NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-580 

CAREFUL RELEASE PROTOCOLS FOR SEA TURTLE 

RELEASE WITH MINIMAL INJURY 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

NOAA Fisheries 

Southeast Fisheries Science Center 

75 Virginia Beach Drive 

Miami, Florida 33149 

December 2008 

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-580 

CAREFUL RELEASE PROTOCOLS FOR SEA TURTLE 

RELEASE WITH MINIMAL INJURY 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

William J. Brennan 

Acting Undersecretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

James W. Balsiger, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 

December 2008 

This Technical Memorandum series is used for documentation and timely communication 

of preliminary results, interim reports, or special-purpose information. Although the 

memoranda are not subject to complete formal review, editorial control, or detailed 

editing, they are expected to reflect sound professional work.
ii

NOTICE

The NOAA Fisheries (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary 

product or material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NOAA 

Fisheries, or to this publication furnished by NOAA Fisheries, in any advertising or sales 

promotion which would indicate or imply that NOAA Fisheries approves, recommends or 

endorses any proprietary product or material herein or which has as its purpose any intent 

to cause or indirectly cause the advertised product to be used or purchased because of 

NOAA Fisheries publication. 

This report should be cited as follows: 

National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center. 2008. Careful 

release protocols for sea turtle release with minimal injury. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-580, 130 pp. 

Copies of this report can be obtained from: 

 

Librarian or National Technical Information Center 

Southeast Fisheries Science Center Southeast Fisheries Science Center 

NOAA Fisheries 5825 Port Royal Road 

75 Virginia Beach Drive Springfield, VA 22161 

Miami, FL 33149 (703) 605-6000, (800) 553-6847 

(305) 361-4229 

 

 or 

PDF version available at http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/seaturtletechmemos.jsp

Updates will be provided periodically at this location. 
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The development of these protocols involved a large number of very cooperative people from 

government, industry, and academia. We are especially grateful to all the NMFS fisheries 

observers who have provided their feedback on the use of careful release equipment and 

protocols. Invaluable was the cooperation and assistance of the captains, crew, managers, and 

owners of the vessels participating in the NED experimental fishery for their input and 

willingness to try the gear removal devices and develop many of the procedures outlined in this 

document. 

We appreciate also the efforts of many past and current NOAA Fisheries staff and contractors: 

Debra Abercrombie, Myrto Argyropoulou, Larisa Avens, Lawrence Beerkircher, Lisa Belskis, 

Charles Bergmann, Cheryl Brown, Marina Burgos, Kimberly Damon-Randall, Sheryan Epperly, 

Lance Garrison, Dominy Hataway, Ben Higgins, Nick Hopkins, Dennis Lee, Joanne BraunMcNeill, Sara McNulty, David Morin, Chris Sasso, Lesley Stokes, Wendy Teas, and John 

Watson. 

Many thanks go to the Blue Water Fishermen’s Association, Fisheries Research Institute, and 

Aquatic Release Conservation (ARC). Special thanks go to Shawn Dick, Jess Dick, Kristin 

Raabe, and the entire staff from ARC for their contributions. We also would like to thank our 

academic colleagues for their input: Dr. Craig Harms and Dr. Jeanette Wyneken. The 

NOAA/Laforce Line Cutter was designed by Lionel Laforce, the NOAA/Arceneaux Line Clipper 

by Stuart (Joe) Arceneaux, and the NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker by Charles Bergmann. Some of 

the devices were conceptualized by members from the industry: the turtle tether by Jay 

McCormack (current version was designed by ARC), the T&G Ninja Sticks by Tony Geismann 

and Georg Hinteregger, the Roby Dehooker by Doug Roby, the Scotty’s Dehooker by Scott 

Drabinowitz, the large turtle hoist by Jim Budi and Malcolm MacLean, and the ARC Dehookers 

by Shawn Dick. Earlier versions of this document benefited from reviews by a number of 

people, including Colleen Bass, the late Nelson Beideman, Russell Dunn, Greg Fairclough, Rick 

Pearson, and Shawn Dick. 
iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................... 1-1 

 Handling Recommendations for Other Species.............................. 1-1 

 Marine Mammal Careful Handling and Release Guidelines...... 1-2 

 Vessel/Crew’s Responsibilities upon Sighting a Sea Turtle................ 1-4 

 Gear Removal Protocols......................................................... 1-4 

 Trawl Fisheries........................................................... 1-5 

 Gillnet Fisheries.......................................................... 1-5 

 Fixed Gear Fisheries..................................................... 1-5 

 Hook-and-line Fisheries................................................. 1-5 

 Assessing Whether to Remove Hooks....................... 1-6 

 Releasing the Turtle.............................................................. 1-7 

Chapter 2: Equipment and Techniques for Sea Turtles Not Boated............... 2-1

 Turtle Control Devices.......................................................... 2-2 

 Turtle Tether............................................................. 2-2 

 T&G Ninja Sticks....................................................... 2-3 

Equipment to Remove Line..................................................... 2-3 

Long-handled Line Clipper/Cutter.................................... 2-3 

Monofilament Cutters................................................... 2-4 

Equipment to Remove Hooks................................................... 2-4 

Long-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks.......................... 2-4 

ARC Pole Big Game Dehookers.............................. 2-4 

Notch Modification for ARC Dehookers............ 2-6 

Plate 2-1: Instructions for ARC Dehookers......... 2-8 

Long-handled Dehooker for External Hooks........................... 2-10 

ARC Pole Big Game Dehookers................................ 2-10 

Long-handled J-Style Dehooker.............................. 2-10 

Long-handled Roby Dehooker................................. 2-11 

 Plate 2-3: Instructions for the Roby Dehooker...... 2-12 

Long-handled Device to Pull an “Inverted V”................................. 2-13 

 “Inverted V” Technique................................................... 2-13 

 Possible Scenarios Encountered for Sea Turtles Not Boated................. 2-14 

Entangled but Not Hooked................................................ 2-14 

Hooked but Not Entangled................................................ 2-14 

Hooked and Entangled..................................................... 2-15 

 

Chapter 3: Boating and Holding Sea Turtles.............................................. 3-1 

 Boating the Turtle................................................................. 3-1 

Dip Net................................................................... 3-1 

 Turtle Hoist.............................................................. 3-2 

Large Turtle Hoist.............................................. 3-2 
v

Small Turtle Hoist.............................................. 3-3 

Holding the Turtle................................................................ 3-4 

Cushion/Support Device................................................ 3-4 

Comatose Turtles......................................................... 3-5 

 Plate 3-1: Sea Turtle Resuscitation Guidelines............... 3-6 

Chapter 4: Equipment and Techniques for Opening the Mouth of Boated Turtles 4-1 

Opening the Mouth............................................................... 4-1 

Mouth Openers and/or Gags..................................................... 4-2 

Set of Two Rope Loops with Protective Tubing....................... 4-2 

Large Avian Oral Speculum............................................ 4-3 

Block of Hard Wood..................................................... 4-3 

Set of Three Canine Mouth Gags....................................... 4-4 

Set of Two Sturdy Dog Chew Bones..................................... 4-5 

Hank of Rope.............................................................. 4-5 

Set of Four PVC Couplings............................................. 4-6 

Chapter 5: Equipment/Techniques for Removing Hooks from Boated Turtles.... 5-1

Needle-nose or Long-nose Pliers................................................ 5-2 

Bolt Cutters......................................................................... 5-2 

Short-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks.................................... 5-2 

17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker......... 5-2 

 Plate 5-1: Instructions for the ARC Dehooker with 

Bite Block.......................................................... 5-3 

NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker.............................................. 5-5 

Plate 5-2: Instructions for the NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker 5-6 

Short-handled Dehooker for External Hooks.................................... 5-7 

17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker........... 5-7 

NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker............................................. 5-7 

Short-handled J-Style Dehooker ....................................... 5-7 

Plate 5-3: Instructions for the J-Style Dehooker................ 5-8 

Scotty’s Dehooker......................................................... 5-9 

Plate 5-4: Instructions for Scotty’s Dehooker................. 5-10 

Short-handled Roby Dehooker........................................... 5-11 
vi

Appendix A: Design Standards and Equipment for the Careful Release of Sea Turtles 

Caught in Hook and Line Fisheries 

Chapter A1: Introduction........................................................................ A1-1 

Chapter A2: Equipment for Sea Turtles Not Boated..................................... A2-1 

Turtle Control Devices............................................................ A2-1 

Turtle Tether............................................................... A2-1 

Design Standards.................................................... A2-1 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A2-1 

T&G Ninja Sticks.............................................................. A2-2 

Design Standards.................................................. A2-2 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A2-2 

Equipment to Remove Line....................................................... A2-2 

 Long-handled Line Clipper/Cutter..................................... A2-2 

Design Standards.................................................... A2-2 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A2-3 

 Monofilament Cutters................................................... A2-3 

Design Standards.................................................... A2-3 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A2-3 

Equipment to Remove Hooks.................................................... A2-4 

Long-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks............................ A2-4 

 Design Standards................................................. A2-4 

 Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A2-4 

ARC Pole Big Game Dehookers (multiple models) A2-4 

Notch Modification for ARC Dehookers... A2-5 

Long-handled Dehooker for External Hooks.......................... A2-5 

Design Standards................................................. A2-5 

 Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A2-6 

ARC Pole Big Game Dehookers (multiple models) A2-6 

Long-handled “J-Style” Dehooker..................... A2-6 

Long-handled Roby Dehooker.......................... A2-6 

Long-handled Device to Pull an “Inverted V”................................... A2-6 

Design Standards................................................... A2-7 

 Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards.......... A2-7 

Long-handled “J-Style” Dehooker...................... A2-7 

Standard Boat Hook.................................... A2-7 

 Standard Fishing Gaff.................................... A2-7 

Chapter A3: Boating and Holding Sea Turtles.............................................. A3-1 

 Boating the Turtle................................................................... A3-1 

Dip Net...................................................................... A3-1 

Design Standards................................................. A3-1 

 Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards....... A3-1 

Turtle Hoist................................................................ A3-2 

Large Turtle Hoist................................................ A3-2 
vii

Design Standards........................................ A3-2 

 Example Models Meeting Current Standards........ A3-2 

 Large Turtle Hoist.............................. A3-2 

Small Turtle Hoist................................................ A3-3 

Design Standards....................................... A3-3 

 Example Models Meeting Current Standards ...... A3-3 

 Small Turtle Hoist.............................. A3-3 

Holding the Turtle.................................................................. A3-3 

Cushion/Support Device................................................ A3-3 

Design Standards................................................. A3-3 

 Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards........ A3-4 

 Standard Automobile Tire.............................. A3-4 

 Boat Cushion.............................................. A3-4 

 Large Turtle Hoist....................................... A3-4 

Chapter A4: Equipment for Opening the Mouth of Boated Turtles.................... A4-1 

Opening the Mouth................................................................. A4-1 

Mouth Openers and/or Gags...................................................... A4-1 

Set of Two Rope Loops with Protective Tubing..................... A4-1 

Large Avian Oral Speculum............................................. A4-1 

Block of Hard Wood...................................................... A4-1 

Set of Three Canine Mouth Gags........................................ A4-2 

Set of Two Sturdy Dog Chew Bones..................................... A4-2 

Hank of Rope............................................................... A4-2 

Set of Four PVC Couplings.............................................. A4-2 

Chapter A5: Equipment for Removing Gear from Boated Turtles.................... A5-1 

Needle-nose or Long-nose Pliers................................................. A5-1 

Design Standards........................................................... A5-1 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards................. A5-1 

Bolt Cutters........................................................................... A5-1 

Design Standards........................................................... A5-1 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards................ A5-2 

 Equipment to Remove Line....................................................... A5-2 

Design Standards........................................................... A5-2 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards................ A5-2 

Short-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks.................................... A5-2 

Design Standards.......................................................... A5-2 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards................ A5-3 

17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker A5-3 

 NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker.................................... A5-3 

Short-handled Dehooker for External Hooks................................... A5-3 

Design Standards.......................................................... A5-3 

Example Models Meeting Current Design Standards................ A5-3 

17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker A5-3 

 NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker.................................. A5-3 
viii

Short-handled “J-style” Dehooker............................. A5-4 

Scotty’s Dehooker............................................... A5-4 

Short-handled Roby Dehooker................................. A5-4 

Appendix B: Design Schematics for Careful Release Equipment 

 Plate B-1 Turtle Tether............................................................ B1-1 

 Plate B-2 T&G Ninja Sticks...................................................... B2-1 

 Plate B-3 NOAA/Arceneaux Line Clipper..................................... B3-1 

 Plate B-4 NOAA/Laforce Line Cutter.......................................... B4-1 

 Plate B-5 ARC Pole Big Game Dehooker...................................... B5-1 

 Plate B-6 J-Style Dehooker......................................................... B6-1 

 Plate B-7 Long-handled Roby Dehooker.......................................... B7-1 

 Plate B-8 Dip Net.................................................................... B8-1 

 Plate B-9 Large Turtle Hoist....................................................... B9-1 

 Plate B-10 Small Turtle Hoist.................................................... B10-1 

 Plate B-11 ARC Bite Block Dehooker.......................................... B11-1 

 Plate B-12 NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker........................................ B12-1 

 Plate B-13 Scotty’s Dehooker..................................................... B13-1 

 Plate B-14 Short-handled Roby Dehooker.................................... B14-1 

 

Appendix C: Tool Selection Chart

 

 Plate C-1 Sea Turtles Not Boated.............................................. C-1 

 Plate C-2 Sea Turtles Boated................................................... C-2 

Appendix D: Sea Turtle and Marine Mammal Handling and Careful Release Placards

References .......................................................................................... Ref-1 
ix

List of Figures 

1-1. Dehooking a shark (A) and recovering a billfish before release (B)...................... 1-2 

2-1. Long-handled tools for sea turtles not boated............................................... 2-1 

2-2. Controlling a leatherback using a turtle tether.............................................. 2-2 

2-3. Controlling a leatherback using a pair of T&G Ninja Sticks............................. 2-3 

2-4. Using line cutter (A) and monofilament cutter (B) on entangled leatherbacks......... 2-4 

2-5. Removing hook with an ARC Pole Big Game Dehooker.................................. 2-5 

2-6. Point of the hook is shielded to prevent re-engagement................................... 2-6 

2-7. Notch the pigtail curl where the shank of the hook contacts the bottom of the curl... 2-7 

Plate 2-1. Instructions for ARC Dehookers........................................................ 2-8 

2-8. Using J-Style dehooker on externally hooked leatherback................................. 2-10 

2-9. Roby dehooker................................................................................... 2-11 

Plate 2-2. Instructions for the Roby Dehooker..................................................... 2-12 

2-10. Pulling an “Inverted V”..................................................................... 2-13 

2-11. Using a dehooker on a leatherback hooked but not entangled............................ 2-14 

2-12. A hooked and entangled leatherback........................................................ 2-15 

3-1. Bringing a turtle onboard using a dip net..................................................... 3-1 

3-2. Dip net............................................................................................. 3-2 

3-3. Bringing leatherback onboard using a large turtle hoist.................................... 3-3 

3-4. Leatherback supported onboard in large turtle hoist........................................ 3-3 

3-5. Small turtle hoist.................................................................................. 3-4 

3-6. Loggerhead supported using an automobile tire............................................. 3-5 

Plate 3-1. Sea Turtle Resuscitation Guidelines.................................................... 3-6 

3-6. Oral cavity anatomy............................................................................. 3-7 

4-1. Opening the mouth.............................................................................. 4-1 

4-2. Mouth openers and gags........................................................................ 4-2 

4-3. Opening the mouth using rope loops.......................................................... 4-3 

4-4. Using an avian speculum as a (A) mouth opener and (B) gag........................... 4-3 

4-5. Wooden brush handle used as a (A) mouth opener and (B) gag .......................... 4-4 

4-6. (A) Canine mouth gag fully compressed, (B) partially compressed (C) and fully open 4-4 

4-7. Canine mouth gag................................................................................. 4-5 

4-8. Large (A) and small (B) dog chew bones.................................................... 4-5 

4-9. Hank of rope mouth gag........................................................................ 4-6 

4-10. PVC coupling mouth gag..................................................................... 4-6 

5-1. Bolt cutters, needle-nose pliers, and monofilament cutters................................ 5-1 

5-2. Short handled dehookers....................................................................... 5-1 

5-3. Bite Block Deep-hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker.................................... 5-2 

Plate 5-1. Instructions for the 17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker. 5-3 

5-4. NOAA/Bergmann dehooker..................................................................... 5-5 

Plate 5-2. Instructions for NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker........................................ 5-6 

5-5. J-Style dehooker.................................................................................. 5-7 

Plate 5-3. Instructions for the J-Style Dehooker................................................... 5-8 

5-6. Scotty’s dehooker............................................................................... 5-9 

Plate 5-4. Instructions for Scotty’s Dehooker..................................................... 5-10 
x
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

1-1 12/12/08 

Chapter 1 Introduction 

The following sea turtle handling protocols describe the tools and techniques for removing 

fishing gear from incidentally captured sea turtles. They should be followed whenever an 

interaction, such as a hooking and/or an entanglement, with a sea turtle occurs. The equipment 

and techniques described here are intended to reduce sea turtle injury and to promote post-release 

survival. The document, which updates Epperly et al. 2004, is designed primarily to give 

specific handling guidelines for removing gear from sea turtles captured in hook-and-line 

fisheries. Interactions with other gear types (e.g., trawls, gillnets, fixed gear) and species (e.g., 

fish, marine mammals) are mentioned briefly here, but this is not intended to be a comprehensive 

guide for interactions with these gear types or species. 

These protocols synthesize the results of scientific research involving sea turtle mitigation 

measures and post-hooking mortality criteria developed for pelagic longline fisheries. In 2001-

2003, experiments were conducted in the Western Atlantic Northeast Distant Waters statistical 

reporting area (NED) to evaluate sea turtle mitigation measures in the pelagic longline fisheries 

(Watson et al. 2004, Watson et al. 2005). Post-trip interviews with the captains and NMFS 

observers were conducted to specifically discuss the efficacy of various tools provided to remove 

gear from sea turtles. Based on user feedback from these experiments and field-testing 

subsequent to these experiments, gear removal tools have been updated, and equipment design 

standards have been revised accordingly. 

Several fisheries have mandatory release gear requirements and handling and release guidelines 

for the handling of incidentally-caught sea turtles [e.g., 69 FR 40734, July 6, 2004 (HMS PLL); 

71 FR 45428, August 9, 2006 (GOM reef fish); 72 FR 5633, February 7, 2007 (HMS BLL); 

HMS pelagic longline and bottom longline fishery regulations are located in 50 CFR 635 and 

South Atlantic snapper-grouper and Gulf of Mexico reef fish regulations are located in 50 CFR 

622]; requirements and appropriate release tools may vary by fishery. This document contains 

the general approved design standards for all currently certified release gears. Individual 

fisheries may have more specific design standards. Check with the applicable regulations as the 

final authority for required tools and specifications in each fishery. A laminated instruction card 

for sea turtle handling/release guidelines should be prominently displayed in the wheelhouse or 

near the steering station for instant reference, and this may be required by some fisheries (e.g., 

Atlantic HMS fisheries, 66 FR 48813, September 24, 2001). 

This guidance is intended for lawful activities authorized under the ESA, including prosecution 

of fisheries with incidental take statements and actions to provide assistance to stranded turtles. 

A demonstration of the use of these tools and techniques can been seen in the video “Removing 

Fishing Gear from Longline Caught Sea Turtles” (Hataway and Epperly 2004). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 1-2 

Handling Recommendations for Other Species

Although these release protocols and equipment design standards have been developed primarily 

with sea turtles in mind, many of the devices and techniques also are effective on some species 

of fish, marine mammals and seabirds. Although bringing sea turtles onboard for gear removal 

is recommended whenever feasible, it is not advisable to bring most other large species (e.g., 

marine mammals, medium and large sharks, sawfish, billfish, some finfish) onboard for gear 

removal. Deeply ingested (where the insertion point of the barb is not visible) hooks should not 

be removed from any species, including sea turtles; however, all species would benefit from 

having as much line removed from the hook as possible. For further information on reef fish 

release, including discussions on hook removal and weighted release devices (“release sinkers”), 

see Bartholomew and Bohnsack (2005). Information on using venting tools may be found at: 

http://www.flseagrant.org/program_areas/fisheries/venting/ 

and http://isurus.mote.org/research/cfe/fish-bio/how-to-vent-a-fish.htm. 

Caution must be exercised when handling sharks (Figure 1-1a), and the use of long-handled 

dehookers is advised. Billfish (Figure 1-1b) and tuna often benefit from dehooking and 

resuscitation or recovery before release; see details on billfish handling and recovery in Prince et 

al. (2002). Specific guidelines for releasing smalltooth sawfish have been established (71 FR 

45428, August 9, 2006), and additional information on sawfish and billfish/tuna handling can be 

found at: http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/sawfishbrochure.pdf,

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/smalltoothsawfish.htm, and 

http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/fisheriesbiology.jsp.

 

Sturgeon bycatch, including several Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed species, has been 

documented in several coastal and estuarine fisheries that use gill nets, trawls, pots, traps, weirs, 

pound nets and hook-and-line. In some instances, particularly when captured in gill nets, the fish 

Figures 1-1a and b. Dehooking a shark (a) and recovering a billfish (b) before release [Photos courtesy of Aquatic 

Release Conservation (ARC)]. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

1-3 12/12/08 

may benefit from resuscitation if their opercular flaps were obstructed or in areas of low 

dissolved oxygen. If a sturgeon is removed from fishing gear and appears non-responsive, 

attempt to resuscitate the fish by flushing water over the gills for several minutes (~ five to ten 

minutes) or “swim” the fish by gently moving it through the water to flush water over the gills. 

More information on sturgeon conservation can be found at: 

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/ and at http://www.nero.noaa.gov/prot_res/. 

Marine Mammal Careful Handling and Release Guidelines 

Summarized from: Marine Mammal Handling/Release Guidelines: A quick reference for 

Atlantic pelagic longline gear (Appendix D). 

Available from: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/interactions/handling_release.pdf

Marine mammal interactions are a relatively rare event in most fisheries; however, due to the 

protected status and small population sizes of most marine mammal species, each event is 

significant. Therefore, it is important that fishermen provide as much documentation as possible 

about these interactions and work to carefully remove gear from marine mammals where 

conditions and safety considerations allow. When an interaction with a marine mammal occurs, 

the fishermen should document the appearance and size of the animal, the types of injuries that 

occurred, efforts to release the animal, and the characteristics of any gear remaining on the 

animal after release. These data on each marine mammal interaction must be reported to the 

NMFS Office of Protected Resources on the Marine Mammal Injury/Mortality Reporting Form 

(see reporting address and form availability information below) if there is an incidental mortality 

or injury to a marine mammal during commercial fishing activities. The incident must be 

reported within 48 hours after the end of the fishing trip, or for non-vessel fisheries, within 48 

hours of the occurrence. Detailed documentation is critical because if this whale is seen again 

with the gear remaining or with serious injuries, it could be counted twice against the allowed 

incidental take for the fishery if the initial interaction was not properly documented and reported. 

In the case of small cetaceans (e.g, dolphins and pilot whales) entangled in fishing gear or 

hooked, the crew should work carefully to disentangle the animal and/or remove gear as 

conditions and human safety allows. The vessel crew should avoid abrupt actions or vessel 

movements that may panic the animal. The vessel should stop alongside the animal, attempt to 

recover gear, and gently work to bring the animal alongside the vessel. Work to minimize the 

amount of tension on the animal from gear remaining in the water, and ensure that the animal has 

access to the surface to breathe. Cut wraps or other entangling gear from the animal’s body 

using a gaff or long-line cutter, being careful to avoid direct contact between the animal and 

sharp objects. If the animal is hooked, cut the barb off the hook using long-handled bolt cutters 

and/or use a NMFS approved de-hooking device to remove the hook. If a hook remains attached 

to the animal, cut any attached line as close to the hook as possible. 

In the case of large whales (for example humpback whales, right whales, or sperm whales), 

fishers should not attempt to directly disentangle the animal without assistance. Instead, the 

vessel should be maneuvered in such a way as to minimize tension on the line, and the fishers 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 1-4 

should immediately contact the U.S. Coast Guard at VHF Ch. 16 or contact the Provincetown 

Center for Coastal Studies Disentanglement Hotline at (800) 900-3622 for instructions if fishing 

within the U.S. EEZ. It is strongly recommended that disentanglement is only attempted with 

the assistance or advice of these experts. However, if contact is not possible (e.g., due to the 

vessel’s location), the decision to attempt disentanglement should be made based on the 

experience and comfort level of the crew due to the significant risk of the procedure. If the crew 

decides to proceed with disentanglement, proper documentation of the interaction (video, 

multiple photographs and drawings) is essential. The primary goal if attempting disentanglement 

should be to remove all complete loops wrapped around the animal if possible. If the line is 

embedded in the flesh and healed over, cut the lines on either side as short as possible, and do 

not attempt to remove that section of line. Never enter the water to attempt disentanglement 

under any circumstances. 

If a marine mammal interaction occurs, it is likely that another will occur if fishing is continued 

in the same area. Following an interaction, fishermen should notify other vessels working in the 

area that the interaction occurred and move to another area or wait 48 hours before continuing 

fishing operations. 

Contact Information: NMFS Office of Protected Resources Attn: MMAP, 1315 East-West 

Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Fax Number: 301-427-2522. 

MMAP Form Available at: 

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/interactions/mmap_reporting_form.pdf. 

Vessel/Crew’s Responsibilities upon Sighting a Sea Turtle

Generally, it is expected that all turtles less than three feet straight carapace length can be boated 

safely if sea conditions permit; larger turtles should also be boated when conditions and 

equipment permit. If it is determined that the turtle cannot be brought aboard without causing 

further injury to the turtle, or if conditions are such that the turtle cannot be safely brought 

aboard, then protocols for turtles not boated should be followed (refer to Chapter 2). Whenever 

possible, turtles should be brought onboard to make gear removal easier and safer, following the 

handling guidelines for turtles boated (refer to Chapters 3 - 5). The vessel’s crew must attempt 

to remove all of the gear from the turtle. The captain and crew are responsible for the turtle’s 

safety from first sighting until release, and all efforts should be made to release the turtle with 

minimal injury and minimal remaining gear. 

Gear Removal Protocols

General guidelines for removing gear from sea turtles not boated and boated follow in Chapters 2 

– 5. These removal tools and techniques are applicable to a variety of fisheries, but a few gearspecific protocols are introduced here. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

1-5 12/12/08 

Trawl Fisheries 

In trawl fisheries, care should be taken not to drop the turtle from the net onto the deck below or 

allow the bag to slam into the side of the vessel, as this can result in serious injury. Turtles 

incidentally captured in trawl fisheries may have sustained an extended period of forced 

submergence and may require resuscitation (Chapter 3). 

Gillnet Fisheries 

If a sea turtle is entangled in gillnet gear, slow the vessel and adjust the vessel direction to move 

towards the turtle. Once the turtle is brought alongside the vessel, stop and put the vessel in 

neutral. Slowly retrieve the net, avoiding tugging or yanking motions. Considering the size of 

the turtle, sea conditions, and crew safety, determine whether the turtle can be boated. Avoid 

pulling up the turtle by the gear that it is entangled in, as this could injure the turtle. Bring the 

turtle onboard using a dip net or turtle hoist. If the turtle cannot be disentangled easily from the 

net, carefully cut the net off the turtle using a blunt-sided line cutter and attempt to remove any 

gear attached to the turtle. If conditions do not permit the turtle to be boated, control the turtle 

with a pair of turtle control devices if possible, and bring the turtle close to the vessel. Try to 

work the turtle free from the net, and use long-handled line cutters to cut the net and lines off of 

the turtle if necessary. 

Fixed Gear Fisheries 

Sea turtles can become entangled in the vertical lines of fixed gear (e.g., crab pots, whelk pots). 

If a turtle is encountered entangled in fixed gear, contact the NMFS Northeast Region Stranding 

Hotline at 1-978-281-9351 (when the interaction occurred in the coastal waters of Maine, New 

Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia) or the U.S. Coast Guard on VHF Ch. 16 (all other U.S. 

coastal waters) for further instructions. It is recommended that disentanglement is only attempted 

with the assistance or advice of experts. 

Specific guidelines for disentangling sea turtles captured in fixed gear, gear collection protocols 

and required documentation procedures can be found at: 

http://www.nero.noaa.gov/prot_res/stranding/stdn.html and 

http://www.nero.noaa.gov/prot_res/stranding/SeaTurtleDisentanglementNetwork.pdf. 

Hook-and-line Fisheries 

Captains and crews in hook-and-line fisheries should scan the line as far ahead as possible during 

gear retrieval to sight turtles in advance and to avoid getting ahead of the line while retrieving 

gear. Upon sighting a turtle, the vessel and line reel speed should be slowed and the vessel 

direction adjusted to move toward the turtle, minimizing tension on the line. Gentle, consistent 

tension should be kept with enough slack to keep the turtle near the vessel but in the water. Once 

the turtle is brought alongside the vessel, stop and put the vessel in neutral. Do not use gaffs or 

other sharp objects in direct contact with the turtle to retrieve or control it, although a gaff may 

be used to control the line. Assess the turtle’s condition and size, nature of the interaction, 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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location of the hook, and available crew. The vessel must be stopped in order to respond to these 

interactions, and a decision must be made whether the turtle can be brought onboard safely. 

There are three possible sea turtle interactions with hook-and-line fishing gear: (1) entangled but 

not hooked, (2) hooked but not entangled, and (3) hooked and entangled. The protocols here are 

written to optimize the success of gear removal, utilizing at least three crew members in some 

scenarios. If there are not at least three crew members available, modifications to the protocols 

have been suggested where appropriate (e.g., the turtle control devices can be tied off, some 

mouth gags offer hands-free operation). 

Assessing Whether to Remove Hooks 

The decision whether to remove a hook is very important, and may directly affect the turtle’s 

chances for survival. If you are unsure whether hook removal will cause further serious injury to 

the turtle, do not remove the hook. All externally embedded hooks should be removed. Chapter 

4 contains details on opening the mouth of boated turtles to conduct an assessment of ingested 

hook location. Hooks in the mouth should be removed when they are visible in part or whole, 

but judgment should be used in each case. If the hook is in the braincase, glottis, or otherwise 

deeply embedded where you believe removal will cause more damage, do not remove the hook. 

The glottis (Figures 1-1a and b) is located in the middle of the tongue (Figure 1-1c, large 

muscular organ fixed to the floor of the mouth), and consists of the opening to the trachea and 

the valve to open and close the airway. The esophagus begins at the back of the mouth and is 

lined with papillae (Figure 1-1c). Only remove hooks from the esophagus (Figure 1-1c) when 

the insertion point of the barb is clearly visible, and exercise extreme caution during hook 

removal. Never attempt to remove a hook that has been swallowed when the insertion point is 

not visible, as removal may cause more damage to the turtle than leaving the hook in place. 

When a hook cannot safely be removed, monofilament cutters should be used to cut the line as 

close as possible to the eye of the hook. If part of the hook is visible and accessible, but cannot 

be removed (e.g., hook in glottis), bolt cutters should be used to cut off and remove the visible 

part of the hook. See Chapter 2 for details about removing hooks from turtles not boated and 

Chapter 5 for turtles that are boated. 

Figures 1-1 a, b and c. Oral cavity anatomy [(a) Photo courtesy of Don Lewis, (b) & (c) NMFS/SEFSC photos] 

GLOTTIS

CLOSED

GLOTTIS

OPEN

TONGUE

PAPILLAE

ESOPHAGUS
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Releasing the Turtle

Once gear is removed and the turtle recovered, boated turtles should be released in waters of 

similar temperature as at capture, when fishing or scientific collection gear is not in use, the 

engine is in neutral, and in an area where they are unlikely to be recaptured or injured by vessels. 

Make sure that the turtle is safely away from the vessel before starting the engines. Release the 

turtle by lowering it over the aft portion of the vessel, close to the water’s surface, when gear is 

not in use and the engines are in neutral. The turtle’s behavior and swimming and diving 

abilities should be monitored after release and recorded. A turtle that has shown no sign of life 

after 24 hours on deck may be considered dead and returned to the water in the same manner. 
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Chapter 2 Equipment and Techniques for Sea Turtles Not Boated

When a turtle is too large to be boated, or if sea conditions prevent the safe boating of turtles, the 

gear must be removed while the turtle remains in the water. The turtle should be brought as 

close as possible and allowed a short time to calm down if necessary before being brought fully 

alongside, where gear removal must be conducted as quickly as possible. Do not ever enter the 

water to remove gear from an animal under any circumstances. The first section in this chapter 

details the tools and methods to control the turtle for both the crew’s and the turtle’s safety. The 

second section details the tools and techniques to be used for gear removal. Next, different 

possible scenarios involving three types of potential hook-and-line gear interactions are 

described, outlining the combination of tools (Figure 2-1) best adapted for each scenario. 

Figure 2-1. Long-handled tools for sea turtles not boated (NMFS/SEFSC photos). 

ARC Pole Big Game Dehooker 

Boat Hook Long Handled “J-Style” Dehooker 

Turtle Tether T&G Ninja Sticks 

Long Handled Roby Dehooker 

NOAA/Arceneaux Line Clipper NOAA/Laforce Line Cutter 
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Turtle Control Devices

Turtle control devices were designed in response to safety concerns for fishing vessel crew 

members and for incidentally captured sea turtles, as well as to facilitate the likelihood of 

maximum gear removal potential. These devices, which should be used in pairs, take pressure 

off the involved gear and help stabilize the animal. They secure the front flippers of the sea 

turtle so that the animal can be controlled at the side of the vessel, facilitating rapid gear removal 

while reducing the chances that taut line could snap under the strain of the active sea turtle and 

recoil towards the crew members on deck. These devices should never be used around the 

turtle’s neck or head. After securing the animal’s flippers at the side of the vessel, use dehookers 

and line cutters as needed, depending on the type of gear interaction, as described on Pages 2-13 

– 2-14. Currently, there are two turtle control device styles that reduce safety risks associated 

with removing gear from active sea turtles not boated, particularly leatherbacks. 

(1) Turtle Tether 

The first type of turtle control device, referred to as the “Turtle Tether,” is designed to “noose” 

the flipper using one pole and a line threaded through eyebolts. The end of the negatively 

buoyant tether line should be threaded through an eyebolt at the end of the tether, then through 

two eyebolts farther down the pole. A tag line threaded through the end of the tether must be 

attached to the vessel to ensure that the turtle cannot escape with the tether attached. Loop the 

stiff rope around the front flipper up to the “shoulder” region, tighten, and cinch the rope in the 

cleat. Keep a firm hold of the tether pole to keep the animal near the vessel, allowing for 

dehooking and disentanglement (Figures 2-2a and b). To optimize safe handling of the turtle, two 

people should each operate a set of the Turtle Tethers to capture both flippers and restrain the 

turtle alongside the vessel. 

Figures 2-2a and b. Controlling a leatherback using a turtle tether (NMFS/SEFSC photos)
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(2) T&G Ninja Sticks 

The second type of turtle control device, referred to as the “T&G Ninja Sticks,” consists of two 

long poles (electrical conduit PVC, fiberglass, aluminum, or similar) with line threaded through 

or securely affixed to both lengths. The free end of the line should be tethered to the vessel 

unless an additional tag line is used, leaving enough slack to create a ~24” working section of 

line between the two poles to secure the flipper. Holding one pole in each hand, capture the 

flipper, bring the poles together, and twist the line until the flipper is secured. To optimize safe 

handling of the turtle, two people should each operate a set of the T&G Ninja Sticks to capture 

both flippers and restrain the turtle alongside the vessel (Figures 2-3a and b).

Equipment to Remove Line and Netting

(1) Long-handled Line Clipper/Cutter 

Line cutters are designed to cut high-test monofilament line, netting material, and line (e.g., 

braided/twisted rope) from entangled sea turtles. Carefully slide the blunt end of the line cutter 

under the line or netting that you wish to remove and pull the line cutter to capture it within the 

recessed blade(s) of the device (Figure 2-4a). In hook and line fisheries, a line cutter may also be 

used to cut the monofilament line as close as possible to the hook, minimizing remaining gear 

when hook removal is not possible. 

Figures 2-3a and b. Controlling a leatherback using a pair of T&G Ninja Sticks (NMFS/SEFSC photos).
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(2) Monofilament Cutters

If the turtle is close to the vessel, hand-held monofilament cutters may be used to remove line or 

netting material from hooked and/or entangled turtles (Figure 2-4b). Turtles should be released 

with as little gear as possible remaining. 

Equipment to Remove Hooks

(1) Long-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks

(a) ARC (Aquatic Release Conservation) Pole Big Game Dehookers 

The ARC Pole Big Game Dehooker models, which are manufactured in several sizes, are 

examples of NOAA Fisheries certified equipment. These dehookers are designed for 

removing hooks that are external or that are lodged in the mouth, throat, or esophagus 

without touching or removing the animal from the water. The device engages and 

secures the leader, allowing the hook to be secured within an offset loop without reengaging the barb during the removal process (Figure 2-5). Specific instructions for the 

long-handled pole models are given here, and more general guidelines for using all types 

of ARC dehookers can be found in Plate 2-1. 

Figures 2-4a and b. Using line cutter (a) and monofilament cutter (b) on entangled leatherbacks 

(NMFS/SEFSC photos). 
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Figure 2-5. Removing hook with an ARC Pole Big Game 

Dehooker (NMFS/SEFSC photo).

Instructions for using ARC Pole Big Game Dehookers: 

1) The person controlling the leader must carefully bring the animal alongside the vessel, 

using a turtle control device to help control the turtle if possible. They should stay to the 

left of the dehooking person and maintain a taut leader. 

2) The person with the dehooker should be to the right of the person with the leader to 

capture the leader, and no one should get in between the leader and the dehooking device 

in case the line breaks or the hook dislodges. 

3) There is only one correct way to place the pigtail over the leader. The person controlling 

the leader must maintain leader tension. The person with the dehooker places the 

dehooker on the leader at a 90° angle with the open end of the curl facing them, and the 

tail end of the curl facing up. Pull until the curl of the dehooking device captures the line 

(like a bow and arrow), and rotate the device 1/4 turn clockwise. When placed correctly, 

the leader will be in the center of the pigtail curl. 

4) Slide the dehooker down the leader until it engages the shank of the hook and bottoms 

out. Slightly rotate the device back and forth to ensure proper engagement on the hook. 

If the dehooker has been notched (see instructions below) to help facilitate circle hook 

removal, the hook will seat into the notch. 

5) When the hook is engaged, the dehooking device must be brought together with the 

leader, parallel to the line. If the line is not parallel with the dehooking device, the point 

of the hook will have a tendency to turn out and allow for possible re-engagement after 

release. 

6) Working together, the person with the leader and the person with the dehooker must 

communicate and keep the line taut until the exact moment that the person using the 

dehooker disengages the hook with a short, sharp jab downward. If removing a circle 

hook, a rocking or twisting motion of approximately 180° during the downward jab 

motion may be necessary to facilitate circle hook removal. After engaging shank of the 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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hook, keep the line parallel with tension and start a rocking (back and forth) and pushing 

motion to remove the circle hook. The rocking motion in addition to the traditional 

pushing motion allows the circle hook to be twisted and pushed out. 

7) The leader person must give a little slack when the person with the dehooker is jabbing 

downward, so timing and communication are important. After the hook is removed, the 

point of the hook will rotate and stop on the offset bend of the dehooker (Figure 2-6), 

protecting the point and preventing re-engagement of the hook. 

Figure 2-6. Point of the hook is shielded to prevent re-engagement 

(NMFS/SEFSC photo). 

Notch Modification for the ARC Dehookers: 

In collaboration with the Australian Fisheries Management Authority and industry experts, ARC 

tested a notch modification to their dehookers. They determined that notching the pigtail curl 

allows the fisher to use a rocking and pushing (instead of just pushing) motion that increases the 

effectiveness of circle hook removal. The notch is created where the hook lies in the bottom 

portion of the curl (Figure 2-7a), securing the shank enough to rock the hook from side to side 

while pushing the circle hook out. The notch modification can be easily and quickly 

accomplished with a simple metal file (Figure 2-7b) in approximately 15 minutes. During 

laboratory trials, the notch modification (Figure 2-7c) was found to be an effective modification 

to these tools to assist in hook removal, particularly circle hook removal, while maintaining the 

integrity of the device’s tensile strength. However, it was determined that by maintaining proper 

line tension and using a rocking or twisting motion while pushing downward, circle hooks still 

could be removed effectively without the notch modification. Detailed instructions for notching 

the ARC dehookers can be found in Appendix A, Chapter A2.
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←←←

Figure 2-7 a, b and c. Notch the pigtail curl where the shank of the hook contacts the vertical bottom of the pigtail curl, 

~1/16” - 1/8” deep and ~1/8” wide using a metal file [(a) Photo courtesy of ARC; (b) and (c) NMFS/SEFSC photos].
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Plate 2-1 Instructions for ARC Dehookers 

 The illustrations here depict fish, but the technique can be used for sea turtles, marine mammals, 

and sea birds as well. 

Figures provided by Aquatic Release Conservation 

(1 – 2) Grab the leader with one hand and hold the dehooker in your other hand, making 

sure the open end of the pigtail is facing up. 

(3) Place the rod of the dehooker on the leader perpendicular to the leader as you 

would a bow and arrow. 

(4 – 5) Draw the dehooker back towards you until you engage the line. 

(6) Turn the dehooker 1/4 turn clockwise. This puts the leader in the center of the 

curl.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 

Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 
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Plate 2-1 Continued

(7 - 9) Keeping your hands apart, follow the leader down until the dehooker bottoms out on the 

hook. 

(10) Bring your hands together making sure the leader is tight and parallel with the dehooking 

device. 

(11-12) Give a slight thrust downward (or rocking/twisting downward thrust) with the dehooking 

device until the hook disengages, then pull out the dehooker with the hook. The point of 

the hook will be hidden by the offset bend so that the hook does not re-engage. 

Step 7 Step 8 

Step 11 Step 10 

Step 9 

Step 12 
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 (2) Long-handled Dehooker for External Hooks

(a) Aquatic Release Conservation (ARC) Pole Big Game Dehookers 

Refer to the description of this device beginning on Page 2-4. 

(b) Long-handled J-Style Dehooker 

This long-handled dehooking device may be used for dehooking in circumstances where 

the animal is hooked externally. Hold the leader in one hand with tension and hold the 

dehooker in your other hand. Place the dehooker on the leader and follow the leader 

down until it bottoms out on the shank of hook (Figure 2-8). With tension on the leader, 

the ideal position for dehooking is to lower the hand with the leader to the 8 o’clock 

position and raise the hand with the dehooker to the two o’clock position (Illustrated in 

Plate 5-3); depending on the positioning, a smaller angle may be appropriate. Twist the 

dehooker slightly and pull until the hook is dislodged. Be cautious not to allow the hook 

to re-engage once removed. 

 Figure 2-8. Using J-Style dehooker on externally hooked leatherback 

 (NMFS/SEFSC photo).
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2-11 12/12/08 

 (c) Long-handled Roby Dehooker 

This dehooker is suitable for removing external hooks and can be mounted to a long 

handle for use on turtles not boated. The design, which incorporates four notches at 90° 

angles at the base of a cylinder, grasps the hook very securely (Figure 2-9), facilitating 

the twisting motion necessary to remove circle hooks. Engage the line by feeding it 

through the diagonal slit in the side of the cylinder, and then secure the hook in the 

notches. Once the hook is secured, use a pushing motion to release the hook. If you are 

removing a circle hook, a twisting motion of approximately 180° while thrusting the 

dehooker downward may be required to remove the circle hook. 

Figure 2-9. Roby dehooker (NMFS/SEFSC photo).
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Plate 2-2 Instructions for the Roby Dehooker

Step 1 Step 2 

Step 3 Step 4 

(1) Hold leader in one hand with tension and hold the Roby dehooker in the other hand. 

Feed the leader through the diagonal slit in the cylinder. 

(2) Position the dehooker so that it is firmly seated against the shank of the hook, secured in 

the notches. 

(3) Bring both hands together (leader and dehooker parallel with each other) while 

maintaining tension on the leader. 

(4) With the leader and dehooker together, give a short, sharp jab to dislodge the hook and 

remove it from the animal. Rotate or twist up to 180° during the jabbing motion if 

necessary to remove the hook, particularly when removing circle hooks. Maintain line 

tension and take care to prevent the hook from re-engaging after removal. 
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Long-handled Device to Pull an “Inverted V” during Disentanglement

A standard boat hook, long-handled J-Style dehooker, or standard fishing gaff may be used to 

assist in disentanglements and to pull a “V” for dehooking entangled sea turtles, as described in 

the “Inverted V” dehooking technique below. 

“Inverted V” Dehooking Technique

1) Once at the surface, the animal may have a tendency to entangle itself more. After the 

first inspection, let the turtle calm down for a short period of time (in some cases up to 10 

minutes) then gently draw it to the boat, using turtle control devices when practical to 

control the animal. 

2) An additional crew member should carefully engage the monofilament leader closest to 

the embedded hook with a gaff, boat hook or long-handled J-Style dehooker, depending 

on the distance to the hook. If using a gaff, care should be taken to ensure that the point 

of the gaff does not ever contact the turtle. The gaff person should pull the line upward 

into an “Inverted V” to enable engagement of the dehooking device on the line closest to 

the hook (Figure 2-10). 

3) Follow the instructions on Pages 2-4 – 2-12 to remove the hook from the turtle using a 

long-handled dehooking device. The gaff person would serve the same function as the 

leader person. 

4) After the hook is removed and secured by the dehooker, carefully remove all line with the 

line cutter to disentangle the animal (Pages 2-3 – 2-4). 

 Figure 2-10. Pulling an “Inverted V” (Photo courtesy of ARC). 
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Possible Scenarios Encountered for Sea Turtles Not Boated in Hook-and-line Fisheries

(1) Entangled but not hooked (recommended personnel and equipment: at least three crew / 

two turtle control devices / long-handled dehooker for internal hooks / line cutter / longhandled device to pull an “Inverted V”) 

Control the turtle at the side of the boat using the involved line, or preferably with a turtle control 

device (Pages 2-2 – 2-3). If there are not at least three crew members available, the turtle control 

devices should be tied off. Secure the loose hook with the long-handled dehooker for internal 

hooks and carefully slide the blunt end of the line cutter under the line that you wish to remove. 

The dehooker for internal hooks is preferable because it can hold the loose hook to control it and 

protect the barb from reengaging. Pull the line cutter and the line will be captured within the 

recessed blade(s) of the device (Figure 2-4a). A long-handled J-Style dehooker, boat hook, or 

gaff may be carefully used to manage the line while cutting with the line cutters. Monofilament 

cutters may also be useful if the turtle is close to the side of the vessel (Figure 2-4b). 

(2) Hooked but not entangled (Figure 2-11) (recommended personnel and equipment: at least 

three crew / two turtle control devices / long-handled dehooker).

Control the turtle at the side of the boat using the involved line, or preferably with turtle control 

devices (Pages 2-2 – 2-3). If there are not at least three crew members available, the turtle 

control devices should be tied off. The choice of dehooker will depend on the location and depth 

of the hook. Do not attempt to remove hooks that have been swallowed beyond where the 

insertion point of the barb is visible, or when it appears that hook removal will cause further 

serious injury to the turtle. If the hook cannot be removed, ensure that as much line as possible 

is removed and, if possible, remove some of the hook with bolt cutters. 

 Figure 2-11. Using a dehooker on a leatherback hooked but not 

entangled (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 
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(3) Hooked and entangled (Figure 2-12) (recommended personnel and equipment: multiple 

crew / two turtle control devices / dehooker / line cutter / long-handled device to pull an 

“Inverted V”) 

Control the turtle at the side of the boat using the line (if applicable), or preferably with turtle 

control devices (Pages 2-2 – 2-3). For turtles wrapped in line or hooked in the armpit or 

shoulder with the line running underneath the turtle, not over the turtle, the “Inverted V” 

technique is necessary for release (Page 2-10). Remove the hook first prior to line removal. 

Follow the instructions on Pages 2-3 – 2-12 for removing hooks and line. 

 Figure 2-12. A hooked and entangled leatherback (NMFS/SEFSC photo) 
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Chapter 3 Boating and Holding Sea Turtles

Boating the Turtle

It is very important that the turtle is never pulled out the water, even partially or for a short 

distance, using the gear with which the turtle is hooked or entangled. This could cause serious 

injury to the turtle, especially when the turtle has swallowed a hook. Once boated, the turtle will 

be handled according to the procedures for boated turtles.

 Figure 3-1. Bringing a turtle onboard using a dip net (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 

 

(1) Dip Net 

If the turtle is small enough and conditions are such that it can be brought aboard the vessel 

safely (Figure 3-1), use a dip net (Figure 3-2) meeting standards specified in NMFS regulations 

to carefully bring the turtle aboard. Place the net under the turtle, and safely lift the turtle out of 

the water and onto the deck. If the vessel is equipped with “cut out doors,” use this door to 

minimize the distance from the water for the turtle to be retrieved. 
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(2) Turtle Hoist 

(a) Large Turtle Hoist 

A large turtle hoist is recommended to bring turtles onboard that cannot be boated using a 

smaller dip net or on vessels equipped with a hydraulic lift. This is particularly useful 

when removing gear from leatherback sea turtles. The hoist is lowered into the water 

using a hydraulic lift and brought near the turtle. Once the hoist is in the water, the turtle 

can be guided into the device using the attached gear and/or turtle control device. Once 

the turtle is positioned within the hoist, release tension on the gear, and the turtle will 

descend deeper into the lift. The hoist and turtle are then raised slowly back onto the 

deck (Figure 3-3). The device is designed so that when onboard, the turtle is suspended 

above the deck on a platform of mesh netting supported by a rigid ring and contained 

within a webbing fence (Figure 3-4). The turtle is immobilized in this lift, facilitating 

Figure 3-2. Dip net (NMFS/SEFSC photo).
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

3-3 12/12/08 

safe and rapid gear removal. Once all gear has been removed, the hoist and turtle are 

lowered back into the water deep enough for the turtle to swim out of the frame. Orient 

the hoist so that the turtle is facing away from the boat upon release. The use of this 

device is demonstrated in the video “Leatherbacks Aboard” (Epperly and Hataway 2004). 

 Figure 3-3. Bringing leatherback onboard using a large turtle hoist 

 (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 

 Figure 3-4. Leatherback supported onboard in large turtle hoist 

 (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 

(b) Small Turtle Hoist 

A small turtle hoist (Figure 3-5) is recommended to bring turtles onboard that cannot be 

boated using a traditional dip net with an extended reach handle. This is particularly 

useful when removing gear from sea turtles while on a vessel with a high freeboard or 

when storage space is extremely limited. Once the hoist is in the water, the turtle can be 

guided into the device using the attached gear and/or turtle control device. Use the 

attached lines to guide the frame under the turtle, and haul the lines evenly to capture the 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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turtle and bring it onboard, using care to maintain the net parallel to the water’s surface 

so that the turtle cannot slip out. A pulley system or hydraulic lift can be used to hoist the 

frame out of the water if available. Once all gear has been removed, the hoist and turtle 

are lowered back into the water deep enough for the turtle to swim out of the frame, 

releasing tension on the outer lines if necessary to tip the frame. Orient the hoist so that 

the turtle is facing away from the boat upon release. 

Holding the Turtle

While onboard, the turtle must be kept moist and in the shade, maintaining its body temperature 

above 60° F, similar to water temperatures at capture. It must be safely isolated and immobilized 

on a cushioned surface. The large turtle hoist serves this purpose; smaller turtles will need to be 

placed on a cushioned surface, such as an automobile tire. If you encounter a turtle with a tag, 

note the tag number and species and report the find to the address on the tag. All gear should be 

removed immediately. If possible, and especially if the turtle appears lethargic, leave the turtle 

on deck at least four hours up to twenty-four hours and monitor its condition, allowing stress 

toxins to dissipate. 

(1) Cushion/Support Device 

A suitably-sized cushion/support device, such as a standard automobile tire (Figure 3-6) without 

a rim or boat cushion, should be used to safely isolate and immobilize the animal once it is 

onboard. Place the turtle in its normal orientation whenever possible while immobilized, unless 

there is a reason to have it temporarily resting on its carapace. 

Figure 3-5. Small turtle hoist (Photo courtesy Alvaro Segura, World 

Wildlife Fund). 
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 Figure 3-6. Loggerhead supported using an automobile tire (NMFS/SEFSC photo)

(2) Comatose Turtles 

If a turtle appears to be comatose (unresponsive, unconscious), attempt to revive it before release 

per 66 FR 67495, December 31, 2001. Place the turtle on its plastron (lower shell) and elevate 

the hindquarters approximately 15 - 30° (Refer to Plate 3-1) to permit the lungs to drain off 

water for a period of four up to twenty-four hours. A board, tire or boat cushion, etc. can be 

used. Keep the skin, and especially the eyes, moist while the turtle is on deck by covering the 

animal’s body with a wet towel, periodically spraying it with water, or by applying petroleum 

jelly to its skin and carapace. Periodically, gently touch the corner of the eye or eyelid and pinch 

the tail near the vent (reflex tests) to monitor responsiveness. Do not put the turtle in a container 

of water for resuscitation, as even shallow water may cause it to drown. 

Turtles can withstand lengthy periods without breathing; a comatose sea turtle may not move, 

breathe voluntarily, or show reflex responses or other signs of life. In other cases, a lightly 

comatose turtle may show shallow breathing or reflexes such as eyelid or tail movement when 

touched. Sea turtles may take some time to revive; do not give up too quickly. Regulations (66 

FR 67495, December 31, 2001; 50 CFR 223.206) allow a fisherman to keep a turtle on deck up 

to 24 hours for resuscitation purposes without a permit. Even turtles that are successfully 

resuscitated benefit from being held on deck as long as possible (up to 24 hours) to fully recover 

from the stress of accidental forced submergence.

In the past, an alternative method of resuscitation, known as plastral pumping, was sometimes 

recommended (see FR 43 32801, July 28, 1978; 57 FR 57354, December 4, 1992). This practice 

involved placing the turtle on its carapace and pumping the plastron with hand or foot. However, 

we strongly discourage this technique, as further study determined that it may actually do more 

harm than good and should not be attempted during resuscitation (per 66 FR 67495, December 

31, 2001). Plastral pumping may cause the airway to block and cause the viscera to compress 

the lungs which are located dorsally, thereby hindering lung ventilation. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 3-6 

Plate 3-1
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

4-1 12/12/08 

Chapter 4 Equipment and Techniques for Opening the Mouth of Boated 

Turtles 

Opening the Mouth

When a turtle with an internal hook injury is brought on board, it will likely have its mouth open. 

If the animal is not voluntarily opening its mouth, there are a few mouth-opening techniques you 

can apply: 

1) Block the turtle’s nostrils to encourage the turtle to open its mouth (Figure 4-1). 

2) Tickle the throat or pull outward on the throat skin. 

3) Cover the nostrils and carefully apply light pressure to the anterior corner of the eye 

socket (not the eye itself) with one hand and apply firm pressure in the throat area with 

your other hand. 

If you still cannot open the mouth, use a mouth opener, such as rope loops covered with 

protective tubing or an avian speculum. The mouth openers will enable you to access the turtle’s 

mouth, while the mouth gags will keep the turtle’s mouth open so you can remove any hooks 

and/or line. Keep in mind that various mouth gags will block your view inside the mouth in 

different ways. Therefore, select which mouth gag will best suit the dehooking or 

disentanglement procedure that you need to perform. You can improve your visibility at the 

back of the turtle’s mouth and upper esophagus by using the needle-nose pliers. After securing 

the mouth open, gently slide the pliers in the closed position forward into the upper esophagus 

and separate the pliers’ jaws to open the esophagus. 

Figure 4-1. Opening the mouth (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 4-2 

Figure 4-2. Mouth openers and gags (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 

Mouth Openers and/or Gags

The following devices (Figure 4-2) can be used to open the mouth and/or maintain the mouth 

open: Use caution with these methods, as injury can result if these tools slip. 

(1) Set of Two Rope Loops with Protective Tubing (both a mouth opener and mouth gag) 

Slide the ropes with protective tubing in between the jaws and move them away from the front of 

the mouth to gain the greatest leverage (Figure 4-3). Care should be taken to avoid contact with 

the eyes. With the free ends of the rope knotted together to form a loop, you can hold the lower 

rope loop with your foot and the other with one hand, leaving one free hand. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

4-3 12/12/08 

 Figure 4-3. Opening the mouth using rope loops (Photo courtesy of

 ARC). 

(2) Large Avian Oral Speculum (both a mouth opener and mouth gag) 

Slide the avian speculum flat inside the turtle’s mouth (Figure 4-4a) and rotate it (Figure 4-4b). 

Notice that the speculum is stepped and can be used for different sized turtles by selecting for its 

different widths. This mouth opener can be used only on the smallest of animals, as larger turtles 

can easily crush the avian speculum. 

 

(3) Block of Hard Wood (mouth opener and mouth gag)

Soak the wood block/handle first to soften it and decrease damage to the beak. Position it in the 

posterior corner of the mouth to keep the mouth open (Figures 4-5a and b). 

Figures 4-4a and b. Using an avian speculum as an (a) mouth opener and (b) gag 

(NMFS/SEFSC photos). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 4-4 

(4) Set of Three Canine Mouth Gags (mouth gag) 

This type of gag locks into the open position and allows for hands free operation once it is in 

place. The canine mouth gag’s arms are compressible when they are perpendicular to the main 

axis. The rubber feet on the gag lock nicely into the groove on the upper and lower beak. When 

the turtle bites down on the extremity of the arms, they will shift from being perpendicular and 

therefore will lock. Use the smallest one possible that will not crush. Compress the gag and 

insert it in the turtle’s mouth. As the turtle opens its mouth, the gag will expand (Figures 4-6a – 

c). Maintain your hold on the gag until it has locked in place. Do not force the turtle’s mouth 

open all the way; let the spring tension on the gag and turtle’s own mouth movement set the 

maximum open position. Position the mouth gag at the front center of the jaw with the axis off 

to one side to provide the maximum open working area in the mouth and the surest footing for 

the gag (Figures 4-7a and b). 

Figures 4-5 a and b. Wooden brush handle used as (a) mouth opener and (b) gag [(a) Photo courtesy of ARC, 

(b) NMFS/SEFSC photo]

Figures 4-6a, b, and c. (a) Canine mouth gag fully compressed, (b) partially compressed, 

and (c) fully open (NMFS/SEFSC photos). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

4-5 12/12/08 

(5) Set of Two Sturdy Dog Chew Bones (mouth gag) 

Position the proper size dog chew bone in the posterior corner of the mouth to keep the mouth 

open. The larger bones (Figure 4-8a) are easy to hold, but block access to much of the mouth. 

Smaller bones (Figure 4-8b) do not reduce your view inside the turtle’s mouth and work equally 

well. 

Figures 4-8a and b. Large (a) and small (b) dog chew bones (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 

(6) Hank of Rope (mouth gag) 

Position the lanyard in the posterior corner of the jaw to keep the mouth open (Figure 4-9). 

Alternatively, you can place the rope across the entire width of the mouth and block both sides of 

the jaw, but this blocks your view of the back of the mouth. 

Figures 4-7a and b. Canine mouth gag (NMFS/SEFSC photos). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 4-6 

Figure 4-9. Hank of rope mouth gag (NMFS/SEFSC photo) 

(7) Set of Four PVC couplings (mouth gag) 

Insert the appropriate size PVC coupling (chosen by considering both the size of the turtle 

and the tools to be used) inside the turtle’s mouth (Figure 4-10). Hold it with a pair of pliers 

to stabilize it inside the mouth. In order to prevent the coupling from interfering with the 

dehooking devices, thread the line through the coupling before inserting it. 

Figure 4-10. PVC coupling mouth gag (NMFS/SEFSC photo).
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

5-1 12/12/08 

Chapter 5 Equipment and Techniques for Removing Gear 

 from Boated Turtles 

When dehooking is possible, several devices (Figure 5-1 and Figure 5-2) may be used to remove 

hooks, depending on the depth and location. Some hooks that are lightly hooked externally may 

be easily removed using your hand. If the hook has been deeply ingested, a short-handled 

dehooker for internal hooks must be used. If the hook is external or in the front of the mouth or 

beak with the barb of the hook clearly visible, a short-handled dehooker for internal hooks or a 

short-handled dehooker for external hooks may be used. 

 

A) NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker 

B) ARC Bite-Block Dehooker 

C) J-Style Dehooker 

D) Roby Dehooker 

E) Scotty’s Dehooker 

A B 

C

E

D 

Figure 5-2. Short handled dehookers (NMFS/SEFSC photos). 

A

C D 

E

Figure 5-1. Bolt cutters, needle-nose pliers, and monofilament cutters 

(NMFS/SEFSC photo). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 5-2 

Needle-nose or Long-nose Pliers

The needle-nose pliers can be used to remove hooks that are deep in the animal’s flesh and must 

be twisted during removal. They are also useful in holding PVC splice couplings in place when 

used as mouth openers, and they can be used to remove hooks in the mouth in some situations. 

Bolt Cutters

Bolt cutters are essential for removing hooks, as the easiest way to remove a hook may be to cut 

off the eye or barb so that the hook can be pushed through or backed out without causing further 

injury to the sea turtle. If the hook cannot be removed, bolt cutters should be used to cut off as 

much of the hook as possible. 

Equipment to Remove Line and Netting 

Refer to description in Chapter 2. 

Short-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks

(1) 17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker

This dehooking device has been designed to prevent sea turtles from biting down on the 

dehooking device during internal hook removal (Figure 5-3). The PVC bite block also reduces 

the damage on the sea turtle’s beak if the turtle bites down. This dehooker can be modified to 

facilitate removal of circle hooks, as described in the notch modification text in Chapter 2. Refer 

to Plate 5-1 for detailed instructions on using this device.

 Figure 5-3. Bite Block Deep-hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker 

 (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

5-3 12/12/08 

Plate 5-1 Instructions for the 17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) 

 ARC Dehooker

Figures provided by Aquatic Release Conservation 

(1) To correctly use this dehooking device, you must keep the PVC bite block pulled 

up along the handle when engaging the leader to allow for proper leader and hook engagement. 

(2) Maintain leader tension and place the dehooker on the leader at a 90° 

 angle with the open end of the curl up. 

(3) Pull the dehooker towards you (like a bow & arrow) until the open end of the 

curl engages/captures the leader. 

(4) Turn the dehooker 1/4 turn clockwise. The leader is now in the center of the pigtail. 

(5) Release the bite block, allowing it to slide to the bottom of the dehooker. Following the 

leader, insert the curl and PVC end into the mouth as far as the animal will allow. 

(6) Should the sea turtle bite down, the dehooker will slide up to 5” in and out.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 

Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 5-4 

Plate 5-1 Continued

Figures provided by Aquatic Release Conservation 

(7) With the sliding motion allowed by the bite block, continue to follow the leader down the 

shank of the hook. If the dehooker has been notched to help facilitate circle hook removal, the 

hook will seat into the notch.

(8) After the dehooker is seated on the shank of the hook, (leader tight) give a sharp, short jab 

downward with the dehooker. As the hook is removed, the point of the hook will rotate and 

stop on the offset angle of the dehooker, protecting the point and preventing re-engagement 

of the hook

(9) After the hook is dislodged, keep the leader tight and pull the dehooker out until 

it stops at the PVC bite block. 

(10) The bite block will cover the hook and further prevent re-engagement.

(11) Wait for the turtle to open its mouth and remove the entire dehooking device and hook. 

Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 

Step 10 Step 11 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

5-5 12/12/08 

(2) NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker

This dehooker has been found to be effective in removing both external and internal hooks 

during field and laboratory trials. The design, similar to that of the Scotty’s dehooker (Pages 5-

10 – 5-11), employs a pushing method to remove hooks (Figure 5-4). Because it grasps the hook 

securely, it also facilitates the twisting motion necessary to remove circle hooks. Unlike the 

Scotty’s dehooker, it has rounded terminal ends, enabling its use for internal hooks in addition to 

external hooks. However, because the barb of a J-hook may not be protected, this device should 

not be used to remove internal J-hooks. 

This dehooker works by pushing or pushing/twisting the hook out of the turtle; consider hook 

location and placement prior to use. Hold the leader in one hand with tension and hold the 

NOAA/Bergmann dehooker in the other hand. Position the dehooker so that it is firmly seated 

against the shank of the hook. Bring both hands together (leader and dehooker parallel with each 

other) while maintaining tension on the leader. With the leader and dehooker together, give a 

short, sharp jab to dislodge the hook and remove it from the animal. If you are removing a circle 

hook, a twisting motion of approximately 180° while thrusting the dehooker may be required to 

remove the circle hook. Be cautious not to allow the hook to re-engage once removed. The barb 

of the circle hook should rest against the center of the dehooker with proper line tension to 

prevent reengagement. Refer to Plate 5-2 for detailed instructions on using this device.

Figure 5-4. NOAA/Bergmann dehooker (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 5-6 

Plate 5-2 Instructions for NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker 

Step 1 Step 2 

Step 3 Step 4 

(1) Hold leader in one hand with tension and hold the dehooker in the other hand. 

(2) Position the dehooker so that it is firmly seated against the shank of the hook. 

(3) Bring both hands together (leader and dehooker parallel with each other) while 

maintaining tension on the leader. 

(4) With the leader and dehooker together, give a short, sharp jab to dislodge the hook and 

remove it from the animal. Rotate or twist up to 180° if necessary to remove the hook, 

particularly when removing circle hooks. Maintain line tension at an angle if necessary 

to prevent the hook from re-engaging after removal. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

5-7 12/12/08 

Short-handled Dehooker for External Hooks

(1) 17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker

Refer to description beginning on Page 5-2. 

(2) NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker

Refer to description beginning on Page 5-5. 

(3) Short-handled J-Style Dehooker 

The J-Style dehooker is designed for use only when the hook is visible in the front of the mouth 

or beak, or if it is external (Figure 5-5). This dehooker works by rotating and pulling the hook 

out of the turtle; consider hook location and placement prior to use. Hold the leader in one hand 

with tension and hold the J-Style dehooker in your other hand. Place the dehooker on the leader 

and follow the leader down until it bottoms out on the shank of hook. With tension on the 

leader, lower the hand with the leader to the eight o’clock position, and raise the hand with the 

dehooker to the two o’clock position. Twist the dehooker slightly and pull until the hook is 

dislodged, and be cautious not to allow the hook to re-engage once removed. Refer to Plate 5-3 

for detailed instructions on using this device. 

Figure 5-5. J-Style dehooker (NMFS/SEFSC photo).
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 5-8 

Plate 5-3 Instructions for the J-Style Dehooker

 Figures provided by Aquatic Release Conservation 

(1) Grab the leader with one hand and hold the dehooking device with your other hand (with 

the end facing toward you). 

(2) Place the dehooking device on the leader.

(3) Follow the leader down until you engage the hook.

(4) Pull the dehooking device and leader apart with constant pressure and raise the hand with the 

dehooking device to the two o'clock position and lower the hand with the leader to the eight 

o'clock position. With a slight twist and shake the hook will be disengaged.

Step 1 

Step 3 Step 4 

Step 2 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

5-9 12/12/08 

 

(4) Scotty’s Dehooker 

The Scotty’s dehooker is designed for use only when the hook is visible in the front of the mouth 

or beak (Figure 5-6), or if it is external. This dehooker works by pushing or pushing/twisting the 

hook out of the turtle; consider hook location and placement prior to use. Hold the leader in one 

hand with tension and hold the Scotty’s dehooker in your other hand. Position the dehooker so 

that it is firmly seated against the shank of the hook. Bring both hands together (leader and 

dehooker parallel with each other) while maintaining tension on the leader. With the leader and 

dehooker together, give a short, sharp jab to dislodge the hook and remove it from the animal. 

Be cautious not to allow the hook to re-engage once removed. 

Figure 5-6. Scotty’s dehooker (NMFS/SEFSC photo). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 5-10 

Plate 5-4 Instructions for Scotty’s Dehooker

 Step 1 Step 2

 Step 3 Step 4

Step 5

(1) Hold leader with tension in one hand and hold the Scotty’s dehooker in the other hand. 

(2) Position the dehooker so that it is firmly seated against the shank of the hook. 

(3) Bring both hands together (leader and dehooker parallel with each other) while 

maintaining tension on the leader. With the leader and dehooker together, give a short, 

sharp jab to dislodge the hook and remove it from the animal. 

(4) Rotate or twist slightly if necessary to remove the hook. 

(5) Be careful not to allow the hook to re-engage once removed. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

5-11 12/12/08 

(5) Short-handled Roby Dehooker (Refer to Plate 2-3) 

The short-handled Roby dehooker is suitable for removing external hooks and works by pushing 

and twisting the hook out of the turtle; consider hook location and placement prior to use. The 

design, which incorporates four notches at 90° angles at the base of a cylinder, grasps the hook 

very securely, facilitating the twisting motion necessary to remove circle hooks. Engage the line 

by feeding it through the diagonal slit in the side of the cylinder, and then position the dehooker 

so that it is firmly seated against the shank of the hook, which is secured in the notches. Once 

the hook is secured, give a short, sharp jab to dislodge the hook and remove it from the animal. 

If you are removing a circle hook, a twisting motion of approximately 180° during the downward 

jab may be required to remove the circle hook. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 12/12/08 5-12 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

A1 12/12/2008 

Appendix A 

 

 

 

 

 

 DESIGN STANDARDS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE CAREFUL RELEASE 

OF SEA TURTLES CAUGHT IN HOOK AND LINE FISHERIES 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 A1-1 12/12/2008 

Chapter A1 Introduction 

The purpose of the careful release equipment is to increase post-release survival of incidentallycaptured sea turtles by releasing them with minimal injury. These specifications have been 

revised and expanded, based upon field-testing of equipment, user feedback, and product design 

updates resulting in part from experiments in the Northeast Distant (NED) statistical reporting 

area and subsequent experiments and observations. 

Several fisheries have mandatory release gear requirements; requirements and appropriate 

release tools may vary by fishery. This document contains the general approved design 

standards for currently certified release gears. Individual fisheries may have more specific 

design standards. Check with the applicable regulations as the final authority for required tools 

and specifications in each fishery. Note: approved release gear previously constructed 

according to original Atlantic Highly Migratory Species (HMS) Pelagic Longline Fishery design 

standards (FSEIS June 22, 2004; 69 FR 40736 July 6, 2004) would still qualify for this fishery 

under these current standards. 

New release tools may be certified by submitting them to the NOAA Fisheries Southeast 

Fisheries Science Center for testing. Gear specialists and researchers will assess each item's 

usefulness and safety in removing gear from animals during laboratory and/or field trials. When 

new items are certified by NOAA Fisheries, a notice will be published in the Federal Register. 

The National Marine Fisheries Service does not recommend or endorse any proprietary product 

or material mentioned in this document. However, example models of certified commercially 

available products are listed for convenience; other products meeting minimum design standards 

may be available or may be constructed. The use of registered or trademarked products is by 

reference only; no endorsement or affiliation is implied for any of these products. 

The “pigtail style” dehookers described in this document are manufactured by Aquatic Release 

Conservation, Inc. (ARC). ARC has stated that their dehookers are covered by their U.S. and 

international patents, specifically identifying U.S. Patent # 4,914,853, #6,840,002 and U.S. 

Design Patent # 382,628, as well as modifications to these patents. In essence, ARC has given 

permission, by means of a license, to all individual fisheries participants to make, have made, 

construct, and use, any of its patented dehookers provided that these dehookers are for individual 

use. No authority is granted by ARC to make dehookers for resale or for gifts. The precise 

rights granted by ARC are defined in a License Agreement to be found at the ARC website 

located at: http://dehooker4arc.com/disclaimer.cfm. If an individual fisheries participant desires 

to enter into and take advantage of this License Agreement, they must register with ARC and 

execute a License Agreement. The government has not studied any of the ARC patents, and 

therefore has no opinion whatsoever as to the validity of these patents or whether making or 

using the ARC dehookers would infringe patents of others. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 A2-1 12/12/2008 

Chapter A2 Equipment for Sea Turtles Not Boated 

In circumstances where a sea turtle is too large to be boated, or conditions preclude the safe 

boarding of the animal, vessels should possess, maintain, and utilize the following equipment 

and release the turtle with minimal injury. 

Turtle Control Devices 

In response to safety concerns for fishing vessel crew members and for incidentally captured sea 

turtles, as well as to facilitate the likelihood of maximum gear removal, turtle control devices 

were devised. Their function is to control the front flippers of the sea turtle so that the animal 

can be controlled at the side of the vessel during gear removal. Restraint is most effective when 

a pair of turtle control devices is used. Currently, there are two approved turtle control device 

styles, the “Turtle Tether” and the “T&G Ninja Sticks;” both reduce safety risks associated with 

removing gear from active sea turtles not boated, particularly leatherbacks. Minimum design 

standards are as follows: 

(1) Turtle Tether 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) Line. 15 – 20’ of 1/2” hard lay negative buoyancy line (e.g., Samson crab rope 

#SSR-100-MHL) or similar is used to make a ~ 30” loop to slip over the flipper. 

The line is fed through a ~ 3/4” inside diameter fair lead, eyelet or eyebolt at the 

working end of a pole and through a ~ 3/4” eyelet or eyebolt in the midsection. A 

1/2” quick release cleat (e.g., Clamcleat® or similar) holds the line in place near the 

end of the pole. A final ~ 3/4” eyelet or eyebolt should be positioned ~ 7” behind 

the cleat to secure the line, while allowing a safe working distance to avoid injury 

when releasing the line from the cleat. 

(ii) Extended reach handle. The line must be securely fastened to an extended reach 

handle or pole. Check applicable regulations for required minimum handle length 

(e.g., the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require a 

minimum length equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, 

whichever is greater. Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions 

exist) as the working distance between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s 

surface, and will vary based on the vessel design). There is no restriction on the type 

of material used to construct this handle as long as it is sturdy. The handle must 

include a tag line to attach the tether to the vessel to prevent the turtle from breaking 

away with the tether still attached.

(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

 

(i) Turtle Tether (e.g., ARC Model TT08, Model TT12) (Plate B-1) 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/2008 A2-2 

(2) T&G Ninja Sticks 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) Line. Approximately 30 – 35’ of 1/2” to 5/8” soft lay polypropylene line, nylon 

line, or similar is fed through 2 PVC conduit, fiberglass, or similar sturdy poles and 

knotted using an overhead (recommended) knot at the end of both poles or otherwise 

secured. There should be ~ 18 - 24” of exposed rope between the poles to be used as 

a working surface to capture and secure the flipper. Knot the line at the ends of both 

poles to prevent line slippage if they are not otherwise secured. The remaining line is 

used to tether the apparatus to the boat unless an additional tag line is used. 

(ii) Extended reach handles. Two lengths (cut to freeboard height) of rigid electrical 

conduit sunlight resistant 3/4” Schedule 40 PVC, fiberglass, aluminum or similar 

should be used. Check applicable regulations for required minimum handle length 

(e.g., the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require a 

minimum length equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, 

whichever is greater. Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions exist) 

as the working distance between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s surface, 

and will vary based on the vessel design). 

(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

 

 (i) “T&G Ninja Sticks” (Plate B-2) 

Equipment to Remove Line and Netting

(1) Long-handled Line Clipper/Cutter 

Line clippers or cutters are designed to cut high test monofilament line as close as possible to the 

hook and to assist in removing other line and netting from entangled sea turtles, in an effort to 

minimize remaining gear upon release. NOAA Fisheries has established minimum design 

standards for the line clippers (65 FR 16347, March 28, 2000, and 66 FR 17370, March 30, 

2001) that can be purchased or fabricated using available and low cost materials. One longhandled line clipper or cutter and a set of replacement blades should be onboard. The minimum 

design standards for line clippers or cutters are as follows: 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) A protected and secured cutting blade. The cutting blade(s) must be capable of 

cutting 2.0 – 2.1 mm monofilament line (400# test) or polypropylene multi-strand 

material, known as braided or tarred mainline, and it should be maintained in working 

order. The blade must be curved, recessed, contained in a holder, or otherwise designed 

to facilitate its safe use so that direct contact between the cutting surface and the sea turtle 

or the user is prevented. The cutting instrument must be securely attached to an extended 

reach handle and easily replaced. One extra set of replacement blades meeting these 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 A2-3 12/12/2008 

standards must also be carried on board to replace all cutting surfaces on the line cutter or 

clipper; 

 

(ii) Extended reach handle. The line cutter blade must be securely fastened to an 

extended reach handle or pole. Check applicable regulations for required minimum 

handle length (e.g., the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require 

a minimum length equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, 

whichever is greater. Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions exist) as 

the working distance between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s surface and will 

vary based on the vessel design). For flexibility of configuration during use and for 

storage purposes, it is recommended that the handle break down into sections, although 

this is not a requirement. There is no restriction on the type of material used to construct 

this handle as long as it is sturdy and facilitates the secure attachment of the cutting 

blade. 

(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) NOAA/Arceneaux Line Clipper (Plate B-3). The NOAA/Arceneaux line clipper can 

be fabricated by securely attaching a flat hardened stainless steel seat belt cutter with 

recessed cutting blades (such as the Lifesaver II Seat Belt CutterTM, Lifesaver Seat Belt 

CutterTM, Emergency Seat Belt Cutter, Innovative Scuba Razor Line Cutter or similar) to 

an extended reach handle using bolts and/or cable ties. A replacement blade set would 

require one additional seat belt cutter for the NOAA/Arceneaux Line Clipper;

(ii) NOAA/Laforce Line Cutter (Plate B-4). The Laforce Line Cutter has a cutting end 

manufactured from a 6” long 1/2” aluminum rod with a 4 1/8” end at a 45° angle with 

two 420 C stainless steel serrated cutting blades secured inside the angle. It must be 

attached to an extended reach handle. A set of replacement blades would require two 

stainless steel serrated cutting blades for the NOAA/Laforce Line Cutter. 

(2) Monofilament Cutters 

Monofilament cutters should be used to remove netting, entangling line, or line as close 

as possible to the eye of the hook in the event that the hook was swallowed, or when the 

hook cannot be removed. This reduces the amount of gear retained by the animal in the 

event that all gear cannot be removed safely. Minimum design standards are as follows: 

 (a) Design Standards: 

(i) General. These should be ~ 7 1/2” in length with ~1 3/4” long, 5/8" wide (closed) 

blades. 

(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

 

(i) Any monofilament cutters meeting design standards [e.g., Jinkai Model MC-T]. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Equipment to Remove Hooks

Dehooking devices may be designed to remove internal hooks, external hooks, or both. All longhandled tools should be able to capture and control the line, and the dehooking end must be 

securely fastened to the extended reach handle. They also should be designed to allow a twisting 

motion, which is necessary for circle hook removal. 

 

(1) Long-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks. 

Some long-handled dehooking devices are designed to remove internal hooks from sea turtles 

that cannot be boated, and it may also be used to remove external hooks. Because this design 

should shield the barb of the hook and prevent it from re-engaging, this device also may be used 

to engage a loose hook during line removal when the turtle is entangled but not hooked. 

Minimum design standards are as follows: 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) Hook removal device. The hook removal device should be constructed of ~ 3/16” - 

5/16” marine grade stainless steel (316L) or similar and have a dehooking end no larger 

than 1 7/8” outside diameter. This device must securely control the leader while 

shielding the barb to prevent the hook from re-engaging during removal. It cannot have 

any unprotected sharp terminal points, as these could cause injury to the mouth and 

esophagus during hook removal. The device must be of a size appropriate to secure the 

range of hook sizes and styles in the applicable fishery (e.g., 16/0 - 20/0 circle hooks in 

the Atlantic pelagic longline swordfish and tuna fisheries would require use of 5/16” wire 

and an outside diameter of 1 7/8”); 

(ii) Extended reach handle. Check applicable regulations for required minimum handle 

length (e.g., the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require a 

minimum length equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, 

whichever is greater. Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions exist) as 

the working distance between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s surface and will 

vary based on the vessel design). For flexibility of configuration during use and for 

storage purposes, it is recommended that the handle break down into sections, although 

this is not a requirement. There is no restriction on the type of material used to construct 

this handle as long as it is sturdy and facilitates the secure attachment of the hook 

removal device. 

 (b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) ARC Pole Big Game Dehooker Models BP04, BP08, BP11, P610 and BPIN (Plate B5). These devices are constructed of a 5/16” 316 L stainless steel rod curled into a pigtail 

spiral loop end with no exposed terminal point, and they are recommended for hook sizes 

6/0 to 20/0. The rod is 7” from point of attachment to the end of the loop, and includes a 

5.3◦ angle offset to shield the barb of the hook. The loop is designed at a 12.2° angle 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 A2-5 12/12/2008 

bend from the rod and has an inside diameter of 1 1/4” and an outside diameter of 1 7/8 

with an 1/8” gap between rod and loop to facilitate line engagement. Some models are 

manufactured with a three-part anodized aluminum pole that breaks down into 4' sections 

for storage. The 9” insert model (BPIN) must be attached to an extended reach handle. 

 Notch Modification for the ARC Dehookers 

Any of the ARC models listed above can be notched to facilitate circle hook removal 

(refer to Chapter 2 for photographs and more discussion on the notch modification). The 

notch is created where the hook lies in the bottom portion of the curl, securing the shank 

enough to rock the hook from side to side while pushing the circle hook out. The notch 

modification can be accomplished with a metal file in approximately 15 minutes. The 

depth and width of each notch should be customized for the hooks used, although no 

notch should be deeper than 1/3 of the wire diameter to maintain the integrity of the 

device’s tensile strength. 

Instructions for notching the dehooker: 

1. Place the type and size circle hook that you are using in the pigtail curl with the line 

parallel and tight. 

2. Mark with a felt-tip pen/marker the exact location that the shank of the circle hook 

comes into contact with the vertical bottom of the pigtail curl. 

3. Remove the hook, take a metal file (rectangle recommended, e.g., General 6 Piece 

Needle File Set from Ultratech Tool System, model # 707476), and notch (file) the 

marked area of the pigtail curl, where the shank of the hook was, approximately 1/16” 

to 1/8” deep and approximately 1/8” wide, depending on the hooks used. Use eye 

protection while filing the notch. 

 4. The width and depth of the notch should be determined by the size and type of the 

circle hook used in that particular fishery in order to facilitate the best fit. Do not 

exceed a depth of ~ 1/3 the wire diameter to avoid compromising the tensile strength 

of the wire. 

(2) Long-handled Dehooker for External Hooks. Some long-handled dehookers are designed 

for use on externally hooked sea turtles that cannot be boated. The long-handled dehooker for 

internal hooks will also satisfy this purpose. 

Minimum design standards are as follows: 

 (a) Design Standards: 

(i) Hook removal device. The dehooker should be constructed of ~ 3/16” – 5/16” marine 

grade stainless steel (316L) rod if constructing a wire style dehooker (e.g., the ARC and 

J-style dehookers). When constructing other styles (e.g., NOAA/Bergmann and Roby 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/2008 A2-6 

dehookers), marine grade stainless steel (316L) should be used for all components. The 

design should be such that the hook can be rotated out without pulling it out at an angle. 

The dehooking end should be blunt with all edges rounded (it is critical that there are no 

sharp edges) and the outside diameter should be no greater than 1 7/8”; a smaller 

diameter end may be more appropriate in fisheries which often encounter small turtles or 

use small hooks. The device must be of a size appropriate to secure the range of hook 

sizes and styles observed to date in the applicable fishery (e.g., 16/0 – 20/0 circle hooks 

in the Atlantic pelagic longline swordfish and tuna fisheries would require use of 5/16” 

wire and an outside diameter of 1 7/8”); 

 

(ii) Extended reach handle. The hook removal device must be securely fastened to an 

extended reach handle or pole. Check applicable regulations for required minimum 

handle length (e.g., the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require 

a minimum length equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, 

whichever is greater. Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions exist) as 

the working distance between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s surface and will 

vary based on the vessel design). 

 (b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) ARC Pole Big Game Dehooker Models BP04, BP08, BP11, P610 and BPIN (Plate 

B-5). These devices are constructed of a 5/16” 316 L stainless steel rod curled into a 

pigtail spiral loop end with no exposed terminal point, and they are recommended for 

hook sizes 6/0 to 20/0. The rod is 7” from point of attachment to the end of the loop, 

and includes a 5.3◦ angle offset to create a 1/8” gap between rod and loop to facilitate 

line engagement. The loop is designed at a 12.2° angle bend from the rod and has an 

inside diameter of 1 1/4” and an outside diameter of 1 7/8”. Some models are 

manufactured with a three-part anodized aluminum pole that breaks down into 4' 

sections for storage. The 9” insert model (BPIN) must be attached to an extended 

reach handle; 

(ii) Long-handled J-Style Dehooker or “Flip Stick” [e.g., ARC Model LJ6P (Plate B6)]. The dehooker should be constructed of ~ 3/16” – 5/16” diameter marine grade 

stainless steel (316L) rod ≥ 48” in length with a 1” dehooking end at a 45° angle to 

the rod forming a “J” shape; 

(iii) Long-handled Roby Dehooker (Plate B-7). This device has a 3 3/4” long cylinder 

(1 5/8” outside diameter) with four ~ 1/8” notches at 90° angles on the edge and a ~ 

1/8” diagonal slit to capture the line across the length of the cylinder. To attach the 

working end to a long handle, two pieces of 1/4” x 1” x 3” flat bar one at upper end 

and one at the midrange of the central rod can be welded and formed around long 

handled pole and securely fastened using a through bolt. 
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Long-handled Device to Pull an “Inverted V” during Disentanglement

The primary use for this tool is to pull a “V” when implementing the “Inverted V” dehooking 

technique for disentangling and dehooking entangled sea turtles. Minimum design standards are 

as follows: 

(1) Design Standards: 

(i) Hook end. The device, such as a boat hook, gaff, or long-handled J-Style dehooker 

should be constructed of stainless steel or aluminum. The semicircular or “J” shaped end 

must be securely attached to a handle. A sharp point, such as a gaff hook, is only to be 

used in holding the monofilament line and should never contact the sea turtle; 

(ii) Extended reach handle. The device must be securely fastened to an extended reach 

handle or pole. Check applicable regulations for required minimum handle length (e.g., 

the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require a minimum length 

equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, whichever is greater. 

Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions exist) as the working distance 

between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s surface and will vary based on the 

vessel design). 

 

(2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) Any long-handled J-Style Dehooker or “Flip Stick” [e.g., ARC Model LJ6P (Plate B6)] See Page A2-6 above for a description;

(ii) Any standard boat hook (e.g., Davis Telescoping Boat Hook to 96” Model 85002A;

(iii) Any standard fishing gaff [e.g., West Marine # F6H5 Hook and # F6-006 Handle]. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Chapter A3 Boating and Holding Sea Turtles

Whenever possible, sea turtles must be brought on board immediately and handled in accordance 

with the procedures outlines in the standards for the handling of incidentally caught sea turtles 

[50 CFR 223.206 (d)(1)], unless extreme sea conditions prevent the crew from safely boating the 

turtle. Generally, all turtles < 3’ straight carapace length should be boated. Vessels should 

maintain and utilize the following equipment and release the turtle with minimal injury: 

Boating the Turtle

(1) Dip Net. A dip net facilitates the safe handling of sea turtles by allowing them to be brought 

onboard for gear removal without causing further injury to the animal. The turtle should never 

be brought onboard without a net or hoist. Using the involved gear to raise the turtle may result 

in serious injury and impact post-release survivorship, especially in cases where the turtle has 

ingested the hook. NMFS has established minimum design standards for the dip nets (65 FR 

16347, March 28, 2000 and 66 FR 17370, March 30, 2001). These minimum design standards 

for dip nets are as follows: 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) Size of dip net. The dip net must have a sturdy net hoop of at least 31” inside diameter 

and a bag depth of at least 38” to accommodate turtles less than 3’ carapace length. The 

bag mesh openings may not exceed 3” x 3” (bar measure). There should be no sharp 

edges or burrs on the hoop or where it is attached to the handle. There is no requirement 

for the hoop to be circular as long as it meets the minimum specifications; 

(ii) Extended reach handle. The dip net hoop must be securely fastened to an extended 

reach handle or pole. Check applicable regulations for required minimum handle length 

(e.g., the U.S. Highly Migratory Species Pelagic Longline Fisheries require a minimum 

length equal to or greater than 150% of the freeboard or a minimum of 6’, whichever is 

greater. Freeboard is defined for these purposes (other definitions exist) as the working 

distance between the top rail of the gunwale to the water’s surface and will vary based on 

the vessel design). For flexibility of configuration during use and for storage purposes, it 

is recommended that the handle break down into sections, although this is not a 

requirement. There is no restriction on the type of material used to construct this handle, 

as long as it is sturdy enough to support a minimum of 100 lbs without bending or 

breaking, and facilitates the sturdy attachment of the net hoop. 

(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) ARC 12’ Breakdown Lightweight Dip Net Model DN6P (6’), DN08 (8’) or DN14 (12’)

or ARC Net Assembly (hoop, net, coupling-DNIN) and handle (Plate B-8). This dip net is 

constructed of a hollow heavy duty aluminum tubing to form a 97" circumference 

hexagonal frame, and the 38" bag is 2 1/2” square nylon mesh;
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(ii) Lindgren-Pitman, Inc. Model NMFS-Turtle Net. This dip net is constructed of heavy 

duty stainless steel tubing to form a 31” diameter circular frame with a 45” bag of 2" 

square nylon mesh; 

(iii) Bluewater Tackle. This lightweight dip net is constructed of a composite material 

frame and handle with a bag of 3” stretch mesh;

(iv) Howell Tackle. This lightweight dip net is constructed of a composite material frame 

and handle with a bag of 3” stretch mesh.

(2) Turtle Hoist. A hoist is recommended to bring turtles onboard that cannot be boated using 

a smaller dip net, or where storage constraints do not allow for an extended reach handle. 

Minimum design standards are as follows: 

 

(a) Large Turtle Hoist. This style is recommended for boating large turtles, such as 

leatherbacks, which need a supportive platform while onboard. 

 (1) Design Standards: 

(i) General. The hoist should be designed so that when onboard, the turtle is 

suspended above the deck on a platform of mesh netting supported by a rigid ring, 

and contained within a webbing fence a minimum of 18” high. The top two rings 

(1 3/4” 50 series aluminum round bar) should be ~ 7’6” in diameter, and the 

bottom ring (1 1/2” 50 series aluminum round bar) should be ~ 4’ in diameter. 

The middle and bottom rings are connected using 12 angled (~ 25"

) spoke braces 

of ~ 23” (1” 50 series aluminum round bar or 6061 T6 1" Schedule 40 pipe) 

welded in place with an appropriate welding wire (5052, 6061 or 3003 wire). 

Knotless polypropylene 8 mm 600 ply netting, 6.5” stretch is stretched across the 

middle ring. The fence is supported by the top and middle rings, which are 

connected by a 3 mm, 4.7” stretch mesh braided polyethylene webbing to create a 

fence a minimum of 18” high, wrapped along the top ring with 1/2" 

polypropylene rope. 8" x 2 1/2” rubber cookies (4 per each of 12 sections) can be 

used on the middle ring to facilitate rolling the hoist up the side of the vessel and 

to cushion impact of hoist against the side of the vessel. In rough seas, a vang is 

necessary to hold the hoist close to side of vessel. A three or four point bridle is 

attached to the top ring using pairlinks and 3/4" nylon 3-strand line, and a 

hydraulic lift is used to bring hoist aboard. The hoist should be capable of lifting 

a minimum of 1/2 ton. 

 (2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) Large Turtle Hoist (Plate B-9). This hoist (designed, in part, and constructed 

by Blue Water Fishing Tackle Co., Inc., D.N. Kelley Shipyard, Diversified 

Marine LLC, Eagle Eye II Corporation, Polar Packaging, Inc., Reidar’s 

Manufacturing, Inc., F/V Sea Hawk, and Scandia, Inc.) was designed to bring 

leatherbacks onboard following the above specifications. Modifications to the 
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vessel will likely be necessary to install the hoist, including: a platform to house 

the lift, alterations to the boom including strongback, pivoting gooseneck, 

hydraulic ram attachment and reinforcement, hydraulic ram, hydraulic runs, or a 

duel winch arrangement, and for safe lifting, a 2200 PSI planetary hydraulic 

winch with hydraulic runs, control and rigging (SS wire and blocks). 

(b) Small Turtle Hoist. In some cases, such as on a vessel with a high freeboard distance 

or if there is not enough room for storing a dip net, an extended reach handle may be 

impractical, even with small turtles. A supportive frame with mesh netting, but without 

an extended reach handle, may be best in these circumstances. 

(1) Design Standards: 

(i) General. The frame should be rigid and capable of supporting at least 100 

pounds, with a minimum diameter of 31” to accommodate turtles less than 3’ 

carapace length. This frame can be hinged or otherwise designed so that it can be 

folded for ease of storage as long as it can be quickly reassembled. If the frame is 

designed to fold or break down for storage, the hardware must be self contained 

(e.g., barrel bolts on both sides to lock down frame with no loose pieces like 

through bolts and nuts), and there must be no sharp edges. The shape of the frame 

does not matter (e.g., round, square, rectangular, or a “U-shaped” or “J-shaped” 

basket) as long as it meets the required specifications and securely contains the 

turtle. The frame may be constructed of heavy duty stainless steel tubing welded 

into shape or ~ 2” PVC pipe connected at the corners using 90° elbow fittings. 

PVC pipes should be drilled to facilitate water drainage for ease of hauling. A 

shallow bag net with mesh openings not to exceed 3” x 3” (bar measure) should 

be securely affixed to the frame, and lines (e.g., polypropylene, nylon, polyester) 

should be securely attached to each corner to control and retrieve the frame and 

net. The lines can be operated using a pulley system if available on the vessel. 

No extended reach handle is needed on this type of net.

 (2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) Small Turtle Hoist (Plate B-10). This is a frame net without a handle, with a 

square, rectangular or round stainless steel or PVC frame with a mesh bag 

securely affixed and lines attached to the corners or at least three points around a 

circle to bring turtles onboard. 

Holding the Turtle

(1) Cushion/support Device. 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) The device should effectively cushion and support the animal while it is onboard. It 

should be appropriately sized to fully support a range of turtle sizes. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) A standard automobile tire. A standard (not from a truck or heavy equipment) 

passenger vehicle tire not mounted on a rim, free of exposed steel belts, is effective for 

supporting the turtle while it is onboard. If the turtle is too large for the tire, it must be 

contained and supported on an alternative cushioned surface. An assortment of sizes is 

recommended to accommodate a range of turtle sizes. 

(ii) Boat cushion. A standard boat cushion will effectively support smaller turtles.

(iii) Large turtle hoist. This style is recommended for supporting large turtles, such as 

leatherbacks, which need a supportive platform while onboard. 

 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Chapter A4 Equipment for Opening the Mouth of Boated Turtles 

Opening the Mouth

In many cases, a mouth opener or gag must be used in order to remove internal hooks from 

boated turtles. It must be designed to allow access to the hook or line without causing further 

injury to the turtle. It is recommended that at least one type allow for hands-free operation of the 

gear removal devices once the gag is in place (only the canine mouth gag satisfies this 

recommendation, see item (2) below). Design standards are included in the item description. A 

minimum of two of the seven different types/categories of mouth openers/gags from the 

following list will offer the necessary flexibility: 

Mouth Openers and/or Mouth Gags

(1) Set of Two Rope Loops Covered with Protective Tubing. A set consists of two pieces of 

poly braid rope covered with light duty garden hose or similar flexible tubing each tied or spliced 

into a loop to provide a one-handed method for keeping the mouth open. The upper loop gives 

the user control using one hand, and the second rope/hose length is secured on lower beak using 

the user’s foot for extra control. This keeps the mouth open to allow access to the hook and/or 

line. Two 36” lengths of poly-braid rope (3/8” diameter suggested) should be covered with an 8” 

section of 1/2” or 3/4” tubing and each tied or spliced into two loops. Any set of rope loops 

covered with tubing meeting these specifications is acceptable; 

(2) Large Avian Oral Speculum. An avian oral speculum gives you the ability to hold the 

mouth open and control the head with one hand while removing the hook with the other hand. 

This tool is for use only on small turtles, as larger turtles may be able to crush the speculum. The 

avian oral speculum should be 9" long, and constructed of 3/16" wire diameter surgical stainless 

steel (Type 304). It should be covered with 8" of clear vinyl tubing (5/16" outside diameter, 

3/16" inside diameter), friction tape (e.g., 3MTM TemflexTM 1755 Cotton Friction Tape) or 

similar to pad the surface. Example models meeting these specifications include: Model # 

85408 from Webster Vet Supply; VSP # 216-08 from Veterinary Specialty Products; Jorvet 

Model J-51z; and Krusse Model 273117. These can be purchased through veterinary supply 

businesses; 

(3) Block of Hard Wood. A smooth block of hard wood is an inexpensive, effective and 

practical mouth-gagging device that meets these requirements and is readily available on most 

vessels. Placed in the corner of the jaw, it is used to gag open the mouth. The wood should be of 

a type that does not splinter (e.g., maple) with rounded edges, and it should be sanded smooth, if 

necessary, and soaked in water to soften the wood. The dimensions should be approximately 11” 

x 1” x 1” or appropriately sized for the size of turtles that might be caught. Any block of hard 

wood meeting these specifications is acceptable. A long-handled, wire brush with a maple 

wooden handle and the wires removed is an inexpensive, effective and practical device that 

meets these requirements (e.g., Olympia Tools Long-Handled Wire Brush and Scraper #974174). 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/2008 A4-2 

A wooden hammer handle may be suitable, providing it is made from wood which does not 

splinter under pressure (e.g. ash, maple); 

(4) Set of Three Canine Mouth Gags. The use of canine mouth gags is highly recommended 

to hold the mouth open, as the gag locks into the open position and allows for hands free 

operation once it is in place. These tools are for use only on small and medium sized turtles, as 

larger turtles may be able to crush the mouth gag. A set of canine mouth gags should include one 

of each of the following sizes: small (~ 5"), medium (~ 6"), and large (~ 7"). They must be 

constructed of stainless steel. The ends should be covered with clear vinyl tubing, friction tape 

(e.g., 3MTM TemflexTM 1755 Cotton Friction Tape) or similar to pad the surface. A set includes 

one of each size and can be purchased through veterinary supply businesses. An example set 

meeting these specifications is Jorvet Model #4160, 4162, and 4164; 

(5) Set of Two Sturdy Dog Chew Bones. These “chew toys” are inexpensive, easy to handle, 

and sold in several sizes in pet stores. Placed in the corner of the jaw, it is used to gag open the 

mouth. They should be designed of durable nylon or thermoplastic polymer, strong enough to 

withstand biting without splintering. One large (e.g., “Giant” 8” or “Wolf” 5 1/2”) and one small 

(e.g., “Regular” 4 1/2” or “Petite” 3 1/2”) will accommodate a variety of beak sizes. Example 

models meeting current specifications include: Nylabone® (a trademark owned by T.F.H. 

Publications, Inc.); Gumabone® (a trademark owned by T.F.H. Publications, Inc.); and Galileo® 

dog chew (a trademark owned by T.F.H. Publications, Inc.); 

(6) Hank of Rope. A lanyard of braided rope (e.g., nylon, polypropylene, polyester) can be 

folded to create a hank of rope. Placed in the corner of the jaw, it is used to gag open the mouth. 

A 6’ lanyard of approximately 3/16” braided nylon rope can be folded to create a hank of rope. 

Any size soft braided nylon rope is acceptable, provided it creates a hank of approximately 2 - 4” 

thickness; 

(7) Set of Four PVC Couplings. Inexpensive PVC couplings can be positioned inside the 

mouth to allow access to the back of the mouth. They should be held in place with the needlenose pliers. Standard Schedule 40 PVC couplings in a variety of sizes (1”, 1 1/4”, 1 1/2”, and 2”) 

will ensure proper fit and access. A set includes all four sizes. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

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Chapter A5 Equipment for Removing Gear from Boated Turtles 

Assess what the best hook removal technique is in each circumstance. Depending on the 

position and depth of the hook, needle-nose pliers and/or bolt cutters may be the most efficient 

way to remove hooks. If required, dehooking devices may be used to remove external or internal 

hooks (if the insertion point of the hook can be seen). All short-handled dehooking tools for 

removing internal hooks should have a bite block to protect the turtle’s beak. They should also 

be designed to allow a twisting motion, which is necessary for circle hook removal. The 

NOAA/Bergmann dehooker is approved for removing external circle or J-hooks, and internal 

circle hooks from turtles boated. It should not be used to remove internal J-hooks from turtles 

boated. 

Needle-nose or Long-nose Pliers

Long-nose or needle-nose pliers can be used to assist in removal of hooks that are embedded in 

the animal’s flesh and must be twisted during removal, or for removing hooks from the front of 

the mouth. They are also useful in holding PVC splice couplings in place when used as mouth 

openers. Minimum design standards are as follows: 

(1) Design Standards: 

(i) General. They should be ~ 12” in length. It is recommended that these be of stainless 

steel material. 

 (2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) Any 12" long-nose or needle-nose pliers [e.g., 12” S.S. NuMark Model #030 281 109 

871, Offshore Angler® Stainless Longreach Pliers Model #38-481-759-00, Pittsburgh®

15” Long Nose Locking Pliers]. 

Bolt Cutters 

Bolt cutters are essential for removing hooks, and must be of a size practical to be used inside the 

turtle’s mouth. They are used to cut off the eye or barb so that the hook can be pushed through 

easily without causing further injury to the sea turtle. They also are used to cut off as much of 

the hook as possible when the remainder cannot be removed. Minimum design standards are as 

follows: 

(1) Design Standards: 

(i) General. They should be ~ 14 – 17” in total length, ~ 4” long blades that are ~ 2 1/4” 

wide (closed) with ~ 10 – 13” long handles. They must be able to cut hard metals such as 

stainless or carbon steel hooks up to 1/4” diameter. 
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(2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

 (i) Any bolt cutters meeting design standards [e.g., H.K. Porter Model 1490 AC]. 

Equipment to Remove Line

(1) Monofilament Cutter. Monofilament cutters should be used to remove line as close as 

possible to the eye of the hook in the event that the hook was swallowed, or when the hook 

cannot be removed. This reduces the amount of gear retained by the animal in the event that the 

hook cannot safely be removed. Minimum design standards are as follows: 

(a) Design Standards: 

(i) General. These should be ~ 7 1/2” in length with ~1 3/4” long, 5/8" wide (closed) 

blades. 

(b) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) Any monofilament cutters meeting design standards [e.g., Jinkai Model MC-T] 

Short-handled Dehooker for Internal Hooks 

This dehooker is designed to remove internal hooks from boated sea turtles, including hooks in 

the front of the mouth, as well as external hooks. Minimum design standards are as follows: 

 

(1) Design Standards: 

 

(i) Hook removal device. The dehooker should be constructed of ~ 3/16” – 5/16” marine 

grade stainless steel (316L) rod if constructing a wire style dehooker (e.g., ARC 

dehooker). When constructing other styles (e.g., NOAA/Bergmann dehooker), marine 

grade stainless steel (316L) should be used for all components. The end must allow the 

hook to be secured and the barb to be shielded without re-engaging during the removal 

process. It must be no larger than 1 7/8” total width; a smaller diameter end may be more 

appropriate in fisheries which often encounter small turtles or use small hooks. It cannot 

have any unprotected terminal points as this could cause injury to the esophagus during 

hook removal (it is critical that there are no sharp edges). A sliding PVC bite block 

should be used to protect the beak and facilitate hook removal if the turtle bites down on 

the dehooking device. The bite block should be constructed of a 3/4” or smaller inside 

diameter high impact plastic cylinder (e.g., Schedule 80 PVC) that is 4 - 6” long to allow 

for at least 5” of slide along the shaft. The device must be of a size appropriate to secure 

the range of hook sizes and styles observed to date in the applicable fishery (e.g., 16/0 - 

20/0 circle hooks in the Atlantic pelagic longline swordfish and tuna fisheries would 

require use of 5/16” wire and an outside diameter no greater than 1 7/8”); 

(ii) Handle length. The handle should be ≤ 47” (recommended length of 16” – 24”) with 

a ~ 4 – 6” long tube T-handle of ~ 1” diameter, wire loop handle or similar. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

 A5-3 12/12/2008 

 (2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) 17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker Model ST08 (Plate B-11). 

This device is constructed of a 1/4” 316 L stainless steel rod curled into a pigtail spiral 

loop end. The loop is placed at a 5.3° angle offset to create a 1/8” gap between rod and 

loop to facilitate line engagement. The loop is designed at a 12.2° angle bend from the 

rod, and an inside diameter of 13/16” and an outside diameter of 1 5/16”. It has a 3/4” 

I.D. high impact plastic cylinder bite block 5” in length. This model may be notched 

according to the instructions in Chapter A2. 

 (ii) The NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker (Plate B-12). This device has two ~2 3/4”rounded 

prongs at the end to form a uniform gap of at least 7/32”. It has a 3/4” inside diameter 

high impact plastic cylinder bite block 5” in length. Note: This dehooker is approved for 

removing external circle or J-hooks, and internal circle hooks from turtles boated. It 

should not be used to remove internal J-hooks from turtles boated. 

Short-handled Dehooker for External Hooks. These dehookers are designed for use when the 

hook is external, or when hooks are located in the front of the mouth. Minimum design standards 

are as follows: 

(1) Design Standards: 

(i) Hook removal device. The dehooker should be constructed of ~ 3/16” – 5/16” marine 

grade stainless steel (316L) rod if constructing a wire style dehooker (e.g., the ARC, 

Scotty’s and J-Style dehookers). When constructing other styles (e.g., NOAA/Bergmann 

and Roby dehookers), marine grade stainless steel (316L) should be used for all 

components. The design should be such that the hook can be rotated out without pulling 

it out at an angle, and the dehooking end should be blunt and all edges rounded (it is 

critical that there are no sharp edges). The device must be of a size appropriate to secure 

the range of hook sizes and styles observed to date in the applicable fishery (e.g., 16/0 - 

20/0 circle hooks in the Atlantic pelagic longline swordfish and tuna fisheries would 

require use of 5/16” wire and an outside diameter of 1 7/8”); 

(ii) Handle length. The handle length should be ≤ 47” (recommended length of 16”- 

24”), with a ~ 5” long tube T-handle of ~ 1” diameter, wire loop handle or similar is 

recommended. 

(2) Example Model(s) Meeting Current Design Standards: 

(i) 17” Bite Block Deep-Hooked (Sea Turtle) ARC Dehooker Model ST08 (Plate B-11). 

This model may be notched according to the instructions in Chapter A2. See description 

on Page A5-2 above; 

 

(ii) NOAA/Bergmann Dehooker (Plate B-12). See description on Page A5-2; 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/2008 A5-4 

(iii) Short-handled J-Style Dehooker (Plate B-6) [e.g., ARC Hand Held Large J-Style 

Dehooker Model LJ07 or LJ24]. See description on Page A5-2 above; 

 

(iv) Scotty’s Dehooker (Plate B-13). This device has two 1 1/4” long prongs at the end to 

form a 3/4” wide fork. This device is approved for removing external circle or J-hooks 

from turtles boated. It should not be used to remove any internal hooks; 

(v) Short-handled Roby Dehooker (Plate B-14). This device has a ~ 3 3/4” long cylinder 

(1 5/8” outside diameter) with four ~1/8”notches at 90° angles on the edge and a ~1/8” 

diagonal slit to capture the line across the length of the cylinder. 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

B-1 12/12/08 

Appendix B

 

 

 

 

 

 DESIGN SCHEMATICS FOR CAREFUL RELEASE EQUIPMENT 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/08 B-2
B1-1 12/12/08 

~15 - 20’ of ~1/2” Hard 

Lay Negative Buoyancy 

Line (e.g., Samson Crab 

Rope #SSR-100-MHL 

or Similar) Securely 

Fastened to Terminal 

End 

TURTLE TETHER 

~30” Loop 

Working 

End 

Tag Line to 

Secure Tether 

to Vessel 

Long-Handled Pole 

(Aluminum, Wood, 

Fiberglass or 

Similar). Handle 

Length Will Vary 

Depending on 

Fishery Regulations 

and Vessel Design. 

2 Foam Handles 

Recommended 

(e.g., 1” I.D., 

1/4” Thick)

~ 4 - 5” Quick 

Release Cleat (e.g., 

Clamcleat® or 

Similar) 

Eyelets or Eyebolts 

(e.g., I.D. 3/4”) 

~ 3/4” I.D. Eyelet 

or Eyebolt ~7” 

Behind Cleat 

Plate B-1 

The use of registered 

or trademarked 

products is by 

reference only; no 

endorsement or 

affiliation is implied 

for any of these 

products.
12/12/08 

B1-2 
B2-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-2 T&G NINJA STICKS

1/2 - 5/8” Diameter 

Soft Lay Line (e.g., 

Polypropylene, Nylon) 

~18 - 24” Exposed 

Working Section of Line 

Free End of Line Long Enough 

to Tether to Vessel (~30 - 35’ 

Total Length) 

Rigid Electrical Conduit

Sunlight Resistant 3/4” 

Schedule 40 PVC, Cut to 

Freeboard Height

Overhand 

Rope Knots 
12/12/08 B2-2
B3-1 12/12/08 

 

50 CFR 660.33 Ch. VI (10-1-02 Edition)

[65 FR 16347, Mar. 28, 2000, as amended at 67 FR 40236, June 12, 2002; 67 FR 48576, July 25, 

2002] 

Plate B-3 NOAA/ARCENEAUX LINE CLIPPER
12/12/08 B3-2
B4-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-4 NOAA/LAFORCE LINE CUTTER

~ 4 1/8” 

(2) Interchangeable 

420 C SS Serrated Blades 

~1 1/8” 

Roller Pins 

45° 

~1” Aluminum, 

Wood, Fiberglass, or 

Similar Handle 

~ 6” 

~ 1/2” Aluminum Rod 

Modified Version of Diagram Provided by ARC 
12/12/08 B4-2
B5-1 12/12/08 

Loop I.D. 1 1/4” and 

O.D. No Greater than 

1 7/8” with ~1/8” Gap 

Between Rod and Loop 

to Facilitate Line 

Engagement 

12.2◦ to 24° 

(Range) 

Angle Bend 

from the Rod 

to Accept a 

Range of 

Hook Sizes 

Modified Version of Diagram Provided by ARC 

U.S. Patent # 4,914,853; U.S. Design Patent # 382,628 

Plate B-5 

~ 5 - 7” From 

Point of 

Insertion to 

End of Curl 

Detail of Working End 

Total Length 4 - 12’ Depending on 

Freeboard Height. Working End 

Must Be Securely Attached to 

Sturdy Handle (e.g., Wood, 

Aluminum, Fiberglass) 

(2 Breakdown Pole Sections 

Depicted Here). 

~ 3/16” - 5/16” 316L SS Rod 

2 Foam Handles 

(Optional) (e.g., 

1” I.D., 1/4” 

Thick)

ARC POLE BIG GAME DEHOOKER

5.3° to 13° 

(Range) 

Offset 

Angle to 

Shield the 

Point of 

the Hook 
12/12/08 B5-2
B6-1 12/12/08 

Modified Version of Diagram Provided by ARC 

Plate B-6 J- STYLE DEHOOKER

~ 4 - 6” 

~ 1/2” - 1” I.D. 

316L SS Tube 

Handle, Wire 

Handle or Similar 

3/16” - 5/16” 316L SS Rod 

~ 16 - 24” 

Recommended 

Length, Not to 

Exceed 47” Total 

Length, 

 for Short-Handled 

Version. May be 

Attached to Longer 

Handle. 

45° Angle 

~ 1” 
12/12/08 B6-2
B7-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-7 LONG-HANDLED ROBY DEHOOKER 

~1/8” Wide 

Diagonal Slit 

All Edges Must Be Rounded So That They Are Not Sharp 

3/16 - 5/16” 

316L SS Rod 

Long-Handled Pole 

(Aluminum, Wood, 

Fiberglass or Similar) 

~ 1 5/8” O.D. 

≥ 48” 

Total 

Length

2 Pieces of ~ 1/4” x 1” x 3” 316L 

SS Flat Bar Formed Around Pole, 

Welded, and Secured with 

Through Bolts

(4) Notches at 90° Angles (Width of 

Notches Should Be Greater Than or 

Equal to the Largest Diameter of 

Hook in Use)

 ~ 3 3/4” x 

1/4” Thick 

316L SS Flat 

Bar Cylinder 
12/12/08 B7-2

Plate B-7 Continued 

All Edges Must Be Rounded So That They Are Not Sharp 

Side Views 

2 Pieces of ~ 1/4” x 1” x 3” 316L SS Flat Bar Formed 

Around Pole and Welded to Central Rod

Attachment Method May Vary as Long as Working End Is Securely Attached 

Through Bolts 

~ 12 - 16” Recommended 

Length 

3/16 - 5/16” 

316L SS Rod 
B8-1 12/12/08 

~ 3/4” Heavy Duty 

Hollow Aluminum, 

Marine Grade SS 

Tubing, or Composite 

Material Frame. 

Hexagonal Shape 

Depicted Here as an 

Example, But Other 

Shapes (e.g., Round) Are 

Acceptable. 

≥ 31” 

≥ 31” 

≥ 31” 

~ 2” Solid Aluminum, SS, or Similar 

Coupling Securely Fastened to Sturdy Wood, 

Fiberglass or Metal Handle Capable of 

Supporting at Least 100 Pounds 

Plate B-8 DIP NET 

Mesh Openings Must Not Exceed 3” x 3” (Bar Measure). 

Bag Depth Must Be ≥ 38”. 

Modified Version of Diagram Provided by ARC 
12/12/08 B8-2
B-9 12/12/08 Bottom Ring 4’ Diameter 

(1 1⁄2” Round 50 Series 

Aluminum Bar)

Middle Ring 

7’ 6” Diameter 

(13/4” Round 50 

Series Aluminum 

Bar) Wrapped in 

1/2” Polysteel Rope 

Around 

Circumference

(12) Beveled Spokes 

~23” 

(1” Round 50 Series 

Aluminum Bar or 

6061 T6 Schedule 

40 Pipe) Set at ~25°. 

Welded Using 

Appropriate 

Welding Wire 

(5052, 6061 or 

3003). 

Fence 

Constructed of 3 

mm, 4.7” Stretch 

Mesh Braided 

Polyethylene 

Webbing 

≥ 18” 

8 mm, 6.5” Stretch 

Knotless 600 Ply 

Polyethylene Netting (e.g., 

Ultra Cross Netting by 

NET Systems, Inc.) 

Top View 

Plate B-9 LARGE TURTLE HOIST 

4 Round Rubber 

Cookies (8” x 2 1/2”) per 

section (48 Total) on Top

3 or 4 Point Bridle 

Attached with 

Pairlinks and 3/4” 

Nylon 3-Strand 

Line 

Top/Fence Ring 7’ 6” 

Diameter 

(1 3/4” Round 50 

Series Aluminum Bar 

Wrapped in 1/2” 

Polypropylene Wrap 

Rope)
11/26/08 B9-2
B10-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-10 SMALL TURTLE HOIST

≥ 31” 

≥ 31” ≥ 1/4” Line (e.g., 

Polypropylene, 

Nylon) Securely 

Fastened to Frame 

Capable of 

Supporting At Least 

100 Pounds 

~ ≥ 3/4” Heavy Duty 

Hollow Aluminum or 

Marine Grade SS 

Tubing, or ~ 2” Schedule 

40/80 PVC. Welded or 

Joined Using Elbow 

Joints. Square Shape 

Depicted Here As an 

Example, but Other 

Shapes (e.g., Round) Are 

Acceptable. 

Mesh Openings Must Not Exceed 3” x 3” (Bar Measure) 

~ 2 1/2” Square Nylon Mesh, (Coated /Dipped) Knotless 

Webbing or Similar Securely Fastened to Frame to Form a 

Shallow Bag.
12/12/08 B10-2 

≥ 31” 

≥ 31” 

≥ 1/4” Line (e.g., 

Polypropylene/Nylon) 

Securely Fastened to 

Frame Capable of 

Supporting at Least 100 

Pounds. Tubing Can 

Replace the Outside Lines 

for Additional Stability.

Recommended ~ 2 1/2” Square Nylon Mesh (Coated / Dipped) Knotless 

Webbing or Similar Securely Fastened to Frame to Form a Shallow Bag. 

≥ 31” 

≥ 31” 

At Least 4 horizontal 

Support Rails of ~ 3/4 - 

2” Heavy Duty Hollow 

Aluminum or Marine 

Grade Stainless Steel 

Tubing, Welded to End 

Pieces 

End Rails of 

Basket Can Be 

Welded or 

Attached Using 

Clips So That It 

Is Removable 

Plate B-10 

Continued 

BASKET STYLE 

SMALL TURTLE HOIST 
B11-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-11 ARC BITE BLOCK DEHOOKER

~3/16 – 5/16” 

Diameter 316L SS 

Rod (Appropriately 

Sized for Range of 

Hooks in Applicable 

Fishery) 

~ 1/2” - 1” O.D. 316L 

SS Tube Handle, 

Wire Handle or 

Similar 

4 - 6” Long ~3/4 - 

1” O.D. High 

Impact Plastic 

(e.g., Sch 80 PVC) 

Sliding Bite Block 

Maximum O.D. of Curl No 

Greater than 1 7/8” 

(1 5/16” Recommended) 

12.2° to 24° (Range) Angle Bend from 

Rod to Accept a Range of Hook Sizes 

5.3° to 13° 

(Range) 

Offset Angle 

to Shield the 

Point of the 

Hook 

2.5” from 

Center 

Line of 

Bend to 

Center ~13/16” I.D. of Eye 

~1/8” Gap to 

Facilitate Line 

Engagement 

~ 16 - 24” 

Recommended 

Length, Not to 

Exceed 47” 

Total Length 

Modified Version of Diagram Provided by ARC 

U.S. Patent # 4,914,853 and 6,840,002; U.S. Design Patent # 382,628; International Patent # WO/2005/055712 

~ 4 - 6” 
12/12/08 B11-2
B12-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-12 NOAA/BERGMANN DEHOOKER

1 1/8” - 1 5/16” Recommended Width. 

Total Width of Working End Cannot Be 

Greater Than 1 7/8”. 

Uniform Gap Greater Than or Equal to the 

largest diameter of Hook in Use

~ 2 3/4” 

3/16” - 5/16” 316L SS Rod 

(Appropriately Sized for Range of Hooks in 

Applicable Fishery)

~ 16 - 24” 

Recommended 

Length, Not to 

Exceed 47” Total 

Length 

~ 4 - 6” 

~ 1/2” - 1” I.D. 316L SS 

Tube Handle, Wire 

Handle or Similar

4 - 6” Long ~3/4 - 1” 

O.D. High Impact Plastic 

(e.g., Sch 80 PVC) 

Sliding Bite Block 

(2) 1/4” 316L SS Chain Link Sections 

Flattened in Vice and Welded Together, 

or 3/16” - 5/16” 316L SS Rod Bent into 

Shape Instead of Chain Links.

3/16”- 1/4” 316L SS Rods Welded 

to Links and Central Rod If 

Using Chain Links 
12/12/08 B12-2
B13-1 12/12/08 

Plate B-13 SCOTTY’S DEHOOKER

~ 4 - 6” 

~ 1/2” - 1” I.D. 

316L SS Tube 

Handle, Wire 

Handle or 

Similar 

3/16 - 5/16” 

316L SS 

Rod 

~ 1/4” 

~ 16 - 24” 

Recommended 

Length, Not to 

Exceed 47” Total 

Length 

~ 1 1/4” 

~ 1/2” 

~ 3/4” 

Modified Version of Diagram Provided by ARC 
12/12/08 B13-2
12/12/08 

Plate B-14 

~ 4 - 6” 

B14-1 

All Edges Must be Rounded So That They Are Not Sharp 

SHORT-HANDLED ROBY DEHOOKER

~ 1/2” - 1” I.D. 316L SS 

Tube Handle, Wire 

Handle or Similar 

~1/8” Wide Diagonal Slit with 

Rounded Edges 

~ 3 3/4” x 1/4” 

Thick 316L 

SS Flat Bar 

Cylinder 

~ 1 5/8” O.D. 

 3/16 - 5/16” 

316L SS Rod 

(Appropriately Sized for 

Range of Hooks in 

Applicable Fishery) 

~ 16 - 24” 

Recommended 

Length, Not to 

Exceed 47” Total 

Length 

(4) Notches at 90° Angles (Width of 

Notches Should be Greater Than or 

Equal to the Largest Diameter of Hook 

in Use) 
12/12/08 

All Edges Must Be Rounded So That They Are Not Sharp 

Side Views 

B14-2 

Plate B-14 Continued 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

C-1 12/12/08 

Appendix C 

 

 

 

 

 

 EQUIPMENT SELECTION FLOWCHART FOR THE CAREFUL RELEASE 

OF INCIDENTALLY CAPTURED SEA TURTLES 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/08 C-2
AND 

Long-handled Dehooker 

for Internal Hooks 

to Secure Loose Hook

Entangled and/or Hooked 

Entangled Hooked 

Long-handled Line Cutter 

External 

L

D

In

Long-handled Dehooker 

for Internal Hooks 

or 

Long-handled Dehooker 

for External Hooks 

Long-handled Device to Pull “Inverted V” 

 To control turtle at side o

Turtle Control Device 

AND 

Long-handled Dehooke

Plate C-1 Sea Turtles Not Boated

C1-1 
Large Turtle 

Hoist 

AND 

Short-handled Dehooker 

Back of Mouth or 

Esophagus 

Beak or Front 

of Mouth 

Turtle 

Hoist

Mouth Opener/Gag 

Internal

Short-handled Deh

for External Hoo

or 

Short-handled Deh

for Internal Hoo

Short-handled Deh

External 

Hooked

OR 

For Boating AND For Gear Remo

OR 

AND 

Monofilament Cutters and Long-nose pliers and Bolt Cutt

Dip Net 

Cushion/ 

Support 

Device 

Plate C-2 Sea Turtles Boated 

For Holding 

AND 

OR 

C2-1 

Short-handled 

Dehooker for 

Internal Hooks 

Short-handled Dehooker for 

External Hooks 

or 

Short-handled Dehooker for 

Internal Hooks 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

D-1 12/12/08 

Appendix D 

 

 

 

 

 

 SEA TURTLE AND MARINE MAMMAL HANDLING AND CAREFUL 

RELEASE PLACARDS 
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

12/12/08 D-2
>>Guidelines for turtles not boated>>>>

 Control turtle by maintaining pressure on branchline, or 

preferably, with turtle tether, and bring the turtle as close 

to the vessel as possible. 

 If entangled and not hooked, use dehooking tools to 

secure unattached hooks. Use clippers to cut the line. 

DO NOT leave line attached. 

 If hooked and entangled, remove the hook first. Then, 

after the hook is removed, proceed to remove all line. 

 All externally embedded hooks should be removed 

without lifting the turtle clear of the water. If hook 

removal is not possible, cut the line at the eye of the hook 

(or as close as possible). 

 If hooked internally: do not attempt to remove hook if the 

hook has been swallowed beyond where the insertion 

point of the barb is visible, or when it appears that the 

hook removal will cause further injury. Remove as much 

of the line and/or hook as possible. 

>>Guidelines for all turtles >> 

 Scan mainline as far ahead as possible to sight turtles in 

advance and reduce likelihood of jerking turtles out of the 

water. 

 Do not get ahead of the mainline while picking up gear. 

This reduces the chance of fouling or running over gear 

and turtle. 

 Upon sighting a turtle: 

♦ Slow vessel and mainline reel speed 

♦ Adjust direction of the vessel to move toward turtle 

♦ Minimize tension on the mainline and branchline with 

the turtle 

 Holding the snap-clip of the branchline with the turtle on it, 

continue to move toward the turtle at a slow speed. STOP 

VESSEL and PUT IN NEUTRAL once turtle is brought 

alongside. 

 Slowly retrieve branchline with turtle, keeping a gentle, 

consistent tension on the line. Avoid tugging or yanking 

line quickly. DO NOT USE GAFFS OR SHARP OBJECTS

in direct contact with the turtle to retrieve it; a gaff may be 

used only to control the line during line removal. 

 Ensure that enough slack is left in the line to keep turtle 

near the vessel, yet in water, until it can be determined 

whether or not it is possible to release turtle in the water, or 

safely bring it aboard.

 If turtle can be safely brought aboard and vessel is 

equipped with “cut-out doors,” use this cut-out area to bring 

turtles aboard to minimize the distance from the water.

 Resuscitate comatose boated turtles as needed, holding 

them for up to 24 hours (keep moist and in the shade) if 

necessary. 

 More information on releasing sea turtles is available in the 

Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with 

Minimal Injury and on the web at: 

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/hms. 

To release turtle (1) STOP VESSEL and place in neutral; 

(2) Ease turtle gently into the water, head first, through cut-out door if so equipped; 

and (3) Observe that turtle is safely away from the vessel before engaging the 

propeller and continuing operations. 

>>Guidelines for boated turtles >>> 

 If possible, bring turtle on board using a suitable dip net 

or other approved lifting device. Support turtle on a 

cushioned surface, such as a tire, while onboard. 

DO NOT LIFT THE TURTLE OUT OF THE WATER 

USING THE BRANCHLINE, GAFF, 

OR OTHER SHARP OBJECTS

 Remove all externally embedded hooks. Internal hooks 

should be removed when the insertion point of the barb is 

clearly visible. Do not remove the hooks that have been 

swallowed when the insertion point is not visible, or when 

it appears hook removal will cause further damage (e.g., 

in the brain case or glottis). Remove as much of the line 

and/or hook as possible. 

Revised 8/2004
12/12/08 
 

 October 2006

>>Guidelines for Handling Gear>>

 Gillnet gear should be set and/or fished to achieve

maximum net tautness. This will prevent turtles from

becoming entangled in the net in the case of an encounter.

Scan net as far ahead as possible to sight turtles in

>>Guidelines for Turtles NOT Boated > 

 If the turtle is too large to be boated, control the turtle with

a turtle tether if possible and bring the turtle close to the

vessel. 

 

Vessel operators are required to check nets every 0.5 to 2

hours (50 CF

advance and reduce the risk of jerking turtles out of the

water. 



R§ 635.21 (e) (3) (vi)). 

 Upon Sighting a Turtle >

 Slow vessel and adjust direction to move towards the

turtle. Once turtle is alongside, place the vessel in neutral.

Slowly retrieve the net, avoiding tugging or yanking

motions. 

 Identify the species of turtle and record when and where

the interaction occurred. 

Try to work the turtle free from the net while the turtle is

next to the boat. Use line cutters/clippers with a handle

extension or first-aid clippers to cut the net off the turtle i

 

f

necessary. Carefully slide the BLUNT END of the line

cutter under the line or net you want to remove. Attempt

to remove any lines or net attached to the turtle. 

>>Guidelines for UNCONSCIOUS Turtles >>

 Place the turtle on its lower shell and elevate its

hindquarters approximately 6 inches to permit the lungs

to drain off water (Figure A). 

 

 Considering the size of the turtle, sea conditions, and

safety of crew, determine whether the turtle can be boated.

(All turtles should be boated if possible.) 

>Guidelines for Turtles Boated >

 Boat the turtle using a dipnet or large turtle hoist. Avoid

pulling up the turtle by the gear it is entangled in, as this

could injure the animal. Gaffs may only be used to control

the fishing gear, DO NOT USE GAFFS OR SHARP

OBJECTS to retrieve the turtle. 

 Keep the skin and eyes moist by covering the turtle with

a moist towel or periodically spraying it with water while it

is onboard. Place the turtle in the shade if necessary,

while maintaining its body temperature above 60°F. 

 Check for muscle reflexes approximately every 3 hours

by touching the eyelid or tail (Figure B). An unconscious,

but live turtle may or may not respond to touch. 

 patient. ea turtles caught and held underwate are

e so rtle

has shown no sign of life before returning to port, or afte

Be S r 

stressed and may tak me time to revive. If the tu

 Support the turtle on a cushioned surface, such as a tire,

while it is onboard. 

 If the turtle cannot easily be disentangled from the net,

carefully cut the net o

r

24 hours on deck, it may safely be considered dead.

Release the turtle in the water in a non-fishing area. 

 A B 

 

ff the turtle. Blunt-sided line

cutters such as first-aid clippers are preferred. If one-sided

cutters/clippers are used, carefully slide the blunt end

under the line or net you want to cut. Attempt to remove

any lines or net attached to the turtle. 

 Identify the species of turtle and record when and where 

the interaction occurred. 

 Contact Information > 

More information on releasing sea turtles is available on the on the web at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/hms and in the 

publication, Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury, which is available on this website. 

Call (301) 713-2347 to obtain a copy of the report or for additional copies of this placard. 

GUIDELINES FOR RELEASING A TURTLE

 (1) STOP VESSEL and place in NEUTRAL; 

 (2) Ease turtle gently into the water, head first, through cut-out door if so equipped; 

 (3) Observe that turtle is safely away from the vessel before engaging the 

 propeller and move 1 nmi before continuing fishing operations. 
12/12/08 
>>Guidelines for all turtles >> >>Guidelines for turtles not boated>>>>





♦

♦

♦











Scan as far as possible to sight turtles in advance and 

reduce likelihood of jerking turtles out of the water. 

Longline Vessels: Do not get ahead of the line while 

picking up gear. This reduces the chance of fouling or 

running over gear and turtle. 

Upon sighting a turtle: 

Slow vessel and line reel speed 

Adjust direction of the vessel to move toward turtle 

Minimize tension on the line with the turtle 

Holding the line with the turtle on it, continue to move 

toward the turtle at a slow speed. STOP VESSEL and PUT 

IN NEUTRAL once turtle is brought alongside. 

Slowly retrieve line with turtle, keeping a gentle, consistent 

tension on the line. Avoid tugging or yanking line quickly. 

DO NOT USE GAFFS OR SHARP OBJECTS in direct 

contact with the turtle to retrieve it; a gaff may be used only 

to control the line during line removal. 

Ensure that enough slack is left in the line to keep turtle 

near the vessel, yet in water, until it can be determined 

whether or not it is possible to release turtle in the water, or 

safely bring it aboard.

If turtle can be safely brought aboard and vessel is 

equipped with “cut-out doors,” use this cut-out area to bring 

turtles aboard to minimize the distance from the water.

Resuscitate comatose boated turtles as needed, holding 

them for up to 24 hours (keep moist and in the shade) if 

necessary. 

More information on releasing sea turtles is available in the 

Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with 

Minimal Injury and on the web at: sero.nmfs.noaa.gov. 











Control turtle by maintaining pressure on line, or 

preferably, with a type of turtle tether, and bring the turtle 

as close to the vessel as possible. DO NOT lift turtles 

clear of the water. 

If entangled and not hooked, use dehooking tools to 

secure unattached hooks. Use clippers to cut the line. 

DO NOT leave line attached. 

If hooked and entangled, remove the hook first. Then, 

after the hook is removed, proceed to remove all line. 

All externally embedded hooks should be removed. If 

hook removal is not possible, cut the line at the eye of the 

hook (or as close as possible). 

Internal hooks should be removed only if an internal 

dehooker is being used. Do not attempt to remove hook 

if the hook has been swallowed beyond where the 

insertion point of the barb is visible, or when it appears 

that the hook removal will cause further injury. Remove 

as much of the line and/or hook as possible. 

>>Guidelines for boated turtles >>> 







If possible, bring turtle on board using a suitable dip net 

or other approved lifting device. Support turtle on a 

cushioned surface, such as a tire, while onboard. 

DO NOT LIFT THE TURTLE OUT OF THE WATER 

USING THE LINE, GAFF, 

OR OTHER SHARP OBJECTS

Remove all externally embedded hooks. 

Internal hooks should be removed when the insertion 

point of the barb is clearly visible and only if an approved 

internal dehooker is being used. Do not remove the 

hooks that have been swallowed when the insertion point 

is not visible, or when it appears hook removal will cause 

further damage (e.g., in the brain case or glottis). 

Remove as much of the line and/or hook as possible. 

To release turtle (1) STOP VESSEL and place in neutral; 

(2) Ease turtle gently into the water, head first, through cut-out door if so equipped; 

and (3) Observe that turtle is safely away from the vessel before engaging the 

propeller and continuing operations. 

See http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/ for additional copies of placard. Revised 10/2006 
Required Item Examples of NMFS Approved Models 

Long-handled line cutter (6ft. or 150 percent of freeboard 

height, which ever is greater) 

LaForce Line Cutter; Arceneaux Line Clipper 

Long-handled1 (6ft. (1.83 m) or 150 percent of 

freeboard height, which ever is greater) dehooker 

for ingested hooks2

ARC Pole Model, BP11 Deep Hooked Dehooker 

Choose At Least 

One 

Long-handled1 (6 ft. (1.83 m) or 150 percent of 

freeboard height) dehooker for external hooks 

ARC 6 ft. Pole Big Game Dehooker Model 6P10; ARC Model LJ6P 

(6 ft. or 1.83 m) 

Dipnet (must have at least 31 in diameter and 

handle may be of variable length) 

ARC Breakdown Lightweight Dipnet Model (DN6P (6 ft.), DNO8 (8 

ft.), or DN14 (12 ft.)); Lindgren Pittman, Inc. Model NMFS-Turtle 

Net; ARC net assembly and Handle (Model DNIN) 

Short Handled Dehooker for Ingested 

Hooks2

ARC 17-in. Hand Held Bite Block Deep Hooked Turtle Dehooking 

Device (Model ST08) 

Choose At Least 

One 

Short Handled Dehooker for External Hooks ARC 16-in Hand Held Large J-style Dehooker (Model LJ07); ARC 

24-in Hand Held Large J-style Dehooker (Model LJ24); or ARC 17-

in. (43.18 cm) Hand Held Bite Block Deep Hooked Turtle Dehooking 

Device (Model STO8); or Scotty’s Dehooker 

Long-nose or Needle-nose Pliers 12 in. S.S. NuMark Model #030281109871; any 12-in. stainless steel 

long or needle-nose pliers 

Bolt Cutter H.K. Porter Model 1490 AC 

Monofilament Line Cutter Jinkai Model MC-T 

Two (2) of the following Mouth Openers and Mouth Gags 

Block of Hard Wood Any block of hard wood or long-handled wire brush (e.g., Olympia 

Tools Model 974174) 

Set of (3) Canine Mouth Gags Jorvet Model 4160, 4162, and 4164 

Set of (2) Sturdy Dog Chew Bones Nylabone©, Gumabone©, or Galileo© (trademarks owned by T. F. H. 

Publications, Inc) 

Set of (2) Rope Loops Covered with Hose Any set of (2) rope loops covered with hose meeting design standards 

Hank of Rope Any size soft braided nylon rope is acceptable, provided it creates a 

hank of rope approximately 2–4 in. thickness 

Set of (4) PVC Splice Couplings A set of (4) Standard Schedule 40 PVC splice couplings (1-in., 1.25-

in., 1.5-in., and 2-in.) 

These Items Required for Any Vessel with a Freeboard Height Greater than 4ft 

These Items Required for Any Vessel with a Freeboard Height of 4ft or 

Less 

Choose At Least Two Different 

Types 

Large Avian Oral Speculum Webster Vet Supply Model (Model 85408); Veterinary Specialty 

Products (Model VSP 216–08); Jorvet (Model J–51z); and Krusse 

(Model 273117) 

Standard Automobile Tire3

Recommended for all vessels 

Any standard automobile tire or other comparable, cushioned, 

elevated surface that allows boated turtles to be immobilized 

Gear 

Recommended3

Long-handled device to pull an ‘‘inverted 

V’’ (6 ft. (1.83 m) or 150 percent of 

freeboard height, which ever is greater) 3

Recommended for vessels with a freeboard 

height greater than 4ft. 

ARC Model LJ6P (6 ft.); ARC Pole Model Deep Hooked Dehooker 

(Model BP11); ARC 6 ft. Pole Big Game Dehooker (Model P610); 

Davis Telescoping Boat Hook (Model 85002A); West Marine Fishing 

Gaff (Model F6H5 with F6–006 handle) 

1 A short–handled dehooker with an appropriate length handle extender will also fulfill this requirement. 2

 A dehooker that is approved for the removal of both internal and external hooks is recommended. Do not attempt to remove 

ingested hooks until you have received training on the proper use of internal dehookers and internal dehooking techniques. 

3 This gear was inadvertently omitted in the final rule due to an error. Therefore, these items are currently not required but 

are recommended. Measures to require these items will be proposed and if approved, they will be required. 

Disclaimer: This placard is meant to help fishermen comply with sea turtle release measures contained in regulations 

published in the Federal Register on August 9, 2006 (71 FR 45428), and select the appropriate required sea turtle release gear 

for their vessel. All sea turtle release gear must meet the specific requirements in 50 CFR 635.21(c)(5)(A-L). Any 

discrepancies between the contents of this guide and the regulations will be resolved in favor of the regulations published in 

the Federal Register or Code of Federal Regulations.

12/12/08 
U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NAT OI NAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRAT OI N If you have one marine mammal interaction, there is

a high likelihood that you will have additional

encounters if you continue fishing in the same area.

Alert other fishermen via radio communication and

MOVE, or wait 48 hours to reset gear rather than

risk further interactions.

• Ensure the crew is ready to assist.

• Avoid abrupt actions or vessel movements that may panic the animal.

• As soon as the opposite side of the mainline is available, use two long gaffs to recover it. DO NOT USE

GAFFS OR SHARP OBJECTS in direct contact with the animal. A gaff should be used only to control the line.

• Move the vessel cautiously, STOP THE VESSEL within range of the marine mammal.

• Gently bring the marine mammal alongside the vessel.

• If a tangle exists:

- Gaff the other side of the mainline and attach it to the vessel or float ball to isolate the vessel

and marine mammal from any tension on the remaining gear in the water

- Work the tangle off the marine mammal as smoothly and quickly as possible

• If the animal is hooked:

- Use a NMFS-approved dehooking device

- Cut the barb off the hook with long-handled bolt cutters

- Cut the line with line cutters as close to the hook as possible

• Remove as much line as possible from the animal.

• DO NOT use a tether, ninja sticks, or other devices more appropriate for dehooking or disentangling sea turtles

to control the animal.

• If a large whale is alive and entangled in fishing gear,

contact the Provincetown Center for Coastal

Studies Disentanglement Hotline at (800) 900-3622

or immediately contact the U.S. Coast Guard at

VHF Ch. 16 for instructions.

-Maneuver the vessel in such a way as to

minimize tension on the line

• If a large whale is dead and on the line, immediately

contact the U.S. Coast Guard at VHF Ch. 16

for instructions.

• Have an identification guide, paper, and camera ready at all times in case of an interaction.

• Document as much information as possible to describe the marine mammal, particularly physical appearance

and potential injuries:

- Animal’s length - Animal’s features to be used for species identification (color pattern, dorsal fin shape, head shape)

- Any gear remaining on the animal (type, placement, color, size, etc.)

- Any existing tags on the animal (description, tag number)

• Take photographs from different angles. Pictures of the head, dorsal fin, and tail are most helpful in species ID. Fishermen should submit these photos to NMFS Office of Protected Resources, along with the

Injury/Mortality Reporting Form.

• Attempt to release the animal with minimal injury (see below).

• After an interaction with a marine mammal:

- Remove remainder of the gear from the water

- Record all injuries and mortalities of marine mammals within 24 hrs of returning to shore on the

NMFS Marine Mammal Injury/Mortality Reporting Form (see below) - Move at least one nautical mile away to avoid further interactions - Alert other fishermen in the area of the presence of marine mammals

• Reporting Requirement: Submit the Marine Mammal Injury/Mortality Reporting Form by fax to (301) 427-2522,

or by mail: NMFS Office of Protected Resources Attn: MMAP, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.

Additional copies of the reporting form may be requested from the same address, or found online at:

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/interactions/mmap_reporting_form.pdf.

Hooked or entangled marine mammals can be

unpredictable. There are inherent human safety

concerns associated with handling/disentangling

marine mammals. Be prudent and safe on the water.

Human safety is paramount.
U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NAT OI NAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRAT OI N

SIZE: 16-18 ft, 4,000-5,000 lbs

BODY: Long robust body,

bulbous head with prominent

melon and slight beak. Sickle-shaped flippers are sharply

pointed and long. Black with white cape behind dorsal fins,

prominent white anchor patch on abdomen between flippers,

very long peduncle.

DIET: Squid and fish.

HABITAT: Pelagic continental shelf edge and slope, submerged

banks; associated with Gulf Stream features.

LONG-FINNED PILOT WHALE 

SIZE: 15-18 ft, 3,000-4,000 lbs

BODY: Long robust body,

flippers gently curved, pointed

and less than one-sixth of body

length, all black, diffuse white anchor patch between fins, very

long dorsal fin.

DIET: Squid and fish.

HABITAT: Tropical, pelagic to coastal; in the Gulf Stream.

SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE 

SIZE: 10-12.5 ft, 500-600 lbs

BODY: Blunt head with

squared melon but no beak.

Vertical crease in forehead.

Light gray back and sides with darker dorsal fin, flippers, and

flukes. White color from scarring, large prominent dorsal fin,

and darker than body. Large black eyes.

DIET: Squid specialist.

HABITAT: Pelagic; continental shelf edge and steep upper

sections of slope; tropical waters.

RISSO’S DOLPHIN

SIZE: 6-12 ft, 330-1,435 lbs

BODY: Short, thick welldefined beak. Coastal form is

shorter and slimmer, offshore

form is larger. Gray with no distinctive color pattern. Dorsal fin

is tall with broad base, located on the middle back.

DIET: Fish, invertebrates, and squid.

HABITAT: Coastal form: shallow, warm inshore waters.

Offshore form: offshore waters of shelf edge and slope.

BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN

SIZE: 10-12 ft, 695-880 lbs

BODY: Robust body with

squared or conical shark-like

head with tiny underslung

lower jaw. Dark gray, lighter down sides to white belly. Pale

crescent-shaped false gill on each side between eye and

flipper. Tiny dorsal fin, located aft of mid-back.

DIET: Squid, fish, and crustaceans.

HABITAT: Pelagic; continental shelf edge, and slope.

PYGMY SPERM WHALE 

SIZE: 4.5-6 ft, 125-145 lbs

BODY: Smallest cetacean in

the U.S. Atlantic. Stocky with

small pointed flippers, no

beak. Dark gray or black on back with lighter sides and white

belly. No distinctive markings. Dorsal fin is small, triangular;

located slightly aft of mid-body.

DIET: Schooling fish and invertebrates.

HABITAT: Coastal, cold waters usually less than 650 ft.

HARBOR PORPOISE

SIZE: 36-52 ft, 25-30 tons

BODY: Flippers long, usually

white, flukes broad with

irregular trailing edge. Black with white on throat and belly.

Small dorsal fin with a broad base, raised bump in front, and

“knuckles” behind. Shows flukes when diving.

DIET: Small schooling fish (herring, sand lance, capelin) 

and krill.

HABITAT: Pelagic and coastal.

HUMPBACK WHALE 

SIZE: 29-33 ft, 5-10 tons

BODY: Small, sleek body,

head is sharply pointed with

a flat rostrum. Flippers

pointed, flukes broad. Black or dark grey, white band on both

flippers. Prominent dorsal fin, two thirds back on body.

DIET: Variety of schooling fish, squid, and zooplankton.

HABITAT: Pelagic, but common in bays and shallow 

coastal waters.

MINKE WHALE 

SIZE: 7-7.5 ft, 220-310 lbs

BODY: Long, thick, white-tipped

beak. Tri-color background,

variable spotting. Dorsal fin is

tall, dark, located on middle back.

DIET: Squid and variety of fish.

HABITAT: Coastal to pelagic. Tropical to warm-temperate

waters over the continental shelf.

ATLANTIC SPOTTED DOLPHIN 

SIZE: 5.2-8.5 ft, 220-255 lbs

BODY: Slender body with long

narrow, white-tipped beak. Bicolor background, distinct

cape is narrow at face, dips deeply forward of dorsal fin. Small

spots develop with age. Dorsal fin is tall and slender.

DIET: Squid and schooling fish.

HABITAT: Pelagic; deep waters seaward of shelf edge, tropical

to warm-temperate waters.

PANTROPICAL SPOTTED DOLPHIN 

SIZE: 7.5-8.5 ft, 155-245 lbs

BODY: Slender body, with long

pointed beak. Black back and

cape form V-shaped saddle,

hourglass pattern on sides: tan patch forward and gray patch

aft. Black beak and eye ring, line from jaw to flipper.

DIET: Variety of fish and squid.

HABITAT: Pelagic; subtropical to temperate waters >100

fathoms.

COMMON DOLPHIN

SIZE: 7-8 ft, 200-330 lbs

BODY: Slender body with

narrow pale tail stock,

moderately long dark beak.

Bold light blaze from shoulder to dorsal fin, black stripe from

eye to anus. Dorsal fin is tall and dark.

DIET: Deepwater squid, fish, and shrimp.

HABITAT: Pelagic; deep waters of continental shelf edge and

slope. Associated with Gulf Stream north wall.

STRIPED DOLPHIN

Illustrations By Garth Mix 2006
Careful Release Protocols for Sea Turtle Release with Minimal Injury 

Ref - 1 12/12/08 

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