1 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov

The Parker Ranch installation in Hawaii

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 

Walk In Coolers and Walk In Freezers 

Energy Conservation Program 

Preliminary Analysis 

May 19, 2010 

Charles Llenza 

Department of Energy 

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 

WICF 2008 STD 0015@ee.doe.gov 

Welcome and Introduction 

2 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Introductions 

• Role of the Facilitator 

• Ground Rules (norms) 

– Listen as an ally 

– Use short, succinct statements (keep to the point) 

– Hold sidebar conversations outside the room 

– Focus on issues, not personalities 

– One person speak at a time (raise hand to be recognized, state name for 

the record) 

– Set cell phones to silent/vibrate 

• Housekeeping Items 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

Agenda (Morning) 

3 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

9:00 – 9:30 am 

9:30 – 9:45 am 

9:45 – 10:45 am 

10:45 – 11:00 am 

11:00 – 11:45 am 

11:45 – 12:45 pm 

12:45 – 1:45 pm 

Welcome, Introductions, Agenda Review, and 

Opening Statements 

Rulemaking Overview 

Market and Technology Assessment, Screening Analysis, 

and Engineering Analysis 

Break 

Markup Analysis and Energy Use Analysis 

Shipments Analysis, Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period 

Analysis, and National Impact Analysis 

Lunch 

Agenda (Afternoon) 

4 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

1:45 – 2:15 pm 

2:15 – 2:45 pm 

2:45 – 3:00 pm 

3:00 – 4:00 pm 

4:00 – 4:30 pm 

Manufacturer Impact Analysis (MIA) 

Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) Analyses: 

Utility Impact Analysis, Employment Impact Analysis, 

Environmental Assessment, and Regulatory Impact 

Analysis 

Break 

Test Procedures 

Next Steps and Closing Remarks 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

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Public Meeting Agenda 

5 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Introduction and Overview 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

Request for Comments 

6 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Issue Box For the Notice of Public Meeting and Availability of

the Preliminary Technical Support Document, DOE welcomes 

comment. Throughout this presentation, specific issues will be

raised for discussion in yellow issue boxes. However, 

comments concerning any part of the document or presentation

are welcome. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DOE Seeks Comments on its Proposal 

7 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

In all correspondence, include all of the following: 

– Energy Conservation Standards for Walk-In Coolers and Walk-In Freezers 

– Docket Number EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 

– Regulatory Identification Number (RIN) 1904-AB86 

Email: WICF-2008-STD-0015@ee.doe.gov 

Comment period closes May 28, 2010 

Postal Mail: 

Ms. Brenda Edwards 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Building Technologies Program 

1000 Independence Avenue, SW 

Mailstop EE-2J 

Washington, DC 20585 

Courier: 

Ms. Brenda Edwards 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Building Technologies Program 

950 L‘Enfant Plaza, 6th Floor 

Washington, DC 20024 

Telephone: 202.586.2945 

Purpose of the Public Meeting 

8 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Present the procedural and analytical approaches to evaluate 

energy conservation standards for walk-in coolers and walk-in 

freezers (WICF or walk-ins). 

• Provide a forum for public discussion of rulemaking issues. 

• Encourage interested parties to submit data, information, and written 

comments. 

• Inform interested parties and facilitate the rulemaking process. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opening Statements 

9 | Building Technologies Program 

At this time, DOE welcomes opening remarks on the

preliminary analyses for walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers. 

eere.energy.gov 

Statute and Context: Introduction 

10 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• As amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 

2007 (Public Law 110-140), the Energy Policy and Conservation Act 

(EPCA): 

– Sets prescriptive standards on certain components of WICF. 

– Directs DOE to publish test procedures for WICF. 

• The subject of a separate but concurrent rulemaking. 

– Directs DOE to ―publish performance based standards for walk-in coolers 

and walk-in freezers that achieve the maximum improvement in energy 

that the Secretary determines is technologically feasible and economically 

justified‖ by January 1, 2012. 

• The subject of this rulemaking. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WICF Rulemaking Schedule 

11 | Building Technologies Program 

Milestone 

Framework Document published 

Federal Register Notice of Public Meeting (NOPM) and 

Availability of the Preliminary Technical Support Document 

Issue NOPR 

Issue Final Rule 

Standard Effective Date 

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 

eere.energy.gov 

Date 

January 6, 2009 

April 5, 2010 

Spring 2011 

January 1, 2012 

January 1, 2015 

2015 2016 

Stakeholder Participation in the 

Rulemaking Process 

12 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Federal Register 

Notices 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis NOPR Final 

Rule 

• Public meetings and oral comments 

• Written comments on Federal Register notices, Technical 

Support Documents (TSDs), and analytical spreadsheets 

• Data input from manufacturers and other interested parties 

Stakeholder 

Participation 

Today 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

13 | Building Technologies Program 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Statute and Context: Overall Approach 

14 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• DOE is developing separate standards for envelopes and 

refrigeration systems. 

– Approach was based on feedback from interested parties in the 

framework stage. 

– Proposed test procedures: separate tests. 

• DOE conducted the Market and Technology Assessment and the 

Engineering Analysis separately for envelopes and refrigeration 

systems. 

• DOE conducted downstream analyses on combinations of envelope 

and refrigeration classes at all efficiency levels. 

Item 1-1 DOE seeks comment on developing separate 

standards for envelopes and refrigeration systems. (Question

ES.4.1 in the Executive Summary) 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

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Public Meeting Agenda 

15 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Statute and Context 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

16 | Building Technologies Program 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

17 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– Characterize the WICF market and manufacturers 

– Determine appropriate equipment classes 

• Method 

– Determine scope of coverage 

– Identify and characterize manufacturers of WICF 

– Use historical shipment data to characterize market trends 

– Classify covered equipment into appropriate equipment classes 

• Detailed description of methodology and results is contained in 

Chapter 3 of the preliminary TSD. 

Market Assessment: Purpose & Method 

Market Assessment: 

Equipment Classes (cont.) 

Equipment Classes for Envelopes 

Equipment Type Operating Temperature Equipment 

Class Designation 

Non-Display 

Cooler ND.C 

Freezer ND.F 

Display 

Cooler D.C 

Freezer D.F 

Equipment Classes for Refrigeration Systems 

Condensing 

Type 

Operating 

Temperature 

Condenser 

Location 

Equipment 

Class Designation 

Multiplex Medium -- MC.M 

Low -- MC.L 

Medium Indoor DC.M.I 

Dedicated Low DC.L.I 

Medium Outdoor DC.M.O 

Low DC.L.O 

18 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

Market Assessment: 

Request for Comment 

19 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 2-1 DOE seeks comment on these equipment classes. 

(Question ES.4.3 in the Executive Summary) 

eere.energy.gov 

20 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– To develop a preliminary list of technology options that could improve 

the efficiency of walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers. 

• Method 

– DOE identified technology options from: 

• Literature review 

• Manufacturer marketing brochures 

• Comments and input from stakeholders 

• All technology options are described in Chapter 3 of the preliminary 

TSD. 

Technology Assessment: 

Purpose & Method 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Technologies Identified: Envelope 

21 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

All Envelope Classes 

Wall, Ceiling, and Floor Insulation Door Gaskets 

Automatic Door Opening and Closing 

Systems 

Electronic Ballasts and High-Efficiency 

Lighting 

Occupancy Sensors Panel Interface Systems 

Air Curtains Strip Curtains 

Refrigeration System Override Air and Water Infiltration Sensors 

Humidity Sensors Heat Flux Sensors 

Vestibule Entryways Revolving Doors 

Fiber Optic Natural Lighting Energy Storage Systems 

Non-Penetrative Internal Racks and 

Shelving 

Technologies Identified: Envelope 

(cont.) 

22 | Building Technologies Program 

Display Envelopes Only 

Anti-Sweat Heater Controls Non-Electric Anti-Sweat Systems 

No Anti-Sweat Systems Automatic Insulation Deployment 

Display and Window Glass System 

Insulation Performance 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

Technologies Identified: Refrigeration 

Systems 

23 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

All Refrigeration System Classes 

High-Efficiency Evaporator Fan Blades Improved Evaporator Coils 

Evaporator Fan Control High-Efficiency Evaporator Fan Motors 

Three-Phase Motors 

Dedicated Condensing Refrigeration Systems Only 

Ambient Sub-Cooling High-Efficiency Condenser Fan Motors 

Automatic Evaporator Fan Shutoff High-Efficiency Condenser Fan Blades 

High Efficiency Compressors Improved Condenser Coil 

Low Temperature Refrigeration Systems Only 

Hot Gas Defrost Defrost Controls 

Outdoor Refrigeration Systems Only 

Floating Head Pressure Economizer Cooling 

Technology Assessment: 

Request for Comment 

24 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 2-2 DOE asks interested parties to comment on other

technologies that DOE should consider. 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

25 | Building Technologies Program 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Screening Analysis: Purpose 

26 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– To determine which technology options will be considered in 

downstream analyses. 

• Technology options are ―screened out‖ if they 

– Are not technologically feasible 

– Are not practicable to manufacture, install, and service 

– Have adverse impacts on equipment utility or availability to customers 

– Have adverse impacts on health or safety 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 4 of 

the preliminary TSD. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

27 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Screened-Out Technologies: 

– For Envelopes: 

• Revolving doors 

• Fiber-optic natural lighting 

• Energy storage systems 

• Non-electric anti-sweat systems 

• Automatic insulation deployment systems 

– For Refrigeration: 

• Higher efficiency evaporator fan motors 

• Three-phase motors 

• Economizer cooling 

Screening Analysis (cont.) 

Item 2-3 DOE seeks comment on the screened-out 

technologies. 

28 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Engineering Analysis: Purpose and Methods 

29 | Building Technologies Program 

• Purpose 

– To characterize the relationship between manufacturer selling price 

and walk-in equipment energy consumption. 

• Methods 

– DOE performed the engineering analysis on envelopes and 

refrigeration systems separately. 

– DOE chose representative units on which to perform the analysis: 

• Envelope: Three sizes per class 

• Refrigeration system: Two sizes per class 

– For each unit, DOE determined the baseline configuration. 

– DOE also analyzed the technology options for each class. 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 

5 of the preliminary TSD. 

eere.energy.gov 

Engineering Analysis: Approach 

30 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• DOE used a design-option approach to estimate the effect of 

implementing advanced technologies. 

– For a baseline unit, DOE first calculated: 

• Energy consumption 

• Cost 

– DOE added advanced technologies to the baseline and calculated: 

• Reduction in energy consumption 

• Incremental cost 

– Finally, DOE sorted the technologies in order from most to least costeffective. 

• Result: Cost-Efficiency Curves, which describe the relationship 

between energy consumption and manufacturer selling price. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

Engineering Analysis: 

Representative Sizes Analyzed 

31 | Building Technologies Program 

Small Medium Large 

? ? 

• DOE selected “representative” sizes for each equipment class 

eere.energy.gov 

Engineering Analysis: 

Representative Sizes Analyzed (cont.) 

32 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Equipment Sizes for Envelopes 

Equipment Sizes for Refrigeration Systems 

Dimensions [length x width x height, ft] 

Class Small Medium Large 

ND.C 10 x 8 x 7.6 12 x 20 x 9.5 25 x 30 x 12 

ND.F 8 x 6 x 7.6 9 x 20 x 9.5 25 x 20 x 12 

D.C 6 x 6 x 6.6 10.2 x 7 x 7.6 80 x 15 x 7.6 

D.F 6 x 6 x 6.6 10.2 x 7 x 7.6 80 x 15 x 7.6 

Nominal Capacity [Btu/hr] 

Class Small Large 

DC.M.I 12,000 24,000 

DC.L.I 6,000 12,000 

DC.M.O 15,000 24,000 

DC.L.O 6,000 12,000 

MC.M 9,000 30,000 

MC.L 6,000 30,000 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Engineering Analysis: 

Technologies Analyzed 

33 | Building Technologies Program 

All Envelopes 

Improved Wall, Ceiling, and 

Floor Insulation 

Improved Door Gaskets and 

Panel Interface Systems 

Electronic Lighting Ballasts and 

High-Efficiency Lighting 

Occupancy Sensors and Automatic 

Door Opening and Closing Systems 

Air Curtains and Strip Curtains 

Vestibule Entryways 

Display Only 

Display and Window Glass System 

Insulation Enhancement 

Anti-Sweat Heater Controls and 

No Anti-Sweat Systems 

eere.energy.gov 

All Refrigeration Systems 

Improved Evaporator Fan Blades 

Improved Evaporator Coil 

Evaporator Fan Control 

Dedicated Condensing Only 

Larger Condenser Coil 

Improved Condenser Fan Blades 

ECM Condenser Fan Motors 

High-Efficiency Scroll Compressors 

Outdoor Only 

Floating Head Pressure 

Low Temperature Only 

Defrost Controls 

Engineering Analysis: 

Request for Comment 

34 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 2-6 DOE seeks comment on other technologies that are 

currently available that could improve the efficiency of WICF 

equipment. 

Item 2-4 DOE seeks comment on the representative 

equipment sizes analyzed. 

Item 2-5 DOE seeks comment on divisions between sizes for 

each equipment class. 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
Daily Energy 

Consumption 

[kWh/day]

Total Heat Load 

[kWh/day]

EER

Electric 

Energy 

Consumption

[kWh/day]

Heat Load 

[Btu/h]

Legend:

Component 

Energy 

Consumption

[kWh/day]

Lighting 

Energy 

Consumption

[kWh/day]

Anti-Sweat 

Energy 

Consumption

[kWh/day]

Component 

Load

[Btu/h]

Conduction 

Load

[Btu/h]

Anti-Sweat 

Heat Load

[Btu/h]

Lighting Heat 

Load

[Btu/h]

Non-Electric 

Load

[Btu/h]

Total Heat 

Load

[Btu/h]

Door Opening 

Infiltration Load

[Btu/h]

Steady-State 

Infiltration Load

[Btu/h]

Other Energy 

Consumption

[kWh/day]

Other Heat 

Load

[Btu/h]

Normalized Energy Consumption 

((MWh/year)/(kBtu/h))

Net Coil 

Capacity (Btu/h)

Gross Coil Capacity (Btu/h)

On-Cycle Evaporator 

Fan Motor Heat 

Load (Btu/h)

Energy 

Consumption 

(Wh/year)

On-Cycle System 

Power (W)

Net Coil Capacity 

(Btu/h)

On-Cycle Evaporator 

Fan Heat Load 

(Btu/h)

On-Cycle 

Evaporator 

Fan Power (W)

EER of Multiplex

System

Off-Cycle 

Evaporator 

Fan Power (W)

Defrost Power 

(W) Load Factors

Non-Refrigeration 

Load (Btu/h)

Off-Cycle Evaporator 

Fan Heat Load 

(Btu/h)

Defrost Heat Load 

(Btu/h)

Net Capacity (Btu/h)

Engineering Analysis: 

Envelope Energy Model 

35 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Engineering Analysis: 

Refrigeration Energy Model 

36 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Manufacturer Production Cost 

– Total material and part costs were derived from a review of envelopes 

and refrigeration systems. 

– Factory parameter assumptions (labor, overhead, and depreciation 

costs) were based on DOE‘s internal expertise and manufacturer 

feedback. 

Engineering Analysis: 

Cost Model 

Manufacturer 

Markups 

• Sales & marketing 

• Research & 

development 

• Interest 

• Profit 

Manufacturer 

Production 

Cost 

Outbound 

Freight Cost = 

• Direct material 

• Direct labor 

• Factory overhead 

• Depreciation 

+ 

Shipping from 

manufacturer to 

distributor 

Manufacturer 

Selling Price 

38 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Manufacturer Markup 

– DOE developed manufacturer markups using SEC form 10-K 

reports from publicly owned WICF manufacturing companies. 

• Net Sales 

• Costs of Sales 

• Gross Profit 

– The aggregate manufacturer markup was found to be 1.39. 

Engineering Analysis: 

Cost Model (cont.) 

Outbound 

Freight Cost = 

Shipping from 

manufacturer to 

distributor 

Manufacturer 

Selling Price 

• Sales & marketing 

• Research & 

development 

• Interest 

• Profit 

Manufacturer 

Production 

Cost 

Manufacturer 

Markups 

• Direct material 

• Direct labor 

• Factory overhead 

• Depreciation 

+ 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

Engineering Analysis: 

Cost Model (cont.) 

39 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Outbound Freight 

– DOE assumed that manufacturers included their outbound freight 

cost in the equipment selling price. 

– Outbound freight cost varies by: 

• Volume 

• Weight 

• Sales & marketing 

• Research & 

development 

• Interest 

• Profit 

Manufacturer 

Production 

Cost 

Manufacturer 

Markups 

Outbound 

Freight Cost = 

• Direct material 

• Direct labor 

• Factory overhead 

• Depreciation 

Manufacturer + Selling Price 

Shipping from 

manufacturer to 

distributor 

Engineering Analysis: 

Cost Model (cont.) 

40 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Item 2-7 DOE seeks comment on its costs, markup, and 

outbound freight assumptions. 

Manufacturer 

Production 

Cost 

Manufacturer 

Markups 

Outbound 

Freight Cost = Manufacturer + Selling Price 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
$0 

$5,000 

$10,000 

$15,000 

$20,000 

$25,000 

$30,000 

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

Manufacturer Selling Price [$]

Daily Energy Consumption [kWh/day]

$0 

$50 

$100 

$150 

$200 

$250 

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Normalized Manufacturer Selling Price 

[$/(kBtu/h)]

Normalized Daily Energy Consumption 

[(kWh/day)/(kBtu/h)]

 

Engineering Analysis: 

Envelope Cost-Efficiency Curve 

41 | Building Technologies Program 

Baseline 

Max Tech 

Medium Non-Display Cooler (ND.C) 

eere.energy.gov 

Engineering Analysis: 

Refrigeration Cost-Efficiency Curve 

42 | Building Technologies Program 

Baseline 

Max Tech 

Large, Dedicated-Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor Unit (DC.M.I) 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

$0 

$5,000 

$10,000 

$15,000 

$20,000 

$25,000 

$30,000 

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

Manufacturer Selling Price [$]

Daily Energy Consumption [kWh/day]

 

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Engineering Analysis: 

Efficiency Levels 

43 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Each point on a cost-efficiency curve is called an Efficiency Level. 

• DOE conducted downstream analyses at each combination of 

Efficiency Levels for envelope and refrigeration system pairs. 

Efficiency Levels 

Public Meeting Agenda 

44 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Statute and Context 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

45 | Building Technologies Program 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Markups Analysis: Purpose 

46 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– Determine end-user prices based on manufacturer costs 

– Characterize equipment distribution channels 

– Reflect WICF distribution direct costs, expenses, and profits 

• Inputs 

– Firm balance sheets from HARDI (wholesalers) and ACCA (mechanical 

contractors) data 

– U.S. Census Bureau on wholesalers, mechanical contractors, general 

contractors 

• Output 

– Baseline and incremental markups 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 6 of 

the preliminary TSD. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

Markups Analysis: 

Distribution Channels for Equipment to Grocery Segment 

47 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

WICF Manufacturers (Grocery Segment) 

National 

Accounts 

(Chain Stores) 

Food and Equipment 

Wholesaler 

Mechanical Contractor 

(New Construction or Replacement) 

Customer Customer Customer Customer 

Distribution Intermediary [Equipment Dealer (and 

Mechanical Contractor)] 

Markups Analysis: 

Distribution Channels for Equipment to Foodservice Segment 

48 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

WICF Manufacturers (Foodservice Segment) 

Dealers 

OPERATORS 

Design 

Consultants 

Buying 

Groups 

Franchisers 

Broadline Distributors 

E-Commerce Value-Added 

Resellers 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 National Account

Distributor

Contractor

E-commerce Reseller

 

 

 

Markups Analysis: 

Distribution Channel Shares 

49 | Building Technologies Program 

Multiplex Condensing Equipment 

70% 

15% 

15% 

eere.energy.gov 

Dedicated Condensing Equipment 

Convenience Stores 

and Small 

Grocery Stores 

(50%) 

Food Service 

(50%) 

30% 

35% 

35% 

10% 

80% 

10% 

Distribution Channels: 

Request for Comment 

50 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 3-2 DOE seeks comment on the accuracy of these 

distribution channels and the distribution channel shares. 

Item 3-1 DOE seeks comment on the markups analysis

modeling approach (i.e. using multiple distribution channels). 

(Question ES.4.4 in the Executive Summary) 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

Markups Analysis: 

Preliminary Average Markups 

Markups (Baseline / Incremental) 

Distributor 

Mechanical 

Contractor 

(Includes 

Distributor) 

National 

Account 

(Mfg Direct) 

Overall Weighted 

Average Markup 

Multiplex 

Equipment 

Dedicated 

Equipment 

Distributor(s) 

Markup 1.45/1.12 2.21/1.38 1.23/1.06 1.41/1.12 1.83/1.25 

Overall 

Markup 

(Incl. Sales Tax) 

1.56/1.20 2.36/1.48 1.31/1.13 1.51/1.20 1.96/1.34 

Sales Tax 

Multiplier 1.07 

51 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Item 3-3 DOE seeks comment on the baseline and 

incremental markups. 

52 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Energy Use Analysis: Purpose 

53 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– To provide annual energy consumption estimates by efficiency level for 

walk-in equipment 

– For units with outdoor condensers, to estimate and analyze state-wide 

annual energy consumption by efficiency level 

• Outputs 

– Annual WICF energy consumption for all envelope and refrigeration 

system combinations at all efficiency levels. 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 7 of 

the preliminary TSD. 

Energy Use Analysis: 

Methodology 

54 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Analyzed 12 representative envelopes (4 equipment classes x 3 

sizes). 

• Matched each envelope with one of three refrigeration system types: 

– Dedicated indoor system 

– Dedicated system with external condenser 

– Multiplex system 

• Assumed product loading and duty cycle. 

• Determined direct electrical energy consumption using proposed 

envelope test procedure methodology. 

• Estimated energy for the refrigeration system using proposed test 

procedure (AHRI 1250-2009). 

• Added energy consumption of the envelope and refrigeration system 

to calculate the total energy consumption of the walk-in. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

Envelope Direct Energy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Data Inputs and Methodology 

55 | Building Technologies Program 

Data from Proposed 

Refrigeration System Test 

Procedure (AHRI 1250) Heat Load 

Refrigeration System Energy Consumption 

(Inside Envelope) 

Assumptions 

Envelope Load Product Load 

Data from 

Proposed 

Envelope 

DOE Test 

Procedure 

Refrigeration System Energy 

Consumption (Outside Envelope) 

Envelope Direct Energy Consumption 

eere.energy.gov 

Aggregate System 

Energy Consumption 

Energy 

Consumption 

Results 

Heat Loads 

Inputs from 

Proposed Test 

Procedures 

LEGEND 

56 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Energy Use Analysis: 

Assumptions for Product Load 

Item 3-4 DOE seeks comment on the assumptions made for 

calculating the product load. 

Coolers Freezers 

Product Pull Down 

Temperature 

Difference ( F) 

10 

Product Specific Heat 

(Btu/lb- F) 0.9 0.45 

Small Medium/ 

Large Small Medium/ Large 

Loading Ratio 

(lbs/ft3-24 hr) 4 2 1 0.5 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Required Capacity ('000 kBtu/ hr)

Oversize Factor

Energy Use Analysis: 

Assumptions for Duty Cycle 

57 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Coolers Freezers 

High Box Load (BLH) BLH = 0.7 x qss * BLH = 0.8 x qss * 

Low Box Load (BLL) BLL = 0.1 x qss * BLL = 0.4 x qss * 

Average Box Load (BLA) BLA = (8 BLH + 16 BLL) / 24 

Item 3-5 DOE seeks comment on the duty cycle assumptions 

and the rationale to use the duty cycle assumptions from the

proposed refrigeration system test procedure (AHRI 1250-2009). 

*qss=steady state capacity of the refrigeration system 

Energy Use Analysis: 

Oversize Factor 

58 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Oversize factor (or mismatch factor) is the ratio between the required capacity and the closest 

available (size) refrigeration system capacity 

• The mismatch factor is used to calculate the nearest matched refrigeration system capacity 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Annual kWh

Envelope Efficiency Levels

Baseline Efficiency Refrigeration Median Efficiency Refrigeration

Highest Efficiency Refrigeration

 

- 

 

 

Energy Use Analysis: 

Sample Estimates of Annual Energy Consumption 

59 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Energy Consumption for a Medium Non-Display Cooler with a 

Dedicated Medium-Temperature Outdoor System (12' x 20' x 9.5'): 

Public Meeting Agenda 

60 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Statute and Context 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

62 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– Estimates financial impacts for a single consumer over time in two ways: 

• Life-cycle cost (LCC) savings 

• Payback period (PBP) 

• Methodology 

– Life Cycle Cost: Equipment-installed price + sum of operating cost 

stream 

• LCC savings: Baseline minus standard level 

– Payback Period: Equipment-installed price / one year‘s operating costs 

– LCC is discounted; PBP is not discounted (―simple‖ PBP) 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 8 of 

the preliminary TSD. 

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis: 

Purpose & Methodology 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

63 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Analysis Flow Chart 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Electricity Prices 

64 | Building Technologies Program 

• Current electricity prices based on EIA form 861 data 

– Specific to state and sector 

• Growth rates based on EIA‘s Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 

– Specific to sector only 

• Both will be updated again for the NOPR 

– Current EIA form 861 data is 2008-2009, current AEO is April 2009 

• Average energy prices 

– Not time-of-use pricing or marginal pricing 

– Assumes no variation by building type 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Repair, Maintenance, and Replacement Costs 

65 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Major repairs = Replacement of entire refrigeration system and doors 

– Probability of replacing refrigeration system during envelope lifetime = 0.5 

– Annualized 

• Annual maintenance costs = $158 to $239 

– One national figure 

– Independent of size, efficiency level 

• Replacement accounted separately and considered as maintenance 

activity 

• Main data source for all three: RS Means 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Request for Comment 

66 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 4-1 DOE seeks comment on whether the maintenance 

and repair costs are reasonable and how maintenance and 

repair costs may vary with efficiency level. 

Item 4-2 DOE seeks comments on any additional sources

that could be considered for maintenance, repair, and 

installation costs. 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

Installation Labor hours for Small Unit Coolers 

y = 1.0327x + 3.0837

R

2

 = 0.9085

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 2 4 6 8 10

Capacity (kBtu/ Hr)

Installation Labor Hours

 Capacity of Unit coolers <10 kBtu/Hr Regression Line

 

 

 

 

 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Installation Costs 

67 | Building Technologies Program 

• Installation costs 

– Unit cooler and condensing units installations considered separately 

– Labor hour and rates based on RS Means for various sizes. 

– Data extrapolated to cover full range 

eere.energy.gov 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Other Inputs 

68 | Building Technologies Program 

• Discount Rates 

– Real rates based on weighted average cost of capital (WACC) 

– Different rates by establishment type 

• Grocery stores 

• Convenience stores 

• Food service establishments 

• Dairy farms 

• Miscellaneous 

• Lifetimes 

– Used average lifetime for one envelope (15 years) 

– Includes two refrigeration systems in that time 

– More detail in shipments section 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 5,280 31,025 36,814 46,001 46,376 46,829 39,655 

1 16,417 21,348 45,391 50,780 59,328 59,675 60,090 53,347 

2 24,014 28,767 51,943 57,129 65,353 65,686 66,081 59,560 

3 38,774 42,913 63,092 67,579 74,686 74,970 75,300 69,551 

4 42,788 46,799 66,349 70,691 77,564 77,839 78,155 72,569 

5 67,718 70,585 84,560 87,616 92,439 92,627 92,828 88,717 

6 84,588 86,243 94,301 96,020 98,718 98,818 98,912 96,431 

7 78,058 79,638 87,335 88,973 91,543 91,639 91,726 89,348 

8 78,085 79,659 87,329 88,961 91,522 91,617 91,705 89,334 

9 78,091 79,665 87,330 88,961 91,520 91,615 91,702 89,333 

10 78,089 79,656 87,289 88,912 91,460 91,555 91,641 89,281 

11 66,008 67,160 72,768 73,944 75,784 75,851 75,906 74,129 

12 65,991 67,139 72,730 73,903 75,737 75,803 75,858 74,086 

13 65,899 67,039 72,590 73,754 75,574 75,640 75,694 73,934 

14 65,746 66,880 72,403 73,560 75,371 75,436 75,490 73,739 

15 63,565 64,689 70,161 71,307 73,100 73,165 73,218 71,481 

Box 

Efficiency 

Level

LCC Savings by Refrigeration Efficiency Level (2009, $) for Medium Display Cooler with 

Large Dedicated, Indoor Refrigeration System

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Sample Results 

69 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Difficult to summarize LCC results (many equipment classes, Efficiency Levels) 

• Need summary statistic: max LCC for each class, size 

• Typically occurs at high Efficiency Levels, but not max tech 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis: 

Monte Carlo Simulation 

70 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• For NOPR stage, DOE will also conduct Monte Carlo analysis for 

LCC. 

• Allows DOE to consider variations in: 

– Energy use (based on climate region/state) 

– Prices (based on state taxes/labor prices/markups) 

– Discount rates (based on sector/WACC) 

– Possibly other factors (e.g., shipping distance) 

• Correlates inputs where necessary (e.g., state taxes and state 

climate region) 

• Key value: shows how many consumers ―win‖ or ―lose‖ financially 

– As opposed to average consumer‘s financial gain or loss 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

- 

 

 

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis:

Other Comments 

71 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 4-3 DOE welcomes any other comments on the Life 

Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis at this time. 

eere.energy.gov 

Public Meeting Agenda 

72 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Statute and Context 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

73 | Building Technologies Program 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Shipments Analysis: Outputs & 

Purpose 

74 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose: 

– Estimate future stock & future shipments of envelopes and refrigeration 

systems 

– Estimate efficiency mix of the stock over time 

• Supports numerous downstream analyses including: 

– National Impact Analysis 

– Manufacturer Impact Analysis 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 9 of 

the preliminary TSD. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

75 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Future shipments are based on historical shipments. 

• DOE could not find historical data for walk-in shipments. 

• Solution: 

– Estimate historical stock (1997-2009) 

– Estimate equipment replacement rates 

– Estimate market growth rates 

• Calculate for many possible walk-in types (equipment classes, 

efficiency levels...) 

Shipments Analysis: Method 

76 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• DOE estimated historical stock by combining two data sources: 

– Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS): walk-ins 

per building square foot (―saturation‖) 

– Census: number and size (square feet) of buildings with walk-ins 

• Next, DOE apportioned the estimated historical stock: 

– By building type (based on Census data) 

– By equipment class (using DOE estimates and manufacturer interviews) 

• Results (for 2007): 

Shipments Analysis: 

Step 1 Estimate historical stock 

Envelope Stock – 2,010,000 

Equipment Class Percent 

of Stock 

Non-Display Coolers 45% 

Display Coolers 25% 

Non-Display Freezers 10% 

Display Freezers 20% 

Refrigeration System Stock – 2,010,000 

Equipment Class Percent 

of Stock 

Multiplex Condensing, Medium Temp 31% 

Multiplex Condensing, Low Temp 15% 

Direct Condensing, Indoor, Medium Temp 4% 

Direct Condensing, Indoor, Low Temp 2% 

Direct Condensing, Outdoor, Medium Temp 29% 

Direct Condensing, Outdoor, Low Temp 19% 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shipments Analysis Historical Stock: 

Request for Comment 

77 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 5-1 DOE seeks comment on its methodology for 

estimating historical stock. 

eere.energy.gov 

78 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Shipments Analysis: 

Step 2 Estimate equipment replacement rates 

• DOE estimated equipment replacement rates 

– Received input from manufacturers 

– Accounted for variation in lifetimes 

• Envelopes 

– For historical analysis, DOE assumed average replacement rate of 5%. 

Replacement Rate 2007 Stock 2007 

Shipments 

Rate Used in Analysis 5% (~ every 20 years) 2,010,000 102,000 

Hypothetical Rate 10% (~ every 10 years) 202,000 

Replacement Rate 2007 Stock 2007 

Shipments 

Rate Used in Analysis 15% (~ every 8 years) 2,010,000 288,000 

Hypothetical Rate 30% (~ every 3 years) 575,000 

• Refrigeration systems 

– For historical analysis, DOE assumed average replacement rate of 15%. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

500 

1,000 

1,500 

2,000 

2,500 

3,000 

3,500 

4,000 

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Size of walk-in stock (thousands)

Preliminary 

analysis

Hypothetical 

extension

Shipments Analysis Growth: 

Request for Comment 

79 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 5-2 DOE seeks comment on the quantity and growth 

rate of historical shipments and the methodology for 

estimating these shipments. DOE requests that interested

parties submit historical shipment data for WICF equipment. 

Item 5-3 DOE seeks comment regarding average lifetimes for 

envelopes and refrigeration systems, as well as variation

around these averages. 

eere.energy.gov 

Shipments Analysis: 

Step 3 Estimate market growth rates 

80 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

DOE estimated future growth of the WICF market based on growth in 

the square footage of buildings that use walk-ins 

– Restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, dairy farms, and ―other‖ 

– Standard DOE procedure for a mature / saturated market 

– Note that this growth rate was NOT observed in 1997-2007 

– Sources: AEO2009 (most walk-ins) and Ag Census (dairy farm walk-ins) 

Growth 

Rate 

2045 

Stock 

2045 

Envelope 

Shipments 

~1.6% 

(prelim. 

analysis) 

3,596,000 223,000 

~0.1% 

(historical 

rate) 

~2,100,000 ~105,000 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shipments Analysis Trends: 

Request for Comment 

81 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 5-4 DOE seeks comment on the assumption that growth 

of WICF stock will match the square foot growth of the building 

stock of restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, and 

dairy farms in America. 

Item 5-5 DOE seeks to know of any notable trends toward 

higher or lower shipments of WICF equipment in recent years, 

as well as high or low demand events in recent years. 

eere.energy.gov 

Shipments Analysis: Sizes 

82 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Shipments are distributed across 

different sizes of walk-ins: 

– Needed for energy use & costs in 

National Impact Analysis. 

– Used representative sizes from 

engineering analysis. 

• DOE‘s estimates used publicly 

available information about 

commonly manufactured sizes. 

Item 5-6 DOE seeks comment on any trends in WICF 

shipments in recent years. 

Share of Shipments by Size 

(Example) 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

83 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

84 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– To assess the aggregate impacts at the national and regional level at each Efficiency 

Level as measured by: 

• NES 

• NPV of total consumer economic impacts 

• Method 

– For each year, for both the base-case and standards-cases, DOE calculates: 

• National energy consumption (energy use per unit per year times size of stock) 

• Total consumer expenditures on walk-ins is the sum of: 

– National equipment expenditures (total installed cost per unit x forecasted 

shipments in that year) 

– National operation and maintenance costs (costs per unit per year x size of 

stock) 

– Take difference between base-case and standards-cases in each year for 

NES and NPV of consumer economic impacts. 

– Years are then discounted and summed 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 10 of 

the preliminary TSD. 

National Impact Analysis: 

Purpose & Method 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
- -

 

 

85 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

National Impact Analysis: 

National Energy Savings Flow Diagram 

Base-Case 

Annual Energy 

Consumption 

(2015-2045) 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Standards-Case 

Projection 

Base-Case 

Projection 

Base Case 

Cumulative 

Energy Use 

Standards Case 

Cumulative 

Energy Use 

Site-to-Source 

Energy Conversion 

+ Discount Rate 

National 

Energy 

Savings 

Standards-Case 

Annual Energy 

Consumption 

(2015-2045) 

National Impact Analysis: 

National Consumer Net Present Value Flow Diagram 

Base-Case Shipments 

Analysis 

Standards-Case 

Projection Projection 

Energy 

Cost 

(2015-

2045) 

Operating Cost 

Savings 

Total Equipment 

Cost Increase 

Net Present 

Value 

Maint. & 

Install. Cost 

(2015-

2045) 

Equipment 

Cost 

(2015-

2045) 

Energy 

Cost 

(2015-

2045) 

Maint. & 

Install. Cost 

(2015-

2045) 

Equipment 

Cost 

(2015-

2045) 

Discount
	

Rate
	

86 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

National Impact Analysis: 

Inputs from Prior Analyses 

87 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Key inputs: walk-in stock and number of shipments by Efficiency 

Level (Shipments Analysis) 

– NES requires stock (for energy per year) 

– NPV requires shipments (for installed cost) and stock (for operating cost) 

– Includes the number of pre-standard vs. post-standard efficiency units 

per year 

• Some walk-ins are a hybrid (pre-standard envelope with a replaced, 

post-standard refrigeration system) 

– DOE assumes all pre-standard walk-ins do not meet standard, and 

all post-standard walk-ins meet but do not exceed standard (a ―roll-up‖ 

effect) 

• Additional cost/energy use inputs (LCC/PBP Analysis) 

– Annual electricity costs per walk-in 

– Installed cost per walk-in 

– Annual operating costs other than energy costs per walk-in 

National Impact Analysis: 

New Inputs 

88 | Building Technologies Program 

• Discount Factor 

– Used 7 percent and 3 percent real discount rates from the Office of 

Management and Budget‘s Regulatory Analysis Guideline A-4 

– Future expenses are discounted to present (2010) 

• Electricity Site-to-Source Conversion Factors 

– Used to convert on-site energy consumption to primary (or source) 

energy generation 

– Depend on variables such as: 

• Time-varying generation mix 

• Distribution and transmission losses 

– For pre-analysis, used average factor over time 

• For NOPR stage, will derive specific rate for each year (similar results 

expected) 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

0 N/A 0.03 0.12 0.17 0.27 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.38 

1 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.19 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.39 

2 0.15 0.18 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.44 

3 0.15 0.18 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.44 

4 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.29 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.45 

5 0.22 0.24 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.47 

6 0.33 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.52 

7 0.33 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.52 

8 0.33 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.52 

9 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 

1 0 0.34 0.36 0.40 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 

1 1 0.38 0.39 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.53 

1 2 0.38 0.39 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.54 

1 3 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.54 

1 4 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.54 

1 5 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.54 

Envelope 

Efficiency 

Level

 Refrigeration Efficiency Level 

National Impact Analysis: 

New Inputs (cont.) 

89 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) factor 

– Measures interactions between walk-ins and HVAC systems 

– For this analysis, DOE assumed a factor of 1 (no effect): heat output 

largely outdoors 

• Rebound factor 

– Measures tendency of consumers to make more use of highly efficient 

equipment 

– For this analysis, DOE assumed a factor of 1 (no effect): operation 

already constrained 

National Impact Analysis: 

NES and NPV Summary Statistics 

90 | Building Technologies Program 

• Too many scenarios to characterize easily 

• One summary statistic: maximum NES where NPV > 0 

– Other metrics possible 

National Energy Savings (in quads at a 7% Discount Rate) 

for Large Display Freezer with Large Dedicated Condensing Outdoor Refrigeration System 

Note: Highlighted cells are Efficiency Level combinations for which NPV > 0. 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

0 N/A 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 

1 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 

2 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 

3 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 

4 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

5 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

6 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

7 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

8 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

9 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

10 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 

11 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 

12 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 

13 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 

14 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 

15 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 

Envelope 

Efficiency 

Level

 Refrigeration Efficiency Level 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

National Impact Analysis: 

NES and NPV Summary Statistics (cont.) 

91 | Building Technologies Program 

National Energy Savings (in quads at a 7% Discount Rate) 

for Medium Non-Display Cooler with Large Dedicated, Indoor Refrigeration System 

• For many rules, this approach highlights max tech 

– Other summary statistics (e.g. maximum NPV) different 

Note: Highlighted cells are Efficiency Level combinations for which NPV > 0. 

eere.energy.gov 

National Impact Analysis: 

NES and NPV Preliminary Results 

92 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Results 

– Typically occurs at a high Efficiency Level combination 

• Occasionally at max tech 

– NPV varies more than NES (because NPV is based on maximum NES) 

• Considerable savings available at max tech for both envelopes and 

refrigeration systems. 

– NES: 6 quads at 7% DR (13 quads at 3% DR) 

– NPV: $33B over 30 years at 7% DR ($72B at 3% DR) 

Item 5-7 DOE welcomes any comments on the National

Impacts Analysis at this time. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

- 

 

 

 

Public Meeting Agenda 

93 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Statute and Context 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stage 

94 | Building Technologies Program 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Manufacturer Impact Analysis: 

Overview 

95 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Purpose 

– Assess the impacts of new standards on manufacturers. 

– Identify and estimate impacts on manufacturer subgroups that may be 

more severely impacted than the industry as a whole. 

– Examine the impact of cumulative regulatory burden on the industry. 

• Method 

– Analyze industry cash flow and net present value through use of the 

Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM). 

– Interview manufacturers to refine inputs to the GRIM, develop subgroup 

analyses, and address qualitative issues. 

• Outputs 

– Industry NPV impacts 

– Subgroup NPV impacts 

– Other impacts (employment, competitive landscape, cumulative burden) 

Manufacturer Impact Analysis: 

Methodology 

96 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Industry

profile 

Develop 

straw-man 

GRIM 

Develop 

interview 

guide 

Interviews 

& 

subgroup

analyses 

Assess direct 

employment,

competition,

cumulative 

burden 

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 

• Three main phases of the Manufacturer Impact Analysis: 

• The methodology and results are presented in detail in Chapter 12 

of the preliminary TSD. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

- 

 

 

NOPR Analyses 

97 | Building Technologies Program 

Environmental 

Assessment 

Life-Cycle 

Cost 

Subgroup 

Analysis 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

Utility 

Impact 

Analysis 

Employment 

Impact 

Analysis 

Revise 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

Regulatory 

Impact 

Analysis 

Public Meeting Agenda 

98 | Building Technologies Program 

1 Statute and Context 

2 

3 

4 

Market and Technology Assessment;

Screening and Engineering Analyses 

Markups Analysis; Energy Use Analysis 

5 

Life Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 

Shipments Analysis; National Impact Analysis 

6 Preliminary Manufacturer Impact Analysis;

NOPR Analyses 

7 Test Procedures 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Major Test Procedure Issues: Overview 

99 | Building Technologies Program 

• Definition of Manufacturer 

• Testing and Compliance Responsibility 

• Basic Model of Envelope 

• Modifications to Envelope Test Procedure 

– Accounting for Heat Conduction through Structural Members 

– New Door Tests 

eere.energy.gov 

Definition of Manufacturer 

100 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• EPCA provides that  ̳[t]he term ―manufacture‖ means to manufacture, 

produce, assemble or import.‘ 42 U.S.C. 6291(10) 

• At the NOPR public meeting, interested parties requested 

clarification of the definition and responsibilities associated 

with “manufacture.” 

• DOE is considering applying the term ―assemble‖ (within the 

definition of ―manufacture‖) to cover those entities that design and/or 

select components for an envelope or refrigeration system for walkins. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Testing and Compliance Responsibility 

101 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• In the test procedure NOPR, DOE assumed that the manufacturer 

should be responsible for testing equipment and complying with the 

standard. 

• Interested parties submitted comments on the NOPR: 

– Indicating a strong preference for allowing component manufacturers to 

test their own products. 

– Noting that requiring a component manufacturer to test another 

component manufacturer‘s products would be burdensome. 

• In response to these comments: 

– DOE is considering that the assembler of the walk-in shall be the 

manufacturer responsible for demonstrating compliance with the 

performance standard. 

– DOE is considering allowing the assembler to conduct tests or to rely on 

test results provided by component suppliers. 

Request for Comment 

102 | Building Technologies Program 

Item 7-1 DOE seeks comment on the proposed interpretation 

of the term ―assemble‖ within the context of the statutory 

definition of ―manufacture.‖ 

Item 7-2 DOE seeks comment on the proposal to allow the 

assembler to conduct tests or to rely on test results provided 

by component suppliers. 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic Model of Envelope 

103 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Definition proposed in the NOPR: 

– ―Basic Model means all units of a given type of walk-in equipment 

manufactured by a single manufacturer, and— (1) With respect to 

envelopes, which do not have any differing construction methods, 

materials, components, or other characteristics that significantly affect 

the energy consumption characteristics.‖ 

• DOE is considering changing the definition of Basic Model in 

order to be consistent with other changes to the test procedure. 

• Revised definition that DOE is considering: 

– ―Basic Model means—(1) with respect to envelopes, all envelopes 

manufactured by a single entity, which do not have any differing features 

or characteristics that affect normalized energy consumption.‖ 

Basic Model of Envelope (cont.) 

104 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• Justification: 

– Provides a way to distinguish envelopes that vary in normalized energy 

consumption from those that differ only cosmetically. 

• Impact on Manufacturer Burden 

– Testing burden: this change would not result in an increased testing 

burden because of the burden-reducing measures proposed elsewhere 

in the test procedure. 

• Calculating energy consumption by scaling results of physical testing 

• Allowing manufacturers to rely on suppliers‘ test data 

– Compliance and reporting burden: DOE will consider reducing 

compliance and reporting burden in a future rulemaking establishing 

compliance, certification, and enforcement regulations for WICF. 

Item 7-3 DOE seeks comment on the revised definition of 

basic model for envelopes. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Modifications to Envelope Test Procedure: 

Heat Conduction Through Structural Members 

105 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• In the NOPR, DOE proposed to determine heat conduction through 

the envelope by measuring the R-value of the foam used in the 

panels. 

• Interested parties stated that DOE must also account for heat 

conduction through structural members of panels. 

• DOE is considering ASTM C1363-05: Standard Test Method for 

Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope 

Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus 

– First, manufacturers find the U-factor of the fully assembled panel using 

ASTM C1363-05. 

– Second, the U-factor is de-rated using the R-value of the foam as found 

by ASTM C1303-09a. 

Item 7-4 DOE seeks comment on the use of ASTM C1363-05. 

Modifications to Envelope Test Procedure: 

New Door Tests 

106 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• In the NOPR, DOE proposed certain procedures for testing doors: 

– U-Factor of display doors: NFRC Rating or Window 5.2 methodology 

– Steady-state infiltration around doors: Gas tracer method for each door. 

• DOE is considering expanding and clarifying testing to make it 

easier for door manufacturers to complete testing. 

• DOE is considering the following tests for display and non-display 

doors: 

– U-factor of doors: NFRC 100-2010, Procedure for Determining 

Fenestration Product U-Factors 

– Steady-state infiltration around doors: NFRC 400-2010, Procedure for 

Determining Fenestration Product Air Leakage 

• Incorporates ASTM E283-04, Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of 

Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under 

Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen 

Item 7-5 DOE requests comment on these test procedures. 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DOE Seeks Comments on its Proposal 

107 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

In all correspondence, include all of the following: 

– Energy Conservation Standards for Walk-In Coolers and Walk-In Freezers 

– Docket Number EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 

– Regulatory Identification Number (RIN) 1904-AB86 

Email: WICF-2008-STD-0015@ee.doe.gov 

Comment period closes May 28, 2010 

Postal Mail: 

Ms. Brenda Edwards 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Building Technologies Program 

1000 Independence Avenue, SW 

Mailstop EE-2J 

Washington, DC 20585 

Courier: 

Ms. Brenda Edwards 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Building Technologies Program 

950 L‘Enfant Plaza, 6th Floor 

Washington, DC 20024 

Telephone: 202.586.2945 

Relevant Webpages 

108 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

• DOE Appliance Standards 

– http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/ 

• Walk-in Coolers and Walk-in Freezers Rule 

– http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/commercial

/wicf.html 

• Contact Charles Llenza, Project Manager, from the Appliance Standards

Program for additional information: 

– Charles.Llenza@ee.doe.gov 

– 202.586.2192 

• Contact John Cymbalsky, Supervisor, from the Appliance Standards

Program for additional information: 

– John.Cymbalsky@ee.doe.gov 

– 202.287.1692 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

109 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Appendix: Acronyms & Abbreviations 

AEO Annual Energy Outlook 

AHRI Air-Conditioning, Heating, and 

Refrigeration Institute 

ARI Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 

Institute 

ASM Annual Survey of Manufacturers 

BT building technologies 

BTU British thermal units 

CBECS Commercial Building Energy 

Consumption Survey 

DF discount factor 

EIA Energy Information Agency 

EISA 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act 

of 2007 

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

EPCA Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 

1975 

FTC U.S. Federal Trade Commission 

GRIM Government Regulatory Impact Model 

HARDI Heating, Air-Conditioning, and 

Refrigeration Distributors International 

HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 

INPV industry net present value 

kWh kilowatt hour 

LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 

LCC life-cycle cost 

LFH load factor at high load 

LFL load factor at low load 

MIA manufacturer impact analysis 

MPC manufacturer production cost 

MSP manufacturer selling price 

MTA market and technology assessment 

NAFEM North American Association of Food 

Equipment Manufacturers 

NAICS North American Industry Classification 

System 

NEMS National Energy Modeling System 

NES national energy savings 

NIA national impact analysis 

NPV net present value 

NOPR Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 

PBP payback period 

PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

RIA regulatory impact analysis 

SBA U.S. Small Business Administration 

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission 

SST saturated suction temperature 

TSD Technical Support Document 

USC United States Code 

VIP vacuum insulated panel 

WACC weighted-average cost of capital 

WICF walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers 

Preliminary Analysis Rulemaking Stages 

110 | Building Technologies Program 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

Screening 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Shipments 

Analysis 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

Preliminary 

Manufacturer 

Impact 

Analysis 

NOPR Final 

Rule 

Framework 

Document 

Preliminary 

Analysis 

eere.energy.gov 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

111 | Building Technologies Program 

Market and 

Technology 

Assessment 

1. Characterizes the market 

2. Identifies technologies that can improve efficiency 

eere.energy.gov 

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

112 | Building Technologies Program 

Screening 

Analysis 

• Technology A 

• Technology B 

• Technology C 

• Technology D 

• Technology E 

• Technology A 

• Technology C 

• Technology E 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
–

–

–

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

113 | Building Technologies Program 

Engineering 

Analysis 

• Cost/performance 

Technology A 

Technology C 

Technology E 

• Product Classes 

• CostEfficiency 

Curves 

eere.energy.gov 

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

114 | Building Technologies Program 

1. Determine end-user equipment price by: 

o Determining distribution channel markups. 

Markups for 

Equipment 

Price 

Determination 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
 

 

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

115 | Building Technologies Program 

Energy Use 

Analysis & End 

Use Load 

Characterization 

• Efficiency Curves 

• Climatic Data 

• End-Use Behavior 

• Equipment Energy 

Profiles 

eere.energy.gov 

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

116 | Building Technologies Program 

Life-Cycle 

Cost and 

Payback 

Period Analysis 

• Equipment Energy 

Profiles 

• End-User Prices 

• Electricity Prices 

$ 

Economic Benefit 

(Per Individual Shipped 

Unit) 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43
Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

117 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 

Shipments 

Analysis 

• Current 

Equipment Stock 

• Replacement Rate 

Assumptions 

• Market Growth 

Assumptions 

• Annual Forecast 

– Equip. Efficiency Mix 

– Shipments 

– Installed Base 

Appendix: Rulemaking Stage Details 

118 | Building Technologies Program 

National 

Impact 

Analysis 

$ & kWh 

(Per Individual Shipped Unit) 

• Annual Forecast 

– Equip. Efficiency Mix 

– Shipments 

– Installed Base 

Societal 

Impact 

$ & kWh 

(Years: 2015-2045) 

eere.energy.gov 

EERE-2008-BT-STD-0015 COMMENT 43