R epo r

t # E PA 1­ 2008

Avi at i o n O i l L ea d C o n t en t A n a ly s i s

J a n uar y 2, 2008

T o dd L

. Pe t ers en

Pet ers en Avi at i o n

, I n c.

M i n d e n

, Ne b r as ka

to dd@ gt m c. net

308­ 832­ 2200I n No v e m b er a n d De ce m ber 2007, s a m p l es o f us e d avi at i o n o i l w ere co l l ec t ed at t h

r ee Neb r as k a a i r p o r t s

. T h e

s a m p l es we r e t ake n f r o m a i r p l a nes us i ng 100L L e xc l u s i ve l y

. T en s a m p l es were o b t ai ned an d s u bs equ en t l y

an a ly z ed f o r l ea d at t h e en d o f Dec e m ber. Sam p l e e l e v e n co ns i s t ed o f n ew

, un us ed A ero s he l l 100 W

. Avi at i o n

L a b s i n K e nner, L A d i d t h e ana ly s i s

. R es u l

t s o f t he an a ly s i s m a y b e r ea c h ed o n t h e I n

t ern et by go i n g to :

h t t p:/ /avl a b

. co m /a na l y s i s / l o g i n/de f au l t

. as p T h e C us to m er C o de i s “ pt r av ”. I n s ert “ pt r av

­ a” f

o r en g i n e se r i a l

n u m ber.

R es u l t s o f t h e a n a ly s i s are s h o wn o n t h e att ac h ed gr aph s

. T h e o i l i s de li nea t ed by e n g i ne t y

pe, n u m be r o f h o ur s

o n t h e o i l s i nce t h e pr evi o us o i l c h a n g e, an d by t h e en g i ne s u m

p ca pac i t y

.

Sa m p l e J

, f r o m a L y co m i ng 0­ 320­ D2J

­ 160h p en g in e w i t h 100 h o ur s r ep o r t ed s i n ce t h e pr evi o us o i l c h a n ge

s h o we d t h e hi g h es t l ea d co n t en t a t 10286 ppm

. Sam p l e G, a L y co m i ng 0­ 235­ L 2C

, al s o wi t h 100 h o ur s o n t h e

o i l

, t es t ed o u t a t 5797 ppm

. T h e en g i ne w i t h t h e l e as t am o un t o f l ea d was s a m p l e C, a L yco m i ng 0­ 320 wi t h 20

h o ur s o n t h e o i l

. T hi s s a m p l e t es t ed ou t a t 1726 pp m

. T h e u n us ed o i l co n t a i n ed o nly 226 pp m o f l ea d

.

L ea d a n d l ea d by

­ pr o duct s b ot h i n t h e e xh aus t bl o w­by ga s a n d i n r aw f

ue l e v e n t ua l ly wo r k t h e i r wa y i n t o t h e

o i l

. Va r i at i o ns i n l e ad co n t en t o f t h e sa m p l e s d i s c us s ed h ere i n m a y b e att r i b ut ed to a n

u m b er o f f ac t o r s

. H o w

t h e pi l o t l ea n s t h e m i x t ur e a n d wh e n h a s an im

pac t o n h o w m u c h l ea d i s r et a i n ed w i t hi n t he en g i ne as o pp o s ed

to b e i n g e j ec t ed t h r o u gh t h e exh aus t

. E l e vat i o n a nd den s i t y a l t i t ude are am o n g t h e f a cto r s t h at i nf l ue n ce h o w a

p i l o t l ea ns t h e m i x t ur e. L o ca t i o n w i t hi n t h e f li g h t env e l o pe, c l im b, cru i s e, dec en t f o r l a n d i ng, a l s o di ct a t e

l ea ni ng pr o ce dur es

. T h es e f ac t o r s ch an ge co ns t an tly

. M i x t ur e an d t h r ott l e s et t i n gs us ed b et wee n l a nd i n g a n d

en g i ne s h ut do wn an d dur i n g e n g i ne war m up b e f o r e f li g h t

, al s o i nf l u e n ce s t h e a m o u n t o f l ea d r et a i n e d wi t hi n a n

en g i ne a n d t h ere f o r e t h e a m o un t o f l ea d t h at ul t i mat el y i s t r an s f err ed to t h e o i l

.

So m e p i l o t s us e a gas o l i ne add i t i ve m ade by Al co r ca l l ed T C B to r educ e s park pl

ug f o u l i ng whe n us i n g 100L L

. T C B l ade n f ue l t h ere f o r e co n t ai n s m o r e l ea d s c ave n ger t h an w h at i s i n c l ud ed i n a s t an dard ga l l o n o f 100L L

. He n c e i t i s ex p ec t ed t h at l es s l e ad wo ul d b e r et ai n e d i n a n e n g i ne co n s u mi ng t hi s add i

t i ve. I t i s un k n o wn

wh et h er o r n ot any o f t h e o i l s a m p l ed wa s us ed i n en g i ne s co n s u mi ng T C B l ade n 100L L

.

I t s h o ul d b e n ot ed t h at s am p l e s J an d G, are b ot h f li g h t s ch o o l a i r p l a n e s

. S t uden t pi l o t s are co n s i dere d l es s

li ke ly t o p r o perl y l ea n t h e en g i ne s i nce t h e y are s t i ll l e arni ng. S t uden

t s wi ll a l s o b e s h o ot i n g n u m ero us t ake o f f s

an d l a n d i ngs a n d f o r t h e m o s t par t

, t hi s w ill b e do ne w i t h t h e m i x t ur e f u ll r i c h

. Fl i g h t s ch o o l s f r eque nt l y h a ve

t h e i r a i r p l a n e s o n a 100­ h o u r m a i n t e n a n c e r ot a t i o n an d w il l t h ere f o r e ch a n ge o i l at 100­ h o ur i n t erv a l s b ec aus e i t

i s co nv e ni e n t

. T h e st an dard r ec o m m e n dat i o n h o wev er i s 50­ h o ur i n t erv a l o i l c h a n ge a n d f il t er r ep l ac e m e n t f o r

en g i ne s us i ng a f u ll

­ f l o w f il t r at i o n s y s t e m a n d 25­ h o ur i n t erv a l s f o r pr es s ur e sc r ee n s y s t e m s

.

E n g i nes o r i g i na lly r at ed o n 80/87 o c t an e w i l l s h o w i ncreas ed a m o u n

t s o f l ea d i n t h e o i l w h e n t h e y are

co n s u m i ng 100L L

. M o r e f r eque n t o i l c h a n ge s are r ec o m m e n ded f o r t h es e e n g i nes

. Sa m p l es B

, C

, D, E

, an d H

ca m e f r o m e n g i nes o r i g i na lly r at ed o n 80/87 o c t an e. T h e f

i r s t f o ur o f t h es e s a m p l es h a v e r e l at i v e ly lo w h o u r s

s i nce t h e pr evi o us o i l c h a n ge a n d t hi s m i g h

t b e att r i but ed to t h e pi l o t s de l i berat e l y co n duct i n g m o r e f

r eque n t o i l

ch a n g es as per t h e r ec o m m e n dat i o ns

. Do i n g s o i s a l s o i n t en ded as a m ea n s o f r educ i ng co r r o s i o n i nheren

t i n

en g i ne s t h at are n ot o pe r a t ed f r eque n t l y

.

R es pec t f u lly s u bm i t t ed.

T o dd L

. Pe t ers en

Pet ers en Avi at i o n

, I n cE n g i ne M o de l L ea d

­

Par t s per

M i lli o n Ho ur s Su m p

C apa c i t y

­ Qua r t s

A    C o nt IO

‐ 3 60 24 5 3 50 8

B Co nt 0

‐ 30 0 36 0 5 25 8

C    Lyc 0‐ 3 20 17 2 6 20 8

D    Lyc 0‐ 3 20 29 1 1 20 8

E    Co nt C8 5 37 4 7 21 4.5

F    Lyc IO‐ 3 6 0 20 1 7 40 8

G Lyc 0‐ 2 35 L 2C 57 9 7 10 0 6

H Co nt 0

‐ 3 00 44 5 6 40 8

I    C o nt IO

‐ 55 0 55 3 6 50 12

J Lyc 0‐ 3 2 0 D2 J 10 2 8 6 10 0 8

K Ne w U nu s e d

O il 22 6 0 0