FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,  No. 04-10504

Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No.

v. CR-01-40120-DLJ 

JOSE ARREOLA, ORDER AND

Defendant-Appellant. AMENDED

OPINION 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

D. Lowell Jensen, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted

February 16, 2006—San Francisco, California

Filed April 26, 2006

Amended November 8, 2006

Before: J. Clifford Wallace, Michael Daly Hawkins, and

Sidney R. Thomas, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge Thomas

18345
COUNSEL

Marc J. Zilversmit, San Francisco, California, for appellant

Arreola.

Deborah R. Douglas, Assistant United States Attorney, San

Francisco, California, for appellee United States.

ORDER

The panel has decided to amend the opinion filed April 26,

2006. A substituted amended opinion is filed concurrently

with this order. 

18348 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
With the filing of the amended opinion, the panel has voted

to deny the petition for rehearing. Judge Thomas has voted to

deny the petition for rehearing en banc, and Judge Wallace

and Judge Hawkins so recommend. 

The full court has been advised of the petition for rehearing

en banc, and no active judge has requested a vote whether to

rehear the matter en banc. Fed. R. App. P. 35. 

The petition for rehearing is DENIED, and the petition for

rehearing en banc is DENIED. No further petitions for rehearing or rehearing en banc will be allowed.

OPINION

THOMAS, Circuit Judge: 

In this appeal, we consider whether in using the phrases

“possesses” and “uses or carries,” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)

defines two offenses or two means of committing a single

offense. We conclude that the statute defines one offense, and

affirm the judgment of the district court. 

I

Jose Arreola appeals his conviction for the use of a firearm

during the commission of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The circumstances that led to his

conviction began in April 2001, when Arreola met Roberto

Martinez, an undercover police officer, in a Taco Bell parking

lot in Oakland. Arreola invited Martinez into his gold Ford

Expedition. When Martinez got into the car, Arreola was

seated in the second of three rows of seats. Two of Arreola’s

associates were seated in the front seats, and a confidential

informant was seated with Arreola. Arreola offered to sell

Martinez seventy ounces of heroin. Martinez asked Arreola to

UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18349
wait while he got the money to pay for the heroin. Martinez

exited the Expedition, supposedly to obtain the necessary

cash, and gave an arrest signal to officers waiting nearby.

Arreola and his two associates were arrested. 

After the arrests, officers searched the Expedition and

found a loaded .45 caliber “Combat Elite” semiautomatic

handgun in the glove compartment. The handgun was positioned such that “someone sitting in the front passenger’s seat

would . . . have easy access to” the gun. However, it would

have been more difficult to access the gun from the middle

row of seats when there were people sitting in the front seats.

When officers searched Arreola upon his arrest, they found

an extra magazine clip in his pocket. In a statement to the

officers, Arreola explained, “I bought the Colt Commander

.45 semi-automatic gun from the street for two-hundred dollars. I usually carry the gun for protection since I have a lot

of encounters with gang members.” 

On July 19, 2001, in Count Three of a six-count Indictment, the government charged that: 

On or about April 27, 2001, in the Northern District

of California, the defendant 

JOSE ARREOLA,

did knowingly and intentionally possess a firearm

during and in relation to the drug trafficking crimes

set forth in Counts One and Two of this Indictment

. . . . 

The government filed a Superceding Indictment on December

6, 2001. The Superceding Indictment amended Count Three

to read:

On or about April 27, 2001, in the Northern District

of California, the defendant

18350 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
JOSE ARREOLA

did knowingly and intentionally use and carry the

firearm discussed below during and in relation to,

and possessed the same firearm in furtherance of the

drug trafficking crimes set forth in Counts One and

Two of this Indictment . . . . 

When the district court asked the prosecutor to state the difference between the two indictments, the prosecutor

responded that “the government has simply added the — language or the theory of carrying the firearm in addition to possessing the firearm.” 

In its closing argument, the government argued repeatedly

that the jury could convict Arreola if it found “beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed one or both of the

following: number one, that he carried the .45 caliber semiautomatic handgun during and in relation to a drug-trafficking

crime; or two, defendant possessed the same firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime.” Similarly, defense

counsel argued that the jury could not convict unless it found

that “the defendant knowingly carried or possessed a .45 caliber semiautomatic handgun” and that “the defendant carried

the firearm during and in relation to or possessed the firearm

in furtherance of the drug-trafficking crime as charged in

Count 1 of the indictment.” 

After the parties finished their respective closing arguments, the judge instructed the jury. Prior to trial, the government had proposed to instruct the jury that it could convict on

the § 924(c) count only if it found that Arreola knowingly

committed the underlying drug crime and that he “knowingly

carried a .45 caliber semi-automatic handgun, Combat Elite

Brand, during and relation to, or possessed the same firearm

in furtherance of, the drug-trafficking crime set forth in Count

Two of the Superceding Indictment.” The government’s

instruction was based on the fact that “[t]he government is

proceeding on two different theories . . . . One is that

UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18351
[Arreola] carried the handgun during and in relation to a drug

trafficking crime. That’s one theory. And the other one is that

he knowingly possessed the same firearm in furtherance of a

drug-trafficking crime.” After some discussion about the possible overlap between “use and carry” and “possess,” the

court and the parties agreed not to treat them as “though

they’re two separate counts under 924(c).” 

Ultimately, the judge instructed the jury that it could convict Arreola if it found that he committed the underlying drug

offense, he “knowingly carried or possessed a .45 caliber

semi-automatic handgun,” and he “carried the firearm during

and in relation to, or possessed the firearm in furtherance of

the drug-trafficking crime as charged in Count One of the

Indictment.” In its closing instructions, the court gave the jury

a general unanimity instruction: “The law requires that any

verdict you return must be unanimous.” The court’s

instructions—a copy of which was in the jury room—differed

slightly from the verdict form, which stated, “We, the jury,

find the defendant [guilty/not guilty] of possessing or carrying

a firearm in relation to, or in furtherance of, a drug trafficking

crime as charged in Count Two of the Indictment.” 

The jury convicted Arreola, and he was sentenced to 190

months in prison. This timely appeal followed. 

II

[1] The central question in this appeal is whether 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A) defines one offense or two. Section 924(c)

provides that “any person who, during and in relation to any

. . . drug trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a firearm, or

who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm”

shall be subject to certain minimum sentences. 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A). 

[2] In analyzing this question, we are assisted by the

Supreme Court’s guidance in Bell v. United States, 349 U.S.

18352 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
81 (1955), which “laid down a presumption against construing statutes so as to lead to multiple punishment.” United

States v. UCO Oil Co., 546 F.2d 833, 837 (9th Cir. 1976). In

Bell, the Court explained that 

[w]hen Congress leaves to the Judiciary the task of

imputing to Congress an undeclared will, the

ambiguity should be resolved in favor of lenity . . . .

It may fairly be said to be a presupposition of our

law to resolve doubts in the enforcement of a penal

code against the imposition of a harsher punishment.

349 U.S. at 83. The fact that “a statute encompasses various

modes of violation requiring different elements of proof . . .

does not compel” the conclusion that the statute creates separate offenses. UCO Oil, 546 F.2d at 838. 

[3] In determining whether the statute at issue creates separate offenses, or simply describes alternative means to commit

the same crime, we employ the analytical framework established in UCO Oil. Under UCO Oil, we consider “several relevant factors,” including: (1) “language of the statute itself,”

(2) “the legislative history and statutory context,” (3) the type

of conduct proscribed, and (4) the “appropriateness of multiple punishment for the conduct charged in the indictment.” Id.

at 836-838. Applying those factors to this case, it is clear that

§ 924(c) creates only one offense. 

A

[4] Under UCO Oil, we first examine the language of the

statute itself. The critical language of § 924(c) applies to any

person who “uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance

of any such crime, possesses a firearm.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A). The statute does not simply list the prohibited

activities—using, carrying, or possessing a firearm. Rather, it

separates the “uses or carries” provision from the “possesses”

provision, placing each in its own clause, separated by a disUNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18353
junctive, “or.” As a matter of grammatical construction, the

use of the disjunctive indicates that Congress was addressing

two separate acts. United States v. Combs, 369 F.3d 925, 931

(6th Cir. 2004) (“The two prongs of the statute are separated

by the disjunctive ‘or,’ which, according to the precepts of

statutory construction, suggests the separate prongs must have

different meanings.”); see also United States v. Pleasant, 125

F. Supp. 2d 173 (E.D. Va. 2000), aff’d 48 Fed. Appx. 909 (4th

Cir. 2002) (“The use of a second relative pronoun, the presence of a second dependent clause and the choice of different

modifiers for the prohibited conduct confirm that the second

prohibited act is quite distinct from the first.”).While it is

clear that the statute proscribes two distinct acts, it is not clear

from the statutory language that each act is a separate offense.

Congress could have chosen in enacting the statute to create

separate sub-parts, which would have presented a stronger

argument that it creates separate offenses, but it did not.

Rather, Congress placed both the “uses or carries” provision

and the “possesses” provision in the same sentence. 

Moreover, the punishments associated with a violation of

§ 924(c) do not vary according to whether the defendant violated § 924(c) by “using or carrying” or by “possessing.”

Rather, the punishments vary according to whether the defendant “brandished” or “discharged” a firearm, where brandishing and discharging are set out, as sentencing factors, in

separate subsections of § 924(c). 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i),

(ii), (iii). 

[5] Therefore, while it is clear, as the courts held in Pleasant and Combs, that § 924(c) names two distinct acts, it does

not create two separate offenses. Rather, it identifies two

ways in which a defendant could violate § 924(c). See United

States v. Street, 66 F.3d 969, 974 (8th Cir. 1995) (“The statute

lists all of the acts of violation in one sentence, and imposes

a single penalty for all of them, a construction which indicates

that Congress did not mean to create more than one offense.”

(internal quotations omitted)). 

18354 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
B

[6] Analysis of the legislative history does not conclusively

support either interpretation, but tends to suggest that Congress intended to create a single offense. In 1998, Congress

amended § 924(c) in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 (1995), which

held that the “uses or carries” provision of § 924(c) did not

encompass mere possession. 516 U.S. at 143 (requiring the

government “to show an active employment of the firearm by

the defendant, a use that makes the firearm an operative factor

in relation to the predicate offense”). See also 18 U.S.C. § 924

(1997) (mentioning “uses or carries” but not possession). 

In the first draft of Senate Bill 191, the Senate proposed to

add the term “possesses” to the existing version of § 924 so

that it read, “any person who, during and in relation to any . . .

drug trafficking crime . . . , uses, carries, or possesses a firearm . . . .” S. 191 Version One, 105th Cong. (1997). In its bill,

H.R. 424 Version 1, 105th Cong. (1997), the House proposed

to replace the phrase “uses or carries” with “possesses”

because “[t]he word ‘possession’ has a broader meaning than

either ‘uses’ or ‘carries,’ thus reversing the restrictive effect

of the Bailey decision.” H.R. REP. NO. 105-344 at *6 (1997).

In a second draft, the House bill named three distinct firearms offenses, each in different subsections. H.R. 424 Version

2, 105th Cong. (1997).1 The bill included subsections covering one who “possesses a firearm in furtherance of the crime,”

1The House bill, in pertinent part, provided: 

(1) A person who, during and in relation to a crime of . . . drug

trafficking . . . 

(A) possesses a firearm in furtherance of the crime . . . 

(B) brandishes a firearm . . . 

(C) discharges a firearm . . . 

H.R. 424 Version 2, 105th Congress (1997). 

UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18355
“brandishes a firearm,” and “discharges a firearm.” Id. The

Report of the House Committee on the Judiciary explained

that it modified “possesses” with “in furtherance of the crime”

even though 

the distinction between “in furtherance of” and “during and in relation to” is a subtle one, and may initially prove troublesome for prosecutors.

Nevertheless, the Committee believes that “in furtherance of” is a slightly higher standard, and

encompasses the “during and relation to” language.

* * *

The government must clearly show that a firearm

was possessed to advance or promote the commission of the underlying offense. The mere presence of

a firearm in an area where a criminal act occurs is

not a sufficient basis for imposing this particular

mandatory sentence. 

H.R. REP. NO. 105-344 at *11-12. See also 144 CONG. REC.

S12671 (Daily Ed. Oct. 16, 1998, statement of Sen. DeWine)

(“I believe that the ‘in furtherance’ language is a slightly

higher standard that encompasses ‘during and in relation to’

language, by requiring an indication of helping forward, promote, or advance a crime.”). 

Both houses of Congress initially applied the “during and

in relation to” standard to possession of a firearm. In the end,

however, the amendment to § 924(c) retained the “uses or carries” provision separately from the “possesses” provision, and

attached the more stringent “in furtherance of” requirement to

possession. Arreola argues that the final structure of § 924(c)

suggests that Congress deliberately intended to set forth the

separate offense of possession, one that was not included in

the original statute according to the Supreme Court’s definition in Bailey. 

18356 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
[7] While the legislative history suggests that Congress

intended to differentiate a defendant who “possesses” a firearm in “furtherance of” a crime from one who “uses or carries” a firearm “during and relation to” a crime, it is far from

clear that Congress intended to create separate offenses. On

the contrary, it appears that Congress structured § 924(c) as it

did to assuage the fear of some members of Congress and “assure that someone who possesses a gun that has nothing to do

with the crime does not fall under 924(c).” 144 CONG. REC.

S12670 (statement of Sen. DeWine). See also 144 CONG. REC.

H532 (Daily Ed. Feb. 24, 1998, statement of Rep. Waters)

(“If a young man 19 or 20 years old maybe goes out to hunt

and they have got a hunting rifle and they happen to have 5

ounces of crack cocaine inside their jacket pocket, they have

a gun, . . . , they are in possession of drugs, first-time offense

on the possession of the cocaine, 5 years minimum in Federal

prison added to this with a gun, the hunting gun, now 15

years. Is that what the gentleman understands this bill to

be?”); id. at H534 (statement of Rep. McCollum) (“If indeed

the person possesses a gun, the simple possession of it during

the course of while that is going on, if it is not in furtherance

of that crime, it is not going to trigger the additional mandatory minimum. And it is not a gray area at all.”). Moreover,

the fact that Congress chose not to adopt the House bill—

which explicitly proscribed separate offenses—suggests that

Congress did not intend to separate § 924(c) into multiple

offenses. Therefore, the legislative history does not support

the conclusion that Congress intended to create two separate

offenses in § 924(c). 

C

The third UCO Oil factor is whether the statute proscribes

“distinctly different kinds of conduct,” or whether the proscribed conduct is “regarded as [falling] within the conventional understanding” of one crime. 546 F.2d at 837. Where

the proscribed acts “merge into each other, blurring any conceptual distinctions,” it is less likely that the statute creates

UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18357
separate offenses. Id. (holding that “the making of false statements and the concealment of a material fact by trick, scheme

and device” are not separate offenses). 

[8] In this case, the statute mentions two types of conduct,

which require different proof: 

What the statute proscribes as conduct in the first

clause is the use or carrying of a gun during (a temporal connection) and in relation to (a substantive

connection) a predicate crime. What the statute proscribes in the second clause is possessing a gun in

furtherance of (with a particular purpose of advancing) the specified crime. 

Pleasant, 125 F. Supp. 2d at 182-83. 

Turning to the first clause of § 924(c), to prove that a

defendant used a firearm, the government must “show an

active employment of the firearm by the defendant, a use that

makes the firearm an operative factor in relation to the predicate offense.” Bailey, 516 U.S at 143. To prove that a defendant carried a firearm, the government must show that the

defendant carried a firearm on his person or “knowingly possesse[d] and convey[ed] firearms in a vehicle.” United States

v. Foster, 165 F.3d 689-692 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125 (1998)). The use or carrying of a firearm relates to the underlying drug offense where

the firearm “facilitated or had a role in the crime.” United

States v. Streit, 962 F.2d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 1992). 

Turning to the second clause, to prove that a defendant possessed a gun in furtherance of a drug offense, the government

must show “that the defendant possessed the weapon to promote or facilitate the underlying crime . . . . In other words,

this element of § 924(c) turns on the intent of the defendant.”

United States v. Krouse, 370 F.3d 965, 967 (9th Cir. 2004).

18358 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
[9] The two types of conduct that § 924(c) proscribes are

difficult to distinguish conceptually. First, under Foster, a

defendant may satisfy the “carries” prong of the first clause

if he “possesses” a firearm in his car, which undoubtedly

overlaps with the “possesses” prong of the second clause.

Second, “during and in relation to” and “in furtherance of”

require similar proof. As the House Report acknowledged,

“the distinction between ‘in furtherance of’ and ‘during and

in relation to’ is a subtle one, and may initially prove troublesome for prosecutors.” 105 H.R. REP. 105-344 at 12. The similarity between the evidence necessary to prove a violation of

the first clause of § 924(c) and the evidence necessary to

prove a violation of the second suggests that § 924(c) proscribes only one offense. 

D

[10] The final UCO Oil factor is the “appropriateness of

multiple punishment for the conduct charged in the indictment.” 546 F.2d at 837-838. In considering this factor, we

bear in mind the Supreme Court’s admonition in Bell to avoid

construing statutes in a way that would lead to multiple punishment. We also note that the fact that “a statute encompasses various modes of violation requiring different elements

of proof . . . does not compel” the conclusion that the statute

creates separate offenses. UCO Oil, 546 F.2d at 838. 

[11] Applying this rule to § 924(c), it would seem absurd

to permit multiple punishment of a defendant who violates

both the “uses or carries” clause and the “possesses” clause.

Consider the following scenario: a drug dealer goes to meet

a buyer, much like Arreola did in this case. He possesses a

gun and intends to use it if a buyer does not pay him. For that

conduct, he is guilty of violating the “possesses” clause of

§ 924(c). Once he gives the buyer the requested drugs, and the

buyer refuses to pay, the drug dealer tells the buyer that he

has a gun and will use it if the buyer does not give him the

money. For threatening the buyer with the gun, the drug

UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18359
dealer is guilty of violating the “uses or carries” clause of

§ 924(c). Were the two clauses of § 924(c) held to be separate

offenses, the drug dealer could be punished twice for one contiguous act. Congress, when it revised § 924(c) after the

Supreme Court’s decision in Bailey, is unlikely to have

intended such a result. The more logical conclusion is that

Congress intended to widen the means of proving a single

offense. 

E

[12] In sum, applying the UCO Oil factors, we conclude

that § 924(c)(1)(A) defines only one offense. We are mindful

that the Sixth Circuit has reached a contrary conclusion, finding the presence of a different standard of proof persuasive.

See Combs, 269 F.3d at 932-33. However, as we have noted,

the standards of proof are not so dissimilar as to indicate that

Congress intended to create two separate offenses, as opposed

to identifying two ways in which a person could commit a

single offense. Our construction of the statute, we respectfully

suggest, appropriately applies the presumption against multiple punishment for a single act, is true to the plain meaning

of the statute and its legislative history, and is a more logical

interpretation of the distinct acts as falling within the conventional understanding of one crime. 

III

Applying our statutory interpretation to the case at hand,

we must reject the arguments Arreola urges on appeal. Where

a defendant fails to object to an indictment as duplicitous

before trial and fails to object to the court’s jury instructions

at trial, we review for plain error under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b). United States v. Technic Servs., 314 F.3d

1031, 1040 (9th Cir. 2002). We will reverse for plain error

“only if clear error prejudiced the defendant’s substantial

rights so as to affect seriously the fairness or integrity of the

judicial proceedings.” United States v. Savage, 67 F.3d 1435,

18360 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA
1439 (9th Cir. 1995). Moreover, in order to reverse under the

plain error standard, it must be “highly probable that the error

affected the verdict.” United States v. Chang, 207 F.3d 1169,

1175 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Kessi, 868 F.2d

1097, 1103 (9th Cir. 1989)). When reviewing jury instructions

in particular, we consider the jury instructions as a whole in

the context of the trial. United States v. Mal, 942 F.2d 682,

686 (9th Cir. 1991). 

A

[13] The district court’s instructions did not violate

Arreola’s Sixth Amendment right to a unanimous jury verdict.

Jury instructions based on a duplicitous indictment may permit a jury to render a guilty verdict “without having reached

a unanimous verdict on the commission of a particular

offense,” in violation of a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right

to a unanimous jury verdict. UCO Oil, 546 F.2d at 835. However, this question is controlled by whether an indictment and

resulting jury instructions charge two separate offenses in one

count, or merely state multiple ways of committing the same

offense. Having concluded that the statute defines a single

offense, the indictment against Arreola was not duplicitous.

Therefore, the jury instructions mirroring the language of the

indictment did not violate Arreola’s Sixth Amendment rights.

B

There was no plain error in use of the jury verdict form.2

Arreola argues that the use of the form amounted to a con2Yeti by Molly LTD v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1109

(9th Cir. 2001), we held that failure to object contemporaneously to a verdict form waives the issue. However, Yeti is not controlling here because

Yeti was a civil case. In criminal cases, “[a] plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the

court’s attention.” FED. R. CRIM. P. 52(b). There is no corresponding rule

in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 

UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA 18361
structive amendment of the indictment in violation of his Fifth

Amendment right to a grand jury. 

[14] A defendant in a felony trial can only be convicted of

charges upon which a grand jury has returned an indictment.

An indictment is constructively amended where “the evidence

presented at trial, together with the jury instructions, raises the

possibility that the defendant was convicted of an offense

other than that charged in the indictment.” Streit, 962 F.2d at

899-900. In this case, the jury verdict form erroneously permitted the jury to convict Arreola if it found that he possessed

a firearm during and in relation to a drug crime, an act that

§ 924(c) does not criminalize. However, considering the jury

verdict form in light of the court’s instructions and the trial as

a whole, it is not likely that error in the jury verdict form

affected the jury’s decision to convict. 

[15] The trial judge properly instructed jurors that they

could only convict if they found that Arreola “carried the firearm during and in relation to, or possessed the firearm in furtherance of the drug trafficking crime.” The prosecutor and

Arreola’s counsel reiterated this requirement multiple times

throughout their closing statements. The jurors had a copy of

the instructions, correctly stating the requirements for a guilty

verdict, in the jury room. We therefore hold that the verdict

form did not constructively amend the indictment. 

AFFIRMED.

18362 UNITED STATES v. ARREOLA