Petition for Writ of Mandamus Conditionally Granted in Part and Denied in 

Part and Opinion filed January 30, 2024.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-23-00183-CV

IN RE 4X INDUSTRIAL, LLC, FRANK THIELEN,

ESTEBAN RUIZ, Relators

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

WRIT OF MANDAMUS

334th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2019-65517

O P I N I O N

This is the second original proceeding in our court between these parties 

arising from a discovery order in a trade secrets theft action. In the present matter, 

relators 4X Industrial, LLC, Frank Thielen, and Esteban Ruiz seek mandamus relief 
2

from the trial court’s order compelling Ruiz to produce two electronic storage 

devices onto which he allegedly downloaded trade secrets belonging to his former 

employer, real party in interest Russell Marine, LLC. The order also contains a 

separate, conditional provision that, if it is determined from a forensic examination 

of the devices that they were connected to any other computers, then relators are to

produce any such computers within their control within one business day after that 

determination is made. Relators seek mandamus relief from this conditional 

provision as well. 

We conditionally grant the petition in part and deny it in part. 

Background

We previously discussed some of the facts pertaining to this dispute in a prior 

opinion. In re 4X Indus., LLC, 639 S.W.3d 801 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2021, orig. proceeding). 4X Industrial and Russell Marine are direct competitors in 

the railroad construction industry with common clients such as Union Pacific and 

Kansas City Southern. Russell Marine employed Frank Thielen and Esteban Ruiz. 

According to Russell Marine, Thielen and Ruiz were entrusted with Russell 

Marine’s trade secrets for the sole purpose of preparing bid proposals, servicing 

customer inquiries and requests, managing projects, and marketing railroad 

construction business. Russell Marine asserts that its protected trade secret 

information includes bid proposals, pricing information, bidding and pricing strategy 

and processes, targeted projects, prospective projects, client lists, client information, 

budgets, estimates, marketing plans, and project management processes and 

procedures.
3

Russell Marine terminated Thielen’s employment in April 2019, and 4X 

Industrial hired him two months later. Russell Marine terminated Ruiz’s 

employment in August 2019, and 4X Industrial hired him that month. It is alleged 

that Russell Marine performed a forensic examination of Ruiz’s work computer after 

his departure. The examination revealed that Ruiz downloaded 15,000 pages of 

Russell Marine’s trade secrets onto at least one and possibly two electronic storage 

devices (the “Ruiz Devices”), which Ruiz took with him upon his termination. The 

Ruiz Devices consist of (1) a Western Digital “Easy Store” external hard drive (the 

“WD Drive”), and (2) a UDisk USB storage device (the “USB Device”). According 

to Russell Marine, the downloaded information included trade secret information 

regarding pricing, budgeting, bidding and pricing strategies and processes, payroll 

information, and project management process and procedures. 

Russell Marine sued 4X Industrial, Thielen, and Ruiz for trade secrets

misappropriation and related claims on September 11, 2019. 

Discovery disputes followed. In an earlier mandamus proceeding, we 

considered a complaint by 4X Industrial that a trial court order compelling 

compliance with certain of Russell Marine’s requests for production was an abuse 

of discretion because the order at issue compelled 4X Industrial to produce its trade 

secrets. In re 4X Indus., LLC, 639 S.W.3d at 807. We conditionally granted 

mandamus relief because 4X Industrial demonstrated that the requests at issue 

sought its trade secrets, and Russell Marine had not satisfied its evidentiary burden 

to show that the information requested was necessary to a fair adjudication of its 

claims. Id. at 810-15. 
4

The present proceeding involves a separate discovery dispute arising from 

relators’ alleged failure to adequately respond to Russell Marine’s discovery 

requests for its own trade secret information Ruiz is alleged to have taken and that 

is the subject of the lawsuit. In the requests at issue, Russell Marine asked Ruiz and 

4X Industrial to produce the Ruiz Devices and all Russell Marine information 

downloaded to them. We summarize the requests below.

A. Discovery requests to Ruiz

The relevant requests for production served on Ruiz are the following:

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 6:

Any and all documents or data in your possession, custody, or control 

(1) which came from or was copied from Russell Marine or other 

Russell Marine sources; or (2) which was generated by you or anyone 

else based upon information obtained from Russell Marine or which 

was generated by you or anyone else on behalf of Russell Marine.

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 17:

All disks, CD’s or DVD’s containing any information or files you have 

downloaded from Russell Marine’s computer system.

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 27:

Any and all documents or electronic data of any kind which you copied, 

downloaded, emailed, or otherwise obtained at or from Russell Marine, 

or from anyone working for or on behalf of Russell Marine.

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 37:

All thumb drives, disks or external drives of any kind containing the 

information or files you downloaded from Russell Marine’s computer 

system in at any time during 2019.
5

Ruiz asserted the following “General Response” to all requests:

At the time of termination of Ruiz’s employment with Russell 

Marine, Ruiz had accumulated a number of documents relating to his 

work, including both Russell Marine documents and documents from 

before he worked for Russell Marine, over the years in his personal 

possession at home.

Ruiz saved these documents to a USB drive that he turned over 

to outside counsel for his new employer, 4X Industrial, after learning 

that Russell Marine was asserting claims relating to Ruiz’s employment 

by 4X. Ruiz’s counsel has copies of those documents. These 

documents have not been provided to 4X, and Ruiz no longer has any 

of those documents in his personal possession. Ruiz’s counsel will 

produce to Plaintiff’s counsel copies of all of the documents on the USB 

drive. [Bold in original.]

Ruiz produced copies of the documents contained on the USB drive, but he 

produced nothing else in response to these requests. 

B. Discovery requests to 4X Industrial

Russell Marine also served the following requests for production on 4X 

Industrial:

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 24:

All thumb drives, disks, CD’s or DVD’s you have received or used 

containing any information or files that have been downloaded from 

Russell Marine’s computer system.

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 27:

All thumb drives, disks, CD’s or DVD’s containing any information or 

files Ruiz has downloaded from Russell Marine’s computer system.
6

Among other objections to these requests, 4X Industrial asserted that they 

were “unduly burdensome,” that it could not reasonably determine what information 

was requested, and that it otherwise knew of no responsive documents. 

Additionally, 4X Industrial referred Russell Marine to Ruiz’s responses.

C. Discovery request to Ruiz and 4X Industrial

Finally, Russell Marine served a second set of requests for production on both 

Ruiz and 4X Industrial, which included a request to produce any computer or other 

storage device that contained, or had been used to download, store, or transmit,

Russell Marine’s information. The relevant request is:

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 1:

All computers, electronic note pads, telephones, SIM cards, hard drive 

devices, USB storage devices and other data storage devices that 

contain or were used to download, store or transmit data or information 

of any kind from a device, computer or server belonging to or 

containing information of Russell Marine, including without limitation 

any such device containing such information or that contained copies 

of any such Russell Marine information, without regard to the original 

source thereof. The responsive documents and devices shall include, 

but not be limited to, the login and password information for accessing 

these devices.

Objecting to this request, Ruiz asserted that Russell Marine had not 

established entitlement to directly access his electronic devices under the standards 

articulated in In re Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding), 

In re Shipman, 540 S.W.3d 562 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding), and In re Methodist 

Primary Care Group, 553 S.W.3d 709 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, orig. 

proceeding). He added that his devices contained personal, private, and privileged 
7

information that was not relevant to the claims and not discoverable, and that there 

was no showing that requested and relevant data could not be obtained by less 

intrusive means, such as Ruiz searching his devices for requested documents. 

Further, he directed Russell Marine to his earlier representation that all Russell 

Marine documents on his USB drive had been given to his attorney and provided to 

Russell Marine.

For its part, 4X Industrial asserted that, subject to various objections, it was 

unaware of any responsive devices. 

D. Motion to compel and court order

Russell Marine filed a motion to compel production of electronic storage 

devices. It argued that Ruiz’s and 4X Industrial’s responses to the above requests 

were inadequate, that all information Russell Marine contended had been 

downloaded and taken by Ruiz had not been produced, and that the information at 

issue in the suit was likely to be found on the Ruiz Devices. Russell Marine attached 

a declaration by its expert, Craig Ball. After examining forensic images of Ruiz’s 

company computer and phone, Ball determined that:

• In July 2019, Ruiz attached the WD Drive to his Russell Marine laptop via 

the USB port and installed a backup program to copy numerous folders 

and gigabyte volumes of files from the laptop to the WD Drive. Ruiz ran 

the backup program twice on July 10, 2019, and subsequently, uninstalled 

the application (during the morning of July 15, 2019) but failed to eradicate 

all artifacts of its prior installation and use.

• The data downloaded to the WD Drive included estimates, bid data, 

contracts, proposals, cost data, communications, contacts, and other 
8

business and proprietary information relating to Russell Marine’s clients 

and projects.

• Between July 12 and July 15, 2019, Ruiz “double deleted” more than 700

files (i.e. he deleted files from their folders and then emptied those deleted

files from the Windows Recycle Bin). Almost all these deleted documents 

were Excel spreadsheets and Word and Acrobat documents.

• On July 14 and 24, 2019, Ruiz attached the USB Device1to his Russell 

Marine laptop. 

• The WD Drive was again connected to Ruiz’s Russell Marine laptop on 

July 29, 2019.

Russell Marine requested that the Ruiz Devices be produced for forensic 

examination based on a protocol to be agreed upon by Ball and 4X Industrial’s 

expert. 

Ruiz and 4X Industrial filed separate responses to the motion to compel, both 

arguing primarily that Russell Marine had not satisfied the Weekley Homes standards 

for production of electronic storage devices. Ruiz also filed his declaration, in which 

he swore:

• He possessed the WD Drive referenced in Ball’s declaration. He had the 

WD Drive for years and stored both work and personal documents on it, 

though he could not remember every document. He had not accessed the 

WD Drive “recently.” He asserted that the personal information on the 

WD Drive was irrelevant to the lawsuit and that it would violate his privacy 

rights to grant Russell Marine’s lawyers or experts direct access.

• He had searched for but not located a USB drive matching the USB Device 

identified in Ball’s declaration.

1 Ball stated that the USB Device was assigned Windows serial number 6&cc50df8.
9

• His discovery responses accurately stated that he had saved to a USB drive 

the work documents he accumulated at Russell Marine. It was his 

understanding that his counsel produced all of those documents to Russell 

Marine.

The trial court granted the motion to compel and signed the order at issue, 

which provides:

It is hereby ORDERED that the Plaintiff’s Motion is granted.

Defendant Esteban Ruiz shall produce the Western Digital “Easy 

Store” 25FC external hard drive (VIN 70B9E531) and the USB device

(UDisk USB Device 002D37A1, E41AA8B7) (the “Transfer Devices”) 

to Russell Marine’s counsel within 21 days of the entry of this Order.

It is further,

ORDERED that Russell Marine’s forensic expert, Craig D. Ball, and 

Defendants’ forensic expert, Noel Kersh, shall work together to 

determine a forensic examination protocol to be applied to the Transfer 

Devices and any devices to which they were connected. It is further,

ORDERED that if it is determined from the forensic examination that 

the Transfer Devices were connected to any computers, that the 

Defendants Esteban Ruiz, Frank Thielen and 4X Industrial, LLC shall 

produce any such computers within their possession, custody or control

within one (1) business day after the experts, or any of them, make that 

determination. It is further,

ORDERED that all non-privileged hard copies, together with an 

electronic copies [sic] with all metadata intact, of any Russell Marine 

documents referred to in Plaintiffs First Amended Petition shall be 

produced to counsel for Russell Marine within one (1) business day 

from the date of completion of the forensic examination of the 

computers.

Analysis
10

Relators contend that the order is an abuse of discretion because Russell 

Marine has not established entitlement to directly access the identified electronic 

devices under the standards articulated in Weekley Homes, Shipman, and Methodist 

Primary Care Group. Further, 4X Industrial seeks relief from the court’s order that 

it produce any computers to which the Ruiz Devices were connected within one 

business day after that determination is made. They say it would be impossible for 

them to identify, locate, authenticate, and produce any such drives in one business 

day. Relators contend that they lack adequate remedy by ordinary appeal.

Russell Marine responds that Weekley Homes does not apply here and that its 

requirements are met in any event as to all the identified devices. Russell Marine 

adds that only the portions of the court’s order compelling production of the Ruiz 

Devices are ripe for mandamus review because it has yet to be determined whether 

those devices were attached to any other 4X Industrial computers. With respect to 

the deadline by which 4X Industrial must produce any computers to which the Ruiz 

Devices were attached, Russell Marine urges us to deny relief because that deadline 

is not unreasonable, and it will agree to provide additional time to comply. 

A. Mandamus standard of review

To obtain mandamus relief, a relator generally must show both that the trial 

court clearly abused its discretion and that the relator has no adequate remedy by 

appeal. In re Dawson, 550 S.W.3d 625, 628 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding) (per 

curiam); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. 

proceeding). A trial court clearly abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so 

arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law or if 
11

it clearly fails to analyze the law correctly or apply the law correctly to the facts. In 

re H.E.B. Grocery Co., L.P., 492 S.W.3d 300, 302-03 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding) 

(per curiam); In re Cerberus Cap. Mgmt. L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005) 

(orig. proceeding) (per curiam). The appellate court reviews the trial court’s 

application of the law de novo. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 

1992) (orig. proceeding). The relator must establish that the trial court could 

reasonably have reached only one decision. Id. 

A discovery order, including one requiring production of electronic data and 

information, that compels production beyond the rules of procedure is an abuse of 

discretion for which mandamus is the proper remedy. See In re Nat’l Lloyds Ins. 

Co., 507 S.W.3d 219, 223 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); Methodist 

Primary Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 714. The harm that a party will suffer from being 

required to relinquish control of its data for forensic inspection, and the harm that 

might result from revealing private conversations, trade secrets, and privileged or 

otherwise confidential communications, cannot be remedied on appeal. See Weekley 

Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 322-23. 

B. Law applicable to the production of electronic storage devices

Weekley Homes explained the standards for granting an expert access to data 

on another party’s electronic storage device. As examinations of that sort are 

“particularly intrusive,” they are “generally discouraged” and should not be ordered 

routinely. Id. at 317; Methodist Primary Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 717. 

As a threshold to granting direct access to electronic devices, “‘the requesting 

party must show that the responding party has somehow defaulted in its obligation 
12

to search its records and produce the requested data.’” Shipman, 540 S.W.3d at 567 

(quoting Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 317). The requesting party should also 

show that the responding party’s production has been inadequate and that a search 

of the opponent’s electronic storage device is reasonably likely to reveal responsive 

information. See Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 317, 319-21; Methodist Primary 

Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 718. This burden is “high,” Shipman, 540 S.W.3d at 569, 

and courts do not rely on “‘mere skepticism or bare allegations that the responding 

party has failed to comply with its discovery duties.’” Id. at 568 (quoting Weekley 

Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 317-18). 

When examination of a party’s electronic storage device is appropriate, only 

a qualified expert should be afforded access, and the least intrusive means of 

providing relevant, responsive information should be employed. Weekley Homes, 

295 S.W.3d at 322. A party from whom discovery is sought is entitled to protection 

from an unreasonable invasion of personal, constitutional, or property rights. Id. at 

318; In re VERP Inv., LLC, 457 S.W.3d 255, 261 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015, orig. 

proceeding). Courts must address these privilege, privacy, and confidentiality 

concerns. Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 318. 

Initially, Russell Marine contends that Weekley Homes does not apply because 

the information it seeks from the Ruiz Devices is the subject matter of the lawsuit. 

Russell Marine cites Weekley Homes’s acknowledgment that direct access to a 

responding party’s electronic storage device is more likely to be allowed when a 

direct relationship exists between the device and the claims. See id. at 319. 

Effectively, Russell Marine asks us to recognize a plaintiff’s automatic right to 
13

directly access electronic storage devices when the claims are for misappropriation 

of trade secrets and there is an indication that trade secrets were taken electronically. 

We do not read Weekley Homes as suggesting that examination of another 

party’s electronic storage device is automatic in any type of case, including cases 

alleging misappropriation of trade secrets. Surrendering an electronic storage device 

for examination by another litigant is particularly intrusive no matter what claims 

are at issue. Importantly, the availability of electronic discovery is always subject 

to a balancing test. In re State Farm Lloyds, 520 S.W.3d 595, 599, 607-12 (Tex. 

2017) (orig. proceeding) (“[A]ll discovery is subject to the proportionality overlay 

embedded in our discovery rules and inherent in the reasonableness standard to 

which our electronic-discovery rule is tethered.”).2 “Intrusive discovery measures—

such as ordering direct access to an opponent’s electronic storage device—require, 

at a minimum, that the benefits of the discovery measure outweigh the burden 

imposed upon the discovered party.” Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 322. In any 

given case, consideration of the relevant interests may counsel against direct access 

to an electronic storage device because the production of documents from the device 

may prove adequate without a need to examine the device itself. 

To be sure, as Weekley Homes observed, most courts have been amenable to 

permitting a party direct access to another party’s electronic storage device when, as 

2 When considering whether to compel the production of electronic data, the trial court 

must balance: (1) the likely benefit of the requested discovery; (2) the needs of the case; (3) the 

amount in controversy; (4) the parties’ resources; (5) the importance of the issues at stake in the 

litigation; (6) the importance of the proposed discovery in resolving the litigation; and (7) any 

other articulable factor bearing on proportionality. State Farm Lloyds, 520 S.W.3d at 607-12.
14

here, a direct relationship exists between the electronic storage device and the claim 

itself. Id. at 319 (discussing federal cases). This result makes sense when 

considering the balancing of relevant concerns as applied to trade secrets theft cases, 

but neither Weekley Homes nor the cases it discusses suggest that a misappropriation 

of trade secrets plaintiff has an automatic right to conduct a forensic examination of 

electronic storage devices. Notably, this court has held that Weekley Homes applies 

to mandamus review of an order compelling production of computer hard drives in 

a trade secrets theft action. Methodist Primary Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 718-19. 

The First Court of Appeals has also applied Weekley Homes to a comparable dispute. 

In re Pinnacle Eng’g, Inc., 405 S.W.3d 835, 842-44 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2013, orig. proceeding). Accordingly, we hold that the Weekley Homes standards 

apply to this proceeding, and we turn to whether those standards are satisfied.

C. WD Drive

We first consider the trial court’s order compelling Ruiz to produce the WD 

Drive. 

In support of its motion to compel, Russell Marine relied on the declaration 

of its expert, Ball. Ball stated that he examined forensic mirror images of Ruiz’s 

Russell Marine computer and company phone to determine whether Ruiz used those 

devices to download Russell Marine data before he left the company’s employ in 

August 2019. Ball determined that, in July 2019, Ruiz attached the WD Drive to his 

Russell Marine laptop via the USB port and copied numerous folders and gigabyte 

volumes of files, including estimates, bid data, contracts, proposals, cost data,

communications, contacts, and other business and proprietary information relating
15

to Russell Marine’s clients and projects. Between July 12 and July 15, 2019, Ruiz

“double deleted” more than 700 files. According to Ball, the WD Drive was again 

connected to Ruiz’s Russell Marine laptop on July 29, 2019.

In Ruiz’s declaration filed in response to the motion to compel, he 

acknowledged having in his possession a Western Digital portable hard drive that 

matched the serial number of the WD Drive referenced by Ball. He said he had the 

WD Drive for years and stored both work and personal documents on it. He had not 

accessed the WD Drive “recently” because he claimed he did not “want to 

complicate the facts by accessing the WD Drive in any way that could alter the data 

on it.” 

Russell Marine complained in its motion to compel that many of the 

documents Ruiz downloaded are not included in Ruiz’s production, citing specific 

documents by Bates number. 

A party responding to an electronic discovery request must produce the data 

that is responsive to the request and “reasonably available to the responding party in 

the ordinary course of business” or object on grounds that the information cannot 

through reasonable efforts be retrieved or produced in the form requested. See Tex.

R. Civ. P. 196.4; Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 315. In response to Russell 

Marine’s requests for production seeking documents, data, or information copied or 

downloaded from Russell Marine’s computers, Ruiz did not assert an objection that 

the requested information could not through reasonable efforts be retrieved or 

produced. He agreed to produce responsive documents and said that he had already 

done so. Yet, by Ruiz’s account, he has not searched the WD Drive he admittedly
16

possesses to determine whether it hasresponsive data even though it contains “work” 

documents. While Ruiz may not have realized that he potentially had responsive 

documents on the WD Drive when he responded initially to the requests for 

production, once he determined that the WD Drive referenced by Ball was in his 

control, he had an ongoing duty to supplement his responses. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.5. 

The record supports a finding that he has not complied with this obligation. 

Based on the record, the trial court could have reasonably found that Ruiz

defaulted at least in part on his obligation under Rule 196.4 to search for and produce 

responsive electronic data on the WD Drive; that his production has been inadequate; 

and that a further search of the WD Drive could recover relevant materials. See 

Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 317; Methodist Primary Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 

720; In re Clark, 345 S.W.3d 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2011, orig. 

proceeding) (per curiam).

An order compelling production of an electronic storage device must contain 

provisions to protect the responding party’s privacy and privileges, as well as the 

confidentiality of non-responsive information. See Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 

318-19; Pinnacle, 405 S.W.3d at 846. The trial court must also consider whether 

less intrusive means would suffice. Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 318-19; 

Methodist Primary Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 720. Here, however, the challenged

order does not contain any mechanism or protocol to protect Ruiz’s privacy, 

privileges, or the confidentiality of non-responsive information. Weekley Homes, 

295 S.W.3d at 318-19; Pinnacle, 405 S.W.3d at 846. Nor does it appear that the 

court considered whether less intrusive means will suffice short of producing the 
17

WD Drive itself. See Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 316, 318-19, 321-22; In re 

Wilcox, No. 09-20-00271-CV, 2021 WL 1031141, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 

Mar. 18, 2021, orig. proceeding) (mem. op., per curiam) (court did not consider less 

intrusive measures); Methodist Primary Care Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 720 (trial court 

did not consider whether less intrusive measures would suffice). When the order 

fails to address these interests, mandamus is appropriate. Methodist Primary Care 

Grp., 553 S.W.3d at 721-23; Pinnacle, 405 S.W.3d at 846 (mandamus conditionally 

granted when order did not explain how expert would protect relators’ privacy or 

privilege concerns); Clark, 345 S.W.3d at 213-14 (mandamus conditionally granted 

when order did not provide mechanism through which responding party could 

withhold from discovery any privileged or confidential information). The court 

ordered the parties’ experts to work together to determine a forensic examination 

protocol to apply to the Ruiz Devices, but the record does not indicate that any 

agreement has been reached, and no joint protocol was provided to the court or 

described in the order.

We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in compelling Ruiz to turn 

over the WD Drive without providing any mechanism through which Ruiz can 

withhold from discovery any documents or information that is privileged or 

confidential and by failing to consider less intrusive means. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 

196.4; Weekley Homes, 295 S.W.3d at 322; Pinnacle, 405 S.W.3d at 846.

D. USB Device

The trial court also compelled Ruiz to surrender the USB Device for forensic 

examination. Ruiz averred that he could not locate a USB device matching the serial 
18

number of the USB referenced by Ball in his declaration; however, he confirmed 

that he previously saved to a USB drive the work documents he accumulated at 

Russell Marine.3 He gave that USB drive to his counsel. It was his understanding 

that all the documents contained on that USB drive had been produced to Russell 

Marine.

The record contains no evidence that Ruiz has not reliably produced all the 

responsive documents contained on the USB drive in his counsel’s possession.4 

Though Russell Marine has identified specific documents it contends are missing 

from Ruiz’s production, those documents may be contained on the WD Drive. 

Notably, Ball did not state in his declaration that data was downloaded or copied to 

the USB Device from Ruiz’s laptop; he said only that Ruiz attached the USB Device 

to his Russell Marine laptop on July 14, 2019. This is in contrast to Ball’s specific 

assertion that data was downloaded to the WD Drive from the laptop. 

Under the present circumstances, the record does not show that Ruiz defaulted 

on his discovery obligations as to the USB Device. See Shipman, 540 S.W.3d at 

569. Thus, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in compelling Ruiz to 

surrender the USB Device for forensic examination. Nothing about our ruling, 

however, precludes Russell Marine from seeking additional or further relief should 

it appear that Ruiz’s production remains inadequate after Russell Marine receives 

responsive information, if any, contained on the WD Drive. 

3 Ruiz did not state that the USB drive contained personal information.

4 The record does not clarify whether the USB drive Ruiz’s counsel possesses is the same 

USB Device referenced by Ball in his declaration.
19

E. The 4X Industrial computers

The order also states that: (1) if it is determined from a forensic examination 

that the Ruiz Devices were connected to any computers, then Ruiz, Thielen, and 4X

Industrial shall produce any such computers within their possession, custody, or 

control within one business day after that determination is made; and (2) all nonprivileged hard copies, together with electronic copies with all metadata intact, of 

any Russell Marine documents referred to in Plaintiffs’ First Amended Petition shall 

be produced to counsel for Russell Marine within one business day from the date of

completion of the forensic examination of the computers.

Relators contend these portions of the order are an abuse of discretion because 

Russell Marine failed to meet its burden under Weekley Homes as to these 

unidentified computers and documents; because the computers and documents 

referenced in the order are not responsive to any discovery request; and because the 

court’s order makes searching for any such computers impossible. 

Generally, mandamus does not issue for preliminary or conditional rulings. 

In re Rojo Ent., LLC, No. 13-21-00440-CV, 2022 WL 2135556, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi June 14, 2022, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (mem. op.); see also

In re Walmart, Inc., 620 S.W.3d 851, 866-67 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, orig. 

proceeding [mand. denied]); In re Watson, 259 S.W.3d 390, 392-93 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2008, orig. proceeding); In re Rodriguez, 409 S.W.3d 178, 180-81 (Tex. 

App.—Beaumont 2013, orig. proceeding) (per curiam). Russell Marine argues that 

relators’ attack on the above sections of the order is premature because they are 

conditional. We agree. See Walmart, 620 S.W.3d at 866. Moreover, given our 
20

disposition with respect to the Ruiz Devices, we need not reach this part of relators’

argument. This portion of the mandamus petition is denied.

Conclusion

In sum, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by compelling Ruiz 

to produce the WD Drive absent providing for mechanisms to protect any privileged 

or confidential data contained on that device and by failing to consider less intrusive 

means. We also hold that the trial court abused its discretion in compelling Ruiz to 

produce the USB Device because, as the record stands, Ruiz has not defaulted his 

discovery obligations as to that device. We otherwise deny the petition. We 

conditionally grant Ruiz’s petition for writ of mandamus in part as explained above 

and direct the trial court to vacate its February 28, 2023 order to the extent that it 

compels Ruiz to produce the WD Drive and the USB Device for forensic 

examination. We are confident the trial court will act in accordance with this opinion 

and the writ will issue only if the court fails to do so. Our March 20, 2023 stay order 

is lifted.

/s/ Kevin Jewell

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jewell, Poissant, and Wilson.