United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 06-2259

MARIA ARACELLY LOPEZ DE HINCAPIE,

Petitioner,

v.

ALBERTO R. GONZALES, 

ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondent.

PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER

 OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before

 Lipez and Newman,* Circuit Judges,

and Selya, Senior Circuit Judge.

L. Manuel Macias and Ilana Greenstein on brief for petitioner.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division,

Terri J. Scadron, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration

Litigation, and Siu P. Wong, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration

Litigation, on brief for respondent.

July 17, 2007

__________

*Hon. Pauline Newman, of the Federal Circuit, sitting by

designation.
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SELYA, Senior Circuit Judge. The petitioner is a

Colombian national. She seeks judicial review of a final order of

removal issued by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which

denied her omnibus application for asylum, withholding of removal,

and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). The

petitioner labors to convince us that the BIA erred in denying her

relief from deportation. We are not persuaded.

The petitioner, Maria Aracelly Lopez de Hincapie, then

fifty-four years of age and a resident of Chinchina Caldas,

Colombia, entered the United States as a tourist on February 15,

2000. Although her B-2 tourist visa expired six months later, she

remained in the country. During the summer of 2000, she was

arrested in New York after trying to obtain a fraudulent green

card. She pleaded guilty to bribery of a public official. See

18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1)(A). After her visa expired, federal

authorities charged her with overstaying her visa and seeking to

procure immigration documents by fraud in violation of the Immigration

and Nationality Act (INA). See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i),

(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).

In due course, removal proceedings were instituted. The

petitioner conceded removability but cross-applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, or protection under the CAT. See id.

§§ 1158(b), 1231(b)(3); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). An Immigration

Judge (IJ) pretermitted her asylum application after finding that
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the aforementioned bribery conviction constituted an aggravated

felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(B)(i).

The IJ conducted a hearing on the petitioner's remaining

requests for relief. The petitioner averred that she had suffered

persecution in her homeland on account of imputed political opinion

and membership in a particular social group.

The petitioner testified on her own behalf. Her tale

began in 1991. She recounted that, on February 26 of that year,

her son and her half-brother were shot and killed in what appeared

to be a botched robbery at a Medellín nightclub. She thought that

a paramilitary or guerilla group may have been responsible. After

a police investigation proved fruitless, two more of the

petitioner's half-brothers, Ivan and Carlos, inaugurated a vigorous

campaign to bring their sibling's slayers to justice. They

repeatedly visited the police station, questioned the results of

the investigation, and pressured the police to track down the

perpetrators.

On October 28, 1993, Ivan was shot to death by two men on

motorcycles as he stood on the sidewalk outside a local fire

station. Carlos continued pressing for action in the nightclub

shooting despite warnings from the constabulary that he should back

down in order to "prevent being killed also."

The petitioner further testified that, in March of 1996,

the mother of Ivan and Carlos (Celina Betancour) was struck and
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killed by two motorcyclists as she stood at a gasoline pump.

Fearing for his life, Carlos moved to the neighboring town of

Armenia. He periodically returned to Chinchina to help the

petitioner care for their ailing father. Each time he returned,

Carlos received threats on his life. He nonetheless remained

extremely vocal about his intention to track down his brother's

killers. 

The petitioner says that she too received a series of

threats. Some were by means of vague and anonymous telephone calls

to her mother's house. Others were by means of messages contained

in flyers and booklets left at the clothing store that she owned.

For the most part, those messages threatened that she would be

killed if she did not pay money (although the messages never

specified how much money or to whom it should be paid). Some of

the messages, however, did not mention money but warned cryptically

that the petitioner "could be . . . next" or that "the cemetery

[would] accept a lot of families." 

The petitioner testified that she did not know who was

responsible for the threats. She speculated, however, that they

were generated by the same guerilla or paramilitary group that had

carried out the nightclub shooting.

On September 19, 1999, Carlos was shot by two men on

motorcycles as he walked outside of his father's house. The
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petitioner suspected that the same group had struck again. Fearing

that she would be next, she repaired to the United States. 

The IJ credited much of this tale but nonetheless denied

the petitioner's entreaties for withholding of removal and relief

under the CAT. In his bench decision, he found that the petitioner

had failed to establish a nexus between her fear of physical harm

and any statutorily protected ground. The IJ noted the

petitioner's inability to identify the persons making the threats

and concluded that the threats were likely motivated by extortion

or some other species of garden-variety criminality. As the flip

side of this coin, the IJ found no reason to believe that the

persons responsible for the threats were connected to any

particular guerilla group or faction. Finally, the IJ rejected the

petitioner's CAT claim, discerning no evidence of a likelihood that

the petitioner would be tortured if returned to Colombia.

The petitioner appealed. The BIA disagreed with the IJ's

conclusion that bribery of a public official constituted an

aggravated felony as that term is used in the INA. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(43). Thus, the BIA considered and rejected the

petitioner's asylum claim on the merits, concluding that the

petitioner had failed to furnish evidence sufficient to establish

a nexus between the reported threats and a statutorily protected

ground. With respect to the petitioner's other claims — for

withholding of removal and sanctuary pursuant to the CAT — the BIA
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affirmed the IJ's rulings. This timely petition for judicial

review followed.

We turn first to the petitioner's asylum claim. To

qualify for asylum, an alien first must establish her status as a

refugee, that is, a person who is unable or unwilling to return to

her homeland "because of persecution . . . on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see INS v. CardozaFonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 (1987); Jiang v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 25,

30 (1st Cir. 2007). The alien can satisfy this obligation by

showing that she has been persecuted in the past on account of one

of the five statutorily protected grounds or, alternatively, that

a well-founded fear of future persecution on such a ground exists.

See Makhoul v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 75, 79 (1st Cir. 2004). 

As we embark upon our analysis, we begin at the

beginning. Persecution is a protean term, not defined by statute.

One element in the decisional calculus involves the degree of the

harm inflicted or threatened. To rise to the level of persecution,

the sum of an alien's experiences must add up to more than ordinary

harassment, mistreatment, or suffering. See Attia v. Gonzales, 477

F.3d 21, 23 (1st Cir. 2007); Bocova v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 257, 263

(1st Cir. 2005). Because threats of murder would fit neatly under

this carapace, see, e.g., Un v. Gonzales, 415 F.3d 205, 210 (1st

Cir. 2005); Andriasian v. INS, 180 F.3d 1033, 1042 (9th Cir. 1999);
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Aguilar-Solis v. INS, 168 F.3d 565, 570 (1st Cir. 1999), we assume,

favorably to the petitioner, that she has met this prong of the

test for persecution. 

Another element of an asylum claim based on persecution

involves the nexus requirement, that is, whether the harm, if

otherwise sufficient, has occurred (or is anticipated to occur) "on

account of" one of the five statutorily protected grounds. See,

e.g., Raza v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 125, 128-29 (1st Cir. 2007);

Makhoul, 387 F.3d at 79. This "on account of" requirement — the

latter facet of our first preliminary point — lies at the epicenter

of our inquiry; the BIA's denial of the petitioner's asylum claim

was premised on her failure to satisfy that requirement. 

A further point that demands clarification concerns the

showing that is required to satisfy the "on account of" element.

The petitioner interprets the INA to require that an alien

demonstrate only a reasonable possibility of a nexus between the

harm and a statutorily protected ground. This is an incorrect view

of the law. In INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478 (1992), the

Supreme Court stated that showing a linkage to one of the five

statutorily protected grounds is "critical" to a successful asylum

claim. Id. at 483. This is strong language, not consistent with

the notion of proof of a mere possibility. Thus, even though an

asylum applicant need only demonstrate a reasonable possibility of

future persecution, we think that she must provide sufficient
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evidence to forge an actual connection between the harm and some

statutorily protected ground. See DaSilva v. Ashcroft 394 F.3d 1,

6 (1st Cir. 2005); see also 8 C.F.R. 208.13(b)(1). 

Before we turn from the general to the specific, we think

it wise to emphasize that the question of whether persecution is on

account of one of the five statutorily protected grounds is factspecific. Consequently, we review the BIA's answer to that

question through the prism of the substantial evidence rule. See

Berrio-Barrera v. Gonzales, 460 F.3d 163, 167 (1st Cir. 2006);

DaSilva, 394 F.3d at 4. This is a highly deferential standard,

under which we must uphold the BIA's determination as long as that

determination is "supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole." EliasZacarias, 502 U.S. at 481. This standard "is not petitionerfriendly." Bocova, 412 F.3d at 262. That the record supports a

conclusion contrary to that reached by the BIA is not enough to

warrant upsetting the BIA's view of the matter; for that to occur,

the record must compel the contrary conclusion. See EliasZacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 n.1; Aguilar-Solis, 168 F.3d 569; see

also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (mandating that "the administrative

findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude the contrary").

The petitioner tries to connect her asylum claim to her

political opinion or, alternatively, her membership in a social
Because we answer this query in the negative, see text infra, 1

we need not reach any questions that might be lurking in the

penumbra of the case concerning whether the "rule of law" advocacy

touted by the petitioner suffices to bring her within the political

opinion and/or social group taxonomy.

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group. She forges these connections as follows. As to political

opinion, she claims that her brothers and stepmother were killed as

a result of their efforts to probe the nightclub shooting.

Building on that foundation, she envisions those efforts as

manifesting a political opinion — speaking out against corruption

and in favor of the rule of law — disfavored by the faction

responsible for the shooting. This guerilla or paramilitary group,

she alleges, imputed to her the same political opinion and

threatened to kill her on account of it. 

Her "social group" argument is a recasting of the same

theory. The social group that she has in mind is the LopezBetancour family (of which she is a member). She contends that she

was targeted "on account of" her family membership because of the

family's insistence that the rule of law prevail.

For present purposes, we need not distinguish between the

petitioner's two theories. Whether hitched to political opinion or

to social group membership, the nexus requirement is the same. The

question, then, is the supportability of the BIA's determination

that the petitioner failed to prove that the harm alleged (here,

the threats) was "on account of" a statutorily protected ground.1
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The petitioner testified that her clothing store, where

most of the threats occurred, was very successful and that the

threats ceased when she was no longer actively engaged in the

business. She testified, moreover, that she thought the purpose of

the threats was "to request money from [her]" because she "was

working well." These facts invite the inference that whoever was

threatening the petitioner targeted her because of greed, not

because of her political opinion or membership in a particular

social group. At the very least, the threats could just as easily

have been prompted by a desire to extort money as by any motive

connected to a statutorily protected ground. Cf. Aguilar-Solis,

168 F.3d at 572 (finding plausible the IJ's suggestion that, given

petitioner's substantial land holdings, threats could have

represented attempts by guerillas to garner financial support for

their movement). 

The evidence anent the origins of the threats is not

helpful to the petitioner's endeavor to resist this inference. She

could not identify the source of the threats, either precisely or

categorically; and the record, fairly read, does not compel a

finding that the threats were in any way associated with either

political opinion or social group membership. While the petitioner

was not required to identify her antagonists with absolute

certainty, she was required, in the absence of a positive

identification, to furnish some credible evidence of the motivation
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underlying the threats. See Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 483;

Romilus v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2004). After all,

guerillas and common criminals are equally apt to resort to violent

means to accomplish their goals, and it is the alien's burden to

give the adjudicator some basis for differentiation in a given

case. See Romilus, 385 F.3d at 7. The petitioner here failed to

carry that burden. 

The content of the threats also does little to bolster

the petitioner's cause. The threats did not demand that the

petitioner stop associating with Carlos, nor did they forecast

further violence if her family continued pressing for a more

complete investigation of the nightclub shooting. Without any such

explicit linkage, it was reasonable for the BIA to conclude that

the threats were most likely the handiwork of common criminals.

See Boci v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 762, 767 (7th Cir. 2007); Romilus,

385 F.3d at 7. 

To be sure, the threats themselves were not typically

extortionate. They lacked specific information about when, to

whom, and how much money should be paid. Moreover, some of them

made veiled references to death and family. All of this, however,

adds up to no more than that the BIA might have drawn an inference

that the petitioner was singled out due to her imputed political

opinion or family ties. But the BIA chose not to draw that

inference and chose instead to draw a contrary but plausible
It is worth noting that the petitioner's children live in 2

other regions of Colombia. This and other evidence suggests that

the threats were, at most, a local phenomenon. If the petitioner

were able to protect herself from the threats by the simple

expedient of moving elsewhere in her homeland, that fact would

undermine her claim for asylum. See Alibeaj v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d

188, 190-91 (1st Cir. 2006); DaSilva, 394 F.3d at 8.

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inference: that the threats were sparked by an intention to extort.

Where the record supports plausible but conflicting inferences in

an immigration case, the IJ's choice between those inferences is,

a fortiori, supported by substantial evidence. See Bocova, 412

F.3d at 264; Aguilar-Solis, 168 F.3d at 571; see also Romilus, 385

F.3d at 7.

We add, moreover, that the inference that the BIA elected

to draw is strengthened by the fact that the petitioner's children

continue to reside in Colombia without apparent incident. If the

petitioner had been targeted on account of family membership, there

is no logical explanation why her children would not be equally at

risk. Their continued existence in Colombia suggests that the

threats were unconnected to her family ties. See Aguilar-Solis, 2

168 F.3d at 573.

We are not without sympathy for the petitioner's plight.

Colombia is a nation wracked with violence, and the murderous

sequence described by the petitioner makes the communicated threats

more ominous. But we must uphold the BIA's determination unless

the evidence "points unerringly in the opposite direction."

Laurent v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 59, 64 (1st Cir. 2004). The evidence
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here, taken as a whole, does not approach that benchmark. It

follows inexorably that we have no principled choice but to uphold

the BIA's determination that no sufficient nexus existed between

the threats and some protected ground. This means, of course, that

we must allow the rejection of the petitioner's asylum claim to

stand. 

We need not linger long over the petitioner's claim for

withholding of removal. Although the tests for asylum and

withholding of removal differ in several important respects, see,

e.g., Kobugabe v. Gonzales, 440 F.3d 900, 901-02 (7th Cir. 2006),

the "on account of" requirement is common to both, see INS v.

Stevic, 467 U.S. 420, 429-30 (1984). As a result, the petitioner's

failure to successfully establish a nexus between the threats and

a statutorily protected ground dooms her withholding of removal

claim. See, e.g., Sanchez v. U.S. Att'y. Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438

(11th Cir. 2004).

The disposition of the asylum and withholding of removal

claims does not end our journey. Unlike her other two claims, the

petitioner's CAT claim does not embody an "on account of"

requirement; that is, an alien who establishes a likelihood of

torture need not prove the existence of a nexus between the

predicted torture and some statutorily protected ground. See

Romilus, 385 F.3d at 8. Put another way, an alien can show

eligibility for CAT relief simply by establishing that, more likely
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than not, she will be tortured if forced to return to her homeland.

See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); see also Ang v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 50,

58 (1st Cir. 2005). For this purpose, "[t]orture is defined as any

act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental,

is intentionally inflicted on a person . . . by or at the

acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an

official capacity." 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). 

We review the BIA's disposition of a CAT claim by

application of the substantial evidence rule. See Settenda v.

Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 89, 93 (1st Cir. 2004). Accordingly, we must

honor the BIA's resolution of the instant claim unless the evidence

compels us to reach an inconsistent conclusion. See Aguilar-Solis,

168 F.3d at 569. The petitioner cannot surmount this hurdle. 

The petitioner's CAT claim is based entirely on her

theory that because members of a guerilla or paramilitary faction

have killed her relatives, she too will likely be killed should she

return to Colombia. This theory is full of holes. For one thing,

it is undermined by the absence of a demonstrated connection

between the threats and the murders. For another thing, it is

undercut by the fact that her children still live there. These and

other facts provide ample reason to doubt that torture is a likely

outcome.

If more were needed — and we doubt that it is — the

petitioner has not adduced any evidence that the prospective
The petitioner did submit extensive country condition 3

evidence suggesting that the Colombian government turns a blind eye

to guerilla and paramilitary violence. But the petitioner has

provided no evidence, let alone compelling evidence, that her

tormentors were members of one of these groups (as opposed to

common criminals). 

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torturers were state actors or alternatively, that the authorities

would be in some way complicit (or, at least, acquiescent) in the

torture. This is important because the infliction of harm does 3

not constitute torture within the meaning of the CAT unless that

harm is inflicted by, at the direction of, or with the acquiescence

of government officials. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1); Sharari v.

Gonzales, 407 F.3d 467, 475-76 (1st Cir. 2005). 

Finally, the record seems very clear that — as the BIA

found — whatever threats the petitioner faced seem to have been

localized — that is, limited to Chinchina. For aught that appears,

the petitioner would be able to insulate herself from that source

of danger by relocating within Colombia. That, in and of itself,

is reason enough to uphold the BIA's rejection of her CAT claim.

See, e.g., Hasan v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 1114, 1123 (9th Cir. 2004);

see generally Orelien v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 67, 71 (1st Cir. 2006)

(applying similar reasoning in upholding rejection of claim for

asylum). 

This is a difficult case, made more so by the obvious

fact that the petitioner's lot is not a happy one. But we do what

we must, for "it is the duty of all courts of justice to take care,
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for the general good of the community, that hard cases do not make

bad law." United States v. Clark, 96 U.S. 37, 49 (1877) (Harlan,

J., dissenting) (quoting Lord Campbell in East India Co. v. Paul,

7 Moo. P. C. C. 111). 

We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above,

we uphold the BIA's rejection of the petitioner's claims. 

The petition for review is denied.