central capsule for



of samples tested = 1,327)
many nodes. In these lines, when there is



1 = 58.3%
adequate moisture through rain or irrigation,



3 = 41.7%
some will add axillary capsules on




only new nodes, while others will add




axillary capsules to all nodes. Some triple




capsule lines will not put on axillary capsules




if there is no direct sunlight on the




leaf axil. To date, lines with single capsules




have nectaries next to the central




capsule in the middle of the capsule zone




while triple capsules do not. However,




some lines have what appear to be nectaries




on the lower capsules of triple lines,




but upon close examination, they are buds




which may or may not eventually develop




into a flower and then a capsule. In




most triple capsule lines, the lower and




upper nodes have single capsules. There




are some lines where the end plants can




put on 5 capsules/leaf axil and a few that




have the potential to put on 7 capsules/leaf




axil. 5 and 7 capsules only appear with




open plants with high moisture and fertility.




In some environments, single capsule lines




will put on multiple capsules on 1 node and




rarely on up to 5 nodes. These lines are




not considered triple capsule lines.


(3) MATURITY CLASS
S30 = M for 98 days
The basis for this data point is DAYS


The maturity of a line in
(Uvalde nurserya, 2005-2007)
TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY


relation to a standard
Subjective rating based on
(Character No. 29). S24 is the standard


line. Currently, the
the following values:
line to be used to compute MATURITY


standard line is S26 at
V = Very early (<85 days)
CLASS. In 1998-2001, the maturity of S24


100 days
E = Early (85-94 days)
averaged 95 days in the Uvalde, TX,



M = Medium (95-104
nursery. Through 2006, the standard was



days)
adjusted using S24. As S24 was phased



L = Late (105-114 days)
out of commercial planting, a new standard



T = Very late (>114 days)
needed to be established, and S26 was



Distribution within Sesaco
selected. In 2001-2006 S26 averaged 5



based on stable lines in
days longer than S24. For each line, the



the crossing program in
physiological maturity for each year is



1998-2001 (Total number
subtracted by the S26 maturity for that



of samples tested = 650)
year in that nursery, and then the number



V = 1.2%
of days of difference is averaged. The



E = 26.8%
average is then added to 100.



M = 56.2%
See DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL



L = 12.9%
MATURITY (Character No. 29) for the



T = 2.9%
effects of the environment on MATURITY




CLASS.


(4) PLANT
S32 = U1M
The first character is the BRANCHING


PHENOTYPE
(All crops; all nurseries)
STYLE (Character No. 1), followed by the


A three character
Subjective rating based on
NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF


designation that
the following values:
AXIL (Character No. 2), and then the


provides the branching
BRANCHING STYLE
MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3).


style, number of
U = Uniculm - no
When these characters are placed in a


capsules per leaf axil,
branching except weak
matrix, there are 20 potential phenotypes.


and the maturity class
branches in open
The phenotype provides an overview of



B = True branches
the general appearance of the plant. There



NUMBER OF CAPSULES
is a very high correlation between



PER LEAF AXIL
MATURITY CLASS and HEIGHT OF



1 = Single
PLANT (Character No. 5).



3 = Triple



MATURITY CLASS



V = Very early (<85 days)



E = Early (85-94 days)



M = Medium (95-104



days)



L = Late (105-114 days)



T = Very late (>114 days)



Distribution within Sesaco



based on stable lines in



the crossing program in



1998-2001 (Total number



of samples tested = 650)










U1V = 0%
U3V = 1.1%



U1E = 3.8%
U3E = 8.3%



U1M = 16.0%
U3M = 12.0%



U1L = 3.4%
U3L = 2.2%



U1T = 0.5%
U3T = 0.6%



B1V = 0%
B3V = 0.2%



B1E = 8.0%
B3E = 6.3%



B1M = 23.2%
B3M = 4.8%



B1L = 6.5%
B3L = 1.0%



B1T = 1.6%
B3T = 0.4%









(5) HEIGHT OF PLANT
S30 = 142 cm
The measurement is made after the


The height of the plant
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
plants stop flowering. For plants that are


from the ground to the
Value based on an the
not erect or have lodged, the plant should


top of the highest
average of a minimum of
be picked up for the measurement. In most


capsule with viable
three plants (unit of
lines the highest capsule is on the main


seed
measure: cm)
stem. In lines with the dt/dt alleles



Distribution within Sesaco
(determinate), the highest capsule is on



based on stable lines in
the branches.



the crossing program in
COMMENTS: this height is dependent



1999-2001 (Total number
on the amount of moisture, heat, fertility,



of samples tested = 2274)
and population. Increased values generally



low = 56 cm; high = 249 cm
increase the height. In a high population,



1 = <94.6 cm; 5.2%
the height will only increase if there is



2 = <133.2 cm; 34.6%
adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise,



3 = <171.8 cm; 54.9%
the height will be shorter. In low light



4 = <210.4 cm; 5.1%
intensities, the heights are generally taller.



5 = >210.3 cm; 0.1%



avg. = 134.8 cm, std = 23.5


6) HEIGHT OF FIRST
S30 = 52 cm
The measurement is made after the


CAPSULE
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
plants stop flowering. For plants that are


The height of the first
Value based on an the
not erect or have lodged, the plant should


capsule from the
average of a minimum of
be picked up for the measurement. In most


ground to the bottom of
three plants (unit of
lines, the lowest capsule is on the main


the lowest capsule on
measure: cm)
stem. True branches have capsules higher


the main stem
Distribution within Sesaco
than on the main stem except when the



based on stable lines in
flowers fall off the main stem.



the crossing program in
Occasionally, on weak branches, the



1999-2001 (Total number
lowest capsule is on the branches.



of samples tested = 2274)
There are lines that flower in the lower



low = 20 cm; high = 193 cm
nodes late in the cycle, and, thus, the



1 = <54.6 cm; 52.7%
measure-ment should be taken after



2 = <89.2 cm; 45.5%
flowering ends. In many lines the first



3 = <123.8 cm; 1.5%
flower does not make a capsule, and, thus,



4 = <158.4 cm; 0.3%
this height may not be the same as the



5 = >158.3 cm; 0.1%
height of the first flower. The height is



avg. = 54.2 cm, std = 14.3
correlated to the length of time to




flowering, the earlier the lower the height.




COMMENTS: see HEIGHT OF PLANT




(Character No. 5) for effects of




environmental factors


(7) CAPSULE ZONE
S30 = 90 cm
The measurement is derived by


LENGTH
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
subtracting the HEIGHT OF FIRST


The length of the
Value based on an
CAPSULE (Character No. 6) from the


capsule zone. The
the average of a
HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5).


capsule zone extends
minimum of three
COMMENTS: see HEIGHT OF PLANT


from the bottom of the
plants (unit of
(Character No. 5) for effects of


lowest capsule on the
measure: cm)
environmental factors


main stem to the top of
Distribution within Sesaco


the highest capsule on
based on stable lines in


the main stem.
the crossing program in



1999-2001 (Total number



of samples tested = 2274)



low = 18 cm; high = 188 cm



1 = <52 cm; 4.7%



2 = <86 cm; 53.5%



3 = <120 cm; 41.3%



4 = <154 cm; 0.5%



5 = >153.9 cm; 0.1%



avg. = 80.6 cm, std = 17.2


(8) NUMBER OF
S30 = 31
The count is made after the plants stop


CAPSULE NODES
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
flowering. On opposite and alternate


The number of capsule
Value based on an the
arranged leaves, each pair of leaves is


nodes from the lowest
average of a minimum of
counted as one node. In some lines, there


capsule node to the
three plants (unit of
are three leaves per node for at least part


highest node with
measure: number)
of the plant. In some plants, flowers may


capsules with viable
Distribution within Sesaco
not have produced capsules on one or


seed on the main stem
based on stable lines in
more of the leaf axils in a node. These


of the plant
the crossing program in
nodes should still be counted. Nodes on



1999-2001 (Total number
the branches are not counted.



of samples tested = 2154)
In years when the amount of moisture



low = 10; high = 54
available to the plant is irregular, nodes



1 = <18.8; 17.9%
can become very irregular, particularly on



2 = <27.6; 48.3%
triple capsule lines. In the upper portions of



3 = <36.4; 29.5%
the plant, it may become easier to count



4 = <45.2; 3.6%
the capsule clusters and divide by 2. While



5 = >45.1; 0.7%
it is possible to count nodes after leaves



avg. = 25.3, std = 6.4
have fallen, it is much easier to count while




the leaves are still on the plant.




COMMENTS: the number of nodes is




dependent on the amount of moisture and




fertility. Higher moisture and fertility




increases the number of nodes.


(9) AVERAGE
S30 = 2.9 cm
Divide the CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH


INTERNODE LENGTH
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
(Character No. 7) by the NUMBER OF


WITHIN CAPSULE
Value based on an the
CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8).


ZONE
average of a minimum of
COMMENTS: this length is dependent


The average internode
three plants (unit of
on the amount of moisture, fertility, and


length within the
measure: cm)
population. Increased values generally


capsule zone
Distribution within Sesaco
increase the length. In a high population,



based on stable lines in
the length will only increase if there is



the crossing program in
adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise



1999-2001 (Total number
the length will be shorter. In low light



of samples tested = 2145)
intensities, the lengths are generally



low = 1.09 cm; high = 8.09 cm
longer.



1 = <2.49 cm; 6.2%
Past methodologies have measured the



2 = <3.89 cm; 74.6%
internode length at the middle of the



3 = <5.29 cm; 18.6%
capsule zone. Some have measured it at



4 = <6.69 cm; 0.4%
the median node and others at the median



5 = >6.68 cm; 0.1%
CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH.



avg. = 3.35 cm, std = 0.66


(10) YIELD AT
S30 = 1,386 kg/ha
On 3 replicated plots, when the plants


DRYDOWN
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
are dry enough for direct harvest, cut a


An extrapolation of the
S30 = 1,204 kg/ha
minimum of 1/5000 of a hectare (Sesaco


yield of a field by taking
(Lorenzo nursery, 2007)b
uses 1/2620) in the plot and place the


sample yields
Values based on the
plants in a cloth bag. Thresh the sample in



average of a minimum of
a plot thresher and weigh the seed.



three replications (unit of
Multiply the weight by the appropriate



measure: kg/ha)
multiplier based on area taken to provide



Distribution within Sesaco
the extrapolated yield in kg/ha.



based on stable lines in
In the Almaco thresher there is about



the crossing program in
3% trash left in the seed. Since yields are



1999-2001 (Total number
comparative, there is no cleaning of the



of samples tested = 1828)
seed done before the computation. If other



low = 67 kg/ha
threshers have more trash, the seed



high = 2421 kg/ha
should be cleaned before weighing.



1 = <537.8 kg/ha; 5.6%
COMMENTS: yields increase with



2 = <1008.6 kg/ha; 15.6%
moisture and fertility. However, too high a



3 = <1479.4 kg/ha; 51.5%
moisture can lead to killing of plants. Too



4 = <1950.2 kg/ha; 25.8%
high fertility can lead to extra vegetative



5 = >1950.1 kg/ha; 1.4%
growth that may not lead to higher yields.



avg. = 1114.6 kg/ha,
The optimum population depends on the



std = 331.2
PLANT PHENOTYPE, Character No. 4




(BRANCHING STYLE, Character No. 1;




NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF




AXIL, Character No. 2; and MATURITY




CLASS, Character No. 3) and row width.


(11) RESISTANCE TO
S30 No data collected
In a year when there is a drought, this


DROUGHT
Average of a minimum of
rating can be used to differentiate the


The relative amount of
three plots of a subjective
effects of the different lines. This is a


resistance to drought
rating based on the
highly subjective rating requiring a rater



following values:
that is familiar with the performance of the



0 to 8 scale
line under normal conditions. The rating is



7 = Little effect from
based on how the drought changes the



drought
line from normal. Thus, a short line that



4 = Medium effect from
does not change significantly in a drought



drought
may have a higher rating than a tall line



1 = Considerable effect
which is affected by the drought even



from drought
though the taller line is taller in the drought



Intermediate values are
than the short line.



used.



Distribution within Sesaco



based on stable lines in



the crossing program in



2000 (Total number of



samples tested = 632)



low = 0; high = 8



1 = <1.6; 0.8%



2 = <3.2; 28.0%



3 = <4.8; 36.1%



4 = <6.4; 34.5%



5 = >6.3; 0.6%



avg. = 4.1, std = 1.2


(12) LEAF LENGTH
S30 = 23.4 cm at 5th
Select one leaf per node to measure


The length of the leaf
node; 19.7 cm at 10th
from the 5th, 10th, and 15th node pairs from


blade from the base of
node; 16.1 cm at 15th
the base of the plant. All the leaves for one


the petiole to the apex
node (Lorenzo nursery,
line should be collected at the same time.


of the leaf from the 5th,
2006)
Some lines retain the cotyledons, and the


10th, and 15th node
Value based on an the
cotyledon node does not count as a node


pairs
average of a minimum of
pair. In some lines the lowest leaves



three plants (unit of
abscise leaving a scar on the stem.



measure: cm)
Abscised nodes should be counted. In



Distribution within Sesaco
lines with alternate leaves, one node is



for 5th leaf based on stable
counted for each pair of leaves. In some



lines in the crossing
lines in parts of the plant there are three



program in 2002 (Total
leaves per node which should be counted



number of lines tested = 196
as one node.



with 711 samples)
The leaves continue growing in the first



low = 13.8 cm; high = 42.5 cm
few days after they have separated from



1 = <19.5 cm; 34.7%
the growing tip. The choosing of leaves



2 = <25.3 cm; 48.0%
should be done a minimum of 5 days after



3 = <31.0 cm; 14.3%
the 15th node has appeared. Timing is



4 = <36.8 cm; 1.5%
important, because the plants will begin to



5 = >36.7 cm; 1.5%
shed their lower leaves towards the end of



avg. = 21.5 cm, std = 4.4
their cycle.



Distribution within Sesaco
There are lines that have less than 15



for 10th leaf based on
nodes. In this case, the highest node



stable lines in the crossing
should be taken and the node number



program in 2002 (Total
annotated to the measurements.



number of lines tested = 196
There can be as much as 6 mm



with 711 samples)
difference between a green leaf and a dry



low = 9.3 cm; high = 32.9 cm
leaf. The measurements can be done on a



1 = <14.0 cm; 22.4%
green or dry leaf as long as any



2 = <18.7 cm; 41.8%
comparison data with other lines is based



3 = <23.5 cm; 20.9%
on the same method.



4 = <28.2 cm; 10.2%
Generally, the lowest leaves increase in



5 = >28.1 cm; 4.6%
size until the 4th to 6th node and then they



avg. = 17.9 cm, std = 4.8
decrease in size. This applies to LEAF



Distribution within Sesaco
LENGTH (Character No. 12), LEAF



for 15th leaf based on
BLADE WIDTH (Character No. 14), and



stable lines in the crossing
PETIOLE LENGTH (Character No. 15). In



program in 2002 (Total
few cases, LEAF BLADE LENGTH



number of lines tested = 196
Character No. 13) can increase up the 10th



with 711 samples)
node, but will decrease by the 15th node.



low = 4.4 cm; high = 26.2 cm
Generally, the width will decrease at a



1 = <8.8 cm; 5.1%
greater rate than the length.



2 = <13.1 cm; 42.9%
COMMENTS: the length is dependent



3 = <17.5 cm; 29.8%
on the amount of moisture and fertility.



4 = <21.8 cm; 15.8%
Higher moisture and fertility increase the



5 = >21.7 cm; 6.6%
length. Leaf size also appears to be



avg. = 14.3 cm, std = 4.2
affected by light intensity. In Korea, the




Korean lines have much larger leaves than




in Oklahoma. In Korea, there is more cloud




cover and a general haze than in




Oklahoma.


(13) LEAF BLADE
S30 = 14.3 cm at 5th
See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12)


LENGTH
node; 15.0 cm at 10th
on how to collect leaves. There are many


The length of the leaf
node; 13.2 cm at 15th
leaves that are not symmetrical with


blade from the base of
node (Lorenzo nursery,
lobbing on one side and not the other. The


the leaf blade to the
2006)
width should still be measured across the


apex of the leaf from
Value based on an the
widest point on a line perpendicular to the


the 5th, 10th, and 15th
average of a minimum of
main vein of the leaf


node pairs
three plants (unit of
On some lines the width exceeds the



measure: cm)
length, particularly on lobed leaves.



Distribution within sesaco
COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH



for 5th leaf based on stable
(Character No. 12) for effects of



lines in the crossing
environment



program in 2002 (Total
The widest leaves are lobed. Normally,



number of lines tested = 196
the leaves have turned from lobed to



with 711 samples)
lanceolate by the 10th leaf with the



low = 9.0 cm; high = 25.5 cm
exception of the tropical lines.



1 = <12.3 cm; 14.3%



2 = <15.6 cm; 60.2%



3 = <18.9 cm; 20.9%



4 = <22.2 cm; 3.1%



5 = >22.1 cm; 1.5%



avg. = 14.4 cm, std = 2.4



Distribution within Sesaco



for 10th leaf based on



stable lines in the crossing



program in 2002 (Total



number of lines tested = 196



with 711 samples)



low = 8.3 cm; high = 23.4 cm



1 = <11.3 cm; 18.9%



2 = <14.3 cm; 42.9%



3 = <17.4 cm; 25.0%



4 = <20.4 cm; 9.2%



5 = >20.3 cm; 4.1%



avg. = 13.9 cm, std = 3.0



Distribution within Sesaco



for 15th leaf based on



stable lines in the crossing



program in 2002 (Total



number of lines tested = 196



with 711 samples)



low = 4.2 cm; high = 20.7 cm



1 = <7.5 cm; 2.0%



2 = <10.8 cm; 36.7%



3 = <14.1 cm; 37.8%



4 = <17.4 cm; 16.3%



5 = >17.3 cm; 7.1%



avg. = 12.0 cm, std = 3.0


(14) LEAF BLADE
S30 = 10.8 cm at 5th
See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12)


WIDTH
node; 4.1 cm at 10th node;
on how to collect leaves. There are many


The width of the leaf
1.8 cm at 15th node
leaves that are not symmetrical with


blade measured across
(Lorenzo nursery, 2006)
lobbing on one side and not the other. The


the leaf blade at the
Value based on an the
width should still be measured across the


widest point at the 5th,
average of a minimum of
widest point on a line perpendicular to the


10th, and 15th node
three plants (unit of
main vein of the leaf.


pairs
measure: cm)
On some lines the width exceeds the



Distribution within Sesaco
length, particularly on lobed leaves.



for 5th leaf based on stable
COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH



lines in the crossing
(Character No. 12) for effects of



program in 2002 (Total
environment



number of lines tested = 196
The widest leaves are lobed. Normally,



with 711 samples)
the leaves have turned from lobed to



low = 3.4 cm; high = 31.0 cm
lanceolate by the 10th leaf with the



1 = <8.9 cm; 53.1%
exception of the tropical lines.



2 = <14.4 cm; 33.7%



3 = <20.0 cm; 9.7%



4 = <25.5 cm; 2.6%



5 = >25.4 cm; 1.0%



avg. = 9.6 cm, std = 4.3



Distribution within Sesaco



for 10th leaf based on



stable lines in the crossing



program in 2002 (Total



number of lines tested = 196



with 711 samples)



low = 1.3 cm; high = 17.6 cm



1 = <4.6 cm; 69.4%



2 = <7.8 cm; 25.0%



3 = <11.1 cm; 4.6%



4 = <14.3 cm; 0%



5 = >14.2 cm; 1.0%



avg. = 4.3 cm, std = 2.2



Distribution within Sesaco



for 15th leaf based on



stable lines in the crossing



program in 2002 (Total



number of lines tested = 196



with 711 samples)



low = 0.7 cm; high = 6.0 cm



1 = <1.8 cm; 29.1%



2 = <2.8 cm; 48.0%



3 = <3.9 cm; 15.3%



4 = <4.9 cm; 4.6%



5 = >4.8 cm; 3.1%



avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 0.9


(15) PETIOLE LENGTH
S30 = 9.1 cm at 5th node;
See LEAF BLADE LENGTH (Character


The length of the
4.7 cm at 10th node; 2.9 cm
No. 13) on how to collect leaves. In some


petiole from the base of
at 15th node (Lorenzo
leaves, the blade on one side of the petiole


the petiole to the start
nursery, 2006)
starts before the other side. This measure


of the leaf blade at the
Value based on an the
should end where the earliest blade starts.


5th, 10th, and 15th node
average of a minimum of
There are leaves that have enations where


pairs.
three plants (unit of
a blade starts and then stops. The



measure: cm)
enations are not considered part of the leaf



Distribution within Sesaco
blade because they are very irregular from



for 5th leaf based on stable
plant to plant and within a plant and should



lines in the crossing
be measured as part of the petiole



program in 2002 (Total
COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH



number of lines tested = 196
(Character No. 12) for effects of



with 711 samples)
environment



low = 3.0 cm; high = 17.0 cm



1 = <5.8 cm; 35.2%



2 = <8.6 cm; 39.8%



3 = <11.4 cm; 19.4%



4 = <14.2 cm; 4.1%



5 = >14.1 cm; 1.5%



avg. = 7.0 cm, std = 2.5



Distribution within Sesaco



for 10th leaf based on



stable lines in the crossing



program in 2002 (Total



number of lines tested = 196



with 711 samples)



low = 1.0 cm; high = 14.2 cm



1 = <3.6 cm; 53.6%



2 = <6.3 cm; 31.6%



3 = <8.9 cm; 11.7%



4 = <11.6 cm; 2.0%



5 = >11.5 cm; 1.0%



avg. = 4.0 cm, std = 2.1



Distribution within Sesaco



for 15th leaf based on



stable lines in the crossing



program in 2002 (Total



number of lines tested = 196



with 711 samples)



low = 0.2 cm; high = 7.4 cm



1 = <1.6 cm; 38.8%



2 = <3.1 cm; 41.8%



3 = <4.5 cm; 13.3%



4 = <6.0 cm; 3.1%



5 = >5.9 cm; 3.1%



avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 1.3


(16) NUMBER OF
S30 = 2
The rating can be taken from about 60


CARPELS PER
(All crops, all nurseries)
days after planting to all the way to the end


CAPSULE
Subjective rating based on
of the crop.


The predominant
the following values:
There are many plants with mixed


number of carpels per
2 = bicarpellate
number of carpels as follows:


capsule in the middle
3 = tricarpellate
1. Some bicarpellate plants will have


half of the capsule zone
4 = quadricarpellate
one or more nodes near the center of the



(unit of measure: actual
capsule zone that have tri- and/or



number
quadricarpellate capsules and vice versa.



Distribution within Sesaco
2. Most tri- and quadri-carpellate plants



based on the introductions
will begin and end with bicarpellate nodes.



received in 1982-2001
3. Some plants have only one carpel



(Total number of samples
that develops. These capsules are



tested = 2702)
generally bent, but on examination the 2nd



2 = 97.6%
carpel can be seen.



3 = 0.0004%
4. On all types, flowers may coalesce



4 = 2.3%
and double or triple the number of



Sesaco has not developed
carpels.



lines with more than 2
5. On the seamless gene plants (gs/gs)



carpels.
the false membranes do not form locules.




These are still considered bicarpellate.


(17) CAPSULE
S30 = 2.27 cm
After the plants are physiologically


LENGTH FROM 10cap
(All experimental
mature, take 2 capsules from five plants


TEST
nurseries, 1997-2006)
from the middle of the capsule zone. On


The length of the
Value based on the
three capsule per leaf axil lines, one


capsule from the
average of a minimum of
central capsule and one axillary capsule


bottom of the seed
three samples of the
should be taken from the same leaf axil.


chamber to the top of
length taken on the
The measurement is taken on the median


the seed chamber from
median capsule in a 10
capsule of single capsule lines and on the


the outside of the
capsule sample (unit of
median central capsule on three capsule


capsule. The tip of the
measure: cm)
lines. The measurement is taken on dry


capsule is not included
Distribution within Sesaco
capsules because the length can shorten


in the measurement.
based on 10cap test in all
as much as one mm on drydown.



nurseries in 1997-2002
The 10 capsules can be sampled from



(Total number of lines
physiological maturity through complete



tested = 1,613 with 8,285
drydown without an effect on this



samples)
character.



low = 1.3 cm; high = 4.5 cm
Generally, the capsules in the middle of



1 = <1.94 cm; 2.7%
the capsule zone are the longest on the



2 = <2.58 cm; 67.9%
plant.



3 = <3.22 cm; 27.2%
COMMENTS: the length of the capsule



4 = <3.86 cm; 1.9%
is dependent on the amount of moisture,



5 = >3.85 cm; 0.3%
fertility, and population. Higher moisture



avg. = 2.44 cm, std = 0.33
and fertility increase the length. Higher




population decreases the length even with




adequate moisture/fertility.


(18) SEED WEIGHT
S30 = 0.263 g
See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP


PER CAPSULE FROM
(All experimental
TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of


10cap TEST
nurseries, 1997-2006)
capsules. The capsules should be dried,


The weight of the seed
Value based on the
the seed threshed out, and the seed


in a capsule from the
average of a minimum of
weighed.


center of the capsule
three samples of the
The 10 capsules can be sampled from


zone
weight of 10 capsules (unit
physiological maturity through complete



of weight: grams)
drydown without an effect on this



Distribution within Sesaco
character. After drydown, only capsules



based on 10cap test in all
with all their seed are taken. Thus, this test



nurseries in 1997-2002
cannot be done on shattering lines after



(Total number of lines
drydown.



tested = 1,613 with 8,285
Generally, the capsules in the middle of



samples)
the capsule zone have the highest seed



low = 0.053 g; high = 0.476 g
weight per capsule on the plant.



1 = <0.138 g; 1.3%
COMMENTS: see CAPSULE LENGTH



2 = <0.222 g; 47.6%
FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 17)



3 = <0.307 g; 50.6%
for the effects of environmental factors.



4 = <0.391 g; 1.1%



5 = >0.390 g; 0.1%



avg. = 0.221 g, std = 0.039


(19) CAPSULE
S30 = 0.166 g
See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP


WEIGHT PER
(All experimental
TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of


CAPSULE FROM
nurseries, 1997-2006)
capsules. The capsules should be dried,


10cap TEST
Value based on the
the seed threshed out, and the capsules


The weight of the
average of a minimum of
weighed. At times the peduncle can still


capsule from the center
three samples of the
be attached to the capsules. The


of the capsule zone
weight of 10 capsules (unit
peduncles should be removed and not


after the seed has been
of measure: grams)
weighed.


removed
Distribution within Sesaco
The 10 capsules can be sampled from



based on 10cap test in all
physiological maturity through complete



nurseries in 1997-2002
drydown without an effect on this



(Total number of lines
character.



tested = 1,613 with 8,285
Generally, the capsules in the middle of



samples)
the capsule zone have the highest capsule



low = 0.059 g; high = 0.395 g
weight per capsule on the plant.



1 = <0.126 g; 22.6%
COMMENTS: see CAPSULE LENGTH



2 = <0.193 g; 69.1%
FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 17)



3 = <0.261 g; 8.2%
for the effects of environmental factors.



4 = <0.328 g; 0.9%



5 = >0.327 g; 0.6%



avg. = 0.152 g, std = 0.036


(20) CAPSULE
S30 = 0.073 g
The weight is derived by dividing the


WEIGHT PER CM OF
(All experimental
CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE


CAPSULE
nurseries, 1997-2006)
FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 19)


The weight of a capsule
Value based on the
by the CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP


per cm of capsule from
average of a minimum of
TEST (Character No. 17).


the center of the
three samples of the
The 10 capsules can be sampled from


capsule zone
weight per cm of 10
physiological maturity through complete



capsules (unit of measure:
drydown without an effect on this



grams)
character.



Distribution within Sesaco
COMMENTS: this character is used



based on 10cap test in all
instead of capsule width. Capsule width is



nurseries in 1997-2002
difficult to measure because there are so



(Total number of lines
many variables in a capsule. In a



tested = 1,613 with 8,285
bicarpellate capsule, the width differs when



samples)
measuring across one carpel or both



low = 0.027 g; high = 0.123 g
carpels. Capsules can also vary through



1 = <0.046 g; 8.2%
the length of the capsule by being



2 = <0.065 g; 55.5%
substantially narrower at the bottom,



3 = <0.085 g; 36.5%
middle or top of the capsule. In 1997, four



4 = <0.104 g; 4.4%
widths were measured on each capsule



5 = >0.103 g; 0.5%
and then averaged. This average had a



avg. = 0.063 g, std = 0.012
very high correlation to the capsule weight




per cm of capsule.




See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP




TEST (Character No. 17) for effects of




environmental factors


(21) VISUAL SEED
S30 = I
This rating is used for plants that are


RETENTION
(All crops, all nurseries)
being selected for advanced testing


Amount of seed in most
Subjective rating based on
whether individually or in a bulk with all the


of the capsules in the
the following values:
plants having the same level of seed


middle half of the
X = <50% seed retention
retention.


capsule zone when the
(unsuitable for direct
Most “X” plants can be identified from


plant(s) are dry enough
harvest)
the first capsule that dries since the seed


for direct harvest with a
C = 50-74% seed
will begin falling out immediately.


combine
retention (unsuitable for
A “C” (close to V) plant will have some



direct harvest, but may
capsules with seed and some without.



segregate V or above in
A “V” (visual shatter resistance) plant



future generations)
can be identified when the first 50% of the



V = >74% seed retention
capsules have dried, but a “V+” rating



(sufficient seed retention
should not be used until the complete plant



for 10cap testing)
is dry and most of the capsules are



W = >74% seed retention
showing seed retention.



on weathering in field after
Some “V” plants can be upgraded to



rains and/or winds
“W” after the dry capsules have been



I = in using the “drum
subjected to weather (rain and/or wind).



test” the seed in the
“V” and “W” become non-dehiscent only



capsules do not rattle and
after 10cap testing with about an 80%



>85% of the capsules on
passing rate. 10cap testing is done on “I”



the plant(s) harvested
selections have had about a 99% passing



have visible seed in the
rate.



tips of the capsules four or
The “drum test” consists of placing the



more weeks after the ideal
fingers from one hand about 1⁄2 inch from



harvest time. The “I”
the center of the main stem and then



rating is used for all of the
striking the stem alternately with one finger



capsules on the plant.
and then the other finger in rapid



‘+’ and ‘−’ modifiers can
succession. The human ear can perceive



be used.
degree of rattling over a range. IND is




defined as having no rattle. Degree of




rattle in this test correlates with loss of




increasing amounts of seed as capsules




are exposed to weather conditions.




COMMENTS: the ratings above should




be made under normal conditions (600 mm




of annual rainfall and 30 kg/ha of nitrogen)




through high moisture/fertility conditions.




In drought or very low fertility conditions, it




has been observed that there is less seed




retention. In addition, high populations




may lead to low moisture or fertility




causing less seed retention. If unusual




environmental conditions are present, the




effects should be taken into consideration




prior to rating.


(22) SHAKER
S30 = 79.4%
See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP


SHATTER
(All experimental
TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of


RESISTANCE FROM
nurseries, 1997-2006)
capsules. The capsules should be dried


10cap TEST
Value based on the
and inverted. The capsules and any seed


The amount of seed
average of a minimum of
that has fallen out should then be placed in


retention after the
three samples of the
flasks on a reciprocal shaker with a 3.8 cm


capsules are dry,
percentage of seed
stroke with 250 strokes/min for 10 minutes


inverted, and put
retained in 10 capsules
(see U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452). The seed


through a shaker (10
(unit of measure: Actual
that comes out of the capsules should be


capsule sample)
Number expressed as
weighed as ‘out seed.’ The retained seed



percentage)
should be threshed out of the capsules



Distribution within Sesaco
and weighed to compute the ‘total seed’.



based on 10cap test in all
The shaker shatter resistance is computed



nurseries in 1997-2002
as a percentage as follows: (total seed − out



(Total number of lines
seed)/total seed.



tested = 1,613 with 8,285
The 10 capsules can be sampled from



samples)
physiological maturity through complete



low = 0; high = 100
drydown without an effect on this character



1 = <20; 12.9%
for shatter resistant types. When taking



2 = <40; 6.9%
capsules after drydown, only capsules with



3 = <60; 23.4%
all their seed are taken. Thus, this test



4 = <80; 47.7%
cannot be done on shattering lines after



5 = >79.9; 9.2%
drydown.



avg. = 55.9%, std = 23.9
COMMENTS: The ratings above should




be made under normal conditions through




high moisture/fertility conditions. In




drought or very low fertility conditions, it




has been observed that there is less seed




retention. In additions, high populations




may lead to low moisture or fertility




causing there is less seed retention. If




unusual environmental conditions are




present, the effects should be taken into




consideration prior to rating. Lines with




shaker shatter resistance >64.9% are




known as non-dehiscent lines (see U.S.




Pat. No. 6,100,452).


(23) CAPSULE
S30 = SR
The rating is based on visual


SHATTERING TYPE
(All crops, all nurseries)
observations as to seed retention as the


Amount of seed
Subjective rating based on
plants remain standing in the field without


retention in a line or
the following values:
shocking.


plant
SUS = Super-shattering
GS plants can be identified while the



(<2 visual seed retention -
plant is putting on capsules or at drydown



equates to <25%)
because the carpels in the capsules do not



SHA = Shattering (<4
form false membranes. There are plants



visual seed retention -
that will have capsules with false



equates to <50%)
membranes on the lower and upper nodes



SSH = Semi-shattering (4-6
but most of the capsules show no false



visual seed retention -
membranes.



equates to 50 to 75%)
ID plants can be identified during the



SR = Shatter resistant (a
growing season in that they have enations



numeric rating >6 visual
on the bottoms of the leaves. At dry down



seed retention without id
they are more difficult to distinguish from



or gs alleles - equates to
other lines that have closed capsules



>75%; an alphabetical
(other than GS). There is less of a suture



rating of V, W, or I)
than other capsule types.



ID = Indehiscent
SUS, SHA, SSH, and SR are defined by



(presence of id/id with
VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character



capsule closed)
No. 21).



IDO = Indehiscent
COMMENTS: Most environmental



(presence of id/id with
factors do not have much of an effect on



capsule open at tip)
capsule shattering type other than to make



GS = Seamless
it more difficult to distinguish in the overlap



(presence of gs/gs with
zone. Generally, higher moisture, higher



capsule closed)
fertility, and lower populations will



GSO = Seamless
decrease the shattering a small amount -



(presence of gs/gs with
less than 10%.



capsule open at tip)
The wind can have a large effect in




decreasing the amount of seed retention.




Rain, dew and fog can also reduce seed




retention.


(24) NON-DEHISCENT
S30 = ND
Lines are designated as ND only after they


TEST
(All crops, all nurseries)
have undergone a minimum of 3 shaker


A line that has passed
Subjective rating based on
shatter resistance tests. In order to be


the non-dehiscent test
the following values:
considered an ND variety, the line must


of having shaker shatter
ND = Non-dehiscent line
pass the ND threshold in multiple nurseries


resistance >64.9% is
XX = Line that does not
for multiple years.


considered an ND line
pass the non-dehiscent


in accordance with U.S.
test


Pat. No. 6,100,452.
ND distribution within



Sesaco based on 10cap



test in all nurseries in



1997-2006



(Total number of samples



tested = 10,905)



ND = 53.6%



XX = 46.4%


(25) IMPROVED NON-
S30 = 7.32
This rating is used for a plot or field that


DEHISCENT VISUAL
(Uvalde nursery, 2006)
is being evaluated.


RATING
S30 = 7.33
The data is taken four or more weeks


Amount of seed in most
(Lorenzo nursery, 2006)
after the ideal harvest time. See DAYS


of the capsules in the
S30 = 7.33
TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No.


plants in a plot four or
(Lorenzo nursery, 2007)
30). Estimate the percentage of capsules


more weeks after the
Value based on the
that have visible seed at the top. In the


ideal harvest time.
average on a minimum of
beginning in order to develop an eye for



three plots of a subjective
the rating, the evaluator should observe all



rating based on the
of the capsules and rate each of them; get



percentage of capsules
a counts of those with visible seeds and a



with visible seed retention
count of total capsules; and compute a



8 < 100%
percentage. Once the evaluator is skilled,



7 < 85%
there is no need to count the capsules.



6 < 70%
There is a very high correlation between



5 > 55%
this rating upon visual evaluation and the



Z < 55%
amount of rattling generated by the “drum



‘+’ and ‘−’ modifiers can
test” defined above.



be used. For averages,
Although retention can vary from plant



0.33 is added for a ‘+’ and
to plant and even within a plant, the overall



0.33 is subtracted for a ‘−’,
rating is correlatable with IND.



e.g., “7+” = 7.33.
In crossing between lines, in early



(Total number of lines
generations there is a segregation of IND



tested = 288 with 801
plants and non-IND plants. In this



samples in 2006)
case the plot is given a rating of the



low = 2.97; high = 7.33
majority of plants while the plants selected



1 = <6.0; 2.1%
can have a higher rating which is reflected



2 = <6.5; 20.8%
in VISUAL SEED RETENTION. The



3 = <7.0; 13.2%
ratings that are cited in this character are



4 = <7.5; 63.9%
for plots, but a ratings of 7 or 8 are only



5 = >7.5; 0%
given if over 90% of the plants have the



avg. = 6.77, std = 0.54
higher rating.



Note: The percentage of



lines between 7.0 and 7.6



is very high because



Sesaco has established a



new threshold for a new



variety of IND >6.9 and



only lines that are IND or



segregating IND are rated.


(26) IMPROVED NON-
S30 = IND
Varieties were designated as IND after


DEHISCENCE TEST
(All crops, all nurseries
they demonstrated the defined


An ND line that passes
Subjective rating based on
characteristics with statistically significant


the rattle test and has a
the following values:
data.


visual IND rating >6.99
IND = Improved Non-


is considered IND. A
dehiscent line


method for traditional
ZZ = Line that does not


breeding of an IND line
pass the non-dehiscent


is described in
test


concurrently filed U.S.
Distribution within Sesaco


Patent Application
based on visual IND (Total


Ser. No.     (Attorney
number of lines tested = 1,934


Docket Number SESA
in all nurseries from


3200 PTUS). ND and
2005 to 2007)


IND lines should not
IND = 9.5%


have id or gs alleles.
ZZ = 90.5%


(27) DAYS TO
S30 = 42 days
The vegetative phase in sesame is from


FLOWERING
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
the time of planting to the start of


Number of days from
Value based on the
flowering.


planting until 50% of the
average of a minimum of
This data is taken as a date and later


plants are flowering
three plots of the number
converted to number of days. Flowering is



of days (unit of measure:
defined as flowers that are open - not



days)
buds.



Distribution within Sesaco
COMMENTS: flowering can be



based on lines in Uvalde
accelerated by drought and it can be



nursery in 2000-2001
delayed by higher moisture and/or fertility.



(Total number of samples
Higher heat units will decrease the days to



tested = 1831)
flowering.



low = 33 days; high = 89
Some lines are photosensitive and will



days
only begin flowering at a certain number of



1 = <44.2 days; 87.9%
hours of daylight.



2 = <55.4 days; 7.8%
Start of flowering does not always



3 = <66.6 days; 2.4%
equate to start of capsule formation. Many



4 = <77.8 days; 1.7%
lines will flower and not set capsules from



5 = >77.7 days; 0.2%
the first flowers.



avg. = 40.9 days, std = 6.3


(28) DAYS TO
S30 = 87 days
The reproductive phase of sesame is


FLOWER
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
from the start to the end of flowering.


TERMINATION
Value based on the
This data is taken as a date and later


Number of days from
average of a minimum of
converted to number of days. Flowering is


planting until 90% of the
three plots of the number
defined as flowers that are open - not


plants have stopped
of days (unit of measure:
buds. At the end of the flowering period,


flowering
days)
the rate that a plant puts on open flowers



Distribution within Sesaco
is reduced. Thus, there can be more than



based on lines in Uvalde
10% of plants with buds and still have



nursery in 2000-2001
reached this measure since there will not



(Total number of samples
be more than 10% with open flowers on



tested = 2668)
any one day.



low = 61 days; high = 114
The measure is based on the number of



days
plants and not the number of flowering



1 = <71.6 days; 21.1%
heads. The branches will stop flowering



2 = <82.2 days; 61.5%
before the main stem, and thus the plot will



3 = <92.8 days; 15.9%
appear like there are more plants not



4 = <103.4 days; 0.8%
flowering.



5 = >103.3 days; 0.8%
COMMENTS: flower termination can



avg. = 77.1 days, std = 6.9
be accelerated by lower moisture and/or




fertility, and it can be delayed by higher




moisture and/or fertility. Higher heat units




will decrease the DAYS TO FLOWER




TERMINATION. It is known that there are




lines that stop flowering sooner than




expected in northern latitudes, but it is not




known if this is due to shorter photoperiod




or cool temperatures.


(29) DAYS TO
S30 = 110
The ripening phase of sesame is from


PHYSIOLOGICAL
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
the end of flowering until physiological


MATURITY
Value based on the
maturity.


Number of days from
average of a minimum of
This data is taken as a date and later


planting until 50% of the
three plots of the number
converted to number of days. Physiological


plants reach
of days (unit of measure:
maturity (PM) is defined as the point at


physiological maturity
days)
which 3⁄4 of the capsules have seed with



Distribution within Sesaco
final color. In most lines, the seed will also



based on lines in Uvalde
have a seed line and tip that are dark.



nursery in 2000-2001
COMMENTS: The concept of



(Total number of samples
physiological maturity in sesame was



tested = 2374)
developed by M. L. Kinman (personal



low = 77 days; high = 140
communication) based on the concept of



days
determining the optimum time to cut a



1 = <89.6 days; 16.8%
plant and still harvest 95-99% of the



2 = 102.2 days; 58.0%
potential yield. When the seed has final



3 = <114.8 days; 23.6%
color, the seed can germinate under the



4 = <127.4 days; 1.4%
proper conditions. If the plant is cut at



5 = >127.3 days; 0.2%
physiological maturity, most of the seed



avg. = 97.1 days, std = 7.1
above the 3⁄4 mark will go to final color and




are mature enough to germinate, but will




not have as much seed weight. Since in




even a fully mature plant, there is less




seed weight made at the top of the plant,




this loss of seed weight does not seriously




affect the potential seed weight of the




plant.




Although present harvest methods let




the plants mature and go to complete




drydown, PM is important because after




that point, the crop is less susceptible to




yield loss due to frost or disease. The PM




is also important if the crop is to be




swathed or harvest aids are to be applied.




Physiological maturity can be




accelerated by lower moisture and/or




fertility, and it can be delayed by higher




moisture and/or fertility. Higher heat units




will decrease the days to physiological




maturity. Cool weather can delay




physiological maturity.


(30) DAYS TO DIRECT
S30 = 131
The drying phase of sesame is from


HARVEST
(Uvalde nursery, 2007)
physiological maturity until direct harvest.


Number of days from
Value based on the
This data is taken as a date and later


planting until there is
average of a minimum of
converted to number of days. Direct


enough drydown for
three plots of the number
harvest is defined as the date at which the


direct harvest
of days (unit of measure:
plants are dry enough for combining seed



days)
at 6% or less moisture. Over 99% of the



Distribution within Sesaco
sesame in the world is harvested by hand



based on lines in all
before the plant completely dries down.



nurseries from 2004
The plants should be dry below where



tthrough 2006
the cutter bar of the combine will hit the



(Total number of samples
plants. In many lines, 15-20 cm from the



tested = 1,998)
ground can be green without an effect on



low = 103 days; high = 161
the moisture of the seed. In taking the



days
data on a plot, the plants at the aisle have



1 = <114.6 days; 3.3%
more moisture and fertility available and



2 = <126.2 days; 13.3%
will drydown later. The same is true for



3 = <137.8 days; 32.1%
plants within the plot that have a gap of



4 = <149.4 days; 44.2%
half a meter between plants. These plants



5 = >149.3 days; 7.2%
should be disregarded in taking the data.



avg. = 136.7 days, std = 10.3
In addition, there are few farmer fields that




dry down uniformly because of varying




soils and moisture. There is a certain




amount of green that can be combined and




still attain the proper moisture. The




amount of green allowable is also




dependent on the humidity at the day of




combining-the lower the humidity the




higher the amount of allowable green.




COMMENTS: This date is the most




variable number of days that define the




phenology of sesame because weather is




so important. In dry years with little




rainfall, the plants will run out of moisture




sooner and will dry down faster than in




years with more rainfall. Fields that are




irrigated by pivots will generally dry down




faster than fields with flood or furrow




irrigation because pivots do not provide




deep moisture. Fields with less fertility will




drydown faster than fields with high fertility.




Fields with high populations will dry down




faster than fields with low populations. In




low moisture situations lines with a strong




taproot will dry down later than lines with




mostly shallow fibrous roots.


(31) LODGING
S30 = 7.38
The data is taken after physiological


RESISTANCE
(Uvalde nursery 2007);
maturity (see DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL


The amount of lodging
S30 = 7.89
MATURITY - Character No. 29) and



(Lorenzo nursery, 2007)
before direct harvest (see DAYS TO



Average of a minimum of
DIRECT HARVEST - Character No. 30).



three plots of a subjective
Lodging that occurs after direct harvest in



rating based on the
nurseries would not be a factor in



following values:
commercial sesame.



0 to 8 rating
There are three types of lodging: where



8 = no lodging
the plants break at the stem, where the



7 = Less than 5% of plants
plants bend over but do not break, and



lodged
where the plants uproot and bend over.



4 = 50% of plants lodged
When a plant breaks over, it will rarely



1 = All plants lodged
produce any new seed, and the existing



Intermediate values are
seed may or may not mature. If there is a



used.
total break, there is no hope, but if there is



Distribution within Sesaco
still some active stem translocation



based on lines in Uvalde
through the break, there can be some yield



and Lorenzo nurseries in
recovery. The main causes for uprooting



2007
of plants are shallow root systems and



(Total number of samples
fields that have just been irrigated, creating



tested = 1061)
a soft layer of soil. When a plant bends



low = 1.0; high = 8.0
over early in development, some lines



1 = <2.4; 3.1%
adapt better than others in terms of having



2 = <3.8; 6.9%
the main stems turn up and continue



3 = <5.2; 22.6%
flowering. The tips of the branches are



4 = <6.6; 18.9%
usually matted under the canopy and will



5 = >8.0; 48.4%
rarely turn up, but new branches can



avg. = 6.1, std = 1.7
develop. As the plants go to drydown and




the weight of the moisture is lost, many of




the bent plants will straighten up making




the crop easier to combine.




COMMENTS: The major cause of




lodging is the wind. In areas where there




are constant winds such as in Oklahoma




and northern Texas, the plants adjust by




adding more lignins to the stems and it




takes a stronger wind to cause lodging




than in areas such as Uvalde where there




normally only breezes unless there is a




strong front or thunderstorm that passes




through. In areas with more root rots, the




stems are weak and it takes little wind to




lodge the plants.


(32) SEED COLOR
S30 = BF
This data is taken in the laboratory with


The color of the seed
(All crops, all nurseries)
the same lighting for all samples. The seed


coat
Subjective rating based on
from the whole plant is used.



the following values:
Seed coat color is taken on mature



WH = White
seeds. If there is any abnormal



BF = Buff
termination, the colors are not quite as



TN = Tan
even. The color of immature seed varies.



LBR = Light brown
Usually light seeded lines have tan to light



GO = Gold
brown immature seed; tan, light brown,



LGR = Light gray
gold, brown light gray, and gray lines have



GR = Gray
lighter immature seed; black lines can



BR = Brown
have tan, brown, or gray immature seed.



RBR = Reddish brown
Usually, moisture, fertility, population



BL = Black
and light intensity do not have an effect on



Distribution within Sesaco
seed coat color. Light colored seeds in a



based on seed harvested
drought may have a yellowish tinge. Seeds



in all nurseries in 1982-2001
in some lines in the tan, light brown and



(Total number of
gold range can change from year to year



samples tested = 161,809)
among themselves.



WH = 0.8%



BF = 74.8%



TN = 9.0%



LBR = 1.4%



GO = 1.5%



LGR = 0.6%



GR = 1.4%



BR = 6.5%



RBR = 0.6%



BL = 3.5%


(33) SEED WEIGHT -
S30 = 0.306 g
See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10CAP


100 SEEDS FROM
(All experimental
TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of


10cap TEST
nurseries, 1997-2006)
capsules.


Weight of 100 seeds
Value based on the
Count out 100 seeds and weigh. The


taken from the 10cap
average of a minimum of
seed must be dry.


tests which are taken
three samples of the
COMMENTS: the weight increases


from the middle of the
weight of 100 seeds from
with higher moisture/fertility. Generally,


plant.
the 10 capsules (unit of
the weight of the seed from the whole plant



weight: grams)
is lighter than the seed weight taken from



Distribution within Sesaco
the 10cap test.



based on stable lines in all



nurseries in 1997-2002



(Total number of lines



tested = 820 with 2,899



samples)



low = 0.200 g; high = 0.455 g



1 = <0..251 g; 10.1%



2 = <0.302 g; 48.4%



3 = <0.353 g; 34.0%



4 = <0.404 g; 7.2%



5 = >0.403 g; 0.2%



avg. = 0.298 g, std = 0.04


(34) COMPOSITE KILL
S30 = 6.21
On the week a plot reaches PM, a


RESISTANCE
(Uvalde nursery, 2007);
rating is assigned. The ratings are then


The amount of plants
S30 = 6.95
taken for 2 additional weeks. The three


killed by root rots in the
(Lorenzo nursery, 2007)
ratings are averaged for a final kill rating.


Sesaco nurseries
Average of a minimum of
For example, if a plot has a final kill of 766,



three plots of a subjective
the average for the plot will be 6.33. When



rating based on the
a value of 1 or 2 is assigned, there are no



following values: Ratings
additional ratings and there is no



are based on the number
averaging.



of plants killed in a plot.
There are three root diseases that affect



Before physiological
sesame in Texas: Fusarium oxysporum,



maturity (PM), the
Macrophomina phaseoli, and Phytophtora



following ratings are used:
parasitica. Between 1988 and the present,



1 = >90% kill before DAYS
spores of these three have been



TO FLOWERING
accumulated in one small area (1 square



TERMINATION (Character
km) north of Uvalde, and thus it is an



No. 28)
excellent screening area for the diseases.



2 = >90% kill between
Although each root rot attacks sesame in a



DAYS TO FLOWERING
different way with different symptoms, no



TERMINATION (Character
effort is made to differentiate which



No. 28) and DAYS TO
disease is the culprit in each plot.



PHYSIOLOGICAL
Pathological screenings in the past have



MATURITY (Character No.
found all 3 pathogens present in dead



29)
plants.



After PM, the following
COMMENTS: normally, the ratings will



ratings are used:
decrease a maximum of one value per



3 = >90% kill
week. There is an overlap between any



4 = 50 to 89% kill
two ratings, but this is overcome to a



5 = 25 to 49% kill
certain extent by using three ratings over 2



6 = 10 to 24% kill
weeks.



7 = less than 10% kill
The amount of kill is usually increased



8 = no kill
with any type of stress to the plants.



Distribution within Sesaco
Drought can increase the amount of



based on lines in Uvalde
Macrophomina; too much water can



nursery in 2000-2001
increase the amount of Phytophtora; high



(Total number of samples
temperatures and humidity can increase



tested = 3045)
the amount of Fusarium and Phytophtora.



low = 1.00; high = 8.00
High population can increase all three



1 = <1.6; 1.7%
diseases.



2 = <3.2; 16.7%
The ratings for any one year can be



3 = <4.8; 38.7%
used to compare lines grown in that year,



4 = <6.4; 31.2%
but should not be used to compare lines



5 = >6.3; 11.6%
grown in different years. The amount of



avg. = 4.52, std = 1.49
disease in any one year is highly




dependent on moisture, humidity, and




temperatures.


(35) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NT
Ratings can be done in several ways:


FUSARIUM WILT (F. oxysporum)
Average of a minimum of
1. Take ratings after the disease is no


Amount of resistance to
three plots of a subjective
longer increasing


Fusarium wilt
rating based on the
2. Take ratings on consecutive weeks



following values:
until disease is no longer increasing and



0 to 8 scale of the
average ratings.



% of infected plants
3. Take periodic ratings and average



8 = Zero disease
ratings.



7 = <10% infected
COMMENTS: Fusarium has been a



4 = 50% infected
problem in South Texas, particularly on



1 = >90% infected
fields that have been planted with sesame



0 = all infected
before. Normally, only the COMPOSITE



Intermediate values are
KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 34)



used.
rating is taken.



NT = not tested



NEC = no economic



damage - not enough



disease to do ratings


(36) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NT
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


PHYTOPHTORA STEM
Subjective rating
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)


ROT (P. parasitica)
See Values for Fusarium
COMMENTS: Phytophtora has been a


Amount of resistance to

problem in Arizona and Texas, particularly


Phytophtora stem rot

on fields that have been over-irrigated.




Normally, only the COMPOSITE KILL




RESISTANCE (Character No. 34) rating is




taken.


(37) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NT
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


CHARCOAL ROT
Subjective rating
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)


(Macrophomina
See Values for Fusarium
COMMENTS: Macrophomina has been


phaseoli)

a problem in Arizona and Texas,


Amount of resistance to

particularly on fields that go into a drought.


Charcoal rot

Normally, only the COMPOSITE KILL




RESISTANCE (Character No. 34) rating is




taken.


(38) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = 8.00
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


BACTERIAL BLACK
(Uvalde nursery, 2004)
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)


ROT (Pseudomonas
Average of a minimum of
COMMENTS: this disease occurs


sesami)
three plots of a subjective
occasionally when there is continual rainy


Amount of resistance to
rating based on the
weather with few clouds. In most years,


bacterial black rot
following values:
the disease abates once the weather



0 to 8 scale of the
changes. No economic damage has been



% of infected plants
noticed.



8 = Zero disease



7 = <10% infected



4 = 50% infected



1 = >90% infected



0 = all infected



Intermediate values are



used.



NT = not tested



NEC = no economic



damage - not enough



disease to do ratings



Distribution within Sesaco



based on lines in Uvalde



nursery in 2004



(Total number of samples



tested = 593)



low = 4.00; high = 8.00



1 = <2.4; 0.0%



2 = <3.8; 0.0%



3 = <5.2; 8.6%



4 = <6.6; 16.0%



5 = >6.5; 75.4%



avg. = 7.13, std = 1.00


(39) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NEC
Ratings can be done in several ways:


SILVERLEAF WHITE
(Uvalde nursery, 2006)
1. Take ratings after the insects are no


FLY (Bemisia
Average of a minimum of
longer increasing.


argentifolii)
three plots of a subjective
2. Take ratings on consecutive weeks


Amount of resistance to
rating based on the
until insects are no longer increasing and


the silverleaf white fly
following values:
average ratings.



0 to 8 scale of the
3. Take periodic ratings and average



% of infected plants
ratings.



0 to 8 scale
COMMENTS: there have been very



8 = Zero insects
few years (1991-1995) where the



7 = Few insects
incidence of silverleaf white fly has



4 = Many insects
affected nurseries or commercial crops. In



1 = Insects killing the
most years, a few white flies can be seen



plants
in the sesame with no economic damage.



Intermediate values are
In the middle 1990s, the USDA began



used.
introducing natural predators of the



NT = not tested
silverleaf white fly in the Uvalde area. It is



NEC = no economic
not known if the predators reduced the



damage - not enough
effects of the white fly or there is a natural



insects to do ratings
tolerance to white fly in the current




varieties.




Higher temperatures decrease the




number of days between generations.




There are indications that higher moisture




and fertility increase the incidence of white




flies, but there is no definitive data.




The sweet potato white fly (Bemisia




tabaci) has been observed in nurseries




since 1978 without any economic damage.


(40) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = 8.00
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


GREEN PEACH
(Uvalde nursery, 2004)
SILVERLEAF WHITE FLY (Character No.


APHIDS (Myzus
Subjective rating; see
39)


persicae)
Values for White Fly
COMMENTS: there have been very


Amount of resistance to
Distribution within Sesaco
few years (1990-1995) where the


the green peach aphid
based on lines in Uvalde
incidence of green peach aphid has



nursery in 2004
affected nurseries or commercial crops. In



(Total number of samples
most years, a few aphids can be seen in



tested = 412)
the sesame with no economic damage.



low = 1.00; high = 8.00
There have been many years in West



1 = <2.4; 1.0%
Texas when the cotton aphid has



2 = <3.8; 0.5%
decimated the cotton and did not build up



3 = <5.2; 10.7%
on adjacent sesame fields.



4 = <6.6; 4.8%
Higher moisture and fertility increase



5 = >6.5; 83.0%
the susceptibility to aphids.



avg. = 7.04, std = 1.35


(41) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NT
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


POD BORERS
Subjective rating; see
SILVERLEAF WHITE FLY (Character No.


(Heliothis spp.)
Values for White Fly
39)


Amount of resistance to

COMMENTS: there have been very


pod borers

few years (1985) where the incidence of




Heliothis has affected nurseries or




commercial crops. In most years, a few




borers can be seen in the sesame with no




economic damage.


(42) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NT
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


ARMY WORMS
Subjective rating; see
SILVERLEAF WHITE FLY (Character No.


(Spodoptera spp.)
Values for White Fly
39)


Amount of resistance to

COMMENTS: there have been very


army worms

few years (1984-1987) where the




incidence of Spodoptera has affected




commercial crops in Arizona. In Texas,




army worms have decimated cotton and




alfalfa fields next to sesame without any




damage to the sesame. It is not known if




the Arizona army worm is different from




the Texas army worm.


(43) RESISTANCE TO
S30 = NEC
See Methodology for RESISTANCE TO


CABBAGE LOOPERS
(Lorenzo nursery 2007)
SILVERLEAF WHITE FLY (Character No.


(Pieris rapae)
Subjective rating; see
39)


Amount of resistance to
values for White Fly
COMMENTS: there have been very


cabbage loopers

few years (1992-1993) where the




incidence of cabbage loopers has affected




nurseries. In commercial sesame, cabbage




loopers have been observed with no




economic damage.





aUvalde nursery planted north of Uvalde, Texas (latitude 29° 22′ north, longitude 99° 47′ west, 226 m elev) in middle to late May to early June from 1988 to the present; mean rainfall is 608 mm annually with a mean of 253 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 3° C. and an average high of 17° C. in January to an average low of 22° C. and an average high of 37° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 96 cm beds from 1988 to 1997 and on 76 cm beds from 1998 to the present. The nursery was pre-irrigated and has had 2-3 post-plant irrigations depending on rainfall. The fertility has varied from 30-60 units of nitrogen.


bLorenzo nursery planted southeast of Lubbock, Texas (latitude 33° 40′ north, longitude 101° 49′ west, 1000 m elev) in mid June from 2004 to the present; mean rainfall is 483 mm annually with a mean of 320 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an average low of −4° C. and an average high of 11° C. in January to an average low of 20° C. and an average high of 33° C. in July. The nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery was rainfed. The fertility was 30 units of nitrogen.






In developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are seven characters that are desirable for successful crops: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 34), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), and SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 33). The first four characters contribute to YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10) which is the most important economic factor normally considered by a farmer in the selection of a variety. In improving the characters, the yields have to be comparable to or better than current varieties, or provide a beneficial improvement for a particular geographical or market niche. SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING determine how well the plants will retain the seed while they are drying down in adverse weather.
COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE determines whether the plants can finish their cycle and have the optimum seed fill. DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY determines how far north and to which elevation the varieties can be grown. In the United States and Europe, the SEED COLOR is important since over 95% of the market requires white or buff seed. There are limited markets for gold and black seed in the Far East. All other colors can only be used in the oil market. SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST determines the market for the seed. Lack of COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE can reduce SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST. In parts of the United States where there is little rain in dry years and the lack of moisture can reduce the SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST.
There are other characters important in developing commercial sesame varieties explained in Langham, D. R. and T. Wiemers, 2002. “Progress in mechanizing sesame in the US through breeding”, In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Trends in new crops and new uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. BRANCHING STYLE (Character No. 1), HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5) and HEIGHT OF FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6) are important in combining. CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7), NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8), AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9), and SEED WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 18) are important in creating potential YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10). LEAF DIMENSIONS (Characters No. 12, 13, 14, and 15) are important in determining optimum populations.
NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF AXIL (Character No. 2), NUMBER OF CARPELS PER CAPSULE (Character No. 16), CAPSULE LENGTH (Character No. 17), CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 19), and CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CM OF CAPSULE (Character No. 20) are important in breeding for VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character No. 21) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25) which lead to testing for SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) and determining the CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23), NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character 24) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character No. 26).
DAYS TO FLOWERING (Character No. 27), DAYS TO FLOWER TERMINATION (Character No. 28), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), and MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3) are highly correlated and important in determining the phenology and geographical range for the variety.
DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30) is important in that once the plants reach physiological maturity there is no weather event that will increase yield and many weather events that may substantially lower the yield. A shorter drying phase increases yield. PLANT PHENOTYPE (Character No. 4) is a summary character of characters 1, 2, and 3 that allows an overall visualization of the line.
RESISTANCE TO DROUGHT (Character No. 11) becomes important in reducing yield and seed weight. Even though there was a drought in the growing areas in 2006, there has not been a drought in nurseries planted since 2000 because of irrigation. LODGING RESISTANCE (Character No. 31) is important in years when there are high winds in the growing areas. The resistance characters (Characters No. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43) are important in reducing the losses from diseases and pests.
Over the past 30 years, Sesaco has tested 2,966 introductions from all over the world. Commercial samples have been obtained from China, India, Sudan, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Mozambique, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Egypt, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Thailand, Turkey, Upper Volta, Uganda, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Philippines, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Somalia, Eritrea, Paraguay, and El Salvador. Additional research seed has been received from the commercial countries and from many other countries such as Australia, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Russia, Jordan, Yemen, Syria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Gabon, Greece, Italy, South Korea, Libya, Nepal, Zaire, England and Tanzania. Research seed received from one country may have originated from another unspecified country. All of the commercial and research introductions have CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23) of shattering, “SHA”.
Using selected characters from Table II, Table III provides a character differentiation between S30 and name cultivars from all over the world.







TABLE III







Character Differentiation of Various Sesame Varietiesa









Character
Rating
Name cultivars tested by Sesaco





CAPSULE SHATTERING
SHA
Eliminate the following from the world:


TYPE

From Venezuela: Venezuela 51, Venezuela


(Character No. 23)

52, Guacara, Aceitera, Inamar, Acarigua,




Morada, Capsula Larga, Arawaca, Piritu,




Glauca, Turen, DV9, Fonucla, UCLA




From Mexico: Pachequeno, Yori, Anna, Teras,




Denisse, Canasta, Tehvantepeter




From India: TMV1, TMV3




From Turkey: Ozberk, Muganli, Gamdibi,




Marmara




From Israel: DT45




From Guatemala: R198, R30




From Paraguay: Escoba and INIA.




From Texas: Llano, Margo, Dulce, Blanco,




Paloma, Oro, Renner 1 and 2, Early Russian




From California: UCR3, UCR4, Eva, Calinda




(Cal Beauty)




From Thailand: KU18




From Korea: Danback, Gwansan, Pungyiong,




Suweon, Yuseong, Hanseon, Ahnsan,




Kwangsan, Jinback, Pungsan, Sodan,




Yangheuk, Konheuk, Whaheuck, Sungboon



SSH
Eliminate from Sesaco: S02, S03, S04, S05,




S06, S07, S08, S09, S10, S12, S14



ID
Eliminate the following from the world:




From Venezuela: G2, Morada id




From Texas: Rio, Delco, Baco, Improved




Baco, Roy, Eli




From South Carolina: Palmetto




From California: UCR234




From Sesaco: S01



SR
All others, go to NON-DEHISCENT TEST


NON-DEHISCENT TEST
XX
Eliminate from Sesaco: S11, S15, S16, S17,


(Character No. 24)

S18, S19, S20, S21



ND
All others to the Improved NON-DEHISCENT




TEST


IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT
ZZ
Eliminate from Sesaco: 11W, 19A, S22, S23,


TEST (Character No. 26)

S24, S25, S26, S28, S29 (all of these lines and




varieties have been disclosed in previous




patents, and there are no lines or varieties that




are not included.)



IND
From Sesaco: S30 and S32, go BRANCHING




STYLE


BRANCHING STYLE
B
Eliminate from Sesaco: S32


(Character No. 1)
U
S30





aSHA = shattering; SSH = semi-shattering; ID = indehiscent; SR = shatter resistant; XX = not non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; ND = non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452; IND = improved non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 12041257 (Attorney Docket Number SESA 3200 PTUS)






Although Table III differentiates S30 from all other cultivars and varieties, Table IV provides additional separation from two of the other current varieties S25 and S29 and Table V shows all the characters from Table II for S30 and the other three current varieties S26, S28, and S32.







TABLE IV







Character Comparison of S30 to S25 and S29












No.
Character
Year/nursery
S26
S29
S30















5
HEIGHT OF PLANT (cm)
2007 UV
130
138
142


6
HEIGHT OF FIRST CAPSULE
2007 UV
66
56
52



(cm)


7
CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (cm)
2007 UV
65
82
90


17
CAPSULE LENGTH (cm)
1997-2006 All
2.84
2.80
2.27









S30 is taller, has a longer capsule zone, and has shorter capsules than S25 and S29. There are other differences, but these clearly separate S30 from these two commercial varieties—S25 and S29.
Table V compares S30 to S26, S28, and S32 because they are the closest phenotypically, and they share one common parent (031) that has many of the characters of the three varieties. The table is in terms of all of the characters listed in Table 11. The major differences in Table V are indicated in the “Dif” column by a “C” for commercially important differences and an “M” for morphological differences.







TABLE V







Character Comparison of S26, S28, S30, and S32a














No.
Character
Year/nursery
S26
S28
S30
S32
Dif

















1
Branching Style
All
B
B
U
B
C


2
Number of Capsules per
All
1
1
1
1



Leaf Axil


3
Maturity Class
Adjusted PM
100
99
98
97




2005-2007
M
M
M
M




UV


4
Plant Phenotype
All
B1M
B1M
U1M
B1M


5
Height of Plant (cm)
2007 UV
148
144
142
147


6
Height of First Capsule
2007 UV
60
58
52
58



(cm)


7
Capsule Zone Length (cm)
2007 UV
88
86
90
89


8
Number of Capsule Nodes
2007 UV
31
29
31
25
M


9
Average Internode Length
2007 UV
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.6
M



within Capsule Zone (cm)


10
Yield at Drydown (kg/ha)
2007 UV
1308
1384
1386
1315




2007 LO
464
639
1204
1059
C


11
Resistance to Drought
2000 SA
Good
Good
NT
NT


12
Leaf Length (cm)
5th - 2006
24.1
23.3
23.4
NT




LO




10th - 2006
12.5
12.1
19.7
NT
M




LO




15th - 2006
9.1
7.6
16.1
NT
M




LO


13
Leaf Blade Length (cm)
5th - 2006
13.4
13.8
14.3
NT




LO




10th - 2006
9.8
9.3
15.0
NT
M




LO




15th - 2006
7.5
6.6
13.2
NT
M




LO


14
Leaf Blade Width (cm)
5th - 2006
14.5
14.8
10.8
NT




LO




10th - 2006
3.3
2.6
4.1
NT




LO




15th - 2006
1.2
0.9
1.8
NT




LO


15
Petiole Length (cm)
5th - 2006
10.7
9.5
9.1
NT




LO




10th - 2006
2.7
2.8
4.7
NT




LO




15th - 2006
1.6
1.0
2.9
NT




LO


16
Number of Carpels per
All
2
2
2
2



Capsule


17
Capsule Length (cm)
1997-2006
2.24
2.25
2.27
2.14




All


18
Seed Weight per Capsule
1997-2006
0.234
0.229
0.263
0.227
M



(g)
All


19
Capsule Weight per
1997-2006
0.164
0.166
0.166
0.147



Capsule (g)
All


20
Capsule Weight per cm of
1997-2006
0.073
0.074
0.073
0.069



Capsule (g)
All


21
Visual Shatter Resistance
All
W
W
I
I
C


22
Shaker Shatter Resistance
1997-2006
72.9
75.3
79.4
77.2



(%)
All


23
Capsule Shattering Type
All
SR
SR
SR
SR


24
Non-dehiscent Test
All
ND
ND
ND
ND


25
Improved Non-dehiscent
2006 UV
6.33
6.33
7.32
7.33
C



visual rating
2006 LO
6.33
6.67
7.33
7.08
C




2007 LO
6.56
6.56
7.33
7.35
C


26
Improved Non-dehiscent
All
ZZ
ZZ
IND
IND
C



Test


27
Days to Flowering
2007 UV
44
44
42
42


28
Days to Flower
2007 UV
90
88
87
88



Termination


29
Days to Physiological
2005-2007
100
99
98
97



Maturity
UV




2005-2007
104
103
103
102




UV/LO




2007 UV
109
108
110
108


30
Days to Direct Harvest
2007 UV
151
151
131
129
C


31
Lodging Resistance
2007 UV
6.43
7.00
7.38
6.28
C




2007 LO
5.00
5.25
7.89
7.08
C


32
Seed Color
All
BF
BF
BF
BF


33
Seed Weight - 100 Seeds
1997-2006
0.331
0.331
0.306
0.312
C



from 10cap test (g)
All


34
Composite Kill Resistance
2007 UV
6.44
6.89
6.21
5.94
C




2007 LO
6.25
6.50
6.95
6.25
C


35
Resistance to Fusarium

NT
NT
NT
NT



Wilt (F. oxysporum)


36
Resistance to Phytophtora
2007 LO
NT
NT
NT
NT



Stem Rot (P. parasitica)


37
Resistance to Charcoal Rot

NT
NT
NT
NT



(Macrophomina phaseoli)


38
Resistance to Bacterial
2004 UV
6.98
7.04
8.00
8.00



Black Rot (Pseudomonas



sesami)


39
Resistance to Silverleaf
2006 UV
NEC
NEC
NEC
NEC



White Fly (Bemisia



argentifolii)


40
Resistance to Green
2004 UV
8.00
7.93
8.00
5.50



Peach Aphid (Myzus



persica)


41
Resistance to Pod Borer
2001 UV
NEC
NT
NT
NT



(Heliothis spp.)


42
Resistance to Army Worms

NT
NT
NT
NT



(Spodoptera spp.)


43
Resistance to Cabbage
2007 LO
NEC
NEC
NEC
NEC



Loopers (Pieris rapae)





aB = true branches; U = uniculm (no true branches); UV = Uvalde nursery; M = medium maturity class of 95-104 days; B1M = phenotype of true branches, single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104 days; U1M = phenotype of uniculm, single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104 days; LO = Lorenzo nursery; NT = not tested; W = weather visual seed retention >75%; SR = shatter resistant; ND = non-dehiscent; ZZ = not improved non-dehiscent; IND = improved non-dehiscent; BF = buff color; and NEC = no economic damage - not enough disease or insects to do ratings.






As stated earlier, in developing sesame varieties for the United States, there are seven important characters: SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 34), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), and SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM 10CAP TEST (Character No. 33). These characters will be discussed first and will include a discussion of all of the current commercial varieties (S25, S26, S28, S29, S30, and S32), followed by other characters that differentiate S30 from S26, S28, and S32.
FIG. 2 provides the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) of all the varieties that have been harvested direct. S11 was the first variety that could be left standing for harvest with adequate yields in normal weather. With the exception of S17, varieties S15 through S22 were released for specific niches. S17 replaced S11 in most locations until it was replaced by S23 and S24. In 2001, S25 replaced S23. S23 is considered to be the minimum acceptable SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE for commercial use. S24, S25, S26, S28, and S29, all have SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE in the low to mid seventy percent level. S30 has the highest SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE of all commercial varieties which contributes to a higher IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25).
FIG. 3 provides the IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25) of all of the present commercial varieties. SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) represents the amount of seed that is retained by the plant several months after being dry in the field. This standard was developed as a minimum standard in 1997-1998 and has proven to be a good predictor of shatter resistance. However, when the plants have reached DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30), the plants are holding more than the seed represented by the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE percentage. If there is no rain, fog, dew, or wind during the drying phase, the plants will be retaining almost all of their seed for the combine. From the time that a capsule is dry the amount of shatter resistance begins to deteriorate. The IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING sets a new benchmark for selecting varieties: the line has to have a rating of 7 or higher 4 weeks after DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (the ideal harvest time). S30 and S32 are the only commercial varieties that meet this new standard as shown in FIG. 3 which is an average of 5 nurseries from 2005 to 2007.
FIG. 4 provides the COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 34) of the current commercial varieties in the Uvalde and Lorenzo nurseries in 2007. COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE is a composite rating of resistance to three root rots: Fusarium, Phytophtora, and Macrophomina. In most years, Fusarium is the major cause of kill. When sesame is first introduced into a growing area, there are few disease problems, but over time the spores of these fungi accumulate and disease resistance becomes important. When sesame was first introduced in Uvalde in 1988, the yields were high. As farmers planted on the same fields in subsequent years, the yields decreased. S30 is slightly lower than S26, S28, and S29 in South Texas, but is better than all varieties in North Texas. The ratings for S30 are acceptable for a commercial variety. Any rating above 5.67 indicates that over 90% of the plants produced good seed to the top of the plant.
FIG. 5 provides the mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29) of the current commercial varieties in 2005 to 2007 in the Uvalde and Lorenzo nurseries. In the United States, sesame is currently grown from South Texas to southern Kansas. The growing window of a crop is determined by the earliest the crop can be planted in the spring as the ground warms up, and the onset of cold weather in the fall. Current sesame varieties require about 21° C. ground temperature to establish an adequate population. In most years, the ground is warm enough in South Texas in middle April and in southern Kansas in late May. Current sesame varieties require night temperatures above 5° C. for normal termination. In most years, the night temperatures are warm enough in South Texas until middle November and in southern Kansas until middle October. There have been years when cold fronts affect the growth of sesame in the middle of September in the north. East of Lubbock, Tex., the elevations begin climbing towards the Rocky Mountains, and there are later warm temperatures in the spring and earlier cold temperatures in the fall. In all years, if the sesame is planted as early as temperatures allow, lines with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of 105 days or less will have no problems. However, most areas are rainfed, and it is essential to have a planting rain before planting the sesame. Thus, the earlier the DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of the variety, the more flexibility the farmers have with planting date. In South Texas, the goal is to have varieties with a DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of less than 110 days while in southern Kansas the goal is less than 90 days. The mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY for S30 from 2205 to 2007 is 103 which allows it to be planted in all of the current sesame growing areas.
FIG. 6 provides the mean YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10) in Uvalde and Lorenzo in 2007. In releasing a new variety, another important consideration is whether the yields (YIELD AT DRYDOWN) will be comparable or better than the existing varieties. In 2007 in the Uvalde irrigated nursery, S30 yield (1,386 kg/ha) was comparable to S26/S28/S32 (1,308/1,384/1,315 kg/ha) and better than S25/S29 (936/1,049). In 2007 in the Lorenzo irrigated nursery, S30 yield (1,204 kg/ha) was considerably higher than all the commercial varieties: S25 with 841 kg/ha, S26 with 464, S28 with 639, S29 with 800, and S32 with 1,059 kg/ha. S30 became a variety because the yields are comparable to the existing varieties in all conditions, and better under certain conditions.
FIG. 7 provides the mean SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE 10CAP TEST (Character No. 33) of all direct harvest varieties between 1997 and 2006. The hulled market is the premium use of sesame in the United States and Europe. In recent years, hulled sesame processors have been increasing the specifications of SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE 10CAP TEST to between 0.33 and 0.35 g, with the larger seed preferable for hulled products used on top of breads and buns. To date, the Sesaco varieties with the highest SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE 10CAP TEST have had marginal SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22) and poor COMPOSITE KILL RESISTANCE (Character No. 34). Most markets have no specifications on seed weight, but larger seed is still desirable. The mean SEED WEIGHT—100 SEEDS FROM THE 10CAP TEST for S30 for all years is smaller than all the current varieties except S25, but still meets the specifications for a substantial portion of the U.S. market.
SEED COLOR (Character No. 32) is the last important character and S30 is the same (buff) as the other commercial varieties.
The following paragraphs will discuss other characters that distinguish S30 from S26, S28, and S32. First the commercial significant characters will be discussed, followed by the morphological characters.
The BRANCHING STYLE (Character No. 1) of S30 is uniculm as opposed to true branches for all of the other current varieties. Going back to the early work of D. G. Langham (Langham, D. G. and M. Rodriguez. 1945. El ajonjoli (Sesamum indicum L.): su cultivo, explotacion, y mejoramiento. Bol. 2, Publ. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Maracay, Venezuela. p. 132.), it has been known that single stem lines do better in narrow row spacing (less than 75 cm) than branched lines, and that branched lines do better than single stem lines in wide row spacing (greater than 74 cm). In many of the sesame growing areas, farmers are trying to plant sesame on narrower row spacing. S30 will do better than the current varieties in that cropping pattern.
DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30) is important because once the plants are mature, the faster the drydown period the shorter the time that the sesame field is exposed to bad weather conditions that yield loss. As discussed above, rain, fog, dew, and wind can reduce shatter resistance, and as will be discussed below, high winds can lead to lodging. The number of DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST will vary depending on the environment, but generally a line that dries down faster than other lines in one environment will dry down faster in all environments. In the 2007 Uvalde nursery S30 dried down 20 days earlier than S26 and S28 enabling harvest three weeks earlier. S32 is a few days earlier than S30 on this character. This is a significant character which will help the average YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10) when compared to the other commercial varieties.
LODGING RESISTANCE (Character 31) must be measured when plants are subjected to significant wind events that demonstrate differences between the lines. Lines that lodge under low wind conditions are screened out of plant improvement programs and do not become candidates for varieties. S30 exhibits better lodging resistance.
RESISTANCE TO GREEN PEACH APHID (MYZUS PERSICA) (Character No. 40) has been a marginally important character because aphids have been a rare problem in sesame in the U.S. Sesame is not susceptible to the more common cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii). At least one variety known to the inventor (S11) was very susceptible to the green peach aphid, and this susceptibility caused damage in two commercial fields. Limited data on S30 indicates it does not have increased resistance to green peach aphids and is comparable to standard lines than any of the current varieties.
NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8) and AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No. 9) are usually related. The greater the number of capsule nodes, the shorter the internode length. S30 has more capsule nodes and shorter internode length than S32, and comparable numbers to S26 and S28, but all still results in acceptable yields. The internode length is one of the characters that is used to visually distinguish S30 from S32 in the field.
The LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12) and LEAF BLADE LENGTH (Character No. 13) on the 10th and 15th nodes are longer than all of the current varieties. This is quite common in comparing branched to single stem lines, and it can be used as an additional marker to differentiate the varieties in the field.
The SEED WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 18) is significantly higher than the current varieties. Although increased yield has not yet been measured under the testing conditions employed, increased seed weight per capsule allows for comparable yield with fewer capsules.
On Jan. 17, 2008, a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of sesame plant S30 was made by Sesaco Corporation under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and the deposit was given ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887. This deposit will be maintained in the ATCC depository for a period of 30 years or 5 years after the last request or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer. Should the seeds from the sesame line S30 deposited with the American Type Culture Collection become unviable, the deposit will be replaced by Sesaco Corporation upon request.
The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and characters for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A seed of sesame variety designated S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.

2. A sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.

3. Pollen of said sesame plant of claim 2.

4. A sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame variety S30, a sample of the seed of said variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.

5. A tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.

6. A tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from sesame plant S30 produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.

7. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887, wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S30.

8. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887, wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S30.

9. A method of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant and harvesting the resultant sesame seed, wherein said first or second parent sesame plant was produced by growing seed of sesame variety S30, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-8887.