# i\TION

ofwhite bond Jund. Number the publisher.
ngth including

t non-research

:dgements)

;, punctuation, LE MANUAL 3900 Wisconsin
:e Management 'ovide adequate

ific names in the

, first page with tions should be )f Forestry, The
es and Wildlife, h Commission, of.

10 wordsorthree he introductory
e.
nder "Literature ansactionsofthe
e parenthetically 

# PROCEEDINGS

..­ 

# OFTHE

# THIRTY-SECOND~ANNUAL CONFERENCE ­ SOUTHEASTERN

III

# ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES.

NOVEMBER 5-8, 1978 HOT SPRINGS, VIRGINIA

OFFICERS JAMES A. TIMMERMAN, President South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department GEORGE WINT, Vice-President Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation GARY MYERS, Secretary-Treasurer Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency

MEMBER STATES Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia

Editor: RALPH W. DIMMICK Associate Editor for Wildlife: JAY D. HAIR Associate Editor for Fisheries: JOHN GROVER

## SELENIUM ACCUMULATION ASSOCIATED WITH FISH MORTALITY AND REPRO. DUCTIVE FAILURE 

## PETER M. CUMBIE, Design Engineering Department. Duke PowerCompany, P.O. Box33189, Charlotte, NC 28242 

# scon L. VAN HORN, Division of Inland Fisheries, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Raleigh, NC 27611 '

Ahslracr: Fish populationsofBel.ews Lake. North Carolina. declined duringthe period of operation of the Belews Creek Steam Station from 1974 through 1977. Reproduction of fish in the main lake was almost completely absent in /976 and 1977. A survey oftrace elements in water and fish from Belews Lakeindicated that selenium concentrationswere elevated in Belews Lake water, and that fish in the lake had accumulated unUsual amounts of selenium. Fish from a remote area of Belews Lake where normal reproduction took place in 1976 and 1977 had much lower selenium concentrations in their tissues than fish from the main basin. Only trace elements of selenium OCCUr naturally in water. soil. or mineral deposits in the Belews Lake drainage. Selenium 

# tit

_ entered Belews Lake in solubleform by wayofthe powerplantfly ash sluice waterreturn.

, ... ! Selenium concentrations in Belews Lake water were not high enough to be directly toxic to fish. Uptake by plankton introduced selenium to the food c·hain where it ultimately reached elevated levels in fish due to bioaccumulation. Selenium is known to interfere with reproduction in animals. and is considered to be the most probablecauseofreduced fish reproduction in Belews Lake. The North Carolna ,Department ofNatural Resources and Community Development and Duke Power Company have taken action to reduce 

# , .. Dr inputs of seleniumto Belews Lake

. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish 

### & Wildl. Agencies 32: 612-624

The fish populations of Belews Lake were studied by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Division of Inland Fisheries from 1971 through 1976. As a continuation ofthatfisheries program. Duke PowerCompany initiated a study ofthefish populations of Belews Lakeand their responsestoitsthermal regime in July 1976(Harrell et al. 1978). The results ofthese studies indicated that fish standingcrops in Belews Lake
were extremely low by the fall of 1976, on the order of25 kg! ha or less, and haddeclined during the period from 1973 through 1976. Reproduction ofall species was normal prior to 1975. but reproduction declined and all but disappeared in 1976. Rotenone sampling conducted in September 1976 yielded almost no young-of-the-year fishes from Belews Lake. Intensive sampling for larval fish in the spring and summer of 1977 detected only carp (C.l'prinus carpio) larvae in the main lake (Harrell et al. 1978). Concurrent investigation of an area separated from the main lake by 2 highway causeways which largely restrict exchange of water with the main lake to downstream flow (Station 158, Fig. I) revealed that apparently normal fish populations persisted in those waters, dominated by sunfishes (Lepomis spp.) and catfishes (/c/{/Iurusspp.). Larvae andyoungof-the-year fishes were collected from Station 158 in the spring of 1977, indicating that reproduction was occurring in that area. These observations suggested that fish reproduction and possibly adult fish survival had been adversely affected by factors associated with the main basin of Belews Lake which were absent at Station 158. A number of possible causes for this situation were considered, including (I) unusually poor year class strength associated with unfavorable environmental factors such as water level. temperature. etc.; (2) unbalanced population structure resulting in poor reproductive success; (3) mortality due to thermal effects in certain areas; (4) losses due to impingement and entrainment; (5) adverse effects of diseases or parasites; and (6) mortality and reproductive failure due to effects of

612 

# 1

chemicals. Examinatio 

# l through (5) as probabl described in this report 

# I

, 

## f 

# I 

# I

Fig. /. Belews Lake. No plankton sampli sampling coves.

### chemicals. Examination of the available data resulted in elimination of factors (I) 

## LIlY AND REPRO. through (5) as probable causes. Investigation of the influence of chemical factors is described in this report. 

## ox

## 33189,Charlotte,

## Ne**~esollrces** 

## Commission

,
duringtheperiod of '7. Reproduction of 7. 

### A survey of trace :oncentrationswere cumulated unusual Ike where normal
n concentrations in of selenium occur jrainage. Selenium sluice waterreturn. to be directly toxic where it ultimately known to interfere "Iecauseofreduced

.Natural Resources
en action to reduce
encies 32: 612-624

hCarolina Wildlife 1rough 1976. As a :d a studyofthefish
nJuly 1976(Harrell ops in Belews Lake ;s, and had declined**~s** 

### was normal prior Rotenone sampling fishes from Belews

J977 detected onIy 1978). Concurrent y causeways which

.flow (Station 158, d in those wa:ters, Larvaeand young­ )77, indicating that
(adult fish survival lin of Belews Lake this situation were d with unfavorable llanced popuJation ) thermal effects in

adverse effects of due to effects of 

# j N



### o 2 KILOMETERS

III'

### _1IIIi::::=:::j1

Fig. I. Belews Lake. North Carolina. Solid circles represent fish, waterquality, and!or plankton sampling stations. Solid triangles represent locations of rotenone sampling coves.

613

## ~111~II~il.**~I** .

### J. N. Weaver, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; G. N. Schrauzer, University ofCalifornia at San Diego; L. L. Ball, Carolina Power and Light Company;and Stewart Laboratories, Knoxville, TN, performed analyses offish tissues and othermaterials.The Duke Power Company Environmental and Power Chemistry Analytical Laboratories collected samples and performed chemical analyses of water. The cooperation of

### J. C. Leathers and R. E. Green ofthe Belews Creek Steam Station is greatly appreciated. The. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission studies were partially supported by 

### O-J Project F-23-1, North Carolina.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish Population Study Eight coves in Belews Lake averaging 0.4 ha each were selected in /973 for rotenone study offish populations (Fig. I). A 90 m block net with a 1.3 cm barmesh was used to isolate each cove. A gasoline-powered pump and perforated, weighted hose were used to deliver 5% emulsifiable rotenone to a final estimated concentration of0.5 mgjl in the water column. Fish were collected on the day ofrotenone application and the following day. The fish were sorted by species into 2.5 cm size classes, counted, and weighed. The

.. coves were rotenoned each September from 1973 through 1976.



# ... Elemental Analysis Fish specimens for elemental analysis were collected during 1976 and 1977 by electrofishing, gill-netting, rotenone, or hook-and-line. Tissues were stored frozen in polyethylene containers for elemental analysis, and were handled with carbon steel or teflon-coated instruments. Special water samples were collected using Kemmerer or Van Dorn sampling bottles, filtered through 0.45 JLm membrane filters, and acidified with nitric acid. Certain water chemistry data for the Belews Creek Steam Station were supplied by the Duke Power Company Steam Production Department. Plankton were collected using a No. 18,80 JLm mesh net hauled vertically from a depth of 10mto the surface. A sufficient number ofseparatehauls(5 to 10) weretakenat each location to insure that a representative plankton sample large enough for analysis
was obtained. No attempt was made to separatezooplankton from phytoplankton. The concentrated plankton suspensions were stored frozen in polyethylene containers. For analysis, plankton were collected by filteration, dried at 60 C, and weighed on an analytical balance. Plankton analyses are reported as JLg ofelement pergram (ppm), dry weight basis. Elemental analysis was performed by neutron activation or by atomic absorption spectrophotometry techniques. Neutron activation analysis of**fis~** tissue and**p.lank~on** was performed at the Nuclear Services Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, by a non-destructive technique using appropriate internal standards and NBS

.reference materials for calibration. Certain specimens wereanalyzed at the University of California at San Diego by.the tluorometric technique (Olson 1969) or at the Carolina Power and Light Company Chemistry Laboratory, New Hill, North Carolina, by the selenium hydride atomic absorption technique as checks on the neutron activation method. Results offishanalysesarereportedas JLg ofelementpergram(ppm), wet weight basis. Water samples were generally analyzed for elemental content by graphite furnace atomic absorption techniques in the Duke Power Company Steam Production Department laboratories, using a Perkin-Elmer Model 306 spectrophotometer with the HGA 2100 graphite furnace atomizer. Chemicals used in the analyses were analytical reagent grade. Certain water analyses were also performed by neutron activation analysis at North Carolina State University, or by the selenium hydride generation technique at Stewart Laboratories. Water analyses were reported as JLg element per liter (ppb).

614 Study Area Belews Lake is a Du Rockingham, and Stok construction of Belews l



# .. Steam Station. The Bel station which consists of in service in August 197 Belews Lake reache of 1563 ha, a volume 01
mean depth of 15 m. 

## n Condensercooling surface intake and is dis Creek arm is connected Belews Creek by a can: from the station to an a ash basin enters the wes
j Water quality data for (Weiss et al. 1974). 

### 1 RESULTS AND DIS' Fish Population**Stud~** A total of29 speci through 1976. A sumr 

# 1 bluegill (Lepomis mac 

# I terus salmoides), flat 

### t 

# • petenen.l'e) is presente< increase in numbers a numbers and weight 

### J:
was caused by an intI young-of-the-yearfor numbers and weights class for most species species of fish in the bullhead, black bull Redearsunfishaccou less than 1%. To illustrate the Belews Lake, Table 2 largemouth bass, anc through 1976. Youn lengths were include' mm; largemouth b: determined from ler fish collected in the obtained by scale an and largemouth ba: rotenonesamplefor
were recovered wh number ofthreadfir in September 1975 threadfin shad year and 1978 (Harrell1 Dorn sampling

litricacid. Certain 'lied by the Duke 976 and 1977 by
: stored frozen in' :h carbon steel or

graphite furnace Iduction DepartT with the HGA 1alytical reagent :tion analysis at
on technique at

. liter (ppb).

615 Study Area Belews Lake is a Duke PowerCompany impoundmentlocated in Forsyth,Guilford, Rockingham, and Stokes Counties, North Carolina. The primary purpose for the construction of Belews Lake was to provide a source ofcooling water for Belews Creek

. Steam Station, The Belews Creek Steam Station is a coal-fired electrical generating

station which consists of2 units, each rated at 1140 megawatts. Thefirst unit was placed in service in August 1974. the second in December 1975. Belews Lake reached a full pond elevation of221 m msl in 1973. 

### Ithasa surfacearea of 1563 ha, a volume of 2.3 x 108 m), a maximum depth ofapproximately 44 m, and a mean depth of 15 m. The average retention time ofthe lake is approximately 1500 days. Condensercoolingwateris withdrawnfrom the mainbodyofBelews Lakethrougha surface intakeand is discharged to the West Belews Creek arm (Fig. I). The West Belews Creek arm is connected to the main lake below the confluence ofBelews Creek and East Belews Creek by a canal. Intake water is also used to transport fly ash and bottom ash from the station toan ash basin. where the ash is collected by settling. Overflowfrom the ash basin enters the west side of Belews Lake through theash sluice waterreturn(Fig. I). Water quality data for Belews Lake have been collected regularly since impoundment (Weiss et al. 1974).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fish Population Study A total of29 speciesoffish wascollected in Belews Lakerotenonesamplesfrom 1973 through 1976, A summary of the standing crop data for all species combined and for bluegill 

### (Lepomis macrochirus), green sunfish (L. 

### cyanellus). largemouth bass 

### (Microplerus salmoides), flat bullhead 

### (lclalurusplal.l'cephalus) and threadfin shad 

### (Dorosoma pelenense) is presented in Table I. The more noticeablefeatures ofthe data are the large increase in numbers of fish per ha in 1975 followed by a sharp decline in both average numbers and weight per ha in the 1976 rotenone sample. The 1975 increase in numbers
was caused by an introduction of threadfin shad and the presence of large numbers of young-of-the-year for many ofthe non-shad species. In 1976 few shad werecollected, the numbers and weights of many non-shad populations had declined, and the 1976 yearclass for most species was nearly absent. An increase in weight was measured for only 5 species of fish in the 1976 sample: green sunfish, redear sunfish (L. 

### microlophus), flat bullhead, black bullhead (I. 

### melas), and black crappie (

### Pomoxis niwomaculalus)

. Redear sunfishaccountedfor less than3%ofthetotal sample by weightand blackcrappie less than 

### 1%. To illustrate the near absence of a 1976 year-class for fishes in the main body of Belews Lake, Table 2 presents young-of-the-yearcomposition for bluegill, green sunfish, largemouth bass, and flat bullhead populationsrecovered in rotenonesamplesfrom 1973 through 1976. Young-of-the-year fish were defined to be those individuals whose total lengths were included in the following size ranges: bluegill. 0-64 mm; green sunfish 0-64 mm; largemouth bass, 0-114 mm; and flat bullhead, 0-89 mm. These values were determined from length-frequency distributions constructed for each species using the fish collected in the 1973 through 1975 rotenone samples. Age-growth information obtained by scale analysis was used to verify theyoung-of-the-yearsizerangesfor bluegill and largemouth bass. No fish in the 0-64 mm size range were recovered in the 1976 rotenone sampleforany of9centrarchidspeciescollected. Only8 blackand flat bullheads
were recovered which were within the projected young-of-the-year size range. The number ofthreadfin shad taken in the rotenone samplesdropped from 20,295 individuals in September 1975 to 24 individuals in September 1976, indicating failure of the 1976 threadfin shad year-class. Subsequent investigations by Duke Power Company iJ:1 1977 and 1978 (Harrell et al. 1978) have indicated that diverse fish populations persist at 1973 forrotenone

.mesh was used hose were used [O,

....**"'L~:':':;I** of0.5 mg/ 

### I in th

.. , 3",:'. and the toIIO\\/;not. and weighed. lrauzer, University lpany; and Stewart' thermaterials. Thee tical Laboratorie! !operation of

### J. 

### C. yappreciated. The, supported by D-J

tomic absorption
sue and plankton State University, mdards and NBS the University of ,r at the Carolina Carolina, by the 'utron activation ppm).wetweight vertically from a ) 10) weretakenat ough for analysis ytoplankton.The
e containers. For j weighed on an

.gram(ppm), dry

### Table I. Standingcrop information from 8 rotenone coves on Belews Lake, 1973-1976. Total area sampled was 3.2 ha. Dataare mean standingcror(g/halfollowed by'
mean porulation density (number of individuals/hal for the indicated species and for all species combined.

Towl l. e lJOll/is /.1'1JO111i.1 \1i('/"(IIII1'1"1/.1 IclalllrllS
rear (29 .l/wC'ie.l) 1//{/cr(Ichif/I.\' Clal/ellll.1 .llIIII/(Iiell'.1 II 10n' CI'IJIll/Ill.\'

1973 113608 .14854 2857 11069 3447 0 (7198) (.1502) (410) (277) (69) (0) 1974 76948 28964 1920 6682 1276 

## <I (5297) (2941 ) (244) ( III) 6.1) ( I) 1975 86680 26178 1102 4958 .1896 17180 ( 136.10) (4117) (253) (2.17) (344) (6264) 1976 27099 73.10 3056 fl 7fl83 46 (840) (301 ) ( 10.1) 

### «I) ( 173) (7)



### Table 2. Young-of-the-yearcomrosition for 4 Belews Lake fish srecies collected incove rotenone samples. Data are percentage ofpopUlation represented by young-ofthe-year followed by number of young-of-the-year collected in the 3.2 ha sampling. data do not indicate that extr spawning season. Elevated w: lake, and would not have inl
areas. Abnormal rates of par from Belews Lake, norwereal unpublished data). The patter related to the distribution of 1978).
Water Chemistry The chemical environme is relatively low in alkalinit comparable among stations. at main lake stations than at displayed a seasonal variatiol stratified period. Dissolved effluent from the Belews Cre probably as a mixture ofSeO, spawning season. The limnol< been more completely descr Cumbie 1978). Fish Elemental Analyses 1.1'/1011/;'1 real' I/ImnI( 1Iirll.1

1973 52.0 (5900) 1974 7(>,] (fl704) 1975 fl9.9 (9322) 197fl 0 (0) /'i'/IOII/;'1 (Tal/elll/.1

52.2 (fl95) f!3.X (504) X5.0 (fl%) 0 (0) Mi( 'f(I/J/C'f/I.\' .l'lIllIlllii/l'.\'

70.7 (fl34) flO.4 (218) 92.3 (710)

0 (0) IClallll"Us /IllI/\·cephalll.l·

45.1 ( 1(1) 76.3 ( 155) 79.5 (88fl)

1.1 (6) 

### Fish collected from Bele trace elements and heavy me detected incompositedfish sk (Sb, Br, Sc, Fe, Co,Cr, Mn,C the observed condition offish and Cr are typical of the f( 

### concentrations in these fish, from Station 158 (Table 4).

Station 158. Fish at Station 158 exhibited apparently normal reproductive sucess during 1977 and 1978, in marked contrasttothecontinued lack ofreproduction inthe main body of Belews Lake. Numerous environmental factors affect reproduction and strength ofyear-class in fish populations. Year-class strength is highly variable and may show extreme year-toyear fluctuations (Heidinger 1975, Summerfelt 1975). However, complete absence ofa· year-class is highly unusual. A poor year-class may often be related to recognizable chemical or physical factors which (a) interfered with**su~cessful** 

### spawning ofadult fish, (b) prevented successful hatching ofeggs, or(c) caused excessive mortality offish larvae after hatching. Environmental and operational data for Belews Lake and the Belews Creek Stearn

. Station were examined to identify any such factors. Although Belews Lake water levelS
were low during 1976, extreme fluctuations which would interfere with nesting activitieS: did not occur. Nesting and spawningactivitieswereobserved in thelakeduringthespring of 1976 (Harrell et al. 1978). Entrainment of larvae or young fish could contribute to, losses, butwould not be expected tocause 100% mortality in ayear-class. Meteorological

616 Table 3. Water quality data filtered surface wat unpublished). Cone values are in mg/I

I.ocaliOIl

Main I.ake 7.5 IIJ 158 7.1 74

''Se and**A~** data arc ror unfiltered or As lOollCenll'ation for filtered ,I !J. g/ I, respectively.

### 3-1976. 

### lwed by species


# ­ )/"().\IJ/llu '/('lIl'lIse



## o (0) 

## <I ( I) ISO 62(4)

46 (7)

i

### in COVe

### ung-of3.2 ha

/IS IlIlus



### ,during in body

class inlear-to

### lce

## of a 

### nizable ult fish.
1

### larvae

.Steam
:1' 

### levels ;tivities
:spring bute to llogical data do not indicate that extreme adverse weather conditions occurred during the 1976 spawning season. Elevated water temperatures occurred in only a limited portion ofthe lake. and would not have influenced spawning or adult survival outside the discharge
areas. Abnormal rates of parasitic infestation or disease have not been detected in fish from Belews Lake. norwereaccumulationsofpesticidesdetected (Duke PowerCompany unpublished data). The patterns offish mortality and absence ofyoung fish could not be related to the distribution of heated water during power plant operation (Harrell et a1. 1978).
Water Chemistry



# I

• The chemical environment in Belews Lakeis described in TableJ. 

### Belews Lakewater is relatively low in alkalinity and nutrients and most chemical characteristics were comparable among stations. However. selenium and arsenicconcentrations were higher at main lake stations than at Station 158. Concentrations of selenium in surface water displayed a seasonal variation with highest values recorded during the summer and fall stratified period. Dissolved selenium and arsenic entered Belews Lake in ash basin effluent from the Belews Creek Steam Station. Selenium tended to remain in solution. probably as a mixture ofSeOI-c 

### and Se04-2. 

### in theepilimnetic waters ofthe lakeduringthe spawning season. The limnological and chemical properties ofselenium and arsenichave been more completely described elsewhere (Ferguson and Gavis 1972. Lakin 197J. Cumbie 1978).
Fish Elemental Analyses Fish collected from Belews Lake in October and November 1976 

### were analyzed for 

# J 

# , trace elements and heavy metals by neutron activation analysis. Sixteen elements were detected in composited fish skeletal muscletissues. Concentrationsof 15 oftheseelements 

# j I (Sb. Br. Sc. Fe. Co.Cr. Mn.Cl. Na. K. 

### V. Ti. As. Zn.and Hg) could not be associated with the observed condition offishpopulationsin Belews Lake. ThedataofTable4

### for As. Fe. and Cr are typical of the results obtained for these elements. In contrast. selenium concentrations in these fish were elevated in main basin specimens compared to those from Station 158 (Table 4).



### Table J. 

# , 1 Water quality data for Belews Lake. /976-1977. Values are annual means of filtered surface water samples. except as indicated (Cumbie 1978. Weiss et al. unpublished). Conductivity is in 'mhos/cm; hardness in mgll CaCOI. All ionic values are in mg/ I 

### except As and Se which are in 'g! I.

I.oe{/{iOIl 111/ Co//{I l/a/"dl/l'.11 Ca JIg 

### Na ,.1.1'" Sl'''

Main I.ake 7.5 113 38.1 16.7 3.2 11.4 

### 1.4 3.9 4.4 7 10 158 7 I 74 23.8 7.1**.~.** I 6.0 2.1 :U 4.0 

### <2 <5

''Se and 1\,; data arc 1'01' 1InriIICled sa 111rles. hit1''1Iion orselected samrlcs indicated noditlerencc in Se
or As**~o** Ileentralion 1'01' riltered and unIiIlercd 1'1ke watel'. Detection Iimits 1'01' Se und I\s were 5 und 2 !.l 

### g! I. 

### respectively.

617

### Table 5. Selenium concentl analyzed individually for selenium content. Selenium concentrations (Tables 5 and 6) Additional fish specimens were collected between March and September 1977 and 1116, 6 and 3, M
were much higherin all speciescollected from themain lake(Stations3, 6, 1116, 1904, and trations rrm wet 1907) than in those collected from Station 158. Selenium concentrations in Station 158 fish could not be correlated with length orweight ofindividualswithin species. Dueto the small numbers offish which were collected from the main portionofBelews Lake in 1976 .\'/(11 

### and 1977, no relationships between length orweight and seleniumconcentrationcould be**~------** 19( 

### established. Other investigators have also reported a lack of consistent relationships I.e/I(I/II;S c."l/l/el/II,1 19( 

### between tissueseleniumconcentrationand size, sex, orspecies offish(Adams 1976, Pillay /c/(l/lirus**~rr·** 191 

### et al. 1974, Pakkala et aJ. 1972). However, consistently large differences existed between 

## c. c(//"JI;(I 191 IC/(I/uru,1**~rr·** 

### selenium concentrations of Station 158 fish and those from the main lake for all species II /cla/urus .I'fJfJ· L gli/mll,1 19' 

### and/orsimilar size classes. Mean selenium concentrations in skeletal muscle offishfrom Station 158 fell in the range of0.5 to 7 ppm (wet weight), while mean concentrations in L /1/(/('/'(lcII;ru.l' 19 

### fish from the main lake stations ranged from approximately 10to50 ppm. This patternof L /1/{/('/'ocII;I"II,1 19 

### selenium accumulation was closely associated with the observed patterns ofpopulation L. m;('/'%/JlIlI,1 III 

### decline and reproductive failure of fish in Belews Lake. 19 1904 I. /llli/c/(I/lIS lela/l1l"11s 

## srr· I.e/)(Im;s 

## srr, :\.1 

# • Table 4. Selected elemental concentrations in comrosited fish skeletal muscle srecimens 

# • ICIU/UI'IIS 

## srr, :\.1 

### from Belews Lake, North Carolina, and from the Belews Creek Steam Station C. ('al'/I;II .1.1 

### site rondo Analyses were performed by instrumental neutron activation 

# I 

# , L. l//(/crochil'lIs 

### analysis, Nuclear Services Laboratory, N.C. State University, Raleigh. All con­ L microlo/I/III,I 

### centrations arc rrm. wet weight. L gll/O,W.I
No. ill**~"pecies** ( 'Oll1fJosile Slal;OIl As Se Fe Cr 

### Selenium concel Lepoll1i,l' 

### 2 158 1.55 <0.1 24.8 0.19 Table 6. September, 197; lIlirilus L. 111a('fOc!Iin/,1' 

### 5 158 4,12 2.65 <10 0.09 Sal L. lI1i('fololl/ll/S 

### 4 158 1.10 0.32 <10 0.14 Species 

### 5 leIailims 

### srr. 4 1904 11..\ 0..14 25.9 0.27 l.epol1lil**,IPP~** 

### 4 J904 22) <0:1 22.6 1.69 Ielalurus 

### srr. 2 1116 7,96 <0.1 26.7 0.2/ Lepo/llis allrilU,I' L /lIi/('/"ochiru.l' .I 

### 1116 10.6 <0.1 27

..1 0.05 L /lIa('fochirll,1 L. gulo.l'us L. gulosus 

### 2 1116 19,2 <0.1 15.5 0.28 L. c-"anellu.I' L cl'lInellus 

### 4 Pond 1.5.1 0.1 a a !elalurus 

### spp. Cl'prinu.l' carpio 

### "not determined L. macrochirus 

# 1 L. gulosu,l' L. cyanellus L. IIIi

### er()I()P 

### 1111,I' 

### As a check of the analytical results obtained by the neutron activation technique, replicate specimens of fish skeletal muscle were analyzed by the fluorometric method (Olson 1969) and by the selenium hydride AA technique. The results indicated that neutron activation may give somewhat higher selenium values than the fluorometric Control specimens 0 

### method (Table 7). However, the 2 methods gave results which were consistent when the Belews Creek Steam Sta high and low selenium concentrations were compared. Results ofthe AA techniquewere plant site pond is located in close agreement with those obtained by neutron activation. AnalysisofNBS Standard Station (Fig. I). It

### drains Reference Material No. 1632 (coal) and NBS Research MaterialNo. 50 (fish tissue) also 2.5 m through rip-rap to indicated agreement of the neutron activation results with the reference values for which was physically**i~** 

### selenium. contained between I and

618 

# ITable 5. Selenium concentrations detected In Belews Lake fish, Stations 1907. 1904. 1977 and 1116. 6 and 3. March-September. 1977. Analysis as in Table 4. all concen5 and 6) trations ppm wet weight. 904,and Ltion 158 lue tothe Si/II//I/e ein 1976 S/)('l'il'.1 S/(/Iillll Si:i' J/{,il/l [Si'] S.

## n. Rallgi' could be ionships I.e/w/llis Cl·al7e1/U.I 1904 3 Marcil 1977 9.62 5.H7 .l40-15.1 '6, Pillay lt1a/uI'lI.I srr· 1904 10 o.SH 3 34 1.76-12.0 between C ClIrllill 1904 5 12.0 3.01 0.77-14.2 II species !c/(//Ufl/.l srr. 1904 

## o May IlJ77 7.77 2.29 5.10-IOA 'ish from !clalurus spp. 1110 S 0.32 5.79 0.31-15.5 I

.. gU/II.IIi.1 1904 3 JUIlC /977 9.64 4.05 4.2H-12.0 ations in L IlIa{'/'lIchiru.I 1904 2 9.HlJ 113 1.93-17.lJ atternof I

.. /IIi/{'/'lIchirtl.1 1907 I 0.55 pulation 

### L. 11/icrolllll/III.1 1110.3 2 .lIS 7.1 26.5-30.5 I. /llI/lilaIU.1 1904 3 20.1 4.17 22.3-30.0 IC/llllirlis srr. /904.1110 

### 7 11.25 4.52 3Ao-15.3 I.elwillis srr· .1.1110 3 SCrtClllhcr IlJ77 54.0 19.6 41.0-77.1 leclmens !cra/urus srr. 3.1110 

## o Scrtclllhcr 1977 23.0 H.74 10.1-30.2 I Station C. carpill 3.1110 4 2lJ.33 10.4914.1-30.7 :tivation 

### L. II iii 1'!'ochiru.I 

## o 4 17.2 7.12 H.H9-25.lJ All con- I.. 1I1ierololl/1II1 

### o I 21.1 I

.. gUIII.lli.1 

## o 4 IlJ.o 5.01 13.9-25.5



### Cr

0.19

0.09 0.14 0.27 1.69 0.21 0.05 0.28



### a

lnique, nethod ed that )metric hen the Je were andard Ie) also Jes for Table 6. Selenium concentrations detected in Belews Lake Station 158 fish. MarchSeptember. 1977. Analysis as in Table 4, all concentrations ppm wet weight.



### SamlJ/e Species Si;:e Dale Mean [Se] S.D. Range
I.epomis auri/us 2 March 1977 4.31 2.38 2.63-5.99 

### L. II/acrocll

### irus 2 3.40 1.50 2.34-4.46 

### L gu/osus 8 3.90 0.64 3.06-5.03 

### L c.l'ane/lus 6 2.11 0.43 1.42-2.69 

### /cla/ul'lis spp. 10 0.57 0.36 <0.10-1.16 

### C.I'prinu.\· CiJl'IJio 4 2.95 1.76 1.46-5.49 

### L. macrochirus 12 Sept. 1977 6.98 3.78 2.90-13.4 I.. 

### gu/osus 12 6.71 1.96 3.56-10.2 

### L. 1:l'ane/lus 8 2.94 0.51 2.14-3.63 

### L. micr%IJ/llis 5 2.21 0.55 1.30-2.73

Control specimens ofgreen sunfish and bluegill were obtained from a pond on the Belews Creek Steam Station site and from Lake Norman, North Carolina. The power plant site pond is located behind an access roadbed leading to the Belews Creek Steam Station (Fig. I). It drains through a culvert from which the overflow falls approximately 2.5 m through rip-rap to the lake. This pond supported a population ofsmall sunfishes which was physically isolated from Belews Lake. Skeletal muscle from these fish contained between I and 4 ppmselenium.a rangeofconcentrationssimilartothat seen in 

# I 6i9Table 7. Comparison or replicate Se analyses by neutron activation analysis (NAA), Table 8. Selenium concentn l1uorometric analysis (FA), and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA), Lake and Belews CI Fish tissue ppm, wet weight; S R M and RM materials ppm, dry weight. trations ppm wet \\


### Se. J..L l?/l? 

### ± S. 

### D.: Sample No. 

### NAA FA NBS 

### AA

Fish 977-19 

### 23.9 

## ± 3.4 14.2 

## ± 0.5 Fish 977-59 3.70 

### ± 0.56 2.58 

## ±0.03 SRM 1632 2.96 

## ± 0.33 2.9 

## ± 0.3 RM 50 3.01 ±0.13 3.6 

## ± 0.4 Fish 677-53 Fish 1078-21 12.3 

## ± 1.2 2.20 

## ± 0.17 11.9" 

### 2.3"
"Single analysis.

fish from Belews Lake Station 158. Lake Norman is a major impoundment On the Catawba River, located approximately 120 km southwest of Belews Lake, and contains healthy and diverse fish populations (Duke Power Company 1975). The Lake Norman specimenscontained an average of0.7 ppm selenium. These data indicatedthatselenium had been concentrated in Belews Lake fish to levels much higherthan thosefound in fish from other nearby waters. A limited number offish in spawningconditionwereobtainedfrom Belews Lakeand from the power plant site pond during MayandJune 1977. Tissuesfrom thesefishes were analyzed for total selenium content tocompareseleniumaccumulation in skeletalmuscle to accumulation in reproductive organs. Female 

### Lepomis spp. and 

### Ictalurus sp. from both Belews Lake and the site pond exhibited 1.5- to 3-fold higher selenium concentrations in ovaries than in skeletalmuscleofthesameindividuals(Table8). Thistendency appeared to be more pronounced in the sunfishes than in the catfishes. Only 2 ripe male. 

### Lepomis were collected from Belews Lake; in both individuals the concentration of selenium in testis was slightly lower than that in skeletal muscle. This was in contrastto the consistent tendency for ovarian selenium concentrations to be higher than those in skeletal muscle. Although these dataare limited, they indicatethat selenium accumulatesin gonadal tissue to an extent approximatelyequal to (males) orexceeding (females) that in skeletal muscle. This suggests thatadverseeffectsoneggfertilization, embryonicdevelopment,or survival of newly hatched larvae might result where fish accumulate unusually high concentrations of selenium in their tissues. Selenium is known to interfere with reproduction in mammals and has been associated with adverse effects**~n t~e** **~e~ale** reproductive system (EPA 1966b). Although the ovary does not contam SignIficant amounts of selenium under normal conditions, it will accumulate high concentrations· when unusual exposure occurs. Thisaccumulation ofseleniumcan preventproductionof viable offspring. Selenium and arsenic concentrations in Belews Lake water are low compared to concentrations which are acutely toxic to fish (Cardwell et al. 1976, EPA 1976a, Niimi and LaHam 1975). Therefore, it was hypothesized that deleterious effects ofseleniumon Beiews Lake fish resulted from bioaccumulation throughthefood chain. As a measureof the possible movement of selenium into food chains in Belews Lake, plankton were analyzed for selenium and arsenic content. Selenium concentrations in plankton from themainbasin ofBelews Lakeweremuch higher than those in plankton collected at Station 158 (Table 9). Station 158 plankton S/'('ci/ll('IH ,\j)('C!('., Sn,


### , --! 1.('/10111;', gll/n.III.1 2 J I.. III{/(TOchinl.1 I
1 I

.. £1'1111('//1/1

fell//III'IIS /IIdl/.1 I 2;i; J**~~~.**

contained

# approximateIY;~ 3 contained from 40 tol weight ofzooplankton isS 3.0 ppm, respectively. 

### hit consistently between the,. Station 158 plankton in

.. surface water caused 

## bYt transport plankton

### toSt~ are available for com' ,­ accumulators ofseleniu selenium concentration; Several reports 

# n selenium (dry weight poisoning and assoc communication). Fish! apparently exposed t9'. tration. Available data in exceed I ppm (wet

# wee such as alkaline soiL Investigations conduce Lake Erie (Adams 

## 19,1; Lakes area (Copelan' et al. 1972), and Sou selenium concentrat' The exceptions;; that mosquitofish ( muscle tissue, aver basin effluent con
620

### s (NAA),

. Table 8. Selenium concentrations in gonads and skeletal muscle of fish from Belews try (AA). Lake and Belews Crcek site pond.June 1977. Analysis as in Table4, all conceny 

### weight. trations ppm wet weight.

AA .'It.' COl/cel/tratioll Ratio S/'l"'illl£'11 (ioJ/at!/ Skl'ielil/ So. SIOlioll S/,£'/£'IO/ .\/lI.Ic/£' 0"011' ·/l'.IIi, J/lIsc/e
1.,·/)Oll/i.1 gll/O.IIII I l'lO..l 12.n J..l.n 2.74 1 120 .11.0 2.5H 

### I1.9" 2.3" I.. 1I/0CI'IJclrll'lil .I 1'l07 l'lO..l ..l.2H 17H 1.'lJ 5.29 1.\7 15.2 

## no O.H5 2.74 I.. (,olld/II.I B. C. PoilL! I.'l..l J.IX I.M 4.Jn IH.7 4.2H I.H4 .1.00 l.nJ lOS 1.57 1.4'l 

### nt on the IAJ 4.7.1 .1.31 

### Icontains

. Norman selenium md in fish /<'Io/ur//.I II/do.1 Illn .I Illn 1'l04 7 2n.5 .In.5 IJ.H 14

...l 15.J 2X2

20.7 20.'l 41.7 22.S I.On D.n2 1.50 1...l5 2.72


### Lakeand shes were contained approximately4to 20 ppm selenium (dry weight), while planktonfrom Station al muscle 3 contained from 40 to 100 ppm selenium. On a wet weight basis (assuming that dry sp

.. from weight ofzooplankton is 5% ofwet weight) thesefigures would be approximately0.8 and 1 

### concen­ 3.0 ppm, respectively. In contrast, arsenic concentrations in plankton did not differe tendency consistently between the 2 locations. The higher concentrations ofselenium present in ripe male Station 158 plankton in November 1977 may have resulted from uplake movement of ration of surface water caused by strong winds observed at the time ofcollection, which could mtrast to transport plankton to Station 158 from areas immediately downlake. Although few data 1

### those in are available for comparison, other investigators have found plankton to be efficient accumulators ofselenium (Sandholm et al. 1973). Copeland and Ayers ( 1972) reported a 1

### gonadal selenium concentration of0.60 ppm (wet weight) for zooplankton from Lake Michigan. n skeletal Several reports have indicated that long-term ingestion of as much as 5 ppm Jment, or selenium (dry weight) in the diet of domestic livestock or fish will result in selenium ally high poisoning and associated disorders (Oldfield et al. 1974; J. P. Goettl. personal fere with communication). Fish in Belews Lake which fed on zooplankton or small fish were le female apparently exposed to dietary selenium levels which equaled or exceeded this concen­ 19nificant tration. ntrations Available data indicate that selenium concentrations in fish muscle tissues rarely uction of exceed I ppm (wet weight) in the absence ofexposureto selenium from geologic sources such as alkaline soils of the western United States. or from industrial wastes. Ipared to Investigations conducted in New York (Pakkalaet al. 1972), central Canada(Beal J974), 

### Sa, Niimi Lake Erie (Adams 1976, Pillay et al. 1974), Michigan (Hesse and Evans 1972), the Great eniumon Lakes area (Copeland et al. 1973. Traversy et al. 1975, Uthe and Bligh 1971), Utah (Pratt easureof et al. 1972), and SouthCarolina(1. 

### P. Giesy,Jr., personalcommunication)have reported ton were selenium concentrations in fish muscle ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 ppm (wet weight). The exceptions to these observations are of interest. Cherry et al. (1976) reported ere much that mosquitofish (Gamhusia affinis) 

### accumulated high concentrations of selenium in plankton muscle tissue, averaging 9 ppm (wet weight). in a drainage system which received ash basin effluent containing 107 f../.gjl 

### total selenium from a coal-fired power plant. There

621

### Soc., Washington

622 Table 9. Selenium and arsenicconcentrations (ppm dry weight) in plankton from Belews Lake, March

- November. 1977. Data are mean selenium concentrations 

## ± standard deviation for duplicate analyses.

Element Station March June July August NOl'emher'



### Se 3 41.3 

### ± 6.6 53.7 

### ± 22.6 97.0 

### ± 2.3 70.4 

### ± 2.0 42.8 

### ± 9.5 158 4.3 

### ± 0.9 16.5 

## ± 4.7 16.5 

## ± 1.8 21.1 

## ± 0.9 29.3 

## ± 1.7 As 3 3.1 

### ± 0.3 9.4 

## ± 1.7 

### 7.7 

### ± 1.3 11.3 

## ±4.0 158 2.3 

### ± 1.5 4.0 

### ± 3.5 5.4 

## ±4.7 2.0:+ 1.2

was no indication of an effect ofthis concentration ofselenium or reproduction ofthe fish. However, no other species of fish were found in the drainage from which the mosquitofish were collected, and mosquitofish are known to be highly resistant to 

### a variety ofpollutants(Cherryet a1. 1976). Mosquitofish werealso presentand reproducing in the main basin of Belews Lake in 1977 (Harrell et al. (978). Bussey et a1. (1976) reported mean selenium concentrations of 6 to 16 ppm (dry weight) in muscle tissue ofblackcrappie, walleye(Stizostedion vitreum), 

### and largemouth bass in Lake Powell,. on the Colorado River in Arizona and Utah. These concentrations would correspond to a range of some 1.2 to 3 ppm (wet weight basis), assuming 80% moisture content (Giesy and Wiener 1977). The elevated selenium levels in Lake Powell fish were considered to result from accumulation ofselenium from soils and sedimentsin the region through the food chain. No deleterious effects of these selenium concen-

. trations, which are similar to those seen in Belews Lake fish from Station 158, were reported. Barnhart (1957) studied Sweitzer Lake, Colorado, where poor survival ofstocked game fish was a problem. Sweitzer Lake was constructed in 1954 in an area ofalkaline soils with high natural selenium content. Sweitzer Lake biota were found tocontainhigh concentrations of selenium. It 

### was concluded ·that selenium accumulation through the food chain, perhaps coupled with effects of other toxic elements (U, Zn, As), was' responsible for the fish mortality observed in Sweitzer Lake. Selenium concentrations in Belews Lake fish appear to be sufficiently elevated to reduce long-term survival and reproduction. In Belews Lake there was a tendency for selenium concentrations in the sunfishes (Lepomis 

### spp.) to be higher than those in bullheads (letalurus 

### spp.) from the same areas. Among the sunfishes, warmouth (Lepomisgulosus) 

### and bluegill tended to havethehighest selenium concentrations,while those ofgreen sunfish were lower. These trends were closely correlatedwiththe observed declirre of fish poplations in the main basin of Belews Lake. Sunfishes declined most markedly, while catfishes persisted in the main lake. No such trend was noted at Station 158. Certain species, such as the catfishes, carp, and mosquitofish may be inherently less sensitive to selenium than the centrarchids. CONCLUSIONS Investigation offish reproductive failure in Belews Lake indicates that the input of

. dissolved selenium from ash basin effluent, coupled with evaporation and retention time in the lake, has resulted in concentrationofseleniumin Belews Lakewater. Fish in Belews Lake have accumulated unusual amounts of selenium in their tissues. Selenium accumulation, perhaps associated with other dissolved constituents which contributeto elevated conductivity, is considered tobe theprobablecauseofreduced fish reproduction in Belews Lake. The North Carolina Department ofNatural Resources and Community Development and Duke I 

### to Belews Lake.

LITERATURE CITED Adams, W. J. 1976. The invertebrates. Ph.D. Barnhart, R. A. 1957. C Colorado reservoir. Beal, A. R. 1974. A stu region. Can. Fish Bussey, R. E., D. E. K 

### metals in some sele bulletin No. 34. Na' Cardwell, R. D., D. G. f 

### selected toxicants t( Cherry, D. S., R. K. 

### Gl Responses of mosq Trans. Am. Fish. S, 

### Copeland, R. A., and J. phytoplankton, zoo calculations ofconc Environmental Res(

tions.**Environment~** 

### 139 

### pp. Cumbie, P. M. 1978. BI accumulation. Duk Company, Charlott Duke Power Company. Power Company, 

### C Environmental Protectic U.S. Environmenta Environmental Protecti< ment, U.S. EnvirOl Carolina. 310 pp. Ferguson, J. R., and J. 

### C Res. 6: 1259-1274. Giesy, J. P., Jr., and J. centrations in five f Harrell, R. D., R. L. F 

### community ofBelev No. 78-07. Duke p( Heidinger, R. C. 1975. L Clepper, ed. Blad**~ashington,** 

### D.C. Hesse, 

### J. L., 

### and E. D. E 

### in Michigan. Mich. Lakin, H. W. 1973. Selenl elements in the envi)in plankton from Belews

:Ienium concentrations 

### ±

August N()\'emhe;'

70.4 

### ± 2.0 42.8 

## ± 9.5 21.1 ±0.9 29.3 

## ± 1.7

7.7 

## ± 1.3 11.3 

## ±4.0 5.4 

## ± 4.7 2.0

# + 1.2

1m or reproduction ofthe drainage from which the ) be highly resistant to a o presentand reproducing 

# n. ions of 6 to 16 ppm (dry 

### vitreum), and largemouth tah. Theseconcentrations ght basis), assuming 80% lium levels in Lake Powell
rom soils and sedimentsin )f these selenium concenh from Station 158, were

: poor survival of stocked 954 in an area of alkaline Iv'ere found tocontainhigh lccumulation through the ements (U, Zn, As), was

be sufficiently elevated to there was a tendency for be higher than those in the sunfishes, warmouth Iiurn concentrations,while Helatedwiththeobserved

. Sunfishes declined most :rend was noted at Station fish may be inherently less

indicates that the input of )ration and retention time Lakewater. Fish in Belews

their tissues. Selenium :uents which contributeto reduced fish reproduction

.esources and Community Development and Duke PowerCompany have taken action to reduceinputs ofselenium to Belews Lake.

LITERATURE CITED Adams, W. J. 1976. The toxicity and residue dynamics of selenium in fish and aquatic invertebrates. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 109 pp. Barnhart, R. A. 1957. Chemical factors affecting the survival of game fish in a western Colorado reservoir. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 114 pp. Beal, A. R. 1974. A study of selenium levels in freshwater fishes of Canada's central region. Can. Fish Mar. Servo Tech. Rep. Ser. No. CEN/T-74-6. n.p. Bussey, R. E., D. E. Kidd and 

### L. D. Potter. 1976. The concentrations of ten heavy metals in some selected Lake Powell game fishes. Lake Powell Research Project bulletin No. 34. Nat. Sci. Found.

- RANN, Washington, D.C. 72 p. Cardwell, R. D., D. G. Foreman. 

### T. R. Payne and D. J. Wilbur. 1976. Acute toxicity of selected toxicants to six species offish. EPA Ecol. Res. Ser. Rep. 600/3-76-008. Cherry, D. S., R. K. Guthrie, J. 

### H. Rodgers, J. Cairns, Jr. and K. 

### L. Dickson. 1976. Responses of mosquitofish 

### (Gamhusia aflinis) to ash effluent and thermal stress. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:686-694. Copeland, R. A., and J. C. Ayers. 1972. Trace element distributions in water, sediment, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos of Lake Michigan: A baselinestudywith calculations ofconcentration factors and build-up ofradiosotopes in the food web. Environmental Research Group, Spec. Rep. No. 

### I, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 271 pp.

_________, R. J. Beathe and W. W. Prater. 1973. Trace element distributions. Environmental Research Group, Special Report No.2, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 139 pp. Cumbie, P. M. 1978. Belews Lake environmental study report: selenium and arsenic accumulation. Duke Power Company Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 78-04. Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina. 64 pp. Duke Power Company. 1975. Marshall Steam Station 316(a) demonstration. Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina. 45 pp. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976a. Quality criteria for water. EPA440/9-76-023. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 501 pp. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976b. Selenium. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 310 pp. Ferguson, J. R., and J. Gavis. 1972. A review ofthearseniccycle in natural waters. Water Res. 6: 1259-1274. Giesy, J. P., Jr., and J. G. Wiener. 1977. Frequency distributions of trace metal concentrations in five freshwater fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106:393-403. Harrell, R. D., R. 

### L. Fuller and T. J. Edwards. 1978. An investigation of the fish community ofBelews Lake, North Carolina. Duke PowerCompanyTech. Rep. Ser. No. 78-07. Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina. 64 pp. Heidinger, R. C. 1975. Life history and biology ofthe largemouth bass. Pages 11-20 

### in H. Clepper, ed. Black bass biology and management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C. Hesse, J. L., and E. D. Evans. 1972. Heavy metals in surface waters, sediments, and fish in Michigan. Mich. Water Resources Comm., Dept. Nat. Resources. 58 pp. Lakin, H. W. 1973. Seleniumin ourenvironment. Pages96-1 I I 

### inE.\..,.. Kothny,ed. Trace elements in the environment. Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 123. Am. Chern

. Soc., Washington, D.C. I

### Niimi. 

### A. J

.. and 

### Q. N. LaHam. 1975. Selenium toxicity on the early life stages of. zebrafish. 

### Brachydanio rerio. 

### J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 32:803-806. Oldfield, J. E., W. H. Allaway, H. A. Laitinen, H. W. Lakin and O. H. Muth. 1974. Selenium. Pages 57-63 

### in National Academy of Sciences, U.S. Geochemistry and theenvironment. Vol. I. Therelation ofselectedtraceelementsto healthanddisease. Nat. Acad. of Sci., U.S., Washington, D.C. Olson, O. E. 1969. Fluorometric analysis of selenium in plants. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 52:627-634. Pakkala, J. S., W. H. Gutenmann, D. J. Lisk, G. E. Burdick and E. 

### J. Harris. 1972. 

### A, survey ofthe selenium content offishfrom49New York Statewaters. Pestic. Monit 

### J. 6: 107-114. Pillay,K. K. S., C. C. Thomas, Jr., and C. M. Hyche. 1974. Neutron activation analysi ofsome ofthe biologically activetraceelements in fish. J. Radioanal.Chem. 20:597 606. Pratt, D. R., J. S. Bradshaw and 

### B. West. 1972. Arsenic and selenium analysis in fislt Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 49:23-26. Sandholm, M., H. E. Oksanen and 

### L. Pesonen. 1973. Uptake of selenium by aquati; organisms. Limnol. Oceanog. 18:496-499. Summerfelt, R. C. 1975. Relationship between weather and year-class strength 0 

### largemouth bass. Pages 166-174 

### in H. Clepper, ed. Black bass biology an 

# , II management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C. Traversy, W. 

### J., P. D. Goulden. Y. M. Sheikh and J. R. Leacock. 1975. Levels ofarseni and selenium in the Great Lakes region. Sci. Rep. Ser. No. 58. EnvironmentCanada Inland Waters Directorate, Ontario Region, Burlington. Ontario. 18 pp. Uthe, 

### J. F

.. and E. G. Bligh. 1971. Preliminary survey of heavy metal contamination, of Canadian freshwater fish. 

### J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28:786-788. Weiss, C. M., T. A. Anderson, P. H. Campbell, D. R. Lenat, 

### J. H. Moore, S. 

### L pfaender and 

### T. G. Donnelly. 1974. Belews Lake

- Year IV and Lake Hyco, 1971': 1974.



# .Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng., University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill. 500 pp;

. 

## INTRAGRAVEL CHARACTERU STREAMS 

## JERRY L. WEST, Department of Bio
Ahstract: Characteristics ofth streams have not been studied permeability. apparentvelocit) in areas that visually appeare l 

### streams in the Pisgah Nation: made between these measure embryos. Two types of standp polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stan< 3.2 mg! I. Dissolved oxygen m measured by the PVC standpir of the true intragravel dissol November and 30 April, the r intragravel dissolved oxygen n The data indicate that duringt for normal embryo survival temperature varied from 0.5 t spawning and embryo develop
more than0.5 Cfrom onesitet the same as the mean surface water is from surface origin r: varied from 3.5 to42.7 cm!hOI
mean percentage of the botto 28.2%. When the measuremer and alevins, the areas sample( that the embryos are smaller t
were higher. With theexceptio affect fry emergence. Proc. Ann 

### A source ofconcern offi! in the Southern Appalachians Some investigators (Cordone and Berrian 1940, Gangmarka trout spawning beds may be t 'salmonid productivity. Chara< in Alaska (McNeil 1962, McN Wisconsin (Cloern 1976, Haus and Montana (Peters 1965. I Appalachian trout streams. T necessary to know ofthe natu the purpose of this study to undisturbed Southern Appala( dissolved oxygen, apparent ve surface temperature. velocity, I thank 

### T. Harshbarger 0 

### and advice. I wish also tothanl for help in collecting the datl supplement nos. I and 3 from Station, Asheville, NC.

624