1All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code for

the year at issue unless otherwise indicated, and all Rule

references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

T.C. Memo. 2004-215

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JANE FREED, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 11387-01. Filed September 23, 2004.

William F. Rigsby, for petitioner.

Ronald T. Jordan, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

KROUPA, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in

petitioner’s Federal income tax for the taxable year 1996 of

$64,213 and an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a)1 of
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2Petitioner conceded she was not entitled to $7,302 in

charitable contribution deductions because she failed to present

evidence to substantiate the deduction. Petitioner also failed

to present any evidence or arguments regarding the accuracyrelated penalty under sec. 6662(a). This issue is deemed

conceded. 

$409. After concessions,2 the sole issue for decision is whether

petitioner operated her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing

activities for profit in 1996. We hold that she did not. 

 FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. 

The stipulation of facts and accompanying exhibits are

incorporated by this reference. Petitioner resided in Elberon,

New Jersey, at the time she filed the petition.

I. Petitioner

Petitioner was engaged in thoroughbred horse breeding and

racing activities from the early 1980s through 1996, the year at

issue. She acquired her first horse, a riding horse, after she

married her first husband in 1949. At some point before her

second marriage, she acquired a steeplechase horse for showing. 

She was first introduced to thoroughbred horses when she operated

her second husband’s unprofitable thoroughbred horse activities

in the 1960s. She began active thoroughbred horse breeding

activities in 1982, and racing activities in 1984. 

Petitioner’s herd has varied over the years in quantity and

ratio of breeding horses to racing horses. Petitioner’s 1996
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herd consisted of three breeding horses and eight racing horses. 

Petitioner’s breeding herd is stabled at McMahon of Saratoga

Thoroughbreds Farm (McMahon Farm). Petitioner’s racing herd is

boarded at various tracks where they race, which is standard

practice for racing thoroughbreds. The horses race exclusively

in New York State. She visits her horses in person only three to

four times per year. She most often watches her horses race via

closed circuit simulcast in New Jersey. She never had any of her

thoroughbred horses appraised.

Petitioner’s educational background consists of a bachelor’s

degree in anthropology that she received from Monmouth College in

1981. Her employment history consists of a lab technician’s

position for an archeologist as well as a position as an 

instructor at an archeology field school between 1981 and 1983. 

Petitioner is the beneficiary of three trusts holding assets

with a total value of approximately $6 million. The trusts were

funded by petitioner’s inheritance from her mother. Petitioner

derives her primary income from dividends and interest received

from the trusts. From 1985 through 1996, she received over $3.2

million of income from the trusts–-over $200,000 in 1996 alone. 

Petitioner did not make a profit from her thoroughbred horse

breeding and racing activities in any year between 1982 and 1996. 

Her losses during that time totaled over $1.1 million. 
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II. Petitioner’s Advisers

Petitioner consulted with various advisers in conducting her

thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities. She employed

a professional breeding manager, professional trainers, and a

certified public accountant (CPA). 

Petitioner employed Joseph McMahon (McMahon) as her breeding

manager from the time she began her breeding activities in 1982

through 1996, the year at issue. He is the operator of McMahon

Farm, located in Saratoga, New York, approximately 255 miles from

petitioner’s residence in New Jersey. McMahon Farm has

approximately 500 acres, boards between 150 and 300 horses, and

employs 14 full-time employees year round. It also occasionally

retains the services of varying numbers of seasonal employees. 

McMahon cared for the day-to-day needs of petitioner’s breeding

horses and maintained breeding records for the breeding horses. 

Petitioner frequently consulted with McMahon and relied upon 

his advice regarding her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing

activities. He has approximately 90 thoroughbred horse breeding

clients. His farm produced Funny Cide, a gelding who won the

Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes in 2003. 

Petitioner employed different training managers during the

course of her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities. 

These trainers were based in New York, Florida, and South

Carolina. Petitioner employed trainers in Southern States
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because she felt the better weather and grass there gave her

horses a training advantage when the racing season began in New

York. 

Richard Mahon (Mahon) is a CPA licensed in New Jersey. 

Petitioner has employed Mahon to perform record keeping for her

thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities since

approximately 1982, and he has many other clients who raise

horses. These records were distinct from petitioner’s personal

financial records. 

In 1996, Mahon prepared annual and semiannual Statements of

Income Collected and Expenses Paid for petitioner’s thoroughbred

horse breeding and racing activities. Each statement included

results from the prior year for purposes of comparison. 

Mahon provided other services to petitioner in 1996 as well

as in previous years. He prepared miscellaneous ledgers,

maintained other records in connection with petitioner’s

thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities, and prepared

petitioner’s Federal and State income tax returns. Petitioner

did not prepare nor did she have prepared balance sheets,

financial projections, or budgets in connection with her

thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities for any year in

which she engaged in the activities. 
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Petitioner read various horse industry publications

including Blood Horse and Thoroughbred Times. In addition,

petitioner daily checked race results in newspapers.

III. New York Breeder’s Program

New York State offers an incentive program to induce

thoroughbred horse owners to conduct their breeding and racing

activities in New York. Under the program, owners of winning

horses receive the full purse due each winning horse owner. In

addition, the owners of the winner’s parents, if the winner was

foaled in New York, receive 20 percent of the winner’s race

winnings.

Petitioner has participated in the program since she began

her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities. During

that time, the program’s qualification restrictions eased. 

Breeders were allowed to engage out-of-State thoroughbreds with

New York thoroughbreds and still qualify for the breeder’s 20-

percent payout. Subsequently, petitioner bred some of her mares

with various out-of-State stallions. 

IV. Petitioner’s 1996 Tax Return

Petitioner timely filed her 1996 tax return in which she

deducted expenses relating to her thoroughbred horse breeding and

racing activities. Respondent issued a notice of deficiency to

petitioner for 1996 in which respondent disallowed the deductions

because petitioner did not engage in her thoroughbred horse
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breeding and racing activities for a profit under section 183. 

Petitioner timely filed a petition with this Court seeking

redetermination of the disallowed deductions. 

 OPINION

I. Whether Petitioner Operated Her Horse Racing and Breeding 

 Activities for Profit in 1996

The sole issue for decision is whether petitioner operated

her thoroughbred horse racing and breeding activities for profit

in 1996 within the meaning of section 183. Section 183(a)

provides generally that if an individual engages in an activity

and “if such activity is not engaged in for profit, no deduction

attributable to such activity shall be allowed under this chapter

except as provided in this section.” Deductions that would be

allowable without regard to whether the activity is engaged in

for profit shall be allowed under section 183(b)(1) and 

deductions that would be allowable only if the activity is

engaged in for profit shall be allowed under section 183(b)(2),

but only to the extent that the gross income from the activity

exceeds the deductions otherwise allowable under section

183(b)(1).

We follow the Court of Appeals opinion squarely in point

where appeal from our decision would lie absent stipulation by

the parties to the contrary. Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742

(1970), affd. 445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971). Because petitioner

resides in the Third Circuit, petitioner has the burden of
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proving that she conducted her activities with the actual and

honest intent to make a profit. See Purdey v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1989-657, affd. without published opinion 922 F.2d 833 (3d

Cir. 1990). 

Although section 7491(a) places the burden of proof on the

Commissioner with regard to certain factual issues involving 

examinations commenced after July 22, 1998, which this case was, 

petitioner does not assert that section 7491(a) shifts the burden

to respondent. Therefore, the burden of proof remains with

petitioner. 

Whether a taxpayer has an actual and honest profit objective

is determined on the basis of all surrounding facts and

circumstances. Dreicer v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 642 (1982),

affd. without published opinion 702 F.2d 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1983);

sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs. We give greater weight to

objective facts than to a taxpayer’s statements of intent. 

Dreicer v. Commissioner, supra; sec. 1.183-2(a), Income Tax Regs.

We structure our analysis around nine nonexclusive factors. 

Sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs. The nine factors are: (1) The

manner in which the taxpayer carried on the activity; (2) the

expertise of the taxpayer or his or her advisers; (3) the time

and effort expended by the taxpayer in carrying on the activity;

(4) the expectation that the assets used in the activity may

appreciate in value; (5) the success of the taxpayer in carrying
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on other similar or dissimilar activities; (6) the taxpayer’s

history of income or loss with respect to the activity; (7) the

amount of occasional profits, if any, which are earned; (8) the

financial status of the taxpayer; and (9) whether elements of

personal pleasure or recreation are involved. Id.

Before we analyze the nine factors, we note that petitioner

urges us to place the greatest weight on the first three factors

because several periodical articles suggest a correlation between

satisfying the first three factors and the outcome of the case. 

The articles conclude that taxpayers who meet the first three

factors generally prevail in their cases and those who do not

meet any of the first three factors generally lose. We fail to

see the correlation and are not bound by the conclusions in the

articles. No factor or set of factors is controlling, nor is the

existence of a majority of factors favoring or disfavoring a

profit objective necessarily controlling. Hendricks v.

Commissioner, 32 F.3d 94, 98 (4th Cir. 1994), affg. T.C. Memo.

1993-396; Brannen v. Commissioner, 722 F.2d 695, 704 (11th Cir.

1984), affg. 78 T.C. 471 (1982); sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax

Regs. The individual facts and circumstances of each case are

the primary test. Abramson v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 360, 371

(1986).
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3Petitioner changed trainers and adapted her breeding

activities to adapt to qualifying criteria changes in the New

York Breeders Program. These changes did not occur, however,

until after 1996, the year in question. Accordingly, we place no

weight on petitioner’s argument that these changes were made to

stem petitioner’s losses before 1996.

II. Application of the Factors

1. The Manner in Which the Taxpayer Carried On the Activity

We begin by examining the manner in which petitioner carried

on her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities. The

fact that a taxpayer carries on the activity in a businesslike

manner may indicate a profit objective. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(1),

Income Tax Regs. In deciding whether a taxpayer conducted an

activity in a businesslike manner, we consider whether accurate

books were kept, whether the activity was conducted in a manner

substantially similar to that of other for-profit activities of

the same nature, and whether changes were made in an attempt to

earn a profit. Ballich v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1978-497;

sec. 1.183-2(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. 

Petitioner did not conduct her thoroughbred horse breeding

and racing activities in a businesslike manner. Although she

kept adequate records and employed a CPA to prepare a few

financial statements, respondent argues, and we are persuaded,

that she failed to make meaningful changes3 in her method of

operation despite a 14-year history of significant losses. Her

enduring losses of this magnitude without making changes shows
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that she did not conduct her thoroughbred horse breeding and

racing activities in a businesslike manner. 

2. The Expertise of the Taxpayers or Their Advisers

We next consider petitioner’s expertise or the expertise of

her advisers in her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing

activities. Efforts to gain experience and a willingness to

follow expert advice are considered in deciding whether a

taxpayer has a profit objective. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(2), Income Tax

Regs. Preparing for an activity by consulting with experts may

indicate that a taxpayer has a profit motive if the taxpayer

follows that advice. Id.

Petitioner asserts, and we agree, that both she and her

advisers possess the requisite expertise in thoroughbred horse

breeding and racing to indicate a profit motive. She herself has

been involved with different aspects of the thoroughbred horse

industry since the late 1960s, and she has been involved in her

current capacity as an owner in the industry since the early

1980s.

Further, her advisers are experts in thoroughbred horse

breeding and racing as well. Her breeding manager, McMahon, owns

and operates a thoroughbred horse farm that produced Funny Cide,

who won both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness in the same

year. Petitioner also employed professional trainers all over

the country, and her CPA has handled the books for her
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thoroughbred horse activities for 14 years and has many other

clients who raise horses as well. 

We place little weight on respondent’s argument that

petitioner lacks the requisite expertise because neither she nor

her advisers are experts in the economics of thoroughbred horses. 

Petitioner does not need advanced training in economics to know

that a thoroughbred horse that wins races is more valuable than

one that does not. Petitioner’s advisers have demonstrated an

expertise in breeding and training winning thoroughbreds, and she

has demonstrated a willingness to solicit and follow their

advice. 

3. The Time and Effort Expended by the Taxpayer in 

 Carrying On the Activity

We next consider the time and effort petitioner expended in

carrying on her thoroughbred horse breeding and racing

activities. A taxpayer’s devotion of much time and effort to

conducting an activity, particularly if the activity does not

involve recreational aspects, may indicate that he or she has a

profit objective. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(3), Income Tax Regs. 

Petitioner claims to have spent 10 to 20 hours per week on

bookkeeping alone. In addition, she claims that she spent time

reading industry-related publications as well as time talking to

her breeding and training managers. Respondent counters that

petitioner overstated the amount of time and points out that,
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because petitioner lived in another State, she could not have

devoted as much time to these activities as she claims. 

We find that petitioner failed to corroborate her testimony. 

We are not required to accept petitioner’s uncorroborated, selfserving testimony. See, e.g., Niedringhaus v. Commissioner, 99

T.C. 202, 219-220 (1992); Tokarski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74,

77 (1986). 

Petitioner then analogizes this case to numerous other

thoroughbred horse cases where the taxpayers dedicated comparable

amounts of time to their activities. See, e.g., Smith v.

Commissioner, 9 T.C. 1150 (1947); Eisenman v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1988-467; Appley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1979-433. We

decline to detail the distinctions between this case and each of

these other cases. The potentially infinite combination of

factors that affect this analysis makes it virtually impossible

to analogize the importance of any one factor in relation to the

others under different scenarios. 

4. The Expectation That the Assets Used in the

 Activity May Appreciate in Value

We next examine the expectation that the assets used in

petitioner’s thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities

may appreciate in value. A taxpayer may intend, despite the lack

of profit from current operations, that an overall profit will

result when appreciation in the value of assets used in the

activity is realized. Bessenyey v. Commissioner, 45 T.C. 261,
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274 (1965), affd. 379 F.2d 252 (2d Cir. 1967); sec.

1.183-2(b)(4), Income Tax Regs.

Although petitioner contends she expected the assets to

appreciate in value in light of her actions, petitioner failed to

explain how she expected the sale of her thoroughbred horses and

their offspring to recoup the over $1.1 million in losses she

incurred over 14 years. She never had any of her thoroughbred

horses appraised. In addition, nothing in the record

demonstrates that any of the thoroughbred horses she sold

commanded such a price that she could expect to overcome her

history of losses.

5. The Success of the Taxpayer in Carrying On Other

 Similar or Dissimilar Activities

We next examine the success of petitioner in carrying on

other similar or dissimilar activities. If a taxpayer has

previously engaged in similar activities and made them

profitable, this success may show that the taxpayer has a profit

objective, even though the activity is presently unprofitable. 

Sec. 1.183-2(b)(5), Income Tax Regs.

Respondent claims that petitioner has never transformed an

unprofitable enterprise into a profitable one. The evidence

shows that petitioner’s only other foray into thoroughbred horse

activities was her second husband’s unprofitable horse farm in

the 1960s. Petitioner urges us to discount this factor because

the professional journal articles upon which petitioner relies
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did not find this factor determinative. We decline petitioner’s

invitation. It is for this Court to decide how much weight to

attribute to each factor. 

Petitioner admitted she had never earned a profit while she

was involved with her previous thoroughbred horse activities. We

have found this as a fact. 

6. The Taxpayer’s History of Income or Loss With Respect

 to the Activity

We next examine petitioner’s history of income or loss with

respect to the activity. A history of substantial losses may

indicate that the taxpayer did not conduct the activity for

profit. Golanty v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 411, 427 (1979); sec.

1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax Regs. Losses during the initial stage

of an activity do not necessarily indicate, however, that the

activity was not conducted for profit. Engdahl v. Commissioner,

72 T.C. 659 (1980); sec. 1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax Regs. 

Petitioner began her thoroughbred horse activities in 1982

and incurred losses of more than $1.1 million as of 1996, the

year at issue. Petitioner contends that we should disregard her

history of losses because the small chance to earn a large profit

may indicate an intent to earn a profit.

We find nothing in the record to support petitioner’s claim. 

Petitioner never took any steps to put herself in position to

earn the substantial profit necessary to recoup her previous

losses. She engaged in similar breeding patterns year after year
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that failed to produce a foal capable of recouping the types of

losses she incurred over the years. She also continued to race

at tracks that she testified did not offer the chance for high

payouts. 

Petitioner explains away her substantial losses by arguing

there were several unforeseen events that negatively affected her

activities. These events include: (1) The death of one of her

broodmares; (2) barren broodmares; (3) poor performance of racing

thoroughbreds; and (4) negative economic conditions. We are not 

convinced that any of these circumstances are the type that

should have caught petitioner by surprise.

Petitioner next urges the Court to ignore losses she

incurred before 1991 because the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

examined her income tax return for 1991 and did not disallow the

deductions she claimed for her thoroughbred horse breeding and

racing activities. In effect, petitioner is asking us to ignore

the pre-1991 losses because the IRS previously “approved” these

losses. We decline petitioner’s invitation because 1991 is not

the year at issue in this case. The facts and circumstances in

1991 are different from those in 1996. Furthermore, even if it

were the same year, a trial before this Court in a deficiency

case is a proceeding de novo. We are not bound by the findings

of an IRS audit. Casey v. Commissioner, 38 T.C. 357 (1962).
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7. The Amount of Occasional Profits, If Any, Which Are

 Earned

We next consider the amount of occasional profits, if any, 

the taxpayer earned. Occasional profits the taxpayer earned from

the activity, in relation to the amount of losses incurred, the

amount of the taxpayer’s investment, and the value of the assets

used in the activity provide useful criteria in determining the

taxpayer’s intent. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(7), Income Tax Regs. 

Petitioner contends that this factor should favor her

because she showed a profit in 2001, 2002, and 2003 from her

breeding activities. We place no weight on these “profits”. We

note that the “profit” in 2001 is due primarily to petitioner’s

capitalizing $70,000 of boarding costs that she had expensed in

prior years. If petitioner had treated the boarding costs in

2001 as she had in previous years, she would have shown a loss in

2001 as well. Moreover, no evidence was produced to substantiate

a profit in 2002 or 2003. 

8. The Financial Status of the Taxpayer

We next examine petitioner’s financial status. If a 

taxpayer does not have substantial income or capital from sources

other than the activity in question, it may indicate that the

activity is engaged in for profit. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(8), Income

Tax Regs. Conversely, substantial income from sources other than

the activity, especially if the losses generate large tax
- 18 -

benefits, may indicate that the taxpayer is not conducting the

activity for profit. Id.

Petitioner contends that her financial status should have

little significance because the amount she expended reduced her 

spendable income more than the benefit it provided in reducing

her taxable income. Her argument ignores that losses from one

activity can provide a tax benefit if the losses shelter income

from another source. Petitioner is the beneficiary of a $6

million trust that provided her with over $3.2 million in income

from 1985 through 1996, including over $200,000 in 1996. During

that same time, petitioner incurred and deducted over $1.1

million of losses from her thoroughbred horse activities. 

Petitioner does enjoy a tax benefit from her thoroughbred horse

activity. 

9. Whether Elements of Personal Pleasure or Recreation Are

 Involved

We next examine whether elements of personal pleasure or

recreation were involved in the activity. The presence of

recreational or pleasurable motives in conducting an activity may

indicate that the taxpayer is not conducting the activity for

profit. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(9), Income Tax Regs. A taxpayer’s

enjoyment of an activity does not show, however, that the

taxpayer lacks a profit objective if the activity is, in fact,

conducted for profit as shown by other factors. Jackson v.
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Commissioner, 59 T.C. 312, 317 (1972); sec. 1.183-2(b)(9), Income

Tax Regs. 

Petitioner contends that there were no elements of personal

pleasure or recreation involved in her thoroughbred horse

breeding and racing activities. She did not live on a farm with

a trophy house. She never rode the horses. In fact, she

intentionally avoided contact with them to remain detached. She 

saw the horses only three or four times a year. There is no

indication that she had any affection for any of the horses. 

We find petitioner’s intentional limited contact with her

horses indicates minimal pleasure and recreation were involved. 

10. Conclusion

Considering all of the facts and circumstances of this case,

we find that petitioner failed to prove that she engaged in 

thoroughbred horse breeding and racing activities with the actual

and honest intent to earn a profit. Accordingly, we sustain

respondent’s determination in the statutory notice of deficiency. 

We have considered petitioner’s other arguments and conclude

they are irrelevant, moot, or meritless. 

III. Procedural Issue

We finally address a procedural matter. Petitioner attached

to her reply brief a copy of an article from an unknown source

that discusses one of petitioner’s thoroughbred horses. 
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Respondent made a motion to strike the attachment from the record

as untimely. 

Respondent’s motion to strike will be granted. The time for

presenting evidence is at trial. The parties may not introduce

new evidence after the trial has concluded and the record closed. 

The Court does not try a case piecemeal. Moreover, statements in

briefs or in documents attached to briefs are not evidence and,

accordingly are not considered by the Court as such. Rule

143(b); Evans v. Commissioner, 48 T.C. 704, 709 (1967), affd. per 

curiam 413 F.2d 1047 (9th Cir. 1969); Chapman v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1997-147; Berglund v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-

536.

An order will be issued

granting respondent’s motion

to strike, and decision will

be entered for respondent.