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VIRGINIA

2019 ANNUAL REPORT
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................. 2

Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................. 3

Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 4

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7

Program Structure................................................................................................................................. 7

Program Administration..................................................................................................................... 7

Program Methodology .....................................................................................................................11

Project Implementation .......................................................................................................................20

Funds Programmed.........................................................................................................................20

General Listing of Projects ..............................................................................................................22

Safety Performance ............................................................................................................................31

General Highway Safety Trends......................................................................................................31

Safety Performance Targets............................................................................................................36

Applicability of Special Rules...........................................................................................................39

Evaluation ...........................................................................................................................................40

Program Effectiveness ....................................................................................................................40

Effectiveness of Groupings or Similar Types of Improvements .......................................................40

Project Effectiveness.......................................................................................................................44

Compliance Assessment.....................................................................................................................47
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Disclaimer

Protection of Data from Discovery Admission into Evidence

23 U.S.C. 148(h)(4) states “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, reports, surveys, schedules, 

lists, or data compiled or collected for any purpose relating to this section[HSIP], shall not be subject 

to discovery or admitted into evidence in a Federal or State court proceeding or considered for other 

purposes in any action for damages arising from any occurrence at a location identified or addressed 

in the reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or other data.”

23 U.S.C. 409 states “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, reports, surveys, schedules, lists, 

or data compiled or collected for the purpose of identifying, evaluating, or planning the safety 

enhancement of potential accident sites, hazardous roadway conditions, or railway-highway 

crossings, pursuant to sections 130, 144, and 148 of this title or for the purpose of developing any 

highway safety construction improvement project which may be implemented utilizing Federal-aid 

highway funds shall not be subject to discovery or admitted into evidence in a Federal or State court 

proceeding or considered for other purposes in any action for damages arising from any occurrence 

at a location mentioned or addressed in such reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or data.”
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Executive Summary

This Fiscal Year (FY) 2019 annual report submitted to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) describes 

the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT)'s strategic use of FAST Act funding of the Commonwealth's 

Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) for the period July 2018 to June 2019.

The FAST Act continued the HSIP as a core program under Sections 148 and 130 of US Code Title 23. Under 

Section 154, the surface transportation program and the national highway performance program funds are 

transferred to be used for HSIP eligible proposals because Virginia does not have all the required components 

in its Open Container legislation. As a result, VDOT's HSIP is composed of the following sub-programs which 

use the above mentioned federal funding sources mentioned above (23 USC Sections):

A) Highway Safety Projects (HSP): Section 148

B) Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety Projects (BPSP): Section 148

C) Penalty Transfer-Open Container (OC) Projects: Section 154

D) High Risk Rural Roads (HRRR): Section 148

A link to the HSIP guidelines, safety proposal submission documentation, and resource information is provided 

on-line at http://www.virginiadot.org/business/ted_app_pro.asp

Note: Under ACTION: 23 U.S.C. 148(g) (1) FY2019 HRRR Special Rules. Over the most recent two-year 

period, Virginia was identified as having experienced an increase in its fatality rate on rural roads. Therefore, 

the State must obligate a specific amount of funds toward HRRR safety projects in the next fiscal year.

The Commonwealth of Virginia is committed to developing and maintaining a safe, multimodal transportation 

system. The spending targets for each VDOT district office are based on level of FHWA funding in future 

years. Districts considered systemic, corridor, and intersection improvements for all users on priority routes 

and intersections identified in the crash data when submitting safety proposals. These proposals included high 

crash locations, roadway segments, and systemic highway and pedestrian risk locations.

VDOT’s HSIP program processes have been developed in consultation with FHWA and in accordance with the 

FAST Act guidelines, final ruling (policy), and funding provided. All information about VDOT’s HSIP program 

are described in the VDOT’s HSIP Implementation Guideline manual. Important to note, adding a new HSIP 

project to Virginia's Six-Year Improvement Program (SYIP) and Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan 

(STIP) will only be considered if the subject HSIP project was developed in accordance with Virginia's HSIP 

Implementation Guideline manual.

Virginia's Strategic Highway Safety Plan

In 2016, VDOT completed a multi-agency and disciplinary update of the Commonwealth's Strategic Highway 

Safety Plan (SHSP). In 2017, FHWA's Virginia Division approved Virginia's 2017-2021 SHSP. VDOT continues 

to coordinate with its safety partners and implement the SHSP engineering strategies to drive investment 

decisions to improve safety and reduce deaths and injuries for this reporting period.

Many safety partners are working towards reducing the number and severity of vehicle crashes on the 

Commonwealth's highways. Virginia's HSIP is structured to focus on infrastructure safety emphasis areas that 

may be improved with low cost minimal environmental impact (no right of way) engineering countermeasures, 

namely:

A) Intersection geometry and traffic control

B) Roadway and roadside improvements

C) Bicycle and pedestrian risk reductions
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Data-driven Decision-making on Transportation Safety

VDOT emphasizes data-driven decision-making to improve transportation safety and safety data. One way that 

VDOT has employed the use of Highway Safety Manual (HSM) is through statewide evaluation of systemic 

improvement projects. This new evaluation began in FY2019 and involves a simple before-and-after evaluation 

of all eligible systemic projects funded through the HSIP program. Also, this effort involved preparations for 

future systemic evaluations, including collection of project-level data and modification of the HSIP project 

application forms.

Also, in order to make data-driven decisions on the use of public funding for safety improvements, VDOT 

developed state-specific Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) and prioritized list of locations with the largest 

Potential for Safety Improvements (PSI). The use of SPFs and PSI for network screening and project 

prioritization are well documented throughout the HSM.

VDOT developed a comprehensive set of State-specific SPFs covering 98 percent of its state-maintained 

roadway locations. The impetus for VDOT developing their own SPFs and analytical tools arose from the 

decision that AASHTOWare Safety AnalystTM did not meet their needs. VDOT developed state-specific SPFs 

using historical crash, traffic, and roadway inventory data. SPF developers worked closely with engineers 

throughout the development process to evaluate whether each SPF was implementable for all types of 

improvements (spot, corridor, and systemic). To date, VDOT has developed 24 SPFs covering majority of 

roadway facilities, including two-lane roads, intersections, and freeways/multi-lane highways.

VDOT incorporates the comparisons of actual- to predicted-crash frequencies in its network screening, and 

then identifies the top 100 intersections and top 100 miles of segments with the largest PSI. This list is sent to 

the district engineers, and each district engineer can determine which site(s) to prioritize based on their 

practical experience and knowledge of the area.

VDOT has noted several benefits of the data-driven Virginia’s SPF and PSI implementation effort, including:

• Use public funding in a cost-effective manner 

• Measure quantifiable benefits for both systemic and spot improvements 

• Better manage public concern 

• Compare locations to prioritize projects 

The State-specific SPFs and PSIs are incorporated beyond the HSIP and are being used as tools to develop 

project prioritization in VTran’s Long-Range Transportation Plan (VTrans2040) and Statewide Project 

Prioritization (SMARTSCALE). VTrans2040, completed in January 2018, is a major milestone in a 

performance-based planning framework. It established a direct link between planning (VTrans) and funding 

(SMARTSCALE). SMARTSCALE is a statewide program that distributes funding based on transparent and 

objective evaluation of projects to effectively support the State achieve its transportation goals. In the 

SMARTSCALE application process, data-driven safety analysis is one of the weighting factors in the selection 

process, and a project with high PSI is more likely to receive higher score for Safety than that of lower PSI.

The SPF development team conducts training (including an annual “roadshow” to all nine districts) and hosts 

webinars to ensure district engineers understand the methodology and how to use the SPFs. VDOT has not 

mandated the use of SPFs and PSIs by the districts because the process of introducing a new methodology 

takes time, however, the district engineers do know it is the preferred method for network screening.

New Projects and Policy Updates

Safety Circuit Rider Program
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In FY2019, the University of Virginia’s Center for Transportation Studies (CTS), Virginia Transportation 

Research Council (VTRC), and VDOT fully deployed the Safety Circuit Rider (SCR) program, an important 

component of the Virginia Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP). LTAP provides technical workshops, 

seminars, and short courses in the various transportation related topics for local government staff. The SCR 

was launched to improve safety on the 11,000 miles of streets and roadways maintained by cities, towns, and 

local agencies in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The SCR provides four key services:

• In-classroom transportation safety training 

• One-on-one technical assistance and site visits 

• Grant and proposal development support for State and federal aid 

• Annual low-cost safety initiative 

Policy Change on Systemic Projects and Spot-specific Projects

In FY2019, VDOT implemented an update to the State’s HSIP investment strategy and policy to costeffectively implement safety countermeasures. This update consisted of increasing the level of funding for 

systemic improvement projects programmed in the State’s HSIP. In FY2019, 72 percent of HSIP funds were 

allocated for systemic improvement projects, up from 30 percent in the previous years. The revised HSIP 

investment strategy calls for a substantial increase in the proportion of HSIP funding for systemic and 

systemic-hybrid safety improvement projects because applying a systemic approach to address safety 

proactively addresses widespread safety issues and cost-effectively minimize crash potential. Often, it is more 

cost-effective to correct the problem on a system-wide basis rather than individually by high crash location 

when examining the system. It is important to note that VDOT understands the importance of spot-specific 

projects, and the systemic approach will not replace the spot-specific approach in its entirety. The increased 

emphasis of systemic approach is to increase the cost-effectiveness of the HSIP program at the program-level. 

Next FY, VDOT will not accept additional HSIP applications to focus on systemic improvement projects, but 

moving forward, VDOT expects to allocate 80 percent of HSIP funds for systemic improvement projects.
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Introduction

The Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) is a core Federal-aid program with the purpose of 

achieving a significant reduction in fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads. As per 23 U.S.C. 

148(h) and 23 CFR 924.15, States are required to report annually on the progress being made to 

advance HSIP implementation and evaluation efforts. The format of this report is consistent with the 

HSIP Reporting Guidance dated December 29, 2016 and consists of five sections: program structure, 

progress in implementing highway safety improvement projects, progress in achieving safety 

outcomes and performance targets, effectiveness of the improvements and compliance assessment.

Program Structure

Program Administration

Describe the general structure of the HSIP in the State. 

The Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) is a core Federal-aid program with the purpose of achieving 

a significant reduction in fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads. As per 23 U.S.C. 148(h) and 23 CFR 

924.15, States are required to report annually on the progress being made to advance HSIP implementation 

and evaluation efforts. The format of this report is consistent with the HSIP Reporting Guidance dated 

December 29, 2016 and consists of five sections: program structure, progress in implementing highway safety 

improvement projects, progress in achieving safety outcomes and performance targets, effectiveness of the 

improvements and compliance assessment.

The primary objective of the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) is to identify and improve locations 

where there is a high concentration, or risk, of vehicle crashes that result in deaths or injuries. HSIP staff 

conduct network screening for the engineering emphasis areas in Virginia's Strategic Highway Safety Plan 

(SHSP). After conducting network screening, HSIP staff fulfill transportation safety planning requirements by 

producing listings of the largest Potential for Safety Improvement (PSI) on VDOT maintained intersections and 

segments. The lists are distributed to District staff, and each District Engineer determines which site(s) to 

prioritize based on their practical experience and knowledge of the area. Safety proposals are not limited to the 

locations that are identified by VDOT staff. Detailed crash analysis and site evaluation is typically conducted 

through a documented engineering study or Road Safety Assessment (RSA).

VDOT also uses the systemic approach methodology which provides a consistent framework for addressing 

risk using the HSIP process by focusing on identifying system-wide roadway safety concerns and strategies to 

address these concerns. Applying a systemic approach to addressing safety is beneficial to proactively 

address widespread safety issues and cost-effectively minimize crash potential. Rather than focus on specific 

crash locations, a systemic approach targets consistent crash trends and common risk factors in crashes 

throughout the roadway network.

VDOT Central Office is responsible for reviewing and scoring the HSIP project proposals submitted by the 

Districts. Once the final HSIP projects are prioritized and selected by Central Office, the selected HSIP projects 

are included in Virginia’s Six-Year Improvement Program (SYIP), which is then presented to Commonwealth 

Transportation Board (CTB) for approval. Once the HSIP projects are approved, programmed, and have 

received allocated funds, the HSIP staff monitor the projects from scoping through construction to the final 

voucher. The project monitoring process consists of tracking changes that occur to the following functions: 

advertisement dates, funding authorization dates, engineer’s estimates, and expenditures. Cost, schedule, and 

scope are monitored and measured to ensure that the HSIP projects are being delivered on time and on 

budget. HSIP project schedules and cost both directly affect the Federal Strategy and VDOT’s ability to meet 

their Obligation Authority for the HSIP Program.
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Where is HSIP staff located within the State DOT? 

 Engineering

The Virginia Department of Transportation HSIP staff is located in the Central Office of the Highway 

Department Agency as part of the Traffic Engineering Division (TED). TED is one of the core responsibilities of 

the Operation and Maintenance discipline of the department.

How are HSIP funds allocated in a State? 

• Central Office via Statewide Competitive Application Process

• Formula via Districts/Regions

HSIP funding target amounts based on the combination of each District’s proportion of Equivalent Property 

Damage Only values and rates. The Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) method allows crash severities 

to be weighted to give more weight to serious crashes. EPDO weights are determined by FHWA’s estimated 

costs to society of the various crash severity levels. The highway safety funding target formula for each VDOT 

District based on the EPDO method is the following:

% Funds Per District = .5*(% of Statewide EPDO Crashes + % of Statewide EPDO Crash Rate)

Describe how local and tribal roads are addressed as part of HSIP. 

The safety proposals for local and tribal roads are required to follow the same HSIP Implementation Guidelines 

as safety proposals for VDOT roads. The proposed project must fit into the locality’s safety prioritization, and 

the locality is encouraged to develop its own systemic safety projects. The project proposal must be developed 

in a data-driven manner, and the project should have the support of the local governing body. VDOT assists 

the localities and tribal agencies by publishing Virginia’s crash data from VDOT’s Tableau crash analysis tool. 

VDOT Tableau crash analysis tool pulls the crash data from those crashes reported to the Virginia Department 

of Motor Vehicles (DMV)’s crash data source as DMV owns and maintains the main source of the crash data. 

As of August 2019, this tool contains historical crash data from 2006 to May of 2019. This crash analysis tool 

allows the localities and tribal agencies perform their own safety analysis, project prioritization, and project 

selection for submission to VDOT for funding consideration.

Localities and tribal agencies submit their proposals through the VDOT Smart Portal Application Tool, which is 

also the tool being used for VDOT proposal submittals. The local VDOT District Office will include the localities’ 

proposals as part of the district’s submittal for review. As part of the submittal process workflow, the VDOT 

Local Liaison and VDOT district traffic engineers must validate all safety proposals submitted by the localities 

before submitting for evaluation. The locality is responsible for providing all supporting documentation 

pertaining to the proposed safety improvement application, including but not limited to crash history and local 

support for the proposal.

Local roads account for approximately 40 percent of all crashes and 20 percent of all fatal and serious injury 

crashes on Virginia’s highways. Therefore, local safety projects are targeted to receive up to 20 percent of 

Virginia’s HSIP funds for implementation and completion of their safety projects. VDOT has been providing the 

state-match to these safety projects for the past several years.

New for FY2019, the University of Virginia’s Center for Transportation Studies (CTS), Virginia Transportation 

Research Council (VTRC), and VDOT fully deployed the Safety Circuit Rider (SCR) program, an important 

component of the Virginia Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP). LTAP provides technical workshops, 

seminars, and short courses in the various transportation related topics for local government staff. The SCR 
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was launched to improve safety on the 11,000 miles of streets and roadways maintained by cities, towns, and 

local agencies in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The SCR provides four key services:

• In-classroom transportation safety training 

• One-on-one technical assistance and site visits 

• Grant and proposal development support for State and federal aid 

• Annual low-cost safety initiative 

Identify which internal partners (e.g., State departments of transportation (DOTs) 

Bureaus, Divisions) are involved with HSIP planning. 

• Design

• Districts/Regions

• Local Aid Programs Office/Division

• Operations

• Planning

• Traffic Engineering/Safety

Describe coordination with internal partners. 

Central Office Traffic Engineering HSIP staff communicates with District staff regarding HSIP activities, such as 

sharing information on requirement, emphasis areas, prioritization, funding, and safety data.

VDOT emphasizes the importance of a data-driven decision-making approach to improve safety in the 

Commonwealth of Virginia. In order to make a data-driven decision on the use of public funding for safety 

improvements, VDOT developed state-specific Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) and prioritized list of 

intersections and segments with the largest Potential for Safety Improvements (PSI). The SPF and PSI 

analysis are shared across the Districts and localities. Along with other safety data and analysis, the SPF and 

PSI analysis can be used for project consideration and selection.

VDOT also uses its Strategically Targeted Affordable Roadway Solutions (STARS) Program managed by the 

Transportation Mobility and Planning Division to address congestion and safety concerns throughout the State. 

STARS projects typically result in multiple recommended improvements that may be eligible for funding and 

implementation under maintenance budgets, applications in the SMART SCALE process, applications for the 

HSIP, State of Good Repair budgets, and/or applications for revenue sharing.

The HSIP projects are programmed through Virginia's Six-Year Improvement Program (SYIP). HSIP projects in 

SYIP are programmed with the appropriate Fiscal Year (FY) allocations for a specific phase to be delivered, 

and HSIP projects in the SYIP are tracked internally across appropriate divisions during their relevant phase of 

the project.

Identify which external partners are involved with HSIP planning. 

• FHWA

• Local Government Agency 

• Other-District/Design/Pe and Planning Staff

• Other-Virginia Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP)

University of Virginia Transportation Training Academy serves as the FHWA-designated LTAP Center for the 

Commonwealth of Virginia. LTAP is designed to support FHWA’s Every Day Counts initiative, coordinate 
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training partnerships among local, state, federal transportation agencies, and the private sector, and provide 

technical support to find solutions to local transportation problems.

Describe coordination with external partners. 

VDOT Districts are responsible for communicating with localities for any HSIP related projects, and each 

district office has its own local liaison. All external local partners must coordinate with their Local Liaison for the 

development and submission of the safety proposal. In addition, VDOT’s Local Technical Assistance Program 

(LTAP) provides technical workshops, seminars, and short courses in the various transportation related topics 

for local government staff.

VDOT participates in the Local Programs Workshop with local government representatives every year. The 

focus of this workshop is to communicate with external stakeholders on the various HSIP information and tools, 

such as reviewing the information on funding eligibility, process of applying for appropriate safety funding, 

application and project selection process through Smart Portal, and available safety data and resources.

VDOT emphasizes the importance of data-driven decision-making approach to improve safety in the 

Commonwealth of Virginia. In order to make data-driven decisions on the use of public funding for safety 

improvements, VDOT developed a state-specific Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) and prioritized list of 

intersections and segments with the largest Potential for Safety Improvements (PSI). The SPF and PSI 

analyses are shared across the Districts and localities. Along with other safety data and analysis, the SPF and 

PSI analyses can be used for project consideration and selection. The localities also have full access to crash 

data from VDOT’s Tableau crash analysis tool. VDOT Tableau crash analysis tool pulls the crash data from 

Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)’s crash data source as DMV owns and maintains the main 

source of the crash data. As of August 2019, this tool contains historical crash data from 2006 to May of 2019.

VDOT coordinates with local government partners, such as Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and 

Planning District Commissions (PDCs), through meetings and webinars to set an obtainable target that 

coincides with VDOT's Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) goals.

Virginia’s Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) oversees transportation projects and initiatives for the 

Commonwealth of Virginia. VDOT has the responsibility for construction, maintenance, and operation of 

Virginia’s roadways under the overall guidance of the CTB. VDOT Central Office HSIP staff coordinates with 

CTB staff for prioritization of HSIP projects and through final HSIP project selection.

Describe other aspects of HSIP Administration on which the State would like to 

elaborate. 

According to the 2017 VDOT Pedestrian Crash Assessment: Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes Occurring 

Between 2012-2016, pedestrian fatalities in Virginia have increased by 19 percent since 2012. In response to 

the continuing increase in pedestrian fatality rates, the VDOT Traffic Engineering Division completed an 

inaugural statewide Pedestrian Safety Action Plan (PSAP) in early 2018. This report documents the process 

VDOT followed to complete the PSAP and considers ways to improve pedestrian safety and ultimately reduce 

pedestrian fatalities throughout the Commonwealth.

VDOT worked with a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders to identify and address pedestrian safety concerns 

through a data driven approach. This approach included identifying and addressing locations with a history of 

pedestrian safety crashes along with proactively addressing pedestrian crash risk through the identification of 

priority corridors. This report complements other pedestrian safety efforts in the State, including the Virginia 

2017–2021 Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP), VDOT HSIP, SMART SCALE, Transportation Alternatives 

Program, and Safe Routes to School program. Local, regional, and State agencies should review this report to 
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identify and implement potential counter-measures, update design policies, and supplement other State 

pedestrian safety initiatives.

Program Methodology

Does the State have an HSIP manual or similar that clearly describes HSIP planning, 

implementation and evaluation processes? 

Yes

FileName:

FINAL VDOT HSIP Implementation Manual.pdf

Select the programs that are administered under the HSIP. 

• Bicycle Safety

• HRRR

• Intersection

• Pedestrian Safety

• Roadway Departure

Program: Bicycle Safety

Date of Program Methodology:7/1/2003

What is the justification for this program? 

• Addresses SHSP priority or emphasis area

What is the funding approach for this program? 

Competes with all projects

What data types were used in the program methodology? 

Crashes Exposure Roadway 

All crashes 

Other-Risk Reduction 

Traffic 

Volume 

Functional classification 

Roadside features 

What project identification methodology was used for this program? 

• Crash frequency

• Other-Available facilities

Are local roads (non-state owned and operated) included or addressed in this 

program? 

Yes

Are local road projects identified using the same methodology as state roads? 

Yes
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How are projects under this program advanced for implementation? 

• Competitive application process

Select the processes used to prioritize projects for implementation. For the methods 

selected, indicate the relative importance of each process in project prioritization. 

Enter either the weights or numerical rankings. If weights are entered, the sum must 

equal 100. If ranks are entered, indicate ties by giving both processes the same rank 

and skip the next highest rank (as an example: 1, 2, 2, 4). 

Relative Weight in Scoring 

Other-Project Identification:30

Other-Proposed Improvement Projects:45

Other-Cost Estimate and Project Schedule:10

Other-Other:15

Total Relative Weight:100

Program: HRRR

Date of Program Methodology:8/22/2018

What is the justification for this program? 

• FHWA focused approach to safety

What is the funding approach for this program? 

Funding set-aside

What data types were used in the program methodology? 

Crashes Exposure Roadway 

Fatal and serious injury crashes only Traffic 

Volume Functional classification 

What project identification methodology was used for this program? 

• Equivalent property damage only (EPDO Crash frequency)

• Excess expected crash frequency using SPFs

Are local roads (non-state owned and operated) included or addressed in this 

program? 

Yes

Are local road projects identified using the same methodology as state roads? 

Yes
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How are projects under this program advanced for implementation? 

• Competitive application process

Select the processes used to prioritize projects for implementation. For the methods 

selected, indicate the relative importance of each process in project prioritization. 

Enter either the weights or numerical rankings. If weights are entered, the sum must 

equal 100. If ranks are entered, indicate ties by giving both processes the same rank 

and skip the next highest rank (as an example: 1, 2, 2, 4). 

Relative Weight in Scoring 

Other-B/C Ranking:40

Other-Project in PSI or District SHSP Listing:25

Other-High Number of Targeted Crashes:10

Other-Cost Estimate and Project Schedule:10

Other-Other:15

Total Relative Weight:100

Program: Intersection

Date of Program Methodology:7/1/2003

What is the justification for this program? 

• Addresses SHSP priority or emphasis area

What is the funding approach for this program? 

Competes with all projects

What data types were used in the program methodology? 

Crashes Exposure Roadway 

All crashes 

Fatal and serious injury crashes only 

Traffic 

Volume 

What project identification methodology was used for this program? 

• Crash frequency

• Crash rate

• Excess expected crash frequency with the EB adjustment

Are local roads (non-state owned and operated) included or addressed in this 

program? 

Yes

Are local road projects identified using the same methodology as state roads? 

Yes
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How are projects under this program advanced for implementation? 

• Competitive application process

Select the processes used to prioritize projects for implementation. For the methods 

selected, indicate the relative importance of each process in project prioritization. 

Enter either the weights or numerical rankings. If weights are entered, the sum must 

equal 100. If ranks are entered, indicate ties by giving both processes the same rank 

and skip the next highest rank (as an example: 1, 2, 2, 4). 

Relative Weight in Scoring 

Other-B/C Ranking:40

Other-Project in PSI or SHSP Listing:25

Other-High Number of Targeted Crashes:10

Other-Cost Estimate and Project Schedule:10

Other-Other:15

Total Relative Weight:100

Program: Pedestrian Safety

Date of Program Methodology:7/1/2003

What is the justification for this program? 

• Addresses SHSP priority or emphasis area

What is the funding approach for this program? 

Competes with all projects

What data types were used in the program methodology? 

Crashes Exposure Roadway 

All crashes 

Other-Risk Reduction 

Traffic 

Volume 

Population 

Median width 

Functional classification 

Roadside features 

What project identification methodology was used for this program? 

• Crash frequency

• Other-Community Support and Missing sidewalk 

Are local roads (non-state owned and operated) included or addressed in this 

program? 

Yes

Are local road projects identified using the same methodology as state roads? 

Yes
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How are projects under this program advanced for implementation? 

• Competitive application process

Select the processes used to prioritize projects for implementation. For the methods 

selected, indicate the relative importance of each process in project prioritization. 

Enter either the weights or numerical rankings. If weights are entered, the sum must 

equal 100. If ranks are entered, indicate ties by giving both processes the same rank 

and skip the next highest rank (as an example: 1, 2, 2, 4). 

Relative Weight in Scoring 

Other-Problem Identification:30

Other-Proposed Improvement Project:45

Other-Cost Estimate and Project Schedule:10

Other-Other:15

Total Relative Weight:100

If the Location included in the VDOT Pedestrian Safety Action Plan as a Hot Spot or a Priority Corridor, then 

the project will be automatically selected. Otherwise follow the relative weight in scoring:

Program: Roadway Departure

Date of Program Methodology:7/1/2010

What is the justification for this program? 

• Addresses SHSP priority or emphasis area

What is the funding approach for this program? 

Competes with all projects

What data types were used in the program methodology? 

Crashes Exposure Roadway 

All crashes 

Fatal and serious injury crashes only 

Traffic 

Volume 

Median width 

Horizontal curvature 

Functional classification 

Roadside features 

What project identification methodology was used for this program? 

• Crash frequency

• Crash rate

• Excess expected crash frequency using SPFs

• Excess expected crash frequency with the EB adjustment
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Are local roads (non-state owned and operated) included or addressed in this 

program? 

Yes

Are local road projects identified using the same methodology as state roads? 

Yes

How are projects under this program advanced for implementation? 

• Competitive application process

Select the processes used to prioritize projects for implementation. For the methods 

selected, indicate the relative importance of each process in project prioritization. 

Enter either the weights or numerical rankings. If weights are entered, the sum must 

equal 100. If ranks are entered, indicate ties by giving both processes the same rank 

and skip the next highest rank (as an example: 1, 2, 2, 4). 

Relative Weight in Scoring 

Other-B/C Ranking:40

Other-Project in PSI or District SHSP Listing:25

Other-High Number of Targeted Crashes:10

Other-Cost Estimate and Project Schedule:10

Other-Other:15

Total Relative Weight:100

What percentage of HSIP funds address systemic improvements? 

 72

 HSIP funds are used to address which of the following systemic improvements? 

• Add/Upgrade/Modify/Remove Traffic Signal

• Horizontal curve signs

• Install/Improve Pavement Marking and/or Delineation

• Install/Improve Signing

• Other-Pedestrian Crossings

• Rumble Strips

• Safety Edge

What process is used to identify potential countermeasures? 

• Add/Upgrade/Modify/Remove Traffic Signal

• Crash data analysis

• Data-driven safety analysis tools (HSM, CMF Clearinghouse, SafetyAnalyst, usRAP)

• Engineering Study

• High friction surface treatment

• Road Safety Assessment

• SHSP/Local road safety plan

• Other-PSI Listing Network Screening
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Does the State HSIP consider connected vehicles and ITS technologies? 

Yes

Describe how the State HSIP considers connected vehicles and ITS technologies. 

In the Virginia’s Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP), VDOT considers Connected Vehicle/Autonomous 

Vehicles as special area of focus. The SHSP provides a strategy in providing future technology regarding this 

specific topic: Ensure that future connected and autonomous vehicle technology deployments maximize 

potential safety benefits for all users by supporting necessary planning and research activities.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies are part of HSIP projects as there can be cost-effective 

ITS projects that improve safety.

Examples of ITS technologies applicable for HSIP:

• Real-time Adaptive Signal Controllers, 

• Advance Transportation Controllers 

• Signal Optimization 

• Dynamic Message Sign (DMS), Overhead Message Boards, and Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) 

• Fiber Optic Lines and Connection. 

• Incident Management: Signs and Camera 

• Real-time Performance Measuring Software: iPeMS (Iteris Performance Measurement System) 

Does the State use the Highway Safety Manual to support HSIP efforts? 

Yes

Please describe how the State uses the HSM to support HSIP efforts. 

VDOT emphasizes data-driven decision-making to improve transportation safety and safety data. One way that 

VDOT has employed the use of Highway Safety Manual (HSM) is through statewide evaluation of systemic 

improvement projects. This new evaluation began in FY2019 and involves a simple before-and-after evaluation 

of all eligible systemic projects funded through the HSIP program. Also, this effort involved preparations for 

future systemic evaluations, including collection of project-level data and modification of the HSIP project 

application forms.

Also, in order to make data-driven decisions on the use of public funding for safety improvements, VDOT 

developed state-specific Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) and prioritized list of locations with the largest 

Potential for Safety Improvements (PSI). The use of SPFs and PSI for network screening and project 

prioritization are well documented throughout the HSM.

VDOT developed a comprehensive set of State-specific SPFs, covering 98 percent of its State-maintained 

roadway locations. The impetus for VDOT developing their own SPFs and analytical tools arose from the 

decision that AASHTOWare Safety AnalystTM did not meet their needs. VDOT developed State-specific SPFs 

using historical crash, traffic, and roadway inventory data. SPF developers worked closely with engineers 

throughout the development process to evaluate whether each SPF was implementable for all types of 

improvements (spot, corridor, and systemic). To date, VDOT has developed 24 SPFs covering majority of 

roadway facilities, including two-lane roads, intersections, and freeways/multi-lane highways. For each 

facility/location type, VDOT developed two separate SPFs: one for total crashes and the other for fatal + Injury 

crashes. Actual crash frequency for any specific location can be compared to the SPF for locations of that type 
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 18 of 52

to see if, for the level of traffic volume, the location has more than the predicted number of crashes.

VDOT incorporates the comparisons of actual- to predicted-crash frequencies in is network screening and 

provides district engineers with a list of the top 100 intersections and top 100 miles of roadway segments 

drawn from the locations that are above the SPF. VDOT uses the most recent three years of crash data to 

calculate the PSI. The PSI is the expected number of crashes for the site minus the predicted number of 

crashes based on the SPF for that facility type. As with SPFs, VDOT calculates the PSI for total crashes and 

fatal + injury crashes. A site with a positive PSI warrants examination and those with the highest PSI values 

should be considered high priority. With this PSI list, each district engineer can determine which site(s) to 

prioritize based on their practical experience and knowledge of the area.

VDOT has noted several benefits of the data-driven SPF and PSI implementation effort, including:

• Using public funding in a cost-effective manner 

• Measuring quantifiable benefits for both systemic and spot improvements 

• Managing public concern 

• Comparing locations to prioritize projects 

The SPF development team conducts training (including an annual “roadshow” to all nine districts) and hosts 

webinars to ensure district engineers understand the methodology and how to use the SPFs. VDOT has not 

mandated the use of SPFs and PSIs by the districts because the process of introducing a new methodology 

takes time, however, the district engineers understand that it is the preferred methodology for network 

screening.

Describe other aspects of the HSIP methodology on which the State would like to 

elaborate. 

VDOT Traffic Engineering Central Office administers the HSIP and provides the VDOT District Offices with 

Targeted Safety Needs (TSN) intersections and segments based in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) 

network screening methodology. TSN locations indicate intersections or segments that have a positive 

Potential for Safety Improvements (PSI) value in three or more years of the five-year period, indicating 

recurring safety issues. VDOT districts use this information with local knowledge to initiate further engineering 

studies of the locations and scope projects to be submitted for inclusion in its Six-Year Improvement Program 

(SYIP).

Depending on the scale and complexity of the projects, VDOT district offices conduct Roadway Safety 

Assessments (RSA) as determined by the VDOT District Traffic Engineer. To assist the District Traffic 

Engineer with conducting these RSAs, VDOT's Highway Safety Program developed Virginia specific guidelines 

for performing these assessments.

The Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) method allows crash severities to be weighted to give more 

weight to serious crashes. EPDO weights are determined by FHWA’s estimated costs to society of the various 

crash severity levels. For the purpose of the funding formula, only injury crashes are included in the EPDO 

formula calculation. The highway safety funding target formula for each VDOT District based on the EPDO 

method is the following:

% Funds Per District = .5*(% of Statewide EPDO Crashes + % of Statewide EPDO Crash Rate)

Rural areas tend to have higher severe crash rates while urban areas tend to have more total crashes and, 

therefore, a greater proportion of overall crashes. By including equal credit for the proportion of total EPDO 

crashes and crash rate in the formula, this method balances the distinct challenges of urban and rural Districts.

VDOT Central Office is responsible for reviewing and scoring the HSIP project proposals submitted by the 
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 19 of 52

Districts. Once the final HSIP projects are prioritized and selected by Central Office, the selected HSIP projects 

are included in Virginia’s SYIP, which is then presented to the Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) for 

approval. Once the HSIP projects are approved, programmed, and funds are allocated, the HSIP staff monitors 

the projects from scoping through construction to the final voucher. The project monitoring process consists of 

tracking changes that occur to the following functions: advertisement dates, funding authorization dates, 

engineer’s estimates, and expenditures. Cost, schedule, and scope are monitored and measured to ensure 

that the HSIP projects are being delivered on time and on budget. HSIP project schedules and costs both 

directly affect the Federal Strategy and VDOT’s ability to meet their Obligation Authority for the HSIP Program.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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Project Implementation

Funds Programmed

Reporting period for HSIP funding. 

State Fiscal Year

Virginia's state fiscal year is from July 1- June 30 of each year.

Enter the programmed and obligated funding for each applicable funding category. 

FUNDING CATEGORY PROGRAMMED OBLIGATED % 

OBLIGATED/PROGRAMMED

HSIP (23 U.S.C. 148) $50,296,130 $41,160,664 81.84%

HRRR Special Rule (23 

U.S.C. 148(g)(1))

$4,459,774 $4,459,774 100%

Penalty Funds (23 U.S.C. 

154)

$11,741,724 $11,741,724 100%

Penalty Funds (23 U.S.C. 

164)

$0 $0 0%

RHCP (for HSIP 

purposes) (23 U.S.C. 

130(e)(2))

$0 $0 0%

Other Federal-aid Funds

(i.e. STBG, NHPP)

$0 $0 0%

State and Local Funds $0 $0 0%

Totals $66,497,628 $57,362,162 86.26%

How much funding is programmed to local (non-state owned and operated) or tribal 

safety projects?

$1,940,400

How much funding is obligated to local or tribal safety projects?

$7,125,656

How much funding is programmed to non-infrastructure safety projects? 

$4,289,194

How much funding is obligated to non-infrastructure safety projects? 

$0

VDOT considers the following type of projects as non-infrastructure safety project:
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 21 of 52

• Road Safety Audit (RSA): VDOT uses RSA to reduce the number of fatal and severe injury crashes by 

proactively identifying potential safety issues and providing recommended improvements 

• Support for HSIP Program and Planning: Projects that support HSIP program implementation and 

planning activities. Activities includes development of RSA guidance, consultant task for HSIP planning 

and support for identification of safety countermeasures, and prioritization of safety improvements. 

• Support for HSIP Crash and Data Analysis: Projects to support HSIP crash analysis and crash data 

improvement 

• Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) Development and Implemenation: Projects to update SHSP and 

implementation action plan 

The following specific projects were completed under the non-infrastructure safety project:

• Virginia Specific Crash Modification Factor (CMF) Development for Safety Evaluation 

• Virginia Statewide Pedestrian Safety Action Plan (PSAP) 

• Effectiveness of Highway Safety Improvement Program Systemic Treatments 

• Preparation of MIRE Fundamental Data Element 

• SMARTSCALE Safety Scoring Analysis 

• Safety Measure Target Setting 

• Policy for Pedestrian Safety Action Plan 

How much funding was transferred in to the HSIP from other core program areas 

during the reporting period under 23 U.S.C. 126? 

0%

How much funding was transferred out of the HSIP to other core program areas during 

the reporting period under 23 U.S.C. 126? 

0%

Discuss impediments to obligating HSIP funds and plans to overcome this challenge in 

the future. 

Having realistic and attainable project schedules may be considered as an impediment to obligating HSIP 

funds. Few Districts have struggled in the project development of HSIP funded safety projects, which resulted 

in some safety projects missing their submission deadlines. Ultimately, HSIP funds were not used for those 

projects in the planned years. To overcome these project delivery issues, the HSIP staff are working with the 

District Traffic Engineers to track the milestones of HSIP projects. This will ensure District project managers 

stay on schedule and deliver the safety improvement projects on time.

VDOT will continue to work through its District offices to provide guidance and support in the project 

development phase of these safety projects.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 22 of 52

General Listing of Projects

List the projects obligated using HSIP funds for the reporting period. 

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

97735 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Miscellaneous pedestrians and 

bicyclists

0.13 Miles $135346 $686854 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Major Collector 11,000 25 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Pedestrians Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

pedestrian safety 

countermeasures.

104661 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

0.45 Miles $7382649 $8341938 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther17,400 45 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

106513 Roadway Rumble strips - edge or shoulder 31.46 Miles $1185000 $1185000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther3,700 60 State 

Highway 

Agency

Hybrid Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

107043 Interchange 

design

Installation of new lane on ramp 0.09 Miles $2639532 $2639532 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate5,500 35 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

107795 Interchange 

design

Installation of new lane on ramp 0.115 Miles $650000 $2803368 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate0 25 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

107796 Interchange 

design

Acceleration / deceleration / 

merge lane

0.35 Miles $550000 $2720000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate4,600 25 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 23 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

108004 Interchange 

design

Acceleration / deceleration / 

merge lane

0.641 Miles $628121 $4438354 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate132,000 70 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

108005 Interchange 

design

Installation of new lane on ramp 0.268 Miles $507866 $2346580 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate132,000 70 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

108165 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Install sidewalk 0.155 Miles $607096 $607096 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Collector 4,900 35 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Pedestrians Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

pedestrian safety 

countermeasures.

108790 Roadside Barrier - other 5 Miles $767680 $767680 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther Freeways & 

Expressways

48,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

108946 Interchange 

design

Extend existing lane on ramp 1.173 Miles $2249948 $2249948 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate50,000 70 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

109261 Advanced 

technology and 

ITS

Congestion detection / traffic 

monitoring system

10.3 Miles $4563340 $4563340 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate0 65 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Incident 

Response 

and 

Emergency 

Medical 

Services

Strategy 1. 

Develop an 

effective incident 

response 

program to 

ensure timely 

response to 

access 

emergency 

services and 

reduce secondary 

crashes.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 24 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

109512 Roadside Barrier - cable 5 Miles $1158735 $1158735 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate29,000 70 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

109570 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - modify 

signal mounting (spanwire to 

mast arm)

1 Intersections $562297 $562297 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther41,000 45 Other Local 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

109583 Shoulder 

treatments

Pave existing shoulders 3.43 Miles $1400000 $1400000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 3,700 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Hybrid Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

109584 Roadside Barrier - other 3.5 Miles $1600000 $1600000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 1,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Hybrid Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

111093 Shoulder 

treatments

Widen shoulder - paved or other 5.1 Miles $4884983 $4884983 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther11,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Hybrid Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

111684 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Miscellaneous pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Various $116921 $116921 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Local Road or 

Street

0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Bicyclists Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

bicycle safety 

countermeasures.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 25 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

111727 Interchange 

design

Interchange design - other 0.15 Miles $1630099 $2080207 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther17,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

111730 Intersection 

geometry

Intersection geometrics - 

miscellaneous/other/unspecified

0.24 Miles $2538310 $5878829 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 9,600 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

112500 Roadside Barrier - cable 1.5 Miles $399231 $426143 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate58,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

112897 Interchange 

design

Acceleration / deceleration / 

merge lane

0.794 Miles $4446167 $4449180 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate87,000 60 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

114188 Shoulder 

treatments

Widen shoulder - paved or other 4.1 Miles $328000 $328000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther17,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

114190 Shoulder 

treatments

Widen shoulder - paved or other 6.42 Miles $513600 $513600 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 26 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

107121 Roadway signs 

and traffic 

control

Curve-related warning signs and 

flashers

Various $1335359 $2667502 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Major Collector 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

107196 Roadway signs 

and traffic 

control

Curve-related warning signs and 

flashers

Various $1500000 $1500000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Collector 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

108789 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - add 

flashing yellow arrow

8 Signals $137834 $137834 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 Other Local 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 2. 

Improve user 

comprehension of 

and compliance 

with intersection 

and interchange 

traffic control 

devices.

108791 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - add 

flashing yellow arrow

13 Signals $182643 $182643 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 Other Local 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 2. 

Improve user 

comprehension of 

and compliance 

with intersection 

and interchange 

traffic control 

devices.

108796 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Pedestrian signal 0 Miles $1870100 $1870100 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 Other Local 

Agency

Systemic Pedestrians Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

pedestrian safety 

countermeasures.

108889 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Pedestrian signal Various $3419338 $3419338 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 Other Local 

Agency

Systemic Pedestrians Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

pedestrian safety 

countermeasures.

109687 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - add 

flashing yellow arrow

18 Signals $392000 $392000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 Other Local 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 27 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

109702 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

1.02 Miles $405000 $469024 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 Other Local 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

109889 Roadway Pavement surface - high friction 

surface

Various $959827 $959827 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Major Collector 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

112887 Roadway Rumble strips - center Various $1132500 $1132500 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

112893 Roadway signs 

and traffic 

control

Roadway signs (including post) - 

new or updated

Various $554690 $554690 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Major Collector 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

113366 Shoulder 

treatments

Widen shoulder - paved or other Various $1300000 $1300000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 28 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

113367 Shoulder 

treatments

Widen shoulder - paved or other Various $648892 $649892 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

113572 Roadway Rumble strips - edge or shoulder Various $500000 $500000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

113596 Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - modify left-turn 

lane offset

0.1 Miles $236749 $236749 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther26,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

113908 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal timing - 

signal coordination

Various $231200 $231200 Penalty 

Funds (23 

U.S.C. 154)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

113933 Roadway Rumble strips - edge or shoulder Various $1000000 $1000000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 

for roadway 

departure crashes

114333 Advanced 

technology and 

ITS

Advanced technology and ITS - 

other

Various $641030 $641030 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 29 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

114335 Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - add 

backplates with retroreflective 

borders

Various $208189 $208189 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 2. 

Improve user 

comprehension of 

and compliance 

with intersection 

and interchange 

traffic control 

devices.

114337 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Miscellaneous pedestrians and 

bicyclists

11.6 Miles $476523 $476523 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Bicyclists Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

bicycle safety 

countermeasures.

114713 Intersection 

geometry

Intersection geometry - other 0.96 Miles $4619789 $4619789 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther49,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Systemic Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

114859 Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - modify left-turn 

lane offset

0.2 Miles $460478 $460478 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther16,000 55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

114733 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Crosswalk Various $57000 $57000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Minor Arterial 0 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Pedestrians Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

pedestrian safety 

countermeasures.

114402 Access 

management

Access management - other 0.03 Miles $350000 $350000 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther46,000 45 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Intersections Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

frequency and 

severity of 

crashes at 

intersections and 

interchanges

113847 Roadway Superelevation / cross slope 0.4 Miles $1179970 $1179970 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialInterstate32,000 70 State 

Highway 

Agency

Spot Roadway 

Departure

Strategy 1. 

Reduce the 

likelihood of 

vehicles leaving 

the travel lanes at 

locations with 

higher potential 
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 30 of 52

PROJECT 

NAME

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OUTPUTS OUTPUT TYPE

HSIP 

PROJECT 

COST($)

TOTAL 

PROJECT 

COST($)

FUNDING 

CATEGORY

LAND 

USE/AREA 

TYPE

FUNCTIONAL 

CLASSIFICATION AADT SPEED OWNERSHIP

METHOD 

FOR SITE 

SELECTION

SHSP 

EMPHASIS 

AREA

SHSP 

STRATEGY

for roadway 

departure crashes

108888 Pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Miscellaneous pedestrians and 

bicyclists

Various $1654500 $1654500 HSIP (23 

U.S.C. 148)

N/A Principal ArterialOther0 Other Local 

Agency

Spot Bicyclists Strategy 1. 

Identify locations 

having potential 

for crashes to 

apply proven 

bicycle safety 

countermeasures.

For the projects listed under this question, the dollar amount represents construction cost only. Preliminary engineering and non-infrastructure costs are not included in this table, and the amount figures will be different from that of the 

amount entered in for Question #23.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 31 of 52

Safety Performance

General Highway Safety Trends

Present data showing the general highway safety trends in the State for the past five 

years.

PERFORMANCE 

MEASURES 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Fatalities 740 767 775 741 700 753 761 843 819

Serious Injuries 11,649 10,897 10,114 8,643 7,597 8,011 8,075 7,634 7,442

Fatality rate (per 

HMVMT)

0.960 1.000 1.010 0.960 0.910 0.940 0.900 0.990 0.960

Serious injury rate (per 

HMVMT)

15.060 14.230 13.200 11.200 9.840 10.050 9.580 8.950 8.720

Number non-motorized 

fatalities

89 79 111 86 102 95 131 131 136

Number of nonmotorized serious 

injuries

640 666 771 629 628 635 635 620 557
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 32 of 52

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Annual Fatalities

Fatalities 5 Year Rolling Avg.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Annual Serious Injuries

Serious Injuries 5 Year Rolling Avg.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 33 of 52

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1

1.02

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Fatality rate (per HMVMT)

Fatality rate (per HMVMT) 5 Year Rolling Avg.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Serious injury rate (per HMVMT)

Serious injury rate (per HMVMT) 5 Year Rolling Avg.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 34 of 52

Describe fatality data source. 

FARS

FARS data is used as fatality data source for 2009 to 2017. Since fatalities information is not available on 

FARS for 2018, VDOT database is being used to obtain fatalities information for 2018.

To the maximum extent possible, present this data by functional classification and 

ownership. 

Year 2018

Functional 

Classification

Number of Fatalities

 (5-yr avg)

Number of Serious 

Injuries

 (5-yr avg)

Fatality Rate

(per HMVMT)

 (5-yr avg)

Serious Injury Rate

(per HMVMT)

 (5-yr avg)

Rural Principal 

Arterial (RPA) - 

Interstate

45 346.8 0.59 4.49

Rural Principal 

Arterial (RPA) - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Rural Principal 

Arterial (RPA) - Other

76.2 553.4 1.24 9.02

Rural Minor Arterial 100.4 657.6 1.96 13.01

Rural Minor Collector 17.6 151.8 1.97 17.54

Rural Major Collector 121.2 883.6 3.16 23

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Non Motorized Fatalities and Serious Injuries

Fatalities Serious Injuries 5 Year Rolling Avg.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 35 of 52

Functional 

Classification

Number of Fatalities

 (5-yr avg)

Number of Serious 

Injuries

 (5-yr avg)

Fatality Rate

(per HMVMT)

 (5-yr avg)

Serious Injury Rate

(per HMVMT)

 (5-yr avg)

Rural Local Road or 

Street

58.6 546.6 2.32 21.57

Urban Principal 

Arterial (UPA) - 

Interstate

60.2 722.8 0.33 4.01

Urban Principal 

Arterial (UPA) - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

13 121 0.29 2.85

Urban Principal 

Arterial (UPA) - Other

74.6 949.4 0.7 8.44

Urban Minor Arterial 66.4 898.6 0.77 9.93

Urban Minor Collector 37.4 453.6 0.91 10.59

Urban Major Collector

Urban Local Road or 

Street

13.2 192.4 0.49 7.16
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 36 of 52

Year 2018

Roadways Number of Fatalities

 (5-yr avg)

Number of Serious 

Injuries

 (5-yr avg)

Fatality Rate

(per HMVMT)

 (5-yr avg)

Serious Injury Rate

(per HMVMT)

 (5-yr avg)

State Highway 

Agency

623.8 5,487.4 1.06 9.25

County Highway 

Agency

7 88 0.5 6.11

Town or Township 

Highway Agency

1.2 24.2 0.23 4.21

City or Municipal 

Highway Agency

103.6 1,457.8 0.64 9.58

State Park, Forest, or 

Reservation Agency

Local Park, Forest or 

Reservation Agency

Other State Agency

Other Local Agency

Private (Other than 

Railroad)

Railroad

State Toll Authority

Local Toll Authority 6.2 3.82

Other Public 

Instrumentality (e.g. 

Airport, School, 

University)

Indian Tribe Nation

Other

Safety Performance Targets

Safety Performance Targets 

Calendar Year 2020 Targets *

Number of Fatalities:857.0

Describe the basis for established target, including how it supports SHSP goals.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 37 of 52

Five Year Rolling Average above is based on predicted annual value of 915 fatalities in 2019 and 950 

fatalities in 2020. These annual and 5-year average targets represent an increase that began in 2017 

and is anticipated in 2019 and 2020. Additional information on the prediction method used is 

described in Question 35.

Number of Serious Injuries:7641.0

Describe the basis for established target, including how it supports SHSP goals.

Five Year Rolling Average above is based on predicted annual value of 7575 serious injuries in 2019 

and 7473 serious injuries in 2020. These annual and 5-year average targets represent a slight 

increase from 2018 and is anticipated in 2019 and the next year. Additional information on the 

prediction method used is described in Question 35.

Fatality Rate:0.995

Describe the basis for established target, including how it supports SHSP goals.

Five Year Rolling Average above is based on predicted annual value of 1.05 fatalities per HMVMT in 

2019 and 1.08 fatalities per HMVMT in 2020. These annual and 5-year average targets represent an 

increase that began in 2017 and is anticipated in 2019 and the next year. Additional information on 

the prediction method used is described in Question 35

Serious Injury Rate:8.871

Describe the basis for established target, including how it supports SHSP goals.

Five Year Rolling Average using 2019 predicted values above is based on predicted annual value of 

8.69 serious injuries per HMVMT in 2019 and 8.47 serious injuries per HMVMT in 2020. These 

annual and 5-year average targets represent slight decreases that began in 2017 and are anticipated 

in 2019 and the next year. Additional information on the prediction method used is described in 

Question 35.

Total Number of Non-Motorized Fatalities and Serious Injuries:724.0

Describe the basis for established target, including how it supports SHSP goals.

Five Year Rolling Average above is based on predicted annual value of 711 non-motorized fatalities 

and serious injuries in 2020. These annual and 5-year average targets represent slight decreases 

that began in 2016 and are anticipated in 2019 and the next year. Additional information on the 

prediction method used is described in Question 35.

Describe efforts to coordinate with other stakeholders (e.g. MPOs, SHSO) to establish 

safety performance targets. 

During the 2019 safety target setting coordination and Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) approval 

process, the CTB requested that VDOT investigate a more robust and data-driven methodology than using 

previous measure data trend lines or optimistic targets based on the SHSP.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 38 of 52

VDOT HSIP staff investigated best practices (e.g., NCHRP 17-67) and prepared a work plan to develop a loglinear regression model to obtain baseline count predictions of future year measures and then adjust the 

baseline by assessing the expected benefits (crash modifications) of transportation projects to be completed 

the year prior. The rate measures would then be determined based on VMT forecasts. Multiple social, 

economic, population and Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) factors were tested for significance in predicting the 

count measures. VDOT began coordination with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) State 

Highway Safety Offices (SHSO) early in the process to get their data and input for the 2020 target setting 

following 23 CFR 490. Several years of SHSO grant program spending was obtained to determine if crash 

modifications could be determined at the jurisdictional level for each program or in aggregate. Strong 

correlation between program spending and measure rates could not be produced, but a downward trend in 

rates was observed for increased spending for several programs. The program and total spending were tested 

and included in the fatality and non-motorized regression models as significant factors. Several other VDOT 

spending categories for construction, maintenance, and operations were also tested and included in the 

models. As the baseline predictions were prepared, each SMART SCALE (capital improvement) and HSIP 

project to be completed in 2019 and early 2020 was assessed to determine the crash reduction benefits based 

on Crash Modification Factors (CMFs). These benefits were then subtracted from the baseline predictions to 

determine the final 2020 targets. The 2020 annual targets were then used, with the 2019 targets, to determine 

the 5-year average targets as entered in for Question #34.

The baseline target models were developed using VDOT district and monthly data where available. This 

construct with the consideration of programmed projects completed includes the local and regional agency 

priorities for capital and behavioral program spending. The models could be used to test different spending 

scenarios. As such, the jurisdictional and regional mobility and safety initiatives are directly incorporated into 

the target setting methodology.

Since 2017, VDOT has held quarterly Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) coordination meetings for all 

FHWA (and optional FTA) performance measures and target setting. These have meetings continued with 

MPO safety target setting. An Excel workbook was provided and updated with their 2018 and 2019 targets. A 

SharePoint site was developed and introduced for obtaining the workbook and submitting the targets. The 

workbook update required refining the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) geospatial data with Virginia 

fatality data to provide fatalities that occurred in Virginia for the multi-state MPOs. VDOT also provided a 

submittal letter template for MPOs to indicate if they will support the State or choose their own targets. All 

MPOs submittals were received for the 2018 and 2019 targets. An Excel summary workbook that includes all 

of the MPO submittals was prepared and is available to FHWA upon request. Three (of 15) of the larger MPOs 

decided to set independent targets from the State percent reductions. Updates and outreach for MPO 2020 

target setting will occur in September 2019.

Does the State want to report additional optional targets? 

No

Describe progress toward meeting the State’s 2018 Safety Performance Targets (based 

on data available at the time of reporting). For each target, include a discussion of any 

reasons for differences in the actual outcomes and targets. 

Optimistic 5-year average safety performance measures were submitted for 2018 targets based on the 

Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) objectives and trend lines through 2016. Targets for 2019 were set 

based on annual count trend lines to account for the increases in 2017 and expected increases in 2018.

The 2018 Fatality (F) target of 709 would require annual fatalities to decrease from 761 in 2016 to 640. In 

2018, fatalities decreased to 819. This decrease followed an increase in fatalities from 2016-2017, which was 

the largest percent increase (11-percent increase) in recent history. Presuming 1.5 percent Vehicle-Miles 

Traveled (VMT) growth, the target fatality rate of 0.83 would have required rates to decline from 0.90 in 2016 to 

0.70 in 2018. The 2017 11-percent increase in fatalities was not expected where about 50 percent of the 
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 39 of 52

increase came from vulnerable users. Much of the increase occurred on lower functional class highways; this 

increase was roadway departures in rural areas and non-motorized on urban roads.

The 2018 Serious Injury (SI) target of 7570 would require the annual SI to decline from 8075 in 2016 to 6,750 

in 2018. The SI rate target of 8.73 would require SI rates to decline from 9.60 in 2016 to 6.90 in 2018. SI 

increased from an all-time low in 2014 and then dropped to a new low in 2018. However, VMT did not grow as 

expected in 2018.

The F and SI trends point to the injury declines from in-vehicle improvements reaching a limit of effectiveness. 

During this period more HSIP projects were programmed on systemic improvements which should provide 

benefits in 2019 and future years. Other construction program funds were allocated to the last years of the SixYear Improvement Program (SYIP), so the benefits will not be quantified for several years. VDOT assessment 

of the expected benefits, accounting for driver behavior reducing the expected crash reductions, indicated that 

systemic projects have a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) five times greater than those of spot and corridor 

improvements. 

The 2018 non-motorized F and SI target of 681 would require F and SI to decline from 766 in 2016 to 565 in 

2018. While F increased slightly during this period, SI decreased to a total of 709 in 2018. Non-motorized travel 

has increased in Virginia in recent years. Although accommodations and improvements are being funded 

within construction and HSIP projects, infrastructure spending and deployment is probably not keeping pace 

with the new demand. Based on VDOT’s PSAP identified priority locations additional open container funds 

were programmed for systemic treatments in 2019.

Applicability of Special Rules

Does the HRRR special rule apply to the State for this reporting period? 

Yes

Yes, the fatality rate on rural roads (Rural Major Collectors, Rural Minor Collectors and Rural Local Roads) 

increased over the most recent two-year period, and therefore, the HRRR special rule applies to Virginia.

Provide the number of older driver and pedestrian fatalities and serious injuries 65 

years of age and older for the past seven years. 

PERFORMANCE 

MEASURES 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Number of Older Driver 

and Pedestrian Fatalities

113 127 102 122 126 159 144

Number of Older Driver 

and Pedestrian Serious 

Injuries

741 690 617 643 665 665 688

The rate of fatalities and serious injuries for drivers and pedestrians of 65 years of age and older had not 

increased during the most recent 2-year period, and therefore, Older Drivers and Pedestrians Special Rule is 

not applicable for Virginia.
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 40 of 52

Evaluation

Program Effectiveness

How does the State measure effectiveness of the HSIP? 

• Benefit/Cost Ratio

• Change in fatalities and serious injuries

• Lives saved

Based on the measures of effectiveness selected previously, describe the results of 

the State's program level evaluations. 

VDOT is programming more systemic safety projects and as a result is in interested in understanding the 

effectiveness of these projects. In FY2019, VDOT began an effort to evaluate all HSIP-funded systemic 

improvement projects. Because systemic projects are usually deployed in several locations over one or 

multiple jurisdictions, it has proven to be difficult to gather accurate data or perform analysis on the overall 

effectiveness of these systemic improvement projects. Ultimately, an analysis was conducted for all eligible 

HSIP-funded systemic improvement projects. As a result of the challenges encountered in the evaluation effort, 

VDOT has engaged in an effort to develop a project tracking tool specifically designed to track these HSIPfunded systemic projects.

What other indicators of success does the State use to demonstrate effectiveness and 

success of the Highway Safety Improvement Program? 

• # miles improved by HSIP

• HSIP Obligations

• More systemic programs

Effectiveness of Groupings or Similar Types of Improvements

Present and describe trends in SHSP emphasis area performance measures. 

Year 2018

SHSP Emphasis Area Targeted Crash 

Type

Number of 

Fatalities

(5-yr avg)

Number of 

Serious 

Injuries

(5-yr avg)

Fatality Rate

(per HMVMT)

(5-yr avg)

Serious Injury 

Rate

(per HMVMT)

(5-yr avg)

Roadway Departure 384.6 2,941.4 0.47 3.49

Intersections 233.2 2,865.8 0.28 3.29

Pedestrians 107 468.8 0.12 0.47

Bicyclists 12 143.6 0.02 0.17
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 41 of 52

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Roadway Departure Intersections Pedestrians Bicyclists

Fatalities

Number of Fatalities 

5 Year Average

2010-2014 2011-2015 2012-2016 2013-2017 2014-2018

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Roadway Departure Intersections Pedestrians Bicyclists

Serious Injuries

Number of Serious Injuries 

5 Year Average

2010-2014 2011-2015 2012-2016 2013-2017 2014-2018
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 42 of 52

Has the State completed any countermeasure effectiveness evaluations during the reporting 

period?

Yes

Please provide the following summary information for each countermeasure effectiveness 

evaluation. 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Roadway Departure Intersections Pedestrians Bicyclists

Fatality Rate

Fatality Rate (per HMVMT) 

5 Year Average

2010-2014 2011-2015 2012-2016 2013-2017 2014-2018

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Roadway Departure Intersections Pedestrians Bicyclists

Serious Injury Rate

Serious Injury Rate (per HMVMT) 

5 Year Average

2010-2014 2011-2015 2012-2016 2013-2017 2014-2018
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 43 of 52

CounterMeasures: Various - see attached report 

Description: 

VDOT's analysis on HSIP-funded 

systemic countermeasure analysis. Also 

see response to Question #46. 

Target Crash Type: 

Number of Installations: 

Number of Installations: 

Miles Treated: 

Years Before: 

Years After: 

Methodology: 

Results: Various - see attached report. Also see 

response to Question #46. 

File Name: HSIP Systemic DRAFT Report.docx
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 44 of 52

Project Effectiveness

Provide the following information for previously implemented projects that the State evaluated this reporting period. 

LOCATION FUNCTIONAL 

CLASS

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY IMPROVEMENT TYPE PDO

BEFORE

PDO

AFTER

FATALITY

BEFORE

FATALITY

AFTER

SERIOUS 

INJURY

BEFORE

SERIOUS 

INJURY

AFTER

ALL OTHER 

INJURY

BEFORE

ALL 

OTHER 

INJURY

AFTER

TOTAL

BEFORE

TOTAL

AFTER

EVALUATION 

RESULTS

(BENEFIT/COST 

RATIO)

84358 Rural Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

geometry

Intersection geometrics - 

miscellaneous/other/unspecified

3.00 8.00 2.00 3.00 10.00

94105 Urban 

Principal 

Arterial - 

Interstate

Shoulder 

treatments

526.00 483.00 2.00 1.00 31.00 12.00 198.00 126.00 757.00 622.00

98371 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

321.00 153.00 2.00 2.00 24.00 6.00 233.00 78.00 580.00 239.00

98376 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

286.00 189.00 1.00 1.00 21.00 9.00 209.00 138.00 517.00 337.00

93350 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify control - modifications to 

roundabout

5.00 9.00 14.00

100564 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

13.00 1.00 3.00 19.00 1.00 35.00 2.00

100565 Urban 

Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

56.00 23.00 1.00 26.00 23.00 82.00 47.00

106536 Urban 

Principal 

Arterial - 

Interstate

Roadway Rumble strips - edge or shoulder 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 9.00 3.00

97044 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - add 

additional signal heads

12.00 12.00 1.00 1.00 6.00 8.00 19.00 21.00

100657 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Alignment Alignment - other 9.00 8.00 9.00 8.00

104668 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other

Alignment Alignment - other 2.00 2.00 4.00

104671 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Shoulder 

treatments

14.00 23.00 1.00 3.00 4.00 19.00 26.00 37.00 53.00

105470 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Shoulder 

treatments

264.00 48.00 5.00 1.00 43.00 6.00 137.00 29.00 449.00 84.00
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

Page 45 of 52

LOCATION FUNCTIONAL 

CLASS

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY IMPROVEMENT TYPE PDO

BEFORE

PDO

AFTER

FATALITY

BEFORE

FATALITY

AFTER

SERIOUS 

INJURY

BEFORE

SERIOUS 

INJURY

AFTER

ALL OTHER 

INJURY

BEFORE

ALL 

OTHER 

INJURY

AFTER

TOTAL

BEFORE

TOTAL

AFTER

EVALUATION 

RESULTS

(BENEFIT/COST 

RATIO)

105808 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Shoulder 

treatments

33.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 8.00 4.00 43.00 10.00

96939 Rural Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add right-turn 

lane

4.00 7.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 5.00 12.00

103461 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other

Intersection 

geometry

Intersection geometrics - 

miscellaneous/other/unspecified

6.00 1.00 2.00 12.00 1.00 20.00 2.00

104687 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

35.00 14.00 3.00 1.00 35.00 7.00 73.00 22.00

81441 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add left-turn 

lane

13.00 8.00 2.00 2.00 21.00 9.00 36.00 19.00

86489 Urban Minor 

Collector

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add left-turn 

lane

3.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 7.00 3.00

86490 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add left-turn 

lane

3.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 2.00

89899 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

5.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 8.00

89902 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - modify 

signal mounting (spanwire to 

mast arm)

10.00 7.00 2.00 1.00 9.00 8.00 21.00 16.00

89903 Urban Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - modify 

signal mounting (spanwire to 

mast arm)

7.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 2.00 12.00 5.00

89904 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add left-turn 

lane

9.00 8.00 1.00 7.00 5.00 16.00 14.00

95423 Rural Minor 

Arterial

Intersection 

traffic control

Intersection signing - add 

enhanced advance warning 

(double-up and/or oversize)

7.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 6.00 8.00 16.00 13.00

98095 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add left-turn 

lane

4.00 4.00 1.00 8.00 1.00

104363 Urban 

Principal 

Arterial - 

Interstate

Interchange 

design

Improve intersection radius at 

ramp terminus

1.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.00

104684 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Shoulder 

treatments

4.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 9.00 1.00 17.00 3.00
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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LOCATION FUNCTIONAL 

CLASS

IMPROVEMENT 

CATEGORY IMPROVEMENT TYPE PDO

BEFORE

PDO

AFTER

FATALITY

BEFORE

FATALITY

AFTER

SERIOUS 

INJURY

BEFORE

SERIOUS 

INJURY

AFTER

ALL OTHER 

INJURY

BEFORE

ALL 

OTHER 

INJURY

AFTER

TOTAL

BEFORE

TOTAL

AFTER

EVALUATION 

RESULTS

(BENEFIT/COST 

RATIO)

100659 Urban 

Principal 

Arterial - Other

Intersection 

traffic control

Modify traffic signal - 

modernization/replacement

9.00 10.00 3.00 12.00 10.00

100661 Freeway and 

Expressway

Intersection 

traffic control

Intersection flashers - add 

advance intersection warning 

sign-mounted

2.00 1.00 2.00 1.00

100663 Urban 

Principal 

Arterial - Other 

Freeways and 

Expressways

Intersection 

traffic control

Intersection flashers - add 

advance intersection warning 

sign-mounted

5.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 7.00 5.00

100664 Rural Minor 

Arterial

Roadside Barrier- metal 59.00 34.00 3.00 1.00 11.00 9.00 39.00 37.00 112.00 81.00

104673 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other

Shoulder 

treatments

10.00 9.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 4.00 16.00 14.00

104674 Rural Minor 

Arterial

Shoulder 

treatments

13.00 18.00 2.00 6.00 5.00 13.00 12.00 34.00 35.00

93347 Rural Minor 

Collector

Shoulder 

treatments

2.00 2.00

97029 Urban Minor 

Collector

Intersection 

geometry

Auxiliary lanes - add left-turn 

lane

4.00 1.00 4.00 1.00

104702 Rural Principal 

Arterial - Other

Shoulder 

treatments

8.00 11.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 3.00 11.00 14.00 26.00

104703 Other Principal 

Arterial

Shoulder 

treatments

6.00 8.00 2.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 14.00 19.00
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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Compliance Assessment

What date was the State’s current SHSP approved by the Governor or designated State representative? 

 05/12/2017

What are the years being covered by the current SHSP? 

From: 2017 To: 2021

When does the State anticipate completing it’s next SHSP update? 

 2021

Provide the current status (percent complete) of MIRE fundamental data elements collection efforts using the table below. 

ROAD TYPE MIRE NAME (MIRE 

NO.)

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - SEGMENT

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - INTERSECTION

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - RAMPS LOCAL PAVED ROADS UNPAVED ROADS

NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE

ROADWAY SEGMENT Segment Identifier 

(12)

100 100 100

Route Number (8) 100

Route/Street Name 

(9)

100

Federal Aid/Route 

Type (21)

100

Rural/Urban 

Designation (20)

100 100

Surface Type (23) 100 100

Begin Point 

Segment Descriptor 

(10)

100 100 100

End Point Segment 

Descriptor (11)

100 100 100

Segment Length 

(13)

100

Direction of 

Inventory (18)

100

Functional Class 

(19)

100 100 100

Median Type (54) 100

Access Control (22) 100
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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ROAD TYPE MIRE NAME (MIRE 

NO.)

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - SEGMENT

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - INTERSECTION

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - RAMPS LOCAL PAVED ROADS UNPAVED ROADS

NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE

One/Two Way 

Operations (91)

100

Number of Through 

Lanes (31)

100 100

Average Annual 

Daily Traffic (79)

100 100

AADT Year (80) 100

Type of 

Governmental 

Ownership (4)

100 100 100

INTERSECTION Unique Junction 

Identifier (120)

100

Location Identifier 

for Road 1 Crossing 

Point (122)

100

Location Identifier 

for Road 2 Crossing 

Point (123)

100

Intersection/Junction 

Geometry (126)

100

Intersection/Junction 

Traffic Control (131)

50

AADT for Each 

Intersecting Road 

(79)

96 99

AADT Year (80) 96 99

Unique Approach 

Identifier (139)

100

INTERCHANGE/RAMP Unique Interchange 

Identifier (178)

100

Location Identifier 

for Roadway at 

Beginning of Ramp 

Terminal (197)

100

Location Identifier 

for Roadway at 

Ending Ramp 

Terminal (201)

100

Ramp Length (187) 100
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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ROAD TYPE MIRE NAME (MIRE 

NO.)

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - SEGMENT

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - INTERSECTION

NON LOCAL PAVED

ROADS - RAMPS LOCAL PAVED ROADS UNPAVED ROADS

NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE STATE NON-STATE

Roadway Type at 

Beginning of Ramp 

Terminal (195)

100

Roadway Type at 

End Ramp Terminal 

(199)

100

Interchange Type 

(182)

100

Ramp AADT (191) 60

Year of Ramp AADT 

(192)

60

Functional Class 

(19)

100

Type of 

Governmental 

Ownership (4)

100

Totals (Average Percent Complete): 100.00 0.00 92.75 24.75 92.73 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00

*Based on Functional Classification

The Non-State column items for the MIRE categories remain as blanks or 0 as VDOT is still in its outreach/planning process. This fiscal year, VDOT began conducting a needs assessment of VDOT’s Road Inventory Management System 

(RIMS) to assess the compliance level of RIMS with MIRE FDE requirements. This assessment will determine the roadway elements that are identified as not available in RIMS but should be added into RIMS in order to meet MIRE FDE 

requirements for further evaluation and collection. Response to Question #50 explains VDOT’s progress on MIRE data collection in greater detail.

Describe actions the State will take moving forward to meet the requirement to have complete access to the MIRE fundamental data elements on all public roads by September 30, 2026. 

VDOT follows the 10-step VDOT MIRE FDE Implementation Plan to meet the requirement to have complete access to the MIRE Fundamental Data Elements (FDE) on all public roads by September 30, 2026. VDOT is currently on steps 

3 and 4 which determine the data collection needs. This fiscal year, VDOT began conducting a needs assessment of VDOT’s Road Inventory Management System (RIMS) to assess the compliance level of RIMS with MIRE FDE 

requirements. This assessment will determine the roadway elements that are identified as not available in RIMS but should be added into RIMS in order to meet MIRE FDE requirements for further evaluation and collection.

VDOT has been communicating with the localities to identify the availability, completeness, and schema of the data maintained by the localities on the public roads they maintain. Communication with the localities includes face-to-face 

meetings, email correspondence, phone calls, live webinar presentations, and multiple web/email-based surveys to obtain this information. VDOT will continue communication with localities and obtain any available data to determine the 

completeness and schema. After assessing the completeness and schema of the locality’s databases, VDOT will develop a preliminary plan to translate the jurisdictional data received into proper state schema for inclusion into VDOT’s 

database as well as identify any MIRE FDE elements that are not satisfied by the locality datasets. Additionally, VDOT will create a detailed data collection plan and a cost estimate for the data collection. When funding sources have been 

identified, VDOT will begin collecting all remaining data needed to have complete access to the MIRE fundamental data elements on all public roads by September 30, 2026.

Did the State conduct an HSIP program assessment during the reporting period? 

No

No, VDOT did not complete a formal HSIP program assessment this reporting period. However, VDOT holds monthly meetings with its FHWA Division Office Safety Engineer. The purpose of these meetings is to ensure that both VDOT 

and FHWA are in consensus on the type of projects selected for the HSIP program as well as to ensure that the Department complies with the most current directives from FHWA Headquarters. VDOT shares with its FHWA Division office 
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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a list of candidate projects and locations each year to apply for safety funds. FHWA participates with VDOT on project selection and coordination with its districts in developing appropriate scope and schedules for these candidate 

projects.

The latest HSIP program assessment was conducted when FHWA conducted a program assessment workshop along with VDOT and other safety stakeholders in March 27th, 2017. Through this assessment, FHWA determined that 

VDOT's HSIP and Railway-Highway Grade Crossing Program (RHGCP) meet, and in several aspects, exceed the regulatory program requirements. The HSIP requirements include a comprehensive data-driven Strategic Highway Safety 

Plan (SHSP) that identifies highway safety problems and produces a program of projects or strategies to significantly reduce serious injuries and fatalities on all public roads. For RHGCP, it requires consideration of relative risk of public 

crossings and results in a program of projects for improvement.

It is also worth mentioning that the VDOT Safety Program is regularly sought out by others for the program’s achievements in application of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM). VDOT continually makes the effort to enhance and develop 

data analysis tools and other resources for VDOT Districts and Localities in order to aid in their problematic location identification and project development.

When does the State plan to complete its next HSIP program assessment.

2022
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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Optional Attachments

Program Structure:

VDOT_PSAP_Report_052118_with_Appendix_A_B_C.pdf

FINAL VDOT RSA Manual.pdf

VDOT_Crash_Data_Manual_Nov2017.pdf

FINAL VDOT HSIP Implementation Manual.pdf

Project Implementation:

Safety Performance:

Evaluation:

HSIP Systemic DRAFT Report.docx

Compliance Assessment:

HSIP Program Review Report_Final.pdf
2019 Virginia Highway Safety Improvement Program

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Glossary

5 year rolling average: means the average of five individuals, consecutive annual points of data 

(e.g. annual fatality rate).

Emphasis area: means a highway safety priority in a State’s SHSP, identified through a data-driven, 

collaborative process.

Highway safety improvement project: means strategies, activities and projects on a public road 

that are consistent with a State strategic highway safety plan and corrects or improves a hazardous 

road location or feature or addresses a highway safety problem.

HMVMT: means hundred million vehicle miles traveled.

Non-infrastructure projects: are projects that do not result in construction. Examples of noninfrastructure projects include road safety audits, transportation safety planning activities,

improvements in the collection and analysis of data, education and outreach, and enforcement 

activities.

Older driver special rule: applies if traffic fatalities and serious injuries per capita for drivers and 

pedestrians over the age of 65 in a State increases during the most recent 2-year period for which 

data are available, as defined in the Older Driver and Pedestrian Special Rule Interim Guidance 

dated February 13, 2013.

Performance measure: means indicators that enable decision-makers and other stakeholders to 

monitor changes in system condition and performance against established visions, goals, and 

objectives.

Programmed funds: mean those funds that have been programmed in the Statewide Transportation 

Improvement Program (STIP) to be expended on highway safety improvement projects.

Roadway Functional Classification: means the process by which streets and highways are 

grouped into classes, or systems, according to the character of service they are intended to provide.

Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP): means a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary plan, based on 

safety data developed by a State Department of Transportation in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 148.

Systematic: refers to an approach where an agency deploys countermeasures at all locations across 

a system.

Systemic safety improvement: means an improvement that is widely implemented based on high 

risk roadway features that are correlated with specific severe crash types.

Transfer: means, in accordance with provisions of 23 U.S.C. 126, a State may transfer from an 

apportionment under section 104(b) not to exceed 50 percent of the amount apportioned for the fiscal 

year to any other apportionment of the State under that section.