If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

UNPUBLISHED

In re MACINTOSH, Minors. November 17, 2022

Nos. 360005; 360006

Oakland Circuit Court

Family Division

LC No. 2016-848590-NA

Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and BOONSTRA and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In these consolidated appeals, respondent-father and respondent-mother appeal as of right 

the trial court’s order terminating their parental rights to their five1 minor children pursuant to

MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (g). Because the trial court did not clearly err in its determinations, 

we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Respondent-mother has a long history of mental illness. She was diagnosed with bipolar 

disorder at the age of nine and was in and out of psychiatric hospitals throughout her adolescence. 

More recently, respondent-mother was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 

(ADHD), bipolar disorder, and depression. Respondent-mother’s mental illness presented itself 

in many ways during the case. In 2018, she was hospitalized for six days for mental-health issues. 

Further, it was reported that respondent-mother often would become overwhelmed with the 

children, and she sometimes would just “shut down.” Respondent-mother also would feel 

overwhelmed with having to perform other more mundane tasks, such as setting up appointments. 

A clinical psychologist testified that respondent-mother presented as being very emotionally labile 

and depressed. The clinical psychologist went on to opine that respondent-mother’s psychological 

pathology undermines her functioning and that she was not capable of providing for the children’s 

stability. A foster care worker testified that respondent-mother did not comply with addressing 

 

1 When the case was initiated in 2016, the trial court acquired jurisdiction over respondents’ four 

older minor children. During the lengthy proceedings, respondent-mother gave birth to another 

child, and the trial court exercised jurisdiction over that child as well.
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her mental-health concerns, contrary to her treatment plan, by not putting forth much effort into 

attending therapy. In fact, in approximately August 2019, respondent-mother stopped attending 

her therapy and stopped taking her medication. As of November 2021, respondent-mother still 

was not participating in mental-health services.

Petitioner, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), filed an initial petition 

in December 2016, seeking to have the trial court take jurisdiction over the four older minor

children. In particular, the petition alleged that the children were often visibly dirty and that the 

home was unfit for the children because of its filthy condition, which included garbage lying 

around the home, spilled food, and general clutter. The petition noted that the family currently 

was homeless and had been asked to leave homes before “due to deplorable conditions.” Further, 

although the family was eligible to receive food assistance or Medicaid benefits, they did not 

receive those benefits because of their failure to turn in necessary documents. And respondentmother, in particular, was not receiving mental-health care even though she was diagnosed with 

ADHD and bipolar disorder. At a pretrial hearing, both respondents pleaded no contest to the 

allegations in the petition, and the trial court exercised jurisdiction over the children.

As the case progressed, a service worker at Orchards Children’s Services worked with 

respondents. She assisted them on budgeting and hygiene techniques, and made efforts to help 

them with housing. With the service worker’s assistance, respondents were able to obtain housing 

in a mobile home. Orchards helped the parents obtain that housing by contributing $300 toward 

the required deposit. Orchards also bought a new furnace, paid for medication for the children, 

paid a utility bill, paid some back rent, and paid for bedbug spray. 

Following a permanency planning hearing in October 2018, the children were returned to 

respondent-father, contrary to DHHS’s recommendation. DHHS’s concern was respondentfather’s inability to maintain the cleanliness of the home. Previously, the home would deteriorate 

into deplorable conditions, including the piling of trash and the presence of dog urine in the home. 

Respondents shortly thereafter were evicted from the mobile home for failure to effectuate exterior 

repairs on the mobile home and failure to pay rent. DHHS stated that even before the eviction, the 

mobile home was not appropriate for the children because of the dirty, cluttered, and unsafe 

conditions. After the eviction, respondents and the four children lived in motels. As of March 21, 

2019, they had lived in three different motels. The trial court authorized DHHS’s decision to again 

remove the children.

Afterward, respondent-mother was planning to live separate from respondent-father to 

focus on her mental health. Respondent-father arranged to live with a friend. The home was 

deemed by DHHS to be appropriate for the children, and the trial court returned the children to 

respondent-father’s care, with respondent-mother only being allowed supervised visitation.

In April 2019, respondent-mother gave birth to respondents’ fifth child, and the trial court 

took jurisdiction over that child with respect to respondent-mother. The trial court placed the baby 

with respondent-father, joining her four other siblings. A month later, respondent-mother was 

living with respondent-father again. In September 2019, it was reported that respondents were 

homeless and had arranged for the children to stay with friends and family. All of the children, 

except for the newborn, had no Medicaid or medical insurance because respondent-father did not 

provide the requested documents by the deadline. Shortly thereafter, DHHS filed a petition for 
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the trial court to take jurisdiction over the baby with respect to respondent-father and to terminate 

the parental rights of both respondents to all of the children. At an emergency removal hearing, 

the trial court removed the children from respondent-father’s care and placed them in the care and 

custody of DHHS.

Following a hearing to determine whether statutory grounds existed to terminate 

respondents’ parental rights, the trial court found that statutory grounds existed to terminate 

respondent-mother’s and respondent-father’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and 

(g). The trial court stated that it was primarily relying on § 19b(3)(g) for both respondents and all 

children, but that its rationale for that ground also supported termination under § 19b(3)(c)(i) for 

the four oldest children with respect to respondent-father. The trial court thereafter conducted a 

best-interest hearing, after which it determined that termination of respondents’ parental rights was 

in the best interests of all the children. These appeals followed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews a trial court’s finding whether a statutory ground for termination has 

been proven by clear and convincing evidence for clear error. In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 80; 

836 NW2d 182 (2013). Likewise, our review of a trial court’s best-interest determination is 

reviewed for clear error. In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App 35, 40; 823 NW2d 144 (2012). A 

finding is clearly erroneous when a reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that 

a mistake was made. In re Ellis, 294 Mich App 30, 33; 817 NW2d 111 (2011).

III. STATUTORY GROUNDS

Both respondents argue that the trial court clearly erred by finding that statutory grounds 

existed to terminate their parental rights. We disagree.

A trial court must terminate a parent’s parental rights if it finds that a statutory ground 

under MCL 712A.19b(3) has been established by clear and convincing evidence and that 

termination is in the child’s best interests. In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 713; 846 NW2d 61 

(2014). The trial court terminated respondents’ parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and 

(g). However, the trial court noted that it was primarily relying on § 19b(3)(g), in part because 

that ground applied to both respondents and all of the children, whereas § 19b(3)(c)(i) did not 

apply to respondent-father with respect to the youngest child who was born during the proceedings. 

Accordingly, we will focus on § 19b(3)(g), which permits termination of parental rights under the 

following circumstances:

The parent, although, in the court’s discretion, financially able to do so, fails 

to provide proper care or custody for the child and there is no reasonable 

expectation that the parent will be able to provide proper care and custody within a 

reasonable time considering the child’s age.

“A parent’s failure to participate in and benefit from a service plan is evidence that the 

parent will not be able to provide a child proper care and custody.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 

710. There was ample evidence that neither respondent benefited from their service plans.
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At the time of the statutory-ground determination, the children, except for the baby, had 

been under court jurisdiction for almost four years. One of the primary issues during this time was 

housing: either there was no housing because the family was homeless or the home they had was 

in “deplorable” condition. Contrary to respondent-father’s position, he was provided with many 

services to address this barrier to reunification.

2

A parent-educator with Orchards Children’s Services provided life skills instruction to both 

respondents. Despite these services, which included aspects of home cleanliness and budgeting, 

the parent-educator did not think that either respondent successfully completed the services. 

Indeed, after eight months of providing the services, she opined that neither respondent-mother 

nor respondent-father could keep their home in a position where the children could return.3

A DHHS caseworker testified that there had been multiple referrals regarding housing to 

both respondents. The referred services included the Family Reunification Program through the 

Detroit Housing Commission, a homelessness specialist for various counties, Oakland Livingston 

Human Service Agency, Catholic Community Response Team, Salvation Army, Community 

Housing Network, Rochester Area Neighborhood Housing, RISE Center, Supportive Transitional 

 

2 On appeal, respondent-father argues that DHHS failed to provide or offer adequate services, 

contrary to MCL 712A.19a(2). In order to preserve such an issue, a respondent must raise the 

issue when a service plan is adopted or soon afterward or even “later during the proceedings.” In 

re Atchley, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket Nos. 358502 and 358503); 

slip op at 2. But In re Atchley does not stand for the proposition that a respondent can raise that 

issue long after those circumstances have changed. In In re Atchley, the respondents challenged 

the adequacy of the services in later dispositional review and permanency planning hearings. Id. 

In the present case, respondent-father cites several instances in the transcript where he purportedly 

raised the issue of inadequate services. But two of these instances occurred during the statutoryground hearing, and the other instances occurred during the best-interest hearing. Because 

respondent-father raises this issue on appeal in context of the trial court’s statutory-grounds

finding, anything after the trial court rendered its decision regarding statutory grounds, including 

the best-interest proceedings, is irrelevant. Cf. Karaus v Bank of New York Mellon, 300 Mich App 

9, 15 n 2; 831 NW2d 897 (2012) (stating that this Court will not consider evidence “that was not 

before the trial court at the time of the motion hearing”). Furthermore, in addition to the instances 

cited in the statutory-ground hearing being untimely, they also did not properly raise the issue 

before the trial court; instead, these instances involved questions directed to a witness. 

Accordingly, respondent-father failed to preserve the issue whether DHHS provided adequate 

services, and our review of that issue is for plain error affecting substantial rights. In re Seay, 335 

Mich App 715, 719; 967 NW2d 883 (2021). In any event, regardless of the standard of review, 

the numerous services offered to respondent-father as outlined in our opinion easily satisfy 

DHHS’s statutory duty to offer adequate services for reunification. See In re Hicks/Brown, 500 

Mich 79, 85-86; 893 NW2d 637 (2017). 

3

In addition to the parent-educator’s own observations of the home often being in an unsanitary 

or unsafe condition, she also noted that respondents took an assessment both before starting 

services and after completing them. Notably, respondents’ scores after the completion of services 

were worse than their initial assessments. 
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Into Rapid Rehousing Program, and a list of low-income housing. The caseworker also told both 

respondents that if they needed any assistance in calling any of the various agencies or filling out 

any applications to let her know, but they never notified her that they needed any help. Despite 

these services, respondents’ ability to provide housing, let alone suitable housing, remained an 

issue at the time of termination, and there was no indication that the situation was going to be 

resolved within a reasonable period of time considering the ages of the children. Indeed, at the 

time of termination, there was nothing to suggest that either respondent was capable of providing 

safe and secure housing for the children.

Another part of respondent-father’s Parent-Agency Treatment Plan (PATP) was to 

maintain health insurance for the children and to maintain therapy services for the children. 

Respondent-father failed to maintain health insurance. After he lost his private health insurance 

though work, he was instructed to obtain Medicaid coverage. A Judson Center worker completed 

the online Medicaid application for respondent-father. But when documents subsequently were 

requested to be submitted, respondent-father inexplicably failed to provide them. The caseworker

testified that at the time of filing the petition for termination, the children still had no health 

insurance. Also, respondent-father was not compliant with the requirement to maintain the 

children’s therapy because there was evidence that three of the children had stopped going and did 

not restart by the time the petition to terminate was filed.

Throughout the proceedings, respondent-father demonstrated a lack of ability to follow 

through on seemingly simple, yet important, tasks, such as providing documents to obtain health 

insurance or contacting the Friend of the Court to reduce an onerous withholding amount. Indeed, 

the trial court previously determined that respondent-father’s failure to address the withholdings 

in a timely manner was the cause of their prior eviction from their mobile home. Notably, in his 

testimony respondent-father agreed. In sum, there is nothing in the evidence to suggest that 

respondent-father’s behavior had changed at the time of the statutory-ground hearing such that he 

would have been able to consistently provide care and custody for the children in a reasonable 

time given the ages of the children.

Respondent-mother also was required through her PATP to participate in mental-health 

services, but during the pendency of the case, in approximately August 2019, she stopped attending 

her therapy and stopped taking her medication. Thus, respondent-mother was not compliant with 

this aspect of her PATP.

In sum, with suitable housing still an issue and both respondents failing to comply with 

their respective treatment plans, the trial court did not clearly err by finding that termination of 

their parental rights was supported by MCL 712A.19b(3)(g). And because only one ground is 

necessary to support termination of parental rights, it is not necessary to address whether the trial 

court erred by relying on MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) as an additional ground for termination. See In 

re Foster, 285 Mich App 630, 633; 776 NW2d 415 (2009).

IV. BEST INTERESTS

Respondents argue that the trial court clearly erred by finding that termination of their

parental rights was in the best interests of the children. We disagree.
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Once a trial court has found that there is a statutory ground to terminate parental rights 

under MCL 712A.19b(3), the court must terminate the parent’s parental rights if it is in the child’s 

best interests. In re White, 303 Mich App at 713. In making this best-interest determination, “the 

court may consider the child’s bond to the parent[;] the parent’s parenting ability[;] the child’s 

need for permanency, stability, and finality[;] and the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s 

home.” In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App at 41-42 (citations omitted). “[T]he preponderance of 

the evidence standard applies to the best-interest determination.” In re Moss, 301 Mich App at 83.

Both respondents contend that they have a strong bond with all five children. But the 

parent-child bond is only one factor that is pertinent to a best-interest determination. A bond does 

not necessarily outweigh the children’s need for safety, stability, and permanency. The trial court 

noted that the case had been pending for five years and the family was homeless when it began 

and not much had changed since then.4 This Court’s rationale in In re Jones, 316 Mich App 110, 

120; 894 NW2d 54 (2016), applies with equal force in this case:

Though respondent shared a bond with the children, that bond was outweighed by 

the children’s need for safety, permanency, and stability. Respondent never 

obtained suitable housing during the course of the proceedings, nor could she meet 

her own economic or financial needs, let alone the needs of the children. These 

issues were longstanding and numerous services had been provided to no avail. 

There was no indication that respondent would be able to rectify the problems in 

such time that children could be returned to her in the foreseeable future.

Further, with regard to permanency and stability, each of the current foster home 

placements stated that they were willing to adopt. Considering the length of time the children had 

been in care and the fact that respondents had not shown during these five years that either was 

able to provide a safe and stable environment for the children, we are not left with a definite and 

firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake when it found that termination of respondents’

parental rights was in the best interests of each child. 

Moreover, respondent-mother also has unaddressed mental-health issues that affected her 

ability to care for the children. The trial court’s finding that respondent-mother had “inconsistently 

participated in therapeutic services” is not clearly erroneous. As mentioned earlier, in 

approximately August 2019, respondent-mother stopped attending her therapy and stopped taking 

her medication. And as of November 2021, respondent-mother still was not participating in 

mental-health services, leaving her severe mental illness unaddressed. This reinforces our view 

 

4

In her brief on appeal, respondent-mother asserts multiple times that she “presented a plan for 

housing.” Respondent-mother does not explain what this “plan” was, and we were unable to locate 

any reference to such a plan in the record. Although respondent-mother was living with her parents 

at the beginning of the best-interest phase of the proceedings, by the end of the proceedings, she

and respondent-father were living with friends on a temporary basis, and both respondents told a 

foster care supervisor that they did not have suitable housing for the children at the time. At best, 

the foster care supervisor testified that respondents said they had a “prospect of a possible 

housing.” There was no other evidence of what this speculative housing was, what steps remained

to acquire this housing, or if it was going to be suitable for the children.
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that the trial court did not clearly err by finding that termination of respondent-mother’s parental 

rights was in the children’s best interests.

V. CONCLUSION

The trial court did not err by terminating respondents’ parental rights. We affirm.

/s/ Michael J. Riordan 

/s/ Mark T. Boonstra 

/s/ Michael F. Gadola