United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 97-4151

___________

In re Spirit Holding Company, Inc., *

*

Debtor. *

*

______________________ *

*

Central Hardware Company, Inc., *

*

Appellee, *

*

v. * Appeals from the United States

* District Court for the Eastern

Sherwin-Williams Company, * District of Missouri.

*

Appellant. *

*

______________________ *

*

Peter Lumaghi, *

*

Trustee. *

*

*

*
-2-

___________

No. 97-4353

___________

In re Spirit Holding Company, Inc., *

*

Debtor. *

*

______________________ *

*

Central Hardware Company, Inc., *

*

Appellee, *

*

v. *

*

Walker-Williams Lumber Company, *

*

Appellant. *

*

______________________ *

*

Peter Lumaghi, *

*

Trustee. *

___________

Submitted: June 8, 1998

 Filed: August 28, 1998

___________
The Honorable Owen M. Panner, United States District Judge for the District 1

of Oregon, sitting by designation.

The Honorable George F. Gunn, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern 2

District of Missouri, with respect to Sherwin-Williams; the Honorable Stephen

Nathaniel Limbaugh, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri,

with respect to Walker-Williams.

-3-

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit

Judges, and PANNER, District Judge. 1

___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

Central Hardware Company filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy relief, see

11 U.S.C. §§ 1101-1146, six days after its parent, the Spirit Holding Company, had

filed its own similar petition. These appeals concern two wire transfers, one to the

Sherwin-Williams Company and the other to the Walker-Williams Lumber Company,

that Central made in the interval between the bankruptcy filings of Central and Spirit.

The trustee in bankruptcy sought to avoid the payments as preferential transfers in

violation of 11 U.S.C. § 547, and the bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in

favor of Sherwin-Williams and Walker-Williams. On separate appeals, the district

court reversed the bankruptcy court. The district court opinion with respect to

Sherwin-Williams is unpublished; see In re Spirit Holding Company, Inc., 214 B.R.

891 (E.D. Mo. 1997), with respect to Walker-Williams. Sherwin-Williams and

Walker-Williams appeal the judgments of the district court, and we affirm. 2

I.

The bankruptcy code provides that a trustee in bankruptcy may avoid certain

transfers made 90 days before the petition for bankruptcy is filed, see 11 U.S.C.

§ 547(b), but allows the transferee certain defenses to the trustee's broad avoidance

power, see 11 U.S.C. § 547(c). The question here is whether the payments at issue
-4-

were made in the ordinary course of business, for if they were, they are not subject to

the trustee's power of avoidance. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2).

A transfer by a debtor must have three characteristics before it qualifies as one

made in the ordinary course of business: it must be for a debt incurred in the ordinary

course of business, it must be made in the ordinary course of business of financial

affairs of the debtor and the transferee, and it must be made according to ordinary

business terms. See 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2). The parties here do not dispute the holding

that each of the transfers was for a debt incurred in the ordinary course of business, see

11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(A). The dispute concerns whether the district court properly

held that the transfers at issue do not satisfy the second and third statutory

requirements. Because we hold that those transfers do not satisfy the requirement that

they be made in the ordinary course of business, see 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(B), we need

not consider whether the payments were made according to ordinary business terms,

see 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(C).

We have indicated that " 'there is no precise legal test which can be applied' in

determining whether payments by the debtor during the 90-day period were 'made in

the ordinary course of business; rather, th[e] court must engage in a "peculiarly factual"

analysis.' " Lovett v. St. Johnsbury Trucking, 931 F.2d 494, 497 (8th Cir. 1991),

quoting In re Fulghum Construction Corp., 872 F.2d 739, 743 (6th Cir. 1989), itself

quoting In re First Software Corp., 81 B.R. 211, 213 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1988). " '[T]he

cornerstone of this element of a preference defense is that the creditor needs [to]

demonstrate some consistency with other business transactions between the debtor and

the creditor.' " Lovett, 931 F.2d at 497, quoting In re Magic Circle Energy Corp., 64

B.R. 269, 272 (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 1986).

The legislative history of § 547(c)(2) also provides us with some guidance in

deciding this case. The relevant congressional reports reveal that the purpose of this

section was "to leave undisturbed normal financial relations, because it does not detract
-5-

from the general policy of the preference section to discourage unusual action by either

the debtor or his creditors during the debtor's slide into bankruptcy." S. Rep.

No. 95-989 at 88 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5874; H.R. Rep.

No. 95-595 at 373 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6329.

With these principles in mind, we turn to a consideration of the facts of the cases

before us.

II.

Central purchased paint products and related merchandise from SherwinWilliams for several years prior to filing bankruptcy, and Central typically paid

Sherwin-Williams by check. Central made two payments by wire transfer in 1992,

however, after it exceeded its credit limit and Sherwin-Williams threatened to disrupt

delivery of goods. 

On March 22, 1993, Central sent a check to Sherwin-Williams in payment of

outstanding invoices. The parties do not dispute that the check conformed to the

ordinary financial dealings between the parties, as it was neither unusually large nor

unusually early or late. The next day, Central's parent company petitioned for relief in

bankruptcy court. A day later, Central called Sherwin-Williams to inquire whether it

had received Central's check, and Sherwin-Williams indicated that it had not. On

March 25, Central called Sherwin-Williams again, and Sherwin-Williams stated that

the company still had not received the check. (Although Sherwin-Williams apparently

did not know so at the time, the check had in fact arrived earlier that day.) Central then

informed Sherwin-Williams that it would make the outstanding payment by wire, and

later that day Central indeed wired the money to Sherwin-Williams and stopped

payment on the check. Four days later, Central filed for bankruptcy relief. SherwinWilliams argues that the transfer was made in the ordinary course of business because

there was little evidence that it engaged in an unusual collection effort in the relevant

instance, because the wire transfer was consistent with earlier business transactions
-6-

between Central and Sherwin-Williams, and because even if the wire transfer was

inconsistent, a change in the method of payment is not a sufficient deviation from past

conduct to allow the conclusion that the transfer was not made in the ordinary course

of business.

There was, as Sherwin-Williams points out, little direct evidence of an unusual

collection effort on Sherwin-Williams's part. The testimony, in fact, tended to show

that Central called Sherwin-Williams, not that Sherwin-Williams called Central. A

representative of Sherwin-Williams testified, moreover, that Central proposed on its

own accord to make the wire transfer. But while we understand that proof of an

unusual collection effort has a tendency to show that a transfer occurred outside the

ordinary course of business, see In re Braniff, Inc., 154 B.R. 773, 781-82 (Bankr. M.D.

Fla. 1993), the absence of an unusual collection effort by Sherwin-Williams does not

necessarily make the transfer an ordinary one. It means only that we will not find that

the transfer was not ordinary on account of Sherwin-Williams's collection effort. 

The relevant legislative history, as we have already noted, states that the

ordinary-course-of-business exception discourages unusual action "by either the debtor

or his creditors." S. Rep. No. 95-989 at 88, reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5874;

H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6329. Our cases, too, focus

not narrowly on the collection effort by the creditor but broadly on the consistency

between the transfer at issue and other business transactions between the debtor and

the creditor. See Lovett, 931 F.2d at 497-99. Thus, even assuming that Central acted

on its own initiative, we must determine whether that initiative comported with the

ordinary course of financial transactions carried on between Central and SherwinWilliams.

Sherwin-Williams maintains that the wire transfer at issue was indeed consistent

with the ordinary course of financial transactions between it and Central. For this

proposition, Sherwin-Williams relies upon the fact that Central had made two previous
-7-

payments to Sherwin-Williams by wire transfer. If Central had done it before, the

argument runs, then doing it again cannot fail to be ordinary. This argument, while

superficially appealing, overlooks the facts surrounding those earlier wire transfers. A

representative of Central testified that each of the 1992 wire transfers was made

because Central had substantially exceeded its credit limit and Sherwin-Williams was

threatening to withhold goods. One may therefore conclude that a wire transfer is an

ordinary financial transaction in this case insofar as it is a response by Central to a

threat by Sherwin-Williams to withhold goods. But, as we noted above, and as

Sherwin-Williams itself asserted, there is little evidence that Sherwin-Williams

employed any unusual collection effort with respect to the 1993 payment. Given the

evidence of the parties' past financial dealings, we believe it is clear that a wire transfer

was not the ordinary means to respond to a normal invoice; a wire transfer would be

ordinary only in a factual context that Sherwin-Williams itself denies existed in regard

to the payment at issue.

Furthermore, as the district court recognized, the transfer at issue was not merely

a wire transfer. The transfer was originally attempted by check and was only

subsequently effected by wire. There was no evidence that Central had an ordinary

practice of issuing checks to Sherwin-Williams to pay invoices and then stopping

payment on those checks and sending a wire transfer in their place. Indeed, such a

replacement, taking place during the week between Central's parent company's

bankruptcy filing and its own, leads this court to the same conclusion that the district

court reached, namely, that the wire transfer was a preference of one creditor over

others. 

Sherwin-Williams maintains that the change in a method of payment, standing

alone, is an insufficient deviation from past practices to take a payment out of the

ordinary course of business. Bankruptcy courts seem to be somewhat divided on this

question. Compare In re Valley Steel Corp., 182 B.R. 728, 737-38 (Bankr. W.D. Va.

1995) (holding that payment by wire transfers was not in the ordinary course of
-8-

business because the debtor had always paid by check before), with In the Matter of

Brown Transport Truckload, Inc., 161 B.R. 735, 740 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 1993) (holding

that the changes in the method of payment by a debtor are not enough to make the

business relationship not ordinary). While this may be an interesting question, we need

not decide it today. We are not presented with a change in the form of payment alone;

instead, Central replaced a check it had already issued with a wire transfer. Under the

circumstances of this case, we believe that the wire transfer from Central to SherwinWilliams represented a sufficient deviation from past dealings that the wire transfer

cannot qualify as a payment made in the ordinary course of business.

III.

Walker-Williams sold lumber products to Central for several years prior to

Central's bankruptcy filing, and prior to the transfer at issue here, Central normally paid

Walker-Williams by check. On March 22, 1993, Central sent a check to WalkerWilliams in payment of outstanding invoices. The parties do not dispute that the check

conformed to the ordinary financial dealings between the parties, as it was neither

unusually large nor unusually early or late. The next day, Central's parent company

petitioned for relief in bankruptcy court, and the day after that, Walker-Williams

contacted Central to inquire about the effect on Central of its parent's bankruptcy.

Although there is no evidence that Walker-Williams requested it to do so, Central

offered to replace the check with a wire transfer, and did so the next day.

Walker-Williams argues that the wire transfer was made in the ordinary course

of business because there was little evidence of an unusual collection effort on WalkerWilliams's part and that a change in the method of payment was not a sufficient

deviation from past conduct to allow the conclusion that the transfer was not made in

the ordinary course of business. Walker-Williams thus makes arguments similar to

those of Sherwin-Williams on similar facts, and we reject those arguments for the

reasons that we gave in rejecting Sherwin-Williams's. Under the circumstances of this

case, we believe that the wire transfer from Central to Walker-Williams was a sufficient
-9-

deviation from past dealings that the payment cannot qualify for the ordinarycourse-of-business exception to the general rule of preference avoidance. 

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the district court. 

A true copy.

Attest:

 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.