# Patent

## Title
Method of producing L-lysine

## Abstract

The L-lysine-producing ability and the L-lysine-producing speed are improved in a coryneform bacterium harboring an aspartokinase in which feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized, by successively enhancing DNA coding for a dihydrodipicolinate reductase, DNA coding for a dihydrodipicolinate synthase, DNA coding for a diaminopimelate decarboxylase, and DNA coding for a diaminopimelate dehydrogenase.

## Background
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/952,976, filed on Dec. 8, 1997, now abandoned, which was filed as International Application PCT/JP96/01511, filed Jun. 5, 1996.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method for producing L-lysine by cultivating a microorganism obtained by modifying a coryneform bacterium used for fermentative production of amino acid or the like by means of a technique based on genetic engineering.
BACKGROUND ART
L-Lysine, which is used as a fodder additive, is usually produced by a fermentative method by using an L-lysine-producing mutant strain belonging to the coryneform bacteria. Various L-lysine-producing bacteria known at present are those created by artificial mutation starting from wild type strains belonging to the coryneform bacteria.
As for the coryneform bacteria, there are disclosed a vector plasmid which is autonomously replicable in bacterial cells and has a drug resistance marker gene (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,502), and a method for introducing a gene into bacterial cells (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2-207791). There is also disclosed a possibility for breeding an L-threonine- or L-isoleucine-producing bacterium by using the techniques as described above (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,890 and 4,442,208). As for breeding of an L-lysine-producing bacterium, a technique is known, in which a gene participating in L-lysine biosynthesis is incorporated into a vector plasmid to amplify the gene in bacterial cells (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 56-160997).
Known genes for L-lysine biosynthesis include, for example, a dihydrodipicolinate reductase gene (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 7-75578) and a diaminopimelate dehydrogenase gene (Ishino, S. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 3917 (1987)) in which a gene participating in L-lysine biosynthesis is cloned, as well as a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 60-87788), a dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene (Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-55149), and a diaminopimelate decarboxylase gene (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 60-62994) in which amplification of a gene affects L-lysine productivity.
As for enzymes participating in L-lysine biosynthesis, a case is known for an enzyme which undergoes feedback inhibition when used as a wild type. In this case, L-lysine productivity is improved by introducing an enzyme gene having such mutation that the feedback inhibition is desensitized. Those known as such a gene specifically include, for example, an aspartokinase gene (International Publication Pamphlet of WO 94/25605).
As described above, certain successful results have been obtained by means of amplification of genes for the L-lysine biosynthesis system, or introduction of mutant genes. For example, a coryneform bacterium, which harbors a mutant aspartokinase gene with desensitized concerted inhibition by lysine and threonine, produces a considerable amount of L-lysine (about 25 g/L). However, this bacterium suffers decrease in growth speed as compared with a bacterium harboring no mutant aspartokinase gene. It is also reported that L-lysine productivity is improved by further introducing a dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene in addition to a mutant aspartokinase gene (Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(6), 1746-1752 (1991)). However, such a bacterium suffers further decrease in growth speed.
As for the dihydrodipicolinate reductase gene, it has been demonstrated that the activity of dihydrodipicolinate reductase is increased in a coryneform bacterium into which the gene has been introduced, however, no report is included for the influence on L-lysine productivity (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 7-75578).
In the present circumstances, no case is known for the coryneform bacteria, in which anyone has succeeded in remarkable improvement in L-lysine yield without restraining growth by combining a plurality of genes for L-lysine biosynthesis. No case has been reported in which growth is intended to be improved by enhancing a gene for L-lysine biosynthesis as well.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to improve the L-lysine-producing ability and the growth speed of a coryneform bacterium by using genetic materials of DNA sequences each coding for aspartokinase (hereinafter referred to as “AK”, provided that a gene coding for an AK protein is hereinafter referred to as “lysC”, if necessary), dihydrodipicolinate reductase (hereinafter referred to as “DDPR”, provided that a gene coding for a DDPR protein is hereinafter referred to as “dapB”, if necessary), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (hereinafter abbreviate as “DDPS”, provided that a gene coding for a DDPS protein is hereinafter referred to as “dapA”, if necessary), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (hereinafter referred to as “DDC”, provided that a gene coding for a DDC protein is hereinafter referred to as “lysA”, if necessary), and diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (hereinafter referred to as “DDH”, provided that a gene coding for a DDH protein is hereinafter referred to as “ddh”, if necessary) which are important enzymes for L-lysine biosynthesis in cells of coryneform bacteria.
When an objective substance is produced fermentatively by using a microorganism, the production speed, as well as the yield of the objective substance relative to an introduced material, is an extremely important factor. An objective substance may be produced remarkably inexpensively by increasing the production speed per a unit of fermentation equipment. Accordingly, it is industrially extremely important that the fermentative yield and the production speed are compatible with each other. The present invention proposes a solution for the problem as described above in order to fermentatively produce L-lysine by using a coryneform bacterium.
The principle of the present invention is based on the fact that the growth of a coryneform bacterium can be improved, and the L-lysine-producing speed thereof can be improved by making enhancement while combining dapB with mutant lysC (hereinafter simply referred to as “mutant lysC”, if necessary) coding for mutant AK (hereinafter simply referred to as “mutant type AK”, if necessary) in which concerted inhibition by lysine and threonine is desensitized, as compared with a case in which lysC is enhanced singly, and that the L-lysine-producing speed can be further improved in a stepwise manner by successively enhancing dapA, lysA, and ddh.
Namely, the present invention lies in a recombinant DNA autonomously replicable in cells of coryneform bacteria, comprising a DNA sequence coding for an aspartokinase in which feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized, and a DNA sequence coding for a dihydrodipicolinate reductase. The present invention provides a recombinant DNA further comprising a DNA sequence coding for a dihydrodipicolinate synthase, in addition to each of the DNA sequences described above. The present invention provides a recombinant DNA further comprising a DNA sequence coding for a diaminopimelate decarboxylase, in addition to the three DNA sequences described above. The present invention provides a recombinant DNA further comprising a DNA sequence coding for a diaminopimelate dehydrogenase, in addition to the four DNA sequences described above.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a coryneform bacterium harboring an aspartokinase in which feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized, and comprising enhanced DNA coding for a dihydrodipicolinate reductase. The present invention provides a coryneform bacterium further comprising enhanced DNA coding for a dihydrodipicolinate synthase in the aforementioned coryneform bacterium. The present invention provides a coryneform bacterium further comprising enhanced DNA coding for a diaminopimelate decarboxylase in the aforementioned coryneform bacterium, in addition to the three DNA's described above. The present invention provides a coryneform bacterium further comprising enhanced DNA coding for a diaminopimelate dehydrogenase in the aforementioned coryneform bacterium, in addition to the four DNA's described above.
In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing L-lysine comprising the steps of cultivating any one of the coryneform bacteria described above in an appropriate medium, producing and accumulating L-lysine in a culture of the bacterium, and collecting L-lysine from the culture.
The coryneform bacteria referred to in the present invention are a group of microorganisms as defined in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed., p. 599 (1974), which are aerobic Gram-positive rods having no acid resistance and no spore-forming ability. The coryneform bacteria include bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, bacteria belonging to the genus Brevibacterium having been hitherto classified into the genus Brevibacterium but united as bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium at present, and bacteria belonging to the genus Brevibacterium closely relative to bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. 
The present invention will be explained in detail below.
<1> Preparation of Genes for L-lysine Biosynthesis Used for the Present Invention
The genes for L-lysine biosynthesis used in the present invention are obtained respectively by preparing chromosomal DNA from a bacterium as a DNA donor, constructing a chromosomal DNA library by using a plasmid vector or the like, selecting a strain harboring a desired gene, and recovering, from the selected strain, recombinant DNA into which the gene has been inserted. The DNA donor for the gene for L-lysine biosynthesis used in the present invention is not specifically limited provided that the desired gene for L-lysine biosynthesis expresses an enzyme protein which functions in cells of coryneform bacteria. However, the DNA donor is preferably a coryneform bacterium.
All of the genes of lysC, dapA, and dapB originating from coryneform bacteria have known sequences. Accordingly, they can be obtained by performing amplification in accordance with the polymerase chain reaction method (PCR; see White, T. J. et al., Trends Genet., 5, 185 (1989)).
Each of the genes for L-lysine biosynthesis used in the present invention is obtainable in accordance with certain methods as exemplified below.
(1) Preparation of Mutant lysC
A DNA fragment containing mutant lysC can be prepared from a mutant strain in which synergistic feedback inhibition on the AK activity by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized (International Publication Pamphlet of WO 94/25605). Such a mutant strain can be obtained, for example, from a group of cells originating from a wild type strain of a coryneform bacterium subjected to a mutation treatment by applying an ordinary mutation treatment such as ultraviolet irradiation and treatment with a mutating agent such as N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The AK activity can be measured by using a method described by Miyajima, R. et al. in The Journal of Biochemistry (1968), 63(2), 139-148. The most preferred as such a mutant strain is represented by an L-lysine-producing bacterium AJ3445 (FERM P-1944) derived by a mutation treatment from a wild type strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 (having its changed present name of Corynebacterium glutamicum).
Alternatively, mutant lysC is also obtainable by an in vitro mutation treatment of plasmid DNA containing wild type lysC. In another aspect, information is specifically known on mutation to desensitize synergistic feedback inhibition on AK by L-lysine and L-threonine (International Publication Pamphlet of WO 94/25605). Accordingly, mutant lysC can be also prepared from wild type lysC on the basis of the information in accordance with, for example, the site-directed mutagenesis method.
A fragment comprising lysC can be isolated from a coryneform bacterium by preparing chromosomal DNA in accordance with, for example, a method of Saito and Miura (H. Saito and K. Miura, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 72, 619 (1963)), and amplifying lysC in accordance with the polymerase chain reaction method (PCR; see White, T. J. et al., Trends Genet., 5, 185 (1989)).
DNA primers are exemplified by single strand DNA's of 23-mer and 21-mer having nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2 in Sequence Listing in order to amplify, for example, a region of about 1,643 bp coding for lysC based on a sequence known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (see Molecular Microbiology (1991), 5(5), 1197-1204; Mol. Gen. Genet. (1990), 224, 317-324). DNA can be synthesized in accordance with an ordinary method by using DNA synthesizer model 380B produced by Applied Biosystems and using the phosphoamidite method (see Tetrahedron Letters (1981), 22, 1859). PCR can be performed by using DNA Thermal Cycler Model PJ2000 produced by Takara Shuzo, and using Taq DNA polymerase in accordance with a method designated by the supplier.
It is preferred that lysC amplified by PCR is ligated with vector DNA autonomously replicable in cells of E. coli and/or coryneform bacteria to prepare recombinant DNA, and the recombinant DNA is introduced into cells of E. coli beforehand. Such provision makes following operations easy. The vector autonomously replicable in cells of E. coli is preferably a plasmid vector which is preferably autonomously replicable in cells of a host, including, for example, pUC19, pUC18, pBR322, pHSG299, pHSG399, pHSG398, and RSF1010.
When a DNA fragment having an ability to allow a plasmid to be autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria is inserted into these vectors, they can be used as a so-called shuttle vector autonomously replicable in both E. coli and coryneform bacteria.
Such a shuttle vector includes the followings. Microorganisms harboring each of vectors and deposition numbers in international deposition facilities are shown in parentheses.

    
    
        pHC4: Escherichia coli AJ12617 (FERM BP-3532)
        pAJ655: Escherichia coli AJ11882 (FERM BP-136) Corynebacterium qlutamicum SR8201 (ATCC 39135)
        pAJ1844: Escherichia coli AJ11883 (FERM BP-137) Corynebacterium glutamicum SR8202 (ATCC 39136)
        pAJ611: Escherichia coli AJ11884 (FERM BP-138)
        pAJ3148: Corynebacterium glutamicum SR8203 (ATCC 39137)
        pAJ440: Bacillus subtilis AJ11901 (FERM BP-140)
    
    


These vectors are obtainable from the deposited microorganisms as follows. Cells collected at a logarithmic growth phase were lysed by using lysozyme and SDS, followed by separation from a lysate by centrifugation at 30,000×g to obtain a supernatant to which polyethylene glycol is added, followed by fractionation and purification by means of cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium density gradient centrifugation.
E. coli can be transformed by introducing a plasmid in accordance with, for example, a method of D. M. Morrison (Methods in Enzymology, 68, 326 (1979)) or a method in which recipient cells are treated with calcium chloride to increase permeability for DNA (Mandel, M. and Higa, A., J. Mol. Biol., 53, 159 (1970)).
Wild type lysC is obtained when lysC is isolated from an AK wild type strain, while mutant lysC is obtained when lysC is isolated from an AK mutant strain in accordance with the method as described above.
An example of a nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment containing wild type lysC is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 in Sequence Listing. An amino acid sequence of α-subunit of a wild type AK protein is deduced from the nucleotide sequence, which is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 in Sequence Listing together with the DNA sequence. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. An amino acid sequence of β-subunit of the wild type AK protein is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 in Sequence Listing together with the DNA. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 7. In each of the subunits, GTG is used as an initiation codon, and a corresponding amino acid is represented by methionine. However, this representation refers to methionine, valine, or formylmethionine.
The mutant lysC used in the present invention is not specifically limited provided that it codes for AK in which synergistic feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is desensitized. However, the mutant lysC is exemplified by one including mutation in which a 279th alanine residue as counted from the N-terminal is changed into an amino acid residue other than alanine and other than acidic amino acid in the α-subunit, and a 30th alanine residue is changed into an amino acid residue other than alanine and other than acidic amino acid in the β-subunit in the amino acid sequence of the wild type AK. The amino acid sequence of the wild type AK specifically includes the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 in Sequence Listing as the α-subunit, and the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 in Sequence Listing as the β-subunit.
Those preferred as the amino acid residue other than alanine and other than acidic amino acid include threonine, arginine, cyteine, phenylanaline, proline, serine, tyrosine, and valine residues.
The codon corresponding to an amino acid residue to be substituted is not specifically limited for its type provided that it codes for the amino acid residue. It is assumed that the amino acid sequence of possessed wild type AK may slightly differ depending on the difference in bacterial species and bacterial strains. AK's, which have mutation based on, for example, substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more amino acid residues at one or more positions irrelevant to the enzyme activity as described above, can be also used for the present invention. Other AK's, which have mutation based on, for example, substitution, deletion, or insertion of other one or more amino acid residues, can be also used provided that no influence is substantially exerted on the AK activity, and on the desensitization of synergistic feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine.
An AJ12691 strain obtained by introducing a mutant lysC plasmid p399AK9B into an AJ12036 strain (FERM BP-734) as a wild type strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum has been deposited on Apr. 10, 1992 under a deposition number of FERM P-12918 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan), transferred to international deposition based on the Budapest Treaty on Feb. 10, 1995, and deposited under a deposition number of FERM BP-4999.
(2) Preparation of dapB
A DNA fragment containing dapB can be prepared from chromosome of a coryneform bacterium by means of PCR. The DNA donor is not specifically limited, however, it is exemplified by Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 strain.
A DNA sequence coding for DDPR is known for Brevibacterium lactofermentum (Journal of Bacteriology, 175(9), 2743-2749 (1993)), on the basis of which DNA primers for PCR can be prepared. Such DNA primers are specifically exemplified by DNA's of 23-mers respectively having nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 9 in Sequence Listing. Synthesis of DNA, PCR, and preparation of a plasmid containing obtained dapB can be performed in the same manner as those for lysC described above.
A nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment containing dapB and an amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence are illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 10. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11. In addition to DNA fragments coding for this amino acid sequence, the present invention can equivalently use DNA fragments coding for amino acid sequences substantially the same as the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 11, namely amino acid sequences having mutation based on, for example, substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more amino acids provided that there is no substantial influence on the DDPR activity.
A transformant strain AJ13107 obtained by introducing a plasmid PCRDAPB containing dapB obtained in Example described later on into E. coli JM109 strain has been internationally deposited since May 26, 1995 under a deposition number of FERM BP-5114 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan) based on the Budapest Treaty.
(3) Preparation of dapA
A DNA fragment containing dapA can be prepared from chromosome of a coryneform bacterium by means of PCR. The DNA donor is not specifically limited, however, it is exemplified by Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 strain.
A DNA sequence coding for DDPS is known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (see Nucleic Acids Research, 18(21), 6421 (1990); EMBL accession No. X53993), on the basis of which DNA primers for PCR can be prepared. Such DNA primers are specifically exemplified by DNA's of 23-mers respectively having nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 13 in Sequence Listing. Synthesis of DNA, PCR, and preparation of a plasmid containing obtained dapA can be performed in the same manner as those for lysC described above.
A nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment containing dapA and an amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence are exemplified in SEQ ID NO: 14. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15. In addition to DNA fragments coding for this amino acid sequence, the present invention can equivalently use DNA fragments coding for amino acid sequences substantially the same as the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, namely amino acid sequences having mutation based on, for example, substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more amino acids provided that there is no substantial influence on the DDPS activity.
A transformant strain AJ13106 obtained by introducing a plasmid pCRDAPA containing dapA obtained in Example described later on into E. coli JM109 strain has been internationally deposited since May 26, 1995 under a deposition number of FERM BP-5113 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan) based on the Budapest Treaty.
(4) Preparation of lysA
A DNA fragment containing lysA can be prepared from chromosome of a coryneform bacterium by means of PCR. The DNA donor is not specifically limited, however, it is exemplified by Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 strain.
In the coryneform bacteria, lysA forms an operon together with argS (arginyl-tRNA synthase gene), and lysA exists downstream from argS. Expression of lysA is regulated by a promoter existing upstream from argS (see Journal of Bacteriology, Nov., 7356-7362 (1993)). DNA sequences of these genes are known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (see Molecular Microbiology, 4(11), 1819-1830 (1990); Molecular and General Genetics, 212, 112-119 (1988)), on the basis of which DNA primers for PCR can be prepared. Such DNA primers are specifically exemplified by DNA's of 23-mers respectively having nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 in Sequence Listing (corresponding to nucleotide numbers 11 to 33 in a nucleotide sequence described in Molecular Microbiology, 4(11), 1819-1830 (1990)) and SEQ ID NO: 17 (corresponding to nucleotide numbers 1370 to 1392 in a nucleotide sequence described in Molecular and General Genetics, 212, 112-119 (1988)). Synthesis of DNA, PCR, and preparation of a plasmid containing obtained lysA can be performed in the same manner as those for lysC described above.
In Example described later on, a DNA fragment containing a promoter, argS, and lysA was used in order to enhance lysA. However, argS is not essential for the present invention. It is allowable to use a DNA fragment in which lysA is ligated just downstream from a promoter.
A nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment containing argS and lysA, and an amino acid sequence deduced to be encoded by the nucleotide sequence are exemplified in SEQ ID NO: 18. An example of an amino acid sequence encoded by argS is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19, and an example of an amino acid sequence encoded by lysA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20. In addition to DNA fragments coding for these amino acid sequences, the present invention can equivalently use DNA fragments coding for amino acid sequences substantially the same as the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, namely amino acid sequences having mutation based on, for example, substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more amino acids provided that there is no substantial influence on the DDC activity.
(5) Preparation of ddh
A DNA fragment containing ddh can be prepared from chromosome of a coryneform bacterium by means of PCR. The DNA donor is not specifically limited, however, it is exemplified by Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 strain.
A DDH gene is known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (Ishino, S. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 3917 (1987)), on the basis of which primers for PCR can be prepared. Such DNA primers are specifically exemplified by DNA's of 20-mers respectively having nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 22 in Sequence Listing. Synthesis of DNA, PCR, and preparation of a plasmid containing obtained ddh can be performed in the same manner as those for lysC described above.
A nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment containing ddh and an amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence are illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 23. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 24. In addition to DNA fragments coding for this amino acid sequence, the present invention can equivalently use DNA fragments coding for amino acid sequences substantially the same as the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 24, namely amino acid sequences having mutation based on, for example, substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more amino acids provided that there is no substantial influence on the DDH activity.
<2> Recombinant DNA and Coryneform Bacterium of the Present Invention
The coryneform bacterium of the present invention harbors an aspartokinase (mutant AK) in which feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine is substantially desensitized, wherein DNA (dapB) coding for a dihydrodipicolinate reductase is enhanced. In a preferred embodiment, the coryneform bacterium of the present invention is a coryneform bacterium in which DNA (dapA) coding for dihydrodipicolinate synthase is further enhanced. In a more preferred embodiment, the coryneform bacterium of the present invention is a coryneform bacterium in which DNA (lysA) coding for diaminopimelate decarboxylase is further enhanced. In a more preferred embodiment, the coryneform bacterium of the present invention is a coryneform bacterium in which DNA (ddh) coding for diaminopimelate dehydrogenase is further enhanced.
The term “enhance” DNA herein refers to the fact that the intracellular activity of an enzyme encoded by the DNA is raised by, for example, increasing the copy number of a gene, using a strong promoter, using a gene coding for an enzyme having a high specific activity, or combining these means.
The coryneform bacterium harboring the mutant AK may be those which produce the mutant aspartokinase as a result of mutation, or those which are transformed by introducing mutant lysC.
Examples of the coryneform bacterium used to introduce the DNA described above include, for example, the following lysine-producing wild type strains:

    
    
        Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC 13870;
        Corynebacterium acetoqlutamicum ATCC 15806;
        Corynebacterium callunae ATCC 15991;
        Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032;
        (Brevibacterium divaricatum) ATCC 14020;
        (Brevibacterium lactofermentum) ATCC 13869;
        (Corynebacterium lilium) ATCC 15990;
        (Brevibacterium flavum) ATCC 14067;
        Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965;
        Brevibacterium saccharolyticum ATCC 14066;
        Brevibacterium immariophilum ATCC 14068;
        Brevibacterium roseum ATCC 13825;
        Brevibacterium thiogenitalis ATCC 19240;
        Microbacterium ammoniaphilum ATCC 15354;
        Corynebacterium thermoaminoqenes AJ12340 (FERM BP-1539).
    
    


Other than the bacterial strains described above, those usable as a host include, for example, mutant strains having an L-lysine-producing ability derived from the aforementioned strains. Such artificial mutant strains includes the followings: S-(2-aminoethyl)-cysteine (hereinafter abbreviated as “AEC”) resistant mutant strains (Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ11082 (NRRL B-1147), Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 56-1914, 56-1915, 57-14157, 57-14158, 57-30474, 58-10075, 59-4993, 61-35840, 62-24074, 62-36673, 5-11958, 7-112437, and 7-112438); mutant strains which require amino acid such as L-homoserine for their growth (Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 48-28078 and 56-6499); mutant strains which exhibit resistance to AEC and require amino acids such as L-leucine, L-homoserine, L-proline, L-serine, L-arginine, L-alanine, and L-valine (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,708,395 and 3,825,472); L-lysine-producing mutant strains which exhibit resistance to DL-α-amino-ε-caprolactam, α-amino-lauryllactam, aspartate-analog, sulfa drug, quinoid, and N-lauroylleucine; L-lysine-producing mutant strains which exhibit resistance to inhibitors of oxyaloacetate decarboxylase or respiratory system enzymes (Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. 50-53588, 50-31093, 52-102498, 53-9394, 53-86089, 55-9783, 55-9759, 56-32995 and 56-39778, and Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 53-43591 and 53-1833); L-lysine-producing mutant strains which require inositol or acetic acid (Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. 55-9784 and 56-8692); L-lysine-producing mutant strains which exhibit sensitivity to fluoropyruvic acid or temperature not less than 34° C. (Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. 55-9783 and 53-86090); and producing mutant strains belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium which exhibit resistance to ethylene glycol and produce L-lysine (U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,997).
In a specified embodiment, in order to enhance the genes for L-lysine biosynthesis in the host as described above, the genes are introduced into the host by using a plasmid vector, transposon or phage vector or the like. Upon the introduction, it is expected to make enhancement to some extent even by using a low copy type vector. However, it is preferred to use a multiple copy type vector. Such a vector includes, for example, plasmid vectors, pAJ655, pAJ1844, pAJ611, pAJ3148, and pAJ440 described above. Besides, transposons derived from coryneform bacteria are described in International Publication Pamphlets of WO02/02627 and WO93/18151, European Patent Publication No. 445385, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 6-46867, Vertes, A. A. et al., Mol. Microbiol., 11, 739-746 (1994), Bonamy, C., et al., Mol. Microbiol., 14, 571-581 (1994), Vertes, A. A. et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 245, 397-405 (1994), Jagar, W. et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters, 126, 1-6 (1995), Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 7-107976, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 7-327680 and the like.
In the present invention, it is not indispensable that the mutant lysC is necessarily enhanced. It is allowable to use those which have mutation on lysC on chromosomal DNA, or in which the mutant lysC is incorporated into chromosomal DNA. Alternatively, the mutant lysC may be introduced by using a plasmid vector. On the other hand, dapA, dapB, lysA, and ddh are preferably enhanced in order to efficiently produce L-lysine.
Each of the genes of lysC, dapA, dapB, lysA, and ddh may be successively introduced into the host by using different vectors respectively. Alternatively, two, three, four, or five species of the genes may be introduced together by using a single vector. When different vectors are used, the genes may be introduced in any order, however, it is preferred to use vectors which have a stable sharing and harboring mechanism in the host, and which are capable of co-existing with each other.
A coryneform bacterium harboring the mutant AK and further comprising enhanced dapB is obtained, for example, by introducing, into a host coryneform bacterium, a recombinant DNA containing mutant lysC and dapB autonomously replicable in cells of coryneform bacteria.
A coryneform bacterium further comprising enhanced dapA in addition to mutant lysC and dapB is obtained, for example, by introducing, into a host coryneform bacterium, a recombinant DNA containing mutant lysC, dapB, and dapA autonomously replicable in cells of coryneform bacteria.
A coryneform bacterium further comprising enhanced lysA in addition to mutant lysC, dapB, and dapA is obtained, for example, by introducing, into a host coryneform bacterium, a recombinant DNA containing mutant lysC, dapB, dapA, and lysA autonomously replicable in cells of coryneform bacteria.
A coryneform bacterium further comprising enhanced ddh in addition to mutant lysC, dapB, dapA, and lysA is obtained, for example, by introducing, into a host coryneform bacterium, a recombinant DNA containing mutant lysC, dapB, dapA, lysA, and ddh autonomously replicable in cells of coryneform bacteria.
The above-mentioned recombinant DNAs can be obtained, for example, by inserting each of the genes participating in L-lysine biosynthesis into a vector such as plasmid vector, transposon or phage vector as described above.
In the case in which a plasmid is used as a vector, the recombinant DNA can be introduced into the host in accordance with an electric pulse method (Sugimoto et al., Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2-207791). Amplification of a gene using transposon can be performed by introducing a plasmid which carrying a transposon into the host cell and inducing transposition of the transposon.
<3> Method for Producing L-lysine
L-Lysine can be efficiently produced by cultivating, in an appropriate medium, the coryneform bacterium comprising the enhanced genes for L-lysine biosynthesis as described above, producing and accumulating L-lysine in a culture of the bacterium, and collecting L-lysine from the culture.
The medium to be used is exemplified by an ordinary medium containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic ions, and optionally other organic components.
As the carbon source, it is possible to use sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, molasses, and starch hydrolysate; and organic acids such as fumaric acid, citric acid, and succinic acid.
As the nitrogen source, it is possible to use inorganic ammonium salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium phosphate; organic nitrogen such as soybean hydrolysate; ammonia gas; and aqueous ammonia.
As organic trace nutrient sources, it is desirable to contain required substances such as vitamin B1 and L-homoserine or yeast extract or the like in appropriate amounts. Other than the above, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, iron ion, manganese ion and so on are added in small amounts, if necessary.
Cultivation is preferably carried out under an aerobic condition for about 30 to 90 hours. The cultivation temperature is preferably controlled at 25° C. to 37° C., and pH is preferably controlled at 5 to 8 during cultivation. Inorganic or organic, acidic or alkaline substances, or ammonia gas or the like can be used for pH adjustment. L-lysine can be collected from a culture by combining an ordinary ion exchange resin method, a precipitation method, and other known methods.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a process of construction of plasmids p399AKYB and p399AK9B comprising mutant lysC.
FIG. 2 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pDPRB comprising dapB and Brevi.-or.
FIG. 3 illustrates ia process of construction of a plasmid PDPSB comprising dapA and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 4 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid p299LYSA comprising lysA.
FIG. 5 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pLYSAB comprising lysA and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 6 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pPK4D comprising ddh and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 7 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pCRCAB comprising lysC, dapB and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 8 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pCB comprising mutant lysC, dapB, and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 9 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pAB comprising dapA, dapB and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 10 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid p399DL comprising ddh and lysA.
FIG. 11 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pDL comprising ddh, lysA and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 12 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pCAB comprising mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 13 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pCABL comprising mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, lysA, and Brevi.-ori.
FIG. 14 illustrates a process of construction of a plasmid pCABDL comprising mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, ddh, lysA, and Brevi.-ori.



DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention will be more specifically explained below with reference to Examples.
Example 1
Preparation of Wild Type lysC Gene and Mutant lysC Gene from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
<1> Preparation of Wild Type and Mutant lysC's and Preparation of Plasmids Containing Them
A strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869, and an L-lysine-producing mutant strain AJ3445 (FERM P-1944) obtained from the ATCC 13869 strain by a mutation treatment were used as chromosomal DNA donors. The AJ3445 strain had been subjected to mutation so that lysC was changed to involve substantial desensitization from concerted inhibition by lysine and threonine (Journal of Biochemistry, 68, 701-710 (1970)).
A DNA fragment containing lysC was amplified from chromosomal DNA in accordance with the PCR method (polymerase chain reaction; see White, T. J. et al., Trends Genet., 5, 185 (1989)). As for DNA primers used for amplification, single strand DNA's of 23-mer and 21-mer having nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2 were synthesized in order to amplify a region of about 1,643 bp coding for lysC on the basis of a sequence known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (see Molecular Microbiology (1991), 5(5), 1197-1204; and Mol. Gen. Genet. (1990), 224, 317-324). DNA was synthesized in accordance with an ordinary method by using DNA synthesizer model 380B produced by Applied Biosystems and using the phosphoamidite method (see Tetrahedron Letters (1981), 22, 1859).
The gene was amplified by PCR by using DNA Thermal Cycler Model PJ2000 produced by Takara Shuzo, and using Taq DNA polymerase in accordance with a method designated by the supplier. An amplified gene fragment of 1,643 kb was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. After that, the fragment excised from the gel was purified in accordance with an ordinary method, and it was digested with restriction enzymes NruI (produced by Takara Shuzo) and EcoRI (produced by Takara Shuzo). pHSG399 (see Takeshita, S. et al., Gene (1987), 61, 63-74) was used as a cloning vector for the gene fragment. pHSG399 was digested with restriction enzymes SmaI (produced by Takara Shuzo) and EcoRI, and it was ligated with the amplified lysC fragment. DNA was ligated by using DNA ligation kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. Thus plasmids were prepared, in which the lysC fragments amplified from chromosomes of Brevibacterium lactofermentum were ligated with pHSG399 respectively. A plasmid comprising lysC from ATCC 13869 (wild type strain) was designated as p399AKY, and a plasmid comprising lysC from AJ3463 (L-lysine-producing bacterium) was designated as p399AK9.
A DNA fragment (hereinafter referred to as “Brevi.-ori”) having an ability to make a plasmid autonomously replicable in bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium was introduced into p399AKY and p399AK9 respectively to prepare plasmids carrying lysC autonomously replicable in bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. Brevi.-ori was prepared from a plasmid vector pHK4 containing Brevi.-ori and autonomously replicable in cells of both Escherichia coli and bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. pHK4 was constructed by digesting pHC4 with KpnI (produced by Takara Shuzo) and BamHI (produced by Takara Shuzo), extracting a Brevi.-ori fragment, and ligating it with pHSG298 having been also digested with KpnI and BamHI (see Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 5-7491). pHK4 gives kanamycin resistance to a host. Escherichia coli harboring pHK4 was designated as Escherichia coli AJ13136, and deposited on Aug. 1, 1995 under a deposition number of FERM BP-5186 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan).
pHK4 was digested with restriction enzymes KpnI and BamHI, and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated BamHI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only BamHI. This plasmid was digested with BamHI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p399AKY and p399AK9 having been also digested with BamHI respectively to prepare plasmids each containing the lysC gene autonomously replicable in bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. 
A plasmid containing the wild type lysC gene originating from p399AKY was designated as p399AKYB, and a plasmid containing the mutant lysC gene originating from p399AK9 was designated as p399AK9B. The process of construction of p399AK9B and p399AKYB is shown in FIG. 1. A strain AJ12691 obtained by introducing the mutant lysC plasmid p399AK9B into a wild type strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum (AJ12036 strain, FERM BP-734) was deposited on Apr. 10, 1992 under a deposition number of FERM P-12918 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan), transferred to international deposition based on the Budapest Treaty on Feb. 10, 1995, and deposited under a deposition number of FERM BP-4999.
<2> Determination of Nucleotide Sequences of Wild Type lysC and Mutant lysC from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
The plasmid p399AKY containing the wild type lysC and the plasmid p399AK9 containing the mutant lysC were prepared from the respective transformants to determine nucleotide sequences of the wild type and mutant lysC's. Nucleotide sequence determination was performed in accordance with a method of Sanger et al. (for example, F. Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74, 5463 (1977)).
The nucleotide sequence of wild type lysC encoded by p399AKY is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 in Sequence Listing. On the other hand, the nucleotide sequence of mutant lysC encoded by p399AK9 had only mutation of one nucleotide such that 1051th G was changed into A in SEQ ID NO: 3 as compared with wild type lysC. It is known that lysC of Corynebacterium glutamicum has two subunits (α, β) encoded in an identical reading frame on an identical DNA strand (see Kalinowski, J. et al., Molecular Microbiology (1991) 5(5), 1197-1204). Judging from homology, it is assumed that the gene sequenced herein also has two subunits (α, β) encoded in an identical reading frame on an identical DNA strand.
An amino acid sequence of the β-subunit of the wild type AK protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence of DNA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 together with the DNA sequence. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. An amino acid sequence of the β-subunit of the wild type AK protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence of DNA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 together with DNA. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 7. In each of the subunits, GTG is used as an initiation codon, and a corresponding amino acid is represented by methionine. However, this representation refers to methionine, valine, or formylmethionine.
On the other hand, mutation on the sequence of mutant lysC means occurrence of amino acid residue substitution such that a 279th alanine residue of the α-subunit is changed into a threonine residue, and a 30th alanine residue of the β-subunit is changed into a threonine residue in the amino acid sequence of the wild type AK protein (SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7).
Example 2
Preparation of dapB from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
<1> Preparation of dapB and Construction of Plasmid Containing dapB
A wild type strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 was used as a chromosomal DNA donor. Chromosomal DNA was prepared from the ATCC 13869 strain in accordance with an ordinary method. A DNA fragment containing dapB was amplified from the chromosomal DNA in accordance with PCR. As for DNA primers used for amplification, DNA's of 23-mers having nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 9 in Sequence Listing respectively were synthesized in order to amplify a region of about 2.0 kb coding for DDPR on the basis of a sequence known for Brevibacterium lactofermentum (see Journal of Bacteriology, 157(9), 2743-2749 (1993)). Synthesis of DNA and PCR were performed in the same manner as described in Example 1. pCR-Script (produced by Invitrogen) was used as a cloning vector for the amplified gene fragment of 2,001 bp, which was ligated with the amplified dapB fragment. Thus a plasmid was constructed, in which the dapB fragment of 2,001 bp amplified from chromosome of Brevibacterium lactofermentum was ligated with pCR-Script. The plasmid obtained as described above, which had dapB originating from ATCC 13869, was designated as pCRDAPB. A transformant strain AJ13107 obtained by introducing pCRDAPB into E. coli JM109 strain has been internationally deposited since May 26, 1995 under a deposition number of FERM BP-5114 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan) based on the Budapest Treaty.
A fragment of 1,101 bp containing a structural gene of DDPR was extracted by digesting pCRDAPB with EcoRV and SphI. This fragment was ligated with pHSG399 having been digested with HincII and SphI to prepare a plasmid. The prepared plasmid was designated as p399DPR.
Brevi.-ori was introduced into the prepared p399DPR to construct a plasmid carrying dapB autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. pHK4 was digested with a restriction enzyme KpnI (produced by Takara Shuzo), and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated BamHI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only BamHI. This plasmid was digested with BamHI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p399DPR having been also digested with BamHI to prepare a plasmid containing dapB autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The prepared plasmid was designated as pDPRB. The process of construction of pDPRB is shown in FIG. 2.
<2> Determination of Nucleotide Sequence of dapB from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
Plasmid DNA was prepared from the AJ13107 strain harboring p399DPR, and its nucleotide sequence was determined in the same manner as described in Example 1. A determined nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence are shown in SEQ ID NO: 10. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11.
Example 3
Preparation of dapA from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
<1> Preparation of dapA and Construction of Plasmid Containing dapA
A wild type strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 was used as a chromosomal DNA donor. Chromosomal DNA was prepared from the ATCC 13869 strain in accordance with an ordinary method. A DNA fragment containing dapA was amplified from the chromosomal DNA in accordance with PCR. As for DNA primers used for amplification, DNA's of 20-mers having nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 13 in Sequence Listing respectively were synthesized in order to amplify a region of about 1.5 kb coding for DDPS on the basis of a sequence known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (see Nucleic Acids Research, 18(21), 6421 (1990); EMBL accession No. X53993). Synthesis of DNA and PCR were performed in the same manner as described in Example 1. pCR1000 (produced by Invitrogen, see Bio/Technology, 9, 657-663 (1991)) was used as a cloning vector for the amplified gene fragment of 1,411 bp, which was ligated with the amplified dapA fragment. Ligation of DNA was performed by using DNA ligation kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. Thus a plasmid was constructed, in which the dapA fragment of 1,411 bp amplified from chromosome of Brevibacterium lactofermentum was ligated with pCR1000. The plasmid obtained as described above, which had dapA originating from ATCC 13869, was designated as PCRDAPA.
A transformant strain AJ13106 obtained by introducing pCRDAPA into E. coli JM109 strain has been internationally deposited since May 26, 1995 under a deposition number of FERM BP-5113 in National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (postal code: 305, 1-3, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan) based on the Budapest Treaty.
Brevi.-ori was introduced into the prepared pCRDAPA to construct a plasmid carrying dapA autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. pHK4 was digested with restriction enzymes KpnI and BamHI (produced by Takara Shuzo), and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated SmaI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only SmaI. This plasmid was digested with SmaI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with pCRDAPA having been also digested with SmaI to prepare a plasmid containing dapA autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. This plasmid was designated as pDPSB. The process of construction of pDPSB(Kmr) is shown in FIG. 3.
<2> Determination of nucleotide sequence of dapA from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
Plasmid DNA was prepared from the AJ13106 strain harboring pCRDAPA, and its nucleotide sequence was determined in the same manner as described in Example 1. A determined nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence are shown in SEQ ID NO: 14. Only the amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15.
Example 4
Preparation of lysA from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
<1> Preparation of lysA and Construction of Plasmid Containing lysA
A wild type strain of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 was used as a chromosomal DNA donor. Chromosomal DNA was prepared from the ATCC 13869 strain in accordance with an ordinary method. A DNA fragment containing argS, lysA, and a promoter of an operon containing them was amplified from the chromosomal DNA in accordance with PCR. As for DNA primers used for amplification, synthetic DNA's of 23-mers having nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 16 and 17 in Sequence Listing respectively were used in order to amplify a region of about 3.6 kb coding for arginyl-tRNA synthase and DDC on the basis of a sequence known for Corynebacterium glutamicum (see Molecular Microbiology, 4(11), 1819-1830 (1990); Molecular and General Genetics, 212, 112-119 (1988)). Synthesis of DNA and PCR were performed in the same manner as described in Example 1. pHSG399 was used as a cloning vector for the amplified gene fragment of 3,579 bp. pHSG399 was digested with a restriction enzyme SmaI (produced by Takara Shuzo), which was ligated with the DNA fragment containing amplified lysA. A plasmid obtained as described above, which had lysA originating from ATCC 13869, was designated as p399LYSA.
A DNA fragment containing lysA was extracted by digesting p399LYSA with KpnI (produced by Takara Shuzo) and BamHI (produced by Takara Shuzo). This DNA fragment was ligated with pHSG299 having been digested with KpnI and BamHI. An obtained plasmid was designated as p299LYSA. The process of construction of p299LYSA is shown in FIG. 4.
Brevi.-ori was introduced into the obtained p299LYSA to construct a plasmid carrying lysA autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. pHK4 was digested with restriction enzymes KpnI and BamHI, and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated KpnI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only KpnI. This plasmid was digested with KpnI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p299LYSA having been also digested with KnI to prepare a plasmid containing lysA autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The prepared plasmid was designated as pLYSAB. The process of construction of pLYSAB is shown in FIG. 5.
<2> Determination of Nucleotide Sequence of lysA from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
Plasmid DNA of p299LYSA was prepared, and its nucleotide sequence was determined in the same manner as described in Example 1. A determined nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence deduced to be encoded by the nucleotide sequence are shown in SEQ ID NO: 18. Concerning the nucleotide sequence, an amino acid sequence encoded by argS and an amino acid sequence encoded by lysA are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20 respectively.
Example 5
Preparation of ddh from Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
A ddh gene was obtained by amplifying the ddh gene from chromosomal DNA of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 in accordance with the PCR method by using two oligonucleotide primers (SEQ ID NOs: 21, 22) prepared on the basis of a known nucleotide sequence of a ddh gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum (Ishino, S. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 3917 (1987)). An obtained amplified DNA fragment was digested with EcoT22I and AvaI, and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. After that, the fragment was inserted into a SmaI site of pMW119 to obtain a plasmid pDDH.
Next, pDDH was digested with SalI and EcoRI, followed by blunt end formation. After that, an obtained fragment was ligated with pUC18 having been digested with SmaI. A plasmid thus obtained was designated as pUC18DDH.
Brevi.-ori was introduced into pUC18DDH to construct a plasmid carrying ddh autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. pHK4 was digested with restriction enzymes KpnI and BamHI, and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated PstI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated so that it was inserted into a PstI site of pHSG299. A plasmid constructed as described above was designated as pPK4. Next, pUC18DDH was digested with XbaI and KpnI, and a generated fragment was ligated with pPK4 having been digested with KpnI and XbaI. Thus a plasmid containing ddh autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria was constructed. This plasmid was designated as pPK4D. The process of construction of pPK4D is shown in FIG. 6.
Example 6
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of Mutant lysC and dapA
A plasmid comprising mutant lysC, dapA, and replication origin of coryneform bacteria was constructed from the plasmid pCRDAPA comprising dapA and the plasmid p399AK9B comprising mutant lysC and Brevi.-ori. p399AK9B was completely degraded with SalI, and then it was blunt-ended, with which an EcoRI linker was ligated to construct a plasmid in which the SalI site was modified into an EcoRI site. The obtained plasmid was designated as p399AK9BSE. The mutant lysC and Brevi.-ori were excised as one fragment by partially degrading p399AK9BSE with EcoRI. This fragment was ligated with pCRDAPA having been digested with EcoRI. An obtained plasmid was designated as pCRCAB. This plasmid is autonomously replicable in E. coli and coryneform bacteria, and it gives kanamycin resistance to a host, the plasmid comprising a combination of mutant lysC and dapA. The process of construction of pCRCAB is shown in FIG. 7.
Example 7
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of Mutant lysC and dapB
A plasmid comprising mutant lysC and dapB was constructed from the plasmid p399AK9 having mutant lysC and the plasmid p399DPR having dapB. A fragment of 1,101 bp containing a structural gene of DDPR was extracted by digesting p399DPR with EcoRV and SphI. This fragment was ligated with p399AK9 having been digested with SalI and then blunt-ended and having been further digested with SphI to construct a plasmid comprising a combination of mutant lysC and dapB. This plasmid was designated as p399AKDDPR.
Next, Brevi.-ori was introduced into the obtained p399AKDDPR. The plasmid pHK4 containing Brevi.-ori was digested with a restriction enzyme KpnI (produced by Takara Shuzo), and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated BamHI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only BamHI. This plasmid was digested with BamHI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p399AKDDPR having been also digested with BamHI to construct a plasmid containing mutant lysC and dapB autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The constructed plasmid was designated as pCB. The process of construction of pCB is shown in FIG. 8.
Example 8
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of dapA and dapB
The plasmid pCRDAPA comprising dapA was digested with KpnI and EcoRI to extract a DNA fragment containing dapA which was ligated with the vector plasmid pHSG399 having been digested with KpnI and EcoRI. An obtained plasmid was designated as p399DPS.
On the other hand, the plasmid pCRDAPB comprising dapB was digested with SacII and EcoRI to extract a DNA fragment of 2.0 kb containing a region coding for DDPR which was ligated with p399DPS having been digested with SacII and EcoRI to construct a plasmid comprising a combination of dapA and dapB. The obtained plasmid was designated as p399AB.
Next, Brevi.-ori was introduced into p399AB. pHK4 containing Brevi.-ori was digested with a restriction enzyme BamHI (produced by Takara Shuzo), and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated KpnI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only KpnI. This plasmid was digested with KpnI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p399AB having been also digested with KpnI to construct a plasmid containing dapA and dapB autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The constructed plasmid was designated as pAB. The process of construction of pAB is shown in FIG. 9.
Example 9
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of ddh and lysA
The plasmid pUC18DDH comprising ddh was digested with EcoRI and XbaI to extract a DNA fragment containing ddh. This ddh fragment was ligated with the plasmid p399LYSA comprising lysA having been digested with BamHI and XbaI with cleaved edges having been blunt-ended after the digestion. An obtained plasmid was designated as p399DL. The process of construction of p399DL is shown in FIG. 10.
Next, Brevi.-ori was introduced into p399DL. pHK4 was digested with XbaI and BamHI, and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated XbaI linker was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only XbaI. This plasmid was digested with XbaI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p399DL having been also digested with XbaI to construct a plasmid containing ddh and lysA autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The constructed plasmid was designated as pDL. The process of construction of pDL is shown in FIG. 11.
Example 10
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of Mutant lysC, dapA, and dapB
p399DPS was degraded with EcoRI and SphI to form blunt ends followed by extraction of a dapA gene fragment. This fragment was ligated with the p399AK9 having been digested with SalI and blunt-ended to construct a plasmid p399CA in which mutant lysC and dapA co-existed.
The plasmid pCRDAPB comprising dapB was digested with EcoRI and blunt-ended, followed by digestion with SacI to extract a DNA fragment of 2.0 kb comprising dapB. The plasmid p399CA comprising dapA and mutant lysC was digested with SpeI and blunt-ended, which was thereafter digested with SacI and ligated with the extracted dapB fragment to obtain a plasmid comprising mutant lysC, dapA, and dapB. This plasmid was designated as p399CAB.
Next, Brevi.-ori was introduced into p399CAB. The plasmid pHK4 comprising Brevi.-ori was digested with a restriction enzyme BamHI (produced by Takara Shuzo), and cleaved edges were blunt-ended. Blunt end formation was performed by using DNA Blunting kit (produced by Takara Shuzo) in accordance with a designated method. After the blunt end formation, a phosphorylated KpnI linker (produced by Takara Shuzo) was ligated to make modification so that the DNA fragment corresponding to the Brevi.-ori portion might be excised from pHK4 by digestion with only KpnI. This plasmid was digested with KpnI, and the generated Brevi.-ori DNA fragment was ligated with p399CAB having been also digested with KpnI to construct a plasmid comprising a combination of mutant lysC, dapA, and dapB autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The constructed plasmid was designated as pCAB. The process of construction of pCAB is shown in FIG. 12.
Example 11
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of Mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, and lysA
The plasmid p299LYSA comprising lysA was digested with KpnI and BamHI and blunt-ended, and then a lysA gene fragment was extracted. This fragment was ligated with pCAB having been digested with HpaI (produced by Takara Shuzo) and blunt-ended to construct a plasmid comprising a combination of mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, and lysA autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The constructed plasmid was designated as pCABL. The process of construction of PCABL is shown in FIG. 13. It is noted that the lysA gene fragment is inserted into a HpaI site in a DNA fragment containing the dapB gene in pCABL, however, the HpaI site is located upstream from a promoter for the dapB gene (nucleotide numbers 611 to 616 in SEQ ID NO: 10), and the dapB gene is not decoupled.
Example 12
Construction of Plasmid Comprising Combination of Mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, ddh, and lysA
pHSG299 was digested with XbaI and KpnI, which was ligated with p399DL comprising ddh and lysA having been digested with XbaI and KpnI. A constructed plasmid was designated as p299DL. p299DL was digested with XbaI and KpnI and blunt-ended. After the blunt end formation, a DNA fragment comprising ddh and lysA was extracted. This DNA fragment was ligated with the plasmid pCAB comprising the combination of mutant lysC, dapA, and dapB having been digested with HpaI and blunt-ended to construct a plasmid comprising a combination of mutant lysC, dapA, dapB, lysA and ddh autonomously replicable in coryneform bacteria. The constructed plasmid was designated as pCABDL. The process of construction of pCABDL is shown in FIG. 14.
Example 13
Introduction of Plasmids Comprising Genes for L-Lysine Biosynthesis into L-Lysine-Producing Bacterium of Brevibacterium lactofermentum 
The plasmids comprising the genes for L-lysine biosynthesis constructed as described above, namely p399AK9B(Cmr), pDPSB(Kmr), pDPRB(Cmr), pLYSAB(Cmr), pPK4D(Cmr), pCRCAB(Kmr), pAB(Cmr), pCB(Cmr), pDL(Cmr), pCAB(Cmr), pCABL(Cmr), and pCABDL(Cmr) were introduced into an L-lysine-producing bacterium AJ11082 (NRRL B-11470) of Brevibacterium lactofermentum respectively. AJ11082 strain has a property of AEC resistance. The plasmids were introduced in accordance with an electric pulse method (Sugimoto et al., Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2-207791). Transformants were selected based on drug resistance markers possessed by the respective plasmids. Transformants were selected on a complete medium containing 5 μg/ml of chloramphenicol when a plasmid comprising a chloramphenicol resistance gene was introduced, or transformants were selected on a complete medium containing 25 μg/ml of kanamycin when a plasmid comprising a kanamycin resistance gene was introduced.
Example 14
Production of L-Lysine
Each of the transformants obtained in Example 13 was cultivated in an L-lysine-producing medium to evaluate its L-lysine productivity. The L-lysine-producing medium had the following composition.
[L-Lysine-producing Medium]
The following components other than calcium carbonate (per 1 L) were dissolved to make adjustment at pH 8.0 with KOH. The medium was sterilized at 115° C. for 15 minutes, to which calcium carbonate (50 g) having been separately sterilized in hot air in a dry state was thereafter added.

















Glucose
100
g



(NH4)2SO4
55
g



KH2PO4
1
g



MgSO4•7H2O
1
g



Biotin
500
μg



Thiamin
2000
μg



FeSO4•7H2O
0.01
g



MnSO4•7H2O
0.01
g



Nicotinamide
5
mg



Protein hydrolysate (Mamenou)
30
ml



Calcium carbonate
50
g










Each of the various types of the transformants and the parent strain was inoculated to the medium having the composition described above to perform cultivation at 31.5° C. with reciprocating shaking. The amount of produced L-lysine after 40 or 72 hours of cultivation, and the growth after 72 hours (OD562) are shown in Table 1. In the table, lysC* represents mutant lysC. The growth was quantitatively determined by measuring OD at 560 nm after 101-fold dilution.







TABLE 1







Accumulation of L-Lysine after Cultivation for 40 or 72 Hours










Amount of




produced




L-lysine(g/L)
Growth











Bacterial strain/

after
after
(OD562/


plasmid
Introduced gene
40 hrs
72 hrs
101)





AJ11082

22.0
29.8
0.450


AJ11082/p399AK9B
lysC*
16.8
34.5
0.398


AJ11082/pDPSB
dapA
18.7
33.8
0.410


AJ11082/pDRB
dapB
19.9
29.9
0.445


AJ11082/pLYSAB
lysA
19.8
32.5
0.356


AJ11082/pPK4D
ddh
19.0
33.4
0.330


AJ11082/pCRCAB
lysC*, dapA
19.7
36.5
0.360


AJ11082/pAB
dapA, dapB
19.0
34.8
0.390


AJ11082/pCB
lysC*, dapB
23.3
35.0
0.440


AJ11082/pDL
ddh, lysA
23.3
31.6
0.440


AJ11082/pCAB
lysC*, dapA, dapB
23.0
45.0
0.425


AJ11082/pCABL
lysC*, dapA, dapB,
26.2
46.5
0.379



lysA


AJ11082/pCABDL
lysC*, dapA, dapB,
26.5
47.0
0.409



lysA, ddh









As shown in Table 1, when mutant lysC, dapA, or dapB was enhanced singly, the amount of produced L-lysine was larger than or equivalent to that produced by the parent strain after 72 hours of cultivation, however, the amount of produced L-lysine was smaller than that produced by the parent strain after 40 hours of cultivation. Namely, the L-lysine-producing speed was lowered in cultivation for a short period. Similarly, when mutant lysC and dapA, or dapA and dapB were enhanced in combination, the amount of produced L-lysine was larger than that produced by the parent strain after 72 hours of cultivation, however, the amount of produced L-lysine was smaller than that produced by the parent strain after 40 hours of cultivation. Thus the L-lysine-producing speed was lowered.
On the other hand, when lysA or ddh was enhanced singly, or when lysA and ddh were enhanced in combination, the amount of produced L-lysine was larger than that produced by the parent strain after 40 hours of cultivation, however, the amount of produced L-lysine was consequently smaller than that produced by the parent strain after the long period of cultivation because of decrease in growth.
On the contrary, in the case of the strain in which dapB was enhanced together with mutant lysC, the growth was improved, the L-lysine-producing speed was successfully restored in the short period of cultivation, and the accumulated amount of L-lysine was also improved in the long period of cultivation. In the case of the strain in which three of mutant lysC, dapA, and dapB were simultaneously enhanced, the L-lysine productivity was further improved. Both of the L-lysine-producing speed and the amount of accumulated L-lysine were improved in a stepwise manner by successively enhancing lysA and ddh.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
According to the present invention, the L-lysine-producing ability of coryneform bacteria can be improved, and the growth speed can be also improved.
The L-lysine-producing speed can be improved, and the productivity can be also improved in coryneform L-lysine-producing bacteria by enhancing dapB together with mutant lysC. The L-lysine-producing speed and the productivity can be further improved by successively enhancing dapA, lysA, and ddh in addition to the aforementioned genes.

## Claims

1. A method for producing L-lysine comprising
(a) cultivating a coryneform bacterium in an appropriate medium, wherein said bacterium harbors
(1) aspartokinase prepared from a coryneform bacterium which is substantially desensitized to feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine, wherein the 279th amino acid residue in said aspartokinase α-subunit is substituted with an amino acid other than alanine or an acidic amino acid, and wherein the 30th amino acid residue in said aspartokinase β-subunit is substituted with an amino acid other than alanine or an acidic amino acid, wherein the residue number is counted from the N-terminal of said aspartokinase,
(2) a DNA sequence encoding dihydrodipicolinate reductase prepared from coryneform bacterium, wherein said DNA sequence expresses enhanced amounts of said dihydrodipicolinate reductase asccompared to a wild-type coryneform bacterium, and
(3) a DNA sequence encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase, and

(b) collecting L-lysine from the culture.

2. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 1, wherein said coryneform bacterium also harbors a DNA sequence encoding diaminopimelate decarboxylase.

3. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 2, wherein said coryneform bacterium also harbors a DNA sequence encoding diaminopimelate dehydrogenase.

4. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 1, wherein said dihydrodipicolinate synthase comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 15, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 15 and has the activity of dihydrodipicolinate synthase.

5. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 2, wherein said diaminopimelate decarboxylase comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 20, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 20 and has the activity of diaminopimelate decarboxylase.

6. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 3, wherein said diaminopimelate dehydrogenase comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 24, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 24 and has the activity of diaminopimelate dehydrogenase.

7. A method for producing L-lysine comprising
(a) cultivating a coryneform bacterium in an appropriate medium, wherein said bacterium harbors
(1) a mutant aspartokinase derived from coryneform bacterium, wherein said aspartokinase is substantially desensitized to feedback inhibition by L-lysine and L-threonine, wherein the 279th amino acid residue in said mutant aspartokinase α-subunit is substituted with an amino acid other than alanine or an acidic amino acid, and wherein the 30th amino acid residue in said mutant aspartokinase β-subunit is substituted with an amino acid other than alanine or an acidic amino acid, wherein the residue number is counted from the N-terminal of said mutant aspartokinase,
(2) a DNA sequence encoding dihydrodipicolinate reductase comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 11, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 11, and has dihydrodipicolinate reductase activity, wherein said DNA sequence is derived from a coryneform bacterium and is capable of expressing enhanced amounts of said dihydrodipicolinate reductase as compared to a wild-type coryneform bacterium, and
(3) a DNA sequence encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase, and

(b) collecting L-lysine from the culture.

8. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 7, wherein said coryneform bacterium also harbors a DNA sequence encoding diaminopimelate decarboxylase.

9. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 8, wherein said coryneform bacterium also harbors a DNA sequence encoding diaminopimelate dehydrogenase.

10. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 7, wherein said dihydrodipicolinate synthase comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 15, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 15 and has the activity of dihydrodipicolinate synthase.

11. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 8, wherein said diaminopimelate decarboxylase comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 20, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 20 and has the activity of diaminopimelate decarboxylase.

12. The method for producing L-lysine of claim 9, wherein said diaminopimelate dehydrogenase comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 24, or an amino acid sequence which is substantially the same as SEQ ID NO. 24 and has the activity of diaminopimelate dehydrogenase.