Agricultural Implements and Machines 

in the Collection of the 

National Museum of History and Technology 

JOHN T. SCHLEBECKER 

^^^MW 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS • CITY OF WASHINGTON • 1972 

SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY • NUMBER 17 

Agricultural Implements and Machines 

in the Collection of the 

National Museum of History and Technology 

by 

JOHN T. SCHLE8ECKER 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

City of Washington 

1972 
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Contents 

Page 

Introduction 1 

The Use of Farm Machinery in America 2 

Catalog of Agricultural Implements and Machines in 

the Collection 6 

Index to the Catalog 51 

Publications on Farming by the Staff of the 

Division of Agriculture and Mining 58 

Agricultural Implements and Machines 

in the Collection of the 

National Museum of History and Technology 

T H E AUTHOR: John T. Schlebecker is curator in charge, Division of 

Agriculture and Mining, Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian 

Institution. 

Introduction 

The art and science of agriculture embrace most 

intentional human efforts to control biological 

activity so as to produce plants and animals of the 

sort wanted, when wanted. Rubber plantations, 

cattle ranches, vegetable gardens, dairy farms, tree 

farms, and a host of similar enterprises all represent 

human efforts to compel nature to serve man. 

Those who undertake agriculture have had, from 

time immemorial, a variety of names, not all of 

them complimentary. The people involved in attempted biological control have been called farmers, planters, ranchers, and peasants. Farmers carry 

on a complicated business in which they use a 

variety of tools, implements, and machines. They 

also employ land, chemicals, water, plants, and 

animals. Their business, however, focuses on living 

things. No matter how crude their attempts, or how 

uncertain their successes, those who try to grow 

living things rank as agriculturalists.1 

For the most part, a museum cannot show the 

essential biological aspects of agriculture. Agricul1

 Of course, the definition excludes brewers, distillers, biological supply houses, and others, such as zoo curators, who 

manage living things. Agriculture takes place on a piece of 

land widely and commonly known as a farm. 

tural production involves the farmer in the course 

of nature in its seasons, and in the peculiar laws of 

living things. In these respects, agriculture stands 

rather apart from transportation, manufacturing, 

and artistic industries where the tools, machines, 

and raw materials remain fairly inert as men work 

on them. Machines move but do not live, and 

therein lies the major difference between agriculture and the other arts. Farmers deal with plants 

and animals but the museum can show only the 

things a farmer uses as he accommodates to and 

regulates nature. Some of the objects, in themselves, 

give a fair idea of how the farmer used them. Most 

people, after all, know about edged blades and 

digging tools. Nearly anyone can grasp what a man 

might do with a scythe or a plow. Even the working of a modern reaper needs only a little explanation. But museums cannot well show cross-breeding 

of plants and animals. Museums seldom can show 

the results of that cross-breeding. Bags of fertilizer 

can be put on display, as can vials of penicillin, and 

jars of herbicide. Although some may find these 

interesting, such items show little in and of themselves. 

Unfortunately, the things that cannot be shown 

1 
SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

in any easily intelligible way surpass in importance 

the items that can be shown. The sheep shears, 

which anyone can understand, represent less to the 

farmer than do the sheep. Sheep shears, no matter 

how sophisticated and no matter how necessary, do 

not explain sheep husbandry. The shears tell little 

about the wool industry, and nothing much about 

sheep breeds. And so on through the list of agricultural enterprises. 

Museums must collect and exhibit the tools, 

implements, and machines which farmers use in 

their business. These items, however, seldom make 

up the core of real agricultural activity. The catalog 

here presented shows something of the range of 

items that farmers use and that can be preserved 

and shown. The variety nearly equals the volume. 

Most museums try to avoid duplication. Even so, 

few museums manage to collect a continuous series 

of things showing any one line of development. 

The discontinuity of farm objects on hand virtually 

rules out the telling of a coherent and complete 

history of agriculture. Nevertheless, the museum 

can show something about the major technological 

developments in agriculture. The evolution of the 

plow, the reaper, or the tractor can be suggested 

even if not fully illustrated. Hitting the highlights 

has to suffice. 

The full history of technological change also 

involves several social and economic conditions. 

First, changes in implements, tools, and methods 

result from the accumulation of knowledge. Device 

builds upon device: first came the wheel, and then, 

much later, the tractor. 

Secondly, the potential user of the device must 

feel a need for it. The new method or device not 

only must save him work but must clearly increase 

his well-being. If any device or change merely increases the wealth of someone else (a tax collector 

or a landlord for example), the farmer seldom will 

adopt the new technology. 

Thirdly, since, at first, the new technology almost 

invariably costs more than the old, the user must 

have or be able to get the capital to buy and use 

the newer devices and methods. 

Of these conditions for technological change, 

only the cumulative nature of the knowledge can 

be shown by the objects. Even here, however, missing objects make it possible to present only the 

most obvious changes, and then not all of them. 

Still, seeing the things once used—no matter how 

crude or how few—can sometimes help us understand the way changes took place. Also, this knowledge sometimes can help us guess how other changes 

will take place: 

T h e sequence of inventions also depends upon the 

changing needs of a society. Needs and circumstances vary 

more than do degrees of talent. Thu s when need and 

knowledge merge, inventors quickly appear. Indeed, 

several men in several places are likely to work on the 

same problems at the same time, and they often solve 

it in almost identical fashion. Nearly simultaneous inventions or discoveries occur with astonishing frequency 

in the history of technology.2 

2

 "Th e Combine Made in Stockton," Pacific Historian, no. 

10 (Autumn, 1966) , p. 14. 

The Use of Farm Machinery in America 

The part of America that was destined to become 

the United States started its history at the very time 

when the parent European civilization began to 

make major breakthroughs in science and technology. Thus, Americans became the automatic 

beneficiaries of the achievements of others. Because 

of peculiar opportunities and needs, Americans 

could and did push on to unique achievements. 

Nowhere, however, did this building on the past 

appear as early, or as impressively, as in the agricultural sector of the economy. American inventors 

of farm implements made important strides earlier 

than those in any other field. In turn, American 

farmers made more and better use of discoveries 

and inventions. 

From the 1650s onward Europeans expanded 

their activities in all fields and in all directions. By 

that time Europeans had already discovered the 

New World, and had seized or bullied most of the 

Old. European trade and industry increased, and as 

these grew so also did population and urbanization. 

People multiplied, and an increasingly greater pro-
NUMBER 17 3 

portion of them began to live in towns and cities. 

Simultaneously, the Europeans increased in wealth; 

indeed, most of their activities created more wealth. 

The ever-increasing number of people called for 

more food, and for changes in European farming. 

The Europeans' growing wealth also allowed them 

to buy luxury items from around the world: silk 

and spice and everything nice. The goods came not 

only from the Far East and Africa but also from the 

New World. When Europeans began to settle 

America, they almost at once had the advantages 

of a large and growing metropolitan market in 

western Europe. This market provided opportunities for wealth, but only if the American farmers 

developed appropriate commodities and produced 

them at reasonable prices. 

The English, Dutch, Swedes, French, and Spanish 

settled in North America at trading and exploring 

stations. So located, they could direct the flow of 

products to Europe. The English chiefly sought 

rare products such as gold and spices, and they sent 

back furs. The Dutch concentrated on furs. All 

European pioneers, however, had to feed themselves. This took a bit of doing, which at first involved a merging of European technology with 

Indian crops and methods. Later, the settlers 

adapted European crops and animals. In spite of 

starving times in almost every colony from Virginia 

to New England, the new Americans at least mastered the art of feeding themselves. 

European technology used animals for draft and 

employed plows, harrows, and similar implements. 

This technology fit European crops better than it 

fit American crops. Thus, European implements 

and draft animals did not appear until comparatively late. As long as they depended chiefly on 

Indian crops, Europeans simply substituted iron 

hoes for stone hoes, and iron axes for stone axes. 

But methods such as girdling, slash and burn, and 

the rest, came almost directly from Indian technology. The Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation went 

12 years without a plow; Virginians went almost 

as long. The hoe of corn culture served well enough 

to keep men alive. Hunting and fishing, of course, 

supplemented the food supply, as it did for the 

Indians. 

From north to south the story was largely the 

same in the 17th century. Everywhere the new 

Americans pursued a subsistence agriculture which 

supported some other major economic activity. 

Pennsylvania developed possibly the most flourishing subsistence farming. The commercial production of tobacco, an American crop with American 

methods and uses, began early in Virginia and 

Maryland. This specialty developed commercially 

almost exclusively in the upper South. Farmers and 

planters of the lower South had hesitantly begun 

rice culture, but as the 17th century ended men 

in the Carolinas still found hides and furs the most 

rewarding commodities. Meanwhile, rapid changes 

took place in the European metropolitan centers, 

and in the West Indian islands. The growth of 

population in both places created consumers for 

more and cheaper food. Markets for American foods 

definitely began to increase as the 18th century 

got under way. 

Europeans, of course, primarily wanted European 

foods rather than exotic Indian crops. The foods 

also had to be comparatively nonperishable and 

easily transported. Grains, particularly wheat, and 

processed meat (hams, salt pork, and such) especially met European preferences. Commercial production of these commodities compelled American 

farmers to embrace the best European technology 

insofar as that technology fit the American scene. 

The plants, animals, methods, and tools all derived from Europe. Contrary to a common European view at the time, the immigrants did not bring 

the worst available methods to the New World. 

Nor did the Americans allow any deterioration of 

stock or plants without good economic reasons. 

Most European criticism about American farming 

centered on things of no consequence to American 

farmers, who were selling in a world market. True, 

Americans tended toward slovenly cultivation, but 

niceness of method mattered little if the land 

yielded an abundant exportable surplus. Americans 

paid less attention than Europeans to fertilizer, but 

Americans at first had less need for it. Livestock, 

in spite of nearly continual importations from 

Europe, tended to decline from a European standpoint. Still, the animals yielded meat of a quality 

suitable for export. The hardy American animals 

could survive in spite of casual care. Americans 

had few barns and sheds, but the world market for 

meat did not demand barns, stalls, and fancy feeding. American dairy cows yielded ridiculously low 

volumes of milk, butter, and cheese, but dairy 

products, after all, served only the resident Americans. The corn- and mast-fed hogs of America pro-
SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

vided ham that was equal to any in Europe. If the 

European consumer bought American food, the 

American farmer thought it pointless to consider 

the comfort and emotional well-being of his 

animals. 

New Englander-s tended to concentrate on animals, the middle Atlantic on grains, the upper 

South on tobacco, and the lower South on rice and 

indigo. The Revolutionary War disrupted the marketing from the farmer's view, but the major commercial commodities remained largely unchanged 

in the years immediately after the war. Indigo declined and then disappeared as a major export 

commodity, but cotton almost at once replaced it. 

In the 19th century men everywhere made great 

technological advances. In America, the advances 

took place in a sort of reciprocal action with three 

major historical series and events dominating the 

story: the westward movement, urbanization, and 

industrialization. 

The greatest westward expansion in American 

history took place during the 19th century. American farmers and stockmen conquered, and almost 

entirely settled, a continent. They did this in a 

single century, 1801-1900. Nothing quite like it had 

ever happened before. Starting from a thin line of 

people on the eastern seaboard (with a few incursions across the mountains as of 1800), farmers and 

herders pushed into a nearly empty land, dispossessed the Indians, and exploited the country. 

And in course of time the American pioneers 

wanted and received political organization. California entered the Union in 1850, the Plains states 

mostly in the 1880s, and more states, such as Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, came into the 

Union in the 20th century. 

At the same time, a nation that was weak and 

underdeveloped in 1801, had, by 1900, become the 

world's leading industrial nation. From virtually no 

industry in 1801, America rose to leading industrial 

power in 1900, with more railroads and more manufactured goods per capita than any other nation. 

Involved in the industrialization, and importantly 

so, was the farm implement and machinery industry. Factories everywhere supplied farmers with the 

sophisticated tools and machines of the new agriculture. 

In these years urbanization also went forward 

rapidly. Cities of the east grew fantastically, and 

even in the interior cities rose from wilderness outposts to gigantic metropolises. Within one man's 

lifetime Chicago increased from 350 people in 1830 

to 1,099,000 in 1890. Simultaneously, tremendous 

developments in transportation kept the nation 

and its economy tied together. All of these developments had a profound influence on farming and 

farmers. The rich cities provided ever greater markets for the farmers' produce. The transportation 

system, rapidly moving farm commodities, made 

farming profitable in remote regions far distant 

from the coast. Farmers also felt the advantages of 

the return flow of goods and services: the mail 

order catalog, the industrially made reapers and 

threshers, and countless other items. City people 

made a countless range of devices for farmers— 

from steel plows to steam engines. 

Meanwhile, as these events altered the life of the 

farmer, a burst of activity took place in invention 

and discovery. These activities had a delayed but 

considerable impact on farm methods and technology. The list of inventions and discoveries 

could hardly fit in this narrative, but this catalog 

of items reflects fairly well what men accomplished 

in the 19th century. The changes included such 

diverse elements as the invention of the cotton gin 

by Eli Whitney in 1793, the introduction of Mexican Upland cotton in 1805, the discovery of the 

cause of Texas fever in cattle in 1889, and the invention of the internal combustion tractor in 1892. 

These and many other achievements substantially 

changed the farm enterprise in two major directions: first, advances in technology allowed farmers 

to do more in less time; second, discoveries in 

science allowed farmers to increase the yield from 

the land. Farmers got more from each acre, plant, 

and animal. 

Farmers could use the savings in time brought 

by better implements and new machines to increase 

the amount of land farmed and the number of animals cared for. Presumably, the farmer could also 

use the saved time for greater leisure. In fact, however, they usually used the extra time for more 

work. In the 20th century they often used the saved 

time for outside employment. Farmers did this in 

the 19th century, but not so commonly as later. 

Greater man-hour efficiency gave the farmer more 

time to devote to managing his enterprise, to keeping records, and to studying his business. 

Technological efficiency also allowed farmers to 

use more land and more animals. Th e average size 
NUMBER 17 

of farms steadily increased across the century. Furthermore, the new machines and the pure-bred 

livestock cost money which could be most profitable 

only if the farmer specialized in one, or at most two, 

types of enterprise. So the greater efficiency created 

by technology impelled farmers to greater specialization, and with specialization came even greater 

efficiency. Anyone who specializes will likely be 

more efficient because of the mastering of skills. He 

will also have a minimum of other cares to distract 

him. Of course, for the consumers, foreign or domestic, greater farming efficiencies resulted in 

abundant food at comparatively low cost. 

Plant and animal importation, improvement of 

breeds, and discoveries in genetics, soil chemistry, 

the use of fertilizers, and in controlling plant and 

animal diseases all helped the living things which 

form the basis of farming yield. Grain farmers not 

only had to have a wheat which yielded well but a 

wheat which resisted the attacks of nature. For 

example, Turkey Red wheat, introduced in 1873 

by Mennonites from Russia, not only survived 

drought and yielded well but provided the genetic 

elements for newer breeds of wheat. The farmer not 

only wanted good-producing meat cattle, such as 

the Herefords, but had to control diseases and 

predators which killed the animals. Sick animals 

do not grow properly or, in the case of dairy animals, give much milk. Steady advances in disease 

control for both plants and animals brought fewer 

losses and greater productivity to farmers. 

The 19th century also brought scientific discoveries in both plant and animal nutrition. Fertilizer 

and soil chemistry made great advances through 

scientific experiments, at first by farmers and later 

by government servants. The first experiment station in the modern era began in Connecticut in 

1875, and in 1887 the Congress established such 

stations in every state in conjunction with the agricultural Land Grant colleges. Scientists at many 

of the stations also made discoveries in animal 

nutrition. For example, as a result of animal feeding experiments E. V. McCollum discovered vitamins A and B at the experiment station in Wisconsin in 1915. 

None of these scientific advances left much residue in the form of artifacts for museums, but the 

reality of the changes should not be obscured by 

the lack of objects on exhibit. Even so, some of the 

related equipment survived. For example, the 

centrifuge used in the butterfat test, discovered in 

1890 by Stephen M. Babcock, survived in several 

forms. Manure spreaders and tree sprayers, reflective of advances in biochemistry, also survived. But 

these only suggest the more important biological 

control activities for which these machines and 

tools served merely as agents in some way. 

The 20th century introduced Americans to total 

war. World Wars I and II demanded the total 

mobilization of all resources by all contenders. In 

both conflicts America became the food reservoir of 

the Allies. From a technological view, the wars 

engendered a level of prosperity which both allowed 

and encouraged farmers to adopt new methods and 

devices. The principal technological change in 

farms was the widespread adoption of the internal 

combustion tractor, first used in 1892. Inventors 

and manufacturers gradually but constantly improved tractors along with the various devices attached to them. Most notable were the corn picker, 

in 1909, and the cotton picker, in 1942. (Dates are 

for commercial production in each instance.) Farmers found both machines impracticable until a power 

source independent of the ground wheel had been 

developed. More than anything else the tractor and 

its related equipment finally set men free from the 

worst drudgery of farming. It also set many farmers 

free from the need to farm at all. 

The tractor and its equipment accomplished 

several other remarkable things, some obvious and 

some not so obvious. First, it allowed the farmer to 

get rid of horses and mules, and these animals 

steadily declined—to such an extent that in the 

1960s the census did not even bother to count them. 

As a result of this decline, land that farmers had 

used to raise feed for animals could grow food for 

people or fodder for dairy animals. The amount of 

land thus released for other needs finally amounted 

to perhaps 60 million acres, and maybe even more. 

The change took place with increasing rapidity 

into the 20th century. 

Also, the tractor sharply reduced labor needs for 

the major crops of the United States. Even dairying, least susceptible to this sort of improvement, 

felt the impact of the tractor in such things as harvesting fodder and storing silage by running loaders 

off the tractor power-take-off. Since the very founding of agriculture men had discovered only one way 

to prosper in farming. The farmer had to exploit 

somebody or something. Animals, serfs, slaves, ten-
ants, sharecroppers, or whatever, including the 

farmer's family and farm, had at various times been 

exploited on the farmer's way to success. After the 

age of machinery, however, the farmer tended to 

exploit the machine instead of other people or 

things. People had to leave farming, but in the 

long run they benefited from their removal. The 

machine had set them free. Chief of the machines 

was the gasoline tractor. 

The influence of science and technology inside a 

free society may have been even more profound 

than seems at first glance. The farming of the 20th 

century, with its chemicals, genetics, machines, and 

all, required not only vast infusions of capital but 

brains and a considerable knowledge. Farmers had 

to be literate at the very least. Elitist systems, where 

one group of people get educated and the others 

get worked, could not accomplish much in the 

modern agricultural world. Furthermore, notions 

of two kinds of education—one for the better sort 

who think, and another for the inferiors who do the 

work—could and did seriously impede the development of a modern agriculture. The backwardness 

SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

of most of the world, the poverty of the underdeveloped countries, stemmed in large part from 

the impediments created by an ignorant population. 

A country like the United States with its highly 

technical and scientific farming could not afford, 

simply could not endure, limited educational opportunities for its people. Neither could it long 

endure any class structure which placed farmers in 

an inferior position; for when men feel inferior 

because of their work they tend to shift to some 

other task, leaving the despised work to those 

who cannot avoid it. A highly developed agriculture in the hands of the truly inferior, the stupid 

and uneducated, would simply collapse. America, 

the land of plenty, had to maintain a high level 

of education open to all and a society where men 

reached status, at least partly, by effort and talent. 

In 20th century America the comparative social 

and economic equality continued, in large part, 

because the level of technology and science used in 

America demanded it. This equality may be one of 

the most important consequences of the technological and scientific advances in agriculture during 

the years 1607-1972. 

Catalog of Agricultural Implements and 

Machines in the Collection 

In the following catalog the items are listed 

numerically in the order in which the museum 

received them, with the earliest first and the latest 

last. This arrangement permits expansion and reissue of the catalog simply by adding new entries; 

and the user of the catalog can easily find everything acquired in any given year. I n effect, the 

catalog thus presents an historical account of the 

development of the museum collection. Following 

the item's title appears the National Museum accession number (USNM number); year of accession, if known; description; and donor. 

T he index to the catalog has several major categories of cross-referenced entries. In addition to 

the general object class, such as "Tractor," it includes use-entries, such as "Plant husbandry," the 

names of donors, vendors, and those who arranged 

for the gifts. 

1. KOREAN SKETCH OF FARMING IN THE LATE 18TH 

CENTURY. USNM 19048; 1887. Korean 

farmers plowing and breaking clods of 

earth. Painted by Han Chin U. Gift of 

G. Goward, Washington, D. C. 

2. KOREAN SKETCH OF THRESHING IN THE LATE 

18TH CENTURY. USNM 10948; 1887. Korean farmers threshing rice. By Han Chin 

U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C 

3. KOREAN FISHING SCENE OF THE LATE 18TH 

CENTURY. USNM 19048; 1887. Koreans 

using a fish trap. By Han Chin U. Gift 

of G. Goward, Washington, D. C. 

4. SCENE OF KOREAN FARMERS CHOPPING TO -

BACCO IN 18TH CENTURY. USNM 19048; 

1887. Korean farmers chopping tobacco 

after it has been cured. By Han Chin U. 

Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C. 
NUMBER 17 

5. SCENE OF KOREAN FARMERS WORKING ON FARM 

BUILDINGS IN LATE 18TH CENTURY. USNM 

19048; 1887. Korean farmers doing carpentry work, including roof repair. By Han 

Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, 

D.C. 

6. SCENE OF A KOREAN BLACKSMITH AT WORK IN 

LATE 18TH CENTURY. USNM 19048; 1887. 

A Korean blacksmith working at his forge 

and anvil. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. 

Goward, Washington, D. C. 

7. A KOREAN FARRIER SHOEING A HORSE IN THE 

LATE 18TH CENTURY. USNM 19048; 1887. 

By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, 

Washington, D. C. 

8. CENTRIFUGAL CREAM SEPARATOR, 1868. USNM 

23744; 1890. The first centrifugal cream 

separator used commercially in the United 

States. The Deerfoot Farm at Southborough, Massachusetts, used this machine, 

patented by D. M. Weston of Boston. Gift 

of Deerfoot Farm Company, Southborough, 

Massachusetts. 

9. MODEL OF BLOUNT'S DAISY PLOW, 1890. USNM 

23873; 1891. This model of a one-horse 

plow shows Blount's Daisy steel plow as 

pictured in the catalog of Henry F. Blount. 

Gift of Henry F. Blount, Evansville, Indiana. 

10. OLD COLONY STRONG PLOW, 1732. USNM 

34769; 1899. In 1732 Peter Hardy of Raymond, New Hampshire, made this plow for 

Henry Lamprey of Kensington, New Hampshire. Gift of T. P. Lamprey, Kensington, 

New Hampshire. 

11. WINNOWING BASKET, 1799. USNM 37441; 

1901. A winnowing basket, or pan, made 

of willow woven over wide sprints; eliptical 

in shape, with a frame of thick rods. Noah 

Rogers bought this pan in New York in 

1799 or 1800. Gift of Frank A. Brown, 

Savage, Maryland. 

12. MODEL OF FLAIL THRESHING MACHINE, 19TH 

CENTURY. USNM 46812; 1906. The 

frame of this wooden model is 7i/2 inches 

high and 5 by 6 inches, restangular. The 

levers, 14 inches long, project from the 

frame and strike the floor much as a flail 

would. Pins set in the shaft of a hand 

crank act as cams, raising the flails which 

then fall to the ground by gravity. Gift of 

United States Department of the Interior. 

13. MODEL OF GALLIC GRAIN HEADER, about A.D. 

70. USNM 46812; 1906. A wooden box 

on wheels, 12 by 5 inches, has metal teeth 

set at the front end. Shafts extend to the 

rear, where an ox is yoked. The forward 

movement of the cart causes the grain to 

lodge against the teeth, which pulled the 

heads off. The grain then fell back into 

the box. Gift of United States Department 

of the Interior. 

14. MODEL OF TE N EYCK GRAIN HARVESTER, 1825. 

USNM 46812; 1906. Model is made of 

wood and iron, 15 inches by 8 inches. Long 

knives on a drum were rotated by belt shaft 

on traveling wheels. Long projecting 

points gathered the straw. Iron shafts at 

the rear allowed animals to be harnessed to 

push the machine. James Ten Eyck patented the harvester on November 2, 1825. 

Gift of United States Department of the 

Interior. 

15. MODEL OF MANNING GRAIN HARVESTER, 1831. 

USNM 46812; 1906. Model of horse-drawn 

reaper measures 16 inches by 8 inches, with a 

wheel diameter of 6 inches. Projecting iron 

points at the front end gather the grain, 

and vibrating knives, powered from the hob 

of the wheel, cut the grain. Patented by 

William Manning on May 3, 1831. Gift of 

United States Department of the Interior. 

16. MODEL OF BOYCE GRAIN HARVESTER, 1799. 

USNM 46812; 1906. This model, made of 

wood and iron, is 15 inches long, 6 inches 

wide, and 5i/2 inches high. Six rotating 

knives radically positioned on a vertical 

shaft rotate by level gearing on the wheel 

axle. The whole is mounted on a twowheeled cart with shafts for draft animals. 

English patent number 2324 granted to 

James Boyce in 1799. Gift of United 

States Department of the Interior. 

17. MODEL OF NEWBOLD PLOW, 1797. USNM 

46812; 1906. This model of a metal plow, 

with wooden beam and handles 14 inches 

long, represents the plow patented by 

Charles Newbold on June 26, 1797, the 

first American patent for a cast-iron plow. 

Moldboard, share, and landside were cast 
SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

FIGURE 1.—Views of Old Colony Strong Plow, about 1732. (Catalog No. 10.) 

in one piece. If the plow broke, it became 

totally useless. Not until the parts were 

made in separate pieces did the iron plow 

come into wide use. The cast iron broke 

more readily than did the later wroughtiron plows. Gift of United States Department of the Interior. 

WINNOWING BASKET, about 1750. USNM 

54513; 1912. Used by the three Richardson 

brothers, the first settlers of Wobrun, Massachusetts. The threshed grain could be winnowed in two ways. It could be poured 

slowly from the edge of the basket in a 

breeze, where the heavier grain fell to the 

ground while the chaff blew away. More 

commonly, the farmer tossed the grain into 

the air and caught it in the basket, while 

the chaff blew away. This rectangular 

basket measures 50 inches by 30 inches. 

Gift of Mrs. Clarissa W. Samson, West Medford, Massachusetts. 

19. CENTRIFUGAL CREAM SEPARATOR, 1914. USNM 

56432; 1914. Carl Gustav De Laval of 

Sweden invented this successful continuousflow cream separator in 1879. Loaned by 

De Laval Separator Company, New York, 

New York. 

20. MODEL TRACTOR, 1919. USNM 64098; 1919. 

No particular manufacturer seems represented by this spring-driven toy, which 

merely represents tractors of around 1919. 
NUMBER 17 

FIGURE 2.—De Laval centrifugal cream separator of 1879. (An 

earlier version of Catalog No. 19.) 

The heavy-duty field tractor has four widely spaced iron wheels. Gift of Toy Manufacturers of the United States, New York, 

New York. 

21. MODEL TRACTOR WITH PLOW, HARROW, AND 

ROLLER, 1919. USNM 64098; 1919. 

Spring-driven, toy tractor. The plow, harrow, and roller, as well as the tractor itself, 

represent a typical machine of the period. 

The product of no particular firm seems to 

have been copied. Gift of Toy Manufacturers of the United States, New York, 

New York. 

22. MEAT GRINDING MACHINE, about 1810. 

USNM 110326; 1930. Hand made of wood 

and iron, with six parts held together by 

two iron bolts. The cutting edges are set 

in the sides of a box parallel to each other 

and about one-quarter inch apart. A shaft, 

set in the center of the box, is turned by a 

crank. The horizontal shaft has iron slugs, 

graduated from coarse to fine, set into the 

shaft in a helical pattern. The meat enters 

through the square hole at the top and the 

iron teeth press it against the knife edges; 

thus, the meat is cut smaller and smaller 

until it comes out a small hole in the bottom of the machine. The device is very 

ancient in design and could still be found 

in common use in the United States as late 

as 1860. Gift of R. C. Fairhead, Rushville, 

Nebraska. 

23. CAREY PLOW, about 1815. Received from 

Division of Ethnology in 1931. A Carey 

plow with a slot in the beam for a colter. 

The landside handle passes through the 

beam. Usually, the beam tenon passes 

through a mortise in the handle. Possibly 

made by the farmer. Replication of a common and popular American plow of the 

18th century. Donor not known. 

24. HOE, about 1830. USNM 115122; 1931. 

Wrought-iron, handmade hoe made in 

Ohio and attributed to very early 19th 

century. The hoe's blade is 5 inches wide 

and its handle is 6 feet long. Gift of Mrs. 

Grace M. Swiggett, Washington, D. C. 

25. REAPER SICKLE BAR, about 1847. USNM 

115878; 1931. Sickle bar from a McCormick reaper. The blade style suggests a 

comparatively sophisticated stage of development, most surely after 1833. David 

Cromer of Seneca County, Ohio, used this 

sickle bar on a McCormick reaper. The 

blade is 5 feet long and 5 inches deep. 

Gift of Frank Hepp, Berwick, Ohio. 

26. BORDEN VACUUM PAN, 1853. USNM 119188; 

1932. The original vacuum pan used by 

Gail Borden in 1853 for condensing milk 

by concentrating it in a vacuum. He patented the process on August 19, 1856. 

Borden borrowed this pan from nearby 

Shaker farmers who had used it for canning. 

Borden did his early work at New Lebanon, 

New York. Borden at first failed to get 

a patent because the process was not deemed 

useful. There is nothing exceptional about 

this pan except that Borden used it. Gift 

of Borden Milk Company, New York, New 

York. 

27. MODEL OF MCCORMICK REAPER, 1834. USNM 

121105; 1932. Scale model of the grain 

reaper patented by Cyrus McCormick on 

June 21, 1834. Roderick Davis constructed 

the model from the specifications of the 

patent. Gift of Charles G. Abbot, Washington, D. C. 

28. MODEL OF MCCORMICK REAPER, 1845. USNM 
10 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

FIGURE 3.—Gail Borden's vacuum pan of 1853, used to make 

condensed milk. (Catalog No. 26.) 

124615; 1933. Scale model of the reaper 

patented by Cyrus H. McCormick on January 31, 1845. Roderick Davis constructed 

the model from the specifications of United 

States patent 3895. Gift of McCormick 

Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois. 

29. MODEL OF MCCORMICK REAPER, 1847. USNM 

124615; 1933. Cyrus McCormick patented 

this reaper on October 23, 1847. Roderick 

Davis built the model from specifications of 

United States patent 5335. Gift of McCormick Historical Association, Chicago, 

Illinois. 

30. WHEELED PLOW, 1769. USNM 127755; 1934. 

Wheeled plow made by Matthew Thumb in 

1769 at Palatine, New York, for Henry 

Kloch. It has an almost flat, wooden moldboard; wrought-iron share and colter; a twowheel truck in front for the beam; and one 

handle. The large wheel ran in the furrow 

and the small wheel on the land. The 

wooden parts of the hitch and the draft 

chain have been restored. The plow is 

probably a copy of a German one. Gift of 

Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome, London, 

England. 

31. MODEL OF GRAIN SEPARATOR, 1875. USNM 

129836; 1934. Working model of a grain 

separator for a threshing machine made by 

Daniel Garver. The model represents inventions covered by three patents issued to 

Daniel and Cyrus Garver: the grain separator, patent 114546, issued May 9, 1871; 

the fan blast regulator, patent 114547, 

issued May 9, 1871; and the bag holding 

device, patent 161501, issued March 30, 

1875. Loaned by Miss Melchora Garver, 

Hagerstown, Maryland. 

32. WALDRON CRADLE BLADE AND SNEAD, about 

1840. USNM 129789; 1934. The blade 

has holes for attaching the cradle. The 

wooden frame, or snead, supports the 

cradle fingers, now missing. Gift of Sydney 

S. Stabler, Washington, D. C. 

33. SETTLING CAN CREAM SEPARATOR, about 1890. 

USNM 129789; 1934. Cooley brand 

creamer, used for separating milk from 

cream prior to churning. Th e milk and 

cream were set in a cool place for several 

hours while the cream rose to the top. The 

farmer drew skim milk off through a spigot 

at the bottom, after which the cream could 

be drawn off. Used on farms before the 

hand centrifugal separator came into wide 

use. By 1890, in butter-producing areas, 

the centrifugal separator had already caused 

the disuse of the Cooley and similar separators. Gift of Sidney S. Stabler, Washington, D. C. 

34. WOODEN HAYFORK, about 1879. USNM 

137459; 1936. Hayfork of second-growth 

white oak, made by John Heiss, Lima Township, Lagrange County, Indiana. It was 

used for feeding stock and for handling 

clover and short straw of all kinds. Gift 

of E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C. 

35. WOODEN MEASURE, 1845 or earlier. USNM 

137960; 1936. Small, round wooden measure used in 1845 by William Heiss, Lagrange County, Indiana, to feed small grain 

or mill feed to livestock. William Heiss 

was a grandfather of the donor, E. W. Heiss 

of Washington, D. C. 
NUMBER 17 11 

36. HALF-BUSHEL MEASURE, about 1829. USNM 38. 

137960; 1936. Made and used by William 

Heiss on his farm in Lagrange County, 

Indiana, about 1829. Probably used in 

local barter and trade in such items as 

beans, corn, and seeds for various crops. 

Loaned by E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C. 

37. WOODEN DRUM COTTON PLANTER, about 1895. 

USNM 14557; 1937. All wood except for 

a duckbill furrow opener in front and two 

duckbill row coverers in the rear, both 

made of metal. The drum of soft wood 

measures 20 inches in diameter and 13 

inches wide. About the center of the drum 

is a wooden, metal-rimmed wheel which 39. 

ran down the furrow, keeping the seeder 

on course. Near the wheel, and all around 

the drum, are 13 evenly spaced holes 

through which the cotton seeds fell into 

the furrow as the drum revolved. No 

counting or tripping mechanism was involved, so the device undoubtedly wasted 

seed. A mule or a horse pulled the planter 

and the farmer walked behind it. James 

Nelson of Greenwood, South Carolina, made 

this planter about 1895. Gift of Ruben 

F. Vaughn, Honea Path, South Carolina. 

CAST-IRON PLOW, 1854. USNM 150396; 1938. 

A cast-iron plow made by Stephen McCormick of Fauquier County, Virginia, in 

1854. The plow embodies features covered 

by patents issued to Stephen McCormick on 

February 3, 1819, January 28, 1826, and 

December 1, 1837. Plows of this type, 

made chiefly between 1826 and 1850, involved interchangeable parts. The first 

patent precedes that of Jethro Wood by 

seven months, but the principle of interchangeable parts had been worked out and 

patented as early as 1813. Gift of Leander 

McCormick-Goodhart, Silver Spring, Md. 

MEHRING'S MILKING MACHINE, 1884. USNM 

148530; 1938. Original working model of 

a hand-powered milking machine built by 

William M. Mehring in 1884. Mehring 

subsequently improved and patented the 

machine in 1892. The improved machine 

did not work well because it created continuous suction for the length of the stroke. 

The successful application of intermittent 

suction, necessary so as not to injure the 

cow, was worked out in Scotland in 1902. 

Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. Mehring, Keymar, 

Maryland. 

FIGURE 4.—Cotton planter, about 1895. (Catalog No. 37.) 
12 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

40. HAND-POWERED MILKING MACHINE, 1892. 

USNM 148530; 1938. Practical hand-pump 

milking machine designed and built in 

1892 by William M. Mehring, who was 

granted patent 488282 on December 28, 

1892. This milker, which injured cows 

when used rapidly, represents an effort to 

solve the problem of machine milking, although the use of human power also limited 

its usefulness. Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. 

Mehring, Keymar, Maryland. 

41. Ox YOKE, 1838. USNM 148675; 1938. Edward Scoville (1813-1887) used this ox yoke 

when driving an ox cart from Trumbull 

County, Ohio, to De Kalb County, Indiana, 

in 1838. Until well after the Civil War, 

oxen pulled most of the wagons going west, 

and this yoke is typical of all used in the 

westward migration, in the North as well 

as in the South. Gift of Reign Scoville, 

Poplar Bluff, Missouri. 

42. DEERE PLOW, 1838. USNM 148904; 1938. 

John Deere made this plow, with steel share 

and polished wrought-iron moldboard, at 

Grand Detour, Illinois, in 1838. Joseph 

Brierton bought it and used it on his farm, 

and the Deer Company obtained it fh 1901. 

It is one of three plows made by John Deere 

in 1838, and presumably it is identical to 

his first steel share plow, made in 1837 at 

Grand Detour. Called the singing plow, it 

proved especially effective in prairie country after the sod had been broken because 

the earth did not adhere to the share and 

moldboard. The implement could also be 

used as a breaking plow. Gift of Deere 

and Company, Moline, Illinois. 

43. MODEL OF SULKY PLOW, 1899. USNM 156653; 

1940. Working model of the Hy-Lift sulky 

plow invented by Niels O. Starks of Madison, Wisconsin, and made by the Fuller and 

Johnson Company around 1900. Starks 

received patent 616984 on January 3, 1899. 

The land wheel on this plow automatically 

raises and lowers the plow at the end of a 

furrow. Gift of S. O. Strucksberg, St. 

Joseph, Missouri. 

44. BARBED RIBBON WIRE, 1879. USNM 159858; 

1941. Specimen of barbed wire made with 

saw teeth cut out of twisted ribbon wire. 

Gift of B. F. Arthur, Winchester, Virginia. 

45. CHINESE PLOW, date unknown. USNM 

161555; 1941. This primitive, one-handled 

plow has an iron hook on the end of the 

beam. Apparently it had an iron shoe for 

a share, which is now missing. This style 

of plow is typical of the kind used in ricegrowing sections of China. Gift of United 

States Department of Agriculture. 

46. CAREY PLOW, about 1820. USNM 161555; 

1941. The share and landside of this small 

cultivating plow are in one piece of wrought 

iron with sockets for the left handle and 

the standard bar share. It has a flat wooden moldboard. Used in Northumberland 

County, Virginia, until 1855 or 1860, for 

cultivating corn and other row crops. Gift 

of United States Department of Agriculture. 

FIGURE 5.—John Deere plow, one of the three plows made by Deere in 1838. (Catalog No. 42.) 
NUMBER 17 13 

47. PLOW, about 1790. USNM 161555; 1941. 51. 

Only the share, colter, and beam of this 

plow are original, the rest having been 

reconstructed. The original parts came 

from Northumberland County, Virginia. 

Gift of Edwin Brown, Brown's Store, Virginia. 52. 

48. OLD COLONY STRONG PLOW, 1740. USNM 

161555; 1941. The moldboard of this plow 

is made of wood and covered with thick 

pieces of iron. The plow has a lock colter 

and wrought-iron share fitted on the end of 

a wooden beam. Pelatiah Kinsman of Ipswich, Massachusetts, had the plow made in 

1740. It represents the New England open- 53. 

drawn plows of that time. Gift of United 

States Department of Agriculture. 

49. OLD COLONY PLOW, 1783. USNM 161555; 

1941. This plow resembles the Old Colony 

Strong Plow (No. 48) but it is not as large 

and the moldboard is covered with uniform, 

narrow iron straps. Farmers used this 54. 

plow for cross-plowing after initial breaking 

by the Strong Plow and for cultivating. It 

probably was drawn by oxen. John Foster, 

a corporal in the Revolutionary Army, had 

this implement made at Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1783. Gift of United States 

Department of Agriculture. 

50. TAVENNER PLOW, between 1810 and 1860. 

USNM 161555; 1941. The Tavenner plow 55. 

has a cast-iron moldboard and a wroughtiron share and colter. Plows of this type 

were made and used widely in Loudon 

County, Virginia. Gift of United States 

Department of Agriculture. 

SMITH PLOW, about 1800. USNM 161555; 

1941. This sod-turning plow has its landside, moldboard, and colter in separate 

pieces. It was built on the lines of a plow 

patented by Robert Smith in 1800. Gift of 

United States Department of Agriculture. 

GIDEON DAVIS PLOW, about 1825. USNM 

161555; 1941. Gideon Davis received a 

patent in 1825 for his improvements of the 

Newbold plow patented in 1797. In tests 

in 1825 to determine the efficiency of different plows, the Davis plow took first place 

in a competition with five others. Gift of 

United States Department of Agriculture. 

WOODCOCK PLOW, about 1848. USNM 161555; 

1941. The Woodcock plow has separate 

landside, moldboard, share, cutter, and 

point. This plow has the first reversible 

point. Woodcock plows were first used in 

1847, in Maryland. Gift of United States 

Department of Agriculture. 

EAGLE PLOW, 1849. USNM 161555; 1941. 

The Number 25 Eagle Plow, which first 

appeared in the catalog of the J. Nourse 

Company in 1849, became the standard 

plow of New England after the middle of 

the 19th century. Its moldboard was based 

on a design worked out by Thomas Jefferson. Gift of United States Department of 

Agriculture. 

MEXICAN PLOW, about 1890. USNM 161555; 

1941. This Mexican bull tongue plow has 

an iron shoe on the point and it closely resembles Spanish plows of the 16th century. 

It was intended to be pulled by an ox and 

to break the soil for only three or four 

FICURE 6.—Eagle plow, about 1849. (Catalog No. 54.) 
14 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

inches at the most. Gift of United States 

Department of Agriculture. 

56. BUTCHER'S SAW, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. 

This saw is part of a set of butcher's tools 

(Nos. 56-67) presented to William H. 

Hoover by the Washington Light Infantry 

Corps in 1879. All the tools have a silver 

presentation plate on the handle and have 

nickel plating. A. Nittinger, Jr., of Philadelphia, made the set. Gift of N. Auth 

Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

57. SPLITTING CLEAVER, 1879. USNM 130572; 

1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth 

Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

58. CLEAVER, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. 

Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision 

Company, Washington, D. C. 

59. MEAT AXE, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. 

Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision 

Company, Washington, D. C. 

60. KNIFE, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's knife. Gift of N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

61. KNIFE, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

62. TRIANGULAR SCRAPER, 1879. USNM 130572; 

1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth 

Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

63. HAND MEAT HOOK, 1879. USNM 130572; 

1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth 

Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

64. MEAT HOOKS, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. 

Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth Provision 

Company, Washington, D. C. 

65. CARCASS SPREADER, 1879. USNM 130572; 

1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth 

Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

66. CARCASS SPREADER, 1879. USNM 130572; 

1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth 

Provision Company, Washington, D. C. 

67. MEAT PINS, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. 

Butcher's tools. Gift of N. Auth Provision 

Company, Washington, D. C. 

68. BABCOCK BUTTERFAT TESTER, about 1895. 

USNM 173353; 1946. A machine used in 

determining the amount of buterfat in milk 

or cream. The Vermont Farm Machine 

Company of Bellows Falls, Vermont, made 

the centrifuge, which mixed sulphuric acid 

with the milk in order to produce a reading of the amount of butterfat tested. The 

Brighton Farm at Patuxent River, Montgomery County, Maryland, used this machine around 1895. Stephen M. Babcock 

developed this tester in 1890 and released 

it to the public, without patent, in 1891. 

The device had far-reaching effects in the 

dairy industry, because for the first time it 

allowed accurate payment to farmers for 

the actual amount of butterfat in their 

milk; also, it allowed farmers to test their 

cows to discover which ones produced the 

most butterfat. Gift of Sidney S. Stabler, 

Hyattsville, Maryland. 

FIGURE 7.—Babcock butterfat tester, about 1895. 

(Catalog No. 68.) 

69. BUGGY RAKE, 1840. USNM 175393; 1947. 

T he buggy rake harvested grain after it had 

been cut with a cradle. The rake has handles and a wheel, like a wheelbarrow, with 

long wooden tines in front to scoop up the 

grain. When the binder stepped on a bar 

at the back of the buggy the tines would 

move up and allow the grain to slide back 

against the uprights in a convenient position for binding. Although it undoubtedly 

reduced the physical labor of binding, this 

rake would not have been very efficient and 

would have allowed the reaper to get far 
NUMBER 17 15 

ahead of the binder. Gift of F. B. Day, 

Owosso, Michigan. 

70. MODEL OF PLOW, about 1885. USNM 179841; 

1949. The model has a share, standard, 

and moldboard of metal with a gauge wheel 

on the beam. The beam pivots on the 

standard, allowing adjustments of the angle 73. 

of draft. The end of the beam is fastened 

to a brace which extends to the back of the 

moldboard. The share and point are in 

one piece; and the moldboard is one piece. 

The model resembles the plows of James 74. 

Oliver, which by 1885 had been widely 

known and were quite possibly copied. 

Donor unknown. 

71. DIORAMA OF TROPICAL BANANA PLANTATION, 

late 19th century. USNM 186623; 1950. 

The diorama shows bananas being harvested 

and trees being cut. The banana bunches 

get to the railroad cars on burros. At the 

bottom, bananas are shown in various 

stages of growth and ripening. Gift of 

United Fruit Company, Washington, D. C. 75. 

72. DIORAMA OF TROPICAL COFFEE PLANTATION, 

late 19th century. USNM 186553; 1950. 

The diarama shows coffee berries being 

dried in the sun and in the shade in preparation for marketing the coffee. At the 

bottom, various stages of growth and ripening of the coffee berries are depicted. Gift 

of The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A & P), New York, New York. 

FOOD-SLICING MACHINE, mid 19th century. 

USNM 188878; 1950. Cutting knives, set 

in helix in a wooden axle, move the meat 

through the box, cutting it finer and finer. 

Gift of George Murphy, Washington, D. C. 

FANNING MILL, about 1860. USNM 192872; 

1951. A hand-crank operated the winnowing mill for separating grain from chaff and 

beans from hulls. A four-blade, wooden 

fan, shaped like a paddle wheel, blows a 

draft below oscillating screens. The chaff 

is blown off from the threshed grain, and 

the grain or beans fall from the screens into 

the path of the draft. The screens catch any 

straw left after threshing. Gift of Arden 

Wilson, Harrisville, West Virginia. 

Two-Row CORN PLANTER, about 1854. 

USNM 193259; 1952. This hand-operated 

planter, of a type patented by S. Malone 

on January 3, 1854, was sold by William 

FIGURE 8.—Two-row corn planter, about 1854. (Catalog No. 75.) 
16 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

M. Plant, a dealer in seeds, tools, and 

machines at St. Louis, Missouri. When the 

planter was dropped to the ground, the 

two handles moved about 8 inches in a slot 

toward the outside. This movement opened 

a space for the corn to drop into the shoe, 

where a small piece of wood opened and 

the corn fell to the ground. Gift of 

Warren Hammond, Fayette, Missouri. 

76. MODEL OF FERGUSON TRACTOR, 1952. USNM 

193939; 1952. This plastic and metal 

model of a Ferguson tractor operates a 

Ferguson hitch. Gift of Topping Models, 

Inc., Akron, Ohio. 

77. MODEL OF TWO-DISK PLOW, 1952. USNM 

193939; 1952. A plastic and metal model 

of a two-disk plow for a Ferguson tractor. 

Gift of Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio. 

78. MODEL OF NEW IDEA MOWER, 1952. USNM 

193939; 1952. A cast-iron model of a New 

Idea mower with an operating pitman for 

use behind a tractor. Gift of Topping 

Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio. 

79. MODEL OF NEW IDEA MANURE SPREADER, 1952. 

USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic and metal 

model of a New Idea, tractor-drawn manure 

spreader. Gift of Topping Models, Inc., 

Akron, Ohio. 

80. MODEL OF NEW IDEA CORN PICKER, 1952. 

USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic and metal 

model of a one-row, tractor-drawn corn 

picker. Gift of Topping Models, Inc., 

Akron, Ohio. 

81. TILING SPADE, 1952. USNM 193940; 1952. 

This hand-forged steel spade has a bit with 

three tines. This style spade was invented 

around 1895 and was widely used for digding trenches for drain tiles on sticky or 

mucky soil. The Osmundson Forge Company of Webster City, Iowa, made these 

spades as late as 1952. Gift of A. G. Osmundson, Webster City, Iowa. 

82. GLASS CHURN, about 1900. USNM 193941; 

1952. This German-made churn, of 4-liter 

capacity, has a hand crank which drives a 

metal propeller at the bottom in one direction while paddles on the shaft turn in the 

other direction. Gift of A. G. Osmundson, 

Webster City, Iowa. 

83. CEDAR SAP SPOUTS, about 1800. USNM 

194893; 1952. Sap spouts, made of cedar, 

about 15 inches long. Spouts like these 

were made and used by settlers of upper 

New York about 1800 to gather the maple 

sap after the trees had been tapped. Gift 

of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York. 

8-1. CEDAR SAP SPOUTS, about 1800. USNM 

194893; 1952. Sap spouts for maple tree 

tapping, about 15 inches long and made of 

cedar. The maple syrup and sugar industry provided some income for frontier 

farms, as well as providing sugar for domestic use. Although maple syrup often 

sold at high prices, the industry never 

achieved major importance even in the 

localities where it flourished. These spouts 

are of the sort used in the pioneer period in 

New York. (See also Nos. 83, 85-87.) 

Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New 

York. 

85. IRON SAP SPOUT, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 194893; 1952. A cast-iron maple 

sap spout, about 3 inches long, used for 

gathering the sap into buckets. Possibly 

factory-made and used later than the frontier period, after maple syrup manufacture had become a commercial enterprise. 

The leading areas for maple syrup have 

long been Ohio, New York, Vermont, and 

New Hampshire. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York. 

86. IRON SAP SPOUT, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 194893; 1952. A thin, metal 

trough, plated, and about 3 inches long, 

used to convey maple sap from the tap in 

the tree to the sap bucket. This is the 

type spout most commonly used today in 

those areas where farmers supplement their 

income with maple syrup production. Gift 

of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York. 

87. SAP BUCKET SPIKES, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 194893; 1952. Hand-made iron 

spikes used to hold buckets for maple tree 

sap. They had to be hooked somewhat so 

the bucket could hang on them well. Gift 

of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York. 

88. DIAGRAM OF JEFFERSON MOLDBOARD, 1798. 

USNM 198605; 1953. A three-dimensional 

wire diagram, at half scale, illustrating 

Thomas Jefferson's design of a plow mold-
NUMBER 17 17 

FIGURE 9.—Grain cradle in use in the field. International Harvester Corporation photo. 

(Catalog No. 91.) 
18 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

board as he described it in a letter to Sir 

John Sinclair in 1798. In the same year 

Jefferson read a paper to the American 

Philosophical Society that was titled "Description of a Mold-Board of the Least 

Resistance and of the Easiest and Most Certain Design." The wire diagram was constructed by the Division of Crafts and Industries, Smithsonian Institution. 

89. MODEL OF JEFFERSON MOLDBOARD, 1798. 

USNM 198605; 1953. The model consists 

of four separate blocks of wood cut to show 

the progressive steps in the construction of 

the Jefferson moldboard: (1) the block of 

wood marked for sawing with the rear section cut out, and in two parts; (2) the 

block of wood sawed on two diagonals, with 

the rear section cut out, and in three parts; 

(3) the block of wood sawed transversely on 

guide lines down to the diagonals, with the 

wood between the transverse cuts removed 

and leaving the face of the moldboard 

roughly shaped; (4) the rear surface of 

the board produced in the same manner as 

the front, resulting in a completed moldboard. The models were constructed by 

the Division of Crafts and Industries, 

Smithsonian Institution, after Jefferson's 

original moldboard, located at the Natural 

History Museum, Paris, France. 

90. WOODEN CURD BREAKER, about 1860. USNM 

198617; 1953. This curd breaker is made 

of wood with iron pegs in the cylinder and 

hopper. Gift of Laurence Hathaway, Easton, Maryland. 

91. GRAIN CRADLE, about 1844. USNM 198620; 

1953. Caleb Paul Duval used this cradle 

on his Glen Echo farm near Baltimore, 

Maryland. Gift of Virginia Duval, College 

Park, Maryland. 

92. BARREL CHURN, about 1860. USNM 198620; 

1953. A wooden barrel churn with iron 

crank and paddles. Such churns were of 

too small volume to be used on commercial 

dairy farms, and they were not at all useful 

in creameries, which first appeared in 1861. 

Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland. 

93. COOKIE ROLLER, about 1860. USNM 198620; 

1953. A wooden, grooved, one-handled 

cookie roller, about 14i/2 inches long and 

about 314 inches in diameter. The roller 

added an esthetic touch to home-made 

cookies but was of little importance in the 

history of commercial food processing. 

Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland. 

94. MEAT GRINDER, 1859. USNM 198620; 1953. 

This iron, hand-cranked meat grinder was 

patented August 2, 1859. Gift of Virginia 

Duval, College Park, Maryland. 

95. BUTTER PRINTS, about 1860. USNM 198620; 

1953. Two butter prints. One is circular, 

with a tri-lobed leaf design and about 3 

inches in diameter; the other is a box mold 

with two five-point star designs and about 

5 inches long, 2i/2 inches wide, and 4 inches 

high. The butter was pressed into these 

molds before being served, or, sometimes, 

before being rolled in paper and sold in 

towns. This aspect of farm dairying 

quickly disappeared after the creamery 

dominated the industry. Gift of Virginia 

Duval, College Park, Maryland. 

96. SHOE LAST, possibly mid 19th century. 

USNM 196820; 1953. A small last, to fit 

either foot, for a shoe about Sy4 inches 

long and 214 inches wide. Such an implements were useful in frontier communities 

and generally were owned by itinerant cobblers who went from house to house. Gift 

of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland. 

97. MODEL OF FANNING MULL, 1857. USNM 

198620; 1953. This is a working model of 

a fanning mill invented by Joseph and 

James Montgomery and covered by patents 

10324, issued in 1853; 13062, issued in 1855; 

and 16447, issued in 1857. The crank 

handle and the slide, which governed the 

flow into the hopper, are missing. James 

Montgomery took the model on sales trips 

as a demonstrator. Gift of Ruth Montgomery, Peoria, Illinois. 

98. MODEL OF MCCORMICK REAPER, 1831. USNM 

121526; 1953. A scale model of the 1831 

reaper of Cyrus McCormick, built long 

afterwards from descriptions by the inventor. Gift of McCormick Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois. 

99. BEE COLONY, 1953 (renewed yearly). A 3-
NUMBER 17 19 

- r ;^." y ' ' 

J? 

FIGURE 10.—McCormick reaper (1831) in use in the field. Photo courtesy of International Harvester Corporation. 

(Catalog No. 98.) 

cft'ilM 

story bee hive with about 60,000 bees. The 

hive was designed by experts at the Department of Agriculture Research Station, Beltsville, Maryland. The United States Department of Agriculture donated the hive and 102. 

the Italian bees. 

100. MODEL OF Ox-POWERED SUGAR CANE MILL, 

1925. USNM 200380; 1954. Model of a 

mill of a type used in Puerto Rico as early 

as 1523. It took ten men and four yoke of 

oxen to operate the mill, which could crush 

about four tons of cane in a 12-hour day. 

This type of mill extracted about 40 to 45 

percent syrup based on the weight of the 

cane, compared to 80 to 85 percent ex- 103. 

traded by modern mills. Gift of Daniel 

Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia. 

101. MODEL OF WATER-LIFTING WHEEL, 1884. 

USNM 200380; 1954. A model of a winddriven waterwheel used for raising water 104. 

into the evaporating beds in salt works. 

This type of device lifted water from the 

ocean in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel 

Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia. 

MODEL OF GRIST MILL, 1883. USNM 200380; 

1954. This model of a water-powered grist 

mill resembles those used throughout America in the 19th century before the discovery 

of the gradual reduction process and the 

consequent centralization of the milling industry. This particular mill, known to 

have operated from 1883 to 1940, ground 

corn in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel 

Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia. 

FARM COPYBOOK, about 1840. USNM 

209042; 1955. Wells Forbes, who had a 

farm near Alexandria, Virginia, kept this 

book for about a year in the 1840s. Gift 

of Bessie W. Palm, Washington, D. C. 

GRAIN CRADLE, about 1900. USNM 210597, 
20 

105. 

106. 

107. 

108. 

109. 

1956. Grain cradle used before 1900. Gift 

of Jennie Sabrosky, Sturgis, Michigan. 

MODEL OF HUSSEY REAPER, 1833. USNM 

212910; 1956. A model of the 1833 reaper 

patented by Obed Hussey and based on the 

specifications of the patent. Constructed 

by the Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

HORSE SPURS, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of Catholic 

University of America, Washington, D. C. 

BRIDLE BITS, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 211312; 1956. A rugged type of 

bridle bit with steel rings used to control 

horses. This particular bridle bit may 

have been used in Texas and Mexico in the 

cattle industry. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 

Cow BELL, possibly late 19th century. USNM 

211312; 1956. Gift of Catholic University 

of America, Washington, D. C. 

BRAIDED WHIP , possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 211312; 1956. A home-made horsewhip. Gift of Catholic University of 

America, Washington, D. C. 

SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

110. TOBACCO CLIPS, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 211312; 1956. Seven clips, each 

different, denoting a brand for labeling 

tobacco. Gift of Catholic University of 

America, Washington, D. C. 

111. BAR SHARE PLOW, 1807. USNM 214608; 

1957. A left-handed wooden moldboard 

plow. Most American plows cast the furrow to the right. The Reverend Christian 

Lesher brought this rare sort of plow from 

Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to Washington Township, Pennsylvania, in 1807. 

Gift of Daniel Lesher, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. 

112. SAUSAGE STUFFER, about 1820. USNM 213816; 

1957. This hand-lever sausage stuffer, 

mounted on a bench, may have been made 

in England in the early 19th century and 

later brought to Brampton, Ontario. Not 

all parts are of the same age. The replaced 

parts seem to be those most subject to wear 

and tear. This style sausage stuffer was quite 

common in the 18th and 19th centuries. 

Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. 

113. MEAT GRINDER, about 1830. USNM 312816; 

FIGURE 11—Sausage stuffer, early 19th century. (Catalog No. 112.) 
NUMBER 17 21 

1957. A hand-cranked meat grinder made 

of wood with iron slugs to push the meat 

against stationary knives. Overall, 14 

inches long, 10 inches wide, and 10 inches 

high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, 

Illinois. 

114. SAUSAGE STUFFER, early 19th century. USNM 

213816; 1957. This hand-cranked sausage 

stuffer, made of wood and with an iron 

screw, fits on a small bench with lard press. 

It is 20 inches long, 8i/2 inches wide, and 

11 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., 

Chicago, Illinois. 

115. LARD PRESS, late 19th century. USNM 

213816; 1957. A lard press made of cylindrical perforated metal, with a screw press 

to be mounted on a small bench. The 

press is 11 inches in diameter and 10 inches 

high. The bench is about a yard long, 

8 inches wide, and 18 inches high. Gift of 

Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. 

116. BUTCHER'S TABLE, late 19th century. USNM 

213816; 1957. A heavy, low table made of 

two thick slabs of wood with a gutter cut 

along the edges of the table. Used in cutting up animal carcasses. Some 6 feet long, 

34 inches wide, and 24i/£ inches high. Gift 

of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. 

117. CHOPPING BOWL, late 19th century. USNM 

213816; 1957. Eliptical wooden chopping 

bowl, some 30 inches long, 1714 inches wide, 

and 7 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., 

Chicago, Illinois. 

118. THRESHER, about 1855. USNM 214890; 1957. 

A threshing machine marked "J. and P. 

Flickinger, Hanover, Pa., No. 41." It once 

had a drive for a vibrating straw separator. 

Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland. 

119. GRAIN CRADLE, about 1870. USNM 214890; 

1957. A grain cradle made at Brighton, 

Maryland, by William Nickerson, Jr. The 

cradle fingers are of ash, and the braces 

of hickory. This type of cradle continued 

in use in many places even after the advent 

of harvesting machinery. Farmers with 

only small acreages in bread grains or who 

farmed rough or hilly soil could not effectively use the reapers and harvester of the 

middle 19th century. Gift of James W. 

Brown, Brookeville, Maryland. 

120. BINDER'S RAKE, about 1870. USNM 214890; 

1957. The binder followed the cradler. 

This hand rake, used by the binder for 

gathering the grain before binding and 

later shocking, had teeth rived out of 

hickory. Such a rake could also be used 

by a binder who followed those the early 

reapers used before the invention of the 

twine binder. Gift of James W. Brown, 

Brookeville, Maryland. 

121. HARPOON HAYFORK, late 19th century. 

USNM 214890; 1957. A double-harpoon 

hayfork and pulley for lifting hay from 

a wagon to a barn hayloft. Power was supplied by horse or mule. The small barbs 

on the harpoon could catch and hold a surprising amount of hay. Gift of James W. 

Brown, Brookeville, Maryland. 

FIGURE 12.—Harpoon hayforks. 

(Catalog Nos. 121, 123.) 
22 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

122. GRAIN SACK, 1842. USNM 214608; 1957. 

A grain sack of homespun linen made from 

flax grown on the John Lesher farm near 

Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. Woven at a 

roadside mill, the sack has a capacity of 

three bushels and is marked "John Lesher, 

No. 26, 1842." Prior to the advent of and 

widespread use of the elevator system of 

grain handling, nearly all grain was moved 

in sacks that had to be shifted about by 

hand and stored in warehouses. The elevator system began in Buffalo, New York, 

in 1842, but reached a position of prominence only in the 1870s when it began 

flourishing in Chicago and Milwaukee. 

Thereafter the grain sack became virtually 

a curiosity. Gift of James W. Brown, 

Brookeville, Maryland. 

123. SINGLE-HARPOON HAYFORK, about 1895. 

USNM 216224; 1957. A hay harpoon, 

commonly called a hay needle, about 35i/2 

inches long. Gift of Cora E. Robinson, 

Schenectady, New York. 

124. TRACTOR ENGINE STARTER, 1930. USNM 

218874; 1958. The starting device could 

be bolted to the rear wheel hub of an automobile. An extendible shaft went from 

the wheel-fitting to the crank on the tractor. 

The car engine then could turn over the 

tractor engine. The starter was made by 

C. O. Goodrich, who marketed it for about 

eight years in five midwestern states. Self 

starters on tractors eventually ended the 

need for the device. Gift of C. O. Goodrich, Plymouth, Indiana. 

125. FORDSON CRANK, about 1925. USNM 218874; 

1958. This device was used to crank the 

engine on Fordson tractors. Gift of C. O. 

Goodrich, Plymouth, Indiana. 

126. MILKING MACHINE, 1896. USNM 220004; 

1958. A Mehring foot-powered milking 

machine. Gift of Earl J. Waybright, 

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 

127. CAREY PLOW, about 1800. USNM 220005; 

1958. A type of plow widely used in the 

late 18th and early 19th centuries in the 

United States. This particular plow was 

a one-horse, single-bottom, walking type, 

with wooden handles, beam, stock, and 

moldboard. The share point is of iron. 

All wooden joints are joined with wooden 

pegs. There is a bolt-type brace from 

beam to stock and a small iron brace with a 

larger wooden brace between the handles. 

Gift of International Harvester Co., Albany, New York. 

128. HOE, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 

213356; 1958. Only the blade remains of 

this socket-type hoe. Gift of New York 

Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 

York. 

129. LOG ROLLER, late 19th century. USNM 

213356; 1958. Oxen drew this roller in 

preparing seed beds. The roller crushed 

clods and compressed the soil, leaving a 

firm, compact seed bed. It was useful, obivously, only on certain types of soil in 

fairly humid areas. The roller is made of 

four log sections, each 23 inches long and 

14 inches in diameter. Th e logs are set 

in a weighted frame measuring 35 inches 

by 9 feet, with a tongue about 13 feet long. 

Gift of New York Historical Association, 

Cooperstown, New York. 

130. GRAIN CRADLE, late 19th century. USNM 

213356; 1958. A form of scythe used for 

harvesting grain before the reaper came 

into use, or used in places where the reaper 

proved uneconomical or technologically inappropriate, as rough or hilly land. This 

specimen has four wooden fingers, or tines, 

that are 45 inches long and spaced 7 inches 

apart. The blade is 2 inches wide and as 

long as the fingers. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 

York. 

131. SELF-RAKE REAPER, 1895. USNM 213356; 

1958. A McCormick Daisy Reaper of 1895 

in which the operator sat on a seat mounted 

on the axle of the left wheel. Two horses 

drew the reaper. Three rotating arms with 

3-inch projections raked, bound and 

shocked the grain. The cutter bar, over 

5 feet long, has three triangular sickle 

blades which oscillate through the guard 

teeth, as in Hussey or modern cutter bars. 

Gift of New York Historical Association, 

Cooperstown, New York. 

132. BARLEY FORK, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 213356; 1958. A rectangular 
NUMBER 17 23 

wooden barley fork with a one-eighth-inchgauge wire guard for holding the barley on 

the four tines. The guard was needed because of the nasty stings that the beard 

could give the worker. Gift of New York 

Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 

York. 

133. BRUSH HOOK, late 19th century. USNM 

213356; 1958. A typical iron sickle, called 

a hook because of its general shape. It has 

a circular tip on the end of the blade so 137. 

that it could be used for cutting brush. 

Gift of New York Historical Association, 

Cooperstown, New York. 

134. FANNING MILL, late 19th century. USNM 

213356; 1958. An early fanning mill with 

pulley and leather belt. Gift of New York 

Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 

York. 

135. SCYTHE, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 

1958. A crooked-handled scythe used for 

cutting grain before the cradle, and thereafter for cutting hay. Gift of New York 

Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 138. 

York. 

136. FLOP-OVER HAY RAKE, about 1895. USNM 

213356; 1958. A rake for piling hay that 

would be carried from the field or put into 

a mow. This sort of implement was used 

as early as 1820. The farmer walked be- 139. 

hind the horse-drawn rake and raised the 

handle when the rake was full; this caused 

the double set of teeth to revolve, releasing 

the hay in a pile and putting the second set 

of teeth into position to rake more hay. 

The older method involved using small 

hand rakes and required considerable time 

and effort in a very disagreeable task. Gift 

of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York. 

VICTOR MOWING MACHINE, 1880. USNM 

213356; 1958. A one-horse, front-cut mowing machine similar to the Buckeye mower. 

The cutter bar can be raised and lowered 

parallel to the ground for desired cutting 

heights, and it can be lifted and fastened 

in an upright position for transport to and 

from the field. Mowers cut more rapidly 

and lower than did reapers, and thus they 

used a different gear ratio; however, farmers sometimes used reapers for mowing. 

Gift of New York Historical Association, 

Cooperstown, New York. 

SPRING-TOOTH HAY RAKE, late 19th century. 

USNM 213356; 1958. A sulky rake with 

spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions in the field. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 

York. 

"RAILWAY HORSE POWER," about 1885. 

FIGURE 13.—Flop-over hay rake. (Catalog No. 136) . 
24 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

140. 

USNM 213356; 1958. A horse-powered 

treadmill made chiefly of wood, with metal 

parts where the wear would be greatest. It 

was used to produce power for belt-driven 

equipment such as threshers or fanning 

mills. The machine is set in motion by 

putting a horse in the pen and releasing the 

brake. The weight of the horse causes the 

slats to move endlessly, which in turn rotates the belting wheel. Two-horse treadmills also were used, but such machines, 

although portable, worked less efficiently 

than the sweep-power machines. This 

treadmill was made in Vermont. Gift of 

New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York. 

DOG-POWERED CHURN, 1881. USNM 213356; 

1958. H. M. Childs of Utica, New York, 

patented this dog-powered churn in 1871, 

141. 

with improvements patented in 1881. A 

dog, tied or strapped into the pen, ran 

forward and so moved the slats of the 

treadmill which in turn rotated a flywheel. 

Attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod 

which raises and lowers a churn dasher. 

Devices of this sort had appeared earlier for 

use in the farm-dairy industry. The change 

of direction effected by the pitman rod 

caused some loss of energy; in any case, a 

revolving barrel-churn proved more efficient in the long run. Gift of New York 

Historical Association, Cooperstown, New 

York. 

WINNOWING BASKET, about 1800. USNM 

213356; 1958. The winnowing basket was 

used to work off the chaff from the threshed 

grain. When the grain was tossed into the 

air, the wind would blow away the chaff 

FIGURE 14.—Dog-powered churn, 1881. (Catalog No. 140.) 
NUMBER 17 25 

FIGURE 15.—Avery Bulldog tractor, about 1919. (Catalog No. 142.) 

and the grain would fall back into the 

basket. Sometimes the grain would be 

poured from another basket into a winnowing basket, with the wind doing the winnowing. Gift of New York Historical 145. 

Association, Cooperstown, New York. 

142. AVERY BULLDOG TRACTOR, 1919. USNM 

222860; 1958. This is one of the several 

makes of tractors which set a trend toward 

lighter tractors about the time of World 

War I. It was designed for light field work 

such as cultivating but could also be used 146. 

for belt drive. It developed 5 to 10 horsepower. Sold by Everett Noirot, Freehold, 

New York. 

143. GRAIN CRADLE, about 1870. USNM 230323; 

1958. This grain cradle resembles a scythe, 

with modification by the addition of a light 

wooden frame of four fingers with braces. 147. 

Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting 

Agriculture. 

144. SCYTHE, about 1840. USNM 230323; 1958. 

A straight-handled scythe, probably handmade, that largely was used for mowing, 

although it could be used for reaping grain. 

Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting 

Agriculture. 

HARNESS VISE, probably mid 19th century. 

USNM 230323; 1958. This wooden device 

could be used to pry open the jaws of a 

recalcitrant horse. More often, it held 

parts of the harness as the saddler worked. 

Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting 

Agriculture. 

WOODEN HAND FORK, late 19th century. 

USNM 230323; 1958. A wooden pitchfork 

for handling hay, straw, and the like. The 

metal pitchfork gradually replaced these 

wooden forks between the middle and end 

of the 19th century. Gift of Massachusetts 

Society for Promoting Agriculture. 

HORSE-DRAWN HAYFORK, late 19th century. 

USNM 230323; 1959. The fork was driven 

into the hay and the handle compressed 

until it latched. A rope was attached to 

the fork, run up over a pully in the barn, 
26 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

and then down to a horse. In this way the 

hay could be lifted into the barn. Gift 

of Massachusetts Society for Promoting 

Agriculture. 

148. HORSE-DRAWN PLANTER, 1856. USNM 

230323; 1958. E. C. Fairchild of Deerfield, 

Massachusetts, made this planter, which has 

compartments for seeds and fertilizer. As 

the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back 

and forth, seeds and fertilizer alternately 

dropped into the ground. The spacing of 

seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting the metal bar. Gift of Massachusetts 

Society for Promoting Agriculture. 

149. FANNING MILL, mid 19th century. USNM 

230323; 1958. A machine for winnowing 

grain after it had been threshed. Grain fed 

into the machine landed on vibrating 

screens which permitted the kernels to fall 

into the path of a draft of air which blew 

off the chaff and debris. The clean grain 

fell into a container beneath the mill. The 

operator turned a crank which operated 

both the screens and the fan. Gift of 

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. 

150. HOE, mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. 

A small hand hoe used for cultivating. 

Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

151. TILE KNIFE, late 19th century. USNM 

230322; 1958. This knife, resembling a 

small spade, was used to cut the trench in 

which tile was laid. It has a triangular 

metal cutter at right angles on the right side, 

and this gave the trench a straight edge on 

one side and perhaps helped keep the trench 

straight. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

152. HAND HAYFORK, about 1895. USNM 230322; 

1958. Farmers used this metal fork for 

pitching hay, straw, and possibly manure. 

Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

153. GRAIN SICKLE, 19th century. USNM 230322; 

1958. This hand tool for harvesting grain 

has not changed in design for the last 

thousand years. The sickle has a curved 

blade some 22 inches long. The reaper 

would grab a handful of stalks and cut 

them with the blade. One man could cut 

up to an acre of grain by this method. Gift 

of Farmers Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

154. GRAFTING KNIFE, possibly 20th century. 

USNM 230322; 1958. A knife especially 

designed to make the cuts necessary for 

grafting branches onto fruit trees. Gift of 

Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

155. MANURE FORK, possibly 20th century. USNM 

230322; 1958. A typical manure fork. 

Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

156. Ox MUZZLE, about 1830. USNM 230322; 

1958. Threshers used the muzzle to prevent the ox from stopping to graze while 

pulling equipment or from eating the grain 

while treading on it in a threshing operation. This muzzle is made of thin strips 

of wood. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

157. HAY CUTTER, 20th century. USNM 230322; 

1958. A knife made with the handle and 

serrated blade as one piece, all of metal. 

A wooden stock with a handgrip is fastened 

to the metal handle. This tool obviously 

was intended for cutting very small amounts 

of hay. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, 

Massachusetts. 

158. NARROW HOE, probably mid 19th century. 

USNM 230322: 1958. This is a typical 

cultivating hoe. Farmers used hoes of this 

type for cultivating crops until the innovation of plows and harrows. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

159. Ox YOKE, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. 

This yoke, for a single ox, probably was 

used in pulling small agricultural implements such as cultivating plows. Gift of 

Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

160. GRAIN FLAIL, about 1840. USNM 230322; 

1958. This type flail was used to beat grain 

free from unbound bundles of grain scattered about on the barn floor. Th e harvesters then threw the straw to one side and 

swept up the grain and chaff. Th e grain 

then had to be winnowed. Gift of Farmer's 

Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

161. CURD BREAKER, late 19th century. USNM 

230322; 1958. This machine has a wooden 
NUMBER 17 27 

roller with projecting wooden pegs which, 

when rotated, broke up cheese curds. Gift 

of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

162. HORSE-DRAWN CULTIVATOR, late 19th century. 

USNM 230322; 1958. This triangular cultivator was used for stirring the soil and 

removing foreign vegetable matter. It is 

adjustable and has five teeth spaced from 166. 

12 to 14 inches apart. Gift of Farmer's 

Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

ICE SAW, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 

1958. This steel-bladed saw cut ice in lakes, 

ponds, and streams. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts. 

PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE, 1877. USNM 167. 

211811; 1958. Portable steam engines provided belting power on farms to run threshing machines, circular saws, etc. ThisFrick 168. 

model steam engine operated regularly 

from 1877 to 1949. Gift of Frick Company, 

Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. 

165. BROADCAST SEEDER, 1930. USNM 230573; 169. 

1958. The operator saddles this implement 

163. 

164. 

from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed pack. By turning the 

crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered 

from a spinning disk. The seeder is 

equipped with a gauge which can be set to 

sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre. 

Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, 

D C . 

CIGAR FORMERS, about 1885. USNM 230573; 

1958. These instruments consist of two 

pieces of wood dowelled together with 

twenty holes that taper from 7/16 inch to 

3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and 

Pliers Co." is stamped in the wood. Gift 

of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C. 

MANURE FORKS, about 1895. USNM 230573; 

1958. Two steel manure forks. Gift of 

Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C. 

WOODEN HAYFORK, 19th century. USNM 

230573; 1958. A typical wooden hayfork 

of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold 

Miles, Washington, D. C. 

MODEL OF MANNING MOWER, 1831. USNM 

230438; 1959. William Manning of PlainFIGURE 16.—Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.) 
28 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

field, New Jersey, invented this mower in 

1831. The cutter bar, suggestive of Hussey's, has triangular knives which vibrate 

over long fingers. Constructed by Office 

of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

170. MODEL OF BAILEY MOWER, 1822. USNM 

230438; 1959. This mower, invented in 

1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania, 

has a rotating disk that serves as the cutter. 

The cutting disk, which can be raised to 

avoid obstacles, is geared from the axle. 

Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

171. MODEL OF GALLIC REAPER, first century A.D. 

USNM 230438; 1959. This is a model of a 

reaper as described in use in Gaul in the 

first and second centuries A.D. A donkey or 

an ox pushed the reaper through the grain; 

the heads of the grain were ripped off by 

the blade and fell into the box. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian 

Institution. 

172. MODEL OF HUSSEY REAPER, 1833. USNM 

230438; 1959. The first Hussey reapers 

were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to the rear right side of the 

machine. The sickle or cutter bar was 

made of a series of triangular knives riveted 

to a flat bar that oscillated back and forth 

between guard teeth. The action was initiated by means of a gear mounted on the 

main axle. The raker stands on the platform to remove the cut grain. Constructed 

by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

173. MODEL OF HUSSEY REAPER, 1850. USNM 

230438; 1959. This is a one-eighth scale 

model of the Hussey reapers built between 

1845 and 1850. Constructed by Office of 

Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

174. MODEL OF BELL REAPER, 1828. USNM 

230438; 1959. On this machine a reel 

pressed the grain against the cutters and 

made it fall back on an apron. The apron 

could be set to run in either direction to 

deposit the cut grain at the side, out of the 

way of the machine on the next trip around. 

The reaper was invented by the Reverend 

Patrick Bell, Carmyllie, Scotland. The 

model was constructed by Office of Exhibits, 

Smithsonian Institution. 

175. MODELS OF LANDIS ECLIPSE THRESHER, 1907. 

USNM 230438; 1957. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

176. MODEL OF NEW ENGLAND STRONG PLOW, about 

1780. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed 

by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

177. MODEL OF MAHLON SMITH PLOW, about 1825-

1840. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed 

by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

178. CHECK Row CORN PLANTER, about 1870. 

USNM 230441; 1959. This machine 

planted two rows at a time and required 

two men to operate. One man drove the 

horses and the other operated a lever for 

dropping the corn at the point desired. 

Patents for "check" row planters were issued in 1853, 1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio. 

179. ONE-ROW HAND "CORN JOBBER," mid 19th 

century. USNM 230441; 1959. Seed corn 

is released by means of a lever. Gift of 

Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio. 

180. WIDE SINGLE-SHOVEL PLOW, about 1840. 

USNM 230574; 1959. Farmers in the western part of the United States in the 1840s 

used this type of plow to cultivate corn. 

Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

181. DOUBLE-SHOVEL PLOW, about 1850. USNM 

230574; 1959. This plow, with shovels 

FIGURE 17.—Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.) 
NUMBER 17 29 

placed in a staggered position, was commonly used for cross-plowing or cultivating. 

Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

182. DOUBLE-SHOVEL PLOW, about 1850. USNM 

230574; 1959. This double-shovel plow 

has the shovels placed opposite one another. 

Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

183. A-FRAME HARROW, mid 19th century. USNM 

230574; 1959. This triangular harrow has 

wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes 

driven through them. This type of harrow 

pulverized and leveled plowed land, covered the seed, and cultivated between rows 

of corn. Triangular harrows worked better 

than square types because the triangles had 

greater strength on newly cleared land. 

Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

184. TROLLEY CARRIER FOR HAYFORK, about 1875. 

USNM 230574; 1959. This steel trolley 

carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A 

pulley attached to the trolley carrier lifted 

and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley 

carriers for hayforks were invented by J. E. 

Porter of Ottawa, Illinois, in 1869 and 1872. 

They were made of wood and iron. The 

first steel carriers were patented by Jacob 

Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by 

P. A. Myer, Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John 

Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

185. RIDING DISK CULTIVATOR, late 19th century. 

USNM 230574; 1959. This cultivator has 

two sections, each with three 15-inch disk 

wheels spaced 5% inches apart. It has 

handgrip levers for making cutting adjustments. This machine worked best on 

ground between row crops. Gift of John 

Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

186. SINGLETREE, late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

USNM 230574; 1959. This singletree is 

made of wood. The trace chains of the 

team of horses could be attached to the 

hooks on the singletree. Gift of John 

Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

187. DOUBLETREE, late 19th century to early 20th 

century. USNM 230574; 1959. A doubletree made of wood. The doubletree served 

as a lever on which to mount two singletrees. This arrangement distributed 

equally the pull of a load between two 

horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, 

Ohio. 

188. SINGLETREE, late 19th century. USNM 

230574; 1959. The trace chains of two 

horses are attached to this home-made, 

wooden singletree. The tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the 

tree. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, 

Ohio. 

189. GRAIN FORK, about 1870. USNM 230574; 

1959. This three-tine iron fork was used 

to move bundled grain. Gift of John 

Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

190. ONE-ROW, HAND "CORN JOBBER," late 19th 

century. USNM 230574; 1959. Gift of 

John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio. 

191. DOUBLE-HARPOON HAY FORK, about 1870. 

USNM 230574; 1959. S. E. Harris patented this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in 

1867. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, 

Ohio. 

192. GROUND HOG THRESHER, about 1830. USNM 

230579; 1959. This early thresher did not 

separate the grain from the chaff. Grain 

fed into the trough passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled 

with finger-like projections which broke the 

grain into its component parts. A fanning basket then separated the grain from 

the chaff. Purchased from George 

Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio. 

193. SWEEP HORSE POWER, late 19th century. 

USNM 230579; 1959. This type of horse 

power operated by the horse pulling a shaft 

in a circular motion that set iron gears into 

motion. The gears connected to a pulley 

for operating grain threshers, flour mills, 

saws, and the like. Purchased from George 

Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio. 

194. MARKER SLED, possibly late 19th century. 

USNM 230579; 1959. This wooden sled 

marked rows for future planting. The 

sled could mark three rows approximately 

34 inches apart. Purchased from George 

Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio. 

195. LARGE HAND RAKE, late 19th century. USNM 

230579; 1959. Made entirely of wood. 

Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio. 

196. JOINTED, WOODEN HARROW, mid 19th century. 
30 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

USNM 230579; 1959. This two-sectioned, 

rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden 

beams per section, each section having 18 

rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased 

from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio. 

197. WHEELED CULTIVATOR, early 20th century. 200. 

USNM 230579; 1959. This cultivator has 

individual levers for setting each set of teeth 

and contains a neck yoke, singletree, and 

guard shields. This type of cultivator im- 201. 

proved on the one-horse type, which required harrowing one side of a row at a 

time. A variety of teeth could be used on 

this machine. Purchased from George 

Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio. 

198. DOUBLE A-FRAME HARROW, 19th century. 

USNM 230580; 1959. This wooden, triangular harrow has iron teeth driven 

through the beams. Purchased from Ruth 202. 

Brown, Sardinia, Ohio. 

199. WHEELED CULTIVATOR, early 20th century. 

USNM 230580; 1959. This riding-type 

cultivator has two sections with three teeth 

each. It differs from most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting teeth 

depth, with one lever to elevate and lower 

the teeth. It has a neck yoke and a singletree. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio. 

FLOP-OVER HAYRAKE, about 1895. USNM 

230580; 1959. A flop-over rake used as 

early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth 

Brown, Sardinia, Ohio. 

SIDE HILL PLOW, late 19th century. USNM 

230581; 1959. One of several types of 

plows used for plowing along hillsides. 

T he moldboard and share could rotate on 

a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow the farmer could reverse it and hook 

in position so that the plow cast each furrow in the same direction. Purchased from 

Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio. 

GRAIN DRILL, about 1850. USNM 230581; 

1959. This drill was made by the Eagle 

Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It 

has a double bar, singletree, neck yoke, one 

grain compartment with eight grain boots, 

and a packing wheel for each boot. It 

FIGURE 18.—Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.) 
NUMBER 17 31 

sowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches apart. 

Drills of this type became popular in the 

1850s. Purchased from Albert Knecht, 

Lancaster, Ohio. 

203. WHEELED CULTIVATOR, about 1860. USNM 

230581; 1959. This walking-type cultivator, divided into two sections, has three 

plow teeth per section with guard shields 

attached. The name J. Deere is printed on 

the toolbox. Purchased from Albert 

Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio. 

204. FLOP-OVER HAYRAKE, mid 19th century. 

USNM 230581; 1959. Wooden, horsedrawn rake which the farmer could flop 

over to empty as he walked behind it. 

Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, 

Ohio. 

205. WHEELED CULTIVATOR, early 20th century. 

USNM 230575; 1959. This McCormick 

Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever 

for lowering and elevating the plow teeth 

and two levers for setting the depth of the 

plow teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson, Chandlersville, Ohio. 

206. GRUBBING HOE, about 1920. USNM 230576; 

1959. This narrow grubbing hoe resembles a pick. It broke up soil and removed 

obstructions such as roots and shrubs. Gift 

of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda, Maryland. 

207. MODEL OF 18TH-CENTURY AMERICAN MOWER. 

USNM 230437; 1959. A copy of a model 

reaper on display at the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner, 

Clifton, New Jersey. 

208. BARBED WIRE, about 1890. USNM 230572; 

1959. A stamped zigzag ribbon between 

two twisted wires. Gift of Don Hoist, 

Washington, D. C. 

209. BARBED WIRE, about 1890. USNM 230577; 

1959. A stamped, ribbon-type wire with 

barbs on one edge and with the ribbon 

twisted. Gift of John Blake, Washington, 

D. C. 

210. NARROW HOE, date unknown. USNM 

230578; 1959. Blade from a socket-type 

hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered" 

are stamped on the blade. Gift of James 

W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio. 

211. WALLIS TRACTOR, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959. 

A Model K Wallis tractor of a series made 

from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913 

Wallis Cub and the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr. 

Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin. 

212. SINGLE-SHOVEL PLOW, about 1840. USNM 

240816; 1959. This type of shovel plow 

cultivated corn in the western part of the 

country in the 1840s. This specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to 

plant seed, etc. Gift of Andrew W. Frye, 

Woodstock, Virginia. 

213. FIDDLE-BOW BROADCAST SEEDER, late 19th century. USNM 240745; 1959. The operator 

saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means 

of a strap fastened to the seed sack. Sliding the bow back and forth caused the seeds 

to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A 

gauge on the seeder could be set to sow a 

prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift 

of Benjamin Lambert, Woodstock, Virginia. 

214. GRAIN RIDDLE, mid 19th century. 1959. 

Sieve for sifting grain. Constructed by 

Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution. 

215. BROAD HOE, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian 

Institution. 

216. MINIATURE PLOW, late 19th century to early 

20th century. 1959. This plow, made 

entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria, 

Virginia. 

217. MATTOCK, 19th century. USNM 230440; 

1960. This is an implement for grubbing 

and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune, Michigan. 

218. FODDER CUTTER, 1872. 1960. This handcranked machine could cut all kinds of fodder—hay, straw, and corn stalks—with ease 

and rapidity. Called the "Improved Baldwins American," it was patented in 1867 

and 1872. Gift of Thomas W. Bein, 

Bethesda, Maryland. 

219. OLIVER CHILLED PLOW, 20th century. 1960. 

Steel share, moldboard, and coulter, with 

wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of 

Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. 

220. HART-PARR TRACTOR, 1903. USNM 230442; 

1960. The third internal combustion trac-
32 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

FIGURE 19.—Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line of the hrst commercial tractors. 

(Catalog No. 220.) 

221. 

tor built by the company founded earlier 

by Charles Hart and Charles Parr. The 

Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows 

or drive large threshers. Oil circulating 

through the pipes in the square stack cooled 

the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation, 

South Bend, Indiana. 

CORN GRINDER, about 1890. USNM 233465; 

1960. This iron corn grinder has "#17" 

printed on the grease caps of the axle. 

Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, 

Virginia. 

222. CIDER MILL AND PRESS, late 19th or early 20th 

century. USNM 234465; 1960. This 

wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a 

feeder-trough and two tubes for draining 

the apple cider. It was operated by means 
NUMBER 17 33 

of a hand crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia. 

223. MODEL OF JOHN DEERE PLOW, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a typical 

plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere 

Company, Moline, Illinois. 

224. MODEL OF JOHN DEERE TRACTOR, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a typical 

tractor of the period. Gift of John Deere 

Company, Moline, Illinois. 

225. SAMPLE FERTILIZERS, 1960. USNM 238503; 

1961. Samples of 22 types of fertilizers in 

common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John 

B. Blake, Washington, D. C. 

226. SAMPLE FERTILIZERS, 1960. USNM 238503; 

1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in 

common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John 

B. Blake, Washington, D. C. 

227. SAMPLE FERTILIZERS, 1960. USNM 238503; 

1961. Samples of eight types of fertilizer 

in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. 

John B. Blake, Washington, D. C. 

228. SAMPLE FERTILIZERS, 1960. USNM 238503; 

1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in 

common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John 

B. Blake, Washington, D. C. 

229. SAMPLE FERTILIZERS, 1960. USNM 238503; 

1961. Samples of thirteen types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of 

Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C. 

230. CAST-IRON CENTRIFUGE, 1960. USNM 238503; 

1961. A centrifuge used for running the 

Babcock milk test, which determined the 

percentage of butterfat. Gift of Dr. John 

B. Blake, Washington, D. C. 

231. INSECTICIDE, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A 

sample of a Pyrox insecticide in common 

use in 1960. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, 

Washington, D. C. 

232. HOE, 20th century. USNM 239136; 1961. 

A socket-type, three-tine hoe used to weed 

vegetable gardens, tobacco, and similar row 

crops. Gift of Mrs. Henry H. Byrne, Washington, D. C. 

233. ONE-ROW PLANTER, about 1870. USNM 

237951; 1961. The gears from the drivewheel mesh with a set of gears that turn the 

seed plate. The distance for dropping the 

seed could be determined by the size of the 

gear used on the drive-wheel. Gift of H. C. 

Cole, Crestline, Ohio. 

234. PORTABLE GASOLINE ENGINE, 1903. USNM 

240546; 1961. This machine provided belting power for operating feed mills, cream 

separators, wood saws, etc. It generated 

2 hp at 300-600 rpm. It was covered by 

two patents dated April 7, 1903. Gift of 

New Holland Machine Co., New Holland, 

Pennsylvania. 

235. COTTON PLANTER, 20th century. USNM 

240545; 1961. This one-row, horse-drawn 

cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by 

means of a revolving wooden drum with 

one-inch holes spaced around the center of 

the drum. Gift of Lester Souter, Boerne, 

Texas. 

236. WOODEN SPADE, about 1840. USNM 240543; 

1961. This wooden spade has a metal cutting edge. Purchased from Mrs. H. J. 

Cummings, Washington, D. C. 

237. MODEL OF MCCORMICK REAPER, 1831. USNM 

236710; 1961. A full-scale model of the 

1831 McCormick reaper. Gift of Franklin 

Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

238. HOE, date unknown. USNM 239502; 1961. 

This is a socket-type hoe with a half-moon 

cutting blade. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, 

Miami, Florida. 

239. CURD BREAKER, mid 19th century. USNM 

239502; 1961. This tool for cutting cheese 

curds has four 15-inch parallel blades. Gift 

of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida. 

240. WOODEN BRACE, possibly mid 19th century. 

USNM 239502; 1961. This implement was 

used to hold open the split carcasses of 

hogs. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, 

Florida. 

241. HOLT COMBINE, 1887. USNM 236419, 1961. 

Benjamin Holt made this combine around 

1887. Its main feature is the use of linked, 

wrought-iron chain belts for the drive rather 

than a system of gears as commonly found 

on combines of that day. Gift of Mrs. C. 

Parker Holt, Stockton, California. 

242. WATERWHEEL AND SHAFTING, mid 19th century. USNM 238174; 1961. Components 

of a one-blade, sash sawmill. Purchased 

from Robert E. Clement, Chester Springs, 

Pennsylvania. 
34 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

FIGURE 20.—A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. 

T h e Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at left. Th e Victor mowing machine of 1880 

(Catalog No. 137) is in right foreground. 

243. APPLE PARER, about 1760. USNM 240544; 

1962. The operator sat on the wooden 

seat and turned a crank which rotated the 

apple fastened to a spindle. When held at 

the proper contact, the knife peeled the 

rotating apple. Purchased from Mrs. 

Gladys Harbst, Butler, Ohio. 247. 

244. MINIATURE PLOW, mid 19th century. USNM 

239068; 1962. This plow was caught in a 

fisherman's net in the Susquehanna River 

near Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, in 1924. 

It probably was a display piece for themanufacturer. Purchased from F. P. Leith- 248. 

iser, Milford, Delaware. 

245. SULKY PLOW, about 1920. USNM 239073; 

1962. An all-steel John Deere sulky plow. 

Purchased from Irwin Vette, Westboro, 249. 

Missouri. 

246. TOBACCO TRANSPLANTER, late 19th or early 

20th century. USNM 239063; 1962. The 

driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this 

horse-drawn tobacco transplanter. The 

men who set the plants in the furrow used 

the two seats in the rear. Gift of Pollitt 

Grayhill, Diver, Kentucky. 

ICE CREAM FREEZER, 1870. USNM 241690; 

1962. Thomas Mills and Brothers of Philadelphia made this 40-quart commercial ice 

cream freezer which was patented on March 

15, 1870. Gift of John G. Mills, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

BARBED WIRE, about 1890-1900. USNM 

230572; 1962. A sample of ribbon barbed 

wire. Gift of Don Hoist, Washington, 

D C . 

MOLINE UNIVERSAL TRACTOR, 1918. USNM 

242414; 1962. This Model D is particularly unique in that it could be adapted as 
NUMBER 17 35 

FIGURE 21.—John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.) 

FIGURE 22.—Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 1918, in the Hall of Farm Machinery, 

National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog No. 249.) 
36 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

horse-drawn equipment and could be operrated from its seat. It is light and versatile 

and equipped with front pulley drive and 

head lights. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, 

Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota. 

250. TWO-BOTTOM PLOW, 1918. USNM 242414; 

1962. This plow is attached to the Moline 

Universal Model D tractor of 1918. Gift of 

Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota. 

251. SULKY PLOW, 1880. USNM 242414; 1962. 

A Moline two-wheeled sulky plow. Three 

horses drew the plow, which has three singletrees and one doubletree. Gift of 

Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota. 

252. GRAIN BINDER, 1935. USNM 422427; 1962. 

This McCormick-Deering grain binder cut 

the grain and, by means of an apron, 

carried it through a bundling and tying 

mechanism. The bundles of grain fell into 

a set of forks which the operator released. 

The machine is covered by Patents 1,328,781 

and 1,464,73$. It is similar to binders 

used in the 1880s. Gift of J. D. Major, 

Belton, South Carolina. 

253. DEHORNER, about 1920. USNM 242977, 1962. 

This implement, used to trim cattle horns, 

works like a gigantic clipper. Gift of Newton E. Wiat, Arlington, Virginia. 

254. PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE, 1869. USNM 

246139; 1962. The first portable steam 

engine built by the J. I. Case Company in 

1869. It burned wood and developed 8 

hp. Gift of J. I. Case Company, Racine, 

Wisconsin. 

255. JAPANESE CULTIVATING MACHINE, 1960. 

USNM 242908; 1962. This Japanese 

Model KF850 power cultivator has a deFIGURE 23.-Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. 253.) 

tachable rotary hoe and a diesel engine 

with direct drive. 

256. WOODEN GRAIN FORK, about 1870. USNM 

252786; 1963. A four-tined wooden fork 

for handling bundles of grain. It was used 

by the donor's grandfather on his farm in 

Maryland. Gift of C. Gordon Dentry, 

Washington, D. C. 

257. MODEL OF LAWN MOWER, 1962. USNM 

256817; 1963. A model of the Suburbia 

38, a riding mower powered by a 5%-hp 

gasoline engine with three speeds between 

y2 mph and 4Vi mph. Gift of Herman 

Becker, Washington, D. C. 

258. BROADCAST SEEDER, about 1892. USNM 

257164; 1964. A hand-cranked seeder. 

Gift of Milton J. Brandon, Silver Spring, 

Maryland. 

259. TOBACCO AXE, mid 20th century. USNM 

257163; 1964. A tobacco axe used to 

harvest sun-cured tobacco in the Connecticut Valley region. Gift of Minner J. Cooper, Windsor, New York. 

260. DAVEAT MILK STERILIZER, 1959. USNM 

259871; 1964. An autoclave combined with 

vacuum chambers and other devices that 

sterilized and canned milk or other liquid 

dairy products. The process preserved the 

product with a minimum loss of nutritional 

value and without causing coagulation. 

Patent 2,899,320 granted to Elmer S. Davis, 

August 11, 1959. 

261. HAY BALE HOOKS, 19th century or later. 

USNM 260120; 1965. Two bale hooks. 

Gift of E. Peterkin, Forest Heights, Maryland. 

262. MODEL OF HUBER STEAM TRACTOR, 1901. 

USNM 261334; 1965. An operable scale 

model of a 1901 Huber steam tractor. Gift 

of Raymond Stout, Washington, D. C. 

263. HAND CULTIVATING HOE, 20th century. 

USNM 262244; 1965. A three-tine, curved 

cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable 

gardening. Gift of Arnold Miles, Bethesda, 

Maryland. 

264. CAST-IRON IMPLEMENT SEAT, about 1890. 

USNM 262243; 1965. A cast-iron seat 

typical of those found on late-19th and 

early-20th-century farm implements. Gift 

of K. E. Clark, Los Angeles, California. 
NUMBER 17 37 

265. GRAIN FLAIL, 1840. USNM 262250; 1965. 

A typical flail used in Wisconsin in 1840 for 

threshing grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

266. TURKEY COLLARS, late 19th century. USNM 

262250; 1965. Small leather collars, with 

bells attached, placed on turkeys at a time 

when farmers typically let their poultry 

run loose. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, 

Blacksburg, Virginia. 

267. BRANDING IRON, 20th century. USNM 262250; 

1965. A #30 branding iron, circle W, used 

to mark cattle. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, 

Blacksburg, Virginia. 

268. RIDING SPURS, 1890 or later. USNM 262250; 

1965. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

269. HARNESS HAMES, early 20th century. USNM 

262250; 1965. Brass knobs from the collar 

of a horse's harness. Gift of Dr. Frank 

Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

270. REAPER HOOK, about 1860. USNM 262250; 

1965. A hand sickle used for harvesting 

grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

271. IRON POT HOOKS, late 19th century. USNM 

262250; 1965. Pot hooks made of two 

pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends. 

The hook fastened onto pots to remove 

them from open fires. Gift of Dr. Frank 

Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

272. IRON SPIKE, late 19th century. USNM 

262250; 1965. An iron spike, probably 

from a harrowing device such as a triangular beam harrow. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

273. FLAX HACKLE, late 19th century. USNM 

263350; 1965. This hackle consists of a 

piece of wood, 6 by 12 inches, with square 

iron nails protruding from one side. The 

homemade hackle shredded flax in preparation for making linen cloth. Gift of Dr. 

Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

274. BARLEY FORK, late 19th or early 20th century. 

USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden, fourtined fork used for handling barley. Gift 

of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

275. WOODEN WHEELBARROW, 20th century. 

USNM 262250; 1965. All parts of this 

wheelbarrow are homemade. Gift of Dr. 

Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

276. WOODEN WHEEL, 19th century. USNM 

262250; 1965. A wooden wheel used on a 

wheelbarrow. Seven separate parts to the 

wheel illustrate the general construction of 

wooden wheels. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

277. GRAIN SACK, about 1865. USNM 263077; 

1965. Peter Brugler Snyder used this grain 

sack about 100 years ago on his farm near 

Montour Falls, New York. The initials 

P. B. S. appear on the sack. Gift of Howard S. Rappleye, Washington, D. C. 

278. CORN SHELLER, about 1898. USNM 264779; 

1965. A corn sheller that was operated by 

means of a hand crank. Gift of Dr. 

Stephen Lang, San Fernando, California. 

279. BARBED-WIRE DISPLAY PANEL, about 1940. 

USNM 264475; 1966. Display panel of 78 

different types of barbed wire. Gift of Dr. 

Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

FIGURE 24.—Flax hackle. (Catalog No. 273.) FIGURE 25.—Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 278.) 
38 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

280. BARBED WIRE, about 1878. Eight pieces of 

"Brotherton Barb," a wire patented by J. 

Brotherton of Ames, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 

207,710. It became very popular, and was 

second only to Glidden's "The Winner" in 

sales. It had nonslipping barbs and was 

easy to make. 

281. BARBED WIRE, about 1882. "Baker Perfect," 

a barbed wire invented by George Baker 

of Des Moines, Iowa. It was popular and 

widely used but never patented. 

282. BARBED WIRE, about 1881. From Jefferson 

County, Iowa. Patented by Edward M. 

Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1881; Patent 247,540. 

283. BARBED WIRE, about 1876. Two pieces of 

"Twist Oval," a wire patented by Josiah 

F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1876; 

Patent 181,433. The use of oval wire shows 

an effort to prevent slipping of the barb. 

284. BARBED WIRE, about 1877. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by Henry M. 

Rose of Waterman, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 

198,688. 

285. BARBED WIRE, about 1878. From Jefferson 

County, Iowa. Patented by Michael Daley 

of Waterman, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 

209,467. 

286. BARBED WIRE, date unknown. From Jefferson County, Iowa. A handmade specimen 

made with a tool in this collection. 

287. BARBED WIRE, about 1875. "Dobbs and 

Booth," patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth of Victor, Iowa, in 1875; Patent 171,105. 

288. BARBED WIRE, about 1877. From southwestern Arkansas. Patented by J. F. Glidden. 

289. BARBED WIRE, date unknown. From Nodaway, County, Missouri. A claim that this 

wire was patented by J. F. Glidden has not 

been verified. 

290. BARBED WIRE, about 1878. From Jefferson 

County, Iowa. Patented by Spencer St. 

John of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 205,697. 

291. BARBED WIRE, date unknown. Standard cattle barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden 

and made by Republic Steel Wire Company. 

292. BARBED WIRE, date unknown. Standard hog 

barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden and 

made by Republic Steel Wire Company. 

293. BARBED WIRE, about 1878. From Atchison 

County, Missouri. Patented by William 

H. Frye of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1878; 

Patent 204,312. 

294. BARBED WIRE, about 1883. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph 

Goss of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1883; Patent 

282,453. 

295. BARBED WIRE, about 1885. Two pieces of 

"Brink-Martelle," a wire patented by John 

J. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 

1885; Patent 324,211. The round wire 

lacks its barbs. 

296. BARBED WIRE, about 1883. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by William S. 

Bate of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883; Patent 273,245. 

297. BARBED WIRE, about 1879. "Champion," or 

"Zig-Zag," patented by Edward M. Crandall 

of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 221,158. 

298. BARBED WIRE, about 1881. Two pieces of 

"Buckthorn" (modified), patented by T. V. 

Allis of New York, New York, in 1881; Patent 244,726. 

299. BARBED WIRE, about 1878. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by Ole O. 

Kittleson of Milan, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 203,349. 

300. BARBED WIRE, about 1881. Two pieces of 

"Brink Flat," patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, 

in 1881; Patent 241,601. 

301. BARBED WIRE, about 1884. Four pieces of 

"Decker Spread," patented by Alexander 

C. Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1884; 

Patent 299,916. 

302. BARBED WIRE, about 1879. "Brink Twist," 

patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1879; Patent 

214,095. 

303. BARBED WIRE, about 1877. "Ladder Barbed 

Wire," patented by Alexander Decker of 

Bushnell, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 186,716. 

304. BARBED WIRE, about 1876. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by Elijah 

Sims of Aurora, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 

178,195. 
NUMBER 17 39 

305. BARBED WIRE, about 1884. "Sunderland 

Kink," patented by L. E. Sunderland of 

Joliet, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 303,406. 

This wire has nonslipping barbs. 

306. BARBED WIRE, about 1892. From Caldwell 

County, Missouri. Patented by J. W. Griswold of Troy, New York, in 1892; Patent 

486,179. 

307. BARBED WIRE, about 1883. "Stubbe Plate," 

patented by John Stubbe of Pittsburgh, 

Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 287,337. 

This wire carried a patch so animals could 

see it easily. 

308. BARBED WIRE, about 1875. "Haish 'S'," patented by Jacob Haish of De Kalb, Illinois, 

in 1875; Patent 167,240. 

309. BARBED WIRE, about 1874. "Kennedy Barbs," 

patented by Charles Kennedy of Aurora, 

Illinois, in 1874; Patent 153,965. 

310. BARBED WIRE, about 1868. "Thorny Fence," 

patented by Michael Kelly of New York, 

New York, in 1868; Patent 74,379. 

311. BARBED WIRE, about 1874. "The Winner," 

patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, 

Illinois, in 1874; Patent 157,124. This was 

the most successful and most popular 

barbed wire. It neither slipped nor 

twisted. 

312. BARBED WIRE, about 1939. War wire (World 

War II) from the Australian shoreline. 

313. BARBED WIRE, about 1880. "Haish 'S' " 

(modified). 

314. BARBED WIRE, about 1939. War wire (World 

War II) from Bizerta, Tunis, North Africa. 

315. BARBED WIRE, about 1939. War wire (German or Italian, World War II) from 

Naples, Italy. 

316. BARBED WIRE, about 1881. "Brink Flat," 

patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent 

241,601. This piece has a factory splice. 

317. BARBED WIRE, about 1875. "Corsicana Clip," 

patented by Daniel C. Stover of Freeport, 

Illinois, in 1875; Patent 164,947. 

318. BARBED WIRE, about 1883. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by Andrew J. 

Upham of Syracuse, Illinois, in 1883; Patent 284,261. 

319. BARBED WIRE, about 1883. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by William 

i w 

HAIS H S 

IMPROVED "S " BAR B 

77 

STEEL FENCE WIRE 

EnamPlH and Galvanized Sold on its Merits and not tnromth 

thv influence ot threatened Lawsuits. 

WBBH Uu sods dtslrtv Uuv fcnl null aud. 

FOR SALE SERE . 

FIGURE 26.—Haish barbed wire and advertisement. 

(Catalog No. 316.) 

M. Clow of Wheatland, Illinois, in 1883; 

Patent 285,014. 

320. BARBED WIRE, about 1882. From Galloway 

County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph H. 

Connelly of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 

1882; Patent 254,278. 

321. BARBED WIRE, about 1882. "Dodge and 

Washburn," patented by Thomas H. Dodge 

and Charles G. Washburn of Worcester, 

Massachusetts. 

322. BARBED WIRE, about 1879. "Ross's Four 

Point," patented by Noble S. Ross of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 216,294. 

This wire was very common in the prairie 

states. 
10 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

323. BARBED WIRE, about 1878. Two pieces of 

"Billings' Simple," patented by Frank Billings of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1878; Patent 

205,234. This wire hurt the animals but 

it was cheap and easy to make. 

324. BARBED WIRE, about 1881. "Shinn's Four 

Point," patented by Milton Shinn of Burlington, Iowa, in 1881; Patent 238,447. 

325. BARBED WIRE, about 1879. Two pieces of 

"Four Point Wager" from Andrew County, 

Missouri. Patented by J. F. Glidden of De 

Kalb, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 214,211. 

326. BARBED WIRE, about 1877. "Burnell's Four 

Point," patented by Arthur Burnell of 

Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1877; Patent 

192,225. 

327. BARBED WIRE, about 1876. Two pieces of 

"Hold Fast," or "Merrill Twirl," patented 

by John C. Merrill of Turkey River, Iowa, 

in 1876; Patent 185,688. 

328. BARBED WIRE, about 1876. "Lazy Plate," 

patented by W. Watkins of Joliet, Illinois, 

in 1876; Patent 184,486. 

329. BARBED WIRE, about 1879. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by John S. 

Crowell of Springfield, Ohio, in 1879; Patent 215,888. 

330. BARBED WIRE, about 1883. From Nodaway 

County, Missouri. Patented by James B. 

Oliver of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; 

Patent 286,147. 

331. BARBED WIRE, about 1875. "Split Diamond," 

patented by Henry Frentress of Dunleith, 

Illinois, in 1875; Patent 171,008. 

332. BARBED WIRE, about 1876. "Jayne-Hill," patented by William Jayne and James Hill of 

Boone, Iowa, in 1876; Patent 176,120. The 

barbs clamp very firmly in this wire. 

333. BARBED WIRE, about 1874. From Andrew 

County, Missouri. Patented by Josiah F. 

Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 150,683. 

334. BARBED WIRE, about 1939. War wire used 

by the British army in World War II. 

335. BARBED WIRE, about 1914. War wire used by 

the U. S. Army in World War I. 

336. BARBED WIRE, date unknown. "Glidden No. 

51," a wide-faced cattle wire made by Republic Steel Wire Company. 

337. BARBED WIRE, date unknown. "Glidden No. 

50," a closed-face hog wire made by Republic Steel Wire Company. 

338. TOO L FOR BARBED WIRE, about 1875. Device 

for making barbed wire on the farm. Patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth 

in 1875; Patent 166,511. 

339. BARBED WIRE, 1881. USNM 265912; 1966. 

"Brink Flat," patented in 1881. Gift of 

Mrs. Miles McPeek, Washington, D. C. 

340. STUMP PULLER, 20th century. USNM 266811; 

1966. A one-man, hand-operated stump 

puller. The machine consists of several 

pulleys, a length of wire cable, and a rachet 

mechanism to give leverage. Gift of A. E. 

McMechan, Joplin, Missouri. 

341. PLOWSHARE, about 1840. USNM 268949; 1966. 

A wrought-iron fragment from a plowshare 

said to have been used for cultivating cotton in South Carolina. It appears to be 

from a "duck foot" type plow. Gift of 

Great Plains Museum, Lawton, Oklahoma. 

342. SADDLER'S BUCK, late 19th century. USNM 

268199; 1966. A small bench with a wooden vise to hold leather and parts of saddles. 

Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, 

Chicago, Illinois. 

343. FLAX BREAKER, mid or late 19th century. 

USNM 268199; 1966. A rectangular bench 

measuring about 3 feet long, 3 feet high, 

and 3 feet wide. The operator pulled a 

hinged arm of slats down on the bench, 

which also has slats. Th e flax stems broke 

between the slats. Gift of Museum of 

Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois. 

FK;URE 27.—Butter worker, 19th century. Catalog No. 345.) 
NUMBER 17 41 

344. PRAIRIE SOD PLOW, late 19th century. USNM 

268199; 1966. This heavy plow with an 

8-foot beam broke virgin prairie soil. The 

long fingers of the moldboard helped break 

the sod further. Gift of Museum of Science 

and Industry, Chicago, Illinois. 

345. BUTTER WORKER, late 19th century. USNM 

268199; 1966. This butter worker consists 

of a wooden tray (3 feet by 2 feet) and a 

grooved wooden roller. The roller is 

passed over the butter in the tray by means 

of a hand crank, thus working the excess 

water to the top of the butter where it 

could be poured off. Gift of Museum of 

Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois. 

346. GRAIN SCOOP, late 19th century. USNM 

268199; 1966. This wooden grain scoop, or 

possibly flour scoop, measures 12 inches by 

18 inches and has a 4-foot handle. Gift of 

Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, 

Illinois. 

347. BARREL CHURN, 1876. USNM 268199, 1966. 

This rocking churn consists of a wooden 

barrel of 5-gallon capacity and a wooden 

"X" type stand. It was in use in 1876. 

Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, 

Chicago, Illinois. 

348. PLUNGER CHURN, late 19th century. USNM 

268199; 1966. A small (1 gallon) plungertype butter churn which consists of a 

wooden barrel and a wooden paddle attached to a 3-foot handle. Gift of Museum 

of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois. 

349. TOBACCO HOGSHEAD, 1869. USNM 249254; 

1966. A tobacco hogshead reconstructed 

from a picture appearing in Harper's 

Weekly of December 11, 1869. The hogshead, constructed of rough lumber, is 6 

feet long and 4 feet in diameter. A horse 

or mule was hitched to the hogshead. Gift 

of Laross & Bros. Co., Richmond, Virginia. 

350. FORDSON TRACTOR, 1918. USNM 268896; 

1966. The 1918 Fordson was the first tractor marketed by the Ford Motor Co. for 

domestic use. Its four-cylinder gas engine 

developed 20 hp. The tractor measures 42 

inches across the rear wheels and 28 inches 

across the front. The rear wheels, of steel, 

have riveted lugs. A winch has been added 

in the front. Gift of Thomas A. DeLong, 

New York, New York. 

FIGURE 28.-Fordson tractor (1918) before restoration work. The winch and wheel fenders were 

added by the tractor's owners. (Catalog No. 350.) 
42 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

FIGURE 29.—John Deere Model 1) tractor, 1923. (Catalog No. 362.) 

FIGURE 30.—Cheese press. (Catalog No. 364.) 
NUMBER 17 43 

351. STEEL BEAR TRAP, 1876. USNM 4882; 1966. 

This is a typical bear trap of the late 19th 

century. It has steel jaws with a spread of 

lly4 inches and a wrought-iron pan. It 355. 

weighs 17 pounds. Gift of Oneida Community, New York. 

352. STEEL DEER TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. 

This is a No. 4 steel deer trap manufactured 355. 

by the Oneida Community in the late 19th 

century. It has steel jaws with a spread of 

614 inches, a wrought-iron pan, and a 

double spring. Gift of Oneida Community, gry 

New York. 

353. STEEL BEAVER TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 

1966. A double-springed, steel beaver trap. 

Gift of Oneida Community, New York. 358 

354. STEEL OTTER TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. 

This trap has a double spring and a jaw 

spread of 5i/2 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New York. 

STEEL FOX TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. 

This steel, No. 2 fox trap has a double 

spring and a jaw spread of 4% inches. 

Gift of Oneida Community, New York. 

STEEL MINK TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. 

This trap has a single spring and a jaw 

spread of 47/8 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New York. 

STEEL MUSKRAT TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 

1966. This muckrat trap has a single 

spring and a jaw spread of 4 inches. Gift 

of Oneida Community, New York. 

STEEL RAT TRAP, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. 

This trap has a single spring and a jaw 

FIGURE 31.-Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer (1908) , seen here spraying for elm leaf beetles on the grounds of the U.S. Capitol, 

May 1911. (Catalog No. 366.) 
44 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

spread of 31/2 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New York. 

359. BOTTLE OF 2,4-D HERBICIDE, 1944. USNM 

268668; 1966. This bottle contains a small 

amount of the original purchase of 2,4-D 

by the U. S. Department of Agriculture 

from the American Chemical and Paint 

Company of Ambler, Pennsylvania, in 1944. 

It cost $12.50 a pound at the time. Scientists 

at the Department of Agriculture used the 

material in extensive experiments on plant 

growth inhibitors. Subsequently, 2,4-D 

became the most common chemical used for 

weed killing. Gift of Dr. J. W. Mitchell, 

University of Maryland, through Gale 

Peterson, University of Maryland. 

360. WINNOWING MACHINE, mid 19th century. 

USNM 270009; 1966. Typical mid-19thcentury fanning mill with vibrator cleaner. 

Gift of Mrs. Henry C. Slunt, Hyattsville, 

Maryland. 

361. WINNOWING MACHINE, mid 19th century. 

USNM 270009; 1966. Typical mid-19thcentury fanning mill with screen vibrator 

cleaner. Gift of Mrs. Henry C. Slunt, 

Hyattsville, Maryland. 

362. JOHN DEERE MODEL D TRACTOR, 1923. 

USNM 270865; 1967. The John Deere 

Model D was the first tractor of the line 

bearing that name. The Waterloo Tractor 

Works, Waterloo, Iowa, made the tractor in 

1923. Gift of Deere & Company, Moline, 

Illinois, through George F. Neiley. 

363. WATERLOO BOY MODEL N TRACTOR, 1918. 

USNM 270864; 1967. The Waterloo Boy 

tractor was manufactured first as Model R, 

in 1914, and then as Model N, beginning 

in 1918. The Waterloo Gasoline Engine 

Company of Waterloo, Iowa, made the 

Waterloo Boy. It was the first tractor marketed by the John Deer Company, which 

acquired the Waterloo Gasoline Engine 

Company in 1918. The Waterloo Boy continued to be produced by John Deere Company until 1923, when that company 

brought out its own Model D. Gift of 

Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois, through 

George F. Neiley. 

364. CHEESE PRESS, late 19th century. USNM 

170886; 1967. Small, wooden, hand-operated cheese press, dating from the late 19th 

century but not unlike those in use a century before. Gift of Carlton M. Gunn, 

Sunderland, Massachusetts, through Allister 

F. MacDougall. 

365. GAS-TURBINE TRACTOR, 1965. USNM 274549; 

1967. This HT-340 experimental gasoline 

turbine tractor operates with a hydrostatic 

transmission. It is air-cooled and has no 

brakes, gears, or clutch. The 90-pound 

motor produces 85 hp. It tended to rear 

back because of its excessive power and so 

could not be put into commercial production until a less-powerful engine had been 

developed. Gift of International Harvester 

Company, through John J. Dierbeck. 

366. FITZHENRY-GUPTILL POWER SPRAYER, 1908. 

USNM 275103; 1967. This is the first 

power sprayer used by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It was built in 1908 

and used to spray for gypsy moths in New 

England. It was horse-drawn and had a 

2-cylinder mounted engine to furnish power 

for the sprayer. Gift of U. S. Department 

of Agriculture, through E. D. Burgess. 

367. TRUCK SEAT, about 1921. USNM 276080; 

1967. This truck seat, invented and manufactured by the Bostrom Corporation, is 

significant because of its suspension system, 

which gave greater comfort and convenience to the driver and came to be used in 

many truck and tractor lines of several 

manufacturers. Gift of Bostrom Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, through Karl 

Bostrom. 

368. TRACTOR SEAT, about 1921. USNM 276080; 

1967. A suspension seat for tractors produced by the Bostrom Corporation in 1921. 

It was used first on the Oliver tractor. All 

seats now used on tractors derived from this 

basic design. Gift of Bostrom Corporation, 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, through Karl Bostrom. 

369. HOG SNOUTER, late 19th century. USNM 

275604; 1968. The snouter is a scissorslike device for clamping a ring in the pig's 

nose. The ring prevents the animal from 

rooting under or against fences. Gift of 

Mr. and Mrs. George E. Morgenstern of 

Lake Forest, Illinois. 
NUMBER 17 45 

370. ONE-WAY DISK PLOW, about 1924. USNM 

277629; 1968. Invented in the 1920s but 

declared unpatentable by the Patent Office, 

the one-way disk plow became commonplace in the dry farming areas of the Great 

Plains. The disks, set at an angle, cast 

less furrow than a moldboard plow. This 

specimen is a reconstruction of the original. 

Gift of Francis Angell, Plains, Kansas. 

371. WINE PRESS, about 1884. USNM 279451; 

1968. The donor's father brought this 

wine press to the United States from Rheinfeldon, Switzerland, in 1884. Gift of Mrs. 

Clara Bieber, Washington, D. C. 

372. MILL PICKS, late 19th century. USNM 

279452; 1968. Steel picks used to repair 

and sharpen grooves in millstones. Gift of 

C. W. Wimberly, San Marcos, Texas. 

373. SEAMLESS FLOUR SACK, late 19th century. 

USNM 279452; 1968. A fairly typical flour 

sack of the time, although sacks with seams 

were more common. Gift of C. W. Wimberly, San Marcos, Texas. 

374. SORGHUM CANE MILL, late 19th century. 

USNM 280276; 1968. A steel, horsepowered mill, about 4 feet high and 3 feet 

in circumference, for crushing sorghum 

stalks to produce syrup; factory made. Gift 

of Mrs. Emery L. Stout, Lost Creek, West 

Virginia. 

375. MIDGET INCUBATOR, about 1945. USNM 

280277; 1968. Midget incubator and literature pertaining to it. This incubator was 

patented by E. A. Braun in 1945 (Patent 

2,583,993). It was made for educational 

purposes for schools and laboratories and 

for use in private homes to germinate seeds, 

miscroscopic organisms, etc. Gift of E. A. 

Braun, Chatham, New Jersey. 

376. TEN-GALLON MILK CAN, 1920S or later. 

USNM 282324; 1968. An unexceptional 

milk can of about 1920, with the more common type of lid. It was found at the farm 

of Malcolm Brumback, near Belle Grove 

Plantation, Middleton, Virginia. Purchased. 

377. HAND CORN SHUCKERS, late 19th century. 

USNM 282324; 1969. Seven hand corn 

shuckers, each consisting of a spike attached 

to a handle which fits over the hand. These 

are quite typical and of a type used for over 

a century. Gift of John N. Hoffman, 

Washington, D. C. 

378. MODEL TO Y TRACTORS, 1968. USNM 282697; 

1969. Ten model toy tractors, authentic as 

to outward details: (1) Caterpillar D6, (2) 

A. C. Crawler, (3) Minneapolis-Moline, 

(4) Oliver, (5) Case, (6) Allis-Chalmers, 

(7) G-1000 Vista, (8) Ford, (9) I. H. Hay 

Baler, (10) Ford set. Gift of Ertl Company, Dyersville, Iowa, through Fred Ertl, 

Jr379. SIDEHILL PLOW (KNAPP) , late 19th century. 

USNM 282926; 1969. Sidehill plow patented and manufactured by the Knapps. 

The plow can be flipped over at the end of 

the row to cast all the furrows in one direction when plowing on hills. One of several 

variations on the idea. This is a copy of a 

19th-century plow. Gift of N. E. Knapp, 

through Leslie O. Merrill of San Mateo 

Historical Association, San Mateo, California. 

380. CROP METER, about 1925. USNM 283306; 

1969. This crop meter was developed in 

1925 by the Department of Agriculture as 

an aid in estimating the acreage of cotton 

in Mississippi. The crop meter was attached to the dashboard of an automobile 

and connected by cable to the odometer. A 

circuitous route was followed through the 

cotton area, and when the driver came to 

the edge of a cotton field he pushed a button which started the meter measuring the 

frontage of the field. The total mileage 

registered could be interpreted in terms of 

the acreage. The meter method was later 

replaced by aerial observation. Gift of 

Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, through Harry C. 

Trelogan. 

381. COTTON BOLL WEIGHER, about 1930. USNM 

283306; 1969. A cylinder, 2i/2 feet high, 

for measuring the size of a cotton boll by 

water displacement. When this device was 

used in conjunction with the crop meter, 

the actual fiber yield of a year's crop could 

be estimated. Gift of Statistical Reporting 

Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

382. VIKING GARDEN TRACTOR, about 1916. USNM 

287592; 1969. A garden tractor with a 
46 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

gasoline engine and equipped with cultivator prongs. The operator walked behind the tractor and guided it down the 

rows. Gift of Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia. 

383. CLAM RAKE, mid 20th century. USNM 

284898; 1969. A small rake, with tines 

about 10 inches long and a handle of about 

2 feet, used by a clam digger on Cape Cod. 

Gift of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., West Barnstable, Massachusetts. 

384. MODEL OF AULTMAN-TAYLOR STEAM TRACTOR, 

1892. USNM 285053; 1969. This scale 

model is fully operative and correct in 

every detail. It is about 3 feet long, 1 foot 

high, and 6 inches wide. Gift of Mrs. 

Raymond Stout, Washington, D. C. 

385. MAPS OF U. S. NATIONAL FORESTS, 1908. 

USNM 284897; 1969. Eight maps. Regional maps of forest reserves in the U. S. 

and territories as of 1908. Transferred 

from Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, National Museum of History 

and Technology. 

386. CORN SHELLER, late 19th century. USNM 

285052; 1969. This factory-made implement is all wood except for the teeth and 

gears. It could handle only one ear of 

corn at a time and it was neither shaped 

properly nor adjustable enough to get the 

nubbins. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland. 

387. GRASS MOWER, about 1930. USNM 285052; 

1969. This mower, manufactured by International Harvester, has a gasoline engine. The cutters are similar to mower and 

reaper cutter-bars, but there is no protective cover on the cutting mechanism. Gift 

of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland. 

388. SPRING-TOOTHED HARROW, early 20th century. 

USNM 285052; 1969. This was a commonplace implement of its type and period. 

The steel frame, measuring about 4 feet by 

4 feet, was designed to be linked into gangs 

of harrows, of whatever size desired, and to 

be pulled by horses or tractors. Made by 

J. I. Case Company. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland. 

389. MCCORMICK-DEERING CREAM SEPARATOR, 

1920s. USNM 285052; 1969. A handpowered, centrifugal cream separator comFIGURE 32.—Scale model of Aultman-Taylor steam tractor of 1892. (Catalog No. 384.) 
NUMBER 17 47 

monly found on dairy and other farms all 

over the country in the late 19th century 

and early 20th century. The original 

owner kept this specimen for replacement 

parts but he never needed it for that purpose. It is complete and fully operational. 

Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland. 

390. HAY BALER, mid 19th century. USNM 

286522; 1969. A horse-drawn screw-press 

that packed the hay, which was then tied 

by hand. This baler, 7 feet square and 

15 feet high, is similar to machines advertised in the 1850s that were largely superseded in the 1870s. Gift of John Hosford, 

Stone Ridge, New York. 

291. GRASS SICKLES, about 1884. Received in 

1969. Two ordinary grass sickles. Gift of 

T. H. Bean, Barnridge, Pennsylvania, in 

1884. Transferred from Department of 

Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution. 

392. GRAIN CLIPS, about 1894. Received in 1969. 

Gift of "D.E.T." in 1894. Transferred 

from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution. 

393. WRIGHT'S PATENTED EXPANSION BIT, 19th century. Received in 1969. Woodworking 

tool, a drill. Gift of N. Materville of 

Connecticut Valley in 1917. Transferred 

from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution. 

394. HEAVY KNIFE, late 19th century. Received 

in 1969. A knife for cutting hay and straw. 

From Beardsly Scythe Company. Transferred from Department of Anthropology, 

Smithsonian Institution. 

395. GRAIN DRILL, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 

1969. This wheeled, wooden seed box, 

with metal disks to open the soil, drilled 

about seven rows at a time. The drill was 

designed to be horse-drawn, but this specimen has been modified to be pulled by a 

tractor. The brand name "Hoosier" appears on the box. Gift of Innes Saunders, 

Leesburg, Virginia. 

396. MOWING MACHINE, 1900-1910. USNM 

287135; 1969. A horse-drawn, McCormickDeering sulky mower that later was modified to be pulled by a tractor. This mower 

is representative of machines in the last 

years of the horse era in American farming. 

Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia. 

397. CORN CULTIVATOR, 1900-1910. USNM 

287135; 1969. A McCormick-Deering fourshovel corn cultivator with two arms for 

working two rows at once. Gift of Innes 

Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia. 

398. CORN CUTTER, 1900-1919. USNM 287135; 

1969. A McCormick-Deering, horse-drawn 

corn cutter. The rider grabbed the corn 

stalks in his arms while a blade cut the 

stalks on the ground. This implement was 

used chiefly to cut fodder for livestock. 

Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia. 

399. FANNING MILL, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 

1969. A hand-operated, wooden fanning 

mill with hurdle, screen, grader, and side 

spout. The separator and winnower are 

combined. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia. 

400. HAY RAKE, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. 

A McCormick-Deering sulky rake with 

spring steel teeth and a hand-operated 

dumping mechanism. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia. 

401. BOOK: The Growth of Industrial Art, 1892. 

USNM 287863; 1969. This 200-page book 

by Benjamin Butterworth was printed at 

the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, in 1892. It contains line drawings of many agricultural tools and implements, some of them ancient. Gift of 

William Perkins, Hyattsville, Maryland. 

402. CORN HUSKERS, early 20th century. USNM 

287593; 1969. These huskers fit over the 

hand like a glove without fingers. A steel 

hook in the palm removed the corn husks. 

Similar devices date back to at least the 

early 19th century. Gift of Melvin Deschner, Halstend, Kansas. 

403. CORN HUSKERS, late 19th century. USNM 

287591; 1969. Similar to the huskers in 

Number 402. Gift of Cecil Eberle, Newton, Kansas. 

404. MILKING MACHINE, about 1950. USNM 

287862; 1969. A McCormick-Deering milking machine with four suction cups that 

worked from a gasoline-powered vacuum 

pump. It is a machine typical of its time 
48 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

FIGURE 33.—International Harvester spindle cotton picker, 1942. (Catalog No. 405.) 

and place, 

drid, Iowa. 

Gift of Conrad Lawlor, Ma405. MECHANICAL COTTON PICKER, 1942. USNM 

288163; 1970. International Harvester 

Model H-10-H, single-row, spindle cotton 

picker of 1942. The Model H-10-H, developed in 1941, was the first commercially 

successful spindle picker. It is about 13 

feet high and weighs about 4 tons. This 

machine and its successors completely 

transformed the cotton farming industry 

and led to the destruction of the sharecropping system. Gift of Producers Cotton Oil Co., Fresno, California, through 

International Harvester Corporation. 

406. DUPLICATOR, late 19th century and early 20th 

century. USNM 290936; 1970. This duplicator, a tube about 2i/2 inches in diameter 

and about 12 inches long, was used to copy 

407. 

408. 

farm records. The user wrote on paper 

with an indelible pencil. The original 

paper and copy papers were placed between 

two water-soaked linen leaves and all was 

rolled up on a wooden spool. Then the 

spool was inserted in the tube and left for 

a few minutes until the penciled ink stained 

through the wet papers and thus made 

copies. This specimen was used on a farm 

in Virginia. Gift of Mrs. Arthur Z. Gardiner, McLean, Virginia. 

ORCHARD LADDER, 20th century. USNM 

290936; 1970. This ladder, about 9 feet 

high and with 10 steps, narrows toward the 

top. Adjustable legs allowed it to be 

moved forward or backward for the desired 

positions in fruit picking. Gift of Mrs. 

Arthur Z. Gardiner, McLean, Virginia. 

TOBACCO, 1969. USNM 291350; 1970. 
NUMBER 17 49 

Leaves of tobacco, a plug of tobacco for 

chewing, and a leaf roll of tobacco. Gift 

of Mrs. Wanda White, Thurmond, North 

Carolina. 

409. JOHN DEERE GARDEN TRACTOR, 1963. USNM 411. 

275276; 1970. The first garden tractorriding lawn mower made by John Deere 

Company in 1963. Called the 110, it is a 

typical suburban tractor with a 7-horsepower engine and forward and reverse 412. 

gears. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois, through George Neiley. 

410. MONTAMOWER LAWN MOWER, 1923. USNM 

293356; 1970. This lawn mower, made by 

Montamower Co., Traverse City, Michigan, 

has 16 rotary blades that are about 2 inches 413. 

in diameter. The blades are set in a frame 

and are geared to the same number of 

wheels on the ground. The machine was 

patented on August 21, 1923. Gift of 

Andrew Corle, Chevy Chase, Maryland. 

"CYCLONE" SEEDER, early 20th century. 

USNM 292872; 1971. A crank-operated 

broadcast seeder that the farmer carried as 

he walked across the field. Gift of Mrs. 

Alice Wiser, College Park, Maryland. 

STRAW BEEHIVE, 20th century. USNM 

296260; 1971. This skep (a beehive made 

of woven straw) was made in the 1950s but 

is of a sort that has been used since ancient 

times. Gift of A. G. Woodson Company, 

Grand Rapids, Michigan. 

APPLE CIDER PRESS, about 1875. Received in 

1971. This "Buckeye" press, made mostly 

FIGURE 34.-Roberts-Mackensen bee insemination instrument, 1944. (Catalog No. 414.) 
50 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

of wood, was manufactured by the P. P. 

Mast Company of Springfield, Ohio. 

Many presses of this design were used 

throughout the country. Gift of Mrs. S. D. 

Mottley, Marshall, Virginia. 

414. ROBERTS-MACKENSEN BEE INSEMINATION INSTRUMENT, 1944. USNM 295414; 1971. 

This stainless steel device holds the queen 

bee while the technician performs the operation. Controlled breeding of bees has resulted in hardy and gentle breeds and 

greater production of honey. Gift of 

Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, through 

Charles Dadant. 
Index to the Catalog 

(All numbers refer to catalog entries, not to pages) 

A. G. Woodson Co., 412 

A 8c P Co., donor, 72 

Abbot, Charles G, donor, 27 

Agriculture, Department of, donor, 45, 46, 48-53, 

55, 99, 366, 380, 381, 385 

Allis, T. W. 298 

Allis-Chalmers crawler tractor, 378 

American Chemical and Paint Co., 359 

American Philosophical Society, 88, 207 

Angell, Francis, donor, 370 

Animals, see Livestock 

Animal husbandry, 253, 369, 390 

Anthropology, Department of Smithsonian Institution, donor, 391, 392, 394 

Anvil, Korean, 6 

Apples, implements used in connection with, 222, 

243, 413 

Apiary, 99, 412 

Artificial insemination of bees, 414 

Arthur, B. F., donor, 44 

Aultman-Taylor steam tractor, 406 

Auth Provision Co., donor, 56, 57 

Avery Bulldog tractor, 142 

Axe, meat, 59; tobacco, 259 

Babcock butterfat tester, 68, 230 

Bailey, Jeremiah, 170 

Bailey mower, 170 

Baker, George, 281 

Baker Perfect barbed wire, 281 

Baking, 93 

Baldwin's Improved American Fodder Cutter, 218 

Baler, 261, 390 

Bananas, 71 

Barbed wire, 44, 208, 209, 248, 279-339 

Barley, forks for, 132,274 

Barrel, churn, 92, 347; tobacco, 349 

Bar share, 111 

Basket, winnowing, 18, 141 

Bate, William S., 296 

Bean, T. H., donor, 391 

Beans, equipment for, 74 

Bear, trap for, 351 

Beardsly Scythe Co., donor, 394 

Beaver, trap for, 353 

Becker, Herman, donor, 257 

Bees, 99, 412, 414 

Bein, Thomas W., donor, 218 

Bell, Patrick, 174 

Bell reaper, 174 

Bell (s), cow, 108; turkey, 266 

Bench, for lard press, 115; saddler's, 342 

Bieber, Mrs. Clara, donor, 371 

Billings, Frank, 323 

Billings' Simple barbed wire, 323 

Binder, grain, 252 

Binder's rake, 120 

Bit, expansion, 393 

Blacksmith, Korean, 6, 7 

Blake, John B., donor, 209, 225-231 

Blount, Henry F., donor, 9 

Blount's plow, 9 

Boll, cotton, 381 

Book, farm copy, 103 

Booth, Benjamin, 287, 338 

Borden, Gail, 26 

Borden Company, donor, 26 

Bostrom, Karl, 367, 368 

Bostrom Corporation, donor, 367, 368 

Bowl, 117 

Boyce, James, 16 

Brace, butcher's, 240 

Braid, horsewhip, 109 

Branding iron, 267 

Brandon, Milton J., donor, 258 

Braun, E. A., donor, 375 

Breaker, cheese curd, 90, 161, 239; flax, 343 

Bridle bits, 107 

Brierton, Joseph, 42 

Brink-Martelle barbed wire, 295 

Brinkerhoff, Jacob, 300, 302, 316 

Brinkerhoff, John J., 295 

Brinkerhoff, Warren M., 300, 302, 316 

Brink Flat barbed wire, 300, 316, 339 

Brink Twist barbed wire, 302 

British barbed wire, 334 

Broadcast seeder, 165, 213, 258, 411 

Brotherton, J., 280-287 

Brown, Edwin, donor, 47 

Brown, Frank A., donor, 11 

Brown, James W., donor, 118-121 

Brown, Ruth, 198-200 

Brumback, Malcolm, 377 

Brush cutter, 298 

Buckeye cider press, 413 

Buckthorn barbed wire, 298 

Buggy rake, 69 

Bulldog tractor, Avery, 142 

Burgess, E. D., 366 

Burnell, Arthur, 326 

Burnell's Four Point barbed wire, 326 

Butcher, table for, 116; tools of, 56-67, 240 

Butter, implements used in preparing, 68, 82, 92, 

95, 140, 230, 345, 347, 348 

Butterfat tester, 68, 230 

Butterworth, Benjamin, 401 

51 
52 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

Byrne, Mrs. Henry H., donor, 232 

Cane mill, sugar, 100; sorghum syrup, 374 

Canning, pan for, 26 

Cape Cod clam rake, 383 

Carey plow, 23, 46, 127 

Carrier for hayfork, 184 

Caterpillar tractor, 378 

Catholic University of America, donor, 106-110 

Cattle, dehorner for, 253; branding iron for, 267 

Centrifugal cream separator, 8, 19, 411 

Champion barbed wire, 297 

Cheese making, implements for, 90, 161, 239, 364 

Childs, H. M., 140 

China, plow from, 45 

Churns, 82, 92, 140, 347, 348 

Cider mill and press, 222, 413 

Cigars, 166 

Clam rake, 383 

Clark, K. E., donor, 264 

Cleavers, 57, 58 

Clement, Robert E., 242 

Climpson, Mrs. Harley, donor, 206 

Clow, William M., 319 

Coffee, 72 

Cole, H. C, donor, 233 

Collars for turkeys, 266 

Colter plow, 47 

Combine, horse-drawn, 241 

Condensed milk, 26 

Connelly, Joseph H., 320 

Cookie roller, 93 

Cooley creamer, 33 

Cooper, Minner J., donor, 259 

Corle, Andrew, donor, 410 

Corn, tools and machines for, 75, 80, 178-182, 190, 

194, 212, 218, 221, 278, 377, 386, 397, 398, 402, 403 

Corman, Ivor, donor, 238-240 

Corsicana Clip barbed wire, 317 

Cotton, implements used in connection with, 37, 

235, 341, 380,381,405 

Cow, bell for, 108; milker for, 39, 40 

Cradle, grain harvesting, 32, 69, 91, 104, 119, 130, 

143 

Crandall, Edward M., 282, 297 

Crank, tractor, 125 

Cream, implements used for, 8, 19, 33, 68, 230, 391; 

see also Butter 

Crop meter, 380 

Crowell, John S., 329 

Cultivator (s), 46, 49, 150, 158, 162, 180-183, 185, 

195-199, 203, 205, 212, 255, 341, 342, 382, 388, 397 

Cummings, Mrs. H. G, 236 

Curd breaker, 90, 161, 239 

Cutter (s), 218, 387, 398 

Cyclone seeder, 411 

Dadant, Charles, 414 

Dadant & Sons, donor, 414 

Dairying, 8, 19, 26, 33, 39,40, 68, 82, 90, 92, 95, 108, 

126, 140, 161, 230, 239, 247, 260, 345, 347, 348, 

364, 376, 389, 404 

Daley, Michael, 284 

Daveat milk sterilizer, 260 

Daveat Milk Processes Co., donor, 260 

Davies, Elmer S., 260 

Davis, Gideon, 52 

Davis, Roderick, 27-29 

Day, F. B., donor, 69 

Decker, Alexander C, 301, 303 

Decker Spread barbed wire, 301 

Deer traps for, 352 

Deere, John, 42 

Deere plows and tractors, 42, 223, 224, 362 

Deere and Company, donor, 42, 362, 363, 409 

Deerfoot Farm Co., donor, 8 

Deering, see McCormick-Deering 

Dehorner, 253 

De Laval cream separator, 19 

De Laval Separator Co., donor, 19 

De Long, Thomas A., donor, 350 

Dentry, Gordon, donor, 256 

Department of Agriculture, see Agriculture, Department of 

Deschner, Melvin, donor, 402 

Dierbeck, John J., Jr., 365 

Diesel cultivator, 255 

Disk (s), for plows and cultivators, 77, 185, 370 

Dobbs, John, 287, 338 

Dodge, Thomas H., 321 

Dodge and Washburn barbed wire, 321 

Dry farming, plow for, 370 

Drill, grain, 202 

Duplicator for farm records, 406 

Duval, Caleb Paul, 91 

Duval, Virginia, donor, 91-96 

Eagle plow, 54 

Eagle Machine Co., 202 

Eberle, Cecil, donor, 403 

Eichner, L. C, 207 

Engines, gasoline portable, 234; starter, 124; steam 

portable, 164, 254; tractor, 262 

Ertl Company, donor, 378 

Fairchild, E. C, 148 

Fairhead, R. C, donor, 22 

Fanning mill, winnowing, 74, 97, 134, 149, 360, 361, 

399 

Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts, donor, 

150-163 

Fencing, barbed wire, 44, 208, 209, 248, 279-339 

Ferguson, Harry, 76 

Ferguson tractor, 76; disk plow, 77 

Fertilizer, 148, 225-229 

Fiber, 273, 343 

Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer, 366 

Flails, 12, 160, 265 

Flax, 273, 343 

Flickinger, J. and P., 118 
NUMBER 17 53 

Flop-over hay rakes, 136, 200, 204 

Flour mill, 102 

Flour sacks, 378 

Food processing, implements used in, 22, 26, 56, 73, 

90, 92-94, 100, 102, 112-117, 163, 221, 222, 230, 

239, 242, 243, 247, 260, 271, 278, 345, 347, 348, 

364, 371-374, 376, 389 

Fodder, implements used in connection with, 34, 

121, 123, 136-138, 146, 147, 152, 157, 168, 184, 

191, 200, 204, 218, 261, 398 

Forbes, Wells, 103 

Ford tractor, 378 

Fordson tractor, 350; crank for, 125 

Forestry, 366, 385 

Forge, Korean, 6 

Fork(s), 34, 121, 123, 132, 146, 147, 152, 155, 167, 

168, 184, 189, 191, 256, 274 

Foster, John, 49 

Four Point barbed wire, 322, 324-326 

Fox trap, 355 

Franklin Institute, donor, 237 

Frentress, Henry, 331 

Freezer, ice cream, 247 

Frick Co., donor, 164 

Frick steam engine, 164 

Frye, Andrew W., donor, 212 

Frye, William, 293 

Gallic grain header, 13, 171 

Garden tractor (s), 382, 409 

Gardiner, Mrs. Arthur Z., donor, 406, 407 

Gartling, Daniel, donor, 386-389 

Garver, Cyrus, 31 

Garver, Daniel, 31 

Garver, Melchora, donor, 31 

Gasoline engines, 234, 366, 387, 404 

Gas-turbine tractor, 365 

Gideon Davis plow, 52 

Glass butter churn, 82 

Glidden, Josiah F., 283, 288, 289, 291, 292, 311, 325, 

333, 336, 337 

Glidden barbed wire, 336, 337 

Goss, Joseph, 294 

Goodrich, C. O., donor, 124, 125 

Gould, Mary E., 90 

Goward, G, donor, 1-7 

Grafting knife, 154 

Grain, implements used in connection with, 12, 

14-16, 31, 32, 36, 69, 74, 91, 98, 102, 104, 105, 

118-120, 122, 130-132, 135, 141, 143, 144, 148, 

149, 153, 160, 165, 171-174, 189, 192, 193, 202, 

213, 214, 221, 233, 237, 241, 252, 256, 265, 270, 

274, 277, 278, 346, 392, 395, 401-403, 411; see also, 

Combines; Harvesting; Reapers, etc. 

Grass mowers, 387, 409, 410 

Grass sickles, 391 

Graybill, Pollitt, donor, 246 

Great Atlantic & Pacific Co., see A 2c P Co. 

Grinder (s), for corn, 221; for meat, 22, 94, 113 

Grist mill, 102 

Griswold, J. W., 306 

Ground Hog thresher, 192 

Grubbing, hoe for, 206; mattock for, 217 

Gunn, Carlton M., donor, 364 

Guptill, see Fitzhenry-Guptill 

Gypsy moths, sprayer for, 366 

Hackle, flax, 273 

Haish, Jacob, 308, 313 

Haish "S" barbed wire, 308, 313 

Hames, horse, 269 

Hammond, Warren, donor, 75 

Han Chin U, 1-7 

Hand tools, see Tools, hand 

Harbst, Gladys, 243 

Hardy, Peter, 10 

Harness, 145, 209 

Harpoon hayfork, 121, 123, 191 

Harris, E., 191 

Harris S 191 

Harrows, 21, 162, 183, 196, 272, 388 

Hart, Charles, 220 

Hart-Parr tractor, 220 

Harvester, see Combines; Harvesting; Reapers 

Harvesting, implements used in, 11-16, 18, 25, 27-

29, 31, 32, 69, 71, 74, 80, 91, 97, 98, 104, 105, 118, 

120, 122, 130-132, 134, 135, 141, 143, 144, 149, 

153, 160, 164, 171-175, 189, 192, 214, 237, 241, 

252, 254, 256, 259, 265, 270, 274, 277, 377, 386 

Hathaway, Laurence, donor, 90 

Hay, implements used in connection with, 34, 78, 

121, 123, 136-138, 146, 147, 152, 157, 168-170, 184, 

191, 200, 204, 218, 261, 390, 394, 396, 400; see 

also, Fodder 

Hayfork, 34, 146, 147, 152, 168 

Headers, Gallic, 13, 171 

Hepp, Frank, donor, 25 

Herbicide, 359 

Heiss, E. W., donor, 34-36 

Heiss, John, 34 

Heiss, William, 35, 36 

Hill, James, 332 

Hitchcock, Walter A., donor, 221, 222 

Hoe(s), 24, 128, 150, 158, 206, 210, 215, 232, 238, 

263 

Hoffman, John N., donor, 377 

Hogs, 240," 361 

Hogshead, tobacco, 349 

Hold Fast barbed wire, 327 

Hoist, Don, donor, 208, 248 

Holt, Benjamin, 241 

Holt, Mrs. C. Parker, donor, 241 

Holt combine, 241 

Honey; see Bees 

Hook(s), for cutting, 133, 270; for pots, 271; hay 

bale, 261; meat, 63, 64 

Hoover, William H., 56-67 

Hoosier brand of grain drill, 395 

Horses, implements used in connection with, 106, 

107, 109, 139, 145, 147, 186-188, 193, 269, 366, 

374, 390; shoeing of, 7 

Horsfall, Frank, donor, 265-276, 279-339 
54 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

Hosford, John, donor, 390 

HT-340 tractor, 365 

Huber steam tractor, 262 

Huskers, corn, 402, 403 

Hussey, Obed, 105, 172, 173 

Hussey reaper, 172, 173 

Ice saw, 163 

Ice cream freezer, 247 

Incubator, midget, 375 

Insecticide, 231; sprayer for, 366 

Insemination, bee, 414 

Interior, Department of the, donor, 12-17 

International Harvester Co., 127 (donor), 365, 378, 

387, 405 

J. I. Case, Co., 335, 378, 388 

Jayne, William, 332 

Jayne-Hill barbed wire, 332 

Jefferson, Thomas, 54, 88, 89 

jobber, corn, 190 

John Deere Co., 203, donor, 223, 224, 245 

Kanter, Clayton, donor, 178, 179 

Kelly, Michael, 310 

Kennedy, Charles, 309 

Kennedy Barbs barbed wire, 308 

Kinsman, Pelatiah, 48 

Kittleson, Ole O., 299 

Kloch, Henry, 30 

Knapp, N. E., donor, 379 

Knapp sidehill plow, 379 

Knecht, Albert, 201-204 

Knives, 60, 61, 133, 151, 154, 157, 394 

Ladder, orchard, 407 

Ladder Wire barbed wire, 303 

Lambert, Benjamin, donor, 213 

Lamprey, J. P., donor, 10 

Landis Eclipse thresher, 175 

Lard press, 115 

Laross and Brothers Co., donor, 349 

Lawlor, Conrad, donor, 404 

Lawn mower, 257, 409, 410 

Lazy Plate barbed wire, 328 

Leather, implements used in connection with, 96, 

342 

Leithiser, F. P., 244 

Lesher, Christian, 111 

Lesher, Daniel, donor, 111, 122 

Livestock, implements and materials used in connection with, 35-41, 106-109, 145, 156, 159, 208, 

209, 248, 253, 267, 268, 280-337, 369, 390 

Log roller, 129 

MacDougall, Allister F., 364 

McCormick, Cyrus H., 98, 237 

McCormick, Stephen, 38 

McCormick-Deering, 205 252, 289, 396-398, 400, 404 

McCormick-Goodhart, Leander, donor, 38 

McCormick Historical Association, donor, 28, 29, 98 

McCormick reapers, 25, 27-29, 98, 131, 237 

McMechan, A. E., donor, 340 

McPeek, Mrs. Miles, donor, 339 

Machinery, for corn picking, 80; for corn shelling, 

278; for curd breaking, 161; for fanning mills, 74, 

134, 149; for food slicing, 73; for milking, 39, 40, 

126; for power sources, 164, 193, 234, 254; for 

reaping and mowing, 78, 131, 137, 169, 172-174, 

237; for threshing, 12, 118; tractor, 124, 142, 220, 

249, 262 

Mahlon Smith plow, 177 

Major, J. D., donor, 252 

Malone, S., 75 

Manning, William, 15, 169 

Manning mower, 169 

Manure, implements used in connection with, 79, 

152, 155, 167 

Maple sugar, implements used in connection with, 

83-87 

Marker sled, 194 

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, 

donor, 143-149 

Massey-Ferguson, Inc., donor, 211 

Matterville, N., donor, 393 

Mattock, grubbing, 217 

Meal, grist mill for, 102 

Measures, feed, 35, 36 

Meat, implements used in connection with, 22, 

56-67,94, 112-116,240 

Mechanical and Civil Engineering Division, Smithsonian Institution, donor, 385 

Mehring, Bessie D., donor, 39, 40 

Mehring, William M., 39, 40, 126 

Mehring cow milker, 39, 40, 126 

Merrill, John C, 327 

Merrill, Leslie O., 379 

Merrill Twirl barbed wire, 327 

Meter, for crop estimating, 380 

Miles, Mrs. Arnold, donor, 165-168, 263 

Milk, implements used in connection with, 26, 260, 

376; see also Dairying; Milking machine 

Milking machine, 39, 40, 126, 404 

Miller Burial and Pliers Co., 166 

Mills, John G, donor, 247 

Mill(s), cider, 222; grist, 102; picks for, 372; sorghum, 374; sugar, 100 

Mink, trap for, 356 

Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., 249-251, 378 

Mitchell, John W., donor, 259 

Mittinger, A., Jr., 56-67 

Moldboard, 51, 88, 89, 201 

Moline Co., donor, 249-251; see also MinneapolisMoline, Inc. 

Montgomery, James, 97 

Montgomery, Joseph, 97 

Montgomery, Ruth, donor, 97 

Motley, Mrs. S. D., donor, 413 

Mower (s), grass, 387, 396; machine, 137; models of, 

78, 169, 170, 257; seat for, 264 

Murphy, George, donor, 73 
NUMBER 17 55 

Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, donor, 

342-348 

Muskrat trap, 357 

Muzzle, ox, 156 

Neck yoke, 188 

Needle; see harpoon fork 

Neiley, George F., 362, 363, 409 

Nelson, James, 37 

Newbold, Charles, 17, 52 

Newbold plow, 52 

New Holland Machine Co., donor, 234 

New Idea brand of implements, 78-80 

New York Historical Association, donor, 128-141 

Nickerson, William, 119 

Noirot, Everett, 142 

Nourse, J., 54 

Offenbacker, John, donor, 180-191 

Old Colony strong plow, 10, 48, 49 

Oliver, James, 70, 219 

Oliver, James B., 330 

Oliver, S. H., donor, 82 

Oliver chilled plow, 219 

Oliver Corporation 219 (donor), 220, 378 

Olmstead, Frank E., donor, 83-87 

Oneida Community, donor, 351-358 

Orchard ladder, 407 

Osmundson, A. G, donor, 81 

Osmundson Forge Co., 81 

Otter trap, 354 

Oxen, implements used in connection with, 41, 100, 

156, 159 

P.P. Mast Co., 413 

Palm, Bessie W., donor, 103 

Parr, Charles, 220 

Peeler, apple, 243 

Perkins, William, donor, 401 

Peterkin, E. W., donor, 261 

Peterson, Frank D., 260 

Peterson, Gale E., 359 

Picker, corn, 80; cotton, 405 

Pigs, see Hogs, Livestock 

Pins, meat, 67 

Pitchfork, 146, 152, 155, 167, 168 

Plantation, banana, 71; coffee, 72 

Planters, 75, 148, 178, 179, 190, 194, 233, 235, 246; 

see also Seeders 

Plow(s), 1, 9, 10, 17, 21, 23, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45-55, 

70, 77, 88, 89, 111, 127, 176, 177, 180-182, 201, 

212, 216, 219, 223, 244-246, 250, 251, 341, 344, 

370, 379 

Plowshare, 47, 341 

Plunger churn, 348 

Pork, see Hogs; Meat 

Porter, J. E., 184 

Pot hooks, 271 

Poultry, implements used in connection with, 266, 

375 

Power, sources of, 139-142, 186-188, 193, 211, 220, 

224, 234, 242, 249, 262, 350, 362, 363, 365, 366, 384 

Press, cheese, 364; cider, 222, 413; lard 115; wine, 

371 

Processing, fiber, 273, 343; food, 22, 26, 72, 73, 82, 

90, 92, 94, 102, 112-117, 221, 222, 242, 243, 247, 

271, 278, 345, 347, 348; tobacco 166 

Producers Cotton Oil Co., donor, 405 

Pulley, 121, 340 

Pyrox (insetcicide), 231 

Rakes, clam, 405; hand, 120, 195; horse-drawn, 69, 

136, 138,200,204 

Rappleye, Howard S., donor, 277 

Rat trap, 358 

Reapers, 13-16, 25, 27-29, 32, 91, 98, 104, 105, 119, 

130, 131, 135, 143, 144, 153, 171-174, 207, 237, 

241, 252 

Republic Steel Wire Co., 336, 337 

Rhoades, George, 192-197 

Rice threshing, 2 

Riddle, grain separator, 214 

Roberts-Mackensen bee inseminator, 414 

Robinson, Cora E., donor, 123 

Robinson, Lucy, donor, 205 

Rogers, Noah, 11 

Roller (s), for butter worker, 345; for cookies, 93; 

for soil, 21, 129 

Rose, Henry M., 284 

Ross, Noble S., 322 

Ross's Four Point barbed wire 322 

Rutherford, James W., donor, 210 

Sabrosky, Jennie, donor, 104 

Sacks, flour, 373; grain, 122, 277 

Saddler's buck, 342 

St. John, Spencer, 290 

Salt processing, 101 

Samson, Clarissa W., donor, 18 

Sap spouts, 83-87 

Saunders, Innes, donor, 395-400 

Sausage stuffer, 112, 114 

Saw, butcher's, 56; ice. 163 

Scoop, grain, 346 

Scoville, Edward, 41 

Scoville, Reign, donor, 41 

Scraper, butcher's, 62 

Scythe, 135, 144 

Seat (s), sulky, 264; tractor, 368; truck, 367 

Seeders, 37, 75, 148. 165, 178, 179, 190, 202, 213, 233, 

235, 258, 395 

Seeds, germinating incubator for, 397 

Self-rake reaper, 131 

Separators, cream, 8, 19, 33, 389; grain, 31, 74, 97, 

175,214,360,361, 399 

Shakers (religious community), 26 

Share for plow, 47, 341 

Sheller, 278, 386 

Shinn, Milton, 324 

Shinn's Four Point barbed wire, 324 

Shoe last, 96 
56 SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 

Shovel (s), grain, 346; plow, 180-182, 212 

Shredder, flax, 273 

Shuckers, 377 

Sickle, 153, 270, 391 

Sickle bar, 25 

Sidehill plow, 379 

Singletree, 185 

Sims, Elijah, 304 

Sinclair, Sir John, 88 

Skep,412 

Sketches, Korean, 1-7 

Sled marker, 194 

Sheer, food, 73 

Slunt, Mrs. Henry C, donor, 360, 361 

Smith, Mahlon, 177 

Smith, Robert, 51 

Smith plow, 51 

Snouter, hog, 369 

Snyder, Peter Brugler, 277 

Sod plows, 51, 344 

Sorghum cane mill, 374 

Souter, Lester, donor, 235 

Spade (s), 81, 151,236 

Spike (s), 87, 272 

Spindle cotton picker, 405 

Split Diamond barbed wire, 331 

Spouts, maple sap, 83-86 

Sprayer, power, 366 

Spreader, butcher's, 65, 66; manure, 79 

Spring-tooth harrow, 388 

Spring-tooth rake, 138, 400 

Spurs, 106, 268 

Stabler, Sydney S., donor, 32, 33, 68 

Starks, Niels O., 43 

Starter, tractor, 124 

Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, donor, 380, 381 

Steam engines, 164, 254, 341, 384 

Sterilizer, milk, 260 

Stout, Mrs. Emery L., donor, 374 

Stover, Daniel C, 317 

Strucksberg, S. O., donor, 43 

Stubbe, John, 307 

Stubbe Plate barbed wire, 307 

Stump puller, 340 

Sugar, cane, 100; maple, 83-87 

Sulky, implements for, 43, 199, 245, 251, 264, 396, 

400 

Sunderland, L. E., 305 

Sunderland Kink barbed wire 305 

Swiggett, Grace M., donor 24 

Swine, see Hogs; Meat 

Swingplow, 30 

Tavenner plow, 50 

Table, butcher's, 116 

Taylor, see Aultman-Taylor 

Tee-Pak, Inc., donor, 112-117 

Ten Eyck, James, 14 

Thomas Mills and Brothers, 247 

Thompson, Daniel, donor, 100-102 

Thorny Fence barbed wire, 310 

Threshers, see Threshing 

Threshing, implements used in connection with, 2, 

12, 31, 118, 139, 160, 175, 192, 241, 265 

Thumb, Mathew, 30 

Thurmond, Wanda W., donor, 408 

Tile knife, 151 

Tile spade, 81 

Tobacco, 4, 110 ,166, 246, 259, 349, 408 

Tools, hand, 24, 56-67, 81, 128, 132, 150, 151, 154, 

155, 158, 189, 195, 206, 210, 217, 236, 238, 263, 

270, 274, 338, 346, 377, 391, 394, 402, 403 

Topping Models, Inc., donor, 76-80 

Toy Manufacturers Association, donor, 20, 21 

Toy tractors, 20, 21, 223, 224, 378 

Tractor (s), 20, 21, 76-79, 124, 125, 142, 211, 220, 

223, 224, 249, 250, 262, 450, 362, 363, 365, 

378, 382, 384, 409; seats for, 368; with cotton 

picker, 405 

Transplanter, tobacco, 246 

Trap (s), animal, 351-358; fish, 3 

Treadmill, 139, 140 

Trelogan, Harry C, 380 

Trolley carrier, hay, 184 

Trucks, seat for, 367 

Turbine tractor, 365 

Turkey, collars for, 266 

Twist barbed wire, see Brink Twist 

Twist Oval barbed wire, 283 

2,4-D, sample of, 359 

United Fruit Company, donor, 71 

Upham, Andrew J., 318 

Vacuum pan, 26 

Vaughn, Ruben F., donor, 37 

Veikko, Jarvis, donor, 217 

Vermont Farm Machine Co., 68 

Vette, Irwin, 245 

Victor mower, 137 

Viking garden tractor, 382 

Vise, bench, 342; harness, 145 

Vista tractor, 378 

Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., donor, 383 

Waldron cradle, 32 

Wallis tractor, 211 

War wire, barbed, 312, 314, 315, 334, 335 

Washburn, Charles G, 321 

Water lift, wheel for, 101, 242 

Waterloo Boy tractor, 363 

Waterwheel, 101, 242 

Watkins, W., 328 

Waybright, Earl J., donor, 126 

Welcome, Sir Henry S., donor, 30 

Weston, D. M., 8 

Wheat, implements used in connection with, 69, 91, 

118, 131, 135, 141, 143, 144, 153, 160, 202, 213, 

241,252,265,360, 361,395 

Wheelbarrow, 275, 276 

Whip, 109 
NUMBER 17 57 

Wiat, Newton E., donor, 253 

Wilson, Arden, donor, 74 

Wimberly, C. W., donor, 372, 373 

Winch, tractor, 350 

Windmill, 101 

Winepress, 371 

Winner barbed wire, 311 

Winnowing, baskets for, II, 18, 141; mills for, 31, 

74, 97, 134, 149, 360, 361, 399 

Wire, barbed, see Barbed wire 

Wiser, Alice, donor, 411 

Wood, Jethro, 38 

Woodcock plow, 53 

Woodson, A. G., 412 

Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia, donor, 

382 

Wright expansion bit, 393 

Yoke, ox, 41, 159 

Zig-Zag barbed wire, 297 
Publications on Farming by the Staff of the Division 

of Agriculture and Mining, 1965-1971 

Christian, Pauline B. 

1968. Annotated List of Photographs in the Division of Agriculture and Forest Products. 

Smithsonian Institution, Information Leaflet 519. 126 pages. 

Peterson, Gale E. 

1967. "The Discovery and Development of 

2,4-." Agricultural History, 41 (July 

1967):243-253. 

1967. "Living Historical Farms: A Feasibility 

Study." Smithsonian Journal of History, 

2(Summer 1967):72-76. 

Schlebecker, John T. 

1965. "The Great Holding Action: The NFO in 

September, 1962." Agricultural History, 

39 (October 1965) :204-213. [Reprinted in 

Readings in Collective Behavior, edited 

by Robert B. Evans. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969.] 

1966. "Research in Agricultural History at the 

Smithsonian Institution." Agricultural 

History, 40(Tuly 1966):207-210. 

1966. "The Combine Made in Stockton." The 

Pacific Historian, 10(Autumn 1966): 14-21. 

Illustrated. 

1967. A History of American Dairying. Chicago: Rand McNally. 48 pages, illustrated. 

1967. A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets 

on the History of American Agriculture, 

1607-1967. Santa Barbara: Clio Press. 

182 pages. 

1967. "Agriculture in Western Nebraska, 1906-

1966." Nebraska History, 48 (Autumn 

1967): 249-266. 

1967. "Henry Ford's Tractor." Smithsonian 

Journal of History, 2(Summer 1967):63-64. 

Illustrated. 

1967. The Past in Action: Living Historical 

Farms. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 67 pages. 

1968. Living Historical Farms:A Walk into the 

Past. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 31 pages, illustrated. [Reprinted in Early American Life, 2(JanuaryFebruary 1971):8-13, 54-59.] 

1969. 

1970. 

1971. 

1972. 

1972. 

[Editor.] "Colonial American Agriculture, 1701-1800. Agricultural History, 

43(1):1-212. 

"Living Historic Farms Tell It Like It 

Was." In Contours of Change, Yearbook 

of Agriculture, 1970 (pages 229-236, illustrated) Washington: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture. 

"Farmers in the Lower Shenandoah Valley, 1850." Virginia Magazine of History 

and Biography, 79(October, 1971):462-476. 

"Curatorial Agriculture." Agricultural 

History, 46(January, 1972): 95-103. 

and Gale E. Peterson 

"Living Historical Farms Handbook." 

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, 16:1-91. 

Shairer, George Terry 

1970. George Washington Carver. Washington: 

Smithsonian Institution Press. 12 pages, 

illustrated. 

"Indigo in Carolina, 1671-1796." The 

South Carolina Historical Magazine, 

72(April, 1971):94-103. 

"The Indigo Bonanza in South Carolina, 

1740-90." Technology and Culture, 

12( July 1971):447-455. 

Summons, Terry G. 

1968. "Animal Feed Additives, 1940-1966." 

Agricultural History, 42(October 1968): 

305-313. 

Wessel, Thomas R. 

1967. "Prologue to the Shelterbelt, 1870-1934." 

Journal of the West, 6(January 1967): 119-

134. Illustrated. 

The Honey Bee. Smithsonian Institution, 

Information Leaflet 482. 16 pages, illustrated. [Revised 1968.] 

"Roosevelt and the Great Plains Shelterbelt." Great Plains Journal, 8(Spring 

1969): 57-74. 

"Agriculture and Iroquois Hegemony in 

New York, 1610-1779." Maryland Historian, 1 (Fall 1970): 93-104. 

1971 

1971. 

1967. 

1969. 

1970. 

M- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEt 1972 O 480-24 4 



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