World Braille Usage

Third Edition

Perkins

International Council on English Braille

National Library Service for the

Blind and Physically Handicapped

Library of Congress

UNESCO

Washington, D.C. 

2013
Published by

Perkins

175 North Beacon Street

Watertown, MA, 02472, USA

International Council on English Braille

c/o CNIB

1929 Bayview Avenue

Toronto, Ontario

Canada M4G 3E8

and

National Library Service for the

Blind and Physically Handicapped,

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA

Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013.

Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically 

Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

World braille usage. — Third edition.

page cm

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 

1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. 

II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library 

Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. 

HV1669.W67 2013

411--dc23

2013013833
Contents 

Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x

The International Phonetic Alphabet..........................................................................................xi

References.............................................................................................................................xi

IPA Braille Charts (IPA Revised to 2005).............................................................................. xii

Introduction to Country Listings ............................................................................................... xvi

Braille Usage by Country........................................................................................................... 1

Albania................................................................................................................................... 1

Algeria.................................................................................................................................... 1

Andorra .................................................................................................................................. 1

Antigua and Barbuda ............................................................................................................. 2

Argentina................................................................................................................................ 2

Armenia.................................................................................................................................. 3

Australia................................................................................................................................. 5

Austria.................................................................................................................................... 6

Azerbaijan.............................................................................................................................. 7

Bahamas................................................................................................................................ 8

Bahrain, Kingdom of............................................................................................................... 8

Bangladesh............................................................................................................................ 9

Barbados.............................................................................................................................. 11

Belarus................................................................................................................................. 12

Belgium................................................................................................................................ 13

Bhutan.................................................................................................................................. 14

Bolivia .................................................................................................................................. 16

Bosnia and Herzegovina...................................................................................................... 16

Brazil.................................................................................................................................... 17

Bulgaria................................................................................................................................ 18

Cambodia............................................................................................................................. 19

Cameroon ............................................................................................................................ 22

Canada ................................................................................................................................ 22

Chile..................................................................................................................................... 23

China.................................................................................................................................... 24

Colombia.............................................................................................................................. 24

Congo, Democratic Republic of the ..................................................................................... 25

Costa Rica ........................................................................................................................... 25

Croatia ................................................................................................................................. 26

iii
Cuba .................................................................................................................................... 28

Cyprus.................................................................................................................................. 28

Czech Republic.................................................................................................................... 29

Denmark .............................................................................................................................. 30

Dominica.............................................................................................................................. 33

Dominican Republic ............................................................................................................. 33

Ecuador................................................................................................................................ 34

Egypt.................................................................................................................................... 34

El Salvador........................................................................................................................... 35

Estonia................................................................................................................................. 36

Ethiopia................................................................................................................................ 37

Finland ................................................................................................................................. 42

France.................................................................................................................................. 43

Gambia ................................................................................................................................ 44

Georgia ................................................................................................................................ 45

Germany .............................................................................................................................. 46

Ghana .................................................................................................................................. 47

Greece ................................................................................................................................. 48

Grenada............................................................................................................................... 49

Guatemala ........................................................................................................................... 49

Haiti...................................................................................................................................... 50

Honduras ............................................................................................................................. 51

Hong Kong........................................................................................................................... 52

Hungary ............................................................................................................................... 52

Iceland ................................................................................................................................. 53

India ..................................................................................................................................... 55

Indonesia ............................................................................................................................. 70

Iran....................................................................................................................................... 71

Ireland.................................................................................................................................. 73

Israel .................................................................................................................................... 74

Italy ...................................................................................................................................... 76

Jamaica................................................................................................................................ 76

Japan ................................................................................................................................... 77

Jordan.................................................................................................................................. 77

Kazakhstan .......................................................................................................................... 78

Kenya................................................................................................................................... 79

Kuwait .................................................................................................................................. 79

iv
Kyrgyzstan ........................................................................................................................... 80

Laos (Lao People’s Democratic Republic) ........................................................................... 81

Latvia ................................................................................................................................... 83

Lebanon............................................................................................................................... 85

Liberia .................................................................................................................................. 85

Libya .................................................................................................................................... 85

Lithuania .............................................................................................................................. 86

Luxembourg......................................................................................................................... 87

Macedonia ........................................................................................................................... 89

Madagascar ......................................................................................................................... 90

Malaysia............................................................................................................................... 91

Malta .................................................................................................................................... 92

Mauritania ............................................................................................................................ 93

Mauritius .............................................................................................................................. 93

Mexico.................................................................................................................................. 93

Moldova ............................................................................................................................... 94

Mongolia .............................................................................................................................. 94

Morocco ............................................................................................................................... 95

Myanmar, Republic of the Union of (also called Burma) ...................................................... 95

Nepal.................................................................................................................................... 96

Netherlands.......................................................................................................................... 97

New Zealand........................................................................................................................ 98

Nicaragua............................................................................................................................. 99

Nigeria.................................................................................................................................. 99

Norway............................................................................................................................... 101

Oman ................................................................................................................................. 103

Pakistan ............................................................................................................................. 103

Panama.............................................................................................................................. 105

Papua New Guinea............................................................................................................ 106

Paraguay............................................................................................................................ 108

Peru ................................................................................................................................... 109

Philippines.......................................................................................................................... 109

Poland................................................................................................................................ 113

Portugal.............................................................................................................................. 115

Qatar.................................................................................................................................. 115

Romania............................................................................................................................. 116

Russia (Russian Federation).............................................................................................. 116

v
Saint Kitts and Nevis.......................................................................................................... 116

Saint Lucia ......................................................................................................................... 117

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ..................................................................................... 117

Samoa................................................................................................................................ 118

Saudi Arabia ...................................................................................................................... 119

Serbia................................................................................................................................. 119

Seychelles.......................................................................................................................... 121

Sierra Leone ...................................................................................................................... 121

Singapore........................................................................................................................... 122

Slovak Republic ................................................................................................................. 122

Slovenia ............................................................................................................................. 124

South Africa ....................................................................................................................... 125

South Korea (Republic of Korea) ....................................................................................... 129

Spain.................................................................................................................................. 131

Sri Lanka............................................................................................................................ 132

Sweden.............................................................................................................................. 135

Switzerland ........................................................................................................................ 136

Syria................................................................................................................................... 137

Taiwan ............................................................................................................................... 137

Tajikistan............................................................................................................................ 138

Thailand ............................................................................................................................. 139

Tibet (China) ...................................................................................................................... 142

Togo................................................................................................................................... 144

Trinidad and Tobago.......................................................................................................... 146

Tunisia ............................................................................................................................... 146

Turkey................................................................................................................................ 146

Turkmenistan ..................................................................................................................... 147

Uganda .............................................................................................................................. 148

Ukraine............................................................................................................................... 150

United Arab Emirates......................................................................................................... 151

United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) ......................................... 152

United States of America ................................................................................................... 154

Uruguay ............................................................................................................................. 156

Uzbekistan ......................................................................................................................... 157

Venezuela.......................................................................................................................... 158

Vietnam.............................................................................................................................. 159

Yemen................................................................................................................................ 160

vi
Zambia............................................................................................................................... 161

Zimbabwe .......................................................................................................................... 164

Braille Alphabets Used in Multiple Countries......................................................................... 165

Albanian............................................................................................................................. 165

Arabic................................................................................................................................. 166

Cantonese.......................................................................................................................... 169

Catalan............................................................................................................................... 172

Danish................................................................................................................................ 173

Dutch.................................................................................................................................. 174

English ............................................................................................................................... 175

Esperanto........................................................................................................................... 177

Ewé.................................................................................................................................... 179

French................................................................................................................................ 180

German.............................................................................................................................. 182

Greek ................................................................................................................................. 183

Greek (International).......................................................................................................... 185

Hungarian .......................................................................................................................... 188

Irish Gaelic ......................................................................................................................... 189

Italian ................................................................................................................................. 190

Japanese ........................................................................................................................... 191

Kiswahili............................................................................................................................. 193

Malay ................................................................................................................................. 194

Mandarin............................................................................................................................ 195

Ndebele.............................................................................................................................. 197

Portuguese......................................................................................................................... 197

Romanian........................................................................................................................... 199

Russian.............................................................................................................................. 200

Spanish.............................................................................................................................. 201

Swedish ............................................................................................................................. 203

Turkish ............................................................................................................................... 204

Index by Language Name...................................................................................................... 205

vii
Foreword to the Third Edition

Sixty years ago UNESCO led the charge in publishing the first edition of World Braille Usage. 

The initial effort was focused on the establishment of a universal, worldwide code. While there 

is still interest in universal agreement on characters that are used throughout the world, the 

emphasis now is on unification within languages, as driven by braille authorities and other 

organizations. Many new countries have adopted official codes, and countries with shared 

languages have formed coalitions to assess current usage and craft recommendations for the 

future. The International Council on English Braille (ICEB), for example, brought together 

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United 

States to develop a Unified English Braille Code (UEB) for both technical and literary 

purposes, which the final member nation recently adopted. Meanwhile, the Braille Music Code 

has been internationally standardized since the 1990s.

Braille, as the world’s pre-eminent system of touch reading and writing used by people who are 

blind, continues to be a vital tool of literacy. Allowing immediate and direct access to written 

communication, braille has broadened from a method for reading embossed books to a 

multimodal tool encompassing a myriad of uses, from braille signage and product labeling to 

refreshable braille displays. As a tool for writing, it also allows a person who is blind to easily 

record accurate information and access that information quickly for later use.

All this is made possible by the establishment of braille codes: standardized, agreed-upon 

ways of representing characters and arranging text for maximum comprehension. As braille 

authorities—entities organized to formulate and promulgate braille codes—have become 

prevalent throughout the world, the foundation of braille has become strengthened. Although 

braille authorities take many forms, from government agencies to consortiums of interested 

organizations, their influence is wide-ranging. The codes they develop permit consistent 

education for people who are blind, and the advanced study of subjects such as mathematics, 

science, and other languages. Many authorities also take on the task of promoting braille 

literacy, as well as instruction, production, and distribution.

Despite dire predictions of its demise, braille continues to develop as a vibrant means of 

communication that enables people who are blind to participate in society, pursue educational 

opportunities, attain commensurate employment, and enjoy the many activities of everyday 

life. Standardization has given braille a firmer foundation than it has had before now—and 

technology has transformed the ways in which it is both produced and accessed. Braille 

translation software, while it does not completely replace the human transcriber, allows text to 

be encoded quickly for embossing, or displayed on a refreshable braille device. DAISY and 

other standards have streamlined the alternative text production process through the use of 

mark-up languages, an area rife with possibilities for future development in incorporating 

braille. Embossing technology has continued to improve, producing machines that can print 

hundreds of cells per second.

In developed countries, more and more braille readers are shifting much of their reading to 

refreshable braille displays, which make lengthy braille works practical and portable, and allow 

braille readers to interface with computers, smart phones, and the other accoutrements of the 

viii
twenty-first century. Refreshable braille displays have made the use of 8-dot codes more 

prevalent now than when they were used for only a few specialized purposes. With 256 

possible combinations, 8-dot codes allow a much wider variety of characters to be represented 

by a unique cell, making interaction with computers more straightforward. There is as yet no 

international standard for 8-dot braille, but many systems use the seventh dot to mark uppercase characters or use one of the extra dots to display where the cursor is on the screen. 

Several organizations are currently working to develop specialized 8-dot codes that directly 

address the needs of math and science users, and it is possible we will see standardization in 

those areas in the future.

8-dot code is not the only aspect of braille that is still evolving and shifting. While international 

standardization and unification are on the rise, there are also many new braille codes being 

developed as a result of geopolitical changes and improved recognition of linguistic diversity. 

Some countries have resisted standardization, while other language codes remain basically 

uncontracted braille with few, if any, rules, due to lack of development or organizational 

authority. With the support of the Latin American Union of the Blind (ULAC) and other 

organizations, there has been some effort to create codes for indigenous languages, but few 

such codes have been officially adopted. Meanwhile, refreshable braille displays and other 

modern technologies remain out of reach for many braille readers around the world due to their 

expense. Until production costs are reduced, the slate and stylus will remain the primary tool of 

braille literacy for these people, allowing them to inexpensively write and read what has been 

written.

In short, the world of braille remains in flux. Developed with support from Perkins, the 

International Council on English Braille, and the National Library Service for the Blind and 

Physically Handicapped, this third edition of World Braille Usage attempts to document the 

current state of braille around the world. But many changes and innovations—both 

technological and political—remain on the horizon. We hope that the trend toward codifying 

additional languages, standardizing current codes, and developing new tools for access will 

continue, making braille literacy accessible in every native tongue to people who are blind. 

Judith M. Dixon, Ph.D.

Washington, DC

March 2013

ix
Acknowledgements

Three collaborating organizations, Perkins, the National Library Service for the Blind and 

Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress (NLS) and the International Council on English 

Braille (ICEB), dedicate this newest edition of World Braille Usage to the millions of braille 

users, teachers, producers, and organizations, past and present, who tirelessly advance equal 

and global access to literacy and greater independence for persons who are blind, through the 

use of braille.

World Braille Usage, Third Edition, is built upon the firm foundation of those who have labored 

on behalf of braille literacy and the success they have achieved in prior editions. UNESCO has 

been instrumental in recognizing that literacy is a fundamental human right. Without 

UNESCO’s vision and support in publishing the first two editions of World Braille Usage, this 

third edition would not have been possible. In addition, the International Phonetic Association 

developed the phonetic chart, which was the cornerstone of the first edition, and continues to 

be the seminal tool through which new languages can be translated into braille.

Many other braille-related organizations deserve thanks for their contributions to this project, 

including the World Blind Union, the International Council for Education of People with Visual 

Impairment, the Latin American Braille Council of ULAC (Comisión Braille Latinoamericana), 

Duxbury Systems, and the Japan Braille Library, authors of the report Braille in Asia.

In addition, this publication is the product of a worldwide effort by hundreds of individuals who 

provided crucial information about the use of braille in their respective countries. Although too 

numerous to mention individually, they deserve our sincere gratitude.

Several individuals closely associated with the publication of this edition of World Braille Usage

also deserve special acknowledgement: William Schawbel, of the Schawbel Corporation, for 

his generous donation that enabled Perkins to take the lead on this project; Steven Rothstein, 

President of Perkins, for spearheading this project and ensuring that there were adequate 

resources to support it; Karen Keninger, Director of NLS, for her commitment to the publication 

of this book; Mr. Jawahar Lal Kaul, Secretary General of the All India Confederation of the 

Blind, a champion of braille and of this project; Dr. Judith Dixon, Consumer Relations Officer of 

NLS for her contribution to both the 1990 and 2013 editions; Dr. Robert Englebretson for his 

generous support and the contribution of his article on the International Phonetic Alphabet; Kim 

Charlson, Director of the Braille and Talking Book Library (BTBL) at Perkins and a member of 

the project team who helped to guide the development of a third edition; Susan Christensen, 

the editor, for her consultative advice and detailed work preparing the language and braille 

characters in this book; and Ellen Hall, Braille Literacy Manager of Perkins, for her work 

developing content and coordinating efforts to publish this Third Edition of World Braille Usage.

Dr. Aubrey Webson

Director of Perkins International

Perkins

x
The International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system for representing precise details of 

pronunciation in written form. It is widely used in linguistics, clinical speech sciences, language 

teaching, vocal music pedagogy, accent training for actors, pronunciation guides found in 

many dictionaries and language textbooks, and in any endeavor where it is necessary to 

capture accurately the nuances of speech. The IPA itself is not a language, and it is not 

localized to any particular country or language group. It is developed and maintained by the 

International Phonetic Association, and its goal is to represent unambiguously all of the sounds 

in the approximately 6,000 languages spoken on earth today, including languages that have no 

writing system. The IPA consists of nearly 200 unique symbols: consonants, vowels, 

suprasegmentals, tones and word accents, diacritics, and miscellaneous symbols.

The complete, current, print IPA charts can be downloaded from the International Phonetic 

Association’s web page at http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipachart.html. These charts are 

freely distributable under a Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License, 

Copyright © 2005 International Phonetic Association. Complete IPA charts are also found in 

most introductory-level phonetics or general linguistics textbooks. The most recent, 

comprehensive reference work in print is The Handbook of the International Phonetic 

Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, published in 1999 by 

Cambridge University Press.

The most recent, up-to-date, braille notation of the IPA (Englebretson 2008) was produced 

under the auspices of the International Council on English Braille. It has been adopted by the 

Braille Authority of North America, and has been approved by ICEB for use alongside Unified 

English Braille for the transcription of phonetic and phonemic materials. It is available online in 

both PDF and BRF formats from http://www.iceb.org/icebipa.htm. The first braille volume 

contains a general introduction and overview, all of the IPA charts presented in tabular format, 

basic rules for the use of IPA Braille, and several sample passages. This volume also contains 

an index designed for braille transcribers, which lists the print IPA glyphs in pseudoalphabetical order along with the corresponding braille symbols. The second braille volume 

consists of swell-paper tactile illustrations of each print IPA symbol along with its braille 

equivalent.

IPA Braille is summarized in a journal article targeting professional phoneticians and linguists 

(Englebretson 2009). This article presents a detailed history of other braille notations of the 

IPA, gives a thorough overview of the steps and rationale which led to the development of the 

current IPA Braille system, and presents all of the IPA Braille symbols in chart form for the 

benefit of sighted phoneticians and teachers who wish to learn IPA Braille or who are currently 

working with braille-reading students.

References

Englebretson, Robert (ed.). 2008. IPA Braille: An Updated Tactile Representation of the International 

Phonetic Alphabet, 2 vols. Toronto: CNIB. http://www.iceb.org/icebipa.htm

Englebretson, Robert. 2009. “An overview of IPA Braille: an updated tactile representation of the 

International Phonetic Alphabet.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39: 67-86.

xi
IPA Braille Charts (IPA Revised to 2005)

The following charts originally appeared as the appendix to Englebretson, Robert. 2009. “An overview of IPA Braille: an updated tactile 

representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39: 67-86. They are reprinted 

here by permission of the secretary of the International Phonetic Association.

Consonants (Pulmonic)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive p b t d 4t 4d c 9j k g q 9g 2

Nasal m 6m n 4n = $ 9n

Trill 9b r 9r

Tap or Flap 6v 6r 4r

Fricative .f .b f v .? ] s z : ! 4s 4z 6c 8j x .g .& 9# 6h 62 h 8h

Lateral fricative 8l l"!

Approximant 8v # 4# j 8m

Lateral approximant l 4l 8y 9l

Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)

Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives

&p Bilabial 8b Bilabial "' Examplesː

&? Dental 8d Dental/alveolar p"' Bilabial

&t (Post) alveolar 89j Palatal t"' Dental/alveolar

&: Palatoalveolar 8g Velar k"' Velar

&l Alveolar lateral 89g Uvular s"' Alveolar fricative

xii
Other Symbols

6w Voiceless labial-velar fricative

w Voiced labial-velar approximant

4h Voiced labial-palatal approximant

9h Voiceless epiglottal fricative

92 Voiced epiglottal fricative

82 Epiglottal plosive

8c 8z Alveolo-palatal fricatives

8# Voiced alveolar lateral flap

8$ Simultaneous ʃ and x

k"p t"s Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

Vowels

Front Central Back

Close i y 0i 0u 6u u

/ 9y (

Close-mid e | 6e 0o 6o o

5

Open-mid > [ 6> 8> + <

% 6a

Open a 9[ * 6*

xiii
Diacritics 

,$ Voiceless n,$ d,$ ,3 Breathy voiced b,3 a,3 ,? Dental t,? d,?

,8 Voiced s,8 t,8 ,] Creaky voiced b,] a,] ,6? Apical t,6? d,6?

`h Aspirated t`h d`h ,& Linguolabial t,& d,& ,7 Laminal t,7 d,7

,o More rounded <,o `w Labialized t`w d`w `] Nasalized e`]

,[ Less rounded <,[ `j Palatalized t`j d`j `n Nasal release d`n

,+ Advanced u,+ `.g Velarized t`.g d`.g `l Lateral release d`l

,- Retracted e,- `62 Pharyngealized t`62 d`62 `d No audible release d`d

`3 Centralized e`3 "] Velarized or pharyngealized l"]

`x Mid-centralized e`x ,> Raised e,> (#,> = voiced alveolar fricative)

,2 Syllabic n,2 ,< Lowered e,< (.b,< = voiced bilabial approximant)

,) Non-syllabic e,) ,: Advanced Tongue Root e,:

"r Rhoticity 5"r a"r ,s Retracted Tongue Root e,s

xiv
Suprasegmentals

_b Primary stress

_2 Secondary stress _2fo(n5_bt/:5n

3 Long e3

"1 Half-long e"1

`( Extra-short e`(

_| Minor (foot) group

_= Major (intonation) group

' Syllable break #i'%kt

_l Linking (absence of a break)

Tones And Word Accents

LEVEL CONTOUR

`,/ or _`c Extra high `8 or _/ Rising

`/ _c High `% _* Falling

`c _3 Mid `i _i High rising

`* _- Low `9 _9 Low rising

`,* _,- Extra low `4 _4 Rising-falling

_! Downstep _d Global rise

_$ Upstep _0 Global fall

xv
Introduction to Country Listings

Welcome to World Braille Usage. This third edition of World Braille Usage has been made 

possible by hundreds of people who use and produce braille throughout the world. As a result, 

it captures a new perspective on the global use of braille. Unlike previous editions, this one 

includes links to electronic media, and a digital copy can be found online on the Perkins 

website: www.perkins.org/worldbraille.

How this book is organized:

• The 142 countries represented in this book are listed in alphabetical order.

• This book includes 133 languages that have been transcribed into 137 different braille 

alphabet and punctuation codes. [Nepali, Tamil, and Urdu are transcribed in two 

countries, but each has different braille codes, and there are two codes for Greek]

• In countries where multiple languages have been transcribed into braille, the languages 

are listed in order of predominance of use.

• The braille alphabet and punctuation codes for languages that are used in a single 

country appear only once, on the page for that country.

• The braille alphabets for languages that are used in two or more countries are crossreferenced on country pages, e.g. Spanish Alphabet: see Spanish, page 201. These

alphabets and punctuation codes are contained in the section titled, Braille Alphabets 

Used in Multiple Countries, which follows the country pages. 

• The braille and alphabet and punctuation code for Esperanto, a language that is not 

associated with a country can be found in Braille Alphabets Used in Multiple Countries.

• The Index by Language Name contains the names all of the languages represented in 

this book.

The majority of the data collected to create the contents of this book came from two primary 

sources: a questionnaire sent to representatives of braille-related organizations in 197 

countries between April 2012 and April 2013; and the 1990 edition of World Braille Usage.

Additionally, some of the data for this book was sourced with the support provided by Duxbury 

Systems.

Data sourced from the questionnaire: The information provided by the various participating 

countries may vary. Although every effort was made to ensure that the information presented 

in this book was verified as correct, the content of this book is based upon the information 

provided by the returned questionnaires and follow-up communications prior to publication. Not 

all countries were able to verify their respective information prior to publication.

Data sourced from World Braille Usage, 1990: A number of countries that appeared in the 

1990 edition did not respond to the questionnaire during the information data gathering phase. 

The source of information given for these countries, and the languages they use, is cited as: 

World Braille Usage, 1990. A number of countries that didn’t respond were formally part of the 

Soviet Union or Yugoslavia, or changed names, and this information is also indicated by

sourcing World Braille Usage, 1990.

xvi
Braille Usage by Country

Albania

Language: Albanian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

L’Institut des Enfants Aveugles

Braille alphabet was adopted by Ministria of Education of the Republic with the Council of 

Ministers in 1963

www.mash.gov.al

Braille Code:

Albanian Braille Code

Albanian Alphabet: See Albanian, page 165

Algeria

Language: Arabic (uncontracted)

Source:

Word Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Andorra

Language: Catalan (uncontracted)

Catalan Alphabet: See Catalan, page 172

1
Antigua and Barbuda

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Argentina

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

2
Armenia

Languages: Eastern Armenian (uncontracted), Western Armenian (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Eastern Armenian

ա (1) a

բ (12) b

գ (1245) g

դ (145) d

ե (245) j

զ (2346) !

է (15) e

ը (34) /

թ (345) >

ժ (23456) )

ի (24) i

լ (123) l

խ (1456) ?

ծ (14) c

կ (13) k

հ (125) h

ձ (126) <

ղ (12456) ]

ճ (146) %

մ (134) m

յ (13456) y

ն (1345) n

շ (156) :

ո (1236) v

չ (12345) q

պ (1234) p

ջ (1346) x

ռ (1235) r

ս (234) s

վ (2456) w

տ (2345) t

ր (1235) r

ց (1356) z

ւ (136) u

փ (12346) &

ք (346) +

օ (135) o

ֆ (124) f

Alphabet: Western Armenian

ա (1) a

բ (1234) p

գ (12345) q

դ (1456) ?

ե (13456) y

զ (1356) z

է (15) e

ը (136) u

թ (2345) t

ժ (345) >

ի (24) i

լ (123) l

խ (1346) x

ծ (34) /

կ (1245) g

հ (125) h

ձ (346) +

ղ (126) <

ճ (245) j

մ (134) m

յ (156) :

ն (1345) n

շ (146) %

ո (246) [

չ (16) *

պ (12) b

ջ (14) c

ռ (12456) ]

ս (234) s

վ (1236) v

տ (145) d

ր (1235) r

ց (2346) !

ւ (2456) w

փ (1246) $

ք (13) k

օ (135) o

ֆ (124) f

3
Punctuation: Armenian Languages

՝ comma (Eastern) (25) 3

՝ comma (Western) (6) ,

. semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

։ full stop (256) 4

՞ question mark (Eastern) (26) 5

՞ question mark (Western) (236) 8

՜ exclamation (235) 6

՚ apostrophe (3) '

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

֊ hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

4
Australia

Language: English: Unified English Braille (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Australian Braille Authority

c/o Round Table on Information Access for People with Print Disabilities Inc.

http://www.printdisability.org/aba

International Council on English Braille (ICEB)

http://www.iceb.org/

Literary Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

The Unified English Braille Primer – Australian Edition, 2008

Mathematics and Science Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Materials, 2008

Music Notation:

The New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

Introduction to Braille Music Transcription, Second Edition 2005

IPA Braille:

An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

5
Austria

Language: German (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Authority of German Speaking Countries

Literary Notation:

Das System der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Anleitung zur Umsetzung mathematischer Formeln, Nov. 2001

Neufassung und Vervollständigung des Systems der internationalen Mathematikschrift für 

Blinde, 1986 (Marburger Systematiken der blindenschrift, Vol. 6)

Chemistry Notation:

Das System der Chemieschrift in der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005, Vol. 23

Computer Notation:

Marburger Systematiken der blindenschrift: Phonetic transcription „Weltlautschrift für Blinde,“

1938, 2010

Eurobraille (8-dot Braille): Code tables 437 and 850 of ISO TR 11548, Part 2

Chess Notation:

Schachschrift für Blinde, 2004, Vol. 15

Stenography

System der deutschen 6-Punkt-Stenografie für Blinde, 2002, Vol. 21

German Alphabet: See German, page 182

6
Azerbaijan

Language: Azerbaijani (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Azerbaijani

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ç (16) *

d (145) d

e (15) e

ə * (4, 1) @a

f (124) f

g (1245) g

ğ (126) <

h (125) h

x (1346) x

ı (35) 9

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

q (12345) q

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ö (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ş (146) %

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ü (1256) \

v (1236) v

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

* ä replaced ə in 1991

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

«...», “...” quote (236...356) 8...0

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

7
Bahamas

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Bahrain, Kingdom of

Languages: Arabic (uncontracted), English (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Saudi-Bahraini Institute for the Blind

www.blindinstitute.org

Literary Notation:

English: British Braille: A Restatement of Standard English Braille 4, 2004

Mathematics and Science Notation:

English: Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Computer Notation:

English: Braille Computer Notation, 2006

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996 (modified for Arab music icons)

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

8
Bangladesh

Language: Bangla (uncontracted)

Alphabet: Bangla, Independent Vowels

অ a (1) a

আ ā (345) >

ই i (24) i

ঈ ī (35) 9

উ u (136) u

ঊ ū (1256) \

ঋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

এ ē (15) e

ঐ ai (34) /

ও ō (135) o

ঔ au (246) [

Consonants

ক ka (13) k

খ kha (1346) x

গ ga (1245) g

ঘ gha (126) <

ঙ ṅa (346) +

চ ca (14) c

ছ cha (16) *

জ ja (245) j

ঝ jha (1356) z

ঞ ña (25) 3

ট ṭa (23456) )

ঠ ṭha (2456) w

ড ḍa (1246) $

ঢ ḍha (123456) =

ণ ṇa (3456) #

ত ta (2345) t

থ tha (1456) ?

দ da (145) d

ধ dha (2346) !

ন na (1345) n

প pa (1234) p

ফ pha (124) f

ব ba (12) b

ভ bha (1236) v

ম ma (134) m

য ya (13456) y

র ra (1235) r

ল la (123) l

শ śa (146) %

ষ ṣa (12346) &

স sa (234) s

হ ha (125) h

ড় ɽa (12456) ]

ঢ় ɽha (12356) (

য় ya (26) 5

ৎ khanda ta (5, 2345) "t

� kṣa (12345) q

� jña (156) :

9
Special Characters

◌ং Anusvara (56) ;

◌ঃ Visarga (6) ,

◌ঁ Candrabindu (3) '

Numbers

১ 1 (3456, 1) #a

২ 2 (3456, 12) #b

৩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

৪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

৫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

৬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

৭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

৮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

৯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

। 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

। period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (456, 34) _/

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

number sign (3456) #

10
Barbados

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

11
Belarus

Language: Belarusian (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Belarusian

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

д (145) d

е (15) e

ё (16) *

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

і (13456) y

й (12346) &

к (13) k

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

о (135) o

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ў (346) +

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

ы (2346) !

ь (23456) )

э (246) [

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

12
Belgium

Languages: Dutch (uncontracted), French (uncontracted), German (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

De Federatie Slechtzienden en Blindenbelang

Belgische Confederatie voor Blinden en Slechtzienden

http://www.phk.be/

Literary Notation:

Dutch: Braillestandaard voor algemeen gebruik in het Nederlandse taalgebied, 2005

French: Code braille français uniformise pour la transcription des textes imprimes (CBFU), 

2008

German: Das System der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

Mathematics and Science Notation:

French: Notation Mathématique Braille, 1st edition, January 2007; Notation Braille dans le 

Domaine de la Chimie, 1st edition, June 2008

German: Mathematikschrift für Blinde (2000, internal Handbook of the Swiss Library for Blind, 

Visually-Impaired and Print-Disabled); Neufassung und Vervollständigung des Systems der 

internationalen Mathematikschrift für Blinde, 1986 (braille) and 1992 (print)

Chemistry Notation:

German: Das System der Chemieschrift in der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

Computer Notation:

French: Table Braille Informatique Française (TBFR2007), 1st edition, October 2007

German: Eurobraille, DIN 32982 (“8-Punkt-Brailleschrift für die 

Informationsverarbeitung”/”Information processing 8-dot-Braille graphic characters”) (1994) 

and in ISO Technical Report 11548-2 (2001)

Music Notation:

French: Nouveau Manuel International de Notation Musicale Braille, 1996

German: New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

Dutch Alphabet: See Dutch, page 174

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

German Alphabet: See German, page 182

13
Bhutan

Languages: English (BANA, contracted), Dzongkha (uncontracted)

Literary Notation:

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Dzongkha Braille Code

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Dzongkha, Consonants

ཀ (13) k

ཁ (126) <

ག (1245) g

ང (346) +

ཅ (14) c

ཆ (16) *

ཇ (245) j

ཉ (1236) v

ཏ (2345) t

ཋ (5, 1456) "?

ད (2346) !

ན (1345) n

པ (1234) p

ཕ (124) f

བ (12) b

མ (134) m

ཙ (34) /

ཚ (12456) ]

ཛ (1356) z

ཝ (2456) w

ཞ (12345) q

ཟ (1346) x

འ (156) :

ཡ (13456) y

ར (1235) r

ལ (123) l

ཤ (146) %

ས (234) s

ཧ (125) h

ཨ (1) a

Consonants for Foreign Words

ཊ (5, 2345) "t

ཋ (5, 1456) "?

ཌ (5, 2346) "!

ཎ (5, 1345) "n

 (5, 146) "%

ཀྵ (13, 45, 5, 146) k^"%

Vowels

◌ི (24) i ◌ུ (136) u ◌ེ (15) e ◌ོ (135) o

Special Characters

◌ཿ (456, 246) _[

� (56, 1256) ;\

་ (2) 1

། (456) _

༎ (23, 23) 22

14
Numbers

༡ 1 (3456, 1) #a

༢ 2 (3456, 12) #b

༣ 3 (3456, 14) #c

༤ 4 (3456, 145) #d

༥ 5 (3456, 15) #e

༦ 6 (3456, 124) #f

༧ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

༨ 8 (3456, 125) #h

༩ 9 (3456, 24) #i

༠ 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (5, 35, 234) "9s

? question mark (6, 236) ,8

! exclamation (6, 235) ,6

„...„ quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (12356...23456) (...)

[...] brackets (4, 12356...4, 23456) @(...@)

{...} braces (46, 12356...46, 23456) .(....)

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (456, 34) _/

asterisk (46, 35) .9

number sign (3456) #

15
Bolivia

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Language: Bosnian (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Yugoslavia)

Alphabet: Bosnian

a а (1) a

b б (12) b

c ц (14) c

č ч (16) *

ć ћ (146) %

d д (145) d

dž џ (12456) ]

đ ђ (1456) ?

e е (15) e

f ф (124) f

g г (1245) g

h х (125) h

i и (24) i

j ј (245) j

k к (13) k

l л (123) l

lj љ (126) <

m м (134) m

n н (1345) n

nj њ (1246) $

o о (135) o

p п (1234) p

r р (1235) r

s с (234) s

š ш (156) :

t т (2345) t

u у (136) u

v в (1236) v

z з (1356) z

ž ж (2346) !

16
Brazil

Language: Portuguese (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

Grafia Braille para Lingua Portuguesa, 2003 (Braille Writing for the Portuguese Language)

Estenografia Braille Para Língua Portuguesa (Grade 2)

Normas Técnicas para a Produção de Textos em Braille, 2003 (Standards for the Production 

of Braille texts)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1997

Chemistry Notation:

Grafia Quimica Braille, 2010

Computer Notation:

Grafia Braille para Informática, 2006 (Braille Writing for Computing)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation (Portuguese translation, 2007)

Portuguese Alphabet: See Portuguese, page 197

17
Bulgaria

Language: Bulgarian (uncontracted)

Literary Notation:

Bulgarian Braille, 2004

Mathematics Notation:

Russian math system

Science Notation:

Latin letters for physics and chemistry (formulas)

Computer Notation:

Partially Russian computer braille and some Bulgarian letters

Music Notation:

Marburg

Alphabet: Bulgarian

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

д (145) d

е (15) e

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (24) i

й (13456) y

к (13) k

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

о (135) o

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

щ (1346) x

ъ (12356) (

ь (23456) )

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

„...“ quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

18
Cambodia

Language: Khmer (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Krousar Thmey Cambodia

www.krousar-thmey.org

Braille Code:

Braille Khmer, 2012

Alphabet: Khmer

ក (1245) g

ខ (13) k

គ (6, 1245) ,g

ឃ (6, 13) ,k

ង (12456) ]

ច (245) j

ឆ (346) +

ជ (6, 245) ,j

ឈ (6, 346) ,+

ញ (6, 1456) ,?

ដ (145) d

ឋ (36, 23456) -)

ឌ (6, 145) ,d

ឍ (356, 23456) 0)

ណ (1345) n

ត (2345) t

ថ (23456) )

ទ (6, 2345) ,t

ធ (6, 23456) ,)

ន (6, 1345) ,n

ប (12) b

ផ (1234) p

ព (12346) &

ភ (6, 1234) ,p

ម (134) m

យ (6, 13456) ,y

រ (1235) r

ល (6, 123) ,l

វ (2456) w

ស (234) s

ហ (125) h

ឡ (123) l

អ (135) o

19
Consonant Legs: Each consonant has its leg, except ហ and អ

◌� (1236, 1245) vg

◌� (1236, 13) vk

◌� (1236, 6, 1245) v,g

◌្ឃ (1236, 6, 13) v,k

◌� (1236, 12456) v]

◌� (1236, 245) vj

◌� (1236, 346) v+

◌� (1236, 6, 245) v,j

◌្ឈ (1236, 6, 346) v,+

◌� (1236, 6, 1456) v,?

◌� (1236, 145) vd

◌� (1236, 36, 23456) v-)

◌� (1236, 6, 145) v,d

◌្ឍ (1236, 356, 23456) v0)

◌� (1236, 1345) vn

◌� (1236, 2345) vt

◌� (1236, 23456) v)

◌� (1236, 6, 2345) v,t

◌� (1236, 6, 23456) v,)

◌� (1236, 6, 1345) v,n

◌្ប (1236, 12) vb

◌� (1236, 1234) vp

◌� (1236, 12346) v&

◌� (1236, 6, 1234) v,p

◌� (1236, 134) vm

◌្យ (1236, 6, 13456) v,y

្រ◌ (1236, 1235) vr

◌� (1236, 6, 123) v,l

◌� (1236, 2456) vw

◌្ស (1236, 234) vs

No Legs

◌� (1236, 125) vh

◌� (1236, 135) vo

Vowels

◌ា (16) *

◌ិ (34) /

◌ី (15) e

◌ឹ (246) [

◌ឺ (26) 5

◌ុ (14) c

◌ូ (25) 3

◌ួ (23) 2

េ◌ (146) %

េ◌ឿ (12345) q

េ◌ៀ (12356) (

េ◌ (124) f

ែ◌ (126) <

ៃ◌ (24) i

េ◌ (156) :

េ◌ (456) _

◌ុ◌ំ (1246) $

◌ំ (13456) y

◌ា◌ំ (1356) z

◌ះ (1) a

20
Additional Vowels

◌ុ◌ះ (1346) x

េ◌◌ះ (136) u

េ◌◌ះ (2346) !

◌ះ◌ិ (34, 1) /a

◌ះ◌ឹ (246, 1) [a

ែ◌◌ះ (126, 1) <a

Full Vowels

ឥ (6, 34) ,/

ឦ (15, 1) ea

ឧ (14, 1) ca

ឪ (1256) \

ឫ (6, 1346) ,x

ឬ (1346, 1) xa

ឭ (1456) ?

ឮ (1456, 1) ?a

ឯ (5) "

ឰ (124, 1) fa

ឱ (156, 1) :a

ឱ’ (456, 14) _c

Numbers

១ 1 (3456, 1) #a

២ 2 (3456, 12) #b

៣ 3 (3456, 14) #c

៤ 4 (3456, 145) #d

៥ 5 (3456, 15) #e

៦ 6 (3456, 124) #f

៧ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

៨ 8 (3456, 125) #h

៩ 9 (3456, 24) #i

០ 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (45) ^

. period, point (256) 4

។ period, full stop (123456) =

? question mark (23) 2

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

21
Cameroon

Languages: French (uncontracted), English (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Canada

Languages: English (contracted), French (uncontracted and contracted)

Unified English Braille has been adopted, but is not implemented at this time

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Literacy Canada/l Littératie braille Canada

http://www.canadianbrailleauthority.ca

www.brailleliteracycanada.ca

The Braille Authority of North America

http://www.brailleauthority.org

Literary Notation:

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Code braille français uniformisé, 2008

Braille Formats:

Braille Formats: Principles of Print-to-Braille Transcription, 2011

IPA Braille:

An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008

Computer Notation:

Computer Braille Code, 2000 Revision

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Chemistry Notation:

Braille Code for Chemical Notation, 1997

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

Tactile Graphics:

Guidelines and Standard for Tactile Graphics, 2010

22
Refreshable Braille:

Provisional Guidelines for Linear Braille Format, 1987

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

Chile

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

23
China

Languages: Mandarin (contracted), Cantonese (uncontracted and no space between words)

Braille Standards Set by:

China Association for the Blind

Literary Notation:

Chinese Braille, Teng, Li, Yang, Gao; ISBN7-5080-0346-2/G.424, Huaxia Press, 1996;

Chinese Braille, GB/T15720—2008;

Braille. author: Zhong Jinghua; Tianjin: Tianjin Education Press, 2007

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Symbols of Chinese Braille, 2000

Music Notation:

China Braille Musical Signs, 2009

Mandarin Alphabet: See Mandarin, page 195

Cantonese Alphabet: See Cantonese, page 169

Colombia

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

24
Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Languages: French (contracted), English (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Zaire)

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Costa Rica

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

25
Croatia

Language: Croatian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Croatian Association of the Blind, Braille Committee (Hrvatski odbor za brajicu)

www.savez-slijepih.hr

Websites:

For books and magazines: Hrvatska knjižnica za slijepe (Croatian Library for the Blind) 

http://www.hkzasl.hr/

Textbooks for blind children adapt: Hrvatska knjižnica za slijepe (Croatian Library for the Blind) 

http://www.hkzasl.hr/

Hrvatski savez slijepih/Croatian Association of the Blind http://www.savez-slijepih.hr/

Centar za odgoj i obrazovanje „Vinko Bek“ (School for the Blind) 

http://www.centar-vinko-bek-zg.skole.hr/

Udruženje za unapređivanje obrazovanja slijepih i slabovidnih osoba (Association for the 

Advancement of Education of Blind and Visually Impaired Persons) http://www.uuosso.hr

Literary Notation:

Elementary Braille Code, 1994

Music Notation:

Braille Music Notation, 2005

Alphabet: Croatian

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

č (16) *

ć (146) %

d (145) d

dž (12456) ]

đ (1456) ?

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

lj (126) <

m (134) m

n (1345) n

nj (1246) $

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (156) :

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ž (2346) !

Accents

` short rising accent (4) @

‵‵ short downward accent (5) "

 ́ long rising accent (45) ^

⌒ long downward accent (56) ;

26
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (’Izostavnik) (256) 4

“...”, „...”, "...", «...» quote (2356...2356) 7...7

‘...’ single quote (3...3) '...'

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

/..../ parentheses (1256...1256) \...\

- hyphen (36) -

* asterisk (35) 9

& ampersand (12346) &

§ or ¶ paragraph (346) +

superscript (34) /

# release (6) ,

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

27
Cuba

Language: Spanish (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Notación Matemática. Fundación Braille de Uruguay. Unificación del código matemático

Science Notation:

Guías Comisión Braille española

Music Notation:

Notación musical en sistema braille. Frank Emilio Flynn, Ediciones Braille Iris, La Habana, 

1997

Stenography:

Conferencia estenografía Hispanoamericana, Grado 2 Aprobado en Montevideo, 1964, 

Buenos Aires Organización nacional del ciegos y Nacional braille de Buenos Aires, 1966

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Cyprus

Languages: Greek (uncontracted), Turkish (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Greek Alphabet: See Greek, page 183

Turkish Alphabet: See Turkish, page 204

28
Czech Republic

Language: Czech (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Czech Blind United (SONS)

www.sons.cz

Literary Notation:

GONZÚROVÁ, Wanda, Příručka pro přepis textů do bodového písma (Braille Transcription 

Manual)

Mathematics and Science Notation:

GONZÚROVÁ, Wanda, Příručka pro přepis textů do bodového písma (Braille Transcription 

Manual)

Computer Notation:

8-dot: used to represent braille on braille displays (braille translation tables implanted in 

screenreaders and braille embossing software)

Music Notation:

JELÍNEK, Jiří: Notopis pro nevidomé (Braille Music Notation for the Blind)

Alphabet: Czech

a (1) a

á (16) *

b (12) b

c (14) c

č (146) %

d (145) d

ď (1456) ?

e (15) e

é (345) >

ě (126) <

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

í (34) /

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ň (1246) $

o (135) o

ó (246) [

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

ř (2456) w

s (234) s

š (156) :

t (2345) t

ť (1256) \

u (136) u

ú (346) +

ů (23456) )

v (1236) v

w (12356) (

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

ý (12346) &

z (1356) z

ž (2346) !

29
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (4) @

„...“ quote (2356...2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (12456) ]

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

series capital (56) ;

number sign (3456) #

Denmark

Languages: Danish (contracted), Faroese (uncontracted), Greenlandic (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Authority Denmark

Det Danske Punktskriftnævn

Literary Notation:

Den Danske Punktskrift, 1993

Mathematics and Science Notation:

LaTex nomenclature based on the authorized 8-dot code (Latin 1252)

Music Notation:

International Notation for Music, Marburg

Danish Alphabet: See Danish, page 173

30
Alphabet: Faroese

a (1) a

á (34) /

b (12) b

d (145) d

ð (1456) ?

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

í (126) <

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ó (23456) )

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ú (12356) (

v (1236) v

y (13456) y

ý (123456) =

æ (345) >

ø (246) [

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe and abbreviation (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (56) ;

31
Alphabet: Greenlandic

a (1) a

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

h (125) h

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

æ (345) >

ø (246) [

å (16) *

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (4) @

»...«, "..." quote (2356...2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (5, 236...5, 356) "8..."0

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

– dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

uppercase letters (456) _

number sign (3456) #

italics (56) ;

32
Dominica

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Dominican Republic

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

33
Ecuador

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Egypt

Language: Arabic (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

34
El Salvador

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

35
Estonia

Language: Estonian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Tartu Emajõe School

kool@tek.tartu.ee

Literary and Mathematics Notation:

Handbook of Estonian Braille, 2012. Tartu School, Estonian State School for the Blind and 

Visually Impaired

Alphabet: Estonian

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (156) :

z (1356) z

ž (2346) !

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

õ (126) <

ä (345) >

ö (246) [

ü (1256) \

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (5) "

„...“ quote (56...56) ;...;

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

- hyphen, dash (36) -

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

bold (456) _

36
Ethiopia

Language: Amharic (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Ethiopian Standards Agency

enfo@ethiostandrs.org

Alphabet: Amharic

ሀ (125, 26) h5

ሁ (125, 136) hu

ሂ (125, 24) hi

ሃ (125, 1) ha

ሄ (125, 15) he

ህ (125) h

ሆ (125, 135) ho

ለ (123, 26) l5

ሉ (123, 136) lu

ሊ (123, 24) li

ላ (123, 1) la

ሌ (123, 15) le

ል (123) l

ሎ (123, 135) lo

ሐ (126, 26) <5

ሑ (126, 136) <u

ሒ (126, 24) <i

ሓ (126, 1) <a

ሔ (126, 15) <e

ሕ (126) <

ሖ (126, 135) <o

መ (134, 26) m5

ሙ (134, 136) mu

ሚ (134, 24) mi

ማ (134, 1) ma

ሜ (134, 15) me

ም (134) m

ሞ (134, 135) mo

ሠ (234, 26) s5

ሡ (234, 136) su

ሢ (234, 24) si

ሣ (234, 1) sa

ሤ (234, 15) se

ሥ (234) s

ሦ (234, 135) so

ረ (1235, 26) r5

ሩ (1235, 136) ru

ሪ (1235, 24) ri

ራ (1235, 1) ra

ሬ (1235, 15) re

ር (1235) r

ሮ (1235, 135) ro

ሰ (1456, 26) ?5

ሱ (1456, 136) ?u

ሲ (1456, 24) ?i

ሳ (1456, 1) ?a

ሴ (1456, 15) ?e

ስ (1456) ?

ሶ (1456, 135) ?o

ሸ (146, 26) %5

ሹ (146, 136) %u

ሺ (146, 24) %i

ሻ (146, 1) %a

ሼ (146, 15) %e

ሽ (146) %

ሾ (146, 135) %o

ቀ (12345, 26) q5

ቁ (12345, 136) qu

ቂ (12345, 24) qi

ቃ (12345, 1) qa

ቄ (12345, 15) qe

ቅ (12345) q

ቆ (12345, 135) qo

37
በ (12, 26) b5 ቡ (12, 136) bu ቢ (12, 24) bi ባ (12, 1) ba ቤ (12, 15) be ብ (12) b ቦ (12, 135) bo ተ (2345, 26) t5 ቱ (2345, 136) tu ቲ (2345, 24) ti ታ (2345, 1) ta ቴ (2345, 15) te ት (2345) t ቶ (2345, 135) to ቸ (16, 26) *5 ቹ (16, 136) *u ቺ (16, 24) *i ቻ (16, 1) *a ቼ (16, 15) *e ች (16) * ቾ (16, 135) *o ኀ (156, 26) :5 ኁ (156, 136) :u ኂ (156, 24) :i ኃ (156, 1) :a ኄ (156, 15) :e ኅ (156) : ኆ (156, 135) :o

ነ (1345, 26) n5 ኑ (1345, 136) nu ኒ (1345, 24) ni ና (1345, 1) na ኔ (1345, 15) ne ን (1345) n ኖ (1345, 135) no ኘ (346, 26) +5 ኙ (346, 136) +u ኚ (346, 24) +i ኛ (346, 1) +a ኜ (346, 15) +e ኝ (346) + ኞ (346, 135) +o አ (12356, 26) (5 ኡ (12356, 136) (u ኢ (12356, 24) (i ኣ (12356, 1) (a ኤ (12356, 15) (e እ (12356) ( ኦ (12356, 135) (o ከ (13, 26) k5 ኩ (13, 136) ku ኪ (13, 24) ki ካ (13, 1) ka ኬ (13, 15) ke ክ (13) k ኮ (13, 135) koኸ (236, 26) 85 ኹ (236, 136) 8u ኺ (236, 24) 8i ኻ (236, 1) 8a ኼ (236, 15) 8e ኽ (236) 8 ኾ (236, 135) 8o ወ (2456, 26) w5 ዉ (2456, 136) wu ዊ (2456, 24) wi ዋ (2456, 1) wa ዌ (2456, 15) we ው (2456) w ዎ (2456, 135) wo ዐ (1256, 26) \5 ዑ (1256, 136) \u ዒ (1256, 24) \i ዓ (1256, 1) \a ዔ (1256, 15) \e ዕ (1256) \ ዖ (1256, 135) \o ዘ (1356, 26) z5 ዙ (1356, 136) zu ዚ (1356, 24) zi ዛ (1356, 1) za ዜ (1356, 15) ze ዝ (1356) z ዞ (1356, 135) zo

38
ዠ (356, 26) 05

ዡ (356, 136) 0u

ዢ (356, 24) 0i

ዣ (356, 1) 0a

ዤ (356, 15) 0e

ዥ (356) 0

ዦ (356, 135) 0o

የ (13456, 26) y5

ዩ (13456, 136) yu

ዪ (13456, 24) yi

ያ (13456, 1) ya

ዬ (13456, 15) ye

ይ (13456) y

ዮ (13456, 135) yo

ደ (145, 26) d5

ዱ (145, 136) du

ዲ (145, 24) di

ዳ (145, 1) da

ዴ (145, 15) de

ድ (145) d

ዶ (145, 135) do

ጀ (245, 26) j5

ጁ (245, 136) ju

ጂ (245, 24) ji

ጃ (245, 1) ja

ጄ (245, 15) je

ጅ (245) j

ጆ (245, 135) jo

ገ (1245, 26) g5

ጉ (1245, 136) gu

ጊ (1245, 24) gi

ጋ (1245, 1) ga

ጌ (1245, 15) ge

ግ (1245) g

ጎ (1245, 135) go

ጠ (23456, 26) )5

ጡ (23456, 136) )u

ጢ (23456, 24) )i

ጣ (23456, 1) )a

ጤ (23456, 15) )e

ጥ (23456) )

ጦ (23456, 135) )o

ጨ (14, 26) c5

ጩ (14, 136) cu

ጪ (14, 24) ci

ጫ (14, 1) ca

ጬ (14, 15) ce

ጭ (14) c

ጮ (14, 135) co

ጰ (235, 26) 65

ጱ (235, 136) 6u

ጲ (235, 24) 6i

ጳ (235, 1) 6a

ጴ (235, 15) 6e

ጵ (235) 6

ጶ (235, 135) 6o

ጸ (2346, 26) !5

ጹ (2346, 136) !u

ጺ (2346, 24) !i

ጻ (2346, 1) !a

ጼ (2346, 15) !e

ጽ (2346) !

ጾ (2346, 135) !o

ፀ (12346, 26) &5

ፁ (12346, 136) &u

ፂ (12346, 24) &i

ፃ (12346, 1) &a

ፄ (12346, 15) &e

ፅ (12346) &

ፆ (12346, 135) &o

ፈ (124, 26) f5

ፉ (124, 136) fu

ፊ (124, 24) fi

ፋ (124, 1) fa

ፌ (124, 15) fe

ፍ (124) f

ፎ (124, 135) fo

ፐ (1234, 26) p5

ፑ (1234, 136) pu

ፒ (1234, 24) pi

ፓ (1234, 1) pa

ፔ (1234, 15) pe

ፕ (1234) p

ፖ (1234, 135) po

39
ቨ (1236, 26) v5

ቩ (1236, 136) vu

ቪ (1236, 24) vi

ቫ (1236, 1) va

ቬ (1236, 15) ve

ቭ (1236) v

ቮ (1236, 135) vo

ኰ (13, 2456, 26) kw5

ኵ (13, 2456, 136) kwu

ኲ (13, 2456, 24) kwi

ኳ (13, 1346) kx

ኴ (13, 2456, 15) kwe

ቈ (12345, 2456, 26) qw5

ቍ (12345, 2456, 136) qwu

ቊ (12345, 2456, 24) qwi

ቋ (12345, 1346) qx

ቌ (12345, 2456, 15) qwe

ኈ (156, 2456, 26) :w5

ኍ (156, 2456, 136) :wu

ኊ (156, 2456, 24) :wi

ኋ (156, 1346) :x

ኌ (156, 2456, 15) :we

ጐ (1245, 2456, 26) gw5

ጕ (1245, 2456, 136) gwu

ጒ (1245, 2456, 24) gwi

ጓ (1245, 1346) gx

ጔ (1245, 2456, 15) gwe

ሏ (123, 1346) lx

ሟ (134, 1346) mx

ሯ (1235, 1346) rx

ሷ (1456, 1346) ?x

ቧ (12, 1346) bx

ቷ (2345, 1346) tx

ቿ (16, 1346) *x

ኳ (13, 1346) kx

ኋ (156, 1346) :x

ኗ (1345, 1346) nx

ኟ (346, 1346) +x

ዟ (1356, 1346) zx

ዧ (356, 1346) 0x

ዷ (145, 1346) dx

ጇ (245, 1346) jx

ጓ (1245, 1346) gx

ጧ (23456, 1346) )x

ጯ (14, 1346) cx

ጿ (2346, 1346) !x

ፏ (124, 1346) fx

40
Geez Numerical Codes

፩ 1 (1, 1, 23) aa2

፪ 2 (1, 14, 23) ac2

፫ 3 (1, 25, 23) a32

፬ 4 (1, 36, 23) a-2

፭ 5 (1, 15, 23) ae2

፮ 6 (1, 26, 23) a52

፯ 7 (1, 24, 23) ai2

፰ 8 (1, 35, 23) a92

፱ 9 (1, 12, 23) ab2

፲ 10 (1, 13, 23) ak2

፳ 20 (1, 13, 14, 23) akc2

፴ 30 (1, 13, 25, 23) ak32

፵ 40 (1, 13, 36, 23) ak-2

፶ 50 (1, 13, 15, 23) ake2

፷ 60 (1, 13, 26, 23) ak52

፸ 70 (1, 13, 24, 23) aki2

፹ 80 (1, 13, 35, 23) ak92

፺ 90 (1, 13, 12, 23) akb2

፻ 100 (1, 124, 1, 13) afak

Punctuation

᎐ tonal mark (5) "

፡ wordspace (6, 3) ,'

፣ comma (2) 1

፤ semicolon (23) 2

፦ preface colon (25) 3

። period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

‹...› single quote (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

– hyphen (25, 25) 33

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (5, 2) "1

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

number sign (3456) #

41
Finland

Languages: Finnish (uncontracted), Swedish (uncontracted)

Note: Finnish punctuation is used with Swedish text

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille-neuvottelukunta (Finnish Braille Authority)

braille@celia.fi

www.pistekirjoitus.fi

Literary Notation:

Hietaketo-Vieno, Kartovaara, Mäntylä, Pyötsiä, Salo, Pistekirjoituksen perusteet, Brailleneuvottelukunta & Näkövammaisten kirjasto, Helsinki 2000

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Anneli Salo, Matematiikan, fysiikan ja kemian pistemerkinnät, Braille-neuvottelukunta & Celia –

Näkövammaisten kirjasto, Helsinki 2004

Music Notation:

Bettye Krolick (toim.), Uusi kansainvälisen pistenuottikirjoituksen käsikirja, Brailleneuvottelukunta & Celia – Näkövammaisten kirjasto, Helsinki 2006

Swedish Alphabet: See Swedish, page 203

Alphabet: Finnish

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

å (16) *

ä (345) >

ö (246) [

w (2456) w

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (256) 4

42
’ apostrophe (5) "

”...” quote (56...56) ;...;

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

France

Language: French (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Ministère chargé des personnes handicapées

http://www.avh.asso.fr

Literary Notation:

Code Braille Français Uniformisé (CBFU) 2nd edition, September 2008

http://www.avh.asso.fr/rubriques/infos_braille/nouveau_code_braille.php

Mathematics Notation:

Notation mathématique braille, 1st edition, January 2007

Science Notation:

Notation braille dans le domaine de la chimie, 1st edition, June 2008

Computer Notation:

Table braille informatique française (TBFR2007), 1st edition, October 2007

Music Notation:

Nouveau manuel international de notation musicale braille, 1996 edition

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

43
Gambia

Language: English (United Kingdom, contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Royal National Institute of the Blind (now UKAFF)

Literary Notation:

British Braille Revised Edition, 2005

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

44
Georgia

Language: Georgian (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Georgian

ა (1) a

ბ (12) b

გ (1245) g

დ (145) d

ე (15) e

ვ (2456) w

ზ (1356) z

თ (124) f

ი (24) i

კ (13) k

ლ (123) l

მ (134) m

ნ (1345) n

ო (135) o

პ (1234) p

ჟ (245) j

რ (1235) r

ს (234) s

ტ (2345) t

უ (136) u

ფ (1236) v

ქ (12456) ]

ღ (1246) $

ყ (2346) !

შ (156) :

ჩ (12345) q

ც (14) c

ძ (13456) y

წ (1456) ?

ჭ (1346) x

ხ (125) h

ჯ (246) [

ჰ (12346) &

Note: There is no distinction between upper- and lowercase letters in the Georgian alphabet.

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

„...“ quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (5, 126...5, 345) "<...">

number sign (3456) #

჻ paragraph separator (34, 34) //

45
Germany

Language: German (three contraction grades)

Basisschrift: no contractions; very rarely used.

Vollschrift: eight simple contractions for common vowel and consonant groups (publications for 

younger school children and signage)

Kurzschrift: contracted (publications for adults and older schoolchildren)

Braille Standards Set by:

Authority of the German-Speaking Countries (Brailleschriftkomitee der deutschsprachige, 

BSKDL)

Literary Notation:

Das System der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

Mathematics and Science Notation: (under revision)

Mathematikschrift für Blinde, 2000

Neufassung und Vervollständigung des Systems der internationalen Mathematikschrift für 

Blinde, 1986 (braille) and 1992 (print)

For use with computers and 8-dot hardcopy braille: various derivatives and adaptations of 

LaTeX

Computer Notation:

Eurobraille, DIN 32982 (“8-Punkt-Brailleschrift für die Informationsverarbeitung”/”Information 

processing 8-dot-Braille graphic characters”) (1994) and in ISO Technical Report 11548-2 

(2001)

Chemistry Notation:

Das System der Chemieschrift in der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation (German translation)

Chess Notation:

Schachschrift für Blinde, 2004

Shorthand Notation:

System der deutschen 6-Punkt-Stenografie für Blinde, 2002

IPA Braille:

Weltlautschrift für Blinde, 1938, reprinted 2010

Considering adoption of the code used in Unified English Braille with minimal adaptions for the 

German braille code

Ancient and New Testament Greek:

Internationale griechische Blindenschrift, 1939

All Other Languages:

Uncontracted codes of the languages are used. English is occasionally contracted.

German Alphabet: See German, page 182

46
Ghana

Languages: English (contracted), Twi (uncontracted), Ewé (uncontracted), Ga (uncontracted), 

Dagaare (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Council of Ghana

Ghana Blind Union

braillecouncilofghana@gmail.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notation, 2008

Computer Notation:

Braille Computer Notation, 2006

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Ewé Alphabet: See Ewé, page 179

Alphabet: Twi

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

ε (12456) ]

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ↄ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

47
Alphabet: Ga

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

ε (12456) ]

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ↄ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Alphabet: Dagaare

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

ε (12456) ]

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ↄ (246) [

p (1234) p

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation: Ghanaian Languages

Same as English

Greece

Language: Greek (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Greek Alphabet: See Greek, page 183

48
Grenada 

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Guatemala

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

49
Haiti

Language: French (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

Code Braille Français Uniformisé (CBFU) 2nd edition, September 2008

http://www.avh.asso.fr/rubriques/infos_braille/nouveau_code_braille.php

Mathematics Notation:

Notation mathématique braille, 1st edition, January 2007

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Science Notation:

Notation braille dans le domaine de la chimie, 1st edition, June 2008

Computer Notation:

Table braille informatique française (TBFR2007), 1st edition, October 2007

Music Notation:

Nouveau manuel international de notation musicale braille, 1996 edition

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

50
Honduras

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

51
Hong Kong

Languages: English (contracted), Cantonese (uncontracted and no space between words)

Will adopt Unified English Braille at a later date

Braille Standards Set by:

The Hong Kong Society for the Blind

http://www.hksb.org.hk

Literary Notation:

English: Braille Authority of North America: English Braille American Edition

English: Braille Authority of North America: Braille Formats: Principles of Print-to-BrailleTranscription

Cantonese: The Canossa School for the Visually Disabled: Chinese (Cantonese) Braille Code

1982

Cantonese: The Hong Kong Society for the Blind: Cantonese Braille Punctuation, 1998

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Authority of the United Kingdom: Braille Mathematics Notation

Science Notation:

Braille Authority of the United Kingdom: Braille Science Notation

Music Notation:

Braille Authority of North America: Music Braille Code, 1997

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Cantonese Alphabet: See Cantonese, page 169

Hungary

Language: Hungarian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Authority of MVGYOSZ

Literary Notation:

Hungarian Dot Writing – Grade 1 (A magyar pontírás – teljesírás), by Miklós Görgényi, 

Budapest, 1998

Mathematics and Chemistry Notation:

Miklós Bánó dr. & Géza Ambrózy, Braille Codes in Mathematics and Chemistry, 1952

Hungarian Alphabet: See Hungarian, page 188

52
Iceland

Languages: Icelandic (uncontracted)

English (uncontracted) and Danish (uncontracted) for foreign language requirement

German (uncontracted), Spanish (uncontracted), or French (uncontracted) for option third 

language

All foreign textbooks scanned and embossed in Grade 0 (uncontracted code), sometimes with 

improvisation (discussions in Iceland to change this and start teaching contracted braille 

codes for a given language)

Will likely adopt Unified English Braille at a later date

Braille Standards Set by:

Icelandic Braille Authority (IBA)

Iceland National Institute for the Visually Impaired

http://www.midstod.is/english/the-icelandic-braille-committee/

Literary Notation:

IceBraille, 2010 (Icelandic Braille Standard)

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Evaluating codes at this time, will most likely go with Nemeth and, possibly, raw LaTeX source 

code, depending on student preferences

Computer Notation:

8-dot IceBraille

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, WBU, 1996

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Danish Alphabet: See Danish, page 173

German Alphabet: See German, page 182

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

53
Alphabet: Icelandic

a (1) a

á (16) *

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

ð (156) :

e (15) e

é (2346) !

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

í (126) <

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ó (1456) ?

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ú (12456) ]

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

ý (12346) &

z (1356) z

þ (1246) $

æ (345) >

ö (246) [

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (5) "

„...“ quote (2356...2356) 7...7

‚...‘ single quote (5...5) "..."

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

... ellipsis (6) ,

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

54
India

Languages: Hindi (Official Language of India), English (contracted), Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, 

Bengali, Kannada, Punjabi, Assamese, Malayalam, Nepali, Oriya, Telugu, Urdu

Bharati Braille Code is the collective name given to the all the languages of India.

Contractions have been prepared for Hindi, Oriya, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, 

and Malayalam but they are not widely used.

Braille Standards Set by:

National Institute for the Visually Handicapped (NIVH), Rajpur Road, Dehradun, Uttrakhand

State is responsible for standardization of braille codes through its Braille Development Unit. In 

the year 2008 the Government of India constituted the “Braille Council of India.” NIVH is 

serving as its Secretariat.

Literary Notation:

Bharati Braille, April, 1951, (Name of the language concerned is preceded by the phrase 

“Bharati Braille”), viz. Bharati Braille (Hindi), Bharati Braille (Assamese), etc.

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Mathematics and Science Code for India, 1989

Music Notation:

The Braille Code for Hindustani Sangeet, 1982

Braille notation for Carnatik Music, 2008

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

55
Alphabet: Hindi

अ a (1) a

आ ā (345) >

इ i (24) i

ई ī (35) 9

उ u (136) u

ऊ ū (1256) \

ऎ e (26) 5

ए ē (15) e

ऐ ai (34) /

ऒ o (1346) x

ओ ō (135) o

औ au (246) [

ऋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ॠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ऌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ॡ l̥

̄ (6, 123) ,l

क k (13) k

ख kh (46) .

ग g (1245) g

घ gh (126) <

ङ ṅ (346) +

च c (14) c

छ ch (16) *

ज j (245) j

झ jh (356) 0

ञ ñ (25) 3

ट ṭ (23456) )

ठ ṭh (2456) w

ड ḍ (1246) $

ढ ḍh (123456) =

ण ṇ (3456) #

त t (2345) t

थ th (1456) ?

द d (145) d

ध dh (2346) !

न n (1345) n

प p (1234) p

फ ph (235) 6

ब b (12) b

भ bh (45) ^

म m (134) m

य y (13456) y

र r (1235) r

ल l (123) l

ळ ḷ (456) _

व v (1236) v

श ś (146) %

ष ṣ (12346) &

स s (234) s

ह h (125) h

� kṣ (12345) q

� jñ (156) :

ड़ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ढ़ ṛh (5, 12456) "]

फ़ f (124) f

ज़ z (1356) z

Diacritics

◌् Virama (4) @

◌ं Anusvara (56) ;

◌ः Visarga (6) ,

◌ँ Candrabindu (3) '

ऽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

१ 1 (3456, 1) #a

२ 2 (3456, 12) #b

३ 3 (3456, 14) #c

४ 4 (3456, 145) #d

५ 5 (3456, 15) #e

६ 6 (3456, 124) #f

७ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

८ 8 (3456, 125) #h

९ 9 (3456, 24) #i

० 0 (3456, 245) #j

56
Alphabet: Tamil

அ a (1) a

ஆ ā (345) >

இ i (24) i

ஈ ī (35) 9

உ u (136) u

ஊ ū (1256) \

எ e (26) 5

ஏ ē (15) e

ஐ ai (34) /

ஒ o (1346) x

ஓ ō (135) o

ஔ au (246) [

க k (13) k

ங ṅ (346) +

ச c (14) c

ஜ j (245) j

ஞ ñ (25) 3

ட ṭ (23456) )

ண ṇ (3456) #

த t (2345) t

ந n (1345) n

ப p (1234) p

ம m (134) m

ய y (13456) y

ர r (1235) r

ல l (123) l

ள ḷ (456) _

வ v (1236) v

ஶ ś (146) %

ஷ ṣ (12346) &

ஸ s (234) s

ஹ h (125) h

க்ஷ kṣ (12345) q

ற ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ழ ḻ (12356) (

ன ṉ (56) ;

Diacritics

◌் Virama (4) @

ஃ Visarga (6) ,

Numbers

௧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

௨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

௩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

௪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

௫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

௬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

௭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

௮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

௯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

೦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

57
Alphabet: Marathi

अ a (1) a

आ ā (345) >

इ i (24) i

ई ī (35) 9

उ u (136) u

ऊ ū (1256) \

ऎ e (26) 5

ए ē (15) e

ऐ ai (34) /

ऒ o (1346) x

ओ ō (135) o

औ au (246) [

ऋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ॠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ऌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ॡ l̥

̄ (6, 123) ,l

क k (13) k

ख kh (46) .

ग g (1245) g

घ gh (126) <

ङ ṅ (346) +

च c (14) c

छ ch (16) *

ज j (245) j

झ jh (356) 0

ञ ñ (25) 3

ट ṭ (23456) )

ठ ṭh (2456) w

ड ḍ (1246) $

ढ ḍh (123456) =

ण ṇ (3456) #

त t (2345) t

थ th (1456) ?

द d (145) d

ध dh (2346) !

न n (1345) n

प p (1234) p

फ ph (235) 6

ब b (12) b

भ bh (45) ^

म m (134) m

य y (13456) y

र r (1235) r

ल l (123) l

ळ ḷ (456) _

व v (1236) v

श ś (146) %

ष ṣ (12346) &

स s (234) s

ह h (125) h

� kṣ (12345) q

� jñ (156) :

ड़ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ढ़ ṛh (5, 12456) "]

फ़ f (124) f

ज़ z (1356) z

Diacritics

◌् Virama (4) @

◌ं Anusvara (56) ;

◌ः Visarga (6) ,

◌ँ Candrabindu (3) '

ऽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

१ 1 (3456, 1) #a

२ 2 (3456, 12) #b

३ 3 (3456, 14) #c

४ 4 (3456, 145) #d

५ 5 (3456, 15) #e

६ 6 (3456, 124) #f

७ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

८ 8 (3456, 125) #h

९ 9 (3456, 24) #i

० 0 (3456, 245) #j

58
Alphabet: Gujarati

અ a (1) a

આ ā (345) >

ઇ i (24) i

ઈ ī (35) 9

ઉ u (136) u

ઊ ū (1256) \

એ ē (15) e

ઐ ai (34) /

ઓ ō (135) o

ઔ au (246) [

ઋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ૠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ક k (13) k

ખ kh (46) .

ગ g (1245) g

ઘ gh (126) <

ઙ ṅ (346) +

ચ c (14) c

છ ch (16) *

જ j (245) j

ઝ jh (356) 0

ઞ ñ (25) 3

ટ ṭ (23456) )

ઠ ṭh (2456) w

ડ ḍ (1246) $

ઢ ḍh (123456) =

ણ ṇ (3456) #

ત t (2345) t

થ th (1456) ?

દ d (145) d

ધ dh (2346) !

ન n (1345) n

પ p (1234) p

ફ ph (235) 6

બ b (12) b

ભ bh (45) ^

મ m (134) m

ય y (13456) y

ર r (1235) r

લ l (123) l

ળ ḷ (456) _

વ v (1236) v

શ ś (146) %

ષ ṣ (12346) &

સ s (234) s

હ h (125) h

ક્ષ kṣ (12345) q

જ્ઞ jñ (156) :

Diacritics

◌્ Virama (4) @

◌ં Anusvara (56) ;

◌ઃ Visarga (6) ,

◌ઁ Candrabindu (3) '

ઽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

૧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

૨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

૩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

૪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

૫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

૬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

૭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

૮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

૯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

૦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

59
Alphabet: Bengali

অ a (1) a

আ ā (345) >

ই i (24) i

ঈ ī (35) 9

উ u (136) u

ঊ ū (1256) \

য় e (26) 5

এ ē (15) e

ঐ ai (34) /

ও ō (135) o

ঔ au (246) [

ঋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ঌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ক k (13) k

খ kh (46) .

গ g (1245) g

ঘ gh (126) <

ঙ ṅ (346) +

চ c (14) c

ছ ch (16) *

জ j (245) j

ঝ jh (356) 0

ঞ ñ (25) 3

ট ṭ (23456) )

ঠ ṭh (2456) w

ড ḍ (1246) $

ঢ ḍh (123456) =

ণ ṇ (3456) #

ত t (2345) t

থ th (1456) ?

দ d (145) d

ধ dh (2346) !

ন n (1345) n

প p (1234) p

ফ ph (235) 6

ব b (12) b

ভ bh (45) ^

ম m (134) m

য y (13456) y

র r (1235) r

ল l (123) l

ৱ v (1236) v

শ ś (146) %

ষ ṣ (12346) &

স s (234) s

হ h (125) h

� kṣ (12345) q

� jñ (156) :

ড় ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ঢ় ṛh (5, 12456) "]

Diacritics

◌্ Virama (4) @

◌ং Anusvara (56) ;

◌ঃ Visarga (6) ,

◌ঁ Candrabindu (3) '

ঽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

১ 1 (3456, 1) #a

২ 2 (3456, 12) #b

৩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

৪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

৫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

৬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

৭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

৮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

৯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

০ 0 (3456, 245) #j

60
Alphabet: Kannada

ಅ a (1) a

ಆ ā (345) >

ಇ i (24) i

ಈ ī (35) 9

ಉ u (136) u

ಊ ū (1256) \

ಎ e (26) 5

ಏ ē (15) e

ಐ ai (34) /

ಒ o (1346) x

ಓ ō (135) o

ಔ au (246) [

ಋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ೠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ಕ k (13) k

ಖ kh (46) .

ಗ g (1245) g

ಘ gh (126) <

ಙ ṅ (346) +

ಚ c (14) c

ಛ ch (16) *

ಜ j (245) j

ಝ jh (356) 0

ಞ ñ (25) 3

ಟ ṭ (23456) )

ಠ ṭh (2456) w

ಡ ḍ (1246) $

ಢ ḍh (123456) =

ಣ ṇ (3456) #

ತ t (2345) t

ಥ th (1456) ?

ದ d (145) d

ಧ dh (2346) !

ನ n (1345) n

ಪ p (1234) p

ಫ ph (235) 6

ಬ b (12) b

ಭ bh (45) ^

ಮ m (134) m

ಯ y (13456) y

ರ r (1235) r

ಲ l (123) l

ಳ ḷ (456) _

ವ v (1236) v

ಶ ś (146) %

ಷ ṣ (12346) &

ಸ s (234) s

ಹ h (125) h

ಕಷ್ kṣ (12345) q

ಱ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

Diacritics

◌್ Virama (4) @ ◌ಂ Anusvara (56) ; ◌ಃ Visarga (6) ,

Numbers

೧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

೨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

೩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

೪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

೫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

೬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

೭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

೮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

೯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

೦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

61
Alphabet: Punjabi (Gurmukhi script)

ਅ a (1) a

ਆ ā (345) >

ਇ i (24) i

ਈ ī (35) 9

ਉ u (136) u

ਊ ū (1256) \

ਏ ē (15) e

ਐ ai (34) /

ਖ਼ o (1346) x

ਓ ō (135) o

ਔ au (246) [

ਕ k (13) k

ਖ kh (46) .

ਗ g (1245) g

ਘ gh (126) <

ਙ ṅ (346) +

ਚ c (14) c

ਛ ch (16) *

ਜ j (245) j

ਝ jh (356) 0

ਞ ñ (25) 3

ਟ ṭ (23456) )

ਠ ṭh (2456) w

ਡ ḍ (1246) $

ਢ ḍh (123456) =

ਣ ṇ (3456) #

ਤ t (2345) t

ਥ th (1456) ?

ਦ d (145) d

ਧ dh (2346) !

ਨ n (1345) n

ਪ p (1234) p

ਫ ph (235) 6

ਬ b (12) b

ਭ bh (45) ^

ਮ m (134) m

ਯ y (13456) y

ਰ r (1235) r

ਲ l (123) l

ਲ਼ ḷ (456) _

ਵ v (1236) v

ਸ਼ ś (146) %

ਸ s (234) s

ਹ h (125) h

ੜ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ੜ� ṛh (5, 12456) "]

ਫ਼ f (124) f

ਜ਼ z (1356) z

Diacritics

◌੍ Virama (4) @

◌ਂ Anusvara (56) ;

◌ਃ Visarga (6) ,

◌ਁ Candrabindu (3) '

Numbers

੧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

੨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

੩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

੪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

੫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

੬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

੭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

੮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

੯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

੦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

62
Alphabet: Assamese

অ a (1) a

আ ā (345) >

ই i (24) i

ঈ ī (35) 9

উ u (136) u

ঊ ū (1256) \

য় e (26) 5

এ ē (15) e

ঐ ai (34) /

ও ō (135) o

ঔ au (246) [

ঋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ঌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ক k (13) k

খ kh (46) .

গ g (1245) g

ঘ gh (126) <

ঙ ṅ (346) +

চ c (14) c

ছ ch (16) *

জ j (245) j

ঝ jh (356) 0

ঞ ñ (25) 3

ট ṭ (23456) )

ঠ ṭh (2456) w

ড ḍ (1246) $

ঢ ḍh (123456) =

ণ ṇ (3456) #

ত t (2345) t

থ th (1456) ?

দ d (145) d

ধ dh (2346) !

ন n (1345) n

প p (1234) p

ফ ph (235) 6

ব b (12) b

ভ bh (45) ^

ম m (134) m

য y (13456) y

র r (1235) r

ল l (123) l

ৱ v (1236) v

শ ś (146) %

ষ ṣ (12346) &

স s (234) s

হ h (125) h

� kṣ (12345) q

� jñ (156) :

ড় ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ঢ় ṛh (5, 12456) "]

Diacritics

◌্ Virama (4) @

◌ং Anusvara (56) ;

◌ঃ Visarga (6) ,

◌ঁ Candrabindu (3) '

ঽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

১ 1 (3456, 1) #a

২ 2 (3456, 12) #b

৩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

৪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

৫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

৬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

৭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

৮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

৯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

০ 0 (3456, 245) #j

63
Alphabet: Malayalam

അ a (1) a

ആ ā (345) >

ഇ i (24) i

ഈ ī (35) 9

ഉ u (136) u

ഊ ū (1256) \

എ e (26) 5

ഏ ē (15) e

ഐ ai (34) /

ഒ o (1346) x

ഓ ō (135) o

ഔ au (246) [

ഋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ൠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ഌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ൡ l̥

̄ (6, 123) ,l

ക k (13) k

ഖ kh (46) .

ഗ g (1245) g

ഘ gh (126) <

ങ ṅ (346) +

ച c (14) c

ഛ ch (16) *

ജ j (245) j

ഝ jh (356) 0

ഞ ñ (25) 3

ട ṭ (23456) )

ഠ ṭh (2456) w

ഡ ḍ (1246) $

ഢ ḍh (123456) =

ണ ṇ (3456) #

ത t (2345) t

ഥ th (1456) ?

ദ d (145) d

ധ dh (2346) !

ന n (1345) n

പ p (1234) p

ഫ ph (235) 6

ബ b (12) b

ഭ bh (45) ^

മ m (134) m

യ y (13456) y

ര r (1235) r

ല l (123) l

ള ḷ (456) _

വ v (1236) v

ശ ś (146) %

ഷ ṣ (12346) &

സ s (234) s

ഹ h (125) h

ക്ഷ kṣ (12345) q

റ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ഴ ḻ (12356) (

Diacritics

◌് Virama (4) @ ◌ം Anusvara (56) ; ◌ഃ Visarga (6) ,

Numbers

൧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

൨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

൩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

൪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

൫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

൬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

൭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

൮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

൯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

൦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

64
Alphabet: Nepali

अ a (1) a

आ ā (345) >

इ i (24) i

ई ī (35) 9

उ u (136) u

ऊ ū (1256) \

ऎ e (26) 5

ए ē (15) e

ऐ ai (34) /

ऒ o (1346) x

ओ ō (135) o

औ au (246) [

ऋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ॠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ऌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ॡ l̥

̄ (6, 123) ,l

क k (13) k

ख kh (46) .

ग g (1245) g

घ gh (126) <

ङ ṅ (346) +

च c (14) c

छ ch (16) *

ज j (245) j

झ jh (356) 0

ञ ñ (25) 3

ट ṭ (23456) )

ठ ṭh (2456) w

ड ḍ (1246) $

ढ ḍh (123456) =

ण ṇ (3456) #

त t (2345) t

थ th (1456) ?

द d (145) d

ध dh (2346) !

न n (1345) n

प p (1234) p

फ ph (235) 6

ब b (12) b

भ bh (45) ^

म m (134) m

य y (13456) y

र r (1235) r

ल l (123) l

ळ ḷ (456) _

व v (1236) v

श ś (146) %

ष ṣ (12346) &

स s (234) s

ह h (125) h

� kṣ (12345) q

� jñ (156) :

ड़ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ढ़ ṛh (5, 12456) "]

फ़ f (124) f

ज़ z (1356) z

Diacritics

◌् Virama (4) @

◌ं Anusvara (56) ;

◌ः Visarga (6) ,

◌ँ Candrabindu (3) '

ऽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

१ 1 (3456, 1) #a

२ 2 (3456, 12) #b

३ 3 (3456, 14) #c

४ 4 (3456, 145) #d

५ 5 (3456, 15) #e

६ 6 (3456, 124) #f

७ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

८ 8 (3456, 125) #h

९ 9 (3456, 24) #i

० 0 (3456, 245) #j

65
Alphabet: Oriya

ଅ a (1) a

ଆ ā (345) >

ଇ i (24) i

ଈ ī (35) 9

ଉ u (136) u

ଊ ū (1256) \

ୟ e (26) 5

ଏ ē (15) e

ଐ ai (34) /

ଓ ō (135) o

ଔ au (246) [

ଋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ୠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ଌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ୡ l̥

̄ (6, 123) ,l

କ k (13) k

ଖ kh (46) .

ଗ g (1245) g

ଘ gh (126) <

ଙ ṅ (346) +

ଚ c (14) c

ଛ ch (16) *

ଜ j (245) j

ଝ jh (356) 0

ଞ ñ (25) 3

ଟ ṭ (23456) )

ଠ ṭh (2456) w

ଡ ḍ (1246) $

ଢ ḍh (123456) =

ଣ ṇ (3456) #

ତ t (2345) t

ଥ th (1456) ?

ଦ d (145) d

ଧ dh (2346) !

ନ n (1345) n

ପ p (1234) p

ଫ ph (235) 6

ବ b (12) b

ଭ bh (45) ^

ମ m (134) m

ଯ y (13456) y

ର r (1235) r

ଳ l (123) l

ଲ ḷ (456) _

ୱ / ଵ v (1236) v

ଶ ś (146) %

ଷ ṣ (12346) &

ସ s (234) s

ହ h (125) h

� kṣ (12345) q

� jñ (156) :

ଡ଼ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

ଢ଼ ṛh (5, 12456) "]

Diacritics

◌୍ Virama (4) @

◌ଂ Anusvara (56) ;

◌ଃ Visarga (6) ,

◌ଁ Candrabindu (3) '

ଽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

୧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

୨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

୩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

୪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

୫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

୬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

୭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

୮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

୯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

୦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

66
Alphabet: Telugu

అ a (1) a

ఆ ā (345) >

ఇ i (24) i

ఈ ī (35) 9

ఉ u (136) u

ఊ ū (1256) \

ఎ e (26) 5

ఏ ē (15) e

ఐ ai (34) /

ఒ o (1346) x

ఓ ō (135) o

ఔ au (246) [

ఋ r̥ (5, 1235) "r

ౠ r̥̄ (6, 1235) ,r

ఌ l̥ (5, 123) "l

ౡ l̥

̄ (6, 123) ,l

క k (13) k

ఖ kh (46) .

గ g (1245) g

ఘ gh (126) <

ఙ ṅ (346) +

చ c (14) c

ఛ ch (16) *

జ j (245) j

ఝ jh (356) 0

ఞ ñ (25) 3

ట ṭ (23456) )

ఠ ṭh (2456) w

డ ḍ (1246) $

ఢ ḍh (123456) =

ణ ṇ (3456) #

త t (2345) t

థ th (1456) ?

ద d (145) d

ధ dh (2346) !

న n (1345) n

ప p (1234) p

ఫ ph (235) 6

బ b (12) b

భ bh (45) ^

మ m (134) m

య y (13456) y

ర r (1235) r

ల l (123) l

ళ ḷ (456) _

వ v (1236) v

శ ś (146) %

ష ṣ (12346) &

స s (234) s

హ h (125) h

కష్ kṣ (12345) q

ఱ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

Diacritics

◌్ Virama (4) @

◌ం Anusvara (56) ;

◌ః Visarga (6) ,

◌ఁ Candrabindu (3) '

ఽ Avagraha (2) 1

Numbers

౧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

౨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

౩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

౪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

౫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

౬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

౭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

౮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

౯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

౦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

67
Alphabet: Urdu

< (345) ā آ

9 (35) ī ی

\ (1256) ū و

ے ē (15) e

/ (34) ai ے

خ o (1346) x

و ō (135) o

] (246) au و

ک k (13) k

. (46) kh کھ

گ g (1245) g

> (126) gh گھ

چ c (14) c

* (16) ch چھ

ج j (245) j

0 (356) jh جھ

( (23456) ṭ ٹ

ڻھ ṭh (2456) w

$ (1246) ḍ ڈ

= (123456) ḍh ڈھ

ت t (2345) t

? (1456) th تھ

د d (145) d

! (2346) dh دھ

ن n (1345) n

پ p (1234) p

6 (235) ph پھ

ب b (12) b

^ (45) bh بھ

م m (134) m

ی y (13456) y

ر r (1235) r

ل l (123) l

و v (1236) v

% (146) ś ش

& (12346) ṣ ص

س s (234) s

ه h (125) h

ق kṣ (12345) q

: (156) jñ ح

ڑ ṛ / ṟ (12456) ]

[" (12456 5,) ṛh ڑھ

) (12356) ḻ ع

ف f (124) f

ز z (1356) z

Numbers

۱ 1 (3456, 1) #a

۲ 2 (3456, 12) #b

۳ 3 (3456, 14) #c

۴ 4 (3456, 145) #d

۵ 5 (3456, 15) #e

۶ 6 (3456, 124) #f

۷ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

۸ 8 (3456, 125) #h

۹ 9 (3456, 24) #i

۰ 0 (3456, 245) #j

68
Punctuation: Indian Languages

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

। danda, . period, full stop (256) 4

॥ double danda (256, 256) 44

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (2) 1

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

capital * (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

* Capital used only when transcribing English

69
Indonesia

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (usually uncontracted), English (contracted)

Literary Arabic is used for reading the Holy Koran

Braille Standards Set by:

Directorat of Special Education, Directorat General of Primary Education, Ministry of Education 

and Culture, Republic of Indonesia

Literary Notation:

Bahasa Indonesia: Indonesian Braille, 2000

English: English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Bahasa Indonesia: Indonesian Braille, 2000

English: Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, WBU, 1996

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Alphabet: Bahasa Indonesia

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

70
Iran

Languages: Farsi (uncontracted), English (contracted), Arabic for embossing the Koran 

(uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Special Education Organization, a sub-division of Ministry of Education of Iran

http://seo.medu.ir

Literary Notation:

Farsi Braille, Grade 1

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Computer Notation:

Braille Computer Notation, 2006 (UK)

Computer Braille Code, 2000 Revision (US)

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Alphabet: Farsi

< (345) aa آ

ا a/e/o (1) a

ب b (12) b

پ p (1234) p

ت t (2345) t

? (1456) s ث

ج j (245) j

چ ch (14) c

: (156) h ح

خ kh (1346) x

د d (145) d

! (2346) z ذ

ر r (1235) r

ز z (1356) z

+ (346) zh ژ

س s (234) s

% (146) sh ش

& (12346) s ص

$ (1246) z ض

( (23456) t ط

= (123456) z ظ

) (12356) ‘/a ع

> (126) gh غ

ف f (124) f

ق gh (12345) q

ک k (13) k

گ g (1245) g

ل l (123) l

م m (134) m

ن n (1345) n

ه h (125) h

و v (2456) w

ى *i/y (24) i

*ىaa (135) o

* In modern Persian, it is sometimes not written with the dots “135” and due to its shape/usage 

that is like Persian “ی, “it may be written as the same letter and as a result may be written with 

the dots “24” as in the letter “ی.“

71
Numbers

؀ number sign (3456) #

۱ 1 (3456, 1) #a

۲ 2 (3456, 12) #b

۳ 3 (3456, 14) #c

٤ 4 (3456, 145) #d

٥ 5 (3456, 15) #e

٦ 6 (3456, 124) #f

۷ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

۸ 8 (3456, 125) #h

۹ 9 (3456, 24) #i

۰ 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

! exclamation (235) 6

? question mark (236) 8

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

72
Ireland

Languages: English (contracted), Irish Gaelic (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Irish National Braille and Alternative Format Association (INBAF)

info@inbaf.ie

http://www.inbaf.ie

UKAAF

www.ukaaf.org

Literary Notation:

Braille Primer, 2008

Languages and Linguistics:

Braille Gaelic Code: as per usage and agreements, currently under INBAF review

Braille Notation Guides: Using the Braille French Code (RNIB 2007)

Using the Braille German Code (RNIB 2007)

Using the Braille Spanish Code (RNIB 2007)

Welsh Braille Code, 2006

An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008

Computer Notation:

Braille Computer Notation, BAUK, RNIB Peterborough 1996/2006

Mathematics Notation:

RNIB Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005 edition, RNIB Using the Braille Mathematics Code, 

2007

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notation, 2008 and RNIB Using the Braille Science Code, 2008

Music Notation:

Focus on Braille Music, 2004

Chess Code:

Braille Chess Code and Layout, 2001

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Irish Gaelic Alphabet: See Irish Gaelic, page 189

73
Israel

Languages: Hebrew (uncontracted), Arabic (uncontracted), English (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Central Library for the Blind

Literary Notation:

Braille Book: Writing and Editing, 1988

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision [additional symbols have 

been added]

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Hebrew, Consonants

א alef (1) a

בּ bet (12) b

ב vet (1236) v

גּ gimel (45, 1245) ^g

ג gimel (1245) g

דּ dalet (45, 145) ^d

ד dalet (145) d

הּ he (45, 125) ^h

ה he (125) h

ו vav (2456) w

ז zayin (1356) z

ח ḥet (1346) x

ט tet (2345) t

י yod (245) j

כּ kaf (13) k

* (16) khaf כ ,ך

ל lamed (123) l

m) 134 (mem מ ,ם

n) 1345 (nun נ ,ן

ס sameḥ (234) s

$ (1246) ayin ע

פּ pe (1234) p

f) 124 (fe פ ,ף

! (2346) tsadi צ ,ץ

ק qof (12345) q

ר resh (1235) r

% (146) shin ש

: (156) sin שׂ

\ (1256) tav תּ

? (1456) tav ת

74
Vowels and Pronunciation Aids

 ַא pataḥ (14) c

 ֲא ḥataf pataḥ (25) 3

/ (34) tsere אֵ 

 ֶא segol (15) e

 ֱא ḥataf segol (26) 5

 ִא ḥiriq ḥaser (24) i

9 (35) male ḥiriq אִ י

 ֹו ḥolam male (135) o

 ֹא ḥolam ḥaser (246) [

> (126) qamats אָ 

 ֳא ḥataf qamats (345) >

 ֻא qubuts (136) u

+ (346) shuruq וּ

 ְא sh’va (6) ,

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

75
Italy

Language: Italian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Biblioteca Italiana per i ciechi «Regina Margherita» (Italian Library for the Blind “Regina 

Margherita” – NPO)

www.bibciechi.it

bic@bibciechi.it

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, WBU, 1996

Italian Alphabet: See Italian, page 190

Jamaica

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

76
Japan

Language: Japanese (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Braille Authority of Japan

http://www.braille.jp

Literary Notation:

Japanese Braille Notation, 1990

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 1981

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notation, 1983

Computer Notation:

Japanese Braille Code for Computer, 1981

Music Notation:

Japanese Braille Code for Music, 1965

Japanese Alphabet: See Japanese, page 191

Jordan

Language: Arabic (uncontracted), English (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

77
Kazakhstan

Languages: Kazakh (uncontracted), Russian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Kazakhstan Society for the Blind

Literary Notation:

Kazakh: The Kazakh Braille Code

Russian: Contractions for the Blind, 1978

Mathematics and Science Notation:

System of Symbols for Math

Physics, Chemistry, and Astronomy: A Learning Aid, 1982

Russian Alphabet: See Russian, page 200

Alphabet: Kazakh

а (1) a

ә (345) >

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

ғ (12456) ]

д (145) d

е (15) e

ё (16) *

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (24) i

й (12346) &

к (13) k

қ (1456) ?

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

ң (146) %

һ (1236) v

о (135) o

ө (126) <

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ү (34) /

ұ (346) +

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

щ (1346) x

ъ (12356) (

і (13456) y

ы (2346) !

ь (23456) )

э (246) [

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (126...345) <...>

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

78
Kenya

Languages: English (contracted), Kiswahili (contracted), French (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Kenya Bureau of Standards

www.kebs.org

Literary Notation:

English: Braille Primer with Exercises based on British Braille, Revised Edition 1992, Reprinted 

with Corrections, 2001

Kiswahili: Swahili Braille Primer, 1993

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notations, 1987

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notations, 1989

Music Notation:

A Guide to Braille Music Notation, 1974

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Kiswahili Alphabet: See Kiswahili, page 193

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

Kuwait

Languages: Arabic (uncontracted), English (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

79
Kyrgyzstan

Languages: Russian (uncontracted), Kyrgyz (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Kyrgyz Association of Blind and Deaf People

erc@elcat.kg

Russian Alphabet: See Russian, page 200

Alphabet: Kyrgyz

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

д (145) d

е (15) e

ё (16) *

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (25) 3

й (12346) &

к (13) k

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

ң (13456) y

о (135) o

ө (34) /

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ү (1236) v

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

щ (1346) x

ъ (12356) (

ы (2346) !

ь (23456) )

э (246) [

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

80
Laos (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)

Language: Lao (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Lao Association of the Blind

Braille Code:

Lao Braille Code

Alphabet: Lao, Consonants

ກ k (1245) g

ຂ kh (13) k

ຄ kh (136) u

ງ ŋ (12456) ]

ຈ j (245) j

ສ s (234) s

ຊ s (2346) !

ຍ ɲ (13456) y

ດ d (145) d

ຕ t (1256) \

ຖ th (2345) t

ທ th (23456) )

ນ n (1345) n

ບ b (1236) v

ປ p (12346) &

ຜ ph (1234) p

ຝ f (1346) x

ພ p (1456) ?

ຟ f (1246) $

ມ m (134) m

ຢ y (6, 13456) ,y

ຣ r (1235) r

ລ l (123) l

ວ w (2456) w

ຫ h (125) h

ອ o (135) o

ຮ h (123456) =

Compound Consonants

ຫນ nhau (125, 1345) hn

ຫມ mhau (125, 134) hm

ຫຍ nyhau (125, 13456) hy

ຫຼ lhau (125, 123) hl

ຫວ whau (125, 2456) hw

ຫງ nghau (125, 12456) h]

81
Vowels

Xະ a (1) a

Xາ aa (16) *

ິ

◌ i (12) b

ີ◌ ii (23) 2

ຶ

◌ ɯ (246) [

ື◌ ɯɯ (26) 5

◌ຸ u (36) -

ູ◌ uu (25) 3

ເXະ e (124, 1) fa

ເX ee (124) f

ແXະ ɛ (126, 1) <a

ແX ɛɛ (126) <

ໂXະ o (24, 1) ia

ໂX oo (24) i

ເXາະ ɔ (135, 1) oa

ໍ

◌ ɔɔ (135) o

ເ◌ິ ə (146, 1) %a

ເ◌ີ əə (146) %

ເ◌ັຍ iaʔ (12356, 1) (a

ເXຍ ia (12356) (

ົ

◌ວະ uaʔ (15, 1) ea

ົ

◌ວ ua (15) e

ເ◌ຶ ອ ɯaʔ (12345, 1) qa

ເ◌ືອ ɯa (12345) q

Special Vowel Symbols

ໄX ai (156) :

ໃX ai (156, 2) :1

ເ◌ົ າ aw (235) 6

ໍ

◌າ am (1356) z

ົ

◌ (k)ong (14) c

◌ັ (k)an (345) >

Xຽ oi (456) _

ໆ (symbol for word repetition) (2) 1

Intonation Symbols

່◌ (35) 9 ້◌ (256) 4 ໊◌ (2356) 7 ໋◌ (236) 8

82
Numbers

໑ 1 (3456, 1) #a

໒ 2 (3456, 12) #b

໓ 3 (3456, 14) #c

໔ 4 (3456, 145) #d

໕ 5 (3456, 15) #e

໖ 6 (3456, 124) #f

໗ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

໘ 8 (3456, 125) #h

໙ 9 (3456, 24) #i

໐ 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

, comma (456, 2) _1

; semicolon (456, 23) _2

: colon (456, 25) _3

. period, full stop (456, 256) _4

? question mark (456, 236) _8

! exclamation (456, 235) _6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

number sign (3456) #

Latvia

Language: Latvian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latvian Society of the Blind (LSB)

lnbcv@e-apollo.lv

http://www.lnbrc.lv/english.htm

The Latvian Library for the Blind

info@neredzigobiblioteka.lv

http://www.neredzigobiblioteka.lv/

Braille Code:

Latvian Braille Code

83
Alphabet: Latvian

a (1) a

ā (16) *

b (12) b

c (14) c

č (146) %

d (145) d

e (15) e

ē (156) :

f (124) f

g (1245) g

ģ (12456) ]

h (125) h

i (24) i

ī (246) [

j (245) j

k (13) k

ķ (136) u

l (123) l

ļ (1236) v

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ņ (13456) y

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (2346) !

t (2345) t

u (34) /

ū (346) +

v (2456) w

z (345) >

ž (3456) #

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (25) ⠀3⠀

/ slash (in text) (456, 123) ⠀_l⠀

/ slash (on box) (34) /

number sign (3456) #

uppercase (46) .

lowercase (6) ,

84
Lebanon

Language: Arabic (uncontracted), English (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Liberia

Language: English (BANA contracted)

Literary Notation:

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Libya

Language: Arabic (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

85
Lithuania

Language: Lithuanian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania

Literary Notation:

Reformed Lithuanian Braille Alphabet, 2000

Computer Notation:

Lithuanian Single Eight-dot Braille Writing System, 2011

Alphabet: Lithuanian

a (1) a

ą (16) *

b (12) b

c (14) c

č (146) %

d (145) d

e (15) e

ę (156) :

ė (345) >

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

į (246) [

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (2346) !

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ū (1256) \

ų (346) +

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ž (126) <

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop, dot (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

„...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

... ellipsis (256, 256, 256) 444

- hyphen, minus (36) -

/ slash, oblique stroke (34) /

86
* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

Luxembourg

Languages: Luxembourgish (uncontracted), French (uncontracted), German (uncontracted), 

English (uncontracted)

6-dot braille is used for beginners (4-6 years old), and students are transitioned to 8-dot braille 

when they start reading numbers in primary school

Braille Standards Set by:

L’Institut pour Deficients Visuels

idv@ediff.lu

http://www.idv.lu

Literary Notation:

Luxembourgish Literary Braille Code

French Literary Braille Code

German Literary Braille Code

English Literary Braille Code

Computer Notation:

Eurobraille (ISO/IEC 8859-1)

Music Notation:

Neues internationales Handbuch der Braillenotenschrift, 1998

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

German Alphabet: See German, page 182

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

87
Alphabet: Luxembourgish

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ä (3458) ä

ë (12468) ë

é (1234568) é

Numbers

1 (16) 1

2 (126) 2

3 (146) 3

4 (1456) 4

5 (156) 5

6 (1246) 6

7 (12456) 7

8 (1256) 8

9 (246) 9

0 (346) 0

Punctuation

, comma (2) ,

; semicolon (23) ;

: colon (25) :

. period, full stop (3) .

? question mark (26) ?

! exclamation (5) !

’ apostrophe (6) '

“...” quote (4...4) "..."

(...) parentheses (236...356) (...)

[...] brackets (123567...234567) [...]

{...} braces (12356...23456) {...}

capital (7) ⡀

88
Macedonia

Language: Macedonian (uncontracted)

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Deutsche Blindenstudienanstalt. Neufassung und Vervollstandigung des Systems der 

Internationalen Mathematikschrift fur Blinde. Revised ed. Marburg and Zurich: Deutsche 

Blindenstudienanstalt, 1986

Mathematik und Chemieschrift fur Blinde. Marburg, 1930

Alphabet: Macedonian

а a (1) a

б b (12) b

в v (1236) v

г g (1245) g

д d (145) d

ѓ gj (345) >

е e (15) e

ж ž (2346) !

з z (1356) z

ѕ dz (1256) \

и i (24) i

ј j (245) j

к k (13) k

л l (123) l

љ lj (126) <

м m (134) m

н n (1345) n

њ nj (1246) $

о o (135) o

п p (1234) p

р r (1235) r

с s (234) s

т t (2345) t

ќ kj (34) /

у u (136) u

ф f (124) f

х h (125) h

ц c (14) c

ч č (16) *

џ dž (12456) ]

ш š (156) :

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

„...“ quote (236...356) 8...0

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

89
Madagascar

Languages: Malagasy (contracted), French (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

Alphabet: Malagasy

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

v (1236) v

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

90
Malaysia

Languages: Malay (contracted after Year 4), English (UK), Arabic (for transcription of Quran), 

Mandarin (for leisure)

Braille Standards Set by:

National Council for the Blind Malaysia

http://www.ncbm.org.my/

Literary Notation:

Malay: Malay Braille Code Revision, 2004

English: British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

Chinese: Xian Sing Mang Wen, 1953

Mathematics Notation:

Malay: Malay Braille Code Revision, 2004

English: Braille Mathematics Notation, 1987

Arabic: not in use

Chinese: not in use

Science Notation:

English: Adapt from United Kingdom as necessary

Computer Notation:

English: Computer Braille Code, 2000 Revision (BANA)

Music Notation:

English: New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

Other Codebooks:

Arabic: Arabic Braille for the transcription of Quran.

Chinese: Chinese Braille for leisure (Xian Sing Mang Wen, 1953)

Malay Alphabet: See Malay, page 194

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Mandarin Alphabet: See Mandarin, page 195

91
Malta

Language: Maltese (uncontracted)

Alphabet: Maltese

a (1) a

b (12) b

ċ (16) *

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

ġ (245) j

g (1245) g

għ (126) <

h (125) h

ħ (156) :

i (24) i

ie (24, 15) ie

j (13456) y

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (146) %

ż (1356) z

z (12356) (

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

92
Mauritania

Languages: Arabic (uncontracted); French (uncontracted)

Literary Notation:

French: Code Braille Français Uniformisé (CBFU) 2nd edition, September 2008

http://www.avh.asso.fr/rubriques/infos_braille/nouveau_code_braille.php

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

Mauritius

Languages: English (contracted), French (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

Mexico

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

93
Moldova

Languages: Romanian (contracted), Russian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Moldova Blind Union

Romanian Alphabet: See Romanian, page 199

Russian Alphabet: See Russian, page 200

Mongolia

Language: Mongolian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Mongolian National Federation of the Blind

Alphabet: Mongolian

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

д (145) d

е (15) e

ё (16) *

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (24) i

й (12346) &

к (13) k

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

о (135) o

ө (1236) v

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ү (1456) ?

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

щ (1346) x

ъ (12356) (

ы (2346) !

ь (23456) )

э (246) [

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

94
Morocco

Language: Arabic

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Myanmar, Republic of the Union of (also called Burma)

Language: Burmese (uncontracted)

Alphabet: Burmese

က Ka (13) k

ခ Kha (46) .

ဂ Ga (1245) g

ဃ Gha (12345) q

င Nga (34) /

စ Ca (234) s

ဆ Cha (235) 6

ဇ Ja (1356) z

ဈ Jha (2346) !

ဉ Nya (12356) (

ဋ Tta (1256) \

ဌ Ttha (12456) ]

ဍ Dda (23456) )

ဎ Ddha (123456) =

ဏ Nna (1246) $

တ Ta (2345) t

ထ Tha (245) j

ဒ Da (145) d

ဓ Dha (124) f

န Na (1345) n

ပ Pa (1234) p

ဖ Pha (45) ^

ဗ Ba (146) %

ဘ Bha (12) b

မ Ma (134) m

ယ Ya (13456) y

ရ Ra (1235) r

လ La (123) l

ဝ Wa (2456) w

သ Sa (1456) ?

ဟ Ha (125) h

ဠ Lla (456) _

အ A (126) <

Numbers

၁ 1 (3456, 1) #a

၂ 2 (3456, 12) #b

၃ 3 (3456, 14) #c

၄ 4 (3456, 145) #d

၅ 5 (3456, 15) #e

၆ 6 (3456, 124) #f

၇ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

၈ 8 (3456, 125) #h

၉ 9 (3456, 24) #i

၀ 0 (3456, 245) #j

95
Nepal

Languages: Nepali (contracted), English (contracted)

Braille Code:

Nepali Braille Code, 2006

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Nepali, Vowels

अ a (1) a

आ ā (345) >

इ i (24) i

ई ī (35) 9

उ u (136) u

ऊ ū (1256) \

ए e (15) e

ऐ ai (34) /

ऒ o (135) o

औ au (246) [

अं aṃ (56) ;

अः aḥ (6) ,

Consonants

क ka (13) k

ख kha (46) .

ग ga (1245) g

घ gha (126) <

ङ ṅa (346) +

च ca (14) c

छ cha (16) *

ज ja (245) j

झ jha (356) 0

ञ ña (25) 3

ट ṭa (23456) )

ठ ṭha (2456) w

ड ḍa (1246) $

ढ ḍha (123456) =

ण ṇa (3456) #

त ta (2345) t

थ tha (1456) ?

द da (145) d

ध dha (2346) !

न na (1345) n

प pa (1234) p

फ pha (235) 6

ब ba (12) b

भ bha (45) ^

म ma (134) m

य ya (13456) y

र ra (1235) r

ल la (123) l

व wa (1236) v

श śa (146) %

ष ṣa (12346) &

स sa (234) s

ह ha (125) h

क्ष kṣa (12345) q

� tra (5, 12456) "]

ज्ञ jña (156) :

96
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

।. , danda, period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (3...3) '...'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (46, 126...46, 345) .<....>

{...} braces (456, 126...456, 345) _<..._>

- hyphen (36) -

* asterisk (5, 35) "9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

Netherlands

Language: Dutch (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Oogvereniging

info@oogvereniging.nl

www.Viziris.nl

Literary Notation:

Braillestandaard voor algemeen gebruik in het Nederlandse taalgebied, 2005

Computer Notation:

Braille tables derived from literary tables implemented in screenreaders, sold in Netherlands: 

Jaws, Supernova, and NVDA

Pharma Braille:

www.pharmabraille.com

Dutch Alphabet: See Dutch, page 174

97
New Zealand

Languages: English: Unified English Braille (contracted), Māori (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Braille Authority of New Zealand Aotearoa Trust (BANZAT)

http://banzat.org.nz/

International Council on English Braille (ICEB)

http://www.iceb.org/

Literary Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

Unified English Braille Manual, New Zealand Edition, 2011

Mathematics, Science, and Computer Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Materials, 2008

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision (until transition to Unified 

English Braille is complete)

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

Introduction to Braille Music Transcription, Second Edition, Mary Turner De Garmo, 2005

IPA Braille:

An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Māori

a (1) a

e (15) e

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ng (1345, 1245) ng

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

wh (156) :

ā (456, 1) _a

ē (456, 15) _e

ī (456, 24) _i

ō (456, 135) _o

ū (456, 136) _u

Punctuation

Same as English

98
Nicaragua

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Nigeria

Language: English: Unified English Braille (contracted); Hausa (limited contractions), Igbo 

(limited contractions), Yoruba (limited contractions)

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Advancement Association of Nigeria (BRAAN)

International Council on English Braille (ICEB)

http://www.iceb.org/

Literary Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

Mathematics and Science Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Materials, 2008

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

99
Alphabet: Hausa

a (1) a

b (12) b

ɓ (23) 2

c (14) c

d (145) d

ɗ (1246) $

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

ƙ (46) .

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

kw (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

sh (146) %

ts (34) /

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

ŷ (12346) &

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Igbo

a (1) a

b (12) b

gb (23) 2

ch (16) *

d (145) d

ẹ (26) 5

f (124) f

g (1245) g

gh (126) <

h (125) h

i (24) i

ị (35) 9

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ọ (246) [

p (1234) p

kw (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

sh (146) %

u (136) u

ụ (1256) \

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Yoruba

a (1) a

b (12) b

gb (23) 2

d (145) d

e (15) e

ẹ (26) 5

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ọ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ṣ (146) %

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Punctuation: Nigerian Languages

Same as English

100
Norway

Languages: Norwegian “Bokmål” (national, uncontracted), Norwegian “Nynorsk” (national, 

uncontracted), North Sámi (indigenous, uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Offentlig utvalg for punktskrift

www.punktskriftutvalget.no

oup@punktskriftutvalget.no

Literary Notation:

Håndbok i litterær punktskrift, 2012

Mathematics Notation:

Norsk standard for matematikknotasjon i 6-punkts blindeskrift, 2003

Science Notation:

Norsk standard for kjemi-, fysikk- og biologinotasjon i 6-punkts blindeskrift, 2006

Computer Notation:

8-dot braille table based on Windows Codepage 1252, continuously enhanced with braille 

representations of Unicode characters according to the emerging needs

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

Other Codebooks:

Contractions: Kortskrift i norsk punktskrift, KS04, printed in braille 2009

Shorthand: Jan Bruteig: Stenografi på punkt, printed in braille 1987

Chess: Norsk standard for sjakknotasjon i 6-punkts blindeskrift, 2003, slightly modified in: Knut 

J. Helmers: Praktisk bruk av sjakknotasjon i 6-punkts blindeskrift, 2005

Phonetics: In principle, the OUP has decided to adopt Prof. Robert Englebretson’s updatings 

of “A Braille Notation of the International Phonetic Alphabet”

Alphabet: Norwegian “Bokmål” and Norwegian “Nynorsk”

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

æ (345) >

ø (246) [

å (16) *

à (12356) (

ä (345) >

ç (12346) &

é (123456) =

è (2346) !

ê (126) <

ò (346) +

ö (246) [

ü (1256) \

101
Alphabet: North Sámi 

a (1) a

á (12356) (

b (12) b

c (14) c

č (146) %

d (145) d

đ (1456) ?

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (1246) $

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (156) :

t (2345) t

ŧ (1256) \

u (136) u

v (1236) v

z (1356) z

ž (2346) !

Punctuation: Norwegian Languages

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop, dot (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (5) "

«...», "..." quote (256...256) 4...4

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

{...} braces (6, 12356...6, 23456) ,(...,)

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (6, 3...6, 3) ,'...,'

bold (23...56) 2...;

102
Oman

Language: Arabic

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Pakistan

Languages: English (contracted), Urdu (contracted), Arabic (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Ministry of Health Social Welfare and Special Education Islamabad with collaboration of 

Pakistan Association of the Blind

Braille Code:

Urdu Braille, 1986

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

103
Alphabet: Urdu

ا alif (1) a

آ alif-mud (345) >

ب bay (12) b

پ pay (1234) p

ت tey (2345) t

] (246) tay ٹ

? (1456) say ث

ج jeem (245) j

چ chay (14) c

: (156) hay ح

خ khay (1346) x

د dal (145) d

+ (346) daal ڈ

! (2346) zal ذ

ر ray (1235) r

[ (12456) ray ڑ

ز zhay (1356) z

ژ zhay (5, 1356) "z

س seen (234) s

% (146) sheen ش

& (12346) swad ص

$ (1246) zwaad ض

( (23456) tway ط

= (123456) zway ظ

) (12356) ain ع

> (126) ghain غ

ف fay (124) f

ق quaf (12345) q

ک kauf (13) k

گ guaf (1245) g

ل laum (123) l

م meem (134) m

ن noon (1345) n

ں noon ghunna (56) ;

و wao (2456) w

ه hay (125) h

ھ dou chashmi hay (236) 8

' (3) humza ء

ی chhoti yai (24) i

ے barri yai (34) /

◌َ zaber (2) 1

◌ِ zair (15) e

 ُ◌ paish (136) u

◌ّ tashdeed (6) ,

[ (12456) ko کو

سا es (15) e

9 (35) in نا

2 (23) bah بھ

6 (235) pah پھ

\ (1256) tah تھ

ڻھ tah (135) o

0 (356) jhay جھ

* (16) chay چھ

7 (2356) guaf-noon-wao و ن گ

5 (26) na نا

� nay (3456) #

یا yah (13456) y

لا la (1236) v

� bay (36) -

ءا alif-humza (4) @

104
Punctuation

، comma (2) 1

2 (23) semicolon ؛

: colon (25) 3

۔ period, full stop (256) 4

؟ question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

number sign (3456) #

Panama

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

105
Papua New Guinea

Languages: English (contracted), Dobuan, Huli, Kuanua, Motu, Pidgin

A limited number of contractions are used in Dobuan, Huli, Kuanua, and Pidgin; these vary 

according to language.

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Dobuan

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

g (1245) g

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Alphabet: Huli

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Alphabet: Kuanua

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

g (1245) g

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

106
Alphabet: Motu

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

ḡ (123456) =

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

Alphabet: Pidgin

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Punctuation: Papua New Guinean Languages

Same as English

107
Paraguay

Languages: Spanish (usually uncontracted); Guaraní (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Alphabet: Guaraní

a (1) a

ã (156, 1) :a

ch (14, 125) ch

e (15) e

ẽ (156, 15) :e

g (1245) g

g̃ (156, 1245) :g

h (125) h

i (24) i

ĩ (156, 24) :i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

mb (134, 12) mb

n (1345) n

nd (1345, 145) nd

ng (1345, 1245) ng

nt (1345, 2345) nt

ñ (12456) ]

o (135) o

õ (156, 135) :o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

rr (1235, 1235) rr

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ũ (156, 136) :u

v (1236) v

y (13456) y

ỹ (156, 13456) :y

' (puso) (25) 3

108
Peru

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Philippines

Languages: English (contracted), Tagalog (contracted), Ilocano (uncontracted), Cebuano 

(uncontracted), Hiligaynon (uncontracted), Bicol (uncontracted)

The dialects include five borrowed English contractions: ar, er, en, in, ing

Braille Standards Set by:

Philippine Printing House for the Blind, Department of Education

osiealforte@yahoo.com

Literary Notation:

English American Code (BANA), 1994

Filipino Braille Code, Revised Edition 2005

Mathematics and Science Notation:

The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Computer Notation:

Computer Braille Code, 2000 Revision

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1960

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

109
Alphabet: Tagalog

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (4, 1345) @n

ng (1345, 1245) ng

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Ilocano

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (4, 1345) @n

ng (1345, 1245) ng

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

110
Alphabet: Cebuano

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (4, 1345) @n

ng (1345, 1245) ng

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Hiligaynon

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (4, 1345) @n

ng (1345, 1245) ng

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

111
Alphabet: Bicol

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (4, 1345) @n

ng (1345, 1245) ng

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation: Filipino Languages

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’single quote (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (456, 34) _/

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

112
Poland

Language: Polish (uncontracted; contracted for individual use)

Braille Standards Set by:

Polish Association of the Blind

http://www.pzn.org.pl

pzn@pzn.org.pl

Literary Notation:

A Tutorial for Braille Copyrighters, 1994

Principles of Using the Modified Braille Code in Humanist Publications, 2003

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Code used in Mathematic, Physics and Chemistry, 2011

Music Notation:

International Unified Braille Music Notation, 2002

Contracted Braille:

Polish Ortographic Contractions, printed transcription, The Society for the Care of the Blind, 

1934

Tutorial of Polish Braille Contractions, 1984–1985

Polish Ortographic Braille Contractions, Level 1, 1985

A List of Polish Braille Contractions Published in the Alphabetical Order of Braille Symbols,

1985

A List of Abbreviated Words in the Alphabetic Order of Braille Symbols, Level 1, 1985

Braille Contractions, Level 2, 1988

The System of Polish Braille Contractions, Analysis and History (1991), this publication is not 

printed in braille

Alphabet: Polish

a (1) a

ą (16) *

b (12) b

c (14) c

ć (146) %

d (145) d

e (15) e

ę (156) :

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

ł (126) <

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ń (1456) ?

o (135) o

ó (346) +

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ś (246) [

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ż (12346) &

ź (2346) !

113
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop; ’ apostrophe; × multiplication (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation mark; + plus sign (235) 6

„...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ inside quote (6...6) ,...,

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen; – dash; — long dash; - minus (36) -

/ slash; ÷ division sign (256) 4

* asterisk (35) 9

= equals (2356) 7

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

114
Portugal

Language: Portuguese (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Nucleo de Braiile e Outros Meios Complementares de Leitura, INR

http://www.inr.pt/

inr@inr.msss.pt

Literary Notation:

Grafia Braille Para a Língua Portuguesa 3a Edição, 2002

Grafia Fonetica Braille, 1994

Mathematics Notation:

Grafia Matemática Braille, 1994

Science Notation:

Grafia Química Braille, 1993

Computer Notation:

Grafia Braille Para a Informática, 2003

Music Notation:

Guia Musicográfico Braille, 2004

Portuguese Alphabet: See Portuguese, page 197

Qatar

Language: Arabic (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Conference of Developing and Unifying Arabic Braille Characters

Literary Notation:

Advanced Arabic Braille System, 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Advanced Arabic Braille System, 2002

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

115
Romania

Language: Romanian (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Romanian Alphabet: See Romanian, page 199

Russia (Russian Federation)

Language: Russian (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Russian Alphabet: See Russian, page 200

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

116
Saint Lucia

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

117
Samoa

Languages: English (contracted), Samoan (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Samoan

a (1) a

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

i (24) i

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

h (125) h

k (13) k

r (1235) r

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (4) @

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

line over letter (56) ;

repeat sign (145) d

118
Saudi Arabia

Languages: Arabic (uncontracted), English (contracted)

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Serbia

Languages: Serbian (uncontracted), English (contracted), Russian (uncontracted), Albanian

(uncontracted), Hungarian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Union of the Blind of Serbia

The Braille Committee

www.savezslepih.org

Literary Notation:

Serbian: Serbian Braille Code in General Use, 2011

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Russian: Bykov, A.G., M.I. Egorov, G.B. Morozova, and I.V. Proskuryakov, comps. System of 

Symbols for Math, Physics, Chemistry, and Astronomy: A Learning Aid. Edited by I.V. 

Proskuryakov and A.G. Bykov. Developed by the Committee for Exact Sciences of the All 

Russia Association for the Blind. 2d ed., rev. and enl. Moscow: The All Russia Association 

for the Blind, 1982.

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Russian Alphabet: See Russian, page 200

Albanian Alphabet: See Albanian, page 165

Hungarian Alphabet: See Hungarian, page 188

119
Alphabet: Serbian

а a (1) a

б b (12) b

в v (1236) v

г g (1245) g

д d (145) d

ђ đ (1456) ?

е e (15) e

ж ž (2346) !

з z (1356) z

и i (24) i

ј j (245) j

к k (13) k

л l (123) l

љ lj (126) <

м m (134) m

н n (1345) n

њ nj (1246) $

о o (135) o

п p (1234) p

р r (1235) r

с s (234) s

т t (2345) t

ћ ć (146) %

у u (136) u

ф f (124) f

х h (125) h

ц c (14) c

ч č (16) *

џ dž (12456) ]

ш š (156) :

q (12345) q

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

Accents

ˋ short up (4) @

˵ short down (5) "

ˊ long up (45) ^

̑ long down (56) ;

^ long vocal (25) 3

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

„...“ quote (236...356) 8...0

’...’ single quote (236, 3...6, 356) 8'...,0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (2356, 3...6, 2356) 7'...,7

120
{...} braces (2356, 23...56, 2356) 72...;7

... ellipsis (256, 256, 256) 444

- hyphen, - minus (36) -

__ underscore (6, 36) ,-

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

group capital (45) ^

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

Seychelles

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Seychelles Union of the Blind

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Sierra Leone

Language: English (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

121
Singapore

Language: English (contracted), Malay (contracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Malay Alphabet: See Malay, page 194

Slovak Republic

Language: Slovak (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Slovak Blind and Partially Sighted Union www.unss.sk with close cooperation with the Slovak 

Library for the Blind www.skn.sk

unss@unss.sk

Literary Notation:

Slovak ver. 1 of 1996

Music Notation:

JELÍNEK, Jiří: Notopis pro nevidomé (Braille Music Notation for the Blind)

Alphabet: Slovak

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

á (16) *

ä (4) @

č (146) %

ď (1456) ?

é (345) >

í (34) /

ĺ (46) .

ľ (456) _

ň (1246) $

ó (246) [

ô (23456) )

ŕ (12356) (

š (156) :

ť (1256) \

ú (346) +

ý (12346) &

ž (2346) !

122
Punctuation

, comma, decimal point (2) 1

: colon (25) 3

; semicolon (23) 2

. period, full stop, dot (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

„...“ quote (2356...2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

- dash, minus (36) -

/ slash (12456) ]

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

series capital (6, 6) ,,

number sign (3456) #

123
Slovenia

Language: Slovene (contractions rarely used)

Braille Standards Set by:

Zveza društev slepih in slabovidnih Slovenije (Union of the Blind and Partially Sighted of 

Slovenia)

http://www.zveza-slepih.si/

zdsss@zveza-slepih.si

Zavod za slepo in slabovidno mladino Ljubljana (Institute for Blind and Partially Sighted 

Children Ljubljana)

www.zssm.si

zavod@zssm.si

Literary Notation:

The Slovenian Braille Code (Slovenska brajica), 1974

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Mathematical Notation on the Computer for the Blind (Matematicni zapis na racunalniku za 

slepe), 2007

Computer Notation:

Slovenian 8-dot Braille (Computer)

Alphabet: Slovene

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

č (16) *

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (156) :

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ž (2346) !

124
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

„...“ quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

* asterisk (35) 9

number sign (3456) #

capital (46) .

abbreviation sign (456) _

South Africa

Languages: English: Unified English Braille (contracted), Afrikaans (contracted), Isizulu 

(contracted), IsiXhosa, Sotho (contracted), Tswana (contracted), Venda, Swati, Ndebele

Braille Standards Set by:

SA Braille Authority

International Council on English Braille (ICEB)

http://www.iceb.org/

Literary Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

The Unified English Braille Primer – Australian Edition, 2008

A Guide for the Use of Zulu Braille

A Guide for the Use of Xhosa Braille

A Guide for the Use of Northern Sotho Braille

A Guide for the Use of Southern Sotho Braille

A Guide for the Use of Tswana Braille

A Guide for the Use of Venda Braille

A Guide for the Use of Swati Braille

A Guide for the Use of Ndebele Braille

Mathematics and Science Notation:

The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2010

Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Materials, 2008

Music Notation:

The New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Ndebele Alphabet: See Ndebele, page 197

125
Alphabet: Afrikaans

a (1) a

á (4, 1) @a

à (45, 16, 1) ^*a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

é (4, 15) @e

è (45, 16, 15) ^*e

ê (45, 15) ^e

ë (56, 15) ;e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

í (4, 24) @i

ï (56, 24) ;i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ó (4, 135) @o

ô (45, 135) ^o

ö (56, 135) ;o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ú (4, 136) @u

û (45, 136) ^u

ü (56, 136) ;u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

ý (4, 13456) @y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Isizulu

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: IsiXhosa

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

126
Alphabet: Sotho

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

ê (45, 15) ^e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ò (45, 135) ^o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (4, 234) @s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Tswana

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

ê (45, 15) ^e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ô (45, 135) ^o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

š (4, 234) @s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

127
Alphabet: Venda

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

ḓ (46, 145) .d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

ḽ (46, 123) .l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ṋ (46, 1345) .n

ṅ (4, 1345) @n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

ṱ (46, 2345) .t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Swati

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation: South African Languages

Same as English

128
South Korea (Republic of Korea)

Language: Korean (Hangeul) (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism

www.mcst.go.kr

Literary Notation:

Korean (Hangeul) Braille Code

Mathematics Notation:

Math Code for Korea

Consonants

ᄀ g (4) @

ᄂ n (14) c

ᄃ d (24) i

ᄅ r (5) "

ᄆ m (15) e

ᄇ b (45) ^

ᄉ s (6) ,

ᄌ j (46) .

ᄎ ch (56) ;

ᄏ k (124) f

ᄐ t (125) h

ᄑ p (145) d

ᄒ h (245) j

ᄁ kk (6, 4) ,@

ᄄ tt (6, 24) ,i

ᄈ pp (6, 45) ,^

ᄊ ss (6, 6) ,,

ᄍ jj (6, 46) ,.

Consonants (Finals)

ᄀ g (1) a

ᄂ n (25) 3

ᄃ d (35) 9

ᄅ r (2) 1

ᄆ m (26) 5

ᄇ b (12) b

ᄉ s (3) '

ᄋ ng (2356) 7

ᄌ j (13) k

ᄎ ch (23) 2

ᄏ k (235) 6

ᄐ t (236) 8

ᄑ p (256) 4

ᄒ h (356) 0

129
Vowels

ᅡ a (126) <

ᅣ ya (345) >

ᅥ eo (234) s

ᅧ yeo (156) :

ᅩ o (136) u

ᅭ yo (346) +

ᅮ u (134) m

ᅲ yu (146) %

ᅳ eu (246) [

ᅵ i (135) o

ᅢ ae (1235) r

ᅤ yae (345, 1235) >r

ᅦ e (1345) n

ᅨ ye (34) /

ᅪ wa (1236) v

ᅫ wae (1236, 1235) vr

ᅬ oe (13456) y

ᅯ wo (1234) p

ᅰ we (1234, 1235) pr

ᅱ wi (134, 1235) mr

ᅴ ui (2456) w

Punctuation

, comma (5) "

; semicolon (56, 23) ;2

: colon (5, 2) "1

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (36...36) -...-

130
Spain

Languages: Spanish (uncontracted), Catalan (uncontracted), Galician (uncontracted), Basque 

(uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles (ONCE) [The National Organization of the Blind]

www.once.es

Literary Notation:

Guías de la Comisión Braille Española: Signografía básica, Primera edición, Madrid 2005

Mathematics Notation:

Guías de la Comisión Braille Española: Signografía matemática, Primera edición, Madrid 2007

Science Notation:

Guías de la Comisión Braille Española: Química lineal, Primera edición, Madrid 2006

Signografía para la representación en braille de expresiones bidimensionales de química, 

2012

Guías de la Comisión Braille Española: Signografía general para la representación braille de 

símbolos electrónicos, circuitos y electricidad, Primera edición, Madrid 2008

Music Notation:

Nuevo Manual Internacional de Musicografía Braille, 1998

Linguistics Notation:

Guías de la Comisión Braille Española: Lingüística, Primera edición, Madrid 2007

Chess Notation:

Guías de la Comisión Braille Española: Ajedrez, Primera edición, Madrid 2006

Graphics:

Requisitos técnicos para la confección de planos accesibles a personas con discapacidad 

visual, 2012

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

Catalan Alphabet: See Catalan, page 172

131
Alphabet: Galician

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (12456) ]

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

á (12356) (

é (2346) !

í (34) /

ó (346) +

ú (23456) )

ü (1256) \

Alphabet: Basque

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (12456) ]

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

x (1346) x

z (1356) z

Punctuation: Galician and Basque

Same as Spanish

Sri Lanka

Languages: Sinhala (contracted), English (contracted), Tamil (contracted)

Literary Notation:

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Computer Notation:

Computer Braille Code, 2000 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

132
Alphabet: Sinhala, Vowels

අ (1) a

ආ (345) >

ඇ (12356) (

ඈ (12456) ]

ඉ (24) i

ඊ (35) 9

උ (136) u

ඌ (1256) \

ඍ (5, 1235) "r

ඎ (6, 1235) ,r

එ (15) e

ඒ (26) 5

ඓ (34) /

ඔ (1346) x

ඕ (135) o

ඖ (246) [

Consonants

ක (13) k

ඛ (46) .

ග (1245) g

ඝ (126) <

ඞ (346) +

ඟ (23, 1245) 2G

ච (14) c

ඡ (16) *

ජ (245) j

ඣ (356) 0

ඤ (25) 3

ඥ (12345) Q

ට (23456) )

ඨ (2456) w

ඩ (1246) $

ඪ (123456) =

ණ (1356) z

ඬ (23, 1246) 2$

ත (2345) t

ථ (1456) ?

ද (145) d

ධ (2346) !

න (1345) n

ඳ (23, 145) 2D

ප (1234) p

ඵ (156) :

බ (12) b

භ (45) ^

ම (134) m

ඹ (23, 12) 2b

ය (13456) y

ර (1235) r

ල (123) l

ව (1236) v

ශ (12346) &

ෂ (146) %

ස (234) s

හ (125) h

ළ (456) _

ෆ (124) f

Signs

◌ං (3) '

◌ඃ (3, 3) ''

◌් (4) @

133
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

number sign (3456) #

Alphabet: Tamil, Vowels

அ (1) a

ஆ (345) >

இ (24) i

ஈ (35) 9

உ (136) u

ஊ (1256) \

எ (26) 5

ஏ (15) e

ஐ (34) /

ஒ (1346) x

ஓ (135) o

ஔ (246) [

Consonants

க (13) k

ங (346) +

ச (14) c

ஜ (245) J

ஞ (25) 3

ட (23456) )

ண (3456) #

த (2345) t

ந (1345) n

ன (56) ;

ப (1234) p

ம (134) m

ய (13456) y

ர (1235) r

ற (12456) ]

ல (123) l

ள (456) _

ழ (12356) (

வ (1236) v

ஷ (146) %

ஸ (234) S

ஹ (125) H

Numbers

௦ 0 (3456, 245) #j

௧ 1 (3456, 1) #a

௨ 2 (3456, 12) #b

௩ 3 (3456, 14) #c

௪ 4 (3456, 145) #d

௫ 5 (3456, 15) #e

௬ 6 (3456, 124) #f

௭ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

௮ 8 (3456, 125) #h

௯ 9 (3456, 24) #i

௰ 10 (3456, 1, 245) #aj

134
Sweden

Language: Swedish (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

The Swedish Braille Authority

www.punktskriftsnamnden.se

Swedish Agency for Accessible Media (Myndigheten för tillgängliga medie), MTM

Literary Notation:

Svenska skrivregler för punktskrift, 2010

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Punktskriftens skrivregler för matematik och naturvetenskap, 2nd Edition, 2012

Computer Notation:

Teckentabell som norm för svensk åttapunktsskrift, 1997

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, WBU, 1996

Phonetic Notation:

Fonetik och punktskrift, 2005

Contracted Braille:

Kortskrift. Nivå 1 och 2, 1997

Kortskrift. Nivå 3 och 4, för anteckningar, 1997

Chess Notation:

In development

Swedish Alphabet: See Swedish, page 203

135
Switzerland

Languages: German (uncontracted/Kurzschrift; largely uncontracted/Vollschrift; 

contracted/Kurzschrift), French (contracted), Italian (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

German: Authority of the German-Speaking Countries

French: Commission Romande du Braille (CRB)

Italian: Biblioteca Italiana per i ciechi «Regina Margherita» (Italian Library for the Blind “Regina 

Margherita” – NPO) www.bibciechi.it

Literary Notation:

German: Das System der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

French: Code braille français uniformise pour la transcription des textes imprimes (CBFU), 

2008

Italian: Tabella Braille 1998, Commissione Braille italiana, UIC

Computer Notation:

German: 8-Punkt-Brailleschrift für die Informationsverarbeitung

Mathematics and Science Notation:

German: Mathematikschrift für Blinde (2000, internal Handbook of the Swiss Library for Blind, 

Visually-Impaired and Print-Disabled); Neufassung und Vervollständigung des Systems der 

internationalen Mathematikschrift für Blinde, 1986 (braille) and 1992 (print)

Chemistry Notation:

German: Das System der Chemieschrift in der deutschen Blindenschrift, 2005

Music Notation:

German: New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, WBU, 1996

Italian: New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, WBU, 1996

Additional Codebooks in Use:

German:

Chess: Schachschrift für Blinde

Shorthand: System der deutschen 6-Punkt-Stenografie für Blinde, 2002

IPA: Weltlautschrift für Blinde, 1938, reprinted 2010

Ancient and New Testament Greek: Internationale griechische Blindenschrift, 1939

German Alphabet: See German, page 182

French Alphabet: See French, page 180

Italian Alphabet: See Italian, page 190

136
Syria

Language: Arabic (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Taiwan

Languages: Mandarin (uncontracted), English (contracted), Japanese (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Center for Education and Rehabilitation for Visually Impaired, NUTN

vhc-1@pubmail.nutn.edu.tw

Literary Notation:

Chinese Braille Learning Manual

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nie Meizi Compilation of Mathematics and Science Braille Signs

Mandarin Alphabet: See Mandarin, page 195

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Japanese Alphabet: See Japanese, page 191

137
Tajikistan

Language: Tajik (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Tajik

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

ғ (12456) ]

д (145) d

е (15) e

ё (16) *

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (24) i

ӣ (12346) &

й (34) /

к (13) k

қ (13456) y

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

о (135) o

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ӯ (346) +

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ҳ (1456) ?

ч (12345) q

ҷ (1236) v

ш (156) :

ъ (12356) (

э (246) [

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

138
Thailand

Languages: Thai (contracted), English (contracted)

Sources:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Braille in Asia, 2008

Literary Notation:

Thai Braille Code

Mathematics Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Science Notation:

Codebooks from Europe and North America are used

Computer Notation:

Codebooks from Europe and North America are used

Music Notation:

Codebooks from Europe and North America are used

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

139
Alphabet: Thai, Consonants

ก g, k (1245) g

ข k, kh (13) k

ฃ kh (356, 13) 0k

ค kh (136) u

ฅ kh (36, 136) -u

ฆ kh (6, 136) ,u

ง ng (12456) ]

จ j, c (245) j

ฉ ch (34) /

ช ch (346) +

ซ s (2346) !

ฌ ch (6, 346) ,+

ญ y, j (6, 13456) ,y

ฎ d (6, 145) ,d

ฏ t (6, 1256) ,\

ฐ th, t (6, 2345) ,t

ฑ th, t (6, 23456) ,)

ฒ th, t (36, 23456) -)

ณ n (6, 1345) ,n

ด d (145) d

ต t (1256) \

ถ th, t (2345) t

ท th, t (23456) )

ธ th, t (356, 23456) 0)

น n (1345) n

บ b (1236) v

ป p (12346) &

ผ ph (1234) p

ฝ f, fh (1346) x

พ ph (1456) ?

ฟ f, fh (1246) $

ภ ph (6, 1456) ,?

ม m (134) m

ย y, j (13456) y

ร r (1235) r

ล l (123) l

ว w (2456) w

ศ s (6, 234) ,s

ษ s (36, 234) -s

ส s (234) s

ห h (125) h

ฬ l (6, 123) ,l

อ o (135) o

ฮ h (123456) =

140
Vowels

-ะ a (1) a

า- a (16) *

- ิ i (12) b

- ี i (23) 2

- ึ u (246) [

- ื u (26) 5

- ุ u (14) c

- ู u (25) 3

เ-ะ e (124, 1) fa

เ- e (124) f

แ-ะ ae (126, 1) <a

แ- ae (126) <

โ-ะ o (24, 1) ia

โ- o (24) i

เ-าะ o (135, 24) oi

-อ o (135) o

เ-อะ oe (146, 1) %a

เอ- oe (146) %

เ- ียะ ia (12356, 1) (a

เ- ีย ia (12356) (

เ- ือะ ue (12345, 1) qa

เ- ือ ue (12345) q

- ัวะ ua (15, 1) ea

- ัว ua (15) e

-ํา am (1356) z

ไ- ai (156) :

ใ- ai (156, 2) :1

เ-ๅ aw (235) 6

ฤ - (1235, 2) r1

ฤา - (1235, 2, 16) r1*

ฦ - (123, 2) l1

ภา - (123, 2, 16) l1*

Tones and Other Signs

 (35) 9

 (256) 4

 (2356) 7

 (236) 8

ั (345) >

 (356) 0

ๆ (2) 1

็ (6) ,

Numbers (Dot 6 is only used with Thai numbers)

๑ 1 (6, 3456, 1) ,#a

๒ 2 (6, 3456, 12) ,#b

๓ 3 (6, 3456, 14) ,#c

๔ 4 (6, 3456, 145) ,#d

๕ 5 (6, 3456, 15) ,#e

๖ 6 (6, 3456, 124) ,#f

๗ 7 (6, 3456, 1245) ,#g

๘ 8 (6, 3456, 125) ,#h

๙ 9 (6, 3456, 24) ,#i

๐ 0 (6, 3456, 245) ,#j

141
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, point (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (456, 34) _/

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

Tibet (China)

Languages: Tibetan (uncontracted), Mandarin (contracted), English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Without Borders

www.braillewithoutborders.org

BrailleWB@gmx.net

Braille Code:

The Tibetan Braille Script

Mandarin Alphabet: See Mandarin, page 195

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

142
Alphabet: Tibetan, Consonants

ཀ ka (13) k

ཁ kha (14) c

ག ga (1245) g

ང nga (2356) 7

ཅ ca (1456) ?

ཆ cha (13456) Y

ཇ ja (12345) q

ཉ nya (345) >

ཏ ta (2345) t

ཐ tha (23456) )

ད da (145) d

ན na (1345) n

པ pa (1234) p

ཕ pha (12346) &

བ ba (12) b

མ ma (134) m

ཙ tsa (1346) x

ཚ tsha (1356) z

ཛ dza (123456) =

ཝ wa (2456) w

ཞ zha (146) %

ཟ za (234) s

འ 'a (1246) $

ཡ ya (245) j

ར ra (1235) r

ལ la (123) l

ཤ sha (156) :

ས sa (2346) !

ཧ ha (125) h

ཨ a (1) a

Vowels

◌ི i (24) i

◌ུ u (136) u

◌ེ e (15) e

◌ོ o (135) o

Numbers

༡ 1 (3456, 1) #a

༢ 2 (3456, 12) #b

༣ 3 (3456, 14) #c

༤ 4 (3456, 145) #d

༥ 5 (3456, 15) #e

༦ 6 (3456, 124) #f

༧ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

༨ 8 (3456, 125) #h

༩ 9 (3456, 24) #i

༠ 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

. period, full stop (23, 23) 22

number sign (3456) #

143
Togo

Languages: Bassar, Ewé, Kabiyé, Konkomba, Moba, Tem

French became Togo’s official language in 1992

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Ewé Alphabet: See Ewé, page 179

Alphabet: Bassar

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

f (124) f

g (1245) g

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

ɔ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (1256) \

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Alphabet: Kabiyé

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

ɖ (1246) $

e (15) e

ɛ (12456) ]

f (124) f

g (1245) g

ɣ (126) <

h (125) h

i (24) i

ɩ (35) 9

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ɔ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (1256) \

υ (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Konkomba

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ɔ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (1256) \

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

144
Alphabet: Moba

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

ɛ (12456) ]

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

ɩ (35) 9

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

η (346) +

o (135) o

ɔ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (1256) \

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Alphabet: Tem

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

ɖ (1246) $

e (15) e

ɛ (12456) ]

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

ɩ (35) 9

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ɔ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (1256) \

υ (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Tones: Togoan Languages 

 ̃ Nasalization (16) *

ˊ High Tone (456) _

ˉ Mid Tone (45) ^

ˋ Low Tone (56) ;

Punctuation: Togoan Languages

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

145
Trinidad and Tobago

Language: English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Under the care of: Caribbean Council for the Blind

http://www.eyecarecaribbean.com

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Tunisia

Language: Arabic

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

Turkey

Language: Turkish (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990

Turkish Alphabet: See Turkish, page 204

146
Turkmenistan

Language: Turkmen (uncontracted)

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Turkmen

a (1) a

b (12) b

ç (12345) q

d (145) d

e (15) e

ä (126) <

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (1456) ?

ž (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ň (345) >

o (135) o

ö (1236) v

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ş (156) :

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ü (13456) y

w (2456) w

y (2346) !

ý (12346) &

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

147
Uganda

Languages: English (contracted), Luganda (contracted), Kiswahili (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Uganda Braille Authority

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

Braille Writing Course, 2000

Mathematics Notation:

Mathematics Braille Notation for Uganda

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notation, 2008

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Kiswahili Alphabet: See Kiswahili, page 193

Alphabet: Luganda

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (1345, 1245, 1) nga

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

148
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

149
Ukraine

Language: Ukrainian

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Ukrainian

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

ґ (12456) ]

д (145) d

е (15) e

є (345) >

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (24) i

і (13456) y

ї (1456) ?

й (12346) &

к (13) k

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

о (135) o

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

щ (1346) x

ь (23456) )

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

150
United Arab Emirates

Languages: Arabic (contracted), English (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Tamkeen

Literary Notation:

Developed Arabic Braille System, 2002

Mathematics Notation:

Developed Arabic Braille System, 2002

Science Notation:

Developed Arabic Braille System, 2002

Computer Notation:

Developed Arabic Braille System, 2002

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

151
United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales)

Languages: English (contracted), Irish Gaelic (contracted), Welsh Gaelic (contracted)

There is no formal code for Scottish Gaelic. The suggested format is to use Grade 1 

(uncontracted) Unified English Braille, using the appropriate accented letters.

Unified English Braille (UEB) has been adopted, but is not implemented at this time. (Most 

school children should be using UEB for literary braille by school year end 2015/2016, all 

state exams in SEB and UEB. For general readers the transition to UEB will be complete 

by December 2015.)

Braille Standards Set by:

UK Association for Accessible Formats (UKAAF)

http://www.ukaaf.org/

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

Languages and Linguistics:

Braille French Code

Braille German Code

Braille Spanish Code

Welsh Braille Code, 2006

An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008

Computer Notation:

Braille Computer Notation, 2006

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notation, 2008

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

Chess Code:

Braille Chess Code and Layout, 2001

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Irish Gaelic Alphabet: See Irish Gaelic, page 189

152
Alphabet: Welsh Gaelic

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ch (16) *

d (145) d

dd (145, 145) dd

e (15) e

f (124) f

ff (124, 124) ff

g (1245) g

ng (1345, 1245) ng

h (125) h

i (24) i

l (123) l

ll (123, 123) ll

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

ph (1234, 125) ph

r (1235) r

rh (1235, 125) rh

s (234) s

t (2345) t

th (2345, 125) th

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

j (245) j

k (13) k

q (12345) q

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

z (1356) z

Accents

^ circumflex (4) @

 ̈ diaeresis (45) ^

` grave (23) 2

 ́ acute (25) 3

Punctuation

Same as English

153
United States of America

Languages: English (contracted), Hawaiian (uncontracted), Iñupiaq (uncontracted)

Unified English Braille has been adopted, but is not implemented at this time

Hawaiian braille is handled by the Hawaiian Department of Education

Iñupiaq braille is handled by the Alaskan Department of Education

Braille Standards Set by:

Braille Authority of North American (BANA)

http://brailleauthority.org/

Literary Notation:

English Braille, American Edition, 1994; Revised 2002

Braille Formats:

Braille Formats: Principles of Print-to-Braille Transcription, 2011

IPA Braille:

An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 2008

Computer Notation:

Computer Braille Code, 2000 Revision

Computer Braille Code: Flowchart Design for Applicable Braille Codes Supplement, 1992

Mathematics and Science Notation:

Nemeth Code for Mathematics & Science Notation, 1972 Revision

Chemistry Notation:

Braille Code for Chemical Notation, 1997

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

Tactile Graphics:

Guidelines and Standard for Tactile Graphics, 2010

Refreshable Braille:

Provisional Guidelines for Linear Braille Format, 1987

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

154
Alphabet: Hawaiian

a (1) a

e (15) e

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

u (136) u

w (2456) w

' (3) '

ā (456, 1) _a

ē (456, 15) _e

ī (456, 24) _i

ō (456, 135) _o

ū (456, 136) _u

The okina ' is a Polynesian glottal stop. It is treated as a composition sign. It has the same 

rules as the apostrophe.

'āina '_aina

'Āina ',_aina

Punctuation

Same as English

Alphabet: Iñupiaq

a (1) a

ch (14, 125) ch

g (1245) g

ġ (23456) )

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

ḷ (12356) (

ł (1456) ?

ł ̣ (12346) &

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (12456) ]

ŋ (1246) $

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

sr (234, 1235) sr

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

y (13456) y

Letters for Older Texts

ṭ (1256) \

ḳ (346) +

Punctuation

Same as English

155
Uruguay

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

156
Uzbekistan

Language: Uzbek

Source:

World Braille Usage, 1990 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Alphabet: Uzbek

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (2456) w

x (1456) ?

y (12346) &

z (1356) z

oʻ (1236) v

gʻ (12456) ]

sh (156) :

ch (12345) q

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (356...356) 0...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

157
Venezuela

Language: Spanish (usually uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Latin American Braille Council [Comisión Braille Latinoamericana] (CBL)

Latin American Blind Union [Unión Latinoamericana de ciegos] (ULAC)

www.ulacdigital.org

Braille@ulacdigital.org

Consejo Iberoamericano del Braille (CIB)

ADTA@once.es

Literary Notation:

El Braille integral y la estenografía, 1987 (Literary Braille and Grade 2 Braille)

Mathematics Notation:

Código Matemático Unificado, 1988 (Unified Mathematics Code)

Music Notation:

International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1997

Spanish Alphabet: See Spanish, page 201

158
Vietnam

Language: Vietnamese (contracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Vietnamese Sighted

Braille Code:

Vietnamese Braille and Braille Code, 2004

Music Notation:

New International Manual of Braille Music Notation, 1996

Alphabet: Vietnamese

a (1) a

ă (345) >

â (16) *

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (1356) z

đ (145) d

e (15) e

ê (126) <

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ô (1456) ?

ơ (246) [

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ư (1256) \

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

f (124) f

j (245) j

w (2456) w

z (6, 1356) ,z

Tones

̀ falling (combining grave) (56) ;

̉ rising (combining hook above) (26) 5

́ high rising (combining acute) (35) 9

̃ broken rising (combining tilde) (36) -

̣ low constricted (combining dot below) (6) ,

159
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (46, 126...46, 345) .<....>

{...} braces (456, 126...456, 345) _<..._>

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen, dash (36) -

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (236) 8

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

Yemen

Language: Arabic

Arabic Alphabet: See Arabic, page 166

160
Zambia

Languages: English (contracted), Silozi (uncontracted), Chibemba (uncontracted), Chinyanja 

(uncontracted), Kikaonde (uncontracted), Lunda (uncontracted), Luvale (uncontracted), 

Chitonga (uncontracted)

Braille Standards Set by:

Zambia Association of the Blind, Curriculum Development Center

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

Mathematics Notation:

Braille Mathematics Notation, 2005

Science Notation:

Braille Science Notation, 2008

Computer Notation:

Braille Computer Notation, 2006

Music Notation:

Music Braille Code, 1997

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Alphabet: Silozi

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ch (14, 125) ch

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (1345, 1245, 3) ng'

o (135) o

p (1234) p

s (234) s

sh (234, 125) sh

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

161
Alphabet: Chibemba

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

Alphabet: Chinyanja

a (1) a

b (12) b

ch (14, 125) ch

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Kikaonde

a (1) a

b (12) b

ch (14, 125) ch

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (1345, 1245, 3) ng'

o (135) o

p (1234) p

s (234) s

sh (234, 125) sh

t (2345) t

u (136) u

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

162
Alphabet: Lunda

a (1) a

b (12) b

ch (14, 125) ch

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (1345, 1245, 3) ng'

o (135) o

p (1234) p

s (234) s

sh (234, 125) sh

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Luvale

a (1) a

b (12) b

ch (14, 125) ch

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

kh (13, 125) kh

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

ph (1234, 125) ph

s (234) s

sh (234, 125) sh

t (2345) t

th (2345, 125) th

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Alphabet: Chitonga

a (1) a

b (12) b

bb (12, 12) bb

c (14) c

ch (14, 125) ch

cc (14, 14) cc

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

hh (125, 125) hh

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

kk (13, 13) kk

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (1345, 1245, 3) ng'

o (135) o

p (1234) p

s (234) s

sh (234, 125) sh

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

163
Punctuation: Zambian Languages

Same as English

Zimbabwe

Languages: English (contracted), Shona (uncontracted), Ndebele (uncontracted)

In the process of transitioning to Unified English Braille

Braille Standards Set by:

Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) [Zimbabwe is in the process of forming an official 

braille authority]

Literary Notation:

British Braille A Restatement of Standard English Braille, 2004

English Alphabet: See English, page 175

Ndebele Alphabet: See Ndebele, page 197

Alphabet: Shona

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

Same as English

164
Braille Alphabets Used in Multiple Countries

Albanian

Primary language transcribed: Albania

Secondary language transcribed: Serbia

Alphabet: Albanian

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ç (146) %

d (145) d

dh (1456) ?

e (15) e

ë (16) *

f (124) f

g (1245) g

gj (12456) ]

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

ll (12356) (

m (134) m

n (1345) n

nj (1246) $

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12346) &

r (1235) r

rr (12345) q

s (234) s

sh (156) :

t (2345) t

th (23456) )

u (136) u

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

xh (2346) !

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

zh (1256) \

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

„...“ quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

165
Arabic

Notes: The Conference of Developing and Unifying Arabic Braille Characters met in Saudi 

Arabia in October 2002. There has been confirmation from several countries that they are 

using this unified code, and other countries are not.

Primary language transcribed: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, 

Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, 

Yemen

Secondary language transcribed: Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Malaysia, Pakistan

Alphabet: Unified Arabic (Qatar, United Arab Emirates)

ا alef a (1) a

ب beh b (12) b

ت teh t (2345) t

ث theh th (1456) ?

ج jeem j (245) j

ح hah ḥ (156) :

خ khah kh (1346) x

د dal d (145) d

ذ thal dh (2346) !

ر reh r (1235) r

ز zain z (1356) z

س seen s (234) s

ش sheen sh (146) %

ص sad ṣ (12346) &

ض dad ḍ (1246) $

ط tah ṭ (23456) )

ظ zah ẓ (123456) =

) (12356) ’ ain ع

غ ghain gh (126) <

ف feh f (124) f

ق qaf q (12345) q

ك kaf k (13) k

ل lam l (123) l

م meem m (134) m

ن noon n (1345) n

ه heh h (125) h

و waw w (2456) w

ي yeh y (24) i

Ligatures

لا La (1236) v

o) 135 – (ى

/ (34) A أ

. (46) E إ

< (345) Aa آ

' (3) a ء

\ (1256) Waw ؤ

ئ ya (13456) y

* (16) – ة

166
Diacritical Marks: Written after the letter, except the Shadda which is before the letter

◌َ Fatha (2) 1

◌ِ Kasra (15) e

 ُ◌ Damma (136) u

◌ً Fathatan (23) 2

◌ٍ Kasratan (35) 9

◌ٌ Dammatan (26) 5

◌ّ Shadda (6) ,

◌ْ Sukun (25) 3

Numbers

؀ number sign (3456) #

١ 1 (3456, 1) #a

٢ 2 (3456, 12) #b

٣ 3 (3456, 14) #c

٤ 4 (3456, 145) #d

٥ 5 (3456, 15) #e

٦ 6 (3456, 124) #f

٧ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

٨ 8 (3456, 125) #h

٩ 9 (3456, 24) #i

٠ 0 (3456, 245) #j

Punctuation

، comma (5) "

; (56) semicolon ؛

: colon (5, 2) "1

. period, full stop (256) 4

؟ question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...”, «...» quote (2356...2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

{...} braces (5, 236...356, 2) "8...01

- dash (36) -

number sign (3456) #

underlining (6, 36) ,-

167
Alphabet: Arabic, Not Using Unified Arabic (Bahrain, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia)

ا a (1) a

ب b (12) b

ت t (2345) t

? (1456) th ث

ج j (245) j

: (156) ḥ ح

خ kh (1346) x

د d (145) d

! (2346) dh ذ

ر r (1235) r

ز z (1356) z

س s (234) s

% (146) sh ش

& (12346) ṣ ص

$ (1246) ḍ ض

( (23456) ṭ ط

= (123456) ẓ ظ

) (12356) ’ ع

> (126) gh غ

ف f (124) f

ق q (12345) q

ك k (13) k

ل l (123) l

م m (134) m

ن n (1345) n

و w (2456) w

ه h (125) h

ي y/i (24) i

o) 135 – (ى

* (16) – ة

لا La (1236) v

/ (34) A أ

. (46) E إ

< (345) Aa آ

' (3) a ء

\ (1256) Waw ؤ

ئ ya (13456) y

Diacritical Marks

◌َ (2) 1

◌ِ (15) e

 ُ◌ (136) u

◌ٌ (26) 5

◌ً (23) 2

◌ٍ (35) 9

◌ّ (6) ,

Numbers

؀ number sign (3456) #

۱ 1 (3456, 1) #a

۲ 2 (3456, 12) #b

۳ 3 (3456, 14) #c

٤ 4 (3456, 145) #d

٥ 5 (3456, 15) #e

٦ 6 (3456, 124) #f

۷ 7 (3456, 1245) #g

۸ 8 (3456, 125) #h

۹ 9 (3456, 24) #i

۰ 0 (3456, 245) #j

168
Punctuation

، comma (5) "

; (56) semicolon ؛

: colon (5, 2) "1

. period, full stop (256) 4

؟ question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...”, «...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

accent (4) @

underlining (46) .

Cantonese

Primary language transcribed: none

Secondary language transcribed: China, Hong Kong

Alphabet: Cantonese, Initials (* Can be used as finals)

花 F (124) f

蝦 H (125) h

家 G (13) k

卡 K (1235) r

啦 L (123) l

媽 M * (134) m

哪 N (1345) n

爸 B (1234) p

爬 P (12346) &

沙 S (234) s

打 D (2345) t

他 T (23456) )

娃 W (2456) w

也 J (245) j

渣 DZ (14) c

叉 TS (1346) x

瓜 GW (12345) q

跨 KW (12456) ]

五 NG * (1245) g

169
Finals

鴉 A (12) b

耶 E (15) e

奧 OU (1236) v

柯 O (135) o

矮 AE (146) %

唉 AI (346) +

歐 AU (16) *

拗 AO (34) /

卑 EI (125) h

哀 OI (126) <

居 OEY (245) j

因 EN (1246) $

晏 AN (45) ^

安 ON (1345) n

噸 OEN (234) s

鶯 ENG (1245) g

罌 ANG (14) c

英 ING (356) 0

釘 EING (2356) 7

康 ONG (56) ;

工 UNG (236) 8

央 OENG (25) 3

靴 OE (156) :

庵 EM (456) _

監 AM (345) >

衣 JI (24) i

腰 JIU (13456) y

於 JY (1456) ?

言 JIN (256) 4

淵 JYN (23) 2

淹 JIM (235) 6

烏 WU (136) u

偎 WUI (1256) \

玩 WUN (2346) !

得 EK (46) .

客 AK (13) k

益 IK (1235) r

隻 EIK (2456) w

惡 OK (12456) ]

屋 UK (12345) q

約 OEK (246) [

不 ET (35) 9

壓 AT (2345) t

渴 OT (124) f

出 OET (1346) x

洽 EP (26) 5

鴨 AP (1234) p

熱 JIT (23456) )

月 JYT (12356) (

葉 JIP (12346) &

活 WUT (1356) z

Tones (^ turn into “space” for words with no initials)

(第二聲) 上上 (1) a

(第三聲) 上去 (4) @

(第四聲) 下平 (3) '

(第五聲) 下上 (6) ,

(第六聲) 下去 (2) 1

(第八聲) 中入 (5) "

(第九聲) 下入 (3) '

170
Punctuation

逗號 , comma (36) -

頓號 、pause# (45) ^

分號1 ; semicolon (26) 5

冒號1 : colon (25) 3

句號1 。full stop (123456) =

問號1 ? question mark (236) 8

感嘆號1 ! exclamation (2346) !

引號(雙,開)

2 “ open quote (236) 8

引號(雙,關)

1 ” close quote (356) 0

引號(單,開)

2 ‘ open single quote (6, 236) ,8

引號(單,關)

1 ’ close single quote (356, 3) 0'

括號(開)

2 ( open parenthesis (2356) 7

括號(關)

1 ) close parenthesis (2356) 7

方括號(開)

2 [ open bracket (6, 2356) ,7

方括號(關)

1 ] close bracket (2356, 3) 7'

省略號3 ...... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

連接號 - hyphen (36, 3) -'

破折號 — dash (36, 36) --

間隔號 ‧ separation mark# (56, 23) ;2

書名號(雙,開)

2 《 open publication# (126) <

書名號(雙,關)

1 》 close publication# (345) >

書名號(單,開)

2 open single publication# (6, 126) ,<

書名號(單,關)

1 close single publication# (345, 3) >'

著重號(開)

2 open emphasis# (12356) (

著重號(關)

1 close emphasis# (12456) ]

專名號(開)

2 ___ open proper noun# (456) _

專名號(關)

1 ___ close proper noun# (1356) z

# specific to Chinese punctuation

1 with subsequent space

2 with preceding space

3 with preceding and subsequent space

171
Catalan

Primary language transcribed: Andorra

Secondary language transcribed: Spain

Alphabet: Catalan

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

à (12356) (

é (123456) =

è (2346) !

í (34) /

ï (12456) ]

ó (246) [

ò (346) +

ú (23456) )

ü (1256) \

ç (12346) &

ll (123, 5, 123) l⠐l

172
Danish

Primary language transcribed: Denmark

Secondary language transcribed: Iceland

Alphabet: Danish

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

æ (345) >

ø (246) [

å (16) *

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (4) @

»...«, „...‟ quote (2356, 2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (5, 236...5, 356) "8..."0

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

– dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

uppercase letters (456) _

number sign (3456) #

italics (56) ;

173
Dutch

Primary language transcribed: Belgium, Netherlands

Secondary language transcribed: none

Alphabet: Dutch

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ç (12346) &

é (123456) =

à (12356) (

è (2346) !

ù (23456) )

â (16) *

ê (126) <

î (146) %

ô (1456) ?

û (156) :

ë (1246) $

ï (12456) ]

ü (1256) \

ö (246) [

w (2456) w

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

„...” quote (2356...2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

... ellipsis (256, 256, 256) 444

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

series capital (45) ^

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

174
English

Notes: English codes are based in the United Kingdom (UKAFF, previously Braille Authority of 

the United Kingdom, BAUK); the United States (Braille Authority of North America, BANA); 

and International Council on English Braille (ICEB) with Unified English Braille (UEB). The 

alphabet is the same in all English codes. The primary punctuation marks are the same for 

UKAFF and BANA codes, with differences in punctuation names. Contractions and usage 

vary between UKAFF, BANA, and UEB. UEB includes a number of distinctive differences.

Verified UEB countries (current or transitioning): Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Iceland, 

New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Zimbabwe

Primary language transcribed: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, 

Bhutan, Canada, Dominica, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Hong Kong, Ireland, Jamaica, 

Kenya, Liberia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, 

Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, 

Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, 

United States, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Secondary language transcribed: Bahrain, Cameroon, Congo, Iceland, India, Indonesia, 

Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, 

Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, United Arab Emirates

Alphabet: English

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop, abbreviation point (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

175
[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

– short dash (36, 36) --

— long dash (36, 36, 36, 36) ----

/ slash (456, 34) _/

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

Punctuation: Unified English Braille (UEB)

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (6, 236...6, 356) ,8...,0

(...) parentheses (5, 126...5, 345) "<...">

[...] brackets (46, 126...46, 345) .<....>

... ellipsis (256, 256, 256) 444

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (6, 36) ,-

_ underscore (46, 36) .-

/ slash (456, 34) _/

* asterisk (5, 35) "9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46, 23) .2

bold (45, 23) ^2

176
Esperanto

Esperanto is an international auxiliary language. It is not the official language of any country. It 

is spoken in more than one hundred countries.

http://libe.narzan.com/

Esperanta stenografio, Nizhny Novgorod 2003, is a reference for contracted braille, which has 

limited use.

Alphabet: Esperanto

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ĉ (146) %

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

ĝ (12456) ]

h (125) h

ĥ (1256) \

i (24) i

j (245) j

ĵ (2456) w

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ŝ (2346) !

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ŭ (346) +

v (1236) v

z (1356) z

q (12345) q

w (23456) )

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

ä (345) >

ö (246) [

ü (12356) (

ő (4, 246) @[

ű (4, 12356) @(

Diacritics Belonging to Other Languages (symbol placed before letter)

ˊ acute (4) @

` grave, ˉˉ macron (45) ^

 ̃ tilde (256) 4

^ circumflex, ˇ hachek (caron) (5) "

̈umlaut (trema, diaeresis),  ̇ (dot above) (25) 3

̊ring,  ̆ breve (56) ;

̧cedilla, ̨ ogonek, | vertical stroke (6) ,

diacritics crossing letter, such as ̷ oblique stroke (35) 9

177
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

. abbreviation dot (3) '

. separator in numbers (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (2356, 2356...2356, 2353) 77...77

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (6, 36) ,-

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (grade 1) (46) .

capital (grade 2) (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

emphasis (1-3 words) (456) _

emphasis (4 or more words)* (25, 456...456) 3_..._

emphasis (alternate) (6, 3...6, 3) ,'...,'

different braille notation (5, 2...5, 2) "1..."1

Notes: Capitals are marked only in proper names, not at beginning of sentences; words 

preceded by dot 6 are not contracted.

* The closing emphasis indicator is place before the last word.

178
Ewé

Primary language transcribed: Ghana, Togo

Secondary language transcribed: none

Alphabet: Ewé

a (1) a

b (12) b

d (145) d

ɖ (1246) $

e (15) e

ε (12456) ]

f (124) f

ƒ (1456) ?

g (1245) g

ɣ (126) <

h (125) h

i (24) i

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ŋ (346) +

o (135) o

ↄ (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

ʋ (2346) !

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

179
French

Notes: An international expert group worked from 2002 to 2008 on the Code Braille Français 

Uniformisé (CBFU). It was created according to an international agreement signed at 

Casablanca, Morocco on 7th June 2001 by representatives from French-speaking Africa, 

Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Quebec. The Quebecker edition of the CBFU is quite 

similar according to the tables and rules, but there are differences in the examples to take 

the local differences into account. The CBFU was adopted by the international expert group 

in 2006. This Code was completed with new symbols and a 2nd edition was issued in 

September, 2008. It is a standard project signed and applied by all French-speaking 

countries.

Primary language transcribed: Cameroon, Canada (Quebec), Democratic Republic of the 

Congo, France, Haiti

Secondary language transcribed: Belgium, Iceland, Kenya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, 

Mauritania, Mauritius, Switzerland

Alphabet: French

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ç (12346) &

é (123456) =

à (12356) (

è (2346) !

ù (23456) )

â (16) *

ê (126) <

î (146) %

ô (1456) ?

û (156) :

ë (1246) $

ï (12456) ]

ü (1256) \

œ (246) [

w (2456) w

180
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe, guide dot (3) '

"...", «...», “...”, ‘...’ quote (2356...2356) 7...7

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (45, 236...356, 12) ^8...0b

- dash, guide dash (36) -

* asterisk (5, 35) "9

/ slash (34) /

capital (46) .

number sign before “Louis Braille” figures (3456) #

general emphasis indicator (456) _

2nd level emphasis indicator inside word (26...35) 5...9

Antoine Numerical Notation: Figures

1 (6, 16) ,*

2 (6, 126) ,<

3 (6, 146) ,%

4 (6, 1456) ,?

5 (6, 156) ,:

6 (6, 1246) ,$

7 (6, 12456) ,]

8 (6, 1256) ,\

9 (6, 246) ,[

0 (6, 3456) ,#

181
German

Primary language transcribed: Austria, Germany, Switzerland

Secondary language transcribed: Belgium, Iceland, Luxembourg

Alphabet: German

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ä (345) >

ö (246) [

ü (1256) \

ß (2346) !

Vollschrift Contractions

au (16) *

eu (126) <

ei (146) %

ch (1456) ?

sch (156) :

st (23456) )

äu (34) /

ie (346) +

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (6) ,

„...‟ quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (6, 236...6, 356) ,8...,0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...6, 2356) ,7...,7

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (6, 36) ,-

/ slash (5, 2) "1

182
* asterisk (6, 35) ,9

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

Greek

Primary language transcribed: Cyprus, Greece

Secondary language transcribed: See International Greek on page 185

Alphabet: German

α alpha (1) a

β beta (12) b

γ gamma (1245) g

δ delta (145) d

ε epsilon (15) e

ζ zeta (1356) z

η eta (345) >

θ theta (1456) ?

ι iota (24) i

κ kappa (13) k

λ lambda (123) l

μ mu (134) m

ν nu (1345) n

ξ xi (1346) x

ο omicron (135) o

π pi (1234) p

ρ rho (1235) r

σ sigma (234) s

τ tau (2345) t

υ upsilon (13456) y

φ phi (124) f

χ chi (125) h

ψ psi (12346) &

ω omega (245) j

αι alpha iota (126) <

αυ alpha upsilon (16) *

ει epsilon iota (146) %

ευ epsilon upsilon (156) :

ηυ eta upsilon (1256) \

οι omicron iota (246) [

ου omicron upsilon (136) u

υι upsilon iota (12456) ]

183
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

· Greek semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

; Greek question mark (26) 5

? English question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (12346...13456) &...y

{...} braces (12356...23456) (...)

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36, 36) ---

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

 ́ accent (5) "

Greek capital (46) .

English capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

emphasis (46) .

184
Greek (International)

International Greek is used in most countries outside of Greece and Cyprus. The international 

alphabetic characters are universal, but some other signs are not. The single accented letters 

may be used in some countries, while others use 2-cell characters. Both options are 

represented in the charts. International Greek is uncontracted.

Alphabet: Greek (International)

α alpha (1) a

β beta (12) b

γ gamma (1245) g

δ delta (145) d

ε epsilon (15) e

ζ zeta (1356) z

η eta (156) :

θ theta (1456) ?

ι iota (24) i

κ kappa (13) k

λ lambda (123) l

μ mu (134) m

ν nu (1345) n

ξ xi (1346) x

ο omicron (135) o

π pi (1234) p

ρ rho (1235) r

σ sigma (initial & medial) (234) s

ς sigma (terminal) (234) s

τ tau (2345) t

υ upsilon (136) u

φ phi (124) f

χ chi (12346) &

ψ psi (13456) y

ω omega (2456) w

Archaic Letters (normally confined to representation of Greek numerals)

ϝ digamma (1236) v

ϟ koppa (12345) q

ϡ sampi (2346) !

185
Acute ( ́) Vowels (Oxia)

ά alpha (345) > or (4, 1) @a

έ epsilon (1246) $ or (4, 15) @e

ή eta (123456) = or (4, 156) @:

ί iota (12456) ] or (4, 24) @i

ό omicron (246) [ or (4, 135) @o

ύ upsilon (1256) \ or (4, 136) @u

ώ omega (245) j or (4, 2456) @w

Greek Circumflex ( ͂ or  ͂) Vowels (Perispomeni)

ᾶ / ᾶ alpha (16) * or (5, 1) "a

ῆ / ῆ eta (126) < or (5, 156) ":

ῖ / ῖ iota (146) % or (5, 24) "i

ῦ / ῦ upsilon (1236) v or (5, 136) "u

ῶ / ῶ omega (3456) # or (5, 2456) "w

Grave (`) Vowels (Varia)

ὰ alpha (12356) ( or (6, 1) ,a

ὲ epsilon (14) c or (6, 15) ,e

ὴ eta (2346) ! or (6, 156) ,:

ὶ iota (34) / or (6, 24) ,i

ὸ omicron (346) + or (6, 135) ,o

ὺ upsilon (23456) ) or (6, 136) ,u

ὼ omega (12345) q or (6, 2456) ,w

186
Other Special Signs

’ elision (3) '

 ͅ iota subscriptum (35) 9

; Greek question mark (23) 2

ˉ long vowel (macron) (456) _

 ̆ short vowel (breve) (45) ^

 ̔ spiritus asper (rough breathing)* (125) h

 ̓ spiritus lenis (smooth breathing) (356) 0

′ chief stress sign (34) /

′ secondary stress sign (16) *

* The rough breathing sign precedes vowels, but follows the letter rho in braille; it precedes the 

accent signs where these are shown.

187
Hungarian

Primary language transcribed: Hungary

Secondary language transcribed: Serbia

Alphabet: Hungarian

a (1) a

á (4) @

b (12) b

c (14) c

cs (146) %

d (145) d

e (15) e

é (16) *

f (124) f

g (1245) g

gy (1456) ?

h (125) h

i (24) i

í (34) /

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

ly (456) _

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ny (1246) $

o (135) o

ó (246) [

ö (12345) q

ő (12456) ]

p (1234) p

q (12346) &

r (1235) r

s (234) s

sz (156) :

t (2345) t

ty (1256) \

u (136) u

ú (346) +

ü (12356) (

ű (23456) )

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (126) <

zs (345) >

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (6, 3) ,'

„...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2346...1356) !...z

- hyphen (36) -

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

188
Irish Gaelic

Primary language transcribed: none

Secondary language transcribed: Ireland, United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)

Alphabet: Irish Gaelic

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

á (12346) &

é (123456) =

í (12356) (

ó (2346) !

ú (23456) )

Punctuation

Same as English

189
Italian

Primary language transcribed: Italy

Secondary language transcribed: Switzerland

Alphabet: Italian

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

ç (12346) &

é (123456) =

à (12356) (

è (2346) !

ù (23456) )

â (16) *

ê (126) <

î (146) %

ô (1456) ?

û (156) :

ë (1246) $

ï (12456) ]

ö (246) [

ü (1256) \

ò (346) +

ì (34) /

w (2456) w

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (26, 35) 5...9

[...] brackets (2356...2356) 7...7

- hyphen (36) -

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

190
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Japanese 

Primary language transcribed: Japan 

Secondary language transcribed: Taiwan 

Alphabet: Japanese

あ a (1) a い I (12) b う u (14) c え e (124) f お o (24) i

か ka (16) * き ki (126) < く ku (146) % け ke (1246) $ こ ko (246) [

さ sa (156) : し shi (1256) | す su (1456) ? せ se (12456) ] そ so (2456) w

た ta (135) o ち chi (1235) r つ tsu (1345) n て te (12345) q と to (2345) t

な na (13) k に ni (123) l ぬ nu (134) m ね ne (1234) p の no (234) s

は ha (136) u ひ hi (1236) v ふ hu (1346) x へ he (12346) & ほ ho (2346) !

ま ma (1356) z み mi (12356) ( む mu (13456) y め me (123456) = も mo (23456) )

や ya (34) / ゆ yu (346) + よ yo (345) >

ら ra (15) e り ri (125) h る ru (145) d れ re (1245) g ろ ro (245) j

わ wa (3) ' ゐ wi (23) 2 ゑ we (235) 6 を wo (35) 9

ん n (356) 0 っ small tsu (soku-on) (2) 1 ー vowel lengthening (cho-on) (25) 3

が ga (5,16) "* ぎ gi (5,126) "< ぐ gu (5,146) "% げ ge (5,1246) "$ ご go (5,246) "[

ざ za (5,156) ": じ ji (5,1256) "| ず zu (5,1456) "? ぜ ze (5,12456) "] ぞ zo (5,2456) "w

だ da (5,135) "o ぢ ji (5,1235) "r づ zu (5,1345) "n で de (5,12345) "q ど do (5,2345) "t

ば ba (5,136) "u び bi (5,1236) "v ぶ bu (5,1346) "x べ be (5,12346) "& ぼ bo (5,2346) "!

ぱ pa (6,136) ,u ぴ pi (6,1236) ,v ぷ pu (6,1346) ,x ぺ pe (6,12346) ,& ぽ po (6,2346) ,!

191 
Alphabet

きゃ kya (4,16) `*

しゃ sha (4,156) `:

ちゃ cha (4,135) `o

にゃ nya (4,13) `k

ひゃ hya (4,136) `u

みゃ mya (4,1356) `z

りゃ rya (4,15) `e

ぎゃ gya (45,16) ^*

じゃ ja (45,156) ^:

ぢゃ ja (45,135) ^o

びゃ bya (45,136) ^u

ぴゃ pya (46,136) .u

きゅ kyu (4,146) `%

しゅ shu (4,1456) `?

ちゅ chu (4,1345) `n

にゅ nyu (4,134) `m

ひゅ hyu (4,1346) `x

みゅ my (4,13456) `y

りゅ ryu (4,145) `d

ぎゅ gyu (45,146) ^%

じゅ ju (45,1456) ^?

ぢゅ ju (45,1345) ^n

びゅ byu (45,1346) ^x

ぴゅ pyu (46,1346) .x

きょ kyo (4,246) `[

しょ sho (4,2456) `w

ちょ cho (4,2345) `t

にょ nyo (4,234) `s

ひょ hyo (4,2346) `!

みょ myo (4,23456) `)

りょ ryo (4,245) `j

ぎょ gyo (45,246) ^[

じょ jo (45,2456) ^w

ぢょ jo (45,2345) ^t

びょ byo (45,2346) ^!

ぴょ pyo (46,2346) .!

Punctuation

、comma (56) ;

。full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

「...」quote (36...36) -...-

― bar line (25, 25) 33

〜 wave dash (36, 36) --

... ellipsis (2, 2, 2) 111

number sign (3456) #

192
Kiswahili

Primary language transcribed: none

Secondary language transcribed: Kenya, Uganda

Alphabet: Kiswahili

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

193
Malay

Primary language transcribed: Malaysia

Secondary language transcribed: Singapore

Alphabet: Malay

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

/ slash (2356) 7

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

194
Mandarin

Primary language transcribed: China, Taiwan

Secondary language transcribed: Malaysia, Tibet

Alphabet: Mandarin, Initials/Consonants

b (12) b

p (1234) p

m (134) m

f (124) f

d (145) d

t (2345) t

n (1345) n

l (123) l

g, j (1245) g

k, q (13) k

h, x (125) h

zh (34) /

ch (12345) q

sh (156) :

r (245) j

z (1356) z

c (14) c

s (234) s

Finals/Vowels

a (35) 9

o, e (26) 5

i (24) i

u (136) u

ü (346) +

er (1235) r

ai (246) [

ao (235) 6

ei (2346) !

ou (12356) (

ia (1246) $

iao (345) >

ie (15) e

iu (1256) \

ua (123456) =

uai (13456) y

ui (2456) w

uo (135) o

üe (23456) )

an (1236) v

ang (236) 8

en (356) 0

eng (3456) #

ian (146) %

iang (1346) x

in (126) <

ing (16) *

uan (12456) ]

uang (2356) 7

un (25) 3

ong (256) 4

üan (12346) &

ün (456) _

iong (1456) ?

Tones

ˉ (1) a ˊ (2) 1 ˇ (3) ' ˋ (23) 2

Contractions

zhi (34) /

chi (12345) q

shi (156) :

ri (245) j

zi (1356) z

ci (14) c

si (234) s

di (145) d

195
Punctuation

, comma (5) "

、 pause (4) @

; semicolon (56) ;

: colon (36) -

。period, full stop (5, 23) "2

? question mark (5, 3) "'

! exclamation (56, 2) ;1

“...” quote (45...45) ^...^

‘...’ single quote (45, 45...45, 45) ^^...^^

(...) parentheses (56, 3...6, 23) ;'...,2

[...] brackets (56, 23...56, 23) ;2...;2

...... ellipsis (5, 5, 5) """

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (6, 36) ,-

capital (6) ,

《...》title (5, 36...36, 2) "-...-1

number sign (3456) #

Example

cǎodì shang de huā shi feng chuikai de。

c6'di2 :8 d h=a : f# qwk[ d"2

草地 上 的 花 是 风 吹开 的。

196
Ndebele

Primary language transcribed: none

Secondary language transcribed: South Africa, Zimbabwe

Alphabet: Ndebele

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

Same as English

Portuguese

Primary language transcribed: Brazil, Portugal

Secondary language transcribed: none

Alphabet: Portuguese

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ç (12346) &

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

á (12356) (

é (123456) =

í (34) /

ó (346) +

ú (23456) )

à (1246) $

â (16) *

ê (126) <

ô (1456) ?

ã (345) >

õ (246) [

ü (1256) \

197
Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...” quote (236...236) 8...8

«...» quote (6, 236...6, 236) ,8...,8

‘...’ single quote (56, 236...56, 236) ;8...;8

(...) parentheses (126...345) <...>

(...) parentheses (126, 3...6, 345) <'...,>

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

[...] brackets (12356, 3...6, 23456) ('...,)

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

* asterisk (35) 9

/ slash (6, 2) ,1

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics, bold, underline, open and close (35...35) 9...9

198
Romanian

Primary language transcribed: Moldova, Romania

Secondary language transcribed: none

Alphabet: Romanian

a (1) a

ă (16) *

â (126) <

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

î (146) %

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ș (156) :

t (2345) t

ț (246) [

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

„...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ inside quote (6...6) ,...,

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

... ellipsis (36, 3) -'

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 3) -'

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

199
Russian

Primary language transcribed: Kyrgyzstan, Russia

Secondary language transcribed: Kazakhstan, Moldova, Serbia

Alphabet: Russian

а (1) a

б (12) b

в (2456) w

г (1245) g

д (145) d

е (15) e

ё (16) *

ж (245) j

з (1356) z

и (24) i

й (12346) &

к (13) k

л (123) l

м (134) m

н (1345) n

о (135) o

п (1234) p

р (1235) r

с (234) s

т (2345) t

у (136) u

ф (124) f

х (125) h

ц (14) c

ч (12345) q

ш (156) :

щ (1346) x

ъ (12356) (

ы (2346) !

ь (23456) )

э (246) [

ю (1256) \

я (1246) $

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

«...» quote (236...356) 8...0

„...“ inside quote (6, 236...356, 3) ,8...0'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

... ellipsis (256, 256, 256) 444

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

capital (46) .

number sign (3456) #

italics (456) _

200
Spanish

Primary language transcribed: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, Uruguay, Venezuela

Secondary language transcribed: Iceland

Alphabet: Spanish

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

ñ (12456) ]

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

w (2456) w

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

á (12356) (

é (2346) !

í (34) /

ó (346) +

ú (23456) )

ü (1256) \

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

¿...? question mark (26...26) 5...5

¡...! exclamation mark (235...235) 6...6

’ apostrophe (3) '

“...”, «...» quote (236...236) 8...8

(...) parentheses (126...345) <...>

* asterisk (35) 9

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

— dash (36, 36) --

/ slash (6, 2) ,1

capital indicator (46) .

number indicator (3456) #

italics open and close (35...35) 9...9

201
Spain

‘...’, ‹...› internal quote (6, 236...6, 236) ,8...,8

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

{...} braces (5, 123...456, 2) "l..._1

Latin American Blind Union Countries

“...” internal quote (5, 236...5, 236) "8..."8

202
Swedish

Primary language transcribed: Sweden

Secondary language transcribed: Finland

Alphabet: Swedish

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

h (125) h

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

p (1234) p

q (12345) q

r (1235) r

s (234) s

t (2345) t

u (136) u

v (1236) v

x (1346) x

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

w (2456) w

å (16) *

ä (345) >

ö (246) [

à (12356) (

é (123456) =

è (2346) !

ü (1256) \

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (3) '

? question mark (26) 5

! exclamation (235) 6

’ apostrophe (5) "

”...” quote (56...56) ;...;

’...’ single quote (5...5) "..."

(...) parentheses (236...356) 8...0

[...] brackets (12356...23456) (...)

... ellipsis (3, 3, 3) '''

- hyphen (36) -

/ slash (34) /

* asterisk (35) 9

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (6, 3) ,'

203
Turkish

Primary language transcribed: Turkey

Secondary language transcribed: Cyprus

Alphabet: Turkish

a (1) a

b (12) b

c (14) c

ç (16) *

d (145) d

e (15) e

f (124) f

g (1245) g

ğ (126) <

h (125) h

ı (35) 9

i (24) i

j (245) j

k (13) k

l (123) l

m (134) m

n (1345) n

o (135) o

ö (246) [

p (1234) p

r (1235) r

s (234) s

ş (146) %

t (2345) t

u (136) u

ü (1256) \

v (1236) v

y (13456) y

z (1356) z

Punctuation

, comma (2) 1

; semicolon (23) 2

: colon (25) 3

. period, full stop (256) 4

? question mark (236) 8

! exclamation (235) 6

“...” quote (236...356) 8...0

‘...’ single quote (3...3) '...'

(...) parentheses (2356...2356) 7...7

[...] brackets (6, 2356...2356, 3) ,7...7'

... ellipsis (256, 256, 256) 444

- hyphen (36) -

* asterisk (35, 35) 99

capital (6) ,

number sign (3456) #

italics (46) .

204
Index by Language Name

Afrikaans

South Africa, 126

Albanian, 165

Albania, 1

Serbia, 119

Amharic

Ethiopia, 37

Arabic, 166

Algeria, 1

Bahrain, 8

Egypt, 34

Indonesia, 70

Iran, 71

Israel, 74

Jordan, 77

Kuwait, 79

Lebanon, 85

Libya, 85

Malaysia, 91

Mauritania, 93

Morocco, 95

Oman, 103

Pakistan, 103

Qatar, 115

Saudi Arabia, 119

Syria, 137

Tunisia, 146

United Arab Emirates, 151

Yemen, 160

Armenian, Eastern

Armenia, 3

Armenian, Western

Armenia, 3

Assamese

India, 63

Azerbaijani

Azerbaijan, 7

Bahasa Indonesia

Indonesia, 70

Bangla

Bangladesh, 9

Basque

Spain, 132

Bassar

Togo, 144

Belarusian

Belarus, 12

Bengali

India, 60

Bicol

Philippines, 112

Bosnian

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16

Bulgarian

Bulgaria, 18

Burmese

Myanmar, 95

Cantonese, 169

China, 24

Hong Kong, 52

Catalan, 172

Andorra, 1

Spain, 131

Cebuano

Philippines, 111

Chibemba

Zambia, 162

Chinyanja

Zambia, 162

Chitonga

Zambia, 163

Croatian

Croatia, 26

205
Czech

Czech Republic, 29

Dagaare

Ghana, 48

Danish, 173

Denmark, 30

Iceland, 53

Dobuan

Papua New Guinea, 106

Dutch, 174

Belgium, 13

Netherlands, 97

Dzongkha

Bhutan, 14

English, 175

Antigua and Barbuda, 2

Australia, 5

Bahamas, 8

Bahrain, 8

Barbados, 11

Bhutan, 14

Cameroon, 22

Canada, 22

Congo, 25

Dominica, 33

Gambia, 44

Ghana, 47

Grenada, 49

Hong Kong, 52

Iceland, 53

India, 55

Indonesia, 70

Iran, 71

Ireland, 73

Israel, 74

Jamaica, 76

Jordan, 77

Kenya, 79

Kuwait, 79

Lebanon, 85

Liberia, 85

Luxembourg, 87

Malaysia, 91

Mauritius, 93

Nepal, 96

New Zealand, 98

Nigeria, 99

Pakistan, 103

Papua New Guinea, 106

Philippines, 109

Saint Kitts and Nevis, 116

Saint Lucia, 117

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 117

Samoa, 118

Saudi Arabia, 119

Serbia, 119

Seychelles, 121

Sierra Leone, 121

Singapore, 122

South Africa, 125

Sri Lanka, 132

Taiwan, 137

Thailand, 139

Tibet, 142

Trinidad and Tobago, 146

Uganda, 148

United Arab Emirates, 151

United Kingdom, 152

United States, 154

Zambia, 161

Zimbabwe, 164

Esperanto, 177

Estonian

Estonia, 36

Ewé, 179

Ghana, 47

Togo, 144

Faroese

Denmark, 31

Farsi

Iran, 71

Finnish

Finland, 42

French, 180

Belgium, 13

Cameroon, 22

Canada, 22

Congo, 25

France, 43

Haiti, 50

Iceland, 53

206
Kenya, 79

Luxembourg, 87

Madagascar, 90

Mauritania, 93

Mauritius, 93

Switzerland, 136

Ga

Ghana, 48

Galician

Spain, 132

Georgian

Georgia, 45

German, 182

Austria, 6

Belgium, 13

Germany, 46

Iceland, 53

Luxembourg, 87

Switzerland, 136

Greek, 183

Cyprus, 28

Greece, 48

Greek (International), 185

Greenlandic

Denmark, 32

Guaraní

Paraguay, 108

Gujarati

India, 59

Hausa

Nigeria, 100

Hawaiian

United States, 155

Hebrew

Israel, 74

Hiligaynon

Philippines, 111

Hindi

India, 56

Huli

Papua New Guinea, 106

Hungarian, 188

Hungary, 52

Serbia, 119

Icelandic

Iceland, 54

Igbo

Nigeria, 100

Ilocano

Philippines, 110

Iñupiaq

United States, 155

Irish Gaelic, 189

Ireland, 73

United Kingdom, 152

IsiXhosa

South Africa, 126

Isizulu

South Africa, 126

Italian, 190

Italy, 76

Switzerland, 136

Japanese, 191

Japan, 77

Taiwan, 137

Kabiyé

Togo, 144

Kannada

India, 61

Kazakh

Kazakhstan, 78

Khmer

Cambodia, 19

Kikaonde

Zambia, 162

207
Kiswahili, 193

Kenya, 79

Uganda, 148

Konkomba

Togo, 144

Korean

South Korea, 129

Kuanua

Papua New Guinea, 106

Kyrgyz

Kyrgyzstan, 80

Lao

Laos, 81

Latvian

Latvia, 84

Lithuanian

Lithuanian, 86

Luganda

Uganda, 148

Lunda

Zambia, 163

Luvale

Zambia, 163

Luxembourgish

Luxembourg, 88

Macedonian

Macedonia, 89

Malagasy

Madagascar, 90

Malay, 194

Malaysia, 91

Singapore, 122

Malayalam

India, 64

Maltese

Malta, 92

Mandarin, 195

China, 24

Malaysia, 91

Taiwan, 137

Tibet, 142

Māori

New Zealand, 98

Marathi

India, 58

Moba

Togo, 145

Mongolian

Mongolia, 94

Motu

Papua New Guinea, 107

Ndebele, 197

South Africa, 125

Zimbabwe, 164

Nepali

India, 65

Nepal, 96

North Sámi

Norway, 102

Norwegian “Bokmål”

Norway, 101

Norwegian “Nynorsk”

Norway, 101

Oriya

India, 66

Pidgin

Papua New Guinea, 107

Polish

Poland, 113

Portuguese, 197

Brazil, 17

Portugal, 115

Punjabi

India, 62

208
Romanian, 199

Moldova, 94

Romania, 116

Russian, 200

Kazakhstan, 78

Kyrgyzstan, 80

Moldova, 94

Russia, 116

Serbia, 119

Samoan

Samoa, 118

Scottish Gaelic

United Kingdom, 152

Serbian

Serbia, 120

Shona

Zimbabwe, 164

Silozi

Zambia, 161

Sinhala

Sri Lanka, 133

Slovak

Slovak Republic, 122

Slovene

Slovenia, 124

Sotho

South Africa, 127

Spanish, 201

Argentina, 2

Bolivia, 16

Chile, 23

Colombia, 24

Costa Rica, 25

Cuba, 28

Dominican Republic, 33

Ecuador, 34

El Salvador, 35

Guatemala, 49

Honduras, 51

Iceland, 53

Mexico, 93

Nicaragua, 99

Panama, 105

Paraguay, 108

Peru, 109

Spain, 131

Uruguay, 156

Venezuela, 158

Swati

South Africa, 128

Swedish, 203

Finland, 42

Sweden, 135

Tagalog

Philippines, 110

Tajik

Tajikistan, 138

Tamil

India, 57

Sri Lanka, 134

Telugu

India, 67

Tem

Togo, 145

Thai

Thailand, 140

Tibetan

Tibet, 143

Tswana

South Africa, 127

Turkish, 204

Cyprus, 28

Turkey, 146

Turkmen

Turkmenistan, 147

Twi

Ghana, 47

Ukrainian

Ukraine, 150

209
Urdu

India, 68

Pakistan, 104

Uzbek

Uzbekistan, 157

Venda

South Africa, 128

Vietnamese

Vietnam, 159

Welsh Gaelic

United Kingdom, 153

Yoruba

Nigeria, 100

210