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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
|Science Tracer Bullets OnlineGeothermal Energy
                  **Tracer Bullet 07-1**
                  Scope
                    Introductions to the Topic
                    Subject Headings
                    Basic Texts
                    Specialized Titles
                    Conference Proceedings
                    Selected Technical Reports and Government Publications
                    Standards and Guidelines
                    Dissertations
                    Selected Dissertations
                    Abstracting and Indexing Services
                    Journals
                    Representative Journal Articles
                    Selected Materials
                    Selected Internet Resources
                Photo of a power plant with steam coming out of multiple chimneys.
                  Map of United States  using color to show the various subterranean temperature ranges.
                  **Top:
                        Geothermal power plant at The Geysers, California.   Above:****Estimated
                        subterranean temperatures at a depth of 6 kilometers.
                        Photo and map from the National
                        Atlas Web site****SCOPE**Geothermal energy is derived from heat that originates in the
                Earth; it is considered to be a renewable energy source. Currently,
                geothermal energy use falls into three main categories, each
                of which employs its own specialized technology. Direct use of
                hot springs and geothermal pools has been practiced for thousands
                of years, and direct use continues today, with various recreational,
                agricultural, and industrial applications. In direct use, geothermal
                water is used in heating spas and pools, in aquaculture and greenhouses,
                and in various industrial applications. A second category of
                geothermal energy use, electric power generation, utilizes energy
                in water and rocks at a greater depth beneath the Earth�s
                surface. Electric power generation using geothermal resources
                may take place in several different types of plants, but most
                rely on the process of piping water or steam into a plant from
                underground. Geoexchange systems, a third category of geothermal
                energy use, are becoming increasingly common throughout the United
                States and Europe. These systems use relatively shallow, but
                constant, earth temperatures for efficient heating and cooling
                of buildings.
              This guide, a revision and update of TB 83-9, is not intended
                as a comprehensive bibliography, but highlights selected works
                and resources about geothermal energy. Many of these titles are
                available in the reference collection in the Science and Business
                Reading Room, located on the fifth floor of the Adams Building
                at the Library of Congress.
            TOP OF PAGE
            **INTRODUCTIONS
                      TO THE TOPIC**Berinstein, Paula. Geothermal energy. In her *Alternative
                energy: facts, statistics, and issues.* Westport, CT, Oryx
                Press, 2001. p. 126-140. 
   TJ808.B467 2001 <SciRR>
            Brown, Charles E. Geothermal energy. In his *World energy
                resources*. Berlin, New York, Springer, c2002. p. 157-165. 
   TJ163.2.B76 2002 <SciRR>
            Counsil, John. Geothermal energy. In *The Wiley encyclopedia
                of energy and the environment*. v. 1. Edited by Attilio Bisio
                and Sharon Boots. New York, John Wiley & Sons, c1997. p 924-935. 
   TJ163.235.W55 1997 <SciRR>
            McFarland, Ernest L. Geothermal energy. In *Macmillan encyclopedia
                of energy*. v. 2. Edited by John Zumerchik. New York, Macmillan
                Reference US A, 2001. v. 2, p. 572-579. 
   TJ163.28.M33 2001 <SciRR>
            Wiser, Wendell H. Geothermal energy. In his *Energy resources:
                occurrence, production, conversion, use.* New York, Springer,
                c2000. p. 249-255. 
   TJ163.2.W58 2000 <SciRR>
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SUBJECT
                      HEADINGS**Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which
              works on geothermal energy can be located in Library catalogs,
              include the following:
            **Highly Relevant**
              GEOTHERMAL
                  ENGINEERING
                GEOTHERMAL
                POWER PLANTS
                GEOTHERMAL
              RESOURCES
              **Relevant**
              EARTH
                  TEMPERATURE
                GEOTHERMAL
                LEASES UNITED STATES
                GROUND
              SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
              **Related**
              ENVIRONMENTAL
                  ENGINEERING
                HEAT
                EXCHANGERS
                SUSTAINABLE
              ENGINEERING
            TOP OF PAGE
            **BASIC
                      TEXTS***Geothermal energy.* Edited by Mary H. Dickson and Mario
              Fanelli. Chichester, Eng., New York, Wiley, c1995. 214 p.
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ280.7.G416 1995
            *Geothermal energy: utilization and technology.* Edited
              by Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli. Sterling, VA, Earthscan,
              c2005. 205 p. 
   Includes bibliographies. 
   TJ280.7.G443 2005 <SciRR>
            *Indirect solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy.* Edited
              by T. Nejat Veziroglu. New York, Nova Science Publishers. c1991.
              623 p. (Energy and environmental progress 1, v. C) 
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ810.I378 1991
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SPECIALIZED
                      TITLES**Geothermal energy program. In *Renewable power pathways: a
                review of the U.S. Department of Energy�s renewable energy
                programs. Committee on Programmatic Review of the U.S. Department
                of Energy�s Office of Power Technologies, Board on Energy
                and Environmental Systems, Commission on Engineering and Technical
                Systems, National Research Council.* Washington, National
                Academy Press, c2000. p. 50-56.
   Includes bibliographies.
   http://www.nap.edu
   TJ807.9.U6R455 2000
            *Geothermal heating: a handbook of engineering economics.* Edited
              by R. Harrison, N. D. Mortimer, and O. B. Smarason. Oxford, New
              York, Pergamon Press, 1990. 556 p. 
   Includes bibliographies. 
   Supported by the Commission of the European Communities, (EUT
12942 EN), U.N.E.S.C.O., the Leverhulme Trust.
   TJ280.7.G444 1990
            *Isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration,
                development and use: sampling methods, data handling, interpretation*.
                Edited by Stef�n Arn�rsson. Vienna, International
                Atomic Energy Agency, 2000. 351 p.    Bibliography:
                p. 343-351.
   GB1199.5.I86 2000
            Lee, Keng Choon. Geothermal power generation. In *Encyclopedia
                of energy .Cutler* J. Cleveland, editor in chief. Amsterdam,
                Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2004. v. 2, p. 875-893. 
   TJ163.28.E53 2004 <SciRR>
            TOP OF PAGE
            **CONFERENCE
                      PROCEEDINGS***Geothermal energy: the reliable renewable, Geothermal Resources
                Council 2004 Annual Meeting, August 29-September 1, 2004, Hyatt
                Grand Champions Resort & Spa, Indian Wells, California, U.S.A.* Davis,
                CA, Geothermal Resources Council, c2004. 692 p. (Geothermal Resource
                Council. Transactions, v. 28) 
   Includes bibliographies.
   GB1199.5.G46 2004
            *Geothermal biology and geochemistry in Yellowstone National
                Park: Proceeding of the Thermal Biology Institute workshop, Yellowstone
                National Park, WY, October 2003.* Edited by William P. Inskeep
                and Timothy R. McDermott. Bozeman, MT, Montana State University
                Publications, 2005. 352 p. 
   Includes bibliographies.
   GB1199.7.Y46G46 2005
            *Proceedings of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems Division--2005.
                Presented at 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress
                and Exposition, November 5-11, 2005, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.* Sponsored
                by the Advanced Energy Systems Division. New York, ASME, c2005.
                (AES, v. 45) 
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ163.7.P7595 2005
            *Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 1995, Florence,
                Italy, 18-31 May 1995.* Edited by Enrico Barbier and others.
                Auckland, NZ, International Geothermal Association; New York,
                Elsevier Science, c1995. 5 v.    Includes bibliographies.
   GB1199.5.W67 1995
            *Renewable energy: renewables, the energy for the 21st century:
                World Renewable Energy Congress VI, 1-7 July 2000, Brighton,
                UK*. Edited by A. A. M. Sayigh. Amsterdam, New York, Pergamon,
                2000. 5 v. 
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ807.2.W67 2000
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      TECHNICAL REPORTS AND GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS**Most reports listed below are available in the microform collection
              of the Science Reading Room. These and other reports are sold by
              the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal
              Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS telephone: (703) 605-6585.
              NTIS Web site: http://www.ntis.gov
            Beurskens, Luuk. *The cost of geothermal energy in the Western
                U.S. region: a portfolio-based approach, a mean-variance portfolio
                optimization of the regions� generating mix to 2013.* Albuquerque,
                NM, Sandia National Laboratories, Sept. 2005. 28 p.
   SAND 2005-5173
   Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/
            Erikson, Jody. *The National Geothermal Collaborative, EERE-Geothermal
                Program, final report.* Washington, U.S. Dept. of Energy,
                May 2006. 7 p.
   DOE-SF-22363-NGC
   Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/883304-xeCU2D/
            *Geothermal energy: information on the Navy�s geothermal
                program*. Washington, General Accounting Office, June 2004.
                46 p. (GAO-04-513)
   PB2004105542
            *Hot dry rock technology.* Albuquerque, NM, Albuquerque
              Operations Office, 2005. 28 p. 
   DE2005583245
            *Renewable resources for America�s future.* Washington,
              U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p.
   PB2005103479
   Available online at: http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf (PDF
-
1.61
MB) (The freely available Adobe
   Acrobat Reader is required to view and
  print this resource.)
            *The Future of geothermal energy: impact of enhanced geothermal
                systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st century.* Cambridge,
                MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. 358 p. 
   Available online at: http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf (14.1MB PDF) (The freely available Adobe
Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
            TOP OF PAGE
            **STANDARDS
                      AND GUIDELINES****ASTM Standards**
              ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for
                Testing and Materials, is one of the largest voluntary standards
                development organizations in the world. The Annual Book of ASTM
                Standards can be consulted in the Science Reference collection
                of the Library of Congress. ASTM standards can also be purchased
                through ASTM International at: http://www.astm.org or
                through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) at: http://www.ansi.org
            ASTM International. *Annual book of ASTM standards.* West
              Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International, c2002- 
   TA401.A653 <SciRR>
   See especially v. 12.02 for standards related to geothermal
energy.
            Selected ASTM standards related to geothermal energy include:
            ASTM: E-947-83-2002. Standard specification for sampling single-phase
              geothermal liquid or steam for purposes of chemical analysis. *ASTM
              book of standards*, v. 12-02, 2005.
   TA401.A653
            ASTM: E-974-00-2006. Standard guide for specifying thermal performance
              of geothermal power systems. *ASTM book of standards*, v.
              12-02, 2006. 
   TA401.A653 <SciRR>
            **Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard***Performance rating of direct geoexchange heat pumps: ARI standard
              870-2005.* Fairfax, VA, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
              Institute, c2005. 15 p. (ANSI/ARI 2005-870) 
   Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
   Available online at: ttp://www.ahrinet.org/App_Content/files/standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20standards%20pdfs/ANSI-AHRI870-2005%20with%20Addendum%201%20-%20Approved%20by%20SPC.pdf (PDF 324KB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
            **International Organization for Standardization (ISO)***Water-source heat pumps: testing and rating for performance*.
              Geneva, Switzerland, ISO, 1998. 37 p. (ISO 13256)
            TOP OF PAGE
            **DISSERTATIONS**Dissertations may be identified by using online resources or the
              following indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any
              reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be available
              in full text through electronic resources on public terminals at
              the Library of Congress.
            *Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement* (1973-
                annual) 
   Z5053.X47a
              *Digital Dissertations* (1861-) 
   Electronic resource
              *Dissertation Abstracts International* (1938- monthly) 
   Z5053.D57 and Electronic format
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      DISSERTATIONS**Forrest, Andrew Ryan. *Optimization of a geothermal heat pump
                system with aboveground water storage*. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI,
                2003. 
   UMI publication number AAT 1412447 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 101 p.
   Dissertation (masters)--North Carolina State University, 2003.
            Kanoglu, Mehmet. *Design and optimization of geothermal power
                generation, heating, and cooling.* Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 1999. 
   UMI publication number AAT 9934146 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 137 p.
   Dissertation (doctoral)--University of Nevada, Reno, 1999.
            Mossop, Antony Patrick. *Seismicity, subsidence and strain
                at The Geysers geothermal field*. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2001.
   UMI publication number AAT 3002026 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 167 p.
   Dissertation (doctoral)--Stanford University, 2001.
            Xie, Feng. *Application of model predictive control to a geothermally
                heated bridge deck*. Ann	Arbor, MI, UMI, 2005. 
   UMI publication number AAT 1424883 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 138 p.
   Dissertation (masters)--Oklahoma State University, 2005.
            TOP OF PAGE
            **ABSTRACTING
                      AND INDEXING SERVICES**ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES that index relevant journal
              articles and other literature on geothermal energy are listed below.
              Consult reading room reference staff in order to access abstracting
              and indexing services in electronic format on the public terminals
              in the reading rooms at the Library of Congress.
            *Applied Science and Technology Abstracts (ASTA)*
   Z7913.I7 <SciRR> and Electronic
format
              *Environmental Issues and Policy Index*
   Electronic
format
              *Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management*
   Electronic
format
              *GEOBASE*
   Electronic
format
              *National Technical Information Service (NTIS)*
   Electronic
format
            TOP OF PAGE
            **JOURNALS**Journals that often contain articles relevant to geothermal energy
              include the following:
            *Energy*
                  HD9502.A1E533*Energy Conversion and Management*
                  TK2896.E48*Energy Sources*
                  TJ153.E4786*Geothermics*
                  GB1001.G47*GRC Bulletin*
                  GB1199.6.B84*Journal of Energy Resources Technology*
                  TJ163.13.T72*Power*
                  TJ1.P7*Power Engineering*
                  TJ1.P77*Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
                      Engineers. Civil Engineering.*
                  TA1.P826*Renewable Energy*
                  TJ809.S6
            TOP OF PAGE
            **REPRESENTATIVE
                      JOURNAL ARTICLES**Batchelor, Tony. Geothermal energy: a major renewable energy
              resource. *Civil engineering*,	v. 158, Nov. 2005: 40-44. 
   TA1.P826
            Bertani, Ruggero. World geothermal power generation 2001-2005. *GRC
                bulletin*, v. 35, May/June 2006: 89-111. 
   GB1199.6.B84
            Box, W. T. A second boom for geothermal? *Power engineering*,
              v. 108, June 2004: 97.
   TJ1.P77
            Ghose, Mrinal K. Environmentally sustainable supplies of energy
              with specific reference to geothermal energy. *Energy sources*,
              v. 26, May 2004: 531-539. 
   TJ153.E4786
            Hepbasli, A., and O. Akdemir. Energy and exergy analysis of a
              ground source (geothermal) heat pump system. *Energy conversion
              and management*, v. 45, Mar. 2004: 737-753.
   TK2896.E48
            Kagel, Alyssa, and Karl Gawell. Promoting geothermal energy:
              air emissions comparison and externality analysis. *Electricity
              journal*, v.18, Aug. 2005: 90-99. 
   HD9685.U4E415
            Kujawa, Tomasz, Wladyslaw Nowak, and Aleksander A. Stachel. Utilization
              of deep geological wells for acquisitions of geothermal energy. *Energy*,
              v. 31, Apr. 2006: 650-664.
   HD9502.A1E533
            Lund, John W. Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 worldwide
              review. *Geothermics*, v. 34, Dec. 2005: 691-727. 
   GB1001.G47
            Ozgener, Onder, and Arif Hepbasli. Experimental performance analysis
              of a solar assisted ground-source heat pump greenhouse heating
              system. *Energy & buildings*, v. 37, Jan. 2005: 101-110. 
   TJ163.5.B84E523
            Sliwa, Tomasz, and Andrzej Gonet. Theoretical model of borehole
              heat exchanger. *Journal of energy resources technology*,
              v. 127, June. 2005: 142-148. 
   TJ163.13.T72
            Wicker, Ken. Geothermal: hotter than ever. *Power*, v.
              149, Jan./Feb. 2005: 40-44. 
   TJ1.P7
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      MATERIALS**Selected Materials****available in the Science Reading
              Room pamphlet boxes include the following:
            Duffield, Wendell A., and John H. Sass. Geothermal energy:
                clean power from the Earth�s heat. Menlo Park, CA, U.S.
                Geological Survey, 2003. 36 p. (Circular 1249)
   Bibliography: p. 36.
   http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/c1249.pdf (PDF 398MB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
              *Geothermal today: geothermal energy program highlights*.
                U. S. Department of Energy, Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy
                Laboratory, 1999. 37 p.
              Hulen, J. B., and P. M. Wright. *Geothermal energy*.
                Salt Lake City, The Energy & Geoscience Institute, University
                of Utah, 2001. 7 p.
              Kagel, Alyssa, Diana Bates, and Karl Gawell. *A guide to
                  geothermal energy and the environment.* Washington, Geothermal
                  Energy Association, April 2005. 75 p.
              *Renewable resources for America�s future.* Washington,
                U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p. 
   http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf (PDF 1.61MB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      INTERNET RESOURCES****State Government Resources**
            **California Energy Commission Geothermal Program**
                The program promotes geothermal energy development. Material
                  available at the Website 
                includes fact sheets on funded projects, an overview of geothermal
                energy in California, and a section on geothermal energy for
                students.http://www.energy.ca.gov/geothermal/
          
              **Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality**
                Includes a description of the Fairmont Hot Springs Resort project.http://deq.mt.gov/energy/geothermal/default.mcpx
         
              **Utah Geological Survey: Geothermal Resources**
                Databases, reports and maps, with the focus on geothermal resources
                  and use in Utah.http://geology.utah.gov/emp/geothermal/index.htm
            **Federal Government Resources: U. S. Department of Energy**
            **Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)**
                Energy Citations Databasehttp://www.osti.gov/energycitations/
                Geothermal Technologies Subject Portalhttp://www.osti.gov/geothermal/
              **Geothermal Energy, Idaho National Laboratory (INL)**
                INL works to establish geothermal energy as an economically competitive
                  contributor to U.S. energy supply. Reports, maps, software,
                  and contacts can be found at the Website.http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/
              **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program (EERE)****Geothermal Technologies Program**
                Works in partnership with industry to establish geothermal energy
                as an economically competitive contributor to the U.S. energy
                supply. The site links to sections on geothermal basics, history,
                news and other resources. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/
              **How to Buy an Energy-efficient Heat Pump**
                  Information about energy-efficient ground-source heat pumps,
                    from the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP).http://www.ornl.gov/sci/femp/pdfs/gshp-pro-chal.pdf (PDF 115KB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
              **National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)**
                Geothermal Energy Programhttp://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/
            **Organizations, Associations and Research Programs**
            **Energy & Geoscience Institute (EGI): Geothermal
                  Research Program**
                This unit of EGI performs basic and applied research in geothermal
                exploration, reservoir	delineation, drilling, logging and production.http://www.egi-geothermal.org
              **Environmental and Energy Study Institute**
                Promotes initiatives on sustainable policy; publications are
                  available at the Website.http://www.eesi.org
              **European Geothermal Energy
                  Council (EGEC)**
                EGEC is an international organization that promotes use, research
                and development of geothermal energy. This site offers a wide
                range of information, ranging from introductory to specialized.http://www.egec.org/
              **Geo-Exchange, Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC)**
                GHPC works to increase awareness and use of geoexchange technology.
                  Information at this site ranges from an introductory video
                  to case studies.http://www.geoexchange.org/
              **Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology**
                Provides technological information on geothermal energy for consultants,
                  developers, potential users and the general public. Offers
                  publications for download and purchase.http://geoheat.oit.edu/
              **Geothermal Education Office (GEO)**
                The GEO site has world maps of geothermal energy production,
                  geothermal facts, classroom materials and other information.http://geothermal.marin.org/
              **Geothermal Energy Association (GEA)**
                The GEA Website offers a useful section on geothermal basics
                  along with a directory of existing power plants.http://www.geo-energy.org/
              **Geothermal Laboratory, Southern Methodist University**
                The Geothermal Lab site offers a very useful collection of maps
                  related to geothermal energy development and use, as well as
                  many publications and links to related databases.http://smu.edu/geothermal/
              **Geothermal Resources Council (GRC)**
                GRC is an international educational and professional association
                  which encourages research and information transfer. The site
                  offers a virtual tour of a geothermal plant. Publications are
                  available for purchase, with some articles freely downloadable.
                  The Mexican professional journal *Geotermia* is also
                  available in electronic format.http://www.geothermal.org/index.html
              **International Geothermal Association**
                Includes general information on geothermal energy, news, interactive
                  maps, images and links to the International Geothermal Conference
                  Papers Database.http://iga.igg.cnr.it/index.php
              **International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA)**
                IGSHPA advances ground source heat pump technology through training
                  and research. The site offers general and technical information,
                  with a directory of federal and state incentives and local
                  industry contacts. http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/about/about_us.htm
        
              **World Renewable Energy Congress/Network (WREC/WREN)**
                This organization sponsors international congresses on renewable
                  energy, and works to support and enhance the utilization and
                  implementation of renewable energy sources. It also publishes
                  newsletters and the annual journal *Renewable Energy*. http://www.wrenuk.co.uk/index.htmlTop
              of Page
|Geothermal Energy
                  **Tracer Bullet 07-1**
                  Scope
                    Introductions to the Topic
                    Subject Headings
                    Basic Texts
                    Specialized Titles
                    Conference Proceedings
                    Selected Technical Reports and Government Publications
                    Standards and Guidelines
                    Dissertations
                    Selected Dissertations
                    Abstracting and Indexing Services
                    Journals
                    Representative Journal Articles
                    Selected Materials
                    Selected Internet Resources
                Photo of a power plant with steam coming out of multiple chimneys.
                  Map of United States  using color to show the various subterranean temperature ranges.
                  **Top:
                        Geothermal power plant at The Geysers, California.   Above:****Estimated
                        subterranean temperatures at a depth of 6 kilometers.
                        Photo and map from the National
                        Atlas Web site****SCOPE**Geothermal energy is derived from heat that originates in the
                Earth; it is considered to be a renewable energy source. Currently,
                geothermal energy use falls into three main categories, each
                of which employs its own specialized technology. Direct use of
                hot springs and geothermal pools has been practiced for thousands
                of years, and direct use continues today, with various recreational,
                agricultural, and industrial applications. In direct use, geothermal
                water is used in heating spas and pools, in aquaculture and greenhouses,
                and in various industrial applications. A second category of
                geothermal energy use, electric power generation, utilizes energy
                in water and rocks at a greater depth beneath the Earth�s
                surface. Electric power generation using geothermal resources
                may take place in several different types of plants, but most
                rely on the process of piping water or steam into a plant from
                underground. Geoexchange systems, a third category of geothermal
                energy use, are becoming increasingly common throughout the United
                States and Europe. These systems use relatively shallow, but
                constant, earth temperatures for efficient heating and cooling
                of buildings.
              This guide, a revision and update of TB 83-9, is not intended
                as a comprehensive bibliography, but highlights selected works
                and resources about geothermal energy. Many of these titles are
                available in the reference collection in the Science and Business
                Reading Room, located on the fifth floor of the Adams Building
                at the Library of Congress.
            TOP OF PAGE
            **INTRODUCTIONS
                      TO THE TOPIC**Berinstein, Paula. Geothermal energy. In her *Alternative
                energy: facts, statistics, and issues.* Westport, CT, Oryx
                Press, 2001. p. 126-140. 
   TJ808.B467 2001 <SciRR>
            Brown, Charles E. Geothermal energy. In his *World energy
                resources*. Berlin, New York, Springer, c2002. p. 157-165. 
   TJ163.2.B76 2002 <SciRR>
            Counsil, John. Geothermal energy. In *The Wiley encyclopedia
                of energy and the environment*. v. 1. Edited by Attilio Bisio
                and Sharon Boots. New York, John Wiley & Sons, c1997. p 924-935. 
   TJ163.235.W55 1997 <SciRR>
            McFarland, Ernest L. Geothermal energy. In *Macmillan encyclopedia
                of energy*. v. 2. Edited by John Zumerchik. New York, Macmillan
                Reference US A, 2001. v. 2, p. 572-579. 
   TJ163.28.M33 2001 <SciRR>
            Wiser, Wendell H. Geothermal energy. In his *Energy resources:
                occurrence, production, conversion, use.* New York, Springer,
                c2000. p. 249-255. 
   TJ163.2.W58 2000 <SciRR>
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SUBJECT
                      HEADINGS**Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which
              works on geothermal energy can be located in Library catalogs,
              include the following:
            **Highly Relevant**
              GEOTHERMAL
                  ENGINEERING
                GEOTHERMAL
                POWER PLANTS
                GEOTHERMAL
              RESOURCES
              **Relevant**
              EARTH
                  TEMPERATURE
                GEOTHERMAL
                LEASES UNITED STATES
                GROUND
              SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
              **Related**
              ENVIRONMENTAL
                  ENGINEERING
                HEAT
                EXCHANGERS
                SUSTAINABLE
              ENGINEERING
            TOP OF PAGE
            **BASIC
                      TEXTS***Geothermal energy.* Edited by Mary H. Dickson and Mario
              Fanelli. Chichester, Eng., New York, Wiley, c1995. 214 p.
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ280.7.G416 1995
            *Geothermal energy: utilization and technology.* Edited
              by Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli. Sterling, VA, Earthscan,
              c2005. 205 p. 
   Includes bibliographies. 
   TJ280.7.G443 2005 <SciRR>
            *Indirect solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy.* Edited
              by T. Nejat Veziroglu. New York, Nova Science Publishers. c1991.
              623 p. (Energy and environmental progress 1, v. C) 
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ810.I378 1991
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SPECIALIZED
                      TITLES**Geothermal energy program. In *Renewable power pathways: a
                review of the U.S. Department of Energy�s renewable energy
                programs. Committee on Programmatic Review of the U.S. Department
                of Energy�s Office of Power Technologies, Board on Energy
                and Environmental Systems, Commission on Engineering and Technical
                Systems, National Research Council.* Washington, National
                Academy Press, c2000. p. 50-56.
   Includes bibliographies.
   http://www.nap.edu
   TJ807.9.U6R455 2000
            *Geothermal heating: a handbook of engineering economics.* Edited
              by R. Harrison, N. D. Mortimer, and O. B. Smarason. Oxford, New
              York, Pergamon Press, 1990. 556 p. 
   Includes bibliographies. 
   Supported by the Commission of the European Communities, (EUT
12942 EN), U.N.E.S.C.O., the Leverhulme Trust.
   TJ280.7.G444 1990
            *Isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration,
                development and use: sampling methods, data handling, interpretation*.
                Edited by Stef�n Arn�rsson. Vienna, International
                Atomic Energy Agency, 2000. 351 p.    Bibliography:
                p. 343-351.
   GB1199.5.I86 2000
            Lee, Keng Choon. Geothermal power generation. In *Encyclopedia
                of energy .Cutler* J. Cleveland, editor in chief. Amsterdam,
                Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2004. v. 2, p. 875-893. 
   TJ163.28.E53 2004 <SciRR>
            TOP OF PAGE
            **CONFERENCE
                      PROCEEDINGS***Geothermal energy: the reliable renewable, Geothermal Resources
                Council 2004 Annual Meeting, August 29-September 1, 2004, Hyatt
                Grand Champions Resort & Spa, Indian Wells, California, U.S.A.* Davis,
                CA, Geothermal Resources Council, c2004. 692 p. (Geothermal Resource
                Council. Transactions, v. 28) 
   Includes bibliographies.
   GB1199.5.G46 2004
            *Geothermal biology and geochemistry in Yellowstone National
                Park: Proceeding of the Thermal Biology Institute workshop, Yellowstone
                National Park, WY, October 2003.* Edited by William P. Inskeep
                and Timothy R. McDermott. Bozeman, MT, Montana State University
                Publications, 2005. 352 p. 
   Includes bibliographies.
   GB1199.7.Y46G46 2005
            *Proceedings of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems Division--2005.
                Presented at 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress
                and Exposition, November 5-11, 2005, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.* Sponsored
                by the Advanced Energy Systems Division. New York, ASME, c2005.
                (AES, v. 45) 
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ163.7.P7595 2005
            *Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 1995, Florence,
                Italy, 18-31 May 1995.* Edited by Enrico Barbier and others.
                Auckland, NZ, International Geothermal Association; New York,
                Elsevier Science, c1995. 5 v.    Includes bibliographies.
   GB1199.5.W67 1995
            *Renewable energy: renewables, the energy for the 21st century:
                World Renewable Energy Congress VI, 1-7 July 2000, Brighton,
                UK*. Edited by A. A. M. Sayigh. Amsterdam, New York, Pergamon,
                2000. 5 v. 
   Includes bibliographies.
   TJ807.2.W67 2000
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      TECHNICAL REPORTS AND GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS**Most reports listed below are available in the microform collection
              of the Science Reading Room. These and other reports are sold by
              the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal
              Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS telephone: (703) 605-6585.
              NTIS Web site: http://www.ntis.gov
            Beurskens, Luuk. *The cost of geothermal energy in the Western
                U.S. region: a portfolio-based approach, a mean-variance portfolio
                optimization of the regions� generating mix to 2013.* Albuquerque,
                NM, Sandia National Laboratories, Sept. 2005. 28 p.
   SAND 2005-5173
   Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/
            Erikson, Jody. *The National Geothermal Collaborative, EERE-Geothermal
                Program, final report.* Washington, U.S. Dept. of Energy,
                May 2006. 7 p.
   DOE-SF-22363-NGC
   Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/883304-xeCU2D/
            *Geothermal energy: information on the Navy�s geothermal
                program*. Washington, General Accounting Office, June 2004.
                46 p. (GAO-04-513)
   PB2004105542
            *Hot dry rock technology.* Albuquerque, NM, Albuquerque
              Operations Office, 2005. 28 p. 
   DE2005583245
            *Renewable resources for America�s future.* Washington,
              U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p.
   PB2005103479
   Available online at: http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf (PDF
-
1.61
MB) (The freely available Adobe
   Acrobat Reader is required to view and
  print this resource.)
            *The Future of geothermal energy: impact of enhanced geothermal
                systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st century.* Cambridge,
                MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. 358 p. 
   Available online at: http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf (14.1MB PDF) (The freely available Adobe
Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
            TOP OF PAGE
            **STANDARDS
                      AND GUIDELINES****ASTM Standards**
              ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for
                Testing and Materials, is one of the largest voluntary standards
                development organizations in the world. The Annual Book of ASTM
                Standards can be consulted in the Science Reference collection
                of the Library of Congress. ASTM standards can also be purchased
                through ASTM International at: http://www.astm.org or
                through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) at: http://www.ansi.org
            ASTM International. *Annual book of ASTM standards.* West
              Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International, c2002- 
   TA401.A653 <SciRR>
   See especially v. 12.02 for standards related to geothermal
energy.
            Selected ASTM standards related to geothermal energy include:
            ASTM: E-947-83-2002. Standard specification for sampling single-phase
              geothermal liquid or steam for purposes of chemical analysis. *ASTM
              book of standards*, v. 12-02, 2005.
   TA401.A653
            ASTM: E-974-00-2006. Standard guide for specifying thermal performance
              of geothermal power systems. *ASTM book of standards*, v.
              12-02, 2006. 
   TA401.A653 <SciRR>
            **Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard***Performance rating of direct geoexchange heat pumps: ARI standard
              870-2005.* Fairfax, VA, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
              Institute, c2005. 15 p. (ANSI/ARI 2005-870) 
   Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
   Available online at: ttp://www.ahrinet.org/App_Content/files/standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20standards%20pdfs/ANSI-AHRI870-2005%20with%20Addendum%201%20-%20Approved%20by%20SPC.pdf (PDF 324KB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
            **International Organization for Standardization (ISO)***Water-source heat pumps: testing and rating for performance*.
              Geneva, Switzerland, ISO, 1998. 37 p. (ISO 13256)
            TOP OF PAGE
            **DISSERTATIONS**Dissertations may be identified by using online resources or the
              following indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any
              reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be available
              in full text through electronic resources on public terminals at
              the Library of Congress.
            *Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement* (1973-
                annual) 
   Z5053.X47a
              *Digital Dissertations* (1861-) 
   Electronic resource
              *Dissertation Abstracts International* (1938- monthly) 
   Z5053.D57 and Electronic format
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      DISSERTATIONS**Forrest, Andrew Ryan. *Optimization of a geothermal heat pump
                system with aboveground water storage*. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI,
                2003. 
   UMI publication number AAT 1412447 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 101 p.
   Dissertation (masters)--North Carolina State University, 2003.
            Kanoglu, Mehmet. *Design and optimization of geothermal power
                generation, heating, and cooling.* Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 1999. 
   UMI publication number AAT 9934146 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 137 p.
   Dissertation (doctoral)--University of Nevada, Reno, 1999.
            Mossop, Antony Patrick. *Seismicity, subsidence and strain
                at The Geysers geothermal field*. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2001.
   UMI publication number AAT 3002026 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 167 p.
   Dissertation (doctoral)--Stanford University, 2001.
            Xie, Feng. *Application of model predictive control to a geothermally
                heated bridge deck*. Ann	Arbor, MI, UMI, 2005. 
   UMI publication number AAT 1424883 <MicRR>
   Collation of the original: 138 p.
   Dissertation (masters)--Oklahoma State University, 2005.
            TOP OF PAGE
            **ABSTRACTING
                      AND INDEXING SERVICES**ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES that index relevant journal
              articles and other literature on geothermal energy are listed below.
              Consult reading room reference staff in order to access abstracting
              and indexing services in electronic format on the public terminals
              in the reading rooms at the Library of Congress.
            *Applied Science and Technology Abstracts (ASTA)*
   Z7913.I7 <SciRR> and Electronic
format
              *Environmental Issues and Policy Index*
   Electronic
format
              *Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management*
   Electronic
format
              *GEOBASE*
   Electronic
format
              *National Technical Information Service (NTIS)*
   Electronic
format
            TOP OF PAGE
            **JOURNALS**Journals that often contain articles relevant to geothermal energy
              include the following:
            *Energy*
                  HD9502.A1E533*Energy Conversion and Management*
                  TK2896.E48*Energy Sources*
                  TJ153.E4786*Geothermics*
                  GB1001.G47*GRC Bulletin*
                  GB1199.6.B84*Journal of Energy Resources Technology*
                  TJ163.13.T72*Power*
                  TJ1.P7*Power Engineering*
                  TJ1.P77*Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
                      Engineers. Civil Engineering.*
                  TA1.P826*Renewable Energy*
                  TJ809.S6
            TOP OF PAGE
            **REPRESENTATIVE
                      JOURNAL ARTICLES**Batchelor, Tony. Geothermal energy: a major renewable energy
              resource. *Civil engineering*,	v. 158, Nov. 2005: 40-44. 
   TA1.P826
            Bertani, Ruggero. World geothermal power generation 2001-2005. *GRC
                bulletin*, v. 35, May/June 2006: 89-111. 
   GB1199.6.B84
            Box, W. T. A second boom for geothermal? *Power engineering*,
              v. 108, June 2004: 97.
   TJ1.P77
            Ghose, Mrinal K. Environmentally sustainable supplies of energy
              with specific reference to geothermal energy. *Energy sources*,
              v. 26, May 2004: 531-539. 
   TJ153.E4786
            Hepbasli, A., and O. Akdemir. Energy and exergy analysis of a
              ground source (geothermal) heat pump system. *Energy conversion
              and management*, v. 45, Mar. 2004: 737-753.
   TK2896.E48
            Kagel, Alyssa, and Karl Gawell. Promoting geothermal energy:
              air emissions comparison and externality analysis. *Electricity
              journal*, v.18, Aug. 2005: 90-99. 
   HD9685.U4E415
            Kujawa, Tomasz, Wladyslaw Nowak, and Aleksander A. Stachel. Utilization
              of deep geological wells for acquisitions of geothermal energy. *Energy*,
              v. 31, Apr. 2006: 650-664.
   HD9502.A1E533
            Lund, John W. Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 worldwide
              review. *Geothermics*, v. 34, Dec. 2005: 691-727. 
   GB1001.G47
            Ozgener, Onder, and Arif Hepbasli. Experimental performance analysis
              of a solar assisted ground-source heat pump greenhouse heating
              system. *Energy & buildings*, v. 37, Jan. 2005: 101-110. 
   TJ163.5.B84E523
            Sliwa, Tomasz, and Andrzej Gonet. Theoretical model of borehole
              heat exchanger. *Journal of energy resources technology*,
              v. 127, June. 2005: 142-148. 
   TJ163.13.T72
            Wicker, Ken. Geothermal: hotter than ever. *Power*, v.
              149, Jan./Feb. 2005: 40-44. 
   TJ1.P7
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      MATERIALS**Selected Materials****available in the Science Reading
              Room pamphlet boxes include the following:
            Duffield, Wendell A., and John H. Sass. Geothermal energy:
                clean power from the Earth�s heat. Menlo Park, CA, U.S.
                Geological Survey, 2003. 36 p. (Circular 1249)
   Bibliography: p. 36.
   http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/c1249.pdf (PDF 398MB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
              *Geothermal today: geothermal energy program highlights*.
                U. S. Department of Energy, Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy
                Laboratory, 1999. 37 p.
              Hulen, J. B., and P. M. Wright. *Geothermal energy*.
                Salt Lake City, The Energy & Geoscience Institute, University
                of Utah, 2001. 7 p.
              Kagel, Alyssa, Diana Bates, and Karl Gawell. *A guide to
                  geothermal energy and the environment.* Washington, Geothermal
                  Energy Association, April 2005. 75 p.
              *Renewable resources for America�s future.* Washington,
                U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p. 
   http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf (PDF 1.61MB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
            TOP OF PAGE
            **SELECTED
                      INTERNET RESOURCES****State Government Resources**
            **California Energy Commission Geothermal Program**
                The program promotes geothermal energy development. Material
                  available at the Website 
                includes fact sheets on funded projects, an overview of geothermal
                energy in California, and a section on geothermal energy for
                students.http://www.energy.ca.gov/geothermal/
          
              **Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality**
                Includes a description of the Fairmont Hot Springs Resort project.http://deq.mt.gov/energy/geothermal/default.mcpx
         
              **Utah Geological Survey: Geothermal Resources**
                Databases, reports and maps, with the focus on geothermal resources
                  and use in Utah.http://geology.utah.gov/emp/geothermal/index.htm
            **Federal Government Resources: U. S. Department of Energy**
            **Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)**
                Energy Citations Databasehttp://www.osti.gov/energycitations/
                Geothermal Technologies Subject Portalhttp://www.osti.gov/geothermal/
              **Geothermal Energy, Idaho National Laboratory (INL)**
                INL works to establish geothermal energy as an economically competitive
                  contributor to U.S. energy supply. Reports, maps, software,
                  and contacts can be found at the Website.http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/
              **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program (EERE)****Geothermal Technologies Program**
                Works in partnership with industry to establish geothermal energy
                as an economically competitive contributor to the U.S. energy
                supply. The site links to sections on geothermal basics, history,
                news and other resources. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/
              **How to Buy an Energy-efficient Heat Pump**
                  Information about energy-efficient ground-source heat pumps,
                    from the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP).http://www.ornl.gov/sci/femp/pdfs/gshp-pro-chal.pdf (PDF 115KB)
(The freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
              **National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)**
                Geothermal Energy Programhttp://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/
            **Organizations, Associations and Research Programs**
            **Energy & Geoscience Institute (EGI): Geothermal
                  Research Program**
                This unit of EGI performs basic and applied research in geothermal
                exploration, reservoir	delineation, drilling, logging and production.http://www.egi-geothermal.org
              **Environmental and Energy Study Institute**
                Promotes initiatives on sustainable policy; publications are
                  available at the Website.http://www.eesi.org
              **European Geothermal Energy
                  Council (EGEC)**
                EGEC is an international organization that promotes use, research
                and development of geothermal energy. This site offers a wide
                range of information, ranging from introductory to specialized.http://www.egec.org/
              **Geo-Exchange, Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC)**
                GHPC works to increase awareness and use of geoexchange technology.
                  Information at this site ranges from an introductory video
                  to case studies.http://www.geoexchange.org/
              **Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology**
                Provides technological information on geothermal energy for consultants,
                  developers, potential users and the general public. Offers
                  publications for download and purchase.http://geoheat.oit.edu/
              **Geothermal Education Office (GEO)**
                The GEO site has world maps of geothermal energy production,
                  geothermal facts, classroom materials and other information.http://geothermal.marin.org/
              **Geothermal Energy Association (GEA)**
                The GEA Website offers a useful section on geothermal basics
                  along with a directory of existing power plants.http://www.geo-energy.org/
              **Geothermal Laboratory, Southern Methodist University**
                The Geothermal Lab site offers a very useful collection of maps
                  related to geothermal energy development and use, as well as
                  many publications and links to related databases.http://smu.edu/geothermal/
              **Geothermal Resources Council (GRC)**
                GRC is an international educational and professional association
                  which encourages research and information transfer. The site
                  offers a virtual tour of a geothermal plant. Publications are
                  available for purchase, with some articles freely downloadable.
                  The Mexican professional journal *Geotermia* is also
                  available in electronic format.http://www.geothermal.org/index.html
              **International Geothermal Association**
                Includes general information on geothermal energy, news, interactive
                  maps, images and links to the International Geothermal Conference
                  Papers Database.http://iga.igg.cnr.it/index.php
              **International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA)**
                IGSHPA advances ground source heat pump technology through training
                  and research. The site offers general and technical information,
                  with a directory of federal and state incentives and local
                  industry contacts. http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/about/about_us.htm
        
              **World Renewable Energy Congress/Network (WREC/WREN)**
                This organization sponsors international congresses on renewable
                  energy, and works to support and enhance the utilization and
                  implementation of renewable energy sources. It also publishes
                  newsletters and the annual journal *Renewable Energy*. http://www.wrenuk.co.uk/index.html                                                       
|Geothermal Energy
                  **Tracer Bullet 07-1**
                  Scope
                    Introductions to the Topic
                    Subject Headings
                    Basic Texts
                    Specialized Titles
                    Conference Proceedings
                    Selected Technical Reports and Government Publications
                    Standards and Guidelines
                    Dissertations
                    Selected Dissertations
                    Abstracting and Indexing Services
                    Journals
                    Representative Journal Articles
                    Selected Materials
                    Selected Internet Resources                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
|**SCOPE**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|**INTRODUCTIONS
                      TO THE TOPIC**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              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