2023 IL App (1st) 220888-U

No. 1-22-0888 

Order filed June 21, 2023 

Third Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

STEADFAST INSURANCE COMPANY,

Plaintiff-Appellee and Counter-Defendant, 

 v. 

STATE PARKWAY CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, 

Defendant-Appellant and Counter-Plaintiff. 

(Lieberman Management Services, Inc., Donna Weber, 

Michael J. Novak, Christina Bugelas Novak, and T.N., by 

her Parent and Next Friend MJN, Defendants) 

STATE PARKWAY CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION,

 Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

TRAVELERS CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY

OF AMERICA, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL 

SPECIALTY LINES INSURANCE COMPANY, 

HARLEYSVILLE LAKE STATES INSURANCE 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of

Cook County. 

No. 17 CH 13772

Honorable 

Neil H. Cohen, 

Judge, presiding. 
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COMPANY, STRATHMORE INSURANCE 

COMPANY, AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE INSUANCE

COMPANY, 

 Third-Party Defendants-Appellees. 

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JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court.

Presiding Justice McBride and Justice Reyes concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: We affirm the circuit court’s orders holding that plaintiff and third-party defendant

insurers have no duty to defend or indemnify defendant and third-party defendant 

insured in the underlying litigation, insurers are not estopped from raising policy 

defenses, and insured has no claim against insurers for vexatious or unreasonable 

delay under the Illinois Insurance Code.

¶ 2 This case involves an insurance coverage dispute. Appellant State Parkway Condominium 

Association (SPCA) seeks reimbursement, under various insurance policies, for amounts SPCA 

asserts it incurred in the defense and settlement of several administrative and civil proceedings 

pursued against it by a condominium unit owner, Michael J. Novak, and his family (collectively, 

the Novak Litigation) for, inter alia, alleged discriminatory and harassing conduct based on 

Novak’s disability. Novak filed his first claim against SPCA in 2007; this and other claims 

continued for over a decade. As SPCA’s primary insurer, third-party defendant and appellee

Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (Travelers), provided a defense in the Novak 

Litigation. In 2017, however, Travelers informed SPCA that its $1 million coverage limit had been 

exhausted and withdrew its defense. SPCA then turned to its six other insurers, from which it had 

obtained commercial general liability and umbrella liability policies, to undertake its defense. Each 

insurer refused to defend or indemnify SPCA. A series of coverage actions followed in the state 
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and federal courts. In this case, SPCA appeals the circuit court’s determination that none of 

SPCA’s insurers in this action have an obligation to defend or indemnify SPCA in the Novak 

Litigation. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the circuit court’s judgments. 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 4 A. The Underlying Novak Litigation 

¶ 5 SPCA, an Illinois non-for-profit corporation, is the association of owners of the 

condominium building located at 1445 North State Parkway in Chicago, Illinois. In January 2007, 

Novak filed a claim against SPCA with the Illinois Department of Human Rights (IDHR) (2007 

IDHR Claim) alleging that SPCA failed to make reasonable accommodations for his hearing 

impairment at a January 2006 board meeting, including provision of hearing assistance through 

Communication Access Real-Time Translation (CART) services to communicate at association 

proceedings. Travelers defended SPCA in the proceedings, which were resolved through 

settlement on September 4, 2007. 

¶ 6 In March 2008, SPCA filed a lawsuit which sought an injunction against Novak in the 

Chancery Division of the Cook County circuit court alleging violations of SPCA rules and 

regulations, including harassment (SPCA Chancery Lawsuit). In January 2009, Novak filed a 

counterclaim (Novak Counterclaim) alleging discriminatory and harassing conduct by SPCA, unit 

owners, board members, and by the on-site property manager Donna Weber (Weber), an employee 

of SPCA’s management company Lieberman Management Services, Inc. (Lieberman 

Management). Novak set forth factual allegations of incidents starting from September 2007 

through 2008 regarding his interactions with SPCA, Lieberman Management and Weber, and other 

unit owners related to his attempts to obtain books and records, bringing to light alleged accounting 
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discrepancies, and allegations of discriminatory or retaliatory conduct based on these efforts and 

due to his disability. Novak alleged violation of SPCA’s rules and regulations, breach of the 2007 

IDHR Claim settlement agreement, retaliation for filing the 2007 IDHR Claim, defamation, and 

intentional infliction of emotional distress. Novak later filed two amended counterclaims (Novak 

First Amended Counterclaim and Novak Second Amended Counterclaim, collectively, Novak 

Counterclaims). Travelers undertook defense of the Novak Counterclaims. 

¶ 7 In his Second Amended Counterclaim, Novak added additional allegations of conduct 

through July 2009 that had occurred since his first counterclaim was filed. Novak brought the 

following counts: (1) four counts against SPCA for injunctive and compensatory relief regarding 

its alleged failure to comply with books and records inspections laws, and (2) one count of breach 

of fiduciary duty in refusing to respond to requests for documents, failing to consistently 

administer association rules, targeting Novak with additional rules and fees or penalties, retaliation 

against Novak, discrimination in failing to accommodate Novak’s disability for board meetings,

and failing to accommodate his service dog. Novak alleged he suffered “economic and emotional 

distress damage and harm to his person, family, and reputation.” In 2016, the trial court dismissed 

with prejudice all but the breach of fiduciary duty count.

¶ 8 Novak filed a second housing discrimination complaint against SPCA in the IDHR in 

November 2010 (2010 IDHR Claim) again alleging, inter alia, disability discrimination, including, 

again, improper denial of CART services, retaliation for filing the 2007 IDHR Claim, refusal to 

acknowledge Novak’s service dog, and improper attempts to terminate Novak’s ownership of his 

condominium. Travelers undertook SPCA’s defense against this claim. 
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¶ 9 Finally, in November 2013, Novak and his family filed a lawsuit in United States District 

Court for the Northern District of Illinois (Novak Federal Lawsuit). Novak named as defendants

SPCA, Lieberman Management, Weber, and SPCA’s law firm (later dismissed). Travelers 

undertook SPCA’s defense in the Novak Federal Lawsuit. Novak’s twelve-count complaint

alleged claims of violation of fair housing laws and negligent and intentional infliction of 

emotional distress. Similar to previous filings, Novak alleged that after the settlement of 2007 

IDHR Claim on September 4, 2007, Weber and SPCA engaged in numerous incidents of 

discriminatory, harassing, and retaliatory conduct. Novak reiterated allegations related to incidents 

that were part of the SPCA Chancery Lawsuit, Novak Counterclaims, and the 2010 IDHR Claim, 

alleging that the SPCA Chancery Lawsuit constituted malicious prosecution. They also alleged 

incidents of discrimination and harassment related to Novak’s disability occurring through January 

2013. 

¶ 10 Various counts of the Second Amended Counterclaim and Novak Federal Litigation were 

dismissed in the ensuing years. Ultimately, in 2019, the parties settled the remaining claims in the 

underlying lawsuits, i.e., the breach of fiduciary duty count against SPCA in the Novak Second 

Amended Counterclaim, and the federal housing law claims against Lieberman Management and 

Weber in the Novak Federal Lawsuit.

1

 

1 We note that Liberman Management and Weber are not parties to this appeal. The circuit court entered an 

order on May 29, 2020, granting Steadfast’s motion to dismiss with prejudice its complaint as to Weber 

and Lieberman Management. The court also entered an order on June 4, 2020, granting Weber and 

Lieberman Management’s motion to voluntarily dismiss with prejudice their claims against Steadfast, 

Travelers, AISLIC, Harleysville, Strathmore, and American Automobile. These orders are not at issue on 

appeal.
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¶ 11 B. Travelers’ Defense of SPCA and Reservation of Rights Letters

¶ 12 Travelers provided insurance policies to SPCA beginning in May 2006 through May 2012, 

renewed annually. The policies contained the following “Related Wrongful Acts” provision: 

“Losses based upon or arising out of the same Wrongful Act or Related Wrongful Acts of 

one or more of the Insureds shall be considered a single Loss incurred as a result of a single 

Claim, which Claim shall be deemed to have been made on the date the first Claim for such 

Wrongful Act or for one or more such Related Wrongful Acts is made against any of the 

Insureds[.]” (Emphasis omitted.)

¶ 13 Travelers began providing a defense for SPCA in the 2007 IDHR Claim under SPCA’s 

Non-Profit Management and Organizational Liability Policy, effective May 30, 2006, to May 30, 

2007 (2006-2007 Travelers Policy). Travelers sent SPCA a letter dated April 18, 2007 (April 2007

ROR Letter) advising that Travelers would provide SPCA with a defense under a full reservation 

of rights and agreeing to SPCA’s request to retain SPCA’s outside counsel for the defense. The 

letter stated that under the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy, a preliminary evaluation of Novak’s claim 

indicated it constituted a “Claim” under the policy, but a definitive coverage evaluation would not 

be possible until all issues were resolved. The letter again advised that its defense was subject to a 

full reservation of rights, stating: “This means that coverage may be withdrawn if it is conclusively 

determined at a later date that no coverage exists for the matter under the Policy.” Further, 

Travelers “reserve[d] its right to raise additional terms, conditions, and exclusions as defenses to 

coverage should they later be determined to apply.” Travelers’s letter advised that its limit of 

liability, including defense costs, was $1 million. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 14 Following the filing of the Novak Counterclaim in the SPCA Chancery Lawsuit, Travelers 

sent another letter dated February 13, 2009 (February 2009 ROR Letter), providing SPCA with a 

preliminary evaluation that coverage for the Novak Counterclaim was afforded by the 2006-2007 

Travelers Policy, with a $1 million coverage limit, including defense costs, and again agreed to 

appoint SPCA’s outside counsel of choice to handle the defense. In the letter, Travelers recounted 

the claims and allegations made in the 2007 IDHR Claim and the Novak Counterclaim. Travelers 

stated that it determined that the 2007 IDHR Claim and the Novak Counterclaim constituted 

“Related Wrongful Acts” under the policy. The letter also cited at length other policy exclusions

that may apply. Further, the letter advised that there may be other insurance policies which provide 

primary or secondary coverage for the claim, and requested SPCA to advise Travelers what other 

policies exist, what steps have been taken to notify those insurers, and what their responses have 

been. Similar to its previous letter, Travelers stated that it was providing a defense under a “full 

reservation of rights, including but not limited to those stated above,” that its duty to defend “may 

be extinguished at some point in the future if it is determined conclusively that no coverage exists 

for this matter under the Policy,” and that it “reserve[d] it[s] right to raise additional terms, 

conditions and exclusions as defenses to coverage should they later be determined to apply.”

¶ 15 After Novak filed the First Amended and Second Amended Counterclaims in the SPCA 

Chancery Lawsuit, Travelers sent SPCA another letter, dated October 22, 2009 (October 2009 

ROR Letter). Travelers, through its claim representative, Melissa Morin, wrote that coverage for 

the claims set forth in the Second Amended Counterclaim was being afforded under the Travelers’ 

policy that was effective from May 30, 2009, to May 30, 2010 (2009-2010 Travelers Policy), 

which had a $2 million limit. The letter stated, however, “[w]ith respect to this particular loss, 
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please be advised that Endorsement 72028 limits coverage to $1,000,000.00 for any Claims 

involving Michael Novak.” Travelers stated that it would like to appoint Litchfield Cavo LLP

(“Litchfield Cavo”) to handle the defense, upon approval by SPCA. Similar to its prior letters, 

Travelers advised that it was providing coverage under a full reservation of rights and that its duty 

to defend may be extinguished in the future if it was determined that no coverage exists. It again 

advised that SPCA should investigate whether additional coverage with other insurers was 

available and inform Travelers of their response. As with prior letters, it noted several policy 

exclusions that may apply and stated that Travelers: 

“continues to fully reserve all rights, remedies, and defenses in this matter, including *** 

the right to raise any additional terms, conditions and exclusions as defenses to coverage 

should they be determined to apply. Neither this letter, nor any actions by Travelers or any 

of its agents, shall constitute, or be deemed a waiver, estoppel, admission or liability or 

prejudice of any kind to Travelers’ rights and defenses under the Policy, by law, or 

otherwise.”

¶ 16 Following the filing of the Novak 2010 IDHR Claim, Travelers sent SPCA a letter dated 

December 6, 2010 (December 2010 ROR Letter) from claim representative Morin. Travelers wrote

that its initial coverage analysis indicated that the allegations in the 2010 IDHR Claim were 

substantially similar to those in the Novak Counterclaims. Travelers advised that although the 

2009-2010 Travelers Policy had a $2 million aggregate coverage limitation, “[w]ith respect to this 

particular loss, please be advised that Endorsement 72028 limits coverage to $1,000,000.00 for 

any Claims involving Michael Novak.” The letter stated that Travelers would like to continue 

retaining Litchfield Cavo for the defense. As in prior letters, Travelers outlined several exclusions 
No. 1-22-0888 

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that might apply, stated that it was defending under a full reservation of rights, that its duty to 

defend may be extinguished in the future if it was determined that no coverage existed, and that 

SPCA notify it if other insurance policies may apply. Travelers advised that it: 

“continues to fully reserve all rights, remedies, and defenses in this matter, including but 

not limited to the right to raise additional terms, conditions and exclusions as defenses to 

coverage should they later be determined to apply. Neither this letter nor any actions by 

Travelers or any of its agents, shall constitute, or be deemed a waiver, estoppel, admission

or liability or otherwise prejudice of any kind to Travelers’s rights and defenses under the 

Policy, by law, or otherwise.” 

¶ 17 On October 4, 2017, Travelers sent SPCA a letter informing it that Travelers’ payments in 

connection with the Novak claims had exceeded the applicable $1 million limit of the 2006-2007 

Travelers Policy, and that Travelers had paid over $1,085,000 in defense costs(Travelers Coverage 

Exhaustion Letter). The letter, from Senior Claim Representative Rachel Plzak, reviewed the 

history of the Novak claims starting from the 2007 IDHR Claim through the Novak Federal 

Lawsuit. Plzak indicated that the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy contained a maximum limit of 

liability for all claims of $1 million, and that this policy was renewed in subsequent policy periods. 

The letter stated that when Novak filed the 2007 IDHR Claim, Travelers assigned the matter a 

claim number under the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy, and the Novak Counterclaims were treated 

as Related Wrongful Acts and the same Claim under the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy. The letter 

acknowledged that in subsequent communications, Travelers had referred to the 2009-2010 

Travelers Policy and handled the matter under that policy with a different claim number. Travelers

explained that because all Wrongful Acts alleged in the various Novak claims constituted Related 
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Wrongful Acts under the policy, all claims in the Novak Litigation should have been handled under 

the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy. As such, all claims in the Novak Litigation were considered a 

single Loss incurred as a result of a single Claim. Because the $1 million policy limit was

exhausted, Travelers advised SPCA that no further coverage was available for the Novak 

Litigation, and it had no further duty to defend SPCA. 

¶ 18 C. Deposition Testimony and Documentary Evidence 

¶ 19 Mary Marta, a board member of SPCA since 2002 and board president during the time 

period of the Novak Litigation, testified in her deposition that she was involved in communications 

with Travelers regarding coverage of the litigation, but had no knowledge of the reservation of 

rights letters from Travelers, which she believed Lieberman Management was responsible for 

receiving. She periodically inquired about the current level of exhaustion of coverage for the 

Novak Litigation that had been spent on defense costs. At a settlement conference in 2013 related 

to the Novak claims in state court, Marta was “made aware that our coverage in legal fees was $1 

million dollars.” Marta testified that, at a private mediation at their attorney’s office, Travelers’ 

claim counsel Morin informed her that the Travelers’ policy limit for the Novak Litigation was $1 

million. At a federal court settlement conference in 2015, Marta was not advised of anything to 

the contrary regarding the $1 million limitation. Marta testified that, after Novak proposed a $4.9 

million settlement demand at a federal court mediation, SPCA discussed at board meetings the 

total amount spent by Travelers thus far, the amount Novak demanded, and how the Novak 

Litigation could be settled for a reasonable amount, such as by purchasing Novak’s condominium 

unit from him. In May 2015, Morin informed her that Travelers had spent $400,000 on defense 

costs to date. Marta testified that she sent an email to Morin in September 2016 again requesting 
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the total amount spent by Travelers for the Novak Litigation because she “need[ed] to make our 

owners aware of the fact that the association may have to cover the legal expenses when the policy 

limit has been reached.” Morin responded that $700,000 had been expended. Marta understood the 

policy limit to be $1,000,000 at the time. Marta testified that SPCA was creating its annual budget 

and it was setting aside funds for the contingency that the $1 million coverage limit would be 

exhausted and unit owners would have to pay legal fees. 

¶ 20 According to Travelers’ claim counsel Morin, she discussed the $1 million coverage limit 

and how much had been spent on defense costs with Marta throughout the course of various 

mediation sessions and telephone calls between 2013 and 2015. Similar to Marta’s testimony, 

Morin testified that, during a mediation in 2013, Morin discussed defense costs and settlement 

costs with Marta. Morin testified that at a federal court settlement conference in 2015, Morin 

discussed with Marta that Travelers’ coverage limit for the Novak Litigation was $1 million, the 

total amount Travelers had expended on defense costs to date, and the fact that the defense costs 

“were coming off the million.” She testified that Marta was “in agreement” and “really focused on 

how much is remaining because they knew it was a self-liquidating policy.” 

¶ 21 Weber, the on-site manager at the condominium building from 2007 through 2015, testified 

that she had no knowledge of any reservation of rights letters, she never heard that any amount in 

excess of $1 million was available under Travelers’ policy, and she never believed that more than 

$1 million in coverage was available.

¶ 22 D. Procedural History Related to the Instant Case

¶ 23 After Travelers withdrew from SPCA’s defense in the Novak Litigation, the SPCA looked 

to its other insurers to undertake its defense: American International Specialty Lines Insurance 
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Company (AISLIC), American Automobile Liability Insurance Company (American 

Automobile), Harleysville Lake States Insurance Company (Harleysville), Steadfast Insurance 

Company (Steadfast), Strathmore Insurance Company (Strathmore), and Great American 

Insurance Company (Great American). According to SPCA, when they refused to provide 

coverage, SPCA imposed a special assessment on its members and allegedly incurred 

approximately $260,000 in defense costs, in addition to the undisclosed settlement amount SPCA 

incurred in settling the Novak Litigation in 2019. 

¶ 24 In 2017, after Travelers informed SPCA that its coverage had been exhausted, Great 

American instituted a federal declaratory judgment action (Federal Coverage Case) against SPCA, 

Lieberman Management, and Weber in the United States District Court for the Northern District 

of Illinois, seeking a declaration that it did not owe any coverage in the Novak Litigation. The 

SPCA filed a counterclaim against Great American, and a third-party complaint against Travelers, 

AISLIC, Harleysville, and Steadfast, seeking a declaration of coverage. 

¶ 25 Travelers moved for partial judgment on the pleadings. Great American Insurance Co. v. 

State Parkway Condominium Assoc., 2018 WL 4333623 (N.D. Ill. Sep. 11, 2018). The federal 

court found that, under the terms of Travelers’ policy, the Novak Litigation arose from Related 

Wrongful Acts, constituting a single Claim first made with the 2007 IDHR Claim. Id. In January 

2019, SPCA, Lieberman, and Great American dismissed their respective claims against each other 

without prejudice; as such, the federal court determined it no longer had diversity jurisdiction over 

the case and dismissed the case without prejudice on March 22, 2019.

¶ 26 Prior to dismissal of the Federal Coverage Case and shortly after Travelers sent the October 

4, 2017, Coverage Exhaustion Letter, Steadfast initiated the instant case on October 13, 2017, in
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the Cook County circuit court. Steadfast sought a declaration that it had no duty to defend or 

indemnify SPCA in the Novak Litigation. This action was stayed pending resolution of the Federal 

Coverage Case. Upon dismissal of the latter, litigation in the instant case resumed. SPCA filed a 

counterclaim against Steadfast and a third-party complaint against Travelers, AISLIC, 

Harleysville, and Strathmore, seeking a declaration that the insurance companies were obligated 

to defend or indemnify SPCA in the Novak Litigation.2 

¶ 27 Following various motions to dismiss, SPCA filed a first amended counterclaim and an 

amended third-party complaint. On July 21, 2020, SPCA filed a second amended third-party 

complaint (SATC), which, inter alia, added American Automobile as a third-party defendant. 

¶ 28 1. SPCA’s Claims Against Travelers

¶ 29 In its SATC, SPCA brought three counts against Travelers: (1) breach of contract for 

abandoning its defense in the Novak Litigation, (2) waiver of/estoppel from asserting that only $1 

million coverage was available and that the Related Wrongful Acts limitation applied, and (3) 

costs and fees under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2020)) for 

vexatious and unreasonable conduct and delay related to its defense. Travelers filed a counterclaim 

seeking a declaration that the claims in the Novak Litigation were Related Wrongful Acts, thus 

constituting a single Claim resulting from a single Loss, and the single Claim was first made in 

January 2007, when the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy was in effect. 

¶ 30 Travelers moved to dismiss SPCA’s section 155 claim pursuant to section 2-615(a) of the 

Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615(a) (West 2020)). In granting the motion on 

2 Great American was not named as a third-party defendant in the SPCA’s state court third-party complaint

and is not a party in this case.
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March 20, 2020, the trial court determined that there was a bona fide dispute regarding coverage, 

precluding application of the statute. 

¶ 31 Travelers later filed a motion for partial judgment on the pleadings pursuant to section 2-

615(e) (735 ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2020)) seeking a declaration that the claims in the Novak 

Litigation constituted Related Wrongful Acts. SPCA filed a motion for partial summary judgment 

on the same issue, seeking the opposite declaration. 

¶ 32 On January 26, 2021, the circuit court granted Travelers’ motion. The court found that (1)

the underlying pleadings in the Novak Litigation and SPCA’s own admissions demonstrated that 

Novak’s claims against SPCA all arose out of the 2007 IDHR Claim, and all of the claims 

constituted Related Wrongful Acts under the Travelers policy; (2) the pleadings demonstrated that 

SPCA was aware of the 2007 IDHR Claim and the alleged retaliation against Novak for filing the 

claim; and (3) the Novak Litigation constituted a single Claim first made in January 2007; (4)

Travelers was entitled to partial summary judgment on the pleadings “in the form of a declaration 

that the Novak Litigation constitutes a single claim resulting in a single loss arising from ‘related 

wrongful acts’ and that single claim was made in January of 2007”; and (5) only the 2006-2007 

Travelers Policy applied.

¶ 33 Following discovery on SPCA’s remaining claim—the waiver/estoppel count—the parties 

filed cross-motions for summary judgment. On March 28, 2022, the circuit court granted 

Travelers’ motion for summary judgment as to Travelers’ counterclaim and SPCA’s 

waiver/estoppel claim. The circuit court found that SPCA did not establish waiver or estoppel as 

a matter of law and Travelers had no further coverage obligation for the Novak Litigation after 

exhaustion of the $1 million in coverage under the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy. 
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¶ 34 2. SPCA’s Claims Against AISLIC

¶ 35 AISLIC issued three umbrella insurance policies between 2006 and 2009 that provided 

commercial general liability coverage, including limited, claims-made director and officer 

umbrella coverage (AISLIC Umbrella Policies). SPCA alleged three counts against AISLIC in the 

SATC. In count IV, SPCA asserted breach of contract, alleging that the claims that remained 

pending at the time—the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim and the Novak Federal Lawsuit—

fell within the policy coverage, and AISLIC was obligated to undertake its defense after SPCA. In 

count V, SPCA asserted that AISLIC should be estopped from asserting any defenses because it 

breached its duty to defend SPCA and failed to seek a declaration of rights. In count VI, SPCA 

sought imposition of fees and costs under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code. 

¶ 36 AISLIC moved to dismiss the claims against it pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Illinois 

Code of Civil Procedure. (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)). On May 27, 2022, the circuit court 

entered judgment in favor of AISLIC and dismissed counts IV-VI with prejudice. The court found 

that (1) SPCA was not entitled to commercial general liability or director and officer umbrella 

coverage under the AISLIC Umbrella Policies, (2) SPCA had no claim for estoppel where no 

coverage was owed, and (3) SPCA failed to state a claim under section 155 because there was a 

bona fide dispute over coverage. 

¶ 37 3. SPCA’s Claims Against American Automobile

¶ 38 American Automobile provided a commercial general liability insurance policy effective 

May 30, 2006 to May 30, 2007 (American Automobile Policy). Similar to its claims against 

AISLIC, SPCA asserted three counts against American Automobile in the SATC. Count VII

alleged breach of contract for failure to undertake SPCA’s defense in the Novak Litigation 
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pursuant to the American Automobile Policy. Count VIII asserted that American Automobile was 

estopped from asserting any policy coverage defenses. Count IX raised a claim under section 155 

of the Illinois Insurance Code.

3

¶ 39 American Automobile filed a motion under section 2-615(e) of the Illinois Code of Civil 

Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2020)). The circuit court granted the motion on June 28, 

2021, finding that American Automobile received late notice of the Novak claims, SPCA failed to 

provide notice pursuant to the policy requirements, that the Novak Litigation was not covered by 

the American Automobile Policy, and that SPCA could not maintain an estoppel claim or seek 

sanctions under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code.

¶ 40 4. SPCA’s Claims Against Harleysville

¶ 41 Harleysville issued a commercial general liability policy to SPCA effective from May 1, 

2007, to May 1, 2008 (Harleysville Policy). Harleysville filed a motion to dismiss after each 

iteration of SPCA’s third-party complaint. 

¶ 42 Ultimately, in the SATC, SPCA asserted similar claims against Harleysville as against its 

other secondary insurers. In count X, SPCA alleged breach of contract for refusing to undertake 

SPCA’s defense pursuant to the Harleysville Policy. SPCA asserted in count XI that Harleysville 

should be estopped from denying coverage because it failed to defend SPCA or file a declaratory 

judgment action. In count XII, SPCA again claimed costs and fees under section 155 of the Illinois 

Insurance Code.

3 We note that SPCA did not name American Automobile as a third-party defendant in the Federal Coverage 

Case. American Automobile contended it was not given notice of the Novak Litigation until November 

2018. It pursued a declaratory judgment action in federal court in March 2019, to which SPCA challenged 

jurisdiction and filed a third-party complaint against American Automobile. American Automobile 

subsequently dismissed its case.
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¶ 43 Harleysville filed a motion to dismiss the SATC pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619(a)(9) 

of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619(a)(9) (West 2020)), based on 

failure to provide proper notice under its policy. 

¶ 44 The circuit court granted Harleysville’s motion to dismiss with prejudice on October 3, 

2020, holding that SPCA failed to plead any facts demonstrating that it provided the notice required 

by the Harleysville Policy. Further, estoppel did not apply where the alleged facts demonstrated

that Harleysville had no reasonable opportunity to file a declaratory action before SPCA filed its 

own action. The court also determined SPCA’s section 155 claim failed as a matter of law because 

a bona fide dispute as to coverage existed. 

¶ 45 5. SPCA’s Claims Against Steadfast

¶ 46 Steadfast issued a commercial general liability policy effective from May 1, 2008, to May 

1, 2009 (Steadfast Policy). In Steadfast’s October 13, 2017, declaratory action against SPCA, it 

sought a declaration of no coverage or duty to defend on three grounds: (1) the Novak Second 

Amended Counterclaim and the Novak Federal Action did not allege bodily injury, property 

damage, personal injury, or advertising injury within the terms of the policy, and that such conduct 

fell within the scope of the “expected or intended injury exclusion” in its policy; (2) coverage was 

excluded based on the “continuing claim exclusion” in the policy; and (3) SPCA failed to comply 

with the notice provision in the policy. 

¶ 47 As to Steadfast, SPCA asserted in its first amended counterclaim (1) breach of contract for

failing to defend SPCA, and (2) costs and fees under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code. 
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Additionally, SPCA raised the affirmative defenses of estoppel and waiver based on Steadfast’s 

alleged breach of its duty to defend SPCA.4

 

¶ 48 Steadfast moved to dismiss the section 155 claim. The circuit court granted this motion in 

a written order on March 12, 2020. Steadfast subsequently moved for judgment on the pleadings

as to the remaining issues. The court granted Steadfast’s motion on January 26, 2021, finding that 

the “continuing claim exclusion” in the policy eliminated any duty to defend or indemnify, and 

that, as a matter of law, SPCA failed to provide the required notice under Steadfast’s policy. 

Accordingly, Steadfast’s contractual duties under the policy were not triggered. The court found 

that waiver and estoppel did not apply because Steadfast had promptly filed its declaratory 

judgment action and Steadfast had no duty to defend SPCA. 

¶ 49 6. SPCA’s Claims Against Strathmore 

¶ 50 Strathmore issued commercial general liability policies to SPCA from May 1, 2009, 

through May 1, 2012 (Strathmore Policies). Similar to its claims against other insurers, SPCA 

asserted in count XIII of the SATC, breach of contract in refusing to undertake its defense in the 

Novak Second Amended Counterclaim and the Novak Federal Lawsuit; in count XIV, estoppel 

from raising any policy defenses; and in count XV, penalties and fees under section 155. 

¶ 51 Strathmore filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to section 2-615(e) of 

the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615(e) (West 2020)). The circuit court granted 

Strathmore’s motion on October 1, 2020. 

4 We note that SPCA also raised the affirmative defenses that (1) a determination regarding Steadfast’s duty 

to indemnify was premature, and (2) it was improper for the court to determine any facts in the case that 

were at issue in the Novak Litigation, but neither of these are at issue on appeal as they were later rendered 

moot. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 52 The circuit court’s order on May 27, 2022, related to AISLIC, resolved the final pending 

claim in the case, rending the matter final and appealable. SPCA filed a notice of appeal from each 

of the dispositive orders. 

¶ 53 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 54 A. Standards of Review

¶ 55 The contested rulings on appeal involve: the granting of a motion to dismiss, motion for 

judgment on the pleadings, combined motion under section 2-619.1, and a motion for summary 

judgment. Each is subject to de novo review on appeal. Hooker v. State Board of Elections, 2016 

IL 121077, ¶ 21 (motion for judgment on the pleadings under section 2-615(e)); Van Meter v. 

Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 368 (2003) (motion to dismiss pursuant to 2-619(a)(9)); 

Kean v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 316 (2009) (motion to dismiss under 2-615(a)); 

Gatreaux v. DKW Enterprises, LLC, 2011 IL App (1st) 103482, ¶ 10 (motion under 2-619.1); 

Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 101 (1992) (summary 

judgment) 

¶ 56 An argument for dismissal under section 2-615(a) tests the legal sufficiency of the 

complaint based on defects apparent on its face. Kopnick v. JL Woode Management Company, 

LLC, 2017 IL App (1st) 152054, ¶ 21. The court examines whether the facts as alleged by the 

plaintiff are sufficient to state a cause of action, when viewing those facts in the light most 

favorable to the plaintiff. Id. The court should dismiss a cause of action when no set of facts can 

be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to recover. Id. 

¶ 57 Judgment on the pleadings under section 2-615(e) is appropriate where no genuine issue 

of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hooker, 
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2016 IL 121077, ¶ 21. In deciding a motion for judgment on the pleadings, “the court may consider 

only those facts appearing on the face of the pleadings, matters subject to judicial notice, and any 

judicial admissions in the record. All well-pleaded facts and reasonable inferences based on those 

facts are taken as true.” Id. 

¶ 58 “Section 2-619.1 of the Code permits a party to combine a section 2-615 motion to dismiss 

based upon a plaintiff’s substantially insufficient pleadings with a section 2-619 motion to dismiss 

based upon certain defects or defenses.” Edelman, Combs, and Latturner v. Hinshaw and 

Culbertson, 338 Ill. App. 3d 156, 164 (2003) (citing 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2000)). “It is 

proper for a court when ruling on a motion to dismiss under either section 2-615 or section 2-619 

to accept all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true and to draw all reasonable inferences from 

those facts in favor of the nonmoving party.” Id. 

¶ 59 A motion to dismiss under section 2-619(a)(9) provides for dismissal where a claim “ ‘is 

barred by other affirmative matter avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.’ ” Van Meter, 

207 Ill. 2d at 367 (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 1998)). The moving party “admits the 

legal sufficiency of the complaint, but asserts an affirmative defense or other matter to defeat the 

plaintiff’s claim.” Id. To that end, the court must view all pleadings and supporting documents in 

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. at 367-68. The intent of a section 2-619 motion 

is to dispose of issues of law and easily proved issues of fact early on in a case. Id. at 367. Our 

supreme court has likened such a motion to a motion for summary judgment, wherein the court 

considers whether the existence of a genuine issue of material fact precludes dismissal. Epstein v. 

Chicago Board of Education, 178 Ill. 2d 370, 383 (1997). If a defendant satisfies the initial burden 
No. 1-22-0888 

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of its section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the 

affirmative matter is unfounded or requires resolution of an issue of material fact. Id. 

¶ 60 “Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material fact and 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d 

at 101. Summary judgment “should only be granted if the movant’s right to judgment is clear and 

free from doubt.” Id. If a reasonable person could draw a different inference from the undisputed 

facts, summary judgment is not appropriate. Id. When “parties file cross-motions for summary 

judgment, they concede the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and invite the court to 

decide the questions presented as a matter of law.” Illinois State Bar Association Mutual Insurance 

Co. v. Frank M. Greenfield & Associates, P.C., 2012 IL App (1st) 110337, ¶ 18 (citations omitted). 

¶ 61 In examining the circuit court’s rulings, this court “may affirm on any basis appearing in 

the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its reasoning was correct.” Frank 

M. Greenfield & Associates, P.C., 2012 IL App (1st) 110337, ¶ 18. While we may accept as true 

all well-pleaded facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in a complaint, “a plaintiff may not rely 

on mere conclusions of law or fact unsupported by specific factual allegations.” Pooh-Bah 

Enterprises, Inc. v. County of Cook, 232 Ill. 2d 463, 473 (2009).

¶ 62 Resolution of this case requires us to construe the language of insurance policies, an 

undertaking that is also subject to de novo appellate review. Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d 

at 108. “The construction of an insurance policy and a determination of the rights and obligations 

thereunder are questions of law for the court which are appropriate subjects for disposition by way 

of summary judgment.” Crum & Forster Managers Corp. v. Resolution Trust Corp., 156 Ill. 2d 

384, 391 (1993). In reviewing the language of an insurance policy, the rules of contract 
No. 1-22-0888 

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interpretation apply, with our primary object being to ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intent 

as expressed in the policy. Firebirds International, LLC v. Zurich American Insurance Co., 2022 

IL App (1st) 210558, ¶ 17. Clear and unambiguous terms will be enforced as written. Id. We “must 

construe the policy in its entirety, giving effect to all parts of the policy as is possible, including 

endorsements.” (Internal quotation marks omitted) Id. “To determine the parties’ intent based upon 

the language used, we construe the policy as a whole, considering the type of insurance for which

the parties have contracted, as well as the subject matter insured and the purposes of the policy.” 

Id.

¶ 63 B. Travelers

¶ 64 On appeal, we first address SPCA’s contentions regarding the dismissal of its claims 

against Travelers. SPCA challenges the circuit court’s determinations that (1) the Related 

Wrongful Acts limitation in the Travelers Policies applied to limit coverage to only the first policy 

issued by Travelers; (2) Travelers was not estopped from asserting the Related Wrongful Acts 

coverage limitation; and (3) SPCA’s claim under section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code failed 

as a matter of law. 

¶ 65 1. Related Wrongful Acts Coverage Limitation 

¶ 66 SPCA asserts that the term Related Wrongful Acts as defined in Travelers’ policies is 

ambiguous and that the circuit court erred in finding that the claims in the underlying Novak 

Litigation arose out of Related Wrongful Acts. SPCA contends that each new filing by the Novaks 

alleged different, discrete, new conduct and involved different facts, circumstances, and situations. 

As such, coverage was not limited to the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy; each successive policy in 

place when the Novaks made separate claims is available to provide coverage for SPCA. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 67 The Travelers Policies contained the following relevant provisions:

I. INSURING AGREEMENTS

Liability Coverage

A. The Insurer will pay on behalf of the Insureds

Loss up to the available maximum aggregate Limit of Liability set forth in Item 3 of the 

Declarations which is incurred by the Insureds as the result of any Claim first made against 

the Insureds during the Policy Period or the Discovery Period, if purchased, for a Wrongful 

Act. 

*** 

B. Claim means:

1) a written demand for monetary relief;

2) a civil proceeding commenced by service of a complaint or similar pleading; or

3) a criminal proceeding commenced by a return of an indictment;

or 4) a written request to toll or waive a statute of limitations relating to a potential 

civil or administrative proceeding

Against any Insured for a Wrongful Act, including an appeal therefrom.

 *** 

J. Loss means the total amount excess of the applicable Retention which any Insured 

becomes legally obligated to pay as the result of all Claims first made against any Insured 

during the Policy Period for Wrongful Acts including, but not limited to, damages, 

judgments, settlements and Defense Costs. ***

*** 
No. 1-22-0888 

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Q. Related Wrongful Acts means Wrongful Acts that arise out of, are based on, relate to or 

are in consequence of, the same facts, circumstances or situations.

*** 

S. Wrongful Act means any error, misstatement, misleading statement, act, omission, 

neglect, or breach of duty committed or attempted, or allegedly committed or attempted, 

by the Insured Organization or by one or more Insured Persons, individually or collectively, 

in the respective capacities as such, including but not limited to any Wrongful Employment 

Practices. 

*** 

V. GENERAL CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS

A. LIMIT OF LIABILITY AND RETENTION

*** 

2) Losses based upon or arising out of the same Wrongful Act or Related Wrongful Acts 

of one or more of the Insureds shall be considered a single Loss incurred as a result of a 

single Claim, which Claim shall be deemed to have been made on the date the first Claim 

for such Wrongful Act or for one or more such Related Wrongful Acts is made against any 

of the Insureds, whether such date is before or after the Policy Inception Date. The 

applicable Retention shall apply only once to each such single Claim. (Emphasis omitted.)

¶ 68 SPCA relies on Doe v. Illinois State Medical Inter-Insurance Exchange, 234 Ill. App. 3d 

129, 136 (1992), in arguing that the term Related Wrongful Actsin Travelers’ policy is ambiguous. 

¶ 69 An insurance contract may be ambiguous where it can be subject to more than one 

reasonable interpretation. Doe, 234 Ill. App. 3d at 137. We consider the clause within its factual 
No. 1-22-0888 

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context. Id. We also read policy provisions in conjunction, not separately; “ ‘[t]he inquiry is 

whether the provision is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, not whether other 

possibilities can be suggested.’ ” Continental Casualty Co. v. Howard Hoffman and Associates,

2011 IL App (1st) 100957, ¶ 42 (quoting Erie Insurance Exchange v. Triana, 398 Ill. App. 3d 365, 

368 (2010)). If a term is not defined, we adopt its “plain, ordinary, and popular meaning[], looking 

to [its] dictionary definition[].” Illinois Union Insurance Co. v. Medline Industries, Inc., 2022 IL 

App (2d) 210175, ¶ 60.

¶ 70 In Doe, the insured doctor rendered negligent care to the same patient during the effective 

dates of two successive insurance policies, but the insurer refused to pay from the second policy 

on grounds that all of the negligent conduct constituted one claim as a series of related acts under 

the “related acts” clause in the policy and, therefore, only the first policy in effect when the conduct 

first began was answerable. Id. at 129-139. On appeal, the insurer argued, inter alia, that the 

“related acts” clause was unambiguous: “all personal injuries sustained by one or more persons 

arising out of a single act or omission or a series of related acts or omissions in the rendering of or 

failure to render professional services to any one person shall be considered one claim.” Id. at 136. 

The court found this language ambiguous on grounds that the term “related” was not defined in 

the policy and there was no generally accepted legal meaning. Id. at 137. 

¶ 71 We do not agree with SPCA that the policy here was ambiguous due to its use of the word 

“related.” In contrast to the Doe policy, the Travelers Policy here went to great lengths to define 

its operative terms. As set forth, supra, the policy specifically defined “Wrongful Acts” and

“Related Wrongful Acts.” “Related Wrongful Acts” are “Wrongful Acts” that “arise out of, are 

based on, relate to or are in consequence of, the same facts, circumstances or situations.” 
No. 1-22-0888 

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Additionally, the policy elaborated that “Related Wrongful Acts” constitute a single Claim and 

Loss in Section V.A.(2) in stating that Losses: 

“based upon or arising out of the same Wrongful Act or Related Wrongful Acts of one or 

more of the Insureds shall be considered a single loss incurred as a result of a single Claim, 

which Claim shall be deemed to have been made on the date the first Claim for such 

Wrongful Act or for one or more such Related Wrongful Acts is made against any of the 

Insureds.” (Emphasis omitted.)

¶ 72 These definitions stand in stark contrast to the policy in Doe, which did not provide any 

definition or further explanation of the term “related acts” or how they impact what constitutes a 

“Loss.” We do not find the definition of “Related Wrongful Acts” ambiguous merely because of 

the use of the term “related” in the definition, when considering the definition in its entirety and 

the other provisions of the policy which specifically explain the terms of the coverage.

¶ 73 Although not binding on this court, we note that the federal court similarly found Doe 

unpersuasive and concluded that the policy’s “Related Wrongful Acts” term was not ambiguous. 

State Parkway Condominium Ass’n, 2018 WL 4333623, *3. In ruling, the federal court observed 

that other federal courts have addressed similar language and found no ambiguity. Id. (citing 

Cushman & Wakefield, Inc. v. Illinois National Insurance Company, No. 14 C 8725, 2018 WL 

1898339, at *15-16 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 20, 2018) (finding that the terms “related” and “interrelated”

were not ambiguous merely because they were not separately defined, as neither party presented 

differing interpretations and nothing in the policy suggested they be given special meaning); 

Federal Insurance Co. v. Illinois Funeral Directors Ass’n, No. 09 C 1634, 2010 WL 5099979, at 

*7 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 8, 2010) (court readily applied the ordinary meaning of the policy language in 
No. 1-22-0888 

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finding the underlying issues were related claims, where such was defined as “all Claims for 

Wrongful Acts based upon, arising from, or in consequence of the same or related facts, 

circumstances, situations, transactions or events or the same or related series of facts, 

circumstances, situations, transactions or events.”).

¶ 74 This court has found references to “related acts” in policy language to be unambiguous. In

Continental Casualty Co. v. Hoffman, 2011 IL App (1st) 100957, ¶7, the court found the terms

“related acts or omissions” and “related claims” to be unambiguous, even where no separate 

definition of “related” was provided in the policy. In Hoffman, the policy defined “related acts or 

omissions” as “all acts or omissions in the rendering of legal services that are temporally, logically, 

or causally connected by any common fact, circumstance, situation, transaction, event, advice or 

decision,” and defined “related claims” as “all claims arising out of a single act or omission or 

arising out of related acts or omissions in the rendering of legal services.” (Emphasis omitted). Id. 

¶ 7. The court found the inclusion of “the concept of a logical connection” in the definition of 

“related acts” did not render the terms ambiguous. Id. ¶ 38. Despite the reference to “related acts”

in the definition of “related claims,” the court found neither term to be ambiguous. 

¶ 75 Having determined that the language of the Travelers Policies was not ambiguous, we next 

consider whether the underlying claims involved in the Novak Litigation constituted Related 

Wrongful Acts. The underlying claims—specifically, the 2007 IDHR Claim, the Novak 

Counterclaims, the 2010 IDHR Claim, and the Novak Federal Lawsuit, all repeated similar 

allegations of Wrongful Acts by SPCA consisting of numerous incidents of retaliatory, harassing, 

and discriminatory conduct against Novak based on his disability, his filing of the 2007 IDHR 

Action, and his attempt to highlight accounting irregularities and have SPCA fairly enforce 
No. 1-22-0888 

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association rules. As the circuit court found, the underlying Novak claims constituted “Related 

Wrongful Acts” under the Travelers Policy as they all arose out of, are based on, relate to, or are 

in consequence of, the same facts, circumstances, or situations. The claims all arose out of SPCA’s 

alleged continuous harassing and discriminatory conduct and retaliation for Novak’s 2007 IDHR 

Claim. By its own pleadings, SPCA confirmed as much in its allegations in the Federal Novak 

Claim that it arose out of “continuous discriminatory and retaliatory conduct.”

¶ 76 SPCA cites Doe and Continental Casualty Co. v. Grossman, 271 Ill. App. 3d 206 (1995), 

for the proposition that separate negligent acts or claims involving separate claimants cannot be 

funneled into one claim under the same policy. However, we do not find Doe persuasive on this 

point as the court there found that the policy provided no definition or guidance for “a series of 

related acts or omissions.” Similarly, in Grossman, the policy provided that the single claim limit 

applied to claims arising out of “the same or related wrongful acts.” Grossman, 271 Ill. App. 3d at 

208. The Grossman policy failed to provide any further guidance on determining whether claims 

were related. In contrast, Travelers’ policy here provided such guidance in defining the term 

“Related Wrongful Acts.” In further distinction from the interrelatedness of the Novak claims here,

the Grossmann court specifically found that the distinct instances of malpractice separately led to 

the underlying plaintiffs’ losses and each plaintiff may be entitled to recover on entirely 

independent, unrelated facts, at an eventual trial. Id. at 211-12. 

¶ 77 Courts applying Illinois law have consistently found that claims involved related wrongful 

acts under circumstances analogous to the Novak Litigation. Referring back to Hoffman, this court 

found that multiple acts of embezzlement by a law firm employee constituted “related acts” under 

the firm’s professional liability policy, even though separate and distinct estate claimants were 
No. 1-22-0888 

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involved and the acts of embezzlement occurred at different times over the span of several years. 

Hoffman, 2011 IL App (1st) 100957, ¶ 67. The acts were “logically and causally connected by the 

common fact, circumstance, situation, or decision comprised of Ms. Stachura's scheme to 

embezzle estate funds” because the actions had “common ties” and involved the same “modus 

operandi.” Id. 

¶ 78 By way of further example, in Illinois Funeral Directors Insurance Co., 2010 WL 

5099979, *6-8, a federal case decided under Illinois law, the court found that an administrative 

proceeding, a later civil action, and grand jury subpoenas were related claims. The court reasoned 

that the claims were, in part, based on the same facts and circumstances, despite the lawsuits 

involving different parties, theories, and damages. The relevant inquiry was whether the claims 

were “based upon, arising from or in any way related to the same facts, circumstances, situations, 

transactions, results, damages or events or the same series of facts, circumstances, situations, 

transactions, results, damage, or events.” Id. See also Hanover Insurance Co. v. R.W. Dunteman 

Co., 446 F. Supp. 3d 336, 347 (N.D. Ill. 2020) (based on the language of the policy defining 

“related claims,” it did not matter whether the pleadings and claims sought different damages, 

advanced different legal theories, or had different venues or parties); Twin City Fire Insurance Co. 

v. Permatron Corp., 2018 WL 1565599 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 30, 2018) (finding claims resulted from 

“interrelated wrongful acts” where they all stemmed from employee’s firing); Cushman & 

Wakefield, Inc., 14 C 8725, 2018 WL 1898339, at *17-18 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 20, 2018) (finding that 

claims bore sufficient factual nexus despite involving different properties, differently situated 

plaintiffs, and different legal theories, but involved some overlapping properties and a common 

scheme); Gregory v. Home Insurance Co., 876 F.2d 602, 602-06 (7th Cir. 1989) (finding that class 
No. 1-22-0888 

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action suit alleging violations of securities laws, RICO, and common law fraud, and another suit 

alleging professional negligence, were “related”). 

¶ 79 Accordingly, we find that the Novak Litigation arose from Related Wrongful Acts. Under 

the Travelers Policies, Losses based on or arising out of Related Wrongful Acts constitute a single 

Loss incurred as a result of a single Claim. A single Claim is deemed to have been made on the 

date the first Claim for one or more Related Wrongful Acts was made. As such, the circuit court 

correctly found that the Novak Litigation constituted a single Claim resulting from a single Loss

arising from Related Wrongful Acts, and that single Claim was first made in January 2007 when 

Novak filed the 2007 IDHR Action. Coverage for the Novak Litigation was thus confined to the 

2006-2007 Travelers Policy and its $1 million coverage limit.

¶ 80 2. Waiver and Estoppel of the “Related Wrongful Acts” Limitation

¶ 81 SPCA argues on appeal that Travelers should be estopped from asserting, or has waived, 

the “Related Wrongful Acts” limitation because Travelers had knowledge of this potential defense 

to coverage, but assumed and controlled SPCA’s defense for ten years, and without adequately 

reserving its right to invoke this policy defense. 

“In the context of insurance law, the doctrines of ‘waiver’ and ‘estoppel’ are closely akin 

and may often coexist. However, waiver and estoppel are two separate and distinct 

doctrines. [Citation.] Waiver consists of an express or implied voluntary and intentional 

relinquishment of a known right. In contrast, estoppel refers to an abatement, by operation 

of law, of the insurer's rights where it would be inequitable to permit their assertion. *** 

[W]here there is no dispute as to the material facts and only one inference can be drawn 
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therefrom, summary judgment is appropriate.” Illinois Insurance Guaranty Fund v.

Nwidor, 2018 IL App (1st) 171378, ¶ 21. 

¶ 82 We first examine the doctrine of waiver. Waiver occurs where a party either expressly by 

agreement or impliedly by its course of conduct, waives a legal right. Lake County Grading 

Company of Libertyville, Inc. v. Advance Mechanical Contractors, Inc., 275 Ill. App. 3d 452, 463 

(1995). A waiver “may be either ‘made by an express agreement or it may be implied from the 

conduct of the party who is alleged to have waived a right.’ [Citation.] The party asserting implied

waiver must show a ‘clear, unequivocal, and decisive act of the party who is alleged to have 

committed waiver.’ ” Schroeder v. Sullivan, 2018 IL App (1st) 163210, ¶ 42 (quoting Ryder v.

Bank of Hickory Hills, 146 Ill. 2d 98, 104-05 (1991)). 

¶ 83 SPCA does not allege an express waiver by Travelers of the Related Wrongful Acts 

limitation to coverage. Thus, any waiver must be implied from Traveler’s conduct. 

¶ 84 Having reviewed the pleadings, we find that SPCA has not shown any “clear, unequivocal, 

and decisive act” by Travelers that would waive its right to invoke the Related Wrongful Acts 

clause or the $1 million coverage limitation. 

¶ 85 Indeed, Travelers’ written communications to SPCA show the opposite is true. Travelers 

sent SPCA a series of reservation of rights letters over the years as Novak filed his claims, and 

each letter specifically and repeatedly advised SPCA of the $1 million coverage limit, including 

defense costs. Each letter also advised SPCA that (1) it was providing only a preliminary 

evaluation of coverage, (2) coverage could be withdrawn in the future if it was later determined 

no coverage existed, (3) certain exclusions may apply, including, but not limited to, those set forth 

in the letter, (4) that it was providing a defense under a “full reservation of rights, including but 
No. 1-22-0888 

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not limited to those stated above,” (5) SPCA should investigate other potential applicable 

insurance policies, (6) SPCA continued to “fully reserve all rights, remedies, and defenses in this 

matter, including but not limited to the right to raise additional terms, conditions and exclusions 

as defenses to coverage should they later be determined to apply,” and (7) neither the letters nor 

any actions by Travelers or its agents “shall constitute, or be deemed a waiver, estoppel, admission 

or liability or otherwise prejudice of any kind to Travelers’s rights and defenses under the Policy, 

by law, or otherwise.” In addition, the February 2009 ROR Letter specifically invoked the “Related 

Wrongful Acts” provision. 

¶ 86 The deposition testimony also failed to show any implied waiver by Travelers, and, similar 

to the ROR letters, points to the opposite conclusion, i.e., that Travelers repeatedly informed SPCA 

that it was reserving the right to invoke policy defenses and that there was a $1 million coverage 

limitation for the Novak Litigation, including defense costs. SPCA board president Marta testified 

that she discussed the $1 million coverage limit with Travelers’ claims counsel Morin on several 

occasions during settlement and mediation discussions and phone calls, and she understood the 

coverage limit was $1 million. Marta was never informed that more than $1 million would be 

available. Indeed, Marta periodically inquired what the current level of exhaustion of the $1 

million coverage was due to ongoing defense costs, she informed the SPCA board of this, and she 

testified that SPCA needed to budget for additional legal fees in the event the $1 million coverage 

was exhausted. Notably, Marta did not ask for the total spent on defense of each Novak claim, 

individually, which defeats SPCA’s assertion that more than $1 million was available because 

coverage was available under more than one policy. The on-site manager Donna Weber also

testified that she never heard that any amount over $1 million was available. Travelers’ 
No. 1-22-0888 

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representative Morin similarly testified that she discussed with Marta the $1 million coverage limit 

applicable to the Novak Litigation throughout various mediation sessions and phone calls between 

2013 and 2015.

¶ 87 Considering the above, SPCA failed to show any “clear, unequivocal, and decisive act” by 

Travelers that would show it impliedly waived its right to assert the $1 million coverage limitation.

¶ 88 Turning to the issue of estoppel, SPCA contends that Travelers is estopped from raising 

the coverage defense because Travelers sent inconsistent reservation of rights letters, some letters 

did not mention the “Related Wrongful Acts” limitation, it did not send a reservation of rights 

letter following the Novak Federal Lawsuit, Travelers induced SPCA to pay the $10,000 

deductible for the 2009-2010 Travelers Policy, and SPCA was induced to continue purchasing 

policies because Travelers failed to inform it that the Related Wrongful Acts limitation would 

confine coverage of all Novak claims to the 2006-2007 Travelers Policy. SPCA asserts that it 

suffered prejudice as a result by Travelers controlling strategic decisions and costs regarding its 

defense.

¶ 89 The court applies the doctrine of estoppel where:

“(1) the party against whom estoppel is asserted has misrepresented or concealed a material 

fact; (2) the estopped party had either actual or implied knowledge that the representation 

was untrue at the time it was made; (3) the party asserting estoppel was unaware that the 

representation was untrue both at the time it was made and at the time it was acted upon; 

(4) the estopped party intended or expected the other party to act upon the 

misrepresentation; (5) the party asserting estoppel did rely or act upon the 

misrepresentation; and (6) the party asserting estoppel would be prejudiced if the court did 
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not apply estoppel.” Lake County Grading Company of Libertyville, 275 Ill. App. 3d at

463. 

¶ 90 SPCA has not identified any incidence where Travelers represented anything to the 

contrary regarding the $1 million coverage limit, made misrepresentations or concealed material 

facts, or had actual or implied knowledge of any untrue representation made to SPCA, that 

Travelers intended or expected SPCA to act upon any misrepresentation, or that SPCA relied on 

any misrepresentations or misleading conduct by Travelers or suffered prejudice. As previously 

detailed in our waiver analysis, supra, Travelers sent several reservation of rights letters to SPCA 

which plainly outlined its preliminary coverage evaluation, repeatedly informed SPCA that the 

coverage limitation of $1 million (including defense costs) applied, set forth specific reservation 

of rights provisions, informed SPCA that two claims constituted “Related Wrongful Acts,” and

repeatedly informed SPCA that Travelers was continuing its full reservation of rights, that the duty 

to defend could be extinguished if it later determined no coverage existed, and requested that it 

examine any other policies with its other insurers. Although Travelers did not provide a similar 

letter after the Novak Federal Lawsuit was filed, SPCA acknowledged in its pleadings and its brief 

on appeal that this was essentially “a continuation of the Chancery Lawsuit and the 2010 IDHR 

Charge.” (Appellant’s Brief, p. 22).

¶ 91 To the extent that SPCA argues that Travelers sent misleading or inconsistent reservation 

of rights letters that referred to “Related Wrongful Acts” and coverage under the 2006-2007 and 

2009-2020 Policies, it failed to show that SPCA ever relied on these letters. Both Marta and Weber 

testified that they were unaware of any ROR letters and had not reviewed any until they prepared 

for their depositions in this case, so Travelers has not shown any reliance in that regard. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 92 The deposition testimony of Morin, Marta, and Weber also failed to show any confusion 

on this point, as they all agreed only $1 million was available. Indeed, Marta’s testimony 

establishes that SPCA understood that the $1 million coverage limitation applied to all of the 

Novak claims. Marta testified that, over the years of the Novak Litigation, she periodically asked 

for an updated total of the amount of coverage exhausted in defense costs. If Marta believed that 

each claim had its own $1 million limitation or that some claims were covered under the 2006-

2007 Travelers Policy and others were covered under the 2009-2010 Travelers Policy, each with 

their own $1 million limitation, then she would have been confused when Morin informed her that, 

for example, $700,000 of the $1 million limit had been expended.

¶ 93 SPCA also has not demonstrated prejudice, as, despite being informed of the $1 million 

coverage limitation, SPCA did not show that it insisted on settling any of the Novak claims or that

Travelers refused to do so, or that Travelers prevented SPCA from alerting its other insurers about 

the Novak claims. Further, Travelers agreed to appoint counsel of SPCA’s choice for each Novak 

claim and the evidence shows that counsel was in regular communication with SPCA regarding 

the progress of the Novak Litigation over the years, the amount spent on defense costs, and that 

SPCA representatives participated in settlement negotiations. 

¶ 94 SPCA again turns to Doe, 234 Ill. App. at 137, in asserting that Travelers’s letters did not 

adequately reserve its rights to the coverage limitations. “If the insurer adequately informs the 

insured that it is proceeding under a reservation of rights, identifying the policy provisions that 

may preclude coverage, and the insured accepts defense counsel provided by the insurer, then the 

insurer is not estopped from asserting policy defenses.” Standard Mutual Insurance Co. v. Lay, 

2013 IL 114617, ¶ 20. A “[b]are notice of a reservation of rights is insufficient.” Id. Defending 
No. 1-22-0888 

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under a reservation of rights allows an insurer to “suspend the operation of estoppel doctrines; 

when an insurer defends a claim against its insured under a proper reservation of rights, the insured 

cannot then so easily claim that it was prejudiced by the insurer's conflict of interest.” Royal Ins.

Co. v. Process Design Associates, Inc., 221 Ill. App. 3d 966, 973 (1991). 

¶ 95 The circumstances in Doe are distinguishable. In Doe, the insurer provided no reservation 

of rights letters and did not inform the insured of a potential conflict of interest or that coverage 

would only be available under one policy (where the negligent treatment occurred over the span 

of two policy periods) until after a verdict was reached in the underlying malpractice claim. Doe,

234 Ill. App. at 134. Here, Travelers did provide several reservation of rights letters advising of 

the coverage limitations and exclusions, its reservation of the right to invoke future exclusions, 

and also repeatedly informed SPCA representatives orally that only $1 million in coverage was 

available.

¶ 96 SPCA also cites Rogers Cartage Co. v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 2018 IL App (5th) 

160098, ¶ 54, in asserting that “Illinois courts have found estoppel even when there has been a 

reservation of rights.” In that case, the insurer defended the insured under a reservation of rights, 

but refused an offer to settle the underlying case for an amount within the policy limits after 

litigating the case for a decade. Id. The court applied estoppel against the insurer because the 

insurer knew that the insured faced liability and damages exceeding the limits and that going to 

trial and losing would result in the insured declaring bankruptcy, and the insurer threatened the 

insured that accepting the settlement would negate coverage. Id. ¶¶ 53-55. Here, SPCA has not 

pleaded any such egregious conduct by Travelers. It was not apparent to SPCA or Travelers
No. 1-22-0888 

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whether the Novak Litigation would exceed the coverage available, and there are no allegations of 

any threats by Travelers to force SPCA not to settle. 

¶ 97 3. Claim under Section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code 

¶ 98 In its final issue, SPCA argues that the circuit court erred in dismissing, pursuant to section 

2-615 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure, count III of its SATC, which asserted a claim under 

section 155 of the Illinois Insurance Code (215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2020)). 

¶ 99 “Section 155 of the Insurance Code provides that a penalty, reasonable attorney fees and 

other costs can be imposed against a company for ‘vexatious and unreasonable’ action or delay.” 

Scudella v. Illinois Farmers Ins. Co., 174 Ill. App. 3d 245, 252 (1988). The key inquiry is whether 

the insurer’s conduct was “vexatious and unreasonable.” Uhlich Children's Advantage Network v.

National Union Fire Company of Pittsburgh, PA, 398 Ill. App. 3d 710, 723 (2010). (citing 215 

ILCS 5/155 (West 2006)). However, “[a]n insurer's delay in settling a claim will not be deemed 

vexatious or unreasonable for purposes of section 155 sections where a bona fide dispute over 

coverage exists.” Id. “[W]here a bona fide dispute concerning coverage exists, costs and sanctions 

[under Section 155] are inappropriate.” State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Smith, 

197 Ill. 2d 369, 379 (2001).

¶ 100 We find SPCA failed to state a claim under section 155. Travelers’ determination that the 

liability limit had been exhausted was based on the terms of the Travelers’ insurance policy.

“[A]ssertions of legitimate policy defenses and denials based on a policy's express wording are 

inappropriate for invoking [section 155].” Scudella, 174 Ill. App. 3d at 253. The proceedings in 

this case and the federal court’s ruling in Federal Coverage Action that the Related Wrongful Acts 
No. 1-22-0888 

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provision in Travelers’ policy applied demonstrated the existence of a bona fide dispute over 

coverage. State Parkway Condominium Assoc., 2018 WL 4333623, *4.

¶ 101 C. AISLIC

¶ 102 SPCA next argues on appeal that the circuit court erred in dismissing counts IV, V, and VI

of the SATC against AISLIC, which alleged breach of contract, estoppel, and a claim under section 

155, respectively. 

¶ 103 i. Count IV. Breach of Contract

¶ 104 In its breach of contract claim, SPCA specifically alleged that AISLIC breached the 2008 

and 2009 commercial general liability coverage under the AISLIC Umbrella Policies and the 

limited director and officer coverage under the 2007 AISLIC Umbrella Policy in refusing to 

provide coverage for the underlying Novak claims that remained pending at the time—the Novak

Second Amended Counterclaim and the 2013 Novak Federal Lawsuit. 

¶ 105 The 2007 AISLIC Umbrella policy was effective May 30, 2006, to June 1, 2007. This 

policy included Endorsement 16 related to director and officer liability coverage: 

 “NOTICE: THIS ENDORSEMENT MAY PROVIDE CLAIMS-MADE 

COVERAGE. CLAIMS-MADE COVERAGE IS LIMITED TO LIABILITY FOR 

CLAIMS FIRST MADE AGAINST THE INSURED AND REPORTED TO US WHILE 

THE COVERGAGE IS IN FORCE. ***

Section V. EXCLUSIONS is amended to include the following additional 

exclusion: 

 Condominium/Co-Operative Directors and Officers 
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This Insurance does not apply to any liability arising out of any actual or alleged 

negligent act, error or omission, misstatement or misleading statement committed by or on 

behalf of the Insured in the performance of his or her duties as Director or Officer of any 

Condominium/Co-Operative owned or operated by the Named Insured. 

However, if insurance for such is provided by a policy listed in the Scheduled 

Underlying Insurance: 

1. This exclusion shall not apply, and 

2. Coverage under this policy for such coverage will follow the terms, definitions, 

conditions and exclusions of Scheduled Underlying Insurance, subject to the Policy Period, 

Limits of Insurance and premium of this policy. Provided, however, that coverage provided 

by this policy will be no broader than the coverage provided by Scheduled Underlying 

Insurance.”

¶ 106 The circuit court found that the director and officer coverage under the 2007 AISLIC 

Umbrella Policy was not available as a matter of law, because such limited coverage was only 

available if the claim was first made and reported while the coverage was in force. 

¶ 107 Coverage under a “claims-made” policy “is triggered when two events occur: (1) the claim 

must be made during the policy period, and (2) the claim must be reported during the policy period. 

Unless these two conditions occur, no coverage is provided under the claims-made policy.” 

Continental Casualty Co. v. Cuda, 306 Ill. App. 3d 340, 349 (1999). 

¶ 108 The director and officer endorsement provided that claims-made coverage was limited to 

“claims first made against the insured and reported to us while the coverage is in force.” The 

effective date of this policy was May 30, 2006, to June 1, 2007. SPCA, by its own allegations in 
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the SATC, did not report any claim to AISLIC until January 2017, after Travelers informed SPCA 

that coverage had been exhausted. Accordingly, the claims were not reported to AISLIC during 

the policy period. Moreover, the remaining pending claims in the underlying Novak Litigation

were first made to SPCA after the expiration of the policy period, according to SPCA’s allegations. 

The Novak Second Amended Counterclaim was filed in 2009 and the Novak Federal Lawsuit was 

filed in 2013. As such, the claims also were not made to the insured during the policy period.

¶ 109 SPCA argues that the director and officer coverage “drops down” and continues in force 

upon exhaustion of the Scheduled Underlying Insurance (Travelers), that it was not required to 

give notice during the policy period, that notice to Travelers provided sufficient notice to AISLIC, 

and it was only required to notify AISLIC “as soon as practicable” pursuant to the “Conditions” 

section of the AISLIC 2007 Umbrella Policy. These assertions, however, contradict the specific 

language of the director and officer endorsement requiring notice to AISLIC, the insured, during 

the effective dates of the policy and providing that claims-made coverage was “limited to liability 

for claims first made against the insured and reported to us while the coverage is in force.” SCPA’s 

arguments would convert the limited director and officer claims-made coverage to occurrence 

coverage and render the claims-made notice requirement of the director and officer coverage 

meaningless. SPCA’s interpretation also ignores the additional language in the director and officer 

endorsement that “[c]overage under this policy for such [director and officer] coverage will follow 

the terms, definition, conditions and exclusions of Scheduled Underlying Insurance, subject to the 

Policy Period ***.” (Emphasis added).

¶ 110 Further, even assuming that the underlying remaining claims were first made and reported 

during the AISLIC Umbrella Policy period, count IV nevertheless failed to allege that the 
No. 1-22-0888 

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remaining underlying claims qualified for director and officer coverage under the language of the 

2007 AISLIC Umbrella Policy. When the claim was first reported to AISLIC in January 2017, the 

only remaining pending claims were (1) Novak’s claim of breach of fiduciary duty against SPCA 

in the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim, and (2) fair housing violation claims against 

Lieberman Management and Weber in the 2013 Novak Federal Lawsuit. The director and officer 

coverage in the 2007 AISLIC Umbrella Policy covered “any actual or alleged negligent act, error 

or omission, misstatement or misleading statement committed by or on behalf of the Insured in the 

performance of his or her duties as a Director or Officer of” SPCA. (Emphasis added). As such, 

there were no remaining claims or allegations of any acts, errors or misstatements by any individual 

directors or officers of SPCA at the time. Accordingly, the circuit court correctly found that SPCA 

was not entitled to coverage under the director and officer endorsement in the 2007 AISLIC 

Umbrella Policy as a matter of law. 

¶ 111 Turning to the commercial general liability coverage in the 2008 and 2009 AISLIC 

Umbrella Policies, the circuit court found that SPCA only alleged mere conclusions that the 

underlying pleadings (the remaining claims in the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim and the 

2013 Novak Federal Lawsuit) alleged damages from “Bodily Injury” or “Personal Injury” or 

“Advertising Injury” as required by the policies. 

¶ 112 The 2008 AISLIC Umbrella Policy was effective August 1, 2006, to August 1, 2008. The 

2009 AISLIC Umbrella Policy was effective August 21, 2007, to August 21, 2009. These policies 

contained similar terms, as set forth below: 

“A. We will pay on behalf of the Insured those sums in excess of the Retained Limit 

that the Insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages by reason of liability imposed 
No. 1-22-0888 

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by law because of Bodily Injury, Property Damage or Personal Injury and Advertising 

Injury to which this insurance applies[.] (emphasis omitted).

B. This policy applies, only if:

1. the Bodily Injury or Property Damage is caused by an Occurrence that takes 

place anywhere and the Bodily Injury or Property Damage occurs during the Policy Period; 

and

2. the Personal Injury and Advertising Injury is caused by an Occurrence that takes 

place anywhere arising out of your business, but only if the Occurrence was committed 

during the Policy Period.

¶ 113 The term “Bodily Injury” was defined as “bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by 

any person, including death, mental anguish, mental injury, shock or humiliation resulting from 

any of these at any time.” Section VII set forth relevant definitions. The phrase “Personal Injury 

or Advertising Injury” is defined as “injury arising out of your business *** arising out of one or 

more of the following offenses” and lists, inter alia, malicious prosecution, slander, wrongful 

eviction, invasion of privacy, and false arrest. An “Occurrence” with regard to bodily injury was 

defined as “an accident,” and with regard to personal injury and advertising injury, was defined as 

“an offense arising out of your business that causes Personal Injury or Advertising Injury.”

¶ 114 We find that SPCA failed to plead sufficient facts in Count IV demonstrating that the 

remaining operative underlying claims in the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim and the 

Novak Federal Lawsuit fell under AISLIC’s commercial general liability coverage as they did not 

plead a claim for bodily injury or personal injury or advertising injury. As noted, at the time 

Travelers withdrew its defense and SPCA alerted AISLIC to invoke coverage, the only remaining 
No. 1-22-0888 

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pending claims in the Novak Litigation were the breach of fiduciary duty count against SPCA in 

the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim,5 and the fair housing law claims against Lieberman 

Management and Weber in the Novak Federal Lawsuit. 

¶ 115 Although SPCA argues that the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim alleged emotional 

distress, malicious prosecution, slander, and invasion of privacy, the only remaining claim from 

Novak’s Second Amended Counterclaim was breach of fiduciary duty, alleging failure to comply 

with various association rules. SPCA points to Novak’s allegation of emotional distress, but there 

was no allegation that emotional distress was the result of “bodily injury, sickness, or disease,” as 

required by the policy. The remaining claims did not allege any “injury arising out of your business 

*** arising out” of, inter alia, malicious prosecution, invasion of private occupancy, or slander, 

caused by an occurrence during the policy period. SPCA did not allege facts showing that any 

emotional distress arose from false arrest, malicious prosecution, slander, or any of the other listed 

offenses. 

¶ 116 SPCA points to its allegations about various interactions with SPCA that Novak alleged 

were discriminatory or harassing. However, most of the alleged statements were made by unit 

owners, not SPCA or its board members. Only one allegation indicated that on one occasion, the 

board president stated that he would not address “unsubstantiated allegations”—apparently 

referring to claims Novak had made about accounting irregularities, and also a general allegation 

5 We note that the Second Amended Counterclaim did not incorporate the prior counterclaims, and it was 

therefore the operative pleading for determining coverage. “ ‘Where an amendment is complete in itself 

and does not refer to or adopt the prior pleading, the earlier pleading ceases to be a part of the record for 

most purposes, being in effect abandoned and withdrawn.’ ” Foxcroft Townhome Owners Ass'n v. Hoffman 

Rosner Corp., 96 Ill. 2d 150, 154 (1983) (quoting Bowman v. County of Lake, 29 Ill.2d 268, 272 (1963)). 

See also Goering v. Midwest Neurology, Ltd., 2021 IL App (2d) 200735 (recognizing that the plaintiff’s 

amended complaint was the “operative pleading” where it was complete in itself and did not adopt the prior 

pleading). 
No. 1-22-0888 

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that “the board made public, disparaging comments about Novak in front of other unit owners.” 

These general statements are insufficient to show “bodily injury” or “personal and advertising 

injury” even assuming they were part of the breach of fiduciary duty claim. 

¶ 117 With respect to the Novak Federal Lawsuit, at the time Travelers withdrew its defense, the 

emotional distress claims had been dismissed with prejudice, and there remained pending only the 

fair housing claims against Lieberman Management and Weber. Thus, there were no claims 

pending in the Novak Federal Lawsuit against an AISLIC “insured” at the time.

6

 SPCA asserts 

that the Novak Federal Lawsuit alleged a claim for malicious prosecution. However, Novak merely 

characterized SPCA’s Chancery Lawsuit as a “malicious prosecution lawsuit” in its factual 

allegations in the Novak Federal Lawsuit. Merely characterizing SPCA’s Chancery Lawsuit as 

malicious prosecution was insufficient to constitute “bodily injury” or “personal injury and 

advertising injury,” as it does not also allege an injury arising from malicious prosecution. 

¶ 118 Accordingly, SPCA failed to state a claim that it was entitled to any commercial general 

liability coverage under the AISLIC Umbrella Policies. The circuit court correctly granted 

judgment on the pleadings and dismissed this count pursuant to section 2-615 (735 ILCS 5/2-615 

(West 2020)). 

¶ 119 ii. Count V. Estoppel

¶ 120 Turning to count V, SPCA argues that AISLIC was estopped from asserting any policy 

defenses because it did not provide a defense or file a declaratory action. 

¶ 121 In the insurance context, when an insurer determines that a complaint or claim is not 

covered under a policy that includes a duty to defend, it must either (1) defend the suit under a 

6 There is no allegation on appeal that Lieberman Management or Weber were named insureds.
No. 1-22-0888 

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reservation of rights, or (2) it can seek a declaratory judgment of no coverage. Uhlich Children's 

Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 716. If the insurer fails to take either of these steps and 

later is found to have wrongfully denied coverage, the insurer will be estopped from raising policy 

defenses to coverage, regardless of whether the insured shows any prejudice. Id.; Illinois Insurance 

Guaranty Fund v. Nwidor, 2018 IL App (1st) 171378, ¶ 25. “Because the estoppel doctrine applies 

only where an insurer has breached its duty to defend, a court first inquires whether the insurer 

had a duty to defend and whether it breached that duty.” (Internal quotation marks removed). 

Uhlich Children's Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 716.

¶ 122 As previously discussed, AISLIC had no duty to defend because the remaining claims in 

the underlying pleadings did not potentially fall within AISLIC’s policies. SPCA has no claim for 

estoppel where no coverage was owed and AISLIC did not breach any duty to defend. “Estoppel 

*** generally cannot be used to create coverage where none otherwise exists.” Schuster v. 

Occidental Fire & Casualty Company of North America, 2015 IL App (1st) 140718, ¶ 29.

¶ 123 Moreover, even if we were to find a duty to defend existed, we would nevertheless 

conclude that AISLIC is not estopped from raising policy defenses. SPCA contends that AISLIC

“did nothing” and failed to pursue its own declaratory judgment action regarding coverage after 

SPCA informed it that Travelers withdrew its defense. Reviewing the timeline of the pleadings, 

however, reveals no dilatory or undue delay by AISLIC in pursuing a resolution of the coverage 

issue.

¶ 124 Travelers informed SPCA of its withdrawal on October 4, 2017. Great American initiated 

the Federal Coverage case, and on October 31, 2017, SPCA filed a counterclaim and third-party 

complaint against Travelers, AISLIC, Harleysville, Strathmore, and Steadfast. SPCA alleged that 
No. 1-22-0888 

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it provided “formal notice and a request to undertake SPCA’s defense” to AISLIC in January 2018. 

After dismissal of the Federal Coverage Case, SPCA filed a counterclaim and a third-party 

complaint against, inter alia, AISLIC in the circuit court, in which AISLIC actively litigated the 

coverage issue in filing dispositive motions. AISLIC sent a letter in February 2019 responding to 

SPCA’s request for coverage, in which it stated that AISLIC intended to promptly file a declaratory 

judgment action, unless SPCA intended to soon file an amended declaratory judgment action:

“to obtain a judicial declaration of AISLIC’s rights under the Umbrella Policy. We 

understand, however, that SPCA intends to soon file its own amended declaratory 

judgment action against AISLIC regarding the parties’ rights under the Umbrella Policy. 

If our understanding is incorrect, please advise.”

¶ 125 The fact that SPCA, instead of AISLIC, first filed the declaratory action to determine 

coverage does not necessitate the application of estoppel. 

“While there need not be a race to the courthouse and the insured should not be able to 

estop the insurer from asserting policy defenses by filing a complaint for declaratory 

judgment first, the insurer must take some action to adjudicate the issue of coverage or 

undertake to defend the insured under a reservation of rights, and it must take that action 

within a reasonable time of a demand by the insured.” Korte Const. Co. v. Am. States Ins., 

322 Ill. App. 3d 451 (2001). 

¶ 126 However, “the appellate courts of this state have repeatedly held that the initiation of a 

declaratory judgment action by the insured, rather than the insurer, is sufficient to avoid estoppel. 

As this court noted nearly 25 years ago, ‘[i]t is the fact of the proceeding itself, and not the identity 

of the party initiating the proceeding, that is of legal import.’ ” L.A. Connection v. Penn-American
No. 1-22-0888 

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Insurance Co., 363 Ill. App. 3d 259, 263 (2006) (quoting Ayers v. Bituminous Insurance Co., 100 

Ill. App. 3d 33, 35 n. 1, (1981)). See also Pekin Insurance Co. v. Allstate Insurance Co., 329 Ill.

App. 3d 46 (2002) (rejecting insured’s estoppel argument where insured filed declaratory judgment 

action, insurer filed a counterclaim and motion for judgment on the pleadings and the underlying 

lawsuit settled a few days later).

¶ 127 Less than a month lapsed between the time SPCA received notice from Travelers and 

SPCA instituted its declaratory action against AISLIC in federal court. “If an insured could prevent 

an insurer from raising valid policy defenses by simply filing a declaratory judgment action 

immediately upon denial of coverage, we would indeed be sponsoring a race to the courthouse.” 

L.A. Connection, 363 Ill. App 3d at 264. Further, when litigation resumed in state court, AISLIC 

actively litigated the coverage issue in SPCA’s third-party complaint in an attempt to obtain a 

definitive coverage determination. 

¶ 128 iii. Count VI Section 155 Claim

¶ 129 In its final issue regarding AISLIC, SPCA contends that the circuit court erred in 

dismissing its section 155 claim against AISLIC for “vexatious and unreasonable” action or delay 

regarding an insured’s claim. 215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2020). 

¶ 130 SPCA sets forth the merely conclusory allegations that AISLIC engaged in vexatious and 

unreasonable delay. As previously noted, asserting legitimate policy defenses to coverage do not 

give rise to a section 155 claim. Scudella, 174 Ill. App. 3d at 253; Dominick's Finer Foods, 2018 

IL App (1st) 161864, ¶ 94. It is well settled under Illinois law that an insured cannot prevail on a 

section 155 claim where there is a bona fide dispute over coverage. Uhlich Children’s Advantage 

Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 723.
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¶ 131 SPCA relies on Employers Insurance of Wausau v. Ehlco Liquidating Trust, 186 Ill. 2d 

127, 160-61 (1999), where the court granted the insured’s request for fees and costs under section 

155 due to the insurer’s delay of one year and four months between when the insurer was notified 

of the claim against the insured and when the insurer filed a declaratory action regarding coverage, 

while the insured settled the underlying case on its own. However, the present case is 

distinguishable in light of the many ongoing coverage disputes between SPCA and its several 

insurers, and only a few weeks elapsed between the time AISLIC could have been notified, at the 

earliest, of Travelers’ withdrawal, and when SPCA initiated the federal declaratory action against 

it. The circuit court correctly dismissed count VI for failure to state a claim. 

¶ 132 D. American Auto

¶ 133 SPCA next challenges the circuit court’s order granting judgment on the pleadings in favor 

of American Automobile on counts VII (breach of contract), VIII (estoppel), and IX (section 155 

penalties) of the SATC, American Automobile’s first affirmative defense, and American 

Automobile’s counterclaim against SPCA. 

¶ 134 i. Count VII Breach of Contract

¶ 135 On appeal, SPCA challenges the circuit court’s determination that none of the remaining 

allegations from the underlying litigation alleged conduct occurring during the effective dates of 

the American Automobile Policy. SPCA asserts that the underlying allegations “at least 

potentially” fell within the effective dates of the American Automobile Policy (effective from May 

30, 2006, to May 30, 2007) because, in the Novak Second Amended Counterclaim, Novak alleged 

that harassing and discriminatory conduct occurred in “the past few years.” However, Novak 

follows up on this general statement by clarifying that: “To begin, on September 7, 2007, Mr. and 
No. 1-22-0888 

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Mrs. Novak received a copy of the 2006 Audited Financial Statements.” Thus, Novak’s first 

specific allegation in his counterclaim is alleged to have occurred in September 2007, which is

after the termination date of the American Automobile policy. 

¶ 136 Similarly, all other allegations following this one in the Second Amended Counterclaim

are alleged to have occurred after September 2007, also outside the policy’s effective dates. Even 

SPCA’s brief on appeal apparently concedes this point, as it describes the Novak Counterclaim as 

alleging that Novak suffered mental anguish, emotional distress, and other injuries “beginning 

after the September 2007 settlement of his 2007 IDHR claim and continuing through 2008.” 

(Appellant brief, p. 4).

¶ 137 SPCA further contends that in the Novak Federal Lawsuit, Novak’s claim entailed 

discriminatory and retaliatory conduct ever since Novak filed the 2007 IDHR Charge in January 

2007, which would fall within the policy period. However, closer review of the Novak Federal 

Lawsuit reveals that all allegations of such conduct occurred starting in September 2007, onward. 

As part of the factual background, Novak pleaded that the 2007 IDHR Claim was settled on 

September 4, 2007. Novak pleaded the first incident of alleged discriminatory or harassing conduct 

occurred on September 5, 2007, when Weber threatened to write up Novak for taking his service 

dog on the passenger elevator instead of the service elevator, and Weber’s boss made references 

to the IDHR litigation. Novak interpreted their actions on September 5, 2007, as retaliatory. The 

remainder of the allegations in the Federal Novak Litigation pertain to incidents occurring after 

September 5, 2007. 

¶ 138 As such, because the remaining pending claims in the underlying pleadings did not assert 

claims based on conduct occurring during the effective dates of the American Automobile policy, 
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there was no coverage under the policy. Because no genuine issue of material facts as to coverage 

exists, American Automobile was entitled to judgment on the pleadings under section 2-615(e). 

Hooker, 2016 IL 121077, ¶ 21.

¶ 139 ii. Late Notice Defense

¶ 140 SPCA next argues, even if the remaining underlying allegations fell within the policy 

period, the circuit court incorrectly determined that, as a matter of law, SPCA failed to provide the 

required notice pursuant to the American Automobile policy’s terms. 

¶ 141 A notice requirement in an insurance liability policy “is not a mere technical requirement”; 

rather, it is “a valid condition precedent to the triggering of the insurer’s contractual duties.” 

Northbrook Property & Casualty Insurance Co. v. Applied Systems, Inc., 313 Ill. App. 3d 457, 464 

(2000). “Where the insured fails to comply with a notice provision, the insurer will be relieved 

from its duties to defend and indemnify under the policy.” Id. A notice of suit requirement allows 

the insurer an opportunity to investigate the claim, discover facts bearing on coverage, and 

participate in the defense. Id. at 464-65. 

¶ 142 The American Automobile policy required the insured to provide notice of a claim or suit 

“as soon as practicable,” and “see to it that we receive written notice of the claim or suit as soon 

as practicable,” “[i]mmediately record the specifics of the claim or suit and the date received,” and 

“[i]mmediately send us copies of any demands, notices, summons or legal papers received in 

connection with the claim or suit.” 

¶ 143 “Under Illinois law, a provision calling for the insured to provide notice of a suit ‘as soon 

as practicable’ requires notification be made within a reasonable time.” Northbrook Property & 

Casualty Insurance Co., 313 Ill. App. 3d at 465. Whether notice was given within a reasonable 
No. 1-22-0888 

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time “depends on the facts and circumstances of each case.” Country Mutual Insurance Co. v. 

Livorsi Marine, Inc., 222 Ill. 2d 303, 311-12 (2006). Where the facts are undisputed, a court may 

determine whether notice was reasonable as a matter of law. Zurich Insurance Co. v. Walsh 

Construction Company of Illinois, 352 Ill. App. 3d 504, 509 (2004).

¶ 144 “The law expects an insured to act diligently when providing notice of a suit to its 

insurer[.]” Applied Systems, Inc., 313 Ill. App. 3d at 465. A lengthy delay in providing notice is 

not an absolute bar to claiming coverage applies, as long as the delay was justifiable. Id. at 465. 

The primary consideration in that regard is “the insured’s reason for not providing notice within 

the period of delay at issue.” Id. at 465-66. 

¶ 145 In examining the reasonableness of the insured’s notice, the court looks to the following 

factors: 

“(1) the specific language of the policy's notice provision; (2) the degree of the insured's 

sophistication in the world of commerce and insurance; (3) the insured's awareness that an 

occurrence as defined under the terms of the policy has taken place; (4) the insured's 

diligence and reasonable care in ascertaining whether policy coverage is available once the 

event has occurred; and (5) any prejudice to the insurance company.” First Chicago 

Insurance Co. v. Molda, 2015 IL App (1st) 140548, ¶ 67. 

¶ 146 The notice provision here made clear that SPCA was not only obligated to provide notice 

of a claim “as soon as practicable,” but also to “see to it” that American Automobile received 

written notice of a claim as soon as practicable, that SPCA was to record specific details about any 

claim, and that SPCA was to “[i]mmediately” send American Automobile copies of any demands 

or legal documents or pleadings received. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 147 The pleadings demonstrate that SPCA was aware of the Novak Litigation beginning in 

2007 and the various pleadings and claims filed thereafter, including the Novak Counterclaims 

and the Novak Federal Lawsuit, and SPCA does not contend otherwise. SPCA responded to these 

claims, filed its own lawsuit against Novak, and notified Travelers each time a new claim or 

amended claim was initiated by Novak. 

¶ 148 SPCA justifies its lengthy delay on grounds that it was unsophisticated in insurance 

matters. However, SPCA’s pleadings demonstrate that SPCA was sophisticated enough to notify 

Travelers of the claims as they were filed, and also notify the other insurers when Travelers 

withdrew, and institute a counterclaim against them regarding coverage. SPCA was also 

represented by counsel, specializing in insurance law, starting from the beginning of the Novak 

Litigation. SPCA also demonstrated its sophistication in insurance matters by the fact that it 

obtained numerous policies over that span of time from several different insurers and obtained 

several different types of insurance—commercial general liability, director and officer coverage, 

and umbrella policies. 

¶ 149 SPCA further argues that the delay was justified as SPCA believed, relying on Travelers’ 

representations, that Travelers’ coverage was sufficient, and SPCA did not anticipate that 

Travelers would later withdraw its defense. To the contrary, Travelers specifically and clearly 

informed SPCA from the outset in its 2007 ROR Letter and subsequent ROR Letters that it was 

defending under a full reservation of rights, that it could later withdraw its defense upon a 

determination of no coverage, and that SPCA should take steps to determine if coverage was 

available under any of its other Policies with other insurers. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 150 Moreover, regardless of SPCA’s beliefs about Travelers’ coverage and the potential 

ultimate costs of the Novak Litigation, SPCA was nevertheless beholden to the specific terms and 

requirements of AISLIC notice provision. See MHM Services, Inc. v. Assurance Company of 

America, 2012 IL App (1st) 112171, ¶ 60 (rejecting insured’s argument that it believed it only had 

to give notice when insured determined it was “reasonably likely” to implicate excess coverage, 

as insured “was not contractually entitled to exercise discretion as to whether to give notice” and 

must follow the specific terms of the notice provision in the policy, which required notice of every 

claim or suit “as soon as practicable.”) 

¶ 151 SPCA would also have us conclude that its notice was reasonable because it diligently 

pursued other coverage when Travelers informed SPCA that it was withdrawing its defense in 

October 2017. We note that Novak filed the first claim against SPCA in 2007 with the IDHR 

Claim. Novak filed the initial Novak Counterclaim in 2009 and filed the Novak Federal Lawsuit 

in 2013. SPCA was indisputably aware of each claim. American Automobile contends that SPCA 

first notified it of these lawsuits on November 19, 2018, a delay of over ten years since the 2007 

IDHR Claim, nearly 10 years for the Novak Counterclaim, and five years for the Novak Federal 

Lawsuit, and a year and a half after SPCA notified its other insurers. As the circuit court observed, 

it is clear from SPCA’s pleadings that it did not provide any notice to American Automobile any 

earlier than October 4, 2017. The American Automobile policy required notice of a claim or suit

“as soon as practicable” after the claim was brought, not “as soon as practicable” after SPCA was

informed that any other insurance policy coverage was exhausted. SPCA has pointed to no case 

law finding such a long delay in providing notice “reasonable” under the circumstances. Moreover, 
No. 1-22-0888 

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SPCA also failed to comply with the notice provision’s requirements that it immediately send 

AISLIC copies of any legal documents or pleadings it received. 

¶ 152 SPCA contends that American Automobile was not prejudiced by the delay. After missing 

out on more than a decade of litigation before American Automobile was made aware of the Novak 

Litigation, American Automobile was deprived of any opportunity to influence selection of 

counsel, meaningfully investigate the claims as they occurred, participate in their defense, or shape 

overall legal strategy involving numerous lawsuits. This undoubtedly weighs in favor of finding 

the notice unreasonable. 

¶ 153 Accordingly, we find that, even if the remaining underlying allegations occurred within the 

policy’s effective dates, SPCA failed to provide the required notice under the American 

Automobile Policy, and, consequently, American Automobile’s contractual duties were not 

triggered, SPCA is not entitled to coverage, and the circuit court properly granted judgment on the 

pleadings as to count VII of the SATC, in addition to American Automobile’s first affirmative 

defense and count VI of American Automobile’s counterclaim). 

¶ 154 iii. Estoppel 

¶ 155 SPCA also argues on appeal that, as set forth in count VIII of SATC, American Automobile 

is estopped from asserting any policy defenses because it failed to take action to adjudicate its 

coverage dispute or defend under a reservation of rights. Uhlich Children's Advantage Network, 

398 Ill. App. 3d at 716.

¶ 156 Here, American Automobile did, in fact, attempt to adjudicate the coverage issue promptly 

after it was notified of the Novak Litigation. American Automobile filed a declaratory action in 

federal court in March 2019. American Automobile also filed an answer and counterclaim in 
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December 2019 in state court after SPCA filed its third-party action against it in the instant case. 

SPCA has not shown any delay on American Automobile’s part in pursuing an adjudication 

regarding coverage under the circumstances.

¶ 157 SPCA contends that AISLIC was obligated not just to file a declaratory action, but to 

actually secure a judgment, in order to avoid estoppel, citing Massac County v. U.S. Fidelity & 

Guaranty Co., 113 Ill. App. 3d 35, 41 (1983) (“[i]t is the duty of an insurer to secure a declaratory 

judgment determination of its obligations and rights under the policy [citation], not to take action 

to prevent such a conclusive and binding determination from being obtained.” (Emphasis in 

origina).) However, that case is distinguishable because the insurer refused to take any action at 

all for two years after being notified of the claim. Id. 37-38. 

¶ 158 American Automobile promptly filed its own declaratory action, an answer, a 

counterclaim, and motions to dismiss in an effort to obtain a judicial determination regarding 

coverage. See Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Central Mutual Insurance Co., 2014 IL 

App (1st) 133145, ¶ 22 (Finding that the insurer “timely sought a declaratory judgment regarding 

its contractual obligation to [insured] when [it] filed an answer and affirmative defenses seeking a 

declaration in [its] favor. It was not necessary for [insurer] to initiate a separate declaratory 

judgment action.”). And, as we previously observed, SPCA filed its third-party complaint within 

30 days after Travelers advised it coverage was exhausted, and an insurer is not obligated to win 

“a race to the courthouse” in order to avoid estoppel. Central Mutual Insurance, 2014 IL App (1st) 

133145, ¶ 22 (quoting Korte Construction, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 458).

¶ 159 Moreover, estoppel applies only where the insurer breached its duty to defend, and we have 

determined that American Automobile did not breach any duty to defend here. Schuster, 2015 IL 
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App (1st) 140718, ¶ 29. Accordingly, American Automobile was entitled to judgment on the 

pleadings as to count VIII of the second amended third-party complaint.

¶ 160 iv. Section 155

¶ 161 SPCA lastly contends that the circuit court erred in granting judgment on the pleadings on 

its section 155 claim in count IX of the SATC. 215 ILCS 5/155 (West 2020). However, SPCA 

supports its claim with similar reasoning to its other section 155 claims against other third-party 

defendant insurers. SPCA’s conclusory allegations regarding American Automobile did not 

establish any vexatious or unreasonable conduct. Having determined that there is no coverage 

available under the American Automobile Policy, it is apparent that a bona fide dispute as to 

coverage existed and the circuit court properly granted judgment on the pleadings as to SPCA’s 

section 155 claim. Uhlich Children’s Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 723; Scudella, 174 

Ill. App. 3d at 253; Dominick's Finer Foods, 2018 IL App (1st) 161864, ¶ 94. 

¶ 162 E. Harleysville

¶ 163 SPCA next challenges the circuit court’s order granting Harleysville’s motion to dismiss 

counts X (breach of contract), XI (estoppel), and XII (section 155 claim) of the SATC pursuant to

sections 2-615 and 2-619(a)(9) (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2020). 

¶ 164 i. Estoppel 

¶ 165 On appeal, SPCA first contends, similar to its estoppel claims against other insurers, that 

Harleysville is estopped from asserting policy defenses because it failed to defend SPCA under a 

reservation of rights or file a declaratory judgment action regarding coverage. Uhlich Children's 

Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 716. 
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¶ 166 SPCA’s pleadings demonstrate that that (1) Travelers notified SPCA on October 4, 2017, 

that coverage had been exhausted and it was withdrawing its defense, (2) SPCA then notified 

Harleysville of the claims for the first time, and (3) SPCA filed its third-party complaint in the 

Federal Coverage Action on October 31, 2017, against Harleysville and other insurers. Even 

assuming that SPCA notified Harleysville on the same day that Travelers notified SPCA that it 

was withdrawing its defense, less than 30 days elapsed before SPCA instituted its own coverage 

action against Harleysville. Because Harleysville had no reasonable opportunity to file its own 

declaratory action before SPCA filed its action, Harleysville could not be estopped from asserting 

policy defenses for failure to file its own declaratory action, even assuming a duty to defend 

existed. 

¶ 167 SPCA contends that Harleysville “did nothing” for three years and, like its estoppel 

arguments, supra, again relies on Massac County, 113 Ill. App. 3d at 41. As stated, it is not 

necessary for an insurer to win “a race to the courthouse” in filing a declaratory action (Korte 

Construction, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 458) or initiate its own declaratory judgment action where an 

insured has already filed one (Central Mutual Insurance Co., 2014 IL App (1st) 133145, ¶ 22; L.A.

Connection, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 263). Far from doing nothing, Harleysville participated in SPCA’s 

action and filed motions to dismiss in an effort to obtain a judicial determination on the coverage 

issue.

¶ 168 Accordingly, the circuit court properly dismissed SPCA’s estoppel claim. Harleysville did 

not waive its right to assert coverage defenses, including the notice defense, in failing to file its 

own redundant declaratory judgment action or beat SPCA to the courthouse. 

¶ 169 ii. Notice Defense
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¶ 170 SPCA next contends in a single, conclusory paragraph, citing its arguments made on the 

same issue with respect to other third-party defendant insurers, that its notice to Harleysville was 

reasonable under the circumstances and raised issues of fact precluding dismissal.

¶ 171 Harleysville asserted in its section 2-619 motion to dismiss SPCA’s breach of contract 

claim that there was no breach because, as a matter of law, SPCA failed to comply with the notice 

provision of the Harleysville Policy. The notice provision here was similar to the notice provision 

in the American Automobile Policy. It provided that the insured must notify Harleysville “as soon 

as practicable” of an occurrence which may result in a claim or if a claim or suit is brought against 

the insured. The policy provided that the insured “[m]ust see to it that we receive written notice of 

the claim *** as soon as practicable,” and the insured must “[i]mmediately send us copies of any 

demands, notices, summonses, or legal papers received in connection with a claim or ‘suit.’ ” 

¶ 172 As previously explained, a notice provision calling for notice “as soon as practicable” 

requires notification within a reasonable time, which depends on the facts and circumstances of 

the case. Northbrook Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 313 Ill. App. 3d at 465; Livorsi Marine, 

Inc., 222 Ill. 2d at 311-12. In examining the reasonableness of an insured’s delayed notice, we 

consider the language of the notice provision, the insured’s sophistication in insurance matters, the 

insured’s awareness of an occurrence under the policy, the insured’s diligence in determining 

coverage, and any prejudice to the insurer. Molda, 2015 IL App (1st) 140548, ¶ 67.

¶ 173 For similar reasons we set forth in rejecting SPCA’s arguments that it provided reasonable 

notice in accordance with the American Automobile Policy, we also find that SPCA failed to 

provide reasonable notice of the Novak Litigation to Harleysville. SPCA’s pleadings show it was 

aware of the Novak Litigation starting in 2007, including the 2009 Novak Counterclaims and the 
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2013 Novak Federal Lawsuit, and SPCA does not contend otherwise. SPCA litigated these claims 

through its attorney and notified Travelers each time a new claim was filed, but it did not notify 

Harleysville of any claims until October 2017, at the earliest. 

¶ 174 As we previously concluded, SPCA’s pleadings demonstrate that it was sophisticated 

enough to notify Travelers of every claim as they were filed, it was represented by counsel from 

the outset, and it obtained numerous insurance policies over the years from different insurers and 

involving different types of coverage. SPCA’s pleadings also demonstrate that Travelers informed 

SPCA from the outset in the 2007 ROR Letter and repeatedly in other letters that it was defending 

under a full reservation of rights, that it could later withdraw its defense upon a determination of 

no coverage, and that SPCA should take steps to determine if coverage was available under any of 

its other policies with other insurers, and Morin advised SPCA of the current level of depletion of 

the Travelers’ coverage limit. And, regardless of Travelers’ conduct, SPCA was nonetheless 

obligated under the terms of the Harleysville Policy to provide notice of any claims as soon as 

practicable. Lastly, SPCA has cited no case law finding that such a long delay (ranging from 10 

years for the 2007 IDHR Claim and 4 years for the Novak Federal Action) in notifying an insurer 

of a claim was reasonable under the circumstances. The delay deprived Harleysville of any 

opportunity to investigate these claims or participate in the defense strategy until several years 

after the claims were initiated and well underway. 

¶ 175 Accordingly, as a matter of law, SPCA failed to provide notice as required by the 

Harleysville Policy. Harleysville’s contractual duties under the policy were consequently not 

triggered. As such, SPCA is not entitled to coverage under the Harleysville Policy, and the circuit 

court correctly dismissed count X with prejudice. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 176 iii. Section 155 Claim

¶ 177 Lastly, SPCA asserts that, as in its other section 155 arguments, supra, Harleysville 

engaged in “vexatious and unreasonable” delay regarding SPCA’s claim, and the circuit court 

erred in dismissing count XII. SPCA’s conclusory allegations did not establish any vexatious or 

unreasonable conduct by Harleysville. And, as we previously held, an insured cannot prevail on a 

section 155 claim where there is a bona fide dispute over coverage (Uhlich Children’s Advantage 

Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 723), and asserting legitimate policy defenses to coverage do not give 

rise to a section 155 claim (Scudella, 174 Ill. App. 3d at 253; Dominick's Finer Foods, 2018 IL 

App (1st) 161864, ¶ 94). Here, a bona fide dispute as to coverage existed and the circuit court 

properly granted judgment on the pleadings on SPCA’s section 155 claim as a matter of law. 

¶ 178 F. Steadfast

¶ 179 In its next issue on appeal, SPCA contends that the circuit court erred in granting 

Steadfast’s motions to dismiss and for judgment on the pleadings. 

¶ 180 i. Estoppel

¶ 181 On appeal, SPCA first argues that the circuit court erred in concluding that Steadfast was 

not estopped from raising policy defenses to coverage on grounds that Steadfast promptly filed a 

declaratory judgment action. 

¶ 182 Here, Steadfast filed its state court declaratory judgment action on October 13, 2017, after 

Travelers informed SPCA on October 4, 2017, that its coverage was exhausted and SPCA notified 

its other insurers. SPCA argues, like its estoppel arguments, supra, that Steadfast’s filing of a 

declaratory judgment action was insufficient to avoid estoppel as it did not actually secure a 

judgment, again citing Massac County, 113 Ill. App. 3d at 41. Essentially, SPCA is arguing that, 
No. 1-22-0888 

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despite filing its declaratory judgment action less than two weeks after SPCA notified it of the 

Novak Litigation, Steadfast should be estopped from asserting policy defenses because SPCA then 

brought Steadfast into the Federal Coverage Action on October 31, 2017, staying Steadfast’s state 

court action, and Steadfast objected to being improperly joined and requested discovery. Under 

the circumstances, it is beyond dispute that Steadfast took prompt action to avoid the application 

of estoppel by filing a declaratory action to determine coverage and then litigating the declaratory

action filed against it in the federal forum. Uhlich Children's Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d 

at 716. 

¶ 183 Accordingly, the circuit court properly granted Steadfast’s motion for judgment on the 

pleadings as to SPCA’s estoppel claim.

7

¶ 184 ii. Continuing Claims Exclusion 

¶ 185 SPCA also asserts on appeal that the “continuing claim exclusion” in the Steadfast Policy 

does not apply because the language is “hopelessly ambiguous” and because the claims alleged by 

Novak in his 2007 IDHR Claim were distinct, different instances of discrimination from the claims 

made in the 2009 Novak Counterclaims. 

¶ 186 When construing a provision in an insurance policy that excludes or limits coverage, we 

read it narrowly; “the applicability of the exclusion [provision] must be clear and free from doubt.” 

Nationwide Property & Casualty Insurance Co. v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 2022 IL App 

(1st) 210267, ¶ 25. “[T]he insurer bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating that a claim 

falls within an exclusion.” Id. 

7 We note that SPCA does not raise its waiver argument on appeal.
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 187 Steadfast contended in its declaratory judgment action that there was no coverage available 

based on the “continuing claim exclusion” in the policy as the Novak Litigation constituted one 

continuing claim of discrimination and retaliation beginning with the filing of the 2007 IDHR 

Claim. The continuing claims exclusion provides: 

“[t]his policy does not apply to ‘bodily injury,’ ‘property damage,’ ‘personal injury,’ or 

‘advertising injury,’ arising out of any claim against the insured which is alleged to be 

continuing in nature if the damage or any part of it was known prior to the effective date 

of this policy. This exclusion will apply whether or not the cause of the damage was known 

prior to the effective date of this policy. In no event will this policy apply to any lawsuit 

against the insured if the filing date of the original complaint was prior to the effective date 

of this policy, whether or not the insured was a party ***.”

¶ 188 SPCA contends that the language “continuing in nature” is ambiguous, citing Doe, 234 Ill. 

App. 3d at 134. We do not find Doe applicable here. Doe involved entirely different language—

the interpretation of the term “related acts” in the policy at issue there. The “continuing claim” 

provision here unambiguously provides that there is no coverage for claims alleged to be 

“continuing in nature” if any part of the damage was known prior to the policy’s effective date. 

The Steadfast Policy became effective on May 1, 2008. 

¶ 189 The 2007 IDHR Claim alleged housing discrimination in that SPCA failed to reasonably 

accommodate Novak’s hearing disability by refusing to provide CART services at board meetings. 

The Novak Counterclaims alleged retaliation against Novak for filing the 2007 IDHR Claim; 

additional incidents from 2007 to 2009 of failing to provide reasonable accommodations for his 

disability, such as refusing to provide CART services or recognize that his dog was a service dog; 
No. 1-22-0888 

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and harassing and retaliatory behavior in enforcing SPCA condominium rules unfairly due to 

Novak’s complaining about SPCA’s discriminatory and harassing behavior. The 2010 IDHR 

Claim alleged retaliation for prior housing discrimination complaints and discrimination based on 

Novak’s disability in continuing to refuse to provide CART services or recognize Novak’s dog as 

a service dog. The 2013 Novak Federal Lawsuit specifically alleged “continuous discriminatory 

and retaliatory conduct against the Novak family since” the filing of the 2007 IDHR Claim, 

retaliation for filing the 2007 IDHR Claim, continued refusal to reasonably accommodate his 

disability in failing to provide CART services or recognize his service dog. It reiterated allegations 

of incidents appearing in the Novak Counterclaims and 2010 IDHR Claim, and alleged new 

incidents of discrimination and harassment occurring through January 2013. 

¶ 190 Considering these underlying Novak claims together, it is apparent that they were 

“continuing in nature.” The Novak Litigation alleged that SPCA engaged in continual and repeated 

incidents of housing discrimination based on his disability, harassing behavior related to SPCA’s

condominium rules, and retaliatory conduct for filing the 2007 IDHR Claim, over a period of many 

years. Moreover, based on SPCA’s pleadings, it is apparent that, before the policy’s inception on 

May 1, 2008, SPCA was aware of the 2007 IDHR Claim filed more than one year before, on April 

13, 2007. As such, Steadfast is entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to count II of its complaint. 

¶ 191 iii. Notice Provision

¶ 192 SPCA next finds fault with the circuit court’s determination that, as a matter of law, SPCA 

failed to provide notice as required by the Steadfast Policy, thereby failing to trigger Steadfast’s 

contractual duties and entitling Steadfast to judgment on the pleadings as to count III of its 

complaint. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 193 The notice provision in the Steadfast Policy provided, inter alia, that if a claim or suit was 

brought against the insured, “written notice *** shall be given to us within 15 days or as soon as 

practicable thereafter.” If a claim was made or suit was brought, the insured “must immediately 

record the specifics of the claim or ‘suit’ and the date received and see to it that we receive prompt 

written notice of the claim or ‘suit.’ ” Further, the insured “must *** [i]mmediately send us copies 

of any demands, notices, summonses, or legal papers received[.]”

¶ 194 Thus, the notice provision required SPCA to provide written notice of a claim or suit to 

Steadfast within 15 days or as soon as practicable. A provision requiring notice “as soon as 

practicable” means “a reasonable time.” Northbrook Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 313 Ill. 

App. 3d at 465; Livorsi Marine, Inc., 222 Ill. 2d at 311-12. In examining the reasonableness of an 

insured’s delayed notice, we consider the language of the notice provision, an insured’s 

sophistication in insurance matters, an insured’s awareness of an occurrence under the policy, the 

insured’s diligence in determining coverage, and any prejudice to the insurer. Molda, 2015 IL App 

(1st) 140548, ¶ 67.

¶ 195 SPCA refers to its prior arguments against other insurers’ notice provisions. For similar 

reasons we set forth in rejecting these arguments, supra, we also find that SPCA failed to provide 

reasonable notice of the Novak Litigation and various claims therein to Steadfast. The pleadings 

demonstrate that SPCA was sufficiently sophisticated in insurance matters. The prolonged delay 

deprived Steadfast of an opportunity to investigate the claims as they occurred or participate in the 

defense until several years after they were initiated. SPCA’s pleadings establish that SPCA was 

indisputably aware of all the Novak claims filed against it in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2013. SPCA

did not provide any notice to Steadfast until October 2017, a delay of between ten years to four 
No. 1-22-0888 

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years from the inception of the Novak Litigation to the final claim filed in federal court, far outside 

both the 15-day requirement and “as soon as practicable” requirement. 

¶ 196 Accordingly, as a matter of law, SPCA failed to provide notice as required by the Steadfast

Policy. Steadfast’s contractual duties under the policy were consequently not triggered. Applied 

Systems, Inc., 313 Ill. App. 3d at 464. As such, SPCA was not entitled to coverage under the 

Steadfast Policy, and the circuit court correctly granted judgment on the pleadings as to Steadfast’s 

count III in its complaint.8

¶ 197 iv. Section 155 Claim

¶ 198 In asserting the circuit court erred in granting Steadfast’s motion to dismiss as to SPCA’s 

section 155 claim, SPCA refers this court to its prior arguments related to other insurers, supra. 

Having determined that there is no coverage available under the Steadfast Policy, it is apparent 

that a bona fide dispute as to coverage existed and the circuit court properly granted Steadfast’s 

motion to dismiss. Uhlich Children’s Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 723; Scudella, 174 

Ill. App. 3d at 253. 

¶ 199 E. Strathmore

¶ 200 In its final argument on appeal, SPCA argues that the circuit court improperly granted 

Strathmore’s motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to section 2-615(e) as to SPCA’s 

claims against it in the SATC. 

¶ 201 i. Estoppel 

8 We observe that the circuit court also found Steadfast was entitled to judgment on the pleadings as to 

count I of SPCA’s first amended counterclaim (asserting breach of contract) on grounds that it had already 

found there was no coverage under the policy. It also found Steadfast was entitled to judgment on the 

pleadings on SPCA’s third and fourth affirmative defense, which SPCA does not contest on appeal. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 202 On appeal, SPCA asserts, similar to its previous estoppel arguments, supra, that because 

Strathmore never filed its own declaratory judgment action or a counterclaim to resolve the 

coverage issue, it should be estopped from asserting any defenses to its coverage obligations. 

¶ 203 SPCA’s pleadings establish that it notified Strathmore of the Novak Litigation in October 

2017 after Travelers advised SPCA in an October 4, 2017, letter that its coverage had been 

exhausted. Shortly thereafter, SPCA filed its counterclaim in the Federal Coverage Action on 

October 31, 2017, bringing Strathmore into the federal litigation. After the federal proceedings 

were dismissed and SPCA filed its third-party complaint in the state court proceeding, Strathmore 

filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings on August 21, 2020. 

¶ 204 Similar to the circumstances of other insurers discussed, supra, Strathmore had no 

reasonable opportunity to file its own declaratory action before SPCA filed one. As such, 

Strathmore is not estopped from asserting policy defenses merely because it failed to file its own 

redundant declaratory action or counterclaim, even assuming a duty to defend existed. As stated, 

it is not necessary for an insurer to win “a race to the courthouse” (Korte Construction, 322 Ill. 

App. 3d at 458) or initiate its own declaratory judgment action where an insured has already filed 

one (Central Mutual Insurance Co., 2014 IL App (1st) 133145, ¶ 22). Strathmore participated in 

SPCA’s coverage action and filed a motion to dismiss in an effort to obtain a judicial determination 

on the coverage issue, and did, in fact, secure a judgment on the merits of that issue. L.A.

Connection, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 263 (“the initiation of a declaratory judgment action by the insured,

rather than the insurer, is sufficient to avoid estoppel. *** ‘[i]t is the fact of the proceeding itself, 

and not the identity of the party initiating the proceeding, that is of legal import.” (Internal 

quotation marks omitted) (Emphasis in original). 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 205 Accordingly, the circuit court properly entered judgment on the pleadings as to SPCA’s 

estoppel claim against it. 

¶ 206 ii. Notice

¶ 207 SPCA also contends that its notice to Strathmore was reasonable and the circuit court erred

in entering judgment on the pleadings in that regard. 

¶ 208 Like other policies involved in this case, Strathmore’s notice provision provided that if a 

claim is made or suit is brought, the insured “must ***[i]mmediately record the specifics of the 

claim or ‘suit’ and the date received; and *** [n]otify us as soon as practicable.” Thus, SPCA was 

required to notify Strathmore within a reasonable time, given the facts and circumstances. 

Northbrook Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 313 Ill. App. 3d at 465; Livorsi Marine, Inc., 222 

Ill. 2d at 311-12. 

¶ 209 For reasons we explained, supra, we similarly conclude here that SPCA failed to provide 

reasonable notice of the Novak Litigation and various claims therein to Strathmore. SPCA’s 

pleadings show it was aware of the Novak Litigation starting in 2007 and each new claim 

thereafter, and SPCA does not contend otherwise. SPCA notified Travelers each time a new claim 

was filed, but it did not notify Strathmore of any claims until October 2017, at the earliest. SPCA’s 

pleadings demonstrate that it was sufficiently sophisticated in insurance matters and that Travelers 

advised SPCA that it was defending under a reservation of rights and to investigate whether other 

insurers’ policies provided coverage. The delay deprived Strathmore of any opportunity to 

investigate these claims or participate in the defense until several years after the claims were 

initiated. 
No. 1-22-0888 

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¶ 210 SPCA has failed to sufficiently plead that its notice was reasonable considering the 

circumstances. Molda, 2015 IL App (1st) 140548, ¶ 67. Accordingly, as a matter of law, SPCA 

failed to provide notice as required by the Strathmore Policy. Strathmore’s contractual duties under 

the policy were not triggered. As such, SPCA is not entitled to coverage under the Strathmore

Policy as a matter of law, and the circuit court correctly entered judgment on the pleadings. 

¶ 211 iii. Section 155 Claim

¶ 212 In its final argument on appeal, SPCA contends that the circuit court erred in granting

judgment on the pleadings with respect to its section 155 claim of the Illinois Insurance Code. The 

circuit court did not directly address this count, but it did grant Strathmore’s motion for judgment 

on the pleadings as to all counts against Strathmore in the SATC, which included the section 155 

claim. 

¶ 213 SPCA again refers to its prior arguments in support of this contention. Having determined 

that there is no coverage available under the Strathmore Policy, it is apparent that a bona fide 

dispute as to coverage existed and the circuit court properly granted judgment on the pleadings as 

a matter of law. Uhlich Children’s Advantage Network, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 723; Scudella, 174 Ill. 

App. 3d at 253; Dominick's Finer Foods, 2018 IL App (1st) 161864, ¶ 94. 

¶ 214 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 215 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the Cook County circuit court.

¶ 216 Affirmed.