# Patent

## Title
Method of making red-emitting borate phosphor

## Abstract

There is described a method of producing a red-emitting manganese and cerium co-activated gadolinium magnesium zinc pentaborate phosphor that comprises combining a hydrated hexaborate of zinc, magnesium, and manganese with oxides of Gd and Ce to form a mixture, and firing the mixture in a slightly reducing atmosphere to form the phosphor. Preferably, the hydrated hexaborate has an approximate composition represented by (Zn,Mg,Mn)B6O10.XH2O, where X is 5.3 to 6.2.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/892,326, filed Mar. 1, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of manganese and cerium co-activated gadolinium magnesium zinc pentaborate phosphors in mercury-vapor discharge lamps for fluorescent lighting applications is well established. The phosphor, which may be represented by the general formula (Ce,Gd)(Mg,Zn,Mn)B5O10, is a broad-band red-emitting phosphor which has a deeper red color than the most common red-emitting phosphor, europium-activated yttrium oxide, Y2O3:Eu, and is useful for improving the Color Rendering Index (CRI) of mercury-vapor fluorescent lamps.
For example, the use of Gd(Zn,Mg)B5O10:Ce,Mn to provide high color rendering in high-output compact fluorescent lamps is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,138,757, while the same phosphor written as (Ce,Gd)(Zn,Mg)B5O10:Mn is disclosed for use in low-pressure gas discharge lamps for the same purpose in U.S. Pat. No. 6,794,810. In U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,509, the phosphor is disclosed for use in mercury low-pressure discharge lamps for illuminating plants and the related phosphor Gd1−x−yCexTby(Mg)1−pMnpB5O10 is disclosed for use in fluorescent lamps with CRI values of at least 82 in U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,590.
The synthesis of metaborate phosphors with the general composition (Y,La)1−x−y−zCexGdyTbz(Mg,Zn)1−pMnpB5O10 (which includes CexGdy(Mg,Zn)1−pMnpB5O10) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,319,161. The method of producing these pentaborate phosphors involves dry mixing oxides of the rare earth elements, the oxide or hydrated carbonate-hydroxide of magnesium, manganese carbonate, the oxide of zinc and boric acid, and then subjecting the mixture to two or three firings in a weakly reducing atmosphere, typically with a comminution step in between.
Such repeated grinding and firing methods are labor intensive, more time consuming, and ultimately more costly than if the phosphor could be prepared in fewer steps, in particular a single-step firing method. Thus, it would be advantageous to have a simpler, more cost-effective method to produce a (Ce,Gd)(Mg,Zn,Mn)B5O10 phosphor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved method of producing a red-emitting manganese and cerium co-activated gadolinium magnesium zinc pentaborate phosphor.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing a red-emitting manganese and cerium co-activated gadolinium magnesium zinc pentaborate phosphor. Preferably, the phosphor is represented by the general formula (Gd1−xCex)(Zn1−y−zMgyMnz)B5O10, where x has a value from 0.01 to 0.80, y has a value from 0 to 0.98, z has a value from 0.02 to 0.50, and y+z≦1. More preferably, x has a value from 0.15 to 0.45, y has a value from 0.20 to 0.80, and z has a value from 0.05 to 0.20.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the method involves the use of a hydrated hexaborate of zinc, magnesium and manganese, as a boron source. The hydrated hexaborate preferably has an approximate composition (Zn,Mg,Mn)B6O10.XH2O, where X is preferably from 5.3 to 6.2. The relative amounts of Zn, Mg, and Mn in the hydrated hexaborate vary depending upon the particular phosphor to be formed. In particular, the hydrated hexaborate more preferably has a composition represented by (Zn1−y−zMgyMnz)B6O10.XH2O. The hydrated hexaborate is combined with oxides of Gd and Ce, and fired in a slightly reducing atmosphere. Preferably, the mixture is fired once at a temperature of from about 900° C. to about 1040° C. More preferably, the mixture is fired for 3.0 to 4.0 hours in a 99% N2/1% H2 atmosphere to form the phosphor.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the hydrated hexaborate is formed by dissolving boric acid in water to form a boric acid solution, heating the boric acid solution to a temperature of about 90° C., adding carbonates of magnesium, zinc and manganese to the boric acid solution, reducing the temperature of the boric acid solution to a lower temperature of less than about 50° C. to form a precipitate, dewatering the precipitate and drying the precipitate.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The FIGURE shows the emission spectra between 500 nm and 830 nm of a comparative (Gd,Ce)(Zn,Mg,Mn)B5O10 phosphor and a phosphor made according to this invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims taken in conjunction with the above-described drawing.
The present invention is a method of preparing a red-emitting manganese and cerium co-activated gadolinium magnesium zinc pentaborate phosphor which does not require the repeated grinding and firing steps that can lead to increased manufacturing costs. Furthermore, this invention provides for synthesis of phosphor with significantly increased brightness relative to a commercial material prepared using the conventional method.
The method utilizes a hydrated hexaborate of zinc, magnesium and manganese, as a boron source. The hydrated hexaborate, which is preferably prepared as a precipitate, is combined with oxides of Gd and Ce, and fired once in a slightly reducing atmosphere. This is different from prior art methods which combine separate oxide powders and magnesium oxide with a large amount of boric acid which can contaminate the furnace. The present method results in a greater homogeneity of the fired cake and subsequently a higher brightness. In addition, the method of this invention preferably requires only one firing step instead of 2-3 firing steps with additional grinding steps in between the firings.
In a preferred method, (Zn,Mg,Mn)B6O10.XH2O is formed by first dissolving about 8.0 to about 10.0 millimoles of boric acid per 1.0 milliliter of de-ionized water. The slurry is agitated and heated to about 90° C. Secondly, about 1.33 to about 1.67 millimoles of a magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and manganese carbonate mixture per 1.0 milliliter of de-ionized water are slowly added into the heated solution and the precipitate is digested for up to 10 minutes at >90° C. and quickly cooled ( ̃1° C. per min) to a temperature <45° C. This material is filtered, dried, and sifted before further use.
To form the (Ce,Gd)(Mg,Zn,Mn)B5O10 phosphor, the hydrated hexaborate is mixed with oxides of Gd and Ce in the appropriate amounts, and fired in a slightly reducing atmosphere. Preferably, the mixture is fired once at a temperature of from about 900° C. to about 1040° C. Phosphors prepared with equivalent amounts of Zn and Mg are best fired at 940° C. to 980° C. Phosphor prepared with high levels of Mn and/or Zn are best fired at slightly lower temperatures, while phosphor prepared with high levels of Mg are best fired at slightly higher temperatures.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples. However, it should be understood that the present invention is by no means restricted to such specific examples.
As used herein, the term “carbonate” and its general chemical formula “RCO3” where R is Zn, Mg, or Mn are to be broadly construed to include more complex hydrated carbonate forms such as Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2(H2O)4.
EXAMPLE 1
(Zn0.45Mg0.45Mn0.10)B6O10.XH2O Precipitate Preparation
An amount of (Zn0.45Mg0.45Mn0.10)B6O10.XH2O was prepared using 1 liter of de-ionized water, 528.01 grams of boric acid, 54.52 grams of MgCO3, 71.41 grams of ZnCO3, and 17.52 grams of MnCO3. The masses of the carbonates were corrected by their assays to give the following relative molar ratios: 6.00 moles H3BO3, 0.45 moles of MgCO3, 0.45 moles of ZnCO3, and 0.10 moles of MnCO3. The carbonates were sifted through a 275 micron screen and well blended before use. The boric acid was added to the water, agitated, and heated to approximately 90° C.-95° C. before the carbonate mixture was slowly added. After the addition was complete, the sample was digested for 10 minutes at approximately >90° C. and then quickly cooled over the time period of 1 hour to <50° C. This material was dewatered in a filter funnel and then transferred to a glass tray and dried at 135° C. for approximately 16 hours and sifted through a 275 micron screen. The waters of hydration in the dried precipitate are typically found to be in the range X=5.3 to 6.2. Slower cooling rates give a final product with lower waters of hydration than fast cooling rates. X-ray powder diffraction indicates the presence of MgB6O10.5H2O, Zn3B10O18.14H2O, and ZnB10O16.4.5H2O. Additional phases may include MgB3O3(OH)5.5H2O and Mn2B6O11+x. It is likely that Zn, Mg, and Mn exhibit some solubility in all of the above mentioned phases. It is readily apparent that the approximate composition (Zn,Mg,Mn)B6O10.XH2O can be attained by appropriate mixtures of the above-mentioned phases.
Inventive Sample 1
(Gd,Ce)(Mg,Zn,Mn)B5O10 Red-Emitting Phosphor
For Inventive Sample 1, a Gd0.70Zn0.45Mg0.45B5O10:Ce0.30,Mn0.10 phosphor was prepared by thoroughly blending and firing of a mixture of Gd2O3, CeO2, and the (Zn0.45Mg0.45Mn0.10)B6O10.XH2O precipitate described in Example 1.
The Gd2O3, CeO2, and (Zn0.45Mg0.45Mn0.10)B6O10.XH2O materials were assayed and 191.25 grams Gd2O3, 77.45 grams CeO2, and 564.66 grams of (Zn0.45Mg0.45Mn0.10)B6O10.XH2O were weighed, added to a 1000 ml plastic bottle, and then blended on a paint shaker. These amounts correspond to molar ratios of 0.70 moles Gd2O3, 0.30 moles CeO2, and 1.00 moles (Zn0.45Mg0.45Mn0.10)B6O10. Table 1 lists the raw materials, their molar ratios, and the quantities used for Inventive Sample 1. The mixture was fired in silica boats for 3.0 hours at 960° C. in a slightly reducing 99% N2/1% H2 atmosphere. The fired cakes were soaked in de-ionized water for 2 hours, dried, and screened through a 275-micron screen. This screened material was milled by adding 160 grams of fired phosphor, 1600 grams of spherical 5 mm YTZ media, and 220 ml of de-ionized water to a 500 ml plastic bottle and roll milling for 4 hours at 78 rpm. The media were removed and the milled phosphor dried, sifted through a 55-micron screen, and analyzed. XRF elemental analyses were performed, particle size measured, and brightness measured using 254 nm excitation radiation from a mercury discharge lamp. The physical properties of the inventive and comparative samples are listed in Table 2 and the emission spectra are shown in FIG. 1. The comparative sample was a commercial Gd(Zn,Mg)B5O10:Ce,Mn phosphor (Type L-165, OSRAM GmbH).







TABLE 1







Formulation of Gd0.70Zn0.45Mg0.45B5O10:Ce0.30,Mn0.10 Inventive


Sample 1









Raw material











Gd2O3
CeO2
(Zn,Mg,Mn)B6O10•XH2O














Molecular weight
362.50
172.12
270.66


Assay
0.9951
1.000
0.719


Mole ratio
0.70
0.30
1.00


Grams
191.25
77.45
564.66
















TABLE 2







Properties of Gd0.70Zn0.45Mg0.45B5O10:Ce0.30,Mn0.10 and


Comparative Gd(Zn, Mg)B5O10:Ce,Mn Phosphor Sample










Inventive Sample 1
Comparative Sample













Particle size D50 (microns)
7.18
7.86


Relative Brightness
106%
100%


Color Coord X
0.6547
0.6525


Color Coord Y
0.3370
0.3383


XRF Elemental Analyses


% Mg
2.65
2.47


% Mn
1.06
0.97


% Zn
6.87
7.43


% Ce
9.93
9.93


% Gd
27.12
27.27


% B5O10
52.37
51.93









While there have been shown and described what are at present considered to be preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In particular, although a single-step firing process is preferred, the process may less advantageously include additional firing steps.

## Claims

1. A method of producing a red-emitting manganese and cerium co-activated gadolinium magnesium zinc pentaborate phosphor comprising:
(a) combining a hydrated hexaborate of zinc, magnesium and manganese with oxides of Gd and Ce to form a mixture; and
(b) firing the mixture in a slightly reducing atmosphere to form the phosphor.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrated hexaborate has an approximate composition represented by (Zn,Mg,Mn)B6O10.XH2O, where X is 5.3 to 6.2.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the phosphor has a formula (Gd1−xCex)(Zn1−y−zMgyMnz)B5O10, where x has a value from 0.01 to 0.80, y has a value from 0 to 0.98, z has a value from 0.02 to 0.50, and y+z≦1.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein x has a value from 0.15 to 0.45, y has a value from 0.20 to 0.80, and z has a value from 0.05 to 0.20.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture is fired at a temperature of from about 900° C. to about 1040° C. in a 99% N2/1% H2 atmosphere.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrated hexaborate is formed by dissolving boric acid in water to form a boric acid solution, heating the boric acid solution to a temperature of about 90° C., adding carbonates of magnesium, zinc and manganese to the boric acid solution, reducing the temperature of the boric acid solution to a lower temperature of less than about 50° C. to form a precipitate, dewatering the precipitate and drying the precipitate to form the hydrated hexaborate.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the boric acid solution contains about 8.0 to about 10.0 millimoles of boric acid per 1.0 milliliter of water and about 1.33 to about 1.67 millimoles of a mixture of magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and manganese carbonate per 1.0 milliliter of water is added.

8. A method of producing a red-emitting (Gd1−xCex)(Zn1−y−zMgyMnz)B5O10 phosphor, where x has a value from 0.01 to 0.80, y has a value from 0 to 0.98, z has a value from 0.02 to 0.50, and y+z≦1, the method comprising:
(a) combining a hydrated hexaborate with oxides of Gd and Ce to form a mixture, the hydrated hexaborate having a composition represented by (Zn1−y−zMgyMnz)B6O10.XH2O, where X is 5.3 to 6.2; and
(b) firing the mixture at a temperature of from about 900° C. to about 1040° C. in a slightly reducing atmosphere to form the phosphor.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein x has a value from 0.15 to 0.45, y has a value from 0.20 to 0.80, and z has a value from 0.05 to 0.20.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein the hydrated hexaborate is formed by dissolving boric acid in water to form a boric acid solution, heating the boric acid solution to a temperature of about 90° C., adding carbonates of magnesium, zinc and manganese to the boric acid solution, reducing the temperature of the boric acid solution to a lower temperature of less than about 50° C. to form a precipitate, dewatering the precipitate and drying the precipitate to form the hydrated hexaborate.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the boric acid solution contains about 8.0 to about 10.0 millimoles of boric acid per 1.0 milliliter of water and about 1.33 to about 1.67 millimoles of a mixture of magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and manganese carbonate per 1.0 milliliter of water is added.