# Patent

## Title
Vehicle management

## Abstract

A system for golf course vehicle management can include a tag device having a transceiver and a vehicle management process. The vehicle management process includes an application service for receiving the location of the tag device from the transceiver, at least one geographical zone, and a tracking module for comparing the location to the zone and generating an alert when the location is within the zone. Also included in the process is a control module for recognizing the alert. The control module can initiate an action, such as performance of a vehicle control action by a vehicle controller device.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/322,715, filed on Apr. 9, 2010, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
Operation and maintenance of a golf course can involve a significant investment of capital and manpower. Maximizing the utility of a course calls for maintaining greens, fairways, putting ranges, driving ranges, and other playing areas in a particular condition, requiring constant attention to the condition of grasses and other greenery. In addition, the large size of typical courses calls for the availability of vehicles for patrons and course personnel. The acquisition and maintenance of golf carts and other course vehicles presents a significant investment in itself. However, the use of these vehicles—particularly by patrons—can raise further concerns. Unregulated operation by novice or reckless drivers can present risks to the drivers themselves, as well as to the vehicles, other patrons, and the course landscape. These problems can be addressed by monitoring and managing access to and use of course vehicles. As golf course operations multiply in size and number of facilities, management of larger vehicular fleets can present continuing challenges to architecture and implementation of such systems.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the invention; and, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a snapshot of a graphic user interface for monitoring vehicles on a golf course in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a chart of a vehicle management system in accordance with an embodiment; and
FIG. 3 is a chart of a vehicle management process in accordance with another embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
Before the present invention is disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular structures, process steps, or materials disclosed herein, but is extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.
It is to be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary.
As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. The exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context. However, generally speaking the nearness of completion will be so as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total completion were obtained. The use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result.
Methods and systems are set forth herein for managing mobile assets within a geographic area. Particular embodiments set forth methods and systems for monitoring and managing vehicular assets, based on information about location and movement of such assets within a geographic area. In one aspect, the information can be used to control access to the assets. In another aspect, the information can be used to track and control movement of the assets relative to particular locations.
It should be understood that the embodiments discussed herein are contemplated for use with any type of mobile asset, and particular any type of vehicle that can be made to move about in the area of interest, including automobiles and other conveyances both powered and unpowered, powered and unpowered vehicles, mobile maintenance or groundskeeping machines, and the like. For purposes of illustrating the various aspects of the methods and systems, the discussion below will be primarily directed to describing exemplary embodiments directed to monitoring and managing vehicles in and around a golf course. It should be noted, however, that the elements and principles discussed herein are applicable to management applications outside the field of golf course management. For example, references to “carts” and “vehicles” in the following discussion should be understood as generally applicable to vehicular assets that can be operated in and around golf courses such as golf carts, automobiles, riding mowers, scooters, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, and the like. Similarly, reference to a “golf course” can generally also be applied to any geographic area within which monitoring and management of vehicular assets may be desirable.
It is also noted that discussion of methods and systems herein can be interchangeable with respect to specific embodiments. In other words, specific discussion of a method herein is equally applicable to embodiments as they relate to the system, and vice versa.
A system for monitoring and managing vehicles can comprise a plurality of vehicles, where one or more of the vehicles is equipped with a tag device. The tag device can include or be functionally connected to elements that collect and provide information about the location and movement of the vehicle. In a particular embodiment, the tag device includes or at least is functionally connected to a global positioning system (GPS) receiver and a motion sensor. The tag device can further include one or more elements having transceiver functionality so as to provide for communication of information to and from the vehicle. Communication can be any type of communication network suited for transmitting data across the distances included in the area, particularly wireless LAN and cellular networks. In particular, the network can be configured so that each tag device can communicate with a server.
In a particular embodiment, the various functionalities (e.g. GPS, motion sensing, receiving, transmitting) are integrated into the tag device to form a single package. However, embodiments in which one or more functionalities are provided by devices that are external to the tag device are also contemplated by the description herein.
In accordance with the present embodiment, communication between tag devices and a server facilitates the storage and handling of vehicle data for monitoring and management of the vehicles by golf course personnel or other user(s). Embodied on the server can be one or more modules comprising computer-executable code configured for collecting, analyzing, manipulating and presenting data received from the tag devices. These modules can include databases, map data, user interfaces, communications server and/or client modules, and others embodied on the server as data structures and code.
In a particular embodiment, data related to the geographical area can be embodied on the server. In one aspect, the geographical area data can include a coordinate system or a map representation based on geographic information system (GIS) data. In an additional aspect, the area data can include designations of various types of zones within and around the course area. The zones can be designated according to terrain, features and improvements, function, and the like. For example, a golf course can include, without limitation, pedestrian paths, cart paths, tee areas, fairways, greens, rough, fringe, bunkers, water hazards, and driving ranges. Each of these features can constitute different zones or be grouped into zones. In a particular aspect, code is embodied on the server by which zones can be added, deleted, and modified.
The server can further hold one or more databases populated with information sent by tag devices and/or elements associated therewith. In a particular aspect, databases of location information can be stored on the server. For example, an onboard UPS receiver can periodically acquire the vehicle's GPS position from a satellite network, either arbitrarily or spontaneously, or at a determined sampling interval. The tag device can send each position data point to the server for storage. A database can collect and hold a number of location points for each vehicle, together with the time at which the position was received. These location points can be used to construct a history of the vehicle's location over time (i.e. a location “trail”). The dimensions of the database can be based on the GPS sampling interval and the amount of accessible monitoring time desired. In a specific embodiment, the location information, the course map, and the zones can then be viewed together to show where the vehicle's current and previous locations lie relative to the mapped area and any zones therein.
In another aspect, motion information can also be stored on the server. For example, an onboard motion sensor can detect episodic or sustained motions undergone by the vehicle, and the tag device can transmit this information to the server. In a specific aspect, the motion information can include physical dimensions of the motion, e.g. the relative direction of motion and magnitude of velocity and/or acceleration. In another aspect, time-stamping can be utilized so that temporal information can be included, such as the time at which the motion commences and ceases and the duration of motion.
The server can further have a vehicle management process embodied thereon as machine executable code, where said process includes a tracking module configured for processing information received from tag devices to provide for management of golf carts and other assets in and around a golf course. In a particular embodiment, vehicles are equipped with a tag device and include both a GPS device and a motion sensor. The GPS receiver periodically determines the position of the vehicle, while the motion sensor monitors the presence or absence of motion by the vehicle. The tag device sends both GPS location and motion data to the server.
The tracking module can comprise a procedure that compares location data to course maps to and/or zones and ascertain the vehicle's location(s) or location trail on the course. In one aspect, the tracking module can include databases of information from tag devices and data structures representing designated zones. The procedure can further determine a vehicle's location relative to any designated zones associated with the course. In a particular aspect, the procedure can be configured to display location information with geographic zones via a graphic user interface, an example of which is shown in FIG. 1. The graphic user interface can operate on a computer situated to be accessible to golf course personnel, such as in a clubhouse, maintenance facility, or security facility.
In an additional aspect, map images may be included with zones in the map representation to facilitate recognition of terrain and features. The map image can be any type that shows desired features of the geographical area, including but not limited to satellite images, topographic maps, computer-aided drawings, hand drawings, aerial photographs, and the like.
A plurality of vehicles can also be viewed in the graphic user interface, and each vehicle can be given a label or other designation which can be signified by text, symbols, or icons. This aspect is illustrated in FIG. 1, which shows a graphic user interface 100 displaying a golf course map representation 102 in which the current locations of five vehicles 104 (golf carts 01 through 04 and a course marshal's cart) are shown along with their location trails 106. In one aspect, location trails can be coded (e.g. by color or pattern) to aid in distinguishing between the history of different individual vehicles.
Designated zones and other features can further be overlaid on the map. An example of this is shown in FIG. 1, which includes an outer course boundary designation 106 (bold dashed line) and two limited access zones 108 in the lower right corner. The user interface can be configured to be used for setting and adjusting attributes of particular vehicles and zones.
The graphic user interface 100 can further include an information display 112 that provides a user with information about vehicles, such as an alphanumeric representation of vehicle location, vehicle operational status, or alerts generated for vehicles.
A number of factors can influence the accuracy and precision of GPS measurements, thereby affecting their reliability in ascertaining vehicle location. For example, location information sent by a stationary GPS device can exhibit drift over time, i.e. sample-to-sample variation in location that are not due to any actual change in location. In accordance with an embodiment, the vehicle management system can utilize GPS data quality measurements to assess the reliability of location information. In a particular embodiment, the system can determine the number of satellites, horizontal dilution of precision, and estimated horizontal precision error for a set of coordinates. The reliability of coordinates is then based on whether the quality measurements meet specified criteria. In a particular aspect, the coordinates can be retained or discarded based on this validation process. In another aspect, the quality measurements are used to validate further events based on the coordinates, such as zone violations and alerts. For example, vehicle location coordinates may be collected that indicate that a vehicle is just within a particular zone, but the quality measurements indicate a certain probability that the actual location could be outside the zone. In such a case, the coordinates may be deemed insufficiently reliable to trigger an alert without additional validation.
In accordance with the embodiment, motion data can be used to validate the location data so as to provide more reliable trails and other location information. For example, a change in location occurring without a concurrent indication of motion can be viewed as possibly due to drift. The location change can then be treated accordingly by the tracking module. Possible actions with regard to such data can include deleting the information from the database, leaving the information in place but flagging it, and/or assigning a code or grade to the information to indicate a level of reliability. Similarly, motion-conditioned location information can be taken into account in process for constructing location trails. Trails can be constructed or edited to include only a limited number of questionable location points, or none at all. In another aspect, trails themselves can be graded to reflect the number or proportion of questionable location points they contain.
In one embodiment, more than one level of motion information can be utilized in tracking vehicles. In one aspect, a motion sensor on the vehicle can be configured to detect undifferentiated (“simple”) motion, i.e. any type of movement undergone by the vehicle, such as occurring from driving, impact, tilting, rolling, etc. Such motion may or may not be associated with an actual change in location of the vehicle. However, simple motion may warrant heightened attention to the vehicle. Accordingly, detection of simple motion can be used to trigger more frequent collection of location information. In another aspect of the embodiment, a motion sensor can be configured to detect particular types of motion, such as motion that is indicative of operation that results in a change in location (e.g. an operator driving the cart). More specifically, the motion sensor can detect the direction of movement. An accelerometer is one nonlimiting example of such a sensor. This type of motion (“qualified motion”) is more relevant to issues such as theft or otherwise unauthorized operation of the vehicle, and can be used to trigger appropriate alerts and/or control actions. In addition, the directional information in qualified motion can be used to validate a location trail. For example, a set of coordinates provided by the GPS receiver may indicate a false direction of motion (e.g. sideways). The qualified motion information can be used to validate or invalidate this location information, and in the latter case can trigger flagging or deletion of a false trail.
The location information, motion information, tracking process, and other elements discussed can facilitate not just monitoring of vehicles and other assets, but also direct or indirect management of such assets. In a particular example, a vehicle can be equipped with one or more vehicle controller devices that, when engaged, limit the responses of the vehicle to input from its driver. This can involve limiting vehicle speed, limiting or preventing either forward or backward motion, and turning off the vehicle's motor. An example of one such controller device is a relay that, when powered, disconnects the vehicle's ignition switch.
In a particular aspect, the vehicle controller device is configured to be engaged remotely, either directly or through the tag device. By combining this functionality with those described above in connection with the tracking functionality, it is possible to limit or prevent vehicle operation within designated physical or temporal zones. For example, the controller device can be engaged to render a vehicle inoperable when someone attempts to drive it into a prohibited location (e.g. a bunker) or to operate the vehicle after business hours.
In a particular embodiment, the monitoring process embodied on the server includes a control module. The control module can be configured to initiate a signal that engages a vehicle controller device on a vehicle. In a particular aspect, the control module can recognize an alert generated by certain activity, such as the vehicle entering a zone designated as off-limits to that vehicle or its driver. Such an alert can be generated through an interaction between the control module and the tracking process. For example, when the tracking module acquires a location for a vehicle that coincides with a map zone designated as off-limits (e.g. a parking lot), an alert can be generated or triggered by the tracking module or by the control module. This alert can in turn trigger one or more vehicle control actions, including causing the control module to remotely engage a vehicle controller device on the vehicle that acts to prevent operation of the vehicle that would cause further encroachment of the prohibited zone. An example of such an action can involve shutting off the vehicle's motor and disconnecting the ignition to prevent the operator from restarting the vehicle. Alternatively, the vehicle controller device can disengage the vehicle's forward drive so that the vehicle can only be backed out of the prohibited zone.
It is contemplated that effective management of vehicles can be accomplished using varying levels of vehicle control, where both physical control and virtual control of vehicles are employed in course management. This is particularly relevant where relays, solenoids, and other devices requiring power are used as controller devices for vehicles. Under such an approach, some alerts may call for sustained engagement of controller devices. One example is a situation in which a vehicle is driven onto the bank of a stream or other steep terrain, where there is a danger that further operation would result in damage to the vehicle or injury to the driver. Another example is when an operator drives a vehicle off a course grounds that is surrounded by high pedestrian traffic, creating an ongoing risk that the vehicle might be stolen. Alternatively, for activity that does not create an ongoing concern (e.g. slight or accidental movement of the vehicle), sustained engagement of vehicle controller devices may be unnecessary. In such cases, it can be more efficient to refrain from long-term engagement when a shorter engagement will suffice. Accordingly, in one aspect a vehicle control action can be performed for an amount of time that less than the duration of the triggering alert. More specifically, a control device (e.g. a trigger lock) can be engaged upon generation of an alert, but can then shut off or enter a standby mode before the alert ends. However, the control device can be re-engaged by the occurrence of a triggering event during the duration of the alert (e.g. vehicle motion or location change), and remain engaged for a certain time or until the alert is ended.
In an embodiment, the tag device can include an internal battery to supply its power needs. In a specific embodiment, the tag device is capable of drawing upon its internal battery and on an external power source such as a vehicle battery. In order to maximize the duty cycle of the internal battery while minimizing the impact on a vehicle battery, the system can assess when it is appropriate for the tag device to draw power from the vehicle battery. For example, it may be more suitable to draw on the vehicle battery when said battery is well charged, or is itself connected to an external power source, and less suitable in other situations (e.g. low charge, or during heavy use). In an aspect of the embodiment, the system can utilize various heuristics to determine when to draw upon the vehicle battery. Such heuristics can include but are not limited to time, motion, location, as well as vehicle battery voltage, and voltage trends.
In a particular aspect, the system can include a plurality of control schemes that in turn can each correspond to one of a plurality of alert levels. As discussed above, location information and motion information can be used to more effectively ascertain what is happening to each vehicle. This can in turn facilitate the assignment of alert levels, where each alert level is suited to the level of safety or security concern associated with particular types of occurrences. Each alert level can then elicit one or more actions deemed appropriate for the level of concern raised.
The number and types of alert levels, as well as the actions they elicit, can be preset in the processes embodied on the server, or alternatively, they can be set and adjusted by course personnel or other user. The actions can include an alert message provided to the user, an alert message provided to the vehicle operator, or both. In one aspect, the message may be a visual message such as provided via a graphical user interface, an email, a text message, and the like. For example, referring again to FIG. 1, visible alert messages can indicate violation of particular zones or features. As illustrated in FIG. 1, Cart 04 has crossed the outer course boundary (“Geofence”), while Cart 01 and Marshal have entered restricted zones 110. More specifically, at the time the display is generated, Marshal remains in a restricted zone, while Cart 01 has encroached a restricted zone at one point in its location history. Different colors, fonts, icons, and other indicia can be used to indicate different alert levels. In another aspect, auditory alerts can be used, such as a horn, siren, beep, or other sound signal, or a voice message delivered to a speaker, telephone, or radio.
Other actions can include vehicle control actions, such as activation of controller devices onboard the vehicle as described above so as to limit or “lock” the vehicle from further proscribed operation. This is illustrated in the user display shown in FIG. 1, where the icon for Cart 04 includes a padlock symbol to indicate that its operation is restricted due to a zone violation (here, entering an automobile parking lot).
One example of a hierarchy of alerts and actions in accordance with this embodiment can be based on the type of movement undergone by the vehicle as ascertained from location information and motion information. A purely exemplary set of alerts governing controller activation is shown in Table 1, though it should be appreciated that other actions such as alert messages could be governed by the same alerts or a different set.







TABLE 1







Hierarchy of Alert Levels for Control Actions Based on Motion Type










Alert



Type of Motion Detected
Level
Action












Brief and isolated, likely
0
none


accidental (e.g. due to a gust of


wind or slight impact to vehicle)


Brief and frequent
1
Lock vehicle after x




instances of motion


Sustained, first instance
2
Lock vehicle, then auto




release after y minutes


Sustained, second instance
3
Lock until manually




released by authorized




personnel









In another aspect, alerts can be graded based on the location of the vehicle relative to designated zones, as exemplified in Table 2 for use of vehicle controller devices combined with alert messages:







TABLE 2







Hierarchy of Alert Levels for Actions and Notifications


Based on Location










Alert



Location
Level
Action












Within “full access” zone
0
none


Approaching “limited access” zone
1
Alert message to


or course outer boundary

course personnel


Approaching course hazard
2
Warning message to




vehicle operator


Entering “limited access” zone or
3
Lock vehicle


course hazard; crossing course


boundary









In another aspect, alerts and corresponding actions can be conditioned on the time of day at which the activity occurs. For example, one set of alerts can be used for managing vehicles during business hours, while a different set is used for after-hours management. Taking the example further, after-hours alerts can be set to trigger more prohibitive actions and for longer durations than are used during business hours.
An example of a system 200 for monitoring and managing vehicles in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. An on-board tag device 202 receives location information from a GPS satellite network 204 and detects vehicle motion, and transmits this information via cellular network and internet to a computer system such as a server 206. Such a system can comprise machine readable code for a vehicle management process 208 embodied on the server, wherein the vehicle management process comprises an application service 210 configured for receiving information from on-vehicle tag devices, and includes subprocesses 212-216 directed to data transport, protocol, system operations, as well as a model 218 to provide object persistence. These elements are shown here to illustrate the nature of such a service, but are not exhaustive of elements that can be included in accordance with the level of knowledge in the art.
The process 208 further includes a tracking module 220 and a control module 222. The tracking module is configured to insert location information into a database 224. For example, the location information can be used to provide a series of vehicle positions. In one aspect, motion-related information can be used to condition or verify location information to yield the series of positions. The database can also include map-related information such as the zones designated in the area to be managed. Vehicle positions are compared to one or more zones to test for “hits”, i.e. coincidences of vehicle location with zone coordinates. Hits are then checked against the settings for the zones to determine whether the hit is a violation of zone restrictions.
The tracking module 220 then causes the control module 222 to generate one or more alerts and control actions based on these analyses. The control module is configured to generate actions that can be used to manage operation of the vehicles on the course, including delivery of alert messages and activation of on-vehicle controller devices that limit or prevent certain vehicle operations. In a particular aspect, the control module is configured to generate different actions in response to an alert level.
The functionalities of the system, particularly tracking vehicle movement relative to designated zones, ascertaining the level of concern raised by particular movements and locations, and assigning a management action deemed appropriate to that activity, each reside primarily on the control server and particularly in the vehicle management process. One feature of this arrangement is that the system does not require particular proprietary on-vehicle devices. That is, it is possible to implement the system using “dumb” on-vehicle devices (motion sensors, GPS devices, transmitters, etc.) Such devices are readily obtainable from many market sources, so that vehicles can be equipped with whatever device is most available or most inexpensive as needed. Furthermore, the system can be implemented using an assortment of models of each device type, as long as the model is suitable for its basic function. Therefore, more vehicles and more devices can be added to the system without being concerned with exactly matching the models already in use. As a consequence, the system is highly scalable.
Another feature can be that the system is readily customized to a particular course and the needs or preferences of course managers. That is, zone configuration, zone properties, alert levels, control actions and other attributes can be set and modified at the server level. As such, modifications to the system need not require modifying the on-board devices of each vehicle. This facilitates changing the system to reflect new course policies or even new terrain in the event that the course is reconfigured. In addition, the system is portable, i.e. the process and vehicles can be transferred to another course and implemented at that course by updating the course map.
In another particular embodiment, some functionalities of the server-based process can also be provided in the on-vehicle devices, so that those functionalities can remain operational in the event that network communication is disrupted.
As the number of vehicles to be managed increases, synchronous real-time processing of all incoming tag position data can increase processing power requirements. In some cases, this requirement may become expensive or even prohibitive. In an embodiment, the vehicle management process is configured to monitor vehicles asynchronously in such a way as to yield substantially real-time results. In a specific embodiment, the general steps of position detection, checking for hits and violations, generating alerts, and causing control actions as discussed above are not all repeated at each instance of location acquisition. That is, once a new position is added to the database, the system need not immediately perform zone hit tests. Instead, zone hit testing and violation checks may be run at particular intervals (e.g. every few seconds), and operate on batches of positions rather than individual positions. Likewise, alert generation and control actions can be similarly decoupled, where alerts generated within a set interval are processed as a batch. The intervals, batch size limits, and other parameters can be adjusted manually or automatically to suit different levels of concern based on considerations such as danger associated with a type of violation, time of day/night, operator class, and the like.
In another aspect, further scalability is provided through multiplication and offloading of process components. That is, any of zone hit testing, violation checks, alert generation, and vehicle controller activation can be offloaded to servers other than the server receiving tag information. Therefore, large-scale management architectures can be accommodated without requiring prohibitive increases in computing power. For example, a large golf complex or even multiple courses can be monitored and managed using a server cluster.
An example embodiment of a process 300 illustrating these principles is shown in the chart of FIG. 3, where the dotted borders signify separate process components. For example, tasks for populating the database, tasks for zone testing of the database 302 and tasks for alert generation and vehicle controller activation can be allocated and replicated among separate process components 304. These components are isolated from each other and only share the database information in common. As such, each of the components or combinations thereof can be handled on separate machines 306 in a network or at separate locations, and further can each be replicated as indicated by the scale of the system.
All or parts of the management system can be upgraded or downgraded to a desired version. Version changes can be made to firmware components embodied on the devices of the system, such as the tag devices or vehicle control devices. In a particular aspect, a different version can be provided by transmitting the version information to the component to be upgraded or downgraded. The transmission costs imposed on the communication network by firmware delivery can be reduced by employing a content-agnostic approach. In one such approach, a binary difference between two versions of firmware can be ascertained, and this difference can be embodied in a firmware patch. The patch can then be delivered in either compressed or uncompressed form and integrated into the existing firmware, thereby accomplishing the change from one version to another. Also, other information such as updated zone information or device configuration can be transmitted to the devices as part of routine system operation. In a particular aspect, such transmissions are executed automatically, while version upgrades or downgrades can be manually initiated.
While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention.

## Claims

1. A system for vehicle management, comprising:
a tag device having a transceiver;
a vehicle controller device;
a vehicle management process embodied on a computer-readable tangible medium, comprising:
an application service for receiving a location of the tag device from the transceiver;
at least one geographic zone, wherein the geographic zone represents a terrain, a feature and improvement, or a function;
a tracking module configured for comparing the location to the geographic zone and generating an alert when the location is within the geographic zone; and
a control module for recognizing the alert and initiating a vehicle control action by the vehicle controller device, wherein certain vehicle control actions instituted after or before business hours are more prohibitive than certain vehicle control actions instituted during business hours; and
a global positioning system (GPS) receiver functionally connected to the tag device and configured for providing the location; and
a motion sensor functionally connected to the tag device and configured for detecting motion of the tag device, wherein the motion validates the location of the vehicle;
wherein the tracking module is configured to validate location using simple motion and qualified motion, and wherein when simple motion is detected, the tracking module triggers more frequent collection of location information.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the GPS receiver is integrated into the tag device as a single package.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor is integrated into the tag device as a single package.

4. The system of claim 1, further including a graphic user interface for displaying a map representation, the geographic zone, and the location.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle controller device is configured to perform a vehicle control action that limits operation of the vehicle, wherein the vehicle control action comprises disengaging the vehicle's forward drive so that the vehicle can only be backed out of a prohibited zone.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle management process includes an alert hierarchy for arranging alerts based on one of location, motion, and time of day.

7. A vehicle management system, comprising:
a vehicle equipped with a tag device and a global positioning system (GPS) receiver;
a vehicle management process embodied on a computer-readable tangible medium, comprising:
an application service for receiving a location from the GPS receiver and a motion of the vehicle from a motion sensor;
at least one geographic zone, wherein the geographic zone represents a terrain, a feature and improvement, or a function;
a graphic user interface for displaying the map representation, the geographic zone, and the location;
a tracking module for comparing the location to the geographic zone and validating the location with the motion of the vehicle and generating an alert when the location is within the geographic zone wherein the tracking module is configured to validate location using simple motion and qualified motion, and wherein when simple motion is detected, the tracking module triggers more frequent collection of location information; and

a control module for recognizing the alert and triggering a vehicle control action, wherein the triggered vehicle control action is displayed on the graphic user interface.

8. The vehicle management system of claim 7, wherein the vehicle is further equipped with a motion sensor for detecting motion of the vehicle.

9. The vehicle management system of claim 7, wherein the vehicle is further equipped with a vehicle controller device configured to perform the action and wherein the action limits operation of the vehicle, wherein the limit on vehicle operation comprises shutting off the vehicle's motor and disconnecting the vehicle ignition to prevent the operator from restarting the vehicle.

10. The vehicle management system of claim 7, wherein the application service, tracking module, and control module are decoupled and scalable so that tracking functions and control functions are performed substantially in real-time.

11. A method of managing vehicles, comprising:
equipping a vehicle with a tag device having a transceiver;
designating a plurality of hazard zones in a geographic area in which the vehicle operates, wherein a hierarchy of hazard zones are designated based on the risk of harm to the vehicle or a vehicle operator;
monitoring a location of the vehicle; and
monitoring motion of the vehicle using a motion sensor to validate the location of the vehicle; and
transmitting the location and motion via the tag device to a vehicle management process embodied on a server and comprising computer-executable instructions for:
comparing the location of the vehicle to the hazard zones; and
generating an alert and a vehicle control action when the location is within one of the hazard zones, wherein a hierarchy of alerts are generated based on the location of the vehicle within one of the hazard zones.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising displaying the location, the zone, and a map representation of the geographic area on a graphical user interface.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising validating the location using one of global positioning system (GPS) quality, simple motion, and qualified motion.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein GPS quality comprises at least one of horizontal dilution of precision, estimated horizontal precision error, and number of satellites.

15. The method of claim 11, further comprising selecting when to power the tag device from a battery installed in the vehicle based on at least one of time, motion, location, battery voltage, and a battery voltage trend.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein the alert triggers performance of a vehicle control action by a vehicle controller device installed on the vehicle.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the vehicle control action is performed for less than a duration of the alert, while being capable of being resumed upon occurrence of a triggering event during the duration.

18. The method of claim 11, further comprising arranging a plurality of alerts and a plurality of vehicle control actions based on one of location, motion, and time of day.

19. The method of claim 11, further comprising generating a hierarchy of alerts and vehicle control actions based on detection of a hierarchy of vehicle motion, comprising:
(a) locking the vehicle for a first period of time after a predetermined number of brief and frequent instances of detected motion;
(b) locking the vehicle for a second period of time after a first instance of sustained motion;
(c) locking the vehicle for a third period of time after a second instance of sustained motion.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein the hierarchy of alerts comprises:
(a) generating a first alert and transmitting the first alert to a vehicle manager when the vehicle is approaching the boundary of a hazard zone; and
(b) generating a second alert and transmitting the second alert to the vehicle operator when the vehicle is within a boundary of the hazard zone.