United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station

General Technical 

Report

PNW-GTR-876

March 2013

Mohawk Research Natural Area:

Guidebook Supplement 45

Reid Schuller and Cheshire Mayrsohn
The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, 

forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and 

private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands,

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USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Authors

Reid Schuller is a plant ecologist, Western Stewardship Science Institute,

P.O. Box 1173, Bend, OR 97709. Cheshire Mayrsohn is a botanist with the Upper 

Willamette Resource Area-Eugene District, Bureau of Land Management, Springfield, OR 97477. The Pacific Northwest Research Station is publishing this guidebook as part of a continuing series of guidebooks on federal research natural areas 

begun in 1972.

Cover 

Mohawk Research Natural Area. Virtual island of old-growth Douglas-fir forest, 

surrounded by second-growth forest, viewing south. Spencer Butte is visible in the 

distance (USDI BLM 2011).
Abstract

Schuller, Reid; Mayrsohn, Cheshire. 2013. Mohawk Research Natural Area: 

guidebook supplement 45. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-876. Portland, OR: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

24 p. 

This guidebook describes major biological and physical attributes of the 119-ha 

(293-ac) Mohawk Research Natural Area. The area supports old-growth Douglas-fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest characterized by plant associations representative of 

the western Cascade foothills. These include the western hemlock/Oregon grapesalal (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis nervosa-Gaultheria shallon); western hemlock/

Oregon grape/swordfern (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis nervosa/Polystichum munitum); and western hemlock/Oregon oxalis (Tsuga heterophylla/Oxalis oregana) 

forest plant associations.

Keywords: Research natural area, area of critical environmental concern, 

old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock/Oregon grapesalal (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis nervosa-Gaultheria shallon), western hemlock/

Oregongrape/swordfern (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis nervosa/Polystichum munitum), and western hemlock/Oregon oxalis (Tsuga heterophylla/Oxalis oregana) 

plant association.
Preface

The research natural area (RNA) described in this supplement1 is administered by 

the Eugene District, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the 

Interior.

Mohawk RNA is part of a federal system2 of natural areas established for 

research and educational purposes.3 Of the 183 federal RNAs established in Oregon 

and Washington, 45 are described in Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon 

and Washington: a Guidebook for Scientists and Educators (see footnote 1). This 

report is a supplement to the guidebook. 

Each RNA is a site where elements4 are protected or managed for scientific 

purposes and natural processes are allowed to dominate. The objectives for establishing research natural areas are to:

• Maintain a wide spectrum of high-quality areas that represent the major 

forms of variability found in forest, shrubland, grassland, alpine, and natural situations that have scientific interest and importance that, in combination, form a national network of ecological areas for research, education, 

and maintenance of biological diversity.

• Preserve and maintain genetic diversity, including threatened, endangered, 

and sensitive species.

1

 Supplement No. 43 to Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C. 1972. Federal 

research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: a guidebook for scientists and educators. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest 

and Range Experiment Station. 498 p.

2

 Six federal agencies cooperate in this program in the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park 

Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of Energy; and 

U.S. Department of Defense. In addition, the federal agencies cooperate with state agencies 

and private organizations in Oregon and Washington in the Pacific Northwest Interagency 

Natural Area Committee. Taken from Wilson, T.M.; Schuller, R.; Holmes, R.; Pavola, C.; 

Fimbel, R.A.; McCain, C.N.; Gamon, J.G.; Speaks, P.; Seevers, J.I.; DeMeo, T.E.; Gibbons, 

S. 2009. Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network. Gen. 

Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-798. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 33 p.

3

 Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research natural 

areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service. <Irregular pagination>.

4

 Elements are the basic units to be represented in a natural area system. An element may 

be an ecosystem, community, habitat, or organism. Taken from Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, 

J.F.; Maser, C.; Cook, S.A.; Hall, J.D.; Faxon, G. 1975. Research natural area needs in the 

Pacific Northwest: a contribution to land-use planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-38. Portland, 

OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range 

Experiment Station. 231 p.
• Protect against human-caused environmental disruptions.

• Serve as reference areas for the study of natural ecological processes, 

including disturbance.

• Provide onsite and extension educational activities.

• Serve as baseline areas for measuring long-term ecological changes.

• Serve as control areas for comparing results from manipulative research.

• Monitor effects of resource management techniques and practices.

The guiding principle in managing RNAs is to maintain natural ecological 

processes or conditions for which the site is designated. Activities that impair scientific or educational values are not permitted within RNAs. Management practices 

necessary to maintain or restore ecosystems may be allowed.5

Federal RNAs provide a unique system of publicly owned and protected examples of relatively unmodified ecosystems where scientists can conduct research 

with minimal interference and reasonable assurance that investments in long-term 

studies will not be lost to logging, land development, or similar activities. Scientists 

and educators wishing to visit or use Mohawk RNA for scientific or educational 

purposes should contact the Eugene BLM district office manager in advance and 

provide information about research or educational objectives, sampling procedures, 

and other prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, and collection 

of specimens from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be limitations on 

research or educational activities.

A scientist or educator wishing to use the RNA is obligated to:

• Obtain permission from the appropriate administering agency before using 

the area (see footnote 2).

• Abide by the administering agency’s regulations governing use, including 

specific limitations on the type of research, sampling methods, and other 

procedures.

• Inform the administering agency on progress of the research, published 

results, and disposition of collected materials.

The purpose of this approval process is to:

• Ensure that the ecological integrity and scientific and educational values of 

the RNA are not compromised.

5

 For a discussion of management direction and strategies which guide research natural 

area management, see Wilson, T.M.; Schuller, R.; Holmes, R.; Pavola, C.; Fimbel, R.A.; 

McCain, C.N.; Gamon, J.G.; Speaks, P.; Seevers, J.I.; DeMeo, T.E.; Gibbons, S. 2009. 

Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

PNW-GTR-798. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 

Northwest Research Station. 33 p.
• Provide information to scientists about other research occurring on the 

RNA so that potential collaborations may be fostered and conflicts avoided. 

• Maintain records of research activities and research results to benefit the 

BLM, other agencies, and future researchers. 

Appropriate uses of RNAs are determined by the administering agency. 

Destructive analysis of vegetation is generally not allowed, nor are studies requiring extensive substrate modification such as extensive soil excavation. Collection 

of plant and animal specimens is generally restricted to voucher specimens or 

approved research activities. Under no circumstances may collecting significantly 

reduce species populations. Collecting must also be carried out in accordance with 

all other federal and state agency regulations. 
Contents

1 Introduction

1 Access and Accommodations

3 Environment

3 Climate

4 Vegetation

9 Fauna

9 Disturbance History

10 Research History

11 Maps 

11 Acknowledgments

11 English Equivalents

12 References 

15 Appendix 1: Plants

18 Appendix 2: Lichens

20 Appendix 3: Fungi

21 Appendix 4: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
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Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Introduction

The Mohawk Research Natural Area (RNA) is a 119-ha (293-ac) area located in 

Lane County, Oregon. The site was established in 1984 as an RNA (Curtis 1986), 

and the management designation was subsequently reaffirmed in the Eugene 

District Resource Management Plan (USDI BLM 1995). A short guidebook was 

written for the area in 1986 (Curtis 1986). Subsequent information includes species 

inventories (Neitlich and McCune 1995), vegetation community monitoring (Schuller and Greene 2010), a plant association guide for the west-side central Oregon 

Cascades coniferous forests (McCain and Diaz 2002), and publication of the Oregon 

Natural Areas Plan (ONHAC 2010).

The importance of the RNA is twofold: it represents (1) old-growth Douglas-fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in an unmodified condition with western hemlock 

(Tsuga heterophylla) occurring as an overstory codominant and Oregon grape 

(Berberis nervosa) and salal (Gaultheria shallon) occurring as major shrubs; and 

(2) Douglas-fir-bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) forest in an unmodified condition within the Willamette Valley ecoregion (ONHAC 2010) (see app. 1 for a list of 

scientific and common names). 

Recent forest classification work in the west-central Cascades provides the 

basis for a fine-scale enumeration of the plant associations1

 occurring within the 

RNA (McCain and Diaz 2002). These are discussed in the “Vegetation” section of 

this guidebook.

Access and Accommodations

The RNA is located in Section 19, Township 16 South, Range 2 West, Willamette

Meridian, in Lane County, Oregon. To access the area from Interstate 105 in 

Springfield, Oregon, take the Marcola exit and proceed 10 km (6.2 mi) north on 

Marcola Road. Turn left onto Donna Road and continue for 1 km (0.6 mi) to its

1

 Plant associations are named based on a combination of the dominant life form plus the 

characteristic or dominant plant species in the various plant layers (trees, shrubs, and 

herbs). Plant association acronyms are a shorthand form for communicating the plant 

association name. Each acronym is made up of the first two letters of the genus name of the 

dominant or characteristic species within a layer, and combined with the first two letters 

of the specific epithet of the species (e.g., Tsuga heterophylla is shortened to TSHE). Plant 

associations are generally defined by the dominant or characteristic species which occupies 

or has the biological potential to occupy the uppermost vegetation layer. In forested plant 

associations, this is the tree layer. Additional names are used for understory layers when 

they contain dominant, characteristic, or diagnostic species (e.g., western hemlock/Oregongrape-salal (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis nervosa-Gaultheria shallon). Life form layers are 

separated by a slash. Co-dominants within a layer are separated by a hyphen.
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

intersection with McGowan Creek Road (Bureau of Land Management road 16-2-

27). Follow this paved road for 5.5 km (3.4 mi) and park next to a locked gate that 

crosses a BLM road (a key must be obtained from the BLM office in Springfield 

to gain entry beyond this point). Follow this road on foot through the gate for 1.1 

km (0.7 mi) to the northern boundary of the RNA at a “T” intersection next to a 

pond. From this point, continue to the left for 0.5 km (0.3 mi) on a road blocked and 

overgrown with vegetation until it adjoins the old-growth forest (fig. 1). 

Prior to visiting the site, obtain permission to access the area for research or 

educational purposes at the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Eugene District 

office in Springfield, Oregon. Maps and additional directions to the area are available at this office. Lodging is available in Eugene, and Springfield, Oregon.

Figure 1—Mohawk Research Natural Area (RNA) location and access.
3

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Environment 

The RNA is situated within the Western Cascade ecoregion and straddles foothills 

overlooking the Willamette Valley, Oregon (Curtis 1986, ONHAC 2010). Elevations 

within the RNA range from about 457 m (1,500 ft) on the lower benches to 683 m 

(2,240 ft) near the southwestern boundary. Most of the RNA occupies mid to upper 

elevations of a north-facing slope along the eastern flank of a north-south ridge. 

Slope steepness ranges from 3 to 75 percent. Several intermittent streams originate 

within the RNA and comprise the headwaters of McGowan Creek (USDI BLM 

1982). More than half of the RNA is composed of slump benches that have resulted 

from rotational slope failures. These benches have a mosaic of well-drained and 

poorly drained soils and sag ponds (Curtis 1986). Windthrow from the 1962 Columbus Day storm has occurred disproportionately on saturated soils. Silty clay loams 

are represented by the Cumley, Honeygrove, and Peavine soil series and occupy 

about two thirds of the area. Klickitat stony loams occupy about one third of the 

RNA (USDA NRCS 2011) (fig. 2).

The area is underlain by basaltic andesite and olivine basalt flows (Peck et al. 

1964) of the late Oligocene-early Miocene age of the Little Butte Volcanic Series 

(Rudys 1975). Bedrock lies 51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 in) below the surface on gentle 

slopes (USDI BLM 1982). 

Climate

The climate is Mediterranean and is characterized by hot, dry summer and cool, 

wet winters. From late fall through spring, unstable low-pressure air masses from 

the Pacific Ocean bring frequent storms, sometimes accompanied by high winds. 

During the summer, stable high-pressure air masses bring generally clear skies 

and temperature inversions. Temperatures are modified by proximity to the Pacific 

Ocean, in winter by its warming influence, and in summer by its cooling influence 

(USDI BLM 1982).

The nearest weather station is at the Eugene Airport, Oregon (352709), about 

32 km (20 mi) northwest of the RNA at a comparable elevation. Extended periods 

of cloudiness and heavy periods of precipitation occur during the winter. About 

70 percent of average annual precipitation falls from November through March. 

Precipitation occurs primarily as rain and averages 1145 mm (45.06 in) per year. 

Five percent of the average annual precipitation falls from June through August 

(Curtis 1986, WRCC 2011). Precipitation is likely 10 to 20 percent higher within 

the RNA than Eugene airport records indicate. Snowfall occurs periodically but 
4

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Figure 2—Mohawk Research Natural Area (RNA) topography and boundary.

only accounts for a minor part of the overall precipitation. Severe windstorms, such 

as the Columbus Day storm in 1962, occur once or twice per century and result in 

extensive windthrow (Curtis 1986, USDI BLM 1982). Table 1 provides an approximation of precipitation and temperature regimes affecting the area.

Vegetation

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is the dominant upper canopy tree throughout 

the RNA. It appears to have become established in waves, perhaps in response to 
5

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Table 1—Temperature and precipitation summary, 

12/1/1939 to 12/31/2009, Eugene WSO Airport, Oregon 

(352709)

Variable Average

Minimum January temperature 0.8 °C (33.5 °F)

Maximum January temperature 7.9 °C (46.3 °F)

Minimum July temperature 10.8 °C (51.4 °F)

Average maximum July temperature 28.0 °C (82.4 °F)

Annual precipitation 1145 mm (45.06 in)

June–August precipitation 63 mm (2.47 in)

Annual snowfall 152 mm (6.0 in)

repeated low- to moderate-severity fires. The largest Douglas-firs reach 222 cm

(87 in) d.b.h.2 (Schuller and Greene 2010) and are estimated to be 400+ years old 

(USDI BLM 1982). Many of the largest Douglas-firs exhibit numerous lower 

branches, suggesting tree growth and stand development under canopy conditions 

that were more open than today. 

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata) are 

abundant in the mid- and subcanopy. Western hemlock is abundantly reproducing 

in the forest understory. Large-size bigleaf maples (Acer macrophyllum) support 

a verdant growth of epiphytes including licorice fern (Polypodium glycyrrhiza) 

and a variety of mosses. Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), incense cedar (Calocedrus 

decurrens), and grand fir (Abies grandis) occur sporadically throughout the RNA. 

Douglas-fir reproduction is absent in well-shaded, closed-canopy conditions. 

Younger, second-growth stands of Douglas-fir occur primarily along the outer 

margins of the old-growth adjacent to the RNA boundary (fig. 3). Figure 4 shows 

understory conditions within a typical old-growth stand.

Understory shrub cover ranges between 10 and 20 percent (table 2). Major 

shrubs include vine maple (Acer circinatum) and Oregongrape (Berberis nervosa). 

Minor shrubs include salal (Gaultheria shallon), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), and bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata). Shrub diversity within the RNA is 

relatively high, totaling 19 species (app. 1).

Ground vegetation is characterized by western swordfern (Polystichum

munitum), which is the most dominant herbaceous species (fig. 5). Columbian

windflower (Anemone deltoidea), sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), 

twinflower (Linnaea borealis), evergreen violet (Viola sempervirens), and broadleaf 

starflower (Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia) are frequent, but minor components

2

 “d.b.h.” refers to diameter at breast height, a measurement taken at 1.47 m above the 

ground.
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Figure 3—Mohawk Research Natural Area (RNA) vegetation and hydrology.
7

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45 Reid Schuller

Figure 4—Typical understory conditions in mesic conifer forest with Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and western hemlock. Western swordfern and Oregongrape predominate in the floristically 

depauperate herbaceous layer.

Figure 5—Typical understory conditions in wet conifer forest with redwood sorrel dominating the 

herbaceous layer with slough sedge and western swordfern.

Reid Schuller
8

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Table 2—Plant association, understory coverage, and frequency of four forest plots in Mohawk Research 

Natural Area

Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4

TSHE/MANE2/GASHa TSHE/MANE2/POMU TSHE/MANE2/POMU TSHE/OXOR

Frequencyb Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Cover

Bare ground 4 tr

Coarse litter 25 19 21 13 11 1 4 tr

Fine litter 100 90 100 98 100 100 100 100

Moss 100 57 86 42 100 38 89 35

Lichen 93 4 79 5 82 2 86 2

Corylus cornuta var.

californicac — — — — tr

Berberis nervosad — 2 — 12 — 4 — 8

Gaultheria shallon — 2 — 2 — — 5

Acer circinatum — — tr — — 7

Vaccinium parvifolium — 2 — — —

Ribes sanguineum — tr — — —

Polystichum munitum 14 2 39 23 36 14 43 28

Oxalis oregana 57 9 36 10

Anemone deltoidea 4 tr 29 3 4 tr 14 1

Galium triflorum 7 tr 4 tr 4 tr 18 tr

Linnaea borealis 11 3 18 1 

Melica subulata 11 tr 14 tr 

Viola sempervirens 11 tr 4 tr

Achlys triphylla 14 2

Trientalis borealis ssp. 7 1 

latifolia

a

 TSHE—Tsuga heterophylla, MANE2 = Mahonia nervosa (this is listed in the text and app. 1 as Berberis nervosa, which is the currently accepted name. 

See Flora of North America (1993+) and the Oregon Flora Project (2011) in the “References” section.), GASH = Gaultheria shallon, POMU = Polystichum 

munitum, OXOR = Oxalis oregana, tr = trace (<0.5 percent foliar cover), “—” = not recorded. b

 Cover is expressed as percentage of foliar cover; frequency is expressed as percentage of relative frequency. Zero values are not included.

c

 See appendix 1 for a listing of scientific and common names.

d

 McCain and Diaz (2002) refer to Berberis nervosa as Mahonia nervosa. The currently accepted name of B. nervosa is used in this document. See: Flora 

of North America (2010) and the Oregon Flora Project (2010) in the “References” section.

in mesic to slightly drier sites, which comprise the majority of the old- and secondgrowth stands (table 2). Oregon oxalis (Oxalis oregana) is common in the mesic to 

wet sites.

Several small marshy areas contain standing water throughout the year. The 

largest is 4 ha (10 ac) and is located in the central portion of the site at the base of a 

steep slope. Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) and red alder (Alnus rubra) are common in this area. Vine maple (Acer circinatum) is a major tall shrub with a variety 

of herbaceous species. Typical herbs, grasses, sedges, and rushes include lady 
9

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

fern (Athyrium filix-femina), slough sedge (Carex obnupta), scouringrush horsetail 

(Equisetum hyemale), rush (Juncus sp.), American skunk cabbage (Lysichiton 

americanus), coastal miterwort (Mitella ovalis), and western coneflower (Rudbeckia 

occidentalis) (Curtis 1986).

The area supports old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest and 

a variety of plant associations representative of western Cascade Range foothills, 

including western hemlock/Oregongrape-salal (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis 

nervosa-Gaultheria shallon), western hemlock/Oregongrape/swordfern (Tsuga heterophylla/Berberis nervosa/Polystichum munitum), and western hemlock/Oregon 

oxalis, (Tsuga heterophylla/Oxalis oregana) (McCain and Diaz 2002, Schuller et al. 

2001, Schuller and Greene 2010).

A list of scientific and common names for vascular plants, lichens, and fungi 

known to occur within the RNA appears in appendixes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. 

The RNA is considered moderately diverse in lichens (app. 2), and the presence of Menegazzia terebrata suggests the area to be sufficiently moist for good 

development of cyanolichens. The old-growth stand has fairly good development of 

alectorioid lichens (mainly Usnea spp.) (Neitlich and McCune 1995).

Fauna

Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals known or expected to occur within the 

RNA are listed in appendix 4. These lists have been derived from field observation (Curtis 1986, Maser 1973), published literature (Csuti et al. 1997), and on the 

species distribution, life history characteristics, and availability of habitat within 

the RNA.

The intermittent streams within the RNA do not support fish, although 

McGowan Creek supports fish populations downstream of the RNA (USDI BLM 

1982).

Disturbance History

Numerous fire scars on large, old-growth Douglas-fir attest to the historical

importance of occasional wildfires within and around the Mohawk RNA. The 

most recent fire appears to have burned in the past 125 to 175 years. A lightningcaused fire resulted in six trees being felled on the western boundary in 1978. Since 

landscape-wide fire suppression began about 75 years ago, no fires are known to 

have occurred within the RNA except for a slash burn that escaped into the RNA 

from adjacent land and burned a 0.4-ha (1-ac) patch (Curtis 1986). 
10

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Until the 1970s, the RNA was used for timber production, livestock grazing, 

and hunting (USDI BLM 1982). Hunting continues to the present day. The 1962 

Columbus Day storm caused scattered blowdown throughout the area. These trees 

were subsequently salvaged where topography and access were favorable. Clearcut 

logging was completed on a 38-ha (94-ac) area where blowdown was extensive. The 

clearcuts were planted with young Douglas-fir in 1965 (Curtis 1986).

For cattle grazing, a local rancher leased the tract that was to later become the 

RNA, beginning in 1951, for about 30 years (USDI BLM 1982). 

Public use of the RNA has increased substantially in recent years. Most activity appears to be associated with the access roads. Off-highway vehicle use, target 

practice, and timber theft have resulted in soil erosion, litter, and tree damage in 

local areas. Theft of trees (e.g., western redcedar and bigleaf maple) and medicinal 

plants (e.g., western yew bark), as well as drilling and plugging of trees for pitch 

collection have also occurred (USDI BLM 1982).

Fire suppression activities to contain a lightning-caused fire resulted in six trees 

being felled on the western boundary in 1978.

Research History

The following research and monitoring projects have been undertaken within 

Mohawk RNA (Curtis 1986, Greene et al.1986, USDI BLM 1982):

Carroll, G.C.; Carroll, F.E. 1978. Studies on the incidence of coniferous needle 

endophytes in the Pacific Northwest. 

Denison, W.C. 1973. Life in tall trees. Scientific American.

Maser, C. 1973. A preliminary list of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles of 

proposed Camas Swale, Fox Hollow, and Mohawk Research Natural Areas. 

McCain, C.; Diaz, N. 2002. Field guide to the forested plant association of the westside central Cascades of northwest Oregon.

Neitlich, P.; McCune, B. 1995. Lichen diversity in the upper Willamette and Siuslaw 

watersheds Eugene District, Bureau of Land Management. 

Schuller, R.; Greene, S.; Widmer, M.; Downing, G.; Mayrsohn, C.; Curtis, A. 2001. 

Vegetation monitoring data (unpublished).

Schuller, R.; Greene, S. 2010. Vegetation monitoring data (unpublished).

White, D. 1974. Floristic list of proposed Camas Swale, Fox Hollow, and Mohawk 

Research Natural Areas. 
11

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Maps 

Maps applicable to Mohawk RNA: Topographic—Mohawk, Oregon, 7.5 minute, 

1:24,000 scale, 1984; Eugene BLM District transportation map, 1:63360 [no date].

Acknowledgments

The following people merit recognition for their contributions. Jay Ruegger, geographic information specialist, Eugene District, BLM, created the maps in figures 

1 and 2, and Chris Langdon, wildlife biologist, Upper Willamette Resource Area, 

Eugene District, BLM, reviewed and improved the list of animals in appendix 4. 

We also thank the three manuscript reviewers: Todd Wilson, wildlife biologist and 

research natural area coordinator, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 

Station; Cindy McCain, forest ecologist, Siuslaw and Willamette National Forests; 

and Nancy Sawtelle, BLM Eugene District plant ecologist, for reviewing the manuscript. The project is funded through the BLM Eugene District, and is administratively supported by the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

English Equivalents

1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile (mi)

1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)

1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 inch (in)

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.0394 inch

Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) = 1.8 degrees Celsius + 32
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

References

Carroll, G.C.; Carroll, F.E. 1978. Studies on the incidence of coniferous

needle endophytes in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Botany.

56: 3034–3043.

Csuti, B.; Kimerling, A.J.; O’Neil, T.A.; Shaughnessy, M.M.; Gaines, E.P.; 

Huso, M.M.P. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State 

University Press. 427 p. + map.

Curtis, A. 1986. Mohawk Research Natural Area. Suppl. No. 23 to Federal 

Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: a guidebook for scientists 

and educators by J.F. Franklin, F.C. Hall, C.T. Dyrness, and C. Maser. Portland, 

OR: U.S. Deptment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and 

Range Experiment Station, 1972. [No pagination].

Denison, W.C. 1973. Life in tall trees. Scientific American. 228: 74–80.

Esslinger, T.L. 2010. A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous 

and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota 

State University. http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm. 

(November 10, 2011).

Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research 

natural areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. (Irregular pagination).

Flora of North America. 1993+. Partial nomenclature of vascular plants, ferns, 

and fern allies within Oregon. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1. 

(September 25, 2011).

Greene, S.E.; Blinn, T.; Franklin, J.F. 1986. Research natural areas in Oregon 

and Washington: past and current research and related literature. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

PNW-GTR-197. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 p.

Maser, C. 1973. Tentative list of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles of 

proposed Camas Swale, Fox Hollow, and Mohawk Research Natural Areas. 

Unpublished report. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District, 

3106 Pierce Parkway, Suite E, Springfield, OR 97477.

McCain, C.; Diaz, N., eds. 2002. Field guide to the forested plant associations 

of the westside central Cascades of northwest Oregon. Portland, OR: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Tech. Pap. 

R6-NR-ECOL-TP-02-02. 250 p.
13

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Mycobank. 2011. Fungal databases, nomenclature and species banks. http://www.

mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=101927. (December 3, 2011). 

Neitlich, P.; McCune, B. 1995. Lichen diversity in the upper Willamette and 

Siuslaw watersheds Eugene District Bureau of Land Management. Unpublished 

report. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District, 3106 Pierce 

Parkway, Suite E, Springfield, OR 97477. 31 p.

Oregon Flora Project. 2010. The Oregon plant atlas. http://www.oregonflora.org/ 

oregonplantatlas.html. (September 25, 2011).

Oregon Natural Heritage Advisory Council [ONHAC]. 2010. Oregon Natural 

Areas Plan. Portland, OR: Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for 

Natural Resources—Portland, Portland State University, Portland, OR. 198 p.

Peck, D.L.; Griggs, A.B.; Schlicker, H.G.; Wells, F.G.; Dole, H.M. 1964.

Geology of the central and northern parts of the western Cascade Range in 

Oregon. U.S. Geol. Survey. Prof. Pap. 449. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office. 56 p.

Rudys, J.F. 1975. Mineral character determination for lands in a proposed 

protective withdrawal as Mohawk Research Natural Area. Unpublished report. 

On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District, 3106 Pierce 

Parkway, Suite E, Springfield, OR 97477.

Schuller, R.; Greene, S.; Sawtelle, N.; Mayrsohn, C.; Widmer, M. 2001. 

Monitoring data. Unpublished report. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District, 3106 Pierce Parkway, Suite E, Springfield, OR 97477.

Schuller, R.; Greene, S. 2010. Monitoring data. On file with: Bureau of

Land Management, Eugene District, 3106 Pierce Parkway, Suite E,

Springfield, OR 97477.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 

[USDA NRCS]. 2011. Soil maps from Lane County, Oregon. http://

websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx. (November 27, 2011).

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 

1982. Mohawk Research Natural Area—management plan. Unpublished 

manuscript. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District,

3106 Pierce Parkway Suite E, Springfield, OR 97477. 

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District 

[USDI BLM]. 1995. Record of decision and resource management plan. Eugene 

District. Springfield, OR. 263 p.
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 

2011. Aerial photograph of Mohawk Research Natural Area. On file with: Bureau 

of Land Management, Eugene District, 3106 Pierce Parkway Suite E, Springfield, 

OR 97477. 

Western Regional Climate Center [WRCC]. 2011. Monthly climate summary for 

Eugene Airport (352709) 12/1/1939 to 12/31/2010. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgibin/cliMAIN.pl?or2709. (November 29, 2011).

White, D. 1974. Floristic list of proposed Camas Swale, Fox Hollow, and

Mohawk Research Natural Areas. Unpublished report. On file with: Bureau

of Land Management, Eugene District, 3106 Pierce Parkway Suite E,

Springfield, OR 97477. 

Wilson, T.M.; Schuller, R.; Holmes, R.; Pavola, C.; Fimbel, R.A.; McCain, 

C.N.; Gamon, J.G.; Speaks, P.; Seevers, J.I.; DeMeo, T.E.; Gibbons, S. 

2009. Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-798. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 33 p.
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Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Appendix 1—Plants1 2

Scientific name Common name

Coniferous trees:

Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes Grand fir

Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense cedar

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas-fir

Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Western yew

Deciduous trees >8 m (26.3 ft) tall:

Acer macrophyllum Pursh Bigleaf maple

Alnus rubra Bong. Red alder

Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific madrone

Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Dougl. ex Hook.) Hjelmq. Giant chinquapin

Cornus nuttallii Aud. ex T. & G. Pacific dogwood

Corylus cornuta L. var. californica (DC.) Sharp Hazelnut

Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon ash

Tall shrubs 2 to 8 m (6.6 to 26.3 ft) tall:

Acer circinatum Pursh Vine maple

Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Western serviceberry

Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Oceanspray

Philadelphus lewisii Pursh Lewis’ mock orange

Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter cherry

Rhamnus purshiana DC. Cascara

Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. Scouler’s willow

Sambucus racemosa L. var. arborescens (T. & G) Gray Red elderberry

Medium shrubs 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall:

Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Sticky laurel

Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal

Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Baldhip rose

Rubus laciniatus Willd. Evergreen huckleberry

Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex T. & G. Whitebark raspberry

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimbleberry

Rubus spectabilis Pursh Salmonberry

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake Common snowberry

Toxicodendron diversilobum (T. & G) Greene Poison oak

Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. Red huckleberry

Low shrubs <0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall:

Berberis nervosa Pursh Oregongrape

Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. California dewberry
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Ferns and allies:

Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Lady fern

Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt. Coastal wood fern

Polypodium glycyrrhiza DC. Eat. Licorice fern

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl Western swordfern

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Bracken fern

Herbs: 

Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow

Achlys triphylla (Sm.) DC. Sweet after death

Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. American trailplant

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly everlasting

Anemone deltoidea Hook. Columbian windflower

Asarum caudatum Lindl. Wild ginger

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes Fairy slipper

Cardamine angulata Hook. Seaside bittercress

Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Little western bittercress

Cerastium viscosum L. Sticky chickweed

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Fireweed

ssp. circumvagum (Mosq.) Hoch

Circaea alpina L. Alpine circaea

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. Horridum Canada thistle

Wimm. & Grab. 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull thistle

Claytonia sibirica L. Siberian springbeauty

Coptis laciniata Gray Cutleaf goldthread

Daucus carota L. Queen Anne’s lace

Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl Tall annual willowherb

Equisetum hyemale L. Scouringrush horsetail 

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Giant horsetail

Fragaria vesca L. Woodland strawberry

Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet scented bedstraw

Geranium molle L. Dovefoot geranium

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. Western rattlesnake plantain

Hypericum perforatum L. St. John’s wort

Hypochaeris radicata L. Hairy cat’s-ear

Iris tenax Dougl. ex Lindl. Toughleaf iris

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Oxeye daisy

Ligusticum apiifolium (Nutt. ex T. & G.) Gray Celeryleaf licoriceroot

Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower

Lotus sp. Deervetch

Lysichiton americanus Hultén & H. St. John American skunkcabbage

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Desf. Starry false-Solomonseal

Marah oreganus (T. & G.) Howell Wild cucumber
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Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Mimulus alsinoides Dougl. ex Benth. Wingstem monkeyflower

Mitella ovalis Greene Coastal miterwort

Nemophila parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. Small-flowered nemophila

Osmorhiza berteroi DC. Sweetcicely

Oxalis oregana Nutt. Redwood-sorrel

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. Arctic sweet coltsfoot

Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain

Plantago major L. Common plantain

Prunella vulgaris L. vulgaris Self heal

Pyrola picta Sm. Whiteveined wintergreen

Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. var. occidentalis Western buttercup

Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. Western coneflower

Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq. Yerba buena

Senecio jacobaea L. Tansy ragwort

Stachys rigida Nutt. ex Benth. Rough hedgenettle

Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. Curled starwort

Synthyris reniformis (Dougl. ex Benth.) Benth. Snowqueen

Tiarella trifoliata L. var. trifoliate Threeleaf foamflower

Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Hultén Broadleaf starflower

Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dec. Inside-out flower

Veronica arvensis L. Corn speedwell

Viola sempervirens Greene Evergreen violet

Grasses, sedges, and rushes:

Carex obnupta L.H. Bailey Slough sedge

Elymus glaucus Buckl. Blue wildrye

Holcus lanatus L. Common velvetgrass

Juncus sp. Rush

Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Alaska oniongrass

Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl. Panicled bulrush

1 Nomenclature for vascular plants, ferns, and fern-allies follows the Flora of North America (1993+) and the 

Oregon Flora Project Web site (2010).

2

 Compiled from field surveys (White 1974) with additions from multiple sources. 
18

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Appendix 2—Lichens1 2

Scientific name Authority

Macrolichens:

Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.

Alectoria vancouverensis (Gyelnik) Gyelnik ex Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Bryoria friabilis Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Sprengel

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.

Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schr.

Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.

Cladonia subsquamosa Kremp.

Cladonia transcendens (Vainio) Vainio

Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.

Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea (Räsänen) Timdal

Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & Gotth. Schneider

Hypogymnia enteromorpha (Ach.) Nyl.

Hypogymnia imshaugii Krog

Hypogymnia inactiva (Krog) Ohlsson

Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaerer) Hav.

Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Hale

Leptogium palmatum (Huds.) Mont.

Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue

Lichenomphalina sp. Redhead

Lobaria oregana (Tuck.) Müll. Arg.

Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.

Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC.

Loxosporopsis corallifera Brodo, Henssen & Imshaug

Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al. 

Melanohalea exasperatula (De Not.) O. Blanco et al.

Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal.

Nephroma bellum (Sprengel) Tuck.

Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.

Nodobryoria oregana (Tuck.) Common & Brodo

Parmelia hygrophila Goward & Ahti

Parmelia sulcata Taylor

Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrader

Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl.

Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyelnik) Gyelnik

Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.

Platismatia herrei (Imshaug) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.

Platismatia stenophylla (Tuck.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
19

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Pseudocyphellaria anomala Brodo & Ahti

Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vainio

Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.

Sphaerophorus globosus (Hudson) Vainio

Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale

Tuckermannopsis orbata (Nyl.) M. J. Lai

Usnea sp. Dill. ex Adans.

Usnea cavernosa Tuck.

Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vainio

Crustose lichens and caliciales:

Calicium viride Pers.

Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg.

Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell

Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevisan

Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.

Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tønsberg

Japewia tornoënsis (Nyl.) Tønsberg

Lecanora pacifica Tuck.

Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy

Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman

Ochrolechia oregonensis H. Magn.

Ochrolechia subpallescens Verseghy

Pertusaria subambigens Dibben

Phlyctis argena (Sprengel) Flotow

Placopsis gelida (L.) Lindsay

Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph

Xylographa parallela (Ach.: Fr.)

1

 Nomenclature for macrolichen and microlichen species follows Esslinger (2010).

2

 Compiled from field surveys by Neitlich and McCune (1995).
20

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Appendix 3—Fungi1 2 

Scientific name Common name

Aleuria aurantia (Fries) Fuckel Orange peel fungus

Amanita pantherina (DC: Fries) Krombh. Panther amanita

Barssia sp. —

Cantharellus infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr Winter chanterelle

Chlorophyllum rachodes (Vittadini) Vellinga Shaggy parasol

Choiromyces venosus (Fr.) Th. Fr. Truffle

Crucibulum laeve (Huds.: Relh) Kambly Common birds nest fungus

Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Shear Cryptic globe fungus

Elaphomyces sp. Deer truffle

Fomitopsis cajanderi (Karst.) Kotl. et Pouz. Rosy conk

Ganoderma applanatum (Persoon) Patouillard Artist’s conk

Ganoderma tsugae Murrill Hemlock reishi

Helvella acetabulum (L.) Quélet —

Helvella elastica Bull. Elfin saddle

Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. Hedgehog mushroom

Hymenogaster sp. —

Hysterangium sp. —

Inocybe lacera (Fr.) P. Kumm. —

Laetiporus gilbertsonii Burdsall Chicken of the woods

Martellia sp. —

Mycena pura (Fries) Quélet Lilia mycena

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fries) Pat. Dyer’s polypore

Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Kumm. Deer mushroom

Polyporus elegans Bull.: Fr. Elegant polypore

Rhizopogon vinicolor —

Sarcosoma mexicanum (Ellis & Holw.) Paden & Tylutki Starving man’s licorice

— = no common name available.

1

 Nomenclature follows Mycobank (2011).

2

 Listed in ONHAC (2010).
21

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Appendix 4—Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals Likely to Occur at Mohawk RNA Based on Known 

Distributions, Life Histories, and Available Habitat1 2

Family Scientific name Common name

Amphibians:

Ambystomatidae Ambystoma gracile Northwestern salamander

Ambystoma macrodactylum Long-toed salamander

Dicamptodontidae Dicamptodon tenebrosus Pacific giant salamander

Plethodontidae Aneides ferreus Clouded salamander

Ensatina eschscholtzii Ensatina

Plethodon dunni Dunn’s salamander

Plethodon vehiculum Western redback

Salamandridae Taricha granulosa Roughskin newt

Bufonidae Bufo boreas Western toad

Hylidae Pseudacris regilla Pacific chorus frog

Ranidae Rana aurora Red-legged frog

Reptiles:

Anguidae Elgaria coerulea Northern alligator lizard

Elgaria multicarinata Southern alligator lizard

Scincidae Eumeces skiltonianus Western skink

Boidae Charina bottae Rubber boa

Colubridae Contia tenuis Sharptail snake

Diadophis punctatus Ringneck snake

Thamnophis elegans Western terrestrial garter snake

Thamnophis ordinoides Northwestern garter snake

Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake

Iguanidae Sceloporus occidentalis Western fence lizard

Birds:

Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey vulture

Accipitridae Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk

Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk

Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk

Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk

Falconidae Falco columbarius Merlin

Phasianidae Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse

Callipepla californica California quail

Dendragapus obscurus Blue grouse

Oreortyx pictus Mountain quail

Columbidae Columba fasciata Band-tailed pigeon

Zenaida macroura Mourning dove

Strigidae Aegolius acadicus Northern saw-whet owl

Asio otus Long-eared owl

Bubo virginianus Great horned owl

Glaucidium gnoma Northern pygmy-owl
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Otus kennicottii Western screech-owl

Strix occidentalis caurina Northern spotted owl

Strix varia Barred owl

Caprimulgidae Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk

Apodidae Chaetura vauxi Vaux’s swift

Trochilidae Calypte anna Anna’s hummingbird

Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird

Picidae Colaptes auratus Northern flicker

Dryocopus pileatus Pileated woodpecker

Picoides pubescens Downy woodpecker

Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker

Sphyrapicus ruber Red-breasted sapsucker

Tyrannidae Contopus borealis Olive-sided flycatcher

Contopus sordidulus Western wood peewee

Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s flycatcher

Empidonax traillii Willow flycatcher

Tyrannus verticalis Western kingbird

Hirundinidae Hirundo pyrrhonota Cliff swallow

Progne subis Purple martin

Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow

Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green swallow

Corvidae Corvus brachyrhynchos American crow

Corvus corax Common raven

Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay

Perisoreus canadensis Gray jay

Paridae Parus atricapillus Black-capped chickadee

Parus rufescens Chestnut-backed chickadee

Aegithalidae Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit

Sittidae Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch

Sitta caroliniensis White-breasted nuthatch

Certhiidae Certhia americana Brown creeper

Troglodytidae Thryomanes bewickii Bewick’s wren

Troglodytes troglodytes Winter wren

Muscicapidae Catharus guttatus Hermit thrush

Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s thrush

Chamaea fasciata Wrentit

Ixoreus naevius Varied thrush

Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned kinglet

Sialia mexicana Western bluebird

Turdus migratorius American robin

Bombycillidae Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing

Vireonidae Vireo cassinii Cassin’s vireo

Vireo gilvus Warbling vireo

Vireo huttonii Hutton’s vireo

Emberizidae Dendroica coronate Yellow-rumped warbler

Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated gray warbler

Dendroica occidentalis Hermit warbler
23

Mohawk Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 45

Dendroica petechial Yellow warbler

Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco

Melospiza melodia Song sparrow

Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird

Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray’s warbler

Passerella iliaca Fox sparrow

Pheucticus meelanocephalus Black-headed grosbeak

Pipilo maculatus Spotted towhee

Piranga rubra Western tanager

Spizella passerine Chipping sparrow

Wilsonia pusilla Wilson’s warbler

Zonotrichia atricapilla Golden-crowned sparrow

Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned sparrow

Fringillidae Carduelis pinus Pine siskin

Carduelis psaltria Lesser goldfinch

Carduelis tristis American goldfinch

Coccothraustes vespertinus Evening grosbeak

Loxia curvirostra Red crossbill

Mammals:

Didelphidae Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum

Soricidae Sorex pacificus Pacific shrew

Sorex sonomae Fog shrew

Sorex trowbridgii Trowbridge’s shrew

Talpidae Neuotrichus gibbsii Shrew-mole

Scapanus orarius Coast mole

Vespertilionidae Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat

Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat

Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat

Myotis californicus California myotis

Myotis evotis Long-eared myotis

Myotis lucifigus Little brown bat

Myotis thysanodes Fringed myotis

Myotis volans Long-legged myotis

Leporidae Sylvilagus bachmani Brush rabbit

Sciuridae Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel

Sciurus griseus Western gray squirrel

Tamiasciurus douglasii Douglas’ squirrel

Tamias townsendii Townsend’s chipmunk

Muridae Clethrionomys californicus Western red-backed vole

Neotoma fuscipes Dusky-footed woodrat

Neotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed woodrat

Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse

Phenacomys albipes White-footed vole

Phenacomys longicaudus Red tree vole

Microtus logicaudus Long-tailed vole

Dipodidae Zapus trinotatus Pacific jumping mouse
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GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-876

Erethizontidae Erethizon dorsatum Common porcupine

Canidae Canis latrans Coyote

Urocyon cinereoagrenteus Common gray fox

Vulpes vulpes Red fox

Ursidae Ursus americanus Black bear

Procyonidae Procyon lotor Common raccoon

Mustelidae Martes americana American marten

Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk

Mustela ermine Long-tailed weasel

Mustela frenata Short-tailed weasel

Spilogale gracilis Western spotted skunk

Felidae Felis concolor Mountain lion

Lynx rufus Bobcat

Cervidae Cervus elaphus Elk

Odocoileus hemionus columbianus Black-tailed deer

1

 Compiled from field observations (Curtis 1986, Maser 1973), and from habitat descriptions and distribution 

maps in Csuti et al. (1997). 

2

 Nomenclature taken from Csuti et al. (1997). 
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