UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460 

AUG 2 0 2014 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY 

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT: 

FROM: 

THRU: 

TO: 

Rice Production Practices in the United States and Use ofCyhalofop-butyl for 

Weed Control in Rice Production (DP # 420989) 

Sunil Ratnayake, PhD, Biologist 

Biological Analysis Branch 

Biological and Economic Analys · 

Amet Jones, Chief 

, ~'-~ rV\l<?..J~ 

Division (7503P) 

Biological Analysis Branch 

Biological and Economic Analysis Di 

Jolene Trujillo, Chemical Review Manager 

Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P) 

Peer Review Panel date: July 2, 2014 

SUMMARY 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) is currently working on a registration review 

analysis for mitigating risks involved with the use of cyhalofop ( cyhalofop-butyl) in rice 

production. To facilitate this process, BEAD is providing needed information to EFED on drill 

(dry) seeded and water (wet) seeded rice production, use of cyhalofop for weed control in these 

production systems, and duration of holding water following the applications of cyhalofop in 

these rice production systems. 

Cyhalofop is a post-emergence herbicide used for selective control of grass weeds in rice 

production. Under drill seeded conditions cyhalofop is applied as post-emergence pre-flood, 

post-emergence post-flood (post-flood early applications, post-flood late or mid-season) 

applications. Early post-flood applications of cyhalofop are made 7 to 10 days after the 

establishment of permanent flood. Also, late post-flood treatments are made in the mid-season as 

Page 1 
a salvage treatment to save rice crop from higher weed infestations. Sequential applications of 

cyhalofop are also recommended under heavy grass weed infestations. According to available 

usage information (2008 to 2012), among the cyhalofop application timings, the highest amount 

of cyhalofop (83 %) is applied as post-flood applications. 

Duration of water holding following a cyhalofop application varies depending on the timing of 

cyhalofop application, time needed for the maturity of planted rice variety, and draining time of 

water in the field before harvesting. A longer duration of water holding, following a cyhalofop 

application is observed with rice varieties which need a longer maturation time, late draining of 

water before harvest, and earlier applications of cyhalofop in a growing season. In this analysis, 

the longest duration of water holding (95 days) is observed with postemergence pre-flood 

application of cyhalofop on a 130 day rice variety which is drained 14 days before harvest. The 

shortest duration of water holding (43 days) is observed with post-flood late applications (midseason) of cyhalofop on a 120 day variety which is drained 21 days before the harvest. 

Calculations made for these estimates are shown on the pages starting from 8 to 14 of this 

document. 

Rice Production in the United States 

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world population (USDA Economic Research 

Service, 2008). According to a 2013 NASS survey, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, 

Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas are major rice producing States in the United States (Table 1). 

Arkansas has the highest acreage in rice production and California produces the highest yields in 

rice production in the United States (Table 1 ). Also, usual planting and harvesting dates of rice 

are shown in Table 2. 

Table 1. Rice Production in the U.S. in 2013 

Acres Harvested Total Production 

State (in 1000 acres) Yield/ Acre (lbs) (1000 cwt) 

Arkansas 1,070 7,560 80,888 

California 561 8,480 47,574 

Louisiana 413 7,300 30,135 

Mississi.Qpi 124 7,400 9,176 

Missouri 156 7,030 10,968 

Texas 144 7,740 11,145 

United States 2,468 7,694 189,886 

Source: USDA, NASS, 2014. 

Page 2 
Table 2. Typical Planting and Harvesting Dates of Rice in Different Rice Producing States 

State Planting Harvesting 

Begin End Begin End 

Arkansas April6 June2 Aug. 29 Oct. 24 

California April20 June 10 Sep. 5 Nov. 10 

Louisiana March20 May 15 July 27 Sep.28 

Mississippi April6 May24 Aug. 29 Oct. 20 

Texas March 17 May 10 July 29 Sep.20 

Source. USDA, NASS, 2010 

Rice Production Systems in the United States 

Drill Seeding (Dry Seeding) 

Under drill seeding dry seeds are planted in well leveled fields in rows using mechanical 

planters. Pre-plant herbicides are applied in the field before planting seeds. After planting, levies 

are built and fields are flushed (irrigating and draining of excess water in the field) in order to 

soak seeds to facilitate seed germination. Before the emergence of seedlings, pre-emergence 

herbicides are applied. Depending on the soil temperature and soil moisture, it takes about 7 to 

12 days for seedling emergence following flushing of rice fields. After the emergence of 

seedlings, fields are maintained with a low level of water (shallow flooding). Three to four 

weeks after planting, the permanent flooding is established with 6-12 inches of water and postflood herbicide treatments are applied to control existing weeds. Permanent flood is maintained 

until 2 to 3 weeks before harvesting and then the flooded water is drained to dry the field and to 

facilitate harvesting. This also helps reducing the moisture level in maturing seeds. 

Water Seeding (Wet Seeding) 

Water seeding is a common production method in southern Louisiana and areas in Texas and 

California (Arkansas Rice Production Handbook, Undated). In this production system, following 

the land preparation and pre-emergence treatments, fields are flooded before seeding and pregerminated or dry seeds are broadcasted over the flooded fields using an airplane. Most of the 

wet low lands can be used for this production system. The primary reasons for water-seeding are 

for red rice suppression, reduced labor and reduced inputs. Also, it is an alternative production 

system that can be used when heavy rainfall is interfering with drill seeding. Furthermore, use of 

this production system, allows rice farmers to raise crawfish in rice production fields (Louisiana 

Rice Production Handbook, 2009). In addition, water seeding is a production system that can be 

used to control weeds effectively. Especially, broadleaf and grass weeds, including red rice. The 

water seeded production system tends to favor sedges and other aquatic weeds. Hydrilla 

(Hydrilla verticillata) waterhyssop (Bacopa rotundifolia), duck salad (Heteranthera limosa), 

purple ammannia (Ammannia coccinea), goose weed (Spehenoclea zelanica), and arrowhead 

(Sagittaria montevidensis) are some of the aquatic weeds found in the water seeded rice 

Page 3 
production. (University of AR, Rice Production Handbook, Undated). On the basis of water 

management, water-seeded rice can be categorized as delayed flooding, pinpoint flooding, and 

continuous flooding (Louisiana R_.ice Production Handbook, 2014). 

Delayed Flooding 

Under the delayed flooding system, fields are flooded before water seeding. Just after seeding, 

fields are drained to a shallow level, which is maintained for 3 to 4weeks before the permanent 

flood is established. Delayed flooding is adopted in fields where red rice is not a serious 

problem (Louisiana Rice Production Handbook, 2014). Flooded water is drained 2 to 3 weeks 

before harvesting. 

Pinpoint Flooding 

Under pinpoint flooding, a thin layer of water is maintained in the field before pre-germinated or 

dry seeds are broadcasted aerially over the fields. The thin layer of water is maintained until the 

seedlings are well established (7 to 10 days). An advantage ofthis method is it enhances seed 

germination. Two to 3 weeks after seeding, the permanent flood (six to eight inches of water) is 

established and maintained until 2 to 3 weeks before harvesting. Finally the flooded water is 

drained to dry the fields. This practice facilitates the use of mechanical harvesters and reduces 

seed moisture in maturing seeds. 

Continuous Flooding 

Under continuous flooding, once the fields are flooded before seeding, water is not drained for 

improving the seed germination. Water level is maintained at 6 to 12 inches in the field 

continuously until 2 to 3 weeks before harvesting. Of these three water management systems, the 

continuous flooding system is the best water management system for red rice suppression. 

However, the proper seedling establishment is difficult under this method. 

Weed Control in Rice Production 

Compared to the other field crops, weed management in rice production is a significant challenge 

for rice farmers. Both pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides are used to control weeds in 

rice production. Mostly, pre-emergence herbicides are applied in the field before planting rice 

seeds. However, under certain situations they can be applied after the planting of rice, but before 

the emergence of weeds. Under drill seeded condition, before planting of rice seeds, preemergent herbicides are applied to kill germinating weed seeds in the soil. Use of a preemergence herbicide with residual activity prolongs the duration of weed control after the crop 

establishment. Herbicides such as pendimethalin, molinate, thiobencarb, quinclorac are some of 

the pre-emergence herbicides used in rice production. After planting of rice, levies are built and 

fields are irrigated to facilitate a uniform germination of rice seeds. Depending on the moisture 

level in soil, rice fields may be irrigated several times before the establishment of permanent 

flood. Permanent flooding helps in controlling many grass and broadleaf weeds. The drill 

seeded production system favors grass and broadleafweed species. Generally, barnyard grass 

(Echinochloa crus-galli), broadleaf signal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla), crabgrass (Digitaria 

sanguinalis and Digitaria ischaemum), panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), and sprangletop 

Page4 
(Leptochloa spp.) are the troublesome grass weeds found in the rice pr6duction. Carfentrazoneethyl, bentazon, acifluorfen, cyhalofop, propanil + bensulfuron, quinclOnic, triclopyt, 

bensulfuron, dichloropropionanilide, and halosulfuron are some of the post-emergence 

herbicides used in the rice production (Rice Production Guidelines, Texa.S Agric. Experiment 

Station, 20 12). 

Usage of Cyhalofop in the United States 

Table 3. Average Usage ofCyhalofop in the United States (2008 to 2012) 

"tJ. ,_-

5-Year Average "" 

State (Pounds of Active 5-Year Average .c 

rr. Ingredient) Percent Crop Treated (%) 

'· n 

Arkansas 32,912 5 

California 23,804 10 

Louisiana 7,916 5 

Mississippi 9,950 11 

Missouri 2,476 2 

Texas 4,093 6 

(Propnetary Data, 2008- 2012) 

The data in Table 3 shows the percentage of crop treated with cyhalofop in different states. On 

average, the states of California and Mississippi indicate the most use with 10 and 11%, 

respectively. In the other states a low percentage of rice crop was treated in with cyhalofop. 

Table 4. Average Usage and Percentage ofCyhalofop Applied at Different Application Timings 

Applic tion Timing Av. Usage (a.i.lbs) I Percentage (%) ... . 

Pre-flood 13,155 17 

Early post-flood 5,846 7 

Late post-flood 60,272 76 

(Propnetary Data, 2008- 2012). 

Based on the proprietary data, total percentage of cyhalofop applied before establishing the 

permanent flooding (pre-flood) is 17% (Table 4). Also, the percentage of cyhalofop applied as 

early post-flood and late post-flood were 7% and 76%, respectively. The total% of cyhalofop 

applied after the establishment of permanent flood (post-flood) was 83%. These herbicide 

applications are made in the field over the crop and generally flooded water is drained two to 

three weeks before harvesting. 

Page 5 
Application Methods and Weeds Controlled by Cyhalofop 

Cyhalofop is a selective post-emergence herbicide used for grass weed control in rice production. 

It is a systemic herbicide absorbed by leaves and leaf sheaths. This herbicide has no preemergent or soil residual activity. Cyhalofop can be applied aerial or ground application 

methods. Major weeds controlled are; barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), broadleaf 

signal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla), bearded sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis), early 

watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides), junglerice (Echinochloa colona), large crabgrass (Digitaria 

sanguinalis), late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) and red sprangletop (Leptochloa 

filiformis) (Clincher® SF Specimen Label, 2009). 

Cyhalofop Application Rates. According to the cyhalofop specimen label (Clincher® SF. 

Specimen Label. 2009), more than 15 fluid ounces ofproduct (0.27lbs ofa.i. per acre) should 

not be applied in a single application. Also, more than 25 fluid ounces of product (0.46lbs a.i per 

acre) should not be applied during the growing season. If sequential applications are made they 

must be at least 1 0 days apart. 

Rain Fastness. According to (Clincher® SF. Specimen Label. 2009), cyhalofop is rain fast 

within 2 hours. Three hours after the herbicide application, field can be re-flooded. Best results 

can be achieved by flooding the field 24 to 48 hours after the herbicide application. 

Water Holding Period. There is no water holding period restriction following the application of 

this herbicide. 

Crop Rotation Interval 

The land should not be rotated to crops other than rice for 3 months following the cyhalofop 

application. 

Preharvest Interval. Cyhalofop should not be applied within 60 days of rice harvest (both 

under drill and wet seeding systems). 

Page 6 
Table 5. General Timeline for Rice Production in AR, LA, MS and TX1 

Cultural Practice Duration Herbicide Treatment 

Land preparation Early March to end of March 

Pre-plant treatments Mid-March to Mid-April 

Planting (seeding) First week of April 

Pre-emergence treatments After seeding_ in April 

Flushing After seeding, fields are irrigated to 

wet the soil and then the water is 

drained to facilitate seed germination 

Seedling emergence Second week of April 

Pre - permanent flood Mid to end of April Cyhalofop 

treatments Application 

Permanent flooding First week of May 

Post- permanent flood early Second week of May Cyhalofop 

treatments Application 

Post-permanent flood late Early to Mid-June Cyhalofop 

treatments (mid-season) Application 

Draining of flooded Water Second or Third week of July 

Harvesting First week of August to end of 

August 

1

Please note that this timeline for cultural practices may vary depending on the location, weather 

conditions (rainfall, air temperature) soil conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture) water 

management, and the rice variety used for planting. Timeline described is for a 120 day variety 

planted in first week of April. 

Cyhalofop Applications in Dry Seeded Rice Production 

Pre-permanent flood Application 

Application of cyhalofop before establishing the permanent flood. Flushing the field may be 

needed to have a good soil moisture level prior to herbicide application. If the field is irrigated to 

enhance seed germination, water must be drained before the herbicide application and to expose 

weeds for a good herbicide coverage. Fields can be re-flooded three hours after the herbicide 

application and best results can be achieved by flooding fields 24 to 48 hours after the herbicide 

application. 

Post-permanent flood early Application. Application of cyhalofop 7 to 10 days after the 

establishment of permanent flood. Field must be drained prior to herbicide application to expose 

the weeds (at least 70%) for a good herbicide coverage (Clincher® SF. Specimen Label. 2009). 

Permanent-flood (mid-season) Application. Application of cyhalofop 6 to 8 weeks after planting 

to control existing grass weeds in the field. This application is also considered as a salvage 

treatment to minimize the yield reduction due to a higher weed infestation. 

Page 7 
Estimated duration of water holding following herbicide applications in AR, LA, MS and 

TX (please note that estimated durations may vary depending on the weather condition, 

duration of the rice variety, and location). 

Duration of Holding Water in the Field under Drill Seeding (Dry Seeding) 

1. Duration of holding water in the field following the pre-flood applications 

Estimated upper range 

120- 21 - 14 = 85 days (120 day variety. cyhalofop is applied 21 days after planting and before 

establishing the permanent flood. Field is drained 14 days before harvesting) 

Estimated lower range 

120 - 21 - 21 = 78 ( cyhalofop is applied 21 days after planting and before the permanent flooding. 

Field is drained 21 days before harvesting) 

2. Duration of holding water after post-flood early applications 

Estimated upper range 

120-31 -14 = 75 days (120 day variety, cyhalofop is applied 32 days after planting. Field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated lower range 

120-31- 21= 68 days (cyhalofop is applied 32 days after planting. Field is drained 21 days 

before harvesting). 

3. Duration of holding water after post-flood late (mid-season) applications 

Estimated Upper Range 

120- 56- 14 =50 days (cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is drained 14 days 

before harvesting). 

Estimated Lower Range 

120- 56- 21 = 43 days (cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is drained 21 days 

before harvesting). 

Page 8 
Table 6. Timeline for Water (Wet) Seeding and Cyhalofop applications2 

Cultural Practice Duration Herbicide Application 

Land Preparation In March 

Flooding Early April before seeding 

Seeding (broadcasting of Early April after flooding 

germinated seeds or dry seeds 

over the flooded fields) 

Pre-permanent flood In late April before establishing Application of cyhalofop 

treatment the permanent flood 

Permanent flooding Early May 

Post permanent flood early 7 to 1 0 days after permanent Cyhalofop Application 

treatments flooding 

Post-flood-late treatments 6 to 8 weeks after seeding Cyhalofop Application 

(mid-season applications) 

Draining of flooded Water Second or third week of July 

Harvesting Beginning to end of August 

2

Please note that this timeline for cultural practices may vary depending on location, weather 

conditions (rainfall, air temperature) soil conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture) water 

management, and the rice variety used for planting. Timeline described is for a 120 day variety 

planted in first week of April. 

Cyhalofop Applications in Water Seeded (Wet Seeded) Rice Production 

Pre-permanent flood application 

Application of cyhalofop after flooding and before the establishment of permanent flood. 

Post permanent flood early application 

A single post flood application is recommended 7 to 10 days after permanent flooding. Field 

must be drained before the application to expose weeds for a better coverage 

Post permanent flood late application 

Application of cyhalofop 6 to 8 weeks after planting to control existing grass weeds in the field. 

This application is also considered as a salvage treatment to minimize the yield reduction due to 

a higher weed infestation. 

Page 9 
Estimated duration of water holding after herbicide applications in AR, LA, MS and TX 

(please note that estimated durations may vary depending on the weather conditions, 

duration of the rice variety used for planing and location). 

1. Duration of holding water following the pre-permanent flood applications 

Estimated upper range 

120-21 - 14 = 85 days (120 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 21 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated lower range 

120-21- 21= 78 days (120 day variety. (Cyhalofop is applied 21 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

2. Duration of holding water after post- permanent flood early applications 

Estimated Upper Range 

120-31- 14 = 75 days (120 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 31 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated Lower Range 

120 - 31 - 21 = 68 days ( 120 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 31 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

2. Duration of holding water after post-flood late (mid-season) applications 

Estimated Upper Range 

120- 56- 14 =50 days (120 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated Lower Range 

120 - 56 - 21 = 43 days (120 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

Page 10 
Figure 1. Growth Stages of a Rice Variety Gown in California (Drill Seeded Variety) 

L ... r:st"Yt' 1 2 3 4 ~ 

Days: Early variety 25 - 30 

Days: Lolo Yef1e1Y 25 - 30 

I~ 

Pre-flood 

cyhalofop 

Applications 

Tiler 

l'1llallon 

Post flood 

applications 

Mid 

Tllemg 

55-60 

65-75 

Mid-season 

cyhalofop 

Applications 

Source: Crop Profile for rice in California. 1988. 

85-100 

100-115 

130 - 145 

140-165 

Hwvo«l 

This figure shows different growth stages of rice after planting and stages of cyhalofop 

applications. The different timing may vary depending on the weather, location, and the rice 

variety used for planting. 

Page 11 
3 Table 7. General Timeline in California Rice Production Drill (dry) Seeding' 

Cultural Practice Timin£ Herbicide Application 

Land Preparation Early March 

Pre-plant treatments Mid-March to Mid-April 

Planting Third week of April 

Pre-emergence treatments Third week of April 

Flushing In the third week of planting, 

fields are irrigated to wet the soil 

and drained to facilitate seed 

germination. 

Seedling Emergence Fourth week of April 

Post-emergence pre-flood First week of May Cyhalofop Application 

treatments 

Permanent flooding Second week of May 

Post-flood early treatments Fourth week of May Cyhalofop application 

Post-flood late applications Mid-June Cyhalofop application 

(mid-season) 

Draining of flooded water Mid to end of July 

Harvesting Mid-August to Mid-September 

3

Please note that this timehne for cultural practices may vary depending on location and weather 

conditions (rainfall, air temperature) soil conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture) water 

management, and the rice variety used for planting. Timeline described is for a 130 day variety 

planted in third week of April. 

Duration of Holding Water under Drill Seeding (Dry Seeding) 

1 ). Duration of holding water in the field following the pre-permanent flood application of 

cyhalofop. 

Estimated upper range 

130- 21 - 14 = 95 days (130 day variety. cyhalofop is applied 21 days after planting and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated lower range 

130 - 21 - 21 = 88 days ( 130 day variety. cyhalofop is applied 21 days after planting and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

2. Duration of holding water following the post-flood early applications 

Estimated upper range 

130 - 31 -14 = 85 days ( 130 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 31 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Page 12 
Estimated lower range 

130- 31 - 21 = 78 days (130 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 31 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

3).Duration of holding water following the post-flood late (mid-season) applications 

Estimated Upper Range 

130- 56 -14 = 60 days (130 day variety). Cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated Lower Range 

130 -56 - 21 = 53 days (130 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

Table 8. General Timeline in California Rice Production Water (wet) Seeding 4 

CultUral Practice Timing Herbicide Application ... Land Preparation Early March 

Pre-plant treatments Mid-March to Mid-April 

Flooding Third week of April 

Broadcasting of germinated Third week of April 

seeds or dry seeds (seeding) 

Pre-permanent flood Second week of May Cyhalofop application 

treatments 

Establishment of permanent Second week of May 

flood 

Post flood early treatments Third week of May Cyhalofop application 

Post-flood, late treatments Third week of June Cyhalofop application 

(mid- season) 

Draining of water Second or third week of July 

Harvesting In September 

4

Please note that this timeline for cultural practices may vary depending on location and weather 

conditions (rainfall, soil moisture, soil temperature and the rice variety used for planting). 

Timeline described below is for a 130 day variety. 

1). Duration ofholding water in the field following the pre-permanent flood application of 

cyhalofop. 

Estimated upper range 

130- 21 - 14 = 95 days (130 day variety. cyhalofop is applied 21 days after planting and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated lower range 

130- 21 - 21= 88 days (130 day variety. cyhalofop is applied 21 days after planting and field is 

Page 13 
drained 21 days before harvesting). 

2. Duration of holding water following the post-flood early applications 

Estimated upper range 

130 - 31 -14 = 85 days ( 130 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 42 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated lower range 

130 - 31- 21 = 78 days (130 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 42 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting). 

3).Duration of holding water following the post-flood late (mid-season) applications 

Estimated Upper Range 

130- 56 -14 = 60 days (130 day variety). Cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is 

drained 14 days before harvesting). 

Estimated Lower Range 

130 -56- 21 =53 days (130 day variety. Cyhalofop is applied 56 days after seeding and field is 

drained 21 days before harvesting. 

As shown in above examples, duration of water holding after applications of different herbicides 

can be calculated for different rice varieties with known maturation time, known herbicide 

application timings, and known draining timings of water before harvesting of the rice crop. 

REFERENCES: 

Arkansas Rice Production Handbook 192. Undated. Online Publication. Available at: 

http://www.arkansas-crops.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MP192.pdf. Accessed on June 6, 

2014. 

Clincher® SF. Specimen Label. 2009. Dow AgroSciences. Online publication Available at: 

http://www.cdms.net/LDat/ld5SF009.pdf. Accessed on June 5, 2014. 

Crop Profiles for rice in California. 1988. Online publication. Available at: 

http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/carice.pdf. Accessed on June 9, 2014. 

Louisiana Rice Production Handbook. 2014. Publication of Louisiana Ag Center. Available on 

line at: http://www.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/F7E930BF-346A-45DA-A989-

3 7FE3 DO BOF 11 I 5 9612/pub23 21 RiceProdHdbkJ une09. pdf 

Accessed on June 6. 2014. 

Page 14 
Proprietary Data, 2008- 2012. 

Rice Production Guidelines. 2005. Texas Agric. Experiment Station. USDA, ARS. 

http://beaumont.tamu.edu/eLibrary/Bulletins/2005 Rice Production Guidelines.pdf. Accessed 

on June 5, 2014. 

Rice Background. 2008. USDA Economic Research Service. 

http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice.aspx. Accessed on June 30. 2014. 

Shipp, M. Rice Crop Timeline for the Southern States of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. 

Undated. Online Publication. Available at: http://www.cipm.info/croptimelines/pdf/Rice.pdf. 

Accessed on June 10, 2014. 

Page 15