Hawaii

Highway Safety Improvement Program

2013 Annual Report

Prepared by: HI
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Disclaimer

Protection of Data from Discovery & Admission into Evidence

23 U.S.C. 148(h)(4) states “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, reports, surveys, schedules, 

lists, or data compiled or collected for any purpose relating to this section [HSIP], shall not be 

subject to discovery or admitted into evidence in a Federal or State court proceeding or considered 

for other purposes in any action for damages arising from any occurrence at a location identified or 

addressed in the reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or other data.” 

23 U.S.C. 409 states “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, reports, surveys, schedules, lists, 

or data compiled or collected for the purpose of identifying, evaluating, or planning the safety 

enhancement of potential accident sites, hazardous roadway conditions, or railway-highway 

crossings, pursuant to sections 130, 144, and 148 of this title or for the purpose of developing any 

highway safety construction improvement project which may be implemented utilizing Federal-aid 

highway funds shall not be subject to discovery or admitted into evidence in a Federal or State 

court proceeding or considered for other purposes in any action for damages arising from any 

occurrence at a location mentioned or addressed in such reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or data.”
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Table of Contents

Disclaimer...................................................................................................................................................... ii

Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................................1

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................2

Program Structure ........................................................................................................................................2

Program Administration ...........................................................................................................................2

Program Methodology..............................................................................................................................4

Progress in Implementing Projects...............................................................................................................8

Funds Programmed............................................................................................................................... 8

General Listing of Projects.................................................................................................................. 12

Progress in Achieving Safety Performance Targets....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Overview of General Safety Trends....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Application of Special Rules................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Improvements (Program Evaluation) ..........................................34

SHSP Emphasis Areas............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Groups of similar project types.............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Systemic Treatments ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Glossary.......................................................................................................................................................60
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2013 Hawaii Highway Safety Improvement Program

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Executive Summary

State of Hawaii 2013 23 U.S.C. 148(g) Annual Highway Safety Improvement Program Report
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Introduction

The Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) is a core Federal-aid program 

with the purpose of achieving a significant reduction in fatalities and serious 

injuries on all public roads. As per 23 U.S.C. 148(h) and 23 CFR 924.15, States are 

required to report annually on the progress being made to advance HSIP 

implementation and evaluation efforts. The format of this report is consistent 

with the HSIP MAP-21 Reporting Guidance dated February 13, 2013 and consists 

of four sections: program structure, progress in implementing HSIP projects, 

progress in achieving safety performance targets, and assessment of the 

effectiveness of the improvements. 

Program Structure

Program Administration

How are Highway Safety Improvement Program funds allocated in a State? 

Central

District

Other

Describe how local roads are addressed as part of Highway Safety Improvement Program.

High accident listings and accident data for county roads are submitted to the county offices for 

internal design use. Local agencies can submit project proposals to be considered on the 

Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) and the projects can be funded through 

HSIP funds if they are cost-effective. In addition, HRRRP Funds were offered to the counties in 

January 2008.

Identify which internal partners are involved with Highway Safety Improvement Program planning. 
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Design

Planning

Maintenance

Operations

Governors Highway Safety Office

Other: Other-Highway Safety Office assists with the management of non-infrastructure HSIP funds.

Briefly describe coordination with internal partners. 

The HSIP project locations are evaluated to determine if other projects submitted by internal 

partners can be coordinated or project scope can be incorporated within existing projects. 

Internal partners assist with project selection preparation of preliminary project scope through 

field investigations.

Identify which external partners are involved with Highway Safety Improvement Program planning. 

Metropolitan Planning Organizations

Governors Highway Safety Office

Local Government Association

Other: Other-Police departments

Identify any program administration practices used to implement the HSIP that have changed since 

the last reporting period.
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Multi-disciplinary HSIP steering committee

Other: Other-None

Describe any other aspects of Highway Safety Improvement Program Administration on which you 

would like to elaborate.

A listing of projects representing all four counties is submitted to be considered on the STIP, 

when possible. Focus is more on corridor low-cost safety improvements versus black spots.

Program Methodology

Select the programs that are administered under the HSIP. 

Median Barrier Intersection Safe Corridor

Horizontal Curve Bicycle Safety Rural State Highways

Skid Hazard Crash Data Red Light Running Prevention

Roadway Departure Low-Cost Spot Improvements Sign Replacement And 

Improvement

Local Safety Pedestrian Safety Right Angle Crash

Left Turn Crash Shoulder Improvement Segments

Other: 

Program: Crash Data
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Date of Program Methodology: 9/9/2006

 

What data types were used in the program methodology? 

Crashes Exposure Roadway

All crashes Traffic Median width

Fatal crashes only Volume Horizontal curvature

Fatal and serious injury 

crashes only

Population Functional classification

Other Lane miles Roadside features

Other Other 

What project identification methodology was used for this program? 

Crash frequency

Expected crash frequency with EB adjustment

Equivalent property damage only (EPDO Crash frequency)

EPDO crash frequency with EB adjustment

Relative severity index

Crash rate

Critical rate

Level of service of safety (LOSS)

Excess expected crash frequency using SPFs

Excess expected crash frequency with the EB adjustment

Excess expected crash frequency using method of moments

Probability of specific crash types

Excess proportions of specific crash types
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Other 

Are local roads (non-state owned and operated) included or addressed in this program?

Yes

No

If yes, are local road projects identified using the same methodology as state roads?

Yes

No

If no, describe the methodology used to identify local road projects as part of this program.

The listings for county roads are ranked according to the accident frequency instead of the rates 

because of the lack of traffic volume data.

How are highway safety improvement projects advanced for implementation?

Competitive application process

selection committee

Other-Submitted to be included in the STIP. Follow with collaboration with Districts.

Select the processes used to prioritize projects for implementation. For the methods selected, indicate 

the relative importance of each process in project prioritization. Enter either the weights or numerical 

rankings. If weights are entered, the sum must equal 100. If ranks are entered, indicate ties by giving 

both processes the same rank and skip the next highest rank (as an example: 1, 2, 2, 4).

Relative Weight in Scoring

Rank of Priority Consideration

Ranking based on B/C 2

Available funding 3

Incremental B/C
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Ranking based on net benefit

Cost Effectiveness 1

What proportion of highway safety improvement program funds address systemic improvements? 

0

Highway safety improvment program funds are used to address which of the following systemic 

improvments?

Cable Median Barriers Rumble Strips

Traffic Control Device Rehabilitation Pavement/Shoulder Widening

Install/Improve Signing Install/Improve Pavement Marking and/or 

Delineation

Upgrade Guard Rails Clear Zone Improvements

Safety Edge Install/Improve Lighting

Add/Upgrade/Modify/Remove Traffic Signal Other 

What process is used to identify potential countermeasures? 

Engineering Study

Road Safety Assessment
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Other: 

Identify any program methodology practices used to implement the HSIP that have changed since the 

last reporting period.

Highway Safety Manual

Road Safety audits

Systemic Approach

Other: Other-None

Describe any other aspects of the Highway Safety Improvement Program methodology on which you 

would like to elaborate. 

During this period, run off roadway and median crossover type accidents were targeted. HDOT 

is currently focusing on reducing fatalities and serious injury type accidents by implementing 

low-cost safety improvement projects along corridors with a history of theses types of 

accidents. In Hawaii, these types of accidents have a greater potential of reducing fatalities and 

serious injury accidents cost-effectively, in comparison to “black spot” type projects.HDOT is 

collaborating with the University of Hawaii to develop a Systemic Roadway Departure Plan.

With the development of this plan, HDOT hopes to address more systemic safety improvements 

with proven low-cost safety countermeasures.

Progress in Implementing Projects

Funds Programmed

Reporting period for Highway Safety Improvement Program funding.
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Calendar Year

State Fiscal Year

Federal Fiscal Year

Enter the programmed and obligated funding for each applicable funding category.

Funding Category Programmed* Obligated

HSIP (Section 148) 2112910 18 % 2593296 35 %

HRRRP (SAFETEA-LU) 787090 7 % 787090 11 %

HRRR Special Rule

Penalty Transfer -

Section 154

3512499 31 % 1014195 14 %

Penalty Transfer –

Section 164

3512499 31 % 2962230 40 %

Incentive Grants - 

Section 163

Incentive Grants (Section 

406)

Other Federal-aid Funds 

(i.e. STP, NHPP)

State and Local Funds

Other RHCP 1571813 14 % 0 0 %

Totals 11496811 100% 7356811 100%
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How much funding is programmed to local (non-state owned and maintained) safety projects? 

$412,743.00

How much funding is obligated to local safety projects?

$412,743.00

How much funding is programmed to non-infrastructure safety projects? 

$670,000.00

How much funding is obligated to non-infrastructure safety projects?

$670,000.00

How much funding was transferred in to the HSIP from other core program areas during the reporting 

period?

$7,024,998.00

How much funding was transferred out of the HSIP to other core program areas during the reporting 

period? 

$0.00
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Discuss impediments to obligating Highway Safety Improvement Program funds and plans to 

overcome this in the future.

The penalty transfer is impacting the HSIP core obligation rate. Our administration plans to 

introduce legislation to attain compliance. Systemic Roadway Departure Program may improve 

the obligation of funds when developed and implemented. We would like to have more 

projects initiated and assigned for design and construction. There is an inability of design staff 

to handle the workload. Areas such as: 106, right-of-way, and environmental requirements 

delay projects.

Describe any other aspects of the general Highway Safety Improvement Program implementation 

progress on which you would like to elaborate.

Progress of all HSIP projects is monitored very closely. HSIP program staff follow-up with 

project managers and fiscal staff on a regular basis to track project schedules and make 

adjustments and modifications to the program to minimize the potential for lapsing funds, as 

well as spend HSIP funds efficiently.
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General Listing of Projects

List each highway safety improvement project obligated during the reporting period. 

Project Improvement Category Outpu

t 

HSIP 

Cost

Total 

Cost

Fundin

g 

Categor

y

Functiona

l 

Classificat

ion

AAD

T

Spee

d

Roadwa

y 

Owners

hip

Relationship to SHSP

Emphasis 

Area

Strategy

Interstate 

Route H-3 

Safety 

Improveme

nts, vicinity 

from 

Kamehame

ha Highway 

to Kaneohe 

Marine 

Base

Roadway Rumble strips -

edge or shoulder

5 Miles 29622

30

29622

30

Penalty 

Transfe

r –

Section 

164

Urban 

Principal 

Arterial -

Interstate

194

53

55 State 

Highway 

Agency

Keeping 

vehicles 

in the 

roadway

Install 

rumble 

strips

Honoapiilan

i Highway 

Safety 

Improveme

nts at 

Kaanapali & 

Halelo

Intersection traffic control 

Modify traffic signal -

miscellaneous/other/uns

pecified

1 

Numb

ers

10141

95

10141

95

Penalty 

Transfe

r -

Section 

154

Urban 

Minor 

Arterial

343

50

40 State 

Highway 

Agency

Improving 

the 

design 

and 

operation 

of 

highway 

intersecti

Improve 

traffic 

control 

system
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ons

Maunaloa 

Highway 

Resurfacing

, Maunaloa 

Village to 

Mahana

Roadway Rumble strips -

edge or shoulder

6 Miles 69690

0

69690

0

HSIP 

(Section 

148)

Rural 

Major 

Collector

802 45 State 

Highway 

Agency

Keeping 

vehicles 

in the 

roadway

Install 

rumble 

strips

Kaumualii 

Highway 

Safety 

Improveme

nts, Kahili 

Mountain 

Park Road 

to Eleele 

Road

Roadway signs and traffic 

control Curve-related 

warning signs and flashers

7 Miles 12263

96

12263

96

HSIP 

(Section 

148)

Rural 

Minor 

Arterial

143

49

50 State 

Highway 

Agency

Improving 

motorcycl

e safety 

and 

increasing 

motorcycl

e 

awarenes

s

Install 

signs and 

flashers 

where the 

roadway 

is 

confusing.

Haliimaile 

Road 

Resurfacing 

and Safety 

Improveme

nts, Phase 

2, MP 1.3 to 

Baldwin 

Avenue

Roadway Rumble strips -

edge or shoulder

1 Miles 81053 81053 HRRRP 

(SAFETE

A-LU)

Urban 

Minor 

Collector

443

5

30 County 

Highway 

Agency

Keeping 

vehicles 

in the 

roadway

Install 

rumble 

strips

Kuhio 

Highway 

Roadway Rumble strips - 3 Miles 70603 70603 HRRRP 

(SAFETE

Rural 

Major 

486 35 State 

Highway 

Keeping 

vehicles 

Install 

rumble 
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Safety 

Improveme

nts, Hanalei 

Bridge to 

Waikoko 

Bridge

edge or shoulder 7 7 A-LU) Collector 3 Agency in the 

roadway

strips

Noninfrastructu

re Flex

Non-infrastructure 67000

0

67000

0

HSIP 

(Section 

148)

Education 

and 

enforcem

ent
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Progress in Achieving Safety Performance Targets

Overview of General Safety Trends

Present data showing the general highway safety trends in the state for the past five years. 

Performance Measures* 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of fatalities 157 134 107 109 112

Number of serious injuries 433 347 330 321 354

Fatality rate (per HMVMT) 1.54 1.29 1.05 1.13 1.12

Serious injury rate (per HMVMT) 4.23 3.34 3.23 3.32 3.54

*Performance measure data is presented using a five-year rolling average.
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To the maximum extent possible, present performance measure* data by functional classification and ownership. 

Year - 2012

Function Classification Number of fatalities Number of serious injuries Fatality rate (per HMVMT) Serious injury rate (per HMVMT)

RURAL PRINCIPAL 

ARTERIAL - INTERSTATE

0 0 0 0

RURAL PRINCIPAL 

ARTERIAL - OTHER 

FREEWAYS AND 

EXPRESSWAYS

0 0 0 0

RURAL PRINCIPAL 

ARTERIAL - OTHER

0 0 0 0

RURAL MINOR 

ARTERIAL

0 0 0 0

RURAL MINOR 

COLLECTOR

0 0 0 0

RURAL MAJOR 

COLLECTOR

0 0 0 0

RURAL LOCAL ROAD OR 

STREET

0 0 0 0

URBAN PRINCIPAL 0 0 0 0
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ARTERIAL - INTERSTATE

URBAN PRINCIPAL 

ARTERIAL - OTHER 

FREEWAYS AND 

EXPRESSWAYS

0 0 0 0

URBAN PRINCIPAL 

ARTERIAL - OTHER

0 0 0 0

URBAN MINOR 

ARTERIAL

0 0 0 0

URBAN MINOR 

COLLECTOR

0 0 0 0

URBAN MAJOR 

COLLECTOR

0 0 0 0

URBAN LOCAL ROAD 

OR STREET

0 0 0 0

OTHER - UNABLE TO 

PROVIDE 

INFORMATION AT THIS 

TIME.

0 0 0 0

OTHER - UNABLE TO 

PROVIDE 

INFORMATION AT THIS 

TIME.

0 0 0 0
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Year - 2012

Roadway Ownership Number of fatalities Number of serious injuries Fatality rate (per HMVMT) Serious injury rate (per HMVMT)

STATE HIGHWAY 

AGENCY

0 0 0 0

COUNTY HIGHWAY 

AGENCY

0 0 0 0

TOWN OR TOWNSHIP 

HIGHWAY AGENCY

0 0 0 0

CITY OF MUNICIPAL 

HIGHWAY AGENCY

0 0 0 0

STATE PARK, FOREST, 

OR RESERVATION 

AGENCY

0 0 0 0

LOCAL PARK, FOREST 

OR RESERVATION 

AGENCY

0 0 0 0

OTHER STATE AGENCY 0 0 0 0

OTHER LOCAL AGENCY 0 0 0 0

PRIVATE (OTHER 

THAN RAILROAD)

0 0 0 0
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RAILROAD 0 0 0 0

STATE TOLL 

AUTHORITY

0 0 0 0

LOCAL TOLL 

AUTHORITY

0 0 0 0

OTHER PUBLIC 

INSTRUMENTALITY 

(E.G. AIRPORT, 

SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY)

0 0 0 0

INDIAN TRIBE NATION 0 0 0 0

OTHER 0 0 0 0

OTHER 0 0 0 0
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Describe any other aspects of the general highway safety trends on which you would like to elaborate.

An uptrend in the statistics should not imply a decrease in safety of the infrastructure. The 

economy is not accounted for in these figures, yet it has a significant impact on driver behavior 

and safety on the roadways.

Please note that the numbers provided for the performance measures are not for rolling 

averages.

We are unable to provide information at this time for function classification.

Application of Special Rules

Present the rate of traffic fatalities and serious injuries per capita for drivers and pedestrians over the 

age of 65. 

Older Driver

Performance Measures

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fatality rate (per capita) 0.13 0.06 0.11 0 0

Serious injury rate (per 

capita)

2.24 2.2 2.44 0 0

Fatality and serious injury 

rate (per capita)

0 0.28 0 0.24 0

*Performance measure data is presented using a five-year rolling average.

** Please note that 2011 data is unavailable at this time. ORT requires a value to be entered for 

fatality and serious injury rate (per capita) for 2009 and 2011. 2008 and 2010 values were 

calculated and entered into the 2009 and 2011 cells to satisfy program. 

Calculation Rate for 2007-2010 (Year = X)

Fatality Rate = F (X) Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/(X) Population figure 

Serious Injury Rate = SI (X) Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/(X) Population 

figure

Calculation Rate for 2008 Fatality and Serious Injury Rate =

[(F+SI 2004 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2004 population figure) +

(F+SI 2005 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2005 population figure) +
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(F+SI 2006 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2006 population figure) +

(F+SI 2007 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2007 population figure) +

(F+SI 2008 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2008 population figure)]/5

Calculation Rate for 2010 Fatality and Serious Injury Rate =

[(F+SI 2006 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2006 population figure) +

(F+SI 2007 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2007 population figure) +

(F+SI 2008 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2008 population figure) +

(F+SI 2009 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2009population figure) +

(F+SI 2010 Drivers and Pedestrians 65 years of age and older/2010 population figure)]/5
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Does the older driver special rule apply to your state? 

No
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Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Improvements (Program 

Evaluation)

What indicators of success can you use to demonstrate effectiveness and success in the Highway 

Safety Improvement Program?

None

Benefit/cost

Policy change

Other: 
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What significant programmatic changes have occurred since the last reporting period? 

Shift Focus to Fatalities and Serious Injuries

Include Local Roads in Highway Safety Improvement Program

Organizational Changes

None

Other: 
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Briefly describe significant program changes that have occurred since the last reporting period. 

No signification program changes since last reporting period.
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SHSP Emphasis Areas
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For each SHSP emphasis area that relates to the HSIP, present trends in emphasis area performance measures. 

Year - 2012

HSIP-related SHSP 

Emphasis Areas

Target 

Crash Type

Number of 

fatalities

Number of 

serious injuries

Fatality rate (per 

HMVMT)

Serious injury rate 

(per HMVMT)

Other1Other2Other3

Instituting graduated 

licensing for younger 

drivers

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ensuring drivers are 

licensed and fully 

competent

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustaining proficiency 

in older drivers

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Curbing aggressive 

driving

Speedrelated

34 86 0.33 0.83 0 0 0

Reducing impaired 

driving

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Keeping drivers alert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Increasing driver 

safety awareness

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Increasing seat belt 

use and improving 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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airbag effectiveness

Making walking and 

street crossing easier

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ensuring safer bicycle 

travel

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Improving motorcycle 

safety and increasing 

motorcycle awareness

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Making truck travel 

safer

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Increasing safety 

enhancements in 

vehicles

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Reducing vehicle-train 

crashes

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Keeping vehicles in the 

roadway

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Minimizing the 

consequences of 

leaving the road

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Improving the design 

and operation of 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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highway intersections

Reducing head-on and 

across-median crashes

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Designing safer work 

zones

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Enhancing emergency 

medical capabilities to 

increase survivability

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Improving information 

and decision support 

systems

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Groups of similar project types
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Present the overall effectiveness of groups of similar types of projects.

Year - 2012

HSIP Sub-program 

Types

Target 

Crash Type

Number of 

fatalities

Number of 

serious injuries

Fatality rate (per 

HMVMT)

Serious injury rate 

(per HMVMT)

Other1Other2Other3

Backplates with 

retroreflective 

borders

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Milled rumble 

strips

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Systemic Treatments
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Present the overall effectiveness of systemic treatments.. 

Year - 2012

Systemic 

improvement

Target 

Crash Type

Number of 

fatalities

Number of 

serious injuries

Fatality rate (per 

HMVMT)

Serious injury rate 

(per HMVMT)

Other1Other2Other3

Safety Edge Run-offroad13 28 0.13 0.27 0 0 0
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Describe any other aspects of the overall Highway Safety Improvement Program effectiveness on 

which you would like to elaborate. 

The State of Hawaii considers fatal and serious injury accidents for all analyses along with the 

total number of major traffic accidents. It would be beneficial to have a consistent definition of 

a serious injury among all National Transportation offices. Please note that the SHSP Emphasis 

Areas and HSIP Sub-program Types data reflect fatal accidents not fatalities. We will be 

working towards providing more of the requested data with next year’s submittal.
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Provide project evaluation data for completed projects (optional). 

Location Functional 

Class

Improvement 

Category

Improvement 

Type

BefFatalBefSerious 

Injury

BefOther 

Injury

BefPDOBefTotalAftFatalAftSerious 

Injury

AftOther 

Injury

AftPDOAftTotalEvaluation 

Results 

(Benefit/ 

Cost Ratio)

Kamehameha 

Highway 

Intersection 

Improvements 

at Leilehua 

Golf Course 

Road

Urban 

Principal 

Arterial -

Other 

Freeways 

and 

Expressways

Intersection 

traffic control

Install traffic 

signal system

3 1 11 6 21 0 0 3 5 8 7.17
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Optional Attachments

Sections Files Attached
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Glossary

5 year rolling average means the average of five individual, consecutive annual points of data (e.g. 

annual fatality rate).

Emphasis area means a highway safety priority in a State’s SHSP, identified through a data-driven, 

collaborative process. 

Highway safety improvement project means strategies, activities and projects on a public road that are 

consistent with a State strategic highway safety plan and corrects or improves a hazardous road location 

or feature or addresses a highway safety problem. 

HMVMT means hundred million vehicle miles traveled.

Non-infrastructure projects are projects that do not result in construction. Examples of noninfrastructure projects include road safety audits, transportation safety planning activities, 

improvements in the collection and analysis of data, education and outreach, and enforcement 

activities.

Older driver special rule applies if traffic fatalities and serious injuries per capita for drivers and 

pedestrians over the age of 65 in a State increases during the most recent 2-year period for which data 

are available, as defined in the Older Driver and Pedestrian Special Rule Interim Guidance dated 

February 13, 2013. 

Performance measure means indicators that enable decision-makers and other stakeholders to monitor 

changes in system condition and performance against established visions, goals, and objectives.

Programmed funds mean those funds that have been programmed in the Statewide Transportation 

Improvement Program (STIP) to be expended on highway safety improvement projects.

Roadway Functional Classification means the process by which streets and highways are grouped into 

classes, or systems, according to the character of service they are intended to provide.

Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) means a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary plan, based on safety 

data developed by a State Department of Transportation in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 148. 

Systemic safety improvement means an improvement that is widely implemented based on high risk 

roadway features that are correlated with specific severe crash types. 

Transfer means, in accordance with provisions of 23 U.S.C. 126, a State may transfer from an 

apportionment under section 104(b) not to exceed 50 percent of the amount apportioned for the fiscal 

year to any other apportionment of the State under that section.