# Patent

## Title
Self-luminous display device and driving method of the same

## Abstract

A self-luminous display device includes: pixel circuits; and a drive signal generating circuit, wherein each of the pixel circuits includes a light-emitting diode, a drive transistor connected to a drive current path of the light-emitting diode, and a holding capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor, and the drive signal generating circuit generates the drive signal containing a second level signal adapted to stop the light emission without reverse-biasing the light-emitting diode, a first level signal, lower than the second level signal, adapted to reverse-bias the light-emitting diode, and a third level signal, higher than the second level signal, adapted to enable the light-emitting diode to emit light, the drive signal generating circuit supplying the drive signal to the pixel circuits.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a Continuation Application of the patent application Ser. No. 13/656,386, filed Oct. 19, 2012, which is a Continuation Application of patent application Ser. No. 13/608,506, filed Sep. 10, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,508,444, issued Aug. 13, 2013, which is a Continuation Application of patent application Ser. No. 12/349,944, filed Jan. 7, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,284,131, issued Oct. 9, 2012, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No.: 2008-009001, filed Jan. 18, 2008, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a self-luminous display device having, in each pixel circuit, a light-emitting diode adapted to emit light when applied with a bias voltage, a drive transistor adapted to control a drive current flowing through the light-emitting diode and a holding capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor, and to a driving method of the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic electro-luminescence element is known as an electro-optical element used in a self-luminous display device. This element, typically referred to as an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), is a type of light-emitting diode.
The OLED has a plurality of organic thin films stacked one atop another. These thin films function, for example, as an organic hole transporting layer and organic light-emitting layer. The OLED is an electro-optical element which relies on the light emission of an organic thin film when applied with an electric field. Controlling the current level through the OLED provides color gray levels. Therefore, a display device using the OLED as an electro-optical element has, in each pixel, a pixel circuit which includes a drive transistor and capacitor. The drive transistor controls the amount of current flowing through the OLED. The capacitor holds the control voltage of the drive transistor.
Various types of pixel circuits have been proposed to date.
Chief among the proposed types of circuits are the 4T1C pixel circuit with four transistors (4T) and one capacitor (1C), 4T2C, 5T1C and 3T1C pixel circuits.
All of the above pixel circuits are designed to prevent image quality degradation resulting from the variation in transistor characteristics. The transistors are made of TFTs (Thin Film Transistor). These circuits are intended to maintain the drive current in the pixel circuit constant so long as a data voltage is constant, thus providing improved uniformity across the screen (brightness uniformity). The characteristic variation of the drive transistor, adapted to control the amount of current according to the data potential of an incoming video signal, directly affects the light emission brightness of the OLED particularly when the OLED is connected to power in the pixel circuit.
The largest of all the characteristic variations of the drive transistor is that of a threshold voltage. A gate-to-source voltage of the drive transistor must be corrected so as to cancel the effect of the threshold voltage variation of the drive transistor from the drive current. This correction will be hereinafter referred to as a “threshold voltage correction or mobility correction.”
Further, assuming that the threshold voltage correction will be performed, further improved uniformity can be achieved if the gate-to-source voltage is corrected so as to cancel the effect of a driving capability component (typically referred to as a mobility). This component is obtained by subtracting the components causing the threshold variation and other factors from the current driving capability of the drive transistor. The correction of the driving capability component will be hereinafter referred to as a “mobility correction.”
The corrections of the threshold voltage and mobility of the drive transistor are described in detail, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-215213 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 1).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
As described in Patent Document 1, the light-emitting diode (organic EL element) must be reverse-biased so as not to emit light during the threshold voltage and mobility corrections depending on the pixel circuit configuration. In this case, the brightness across the screen undergoes an instantaneous change from time to time when the display changes from one screen to another. This change will be hereinafter referred to as a “flashing phenomenon” because this phenomenon is particularly conspicuous in that the screen shines instantaneously bright.
The present embodiment relates to a self-luminous display device capable of preventing or suppressing the instantaneous change in brightness across the screen (flashing phenomenon) and a driving method of the same.
A self-luminous display device according to an embodiment (first embodiment) of the present invention has pixel circuits and a drive signal generating circuit. Each of the pixel circuits includes a light-emitting diode, a drive transistor connected to a drive current path of the light-emitting diode, and a holding capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor.
The drive signal generating circuit generates a drive signal containing three signals, i.e., a second level signal adapted to stop the light emission without reverse-biasing the light-emitting diode, a first level signal, lower than the second level signal, adapted to reverse-bias the light-emitting diode, and a third level signal, higher than the second level signal, adapted to enable the light-emitting diode to emit light. The drive signal generating circuit supplies the drive signal to the pixel circuits.
A self-luminous display device according to another embodiment (second embodiment) of the present invention has the following feature in addition to the features of the first embodiment. That is, in the self-luminous display device according to the second embodiment, the drive transistor is connected to the anode of the light-emitting diode. The cathode potential of the light-emitting diode is fixed at a predetermined level between the first and second levels. The drive signal generating circuit generates the drive signal in which the second, first and third level signals are sequentially repeated. The same circuit supplies the generated drive signal to the light-emitting diode via the drive transistor from one of two nodes of the drive transistor through which an operating current flows, i.e., the node opposite to the node to which the light-emitting diode is connected.
A driving method of a self-luminous display device according to still another embodiment (third embodiment) of the present invention is a driving method of a self-luminous display device which has pixel circuits. Each of the pixel circuits includes a light-emitting diode, a drive transistor connected to a drive current path of the light-emitting diode, and a holding capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor. The driving method includes the following steps:
(1) Light emission disabling process step of stopping the light emission without reverse-biasing the light-emitting diode
(2) Initialization step of reverse-biasing the light-emitting diode and initializing the voltage held by the holding capacitor for a constant period
(3) Correction and writing step of correcting the driving transistor and writing a data voltage to the control node
(4) Light emission enabling bias application step of applying a light emission enabling bias to the light-emitting diode according to the written data voltage
Incidentally, the inventors et al., of the present invention have found from the analysis of the causes of the “flashing phenomenon” mentioned earlier that this phenomenon is related to the length of the reverse-biasing period of the light-emitting diode (e.g., organic EL element). With regards to the reverse-biasing of an organic EL element, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2006-215213 describes control which performs a threshold voltage correction with the organic light-emitting diode OLED (organic EL element) reverse-biased in a 5T1C pixel circuit (refer to the first and second embodiments of Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2006-215213 and to, for example, paragraph 0046 of the first embodiment). Although not described in Patent Document 1 because of its focus only on the driving of a single pixel, the reverse bias of an organic EL element begins from the end of light emission in the previous screen display period (1F) and is cancelled at the next light emission following a correction period in a practical organic EL display. Therefore, the length (beginning) of the reverse-biasing is dependent upon the length of the light emission enabled period of the organic EL element and changes from time to time.
An organic EL element undergoes degradation in its characteristics due to a secular change in the event of an excessive increase in amount of current flowing therethrough. This characteristic degradation can be compensated for (corrected) to a certain extent by the threshold voltage and mobility corrections mentioned earlier. However, complete correction of an excessive degradation is impossible. Therefore, the smaller the characteristic degradation from the beginning, the better. As a result, in order to increase the light emission brightness, the light emission enabled period may be extended (the pulse duty ratio may be controlled) rather than increasing the amount of drive current.
Further, if the surrounding environment of the screen is bright, the light emission enabled period may be extended to make the screen easier to view in consideration of the aforementioned limitations of the corrections. Still further, when the brightness is reduced in line with the demand for lower power consumption, the light emission time may be reduced rather than reducing the amount of drive current.
A “flashing phenomenon” is observed during screen change when the screen brightness is changed by changing the average pixel light emission brightness. Therefore, the “flashing phenomenon” manifests itself differently depending on the length of the reverse-biasing period. From this point of view, the inventors et al., of the present invention have concluded that the equivalent capacitance of the light-emitting diode (e.g., organic EL element) changes over time when the same diode is reverse-biased and that this change affects the correction accuracy and eventually changes the brightness across the screen.
Hence, the aforementioned first to third embodiments of the present invention apply the second level drive signal, adapted to stop only the light emission without reverse-biasing the light-emitting diode, when stopping the light emission of the same diode. The aforementioned first to third embodiments do so to ensure that the period of time during which the first level signal is applied to reverse-bias the light-emitting diode remains constant.
This makes it possible, in the event of a change in the light emission enabled period, to accommodate the change in length of the light emission enabled period by varying the second level (light emission disabling process) period.
As a result, even if the reverse biasing period is maintained constant, the light emission enabled period during which the light-emitting diode actually emits light can be readily changed.
If the reverse biasing period is constant, the bias voltage at the control node of the light-emitting diode is roughly the same after the threshold voltage, mobility or other correction between different pixel circuits for the same data voltage input. That is, no error component of the bias voltage is produced across the light-emitting diode by the difference in reverse bias application time. This ensures improved correction accuracy, thus providing roughly constant light emission intensity between different pixel circuits for the same data voltage input.
The self-luminous display device and driving method of the same according to the present embodiment maintains the reverse bias application time constant. This provides a roughly constant light emission intensity of the pixel for the same data voltage input, thus effectively preventing or suppressing the so-called flushing phenomenon.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of major components of an organic EL display according to embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram including the basic configuration of a pixel circuit according to the embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a graph and equation showing the characteristics of an organic light-emitting diode;
FIGS. 4A to 4E are timing diagrams illustrating the waveforms of various signals and voltages in display control according to the embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a circuit adapted to generate a three-value power drive pulse according to the embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 6A to 6D are waveform diagrams for illustrating first and second pulses output from a shift register shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a unit shown in FIG. 5;
FIGS. 8A to 8C are explanatory diagrams of operation up to a light emission disabled period;
FIGS. 9A and 9B are explanatory diagrams of operation until before the end of a dummy Vth correction;
FIGS. 10A and 10B are explanatory diagrams of operation up to a light emission enabled period;
FIGS. 11A to 11C are explanatory diagrams of the effects of corrections;
FIGS. 12A to 12E relate to a comparative example of the embodiments of the present invention and are timing diagrams illustrating the waveforms of various signals and voltages in display control;
FIGS. 13A and 13B are timing diagrams illustrating a signal waveform and change in light emission intensity for the description of a flashing phenomenon; and
FIGS. 14A and 14B are timing diagrams illustrating the signal waveform and the change in light emission intensity according to the embodiments to which the present invention is applied.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below taking, as an example, an organic EL display having 2T1C pixel circuits with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<Overall Configuration>
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of major components of an organic EL display according to the embodiments of the present invention.
An organic EL display 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a pixel array 2. The pixel array 2 has a plurality of pixel circuits (PXLC) 3(i, j) arranged in a matrix form. The organic EL display 1 further includes vertical drive circuits (V. scanners) 4 and horizontal drive circuit (H. selector: HSEL) adapted to drive the pixel array 2.
The plurality of V. scanners 4 are provided according to the configuration of the pixel circuits 3. Here, the V. scanners include a horizontal pixel line drive circuit (Drive Scan) 41 and write signal scan circuit (Write Scan) 42. The V. scanners 4 and H. selector 5 are part of a “drive circuit.” The “drive circuit” includes, in addition to the V. scanners 4 and H. selector 5, a circuit adapted to supply clock signals to the V. scanners 4 and H. selector 5, control circuit (e.g., CPU) and other unshown circuits. In particular, the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41, a circuit supplying a clock signal adapted to drive the same circuit 41 and a control circuit therefor (e.g., CPU) will be referred to as a “drive signal generating circuit.”
Reference numerals 3(i, j) of the pixel circuits shown in FIG. 1 mean that each of the circuits has a vertical address i (i=1 or 2) and horizontal address j (j=1, 2 or 3). These addresses ‘i’ and ‘j’ take on an integer value of 1 or larger, with their maximum values being ‘n’ and ‘m’ respectively. Here, a case is shown in which n=2 and m=3 for simplification of the drawing.
This address notation is applied to the elements, signals, signal lines and voltages in the pixel circuit in the description and drawings given hereinafter.
Pixel circuits 3(1, 1) and 3(2, 1) are connected to a video signal line DTL(1) running in the vertical direction. Similarly, pixel circuits 3(1, 2) and 3(2, 2) are connected to a video signal line DTL(2) running in the vertical direction. Pixel circuits 3(1, 3) and 3(2, 3) are connected to a video signal line DTL(3) running in the vertical direction. The video signal lines DTL(1) to DTL(3) are driven by the H. selector 5.
The pixel circuits 3(1, 1), 3(1, 2 ) and 3(1, 3) in the first row are connected to a write scan line WSL(1). Similarly, the pixel circuits 3(2, 1), 3(2, 2) and 3(2, 3) in the second row are connected to a write scan line WSL(2). The write scan lines WSL(1) and WSL(2) are driven by the write signal scan circuit 42.
Further, the pixel circuits 3(1, 1), 3(1, 2)and 3(1, 3) in the first row are connected to a power scan line DSL(1). Similarly, the pixel circuits 3(2, 1), 3(2, 2) and 3(2, 3) in the second row are connected to a power scan line DSL(2). The power scan lines DSL(1) and DSL(2) are driven by the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41.
Any one of m video signal lines including the video signal lines DTL(1) to DTL(3) will be hereinafter expressed by reference numeral DTL(j). Similarly, any one of n write scan lines including the write scan lines WSL(1) and WSL(2) will be expressed by reference numeral WSL(i), and any one of n power scan lines including the power scan lines DSL(1) and DSL(2) by reference numeral DSL(i).
Either the line sequential driving or dot sequential driving may be used in the present embodiment. In the line sequential driving, a video signal is supplied simultaneously to all the video signal lines DTL(j) in a display pixel row (also referred to as display lines). In the dot sequential driving, a video signal is supplied to the video signal lines DTL(j), one after another.
<Pixel Circuit>
A configuration example of the pixel circuit 3(i, j) is illustrated in FIG. 2.
The pixel circuit 3(i, j) illustrated in FIG. 2 controls an organic light-emitting diode OLED. The pixel circuit includes a drive transistor Md, sampling transistor Ms and holding capacitor Cs, in addition to the organic light-emitting diode OLED. The drive transistor Md and sampling transistor Ms each include an NMOS TFT.
In the case of a top emission display, the organic light-emitting diode OLED is formed as follows although the configuration thereof is not specifically illustrated. First, an anode electrode is formed over a TFT structure which is formed on a substrate, made, for example, of transparent glass. Next, a layered body which makes up an organic multilayer film is formed on the anode electrode by sequentially stacking a hole transporting layer, light-emitting layer, electron transporting layer and electron injection layer and other layers. Finally, a cathode electrode which includes a transparent electrode material is formed on the layered body. The anode electrode is connected to a positive power supply, and the cathode electrode to a negative power supply.
If a bias voltage adapted to produce a predetermined electric field is applied between the anode and cathode electrodes of the organic light-emitting diode OLED, the organic multilayer film emits light when the injected electrons and holes recombine in the light-emitting layer. The organic light-emitting diode OLED can emit any of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) lights if the organic substance making up the organic multilayer film is selected as appropriate. Therefore, the display of color image can be achieved by arranging the pixels in each row so that each pixel can emit RGB lights. Alternatively, the distinction between R, G and B may be made by filter colors by using a white light-emitting organic substance. Still alternatively, four colors, namely, R, G, B and W (white), may be used instead.
The drive transistor Md functions as a current control section adapted to control the amount of current flowing through the organic light-emitting diode OLED so as to determine the display gray level.
The drive transistor Md has its drain connected to the power scan line DSL(i) adapted to control the supply of a source voltage. The same transistor Md has its source connected to the anode of the organic light-emitting diode OLED.
The sampling transistor Ms is connected between a supply line (video signal line DTL(j)) of a data potential Vsig and the gate (control node NDc) of the drive transistor Md. The data potential Vsig determines the pixel gray level. The same transistor Ms has one of its source and drain connected to the gate (control node NDc) of the drive transistor Md and the other thereof connected to the video signal line DTL(j). A data pulse having the data potential Vsig is supplied to the video signal line DTL(j) from the H. selector 5 (refer to FIG. 1) at predetermined intervals. The sampling transistor Ms samples the data having the level to be displayed by the pixel circuit at a proper timing during this data potential supply period (data pulse duration time). This is done to eliminate the adverse impact of unstable level during the transition period on the display image. The level is unstable in the front and rear edges of the data pulse which has the desired data potential Vsig to be sampled.
The holding capacitor Cs is connected between the gate and source (anode of the organic light-emitting diode OLED) of the drive transistor Md. The roles of the holding capacitor Cs will be clarified in the description of the operation which will be given later.
In FIG. 2, a power drive pulse DS(i) is supplied to the drain of the drive transistor Md by the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41. Power is supplied during the correction of the drive transistor Md and the light emission of the organic light-emitting diode OLED.
Further, a write drive pulse WS(i) having a relatively short duration time is supplied to the gate of the sampling transistor Ms from the write signal scan circuit 42, thus allowing for the sampling to be controlled. The waveform of the power drive pulse DS(i) is described later.
It should be noted that the supply of power may be alternatively controlled by inserting another transistor between the drain of the drive transistor Md and the supply line of the source voltage VDD and controlling the gate of the inserted transistor by means of the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 (refer to the modification example which will be described later).
In FIG. 2, the organic light-emitting diode OLED has its anode supplied with the source voltage VDD from a positive power supply via the drive transistor Md and its cathode connected to a predetermined power line (negative power line) adapted to supply a cathode potential Vcath.
All transistors in the pixel circuit are normally formed by TFTs. The thin film semiconductor layer used to form the TFT channels is made of a semiconductor material including polysilicon or amorphous silicon. Polysilicon TFTs can have a high mobility but vary significantly in their characteristics, which makes these TFTs unfit for use in a large-screen display device. Therefore, amorphous TFTs are typically used in a display device having a large screen. It should be noted, however, that P-channel TFTs are difficult to form with amorphous silicon TFTs. As a result, N-channel TFTs should preferably be used for all the TFTs as in the pixel circuit 3(i, j).
Here, the pixel circuit 3(i, j) is an example of a pixel circuit applicable to the present embodiment, namely, an example of basic configuration of a 2T1C pixel circuit with two transistors (2T) and one capacitor (1C). Therefore, the pixel circuit which can be used in the present embodiment may have additional transistor and/or capacitor in addition to the basic configuration of the pixel circuit 3(i, j) (refer to the modification examples given later). In some pixel circuits having the basic configuration, the holding capacitor Cs is connected between the supply line of the source voltage and the gate of the drive transistor Md.
More specifically, several pixel circuits other than the 2T1C pixel circuit will be described briefly in the modification examples given later. Such circuits may be any of 4T1C, 4T2C, 5T1C and 3T1C pixel circuits.
In the pixel circuit configured as shown in FIG. 2, reverse-biasing the organic light-emitting diode OLED during the threshold voltage or mobility correction provides an equivalent capacitance sufficiently greater than the capacitance of the holding capacitor Cs. As a result, the anode of the same diode OLED is potentially roughly fixed, thus ensuring improved correction accuracy. Therefore, the corrections should preferably be performed with the same diode OLED reverse-biased.
The cathode is connected to a predetermined voltage line capable of potential control rather than to ground (grounding the cathode potential Vcath) to reverse-bias the organic light-emitting diode OLED. The cathode potential Vcath is increased greater than the reference potential (low potential Vcc_L) of the power drive pulse DS(i), for example, to reverse-bias the same diode OLED.
<Display Control>
The operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 2 during data write will be described together with the threshold voltage and mobility correction operations. This series of operations will be referred to as “display control.”
A description will be given first of the characteristics of the drive transistor which will be corrected and those of the organic light-emitting diode OLED.
The holding capacitor Cs is coupled to the control node NDc of the drive transistor Md shown in FIG. 2. The data potential Vsig of the data pulse transmitted through the video signal DTL(j) is sampled by the sampling transistor Ms. The obtained data potential is applied to the control node NDc and held by the holding capacitor Cs. When the predetermined data potential is applied to the gate of the drive transistor Md, a drain current Ids of the same transistor Md is determined by a gate-to-source voltage Vgs whose level is commensurate with the applied potential.
Here, a source potential Vs of the drive transistor Md is initialized to the reference potential (reference data potential Vo) of the data pulse before the sampling. The drain current Ids flows through the drive transistor Md. The same current Ids is commensurate with the magnitude of a data potential Vin which is determined by the post-sampling data potential Vsig, and more precisely, by the potential difference between the reference data potential Vo and data potential Vsig. The drain current Ids serves roughly as a drive current Id of the organic light-emitting diode OLED.
Hence, when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor Md is initialized to the reference data potential Vo, the organic light-emitting diode OLED will emit light at the brightness commensurate with the data potential Vsig.
FIG. 3 illustrates an I-V characteristic graph of the organic light-emitting diode OLED and a typical equation for the drain current Ids of the drive transistor Md (roughly corresponds to the drive current Id of the organic light-emitting diode OLED).
The I-V characteristic of the organic light-emitting diode OLED changes as illustrated in FIG. 3 due to secular change. At this time, despite the attempt of the drive transistor Md in the pixel circuit shown in FIG. 2 to pass the constant drain current Ids, the source voltage Vs of the organic light-emitting diode OLED will rise as is clear from the graph of FIG. 3 because of the increase in the voltage applied to the same diode OLED. At this time, the gate of the drive transistor Md is floating. Therefore, the gate potential will increase with the increase of the source potential to maintain the gate-to-source voltage Vgs roughly constant. This acts to maintain the light emission brightness of the organic light-emitting diode OLED unchanged.
However, a threshold voltage Vth and mobility μ of the drive transistor Md are different between different pixel circuits. This leads to a variation in the drain current Ids according to the equation in FIG. 3. As a result, the light emission brightness is different between two pixels in the display screen even if the two pixels are supplied with the same data potential Vsig.
In the equation shown in FIG. 3, reference numeral Ids represents the current flowing from the drain to source of the drive transistor Md operating in the saturation region. Further, in the drive transistor Md, reference numeral Vth represents the threshold voltage, μ the mobility, W the effective channel width (effective gate width), and L the effective channel length (effective gate length). Still further, reference numeral Cox represents the unit gate capacitance of the drive transistor Md, namely, the sum of the gate oxide film capacitance per unit area and the fringing capacitance between the source/drain and gate.
The pixel circuit having the N-channel drive transistor Md is advantageous in that it offers high driving capability and permits simplification of the manufacturing process. To suppress the variation in the threshold voltage Vth and mobility μ, however, the threshold voltage Vth and mobility μ must be corrected before setting a light emission enabling bias.
FIGS. 4A to 4E are timing diagrams illustrating the waveforms of various signals and voltages during display control. In this display control, data is sequentially written on a row-by-row basis. FIGS. 4A to 4E illustrate a case in which data is written to the pixel circuits 3(1, j) in the first row (display line) and the display control is performed on the first row or display line in a field F(1). It should be noted that FIGS. 4A to 4E illustrate part of the control (control of disabling light emission) performed in a previous field F(0).
FIG. 4A is a waveform diagram of a video signal Ssig. FIG. 4B is a waveform diagram of a write drive pulse WS supplied to the display line to which data is to be written. FIG. 4C is a waveform diagram of a power drive pulse DS supplied to the display line to which data is to be written. FIG. 4D is a waveform diagram of the gate voltage Vg (control node NDc) of the drive transistor Md in the pixel circuit 3(1 j) which belongs to the display line to which data is to be written. FIG. 4F is a waveform diagram of the source voltage Vs of the drive transistor Md (anode potential of the organic light-emitting diode OLED) in the pixel circuit 3(1, j) which belongs to the display line to which data is to be written.
[Definitions of the Periods]
As illustrated at the top of FIG. 4A, the light emission enabled period (LM0) for the screen preceding by one field (or frame) is followed by the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) for the preceding screen. The processes for the next screen begin from here, namely in chronological order, initialization period (INT) as a “correction preparation period,” threshold voltage correction period (VTC), writing and mobility correction period (W&μ), light emission enabled period (LM1) and light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP).
[Outline of the Drive Pulse]
In FIGS. 4A to 4E, times are indicated where appropriate by reference numerals T0Ca, T0Cb, T15, . . . , T19, T1A, T1B, T1Ca and T1Cb. The times T0Ca and T0Cb are associated with the field F(0). The times T15 to T1Cb are associated with the field F(1).
As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the write drive pulse WS contains a predetermined number of sampling pulses SP1 which are inactive at low level and active at high level per pixel (one field). After the sampling pulse SP1 is superimposed, a write pulse WP which appears later is superimposed. As described above, the write drive pulse WS includes the sampling pulses SP1 and write pulse WP.
The video signal Ssig is supplied to the m (several hundred to one thousand and several hundred) video signal lines DTL(j) (refer to FIGS. 1 and 2). The same signal Ssig is supplied simultaneously to the m video signal lines DTL(j) in line sequential display.
As shown in FIG. 4A, only the signal pulse PP(1) which is essential for the display of the first row is shown. The peak value of the video signal pulse PP(1) relative to the reference data potential Vo corresponds to the gray level to be displayed (written) through the display control, i.e., the data potential Vin. This gray level (=Vin) may be the same between the pixels in the first row (in monochrome mode). Typically, however, this gray level is different according to the gray level of the display pixel row.
FIGS. 4A to 4E are intended primarily to describe the operation of a single pixel in the first row. However, the driving of other pixels in the same row is in itself controlled in parallel with and with a time shift from the driving of the single pixel illustrated in FIGS. 4A to 4E except that the display gray level may be different between the pixels.
The light emission control according to the present embodiment is controlling the power drive pulse DS to three values.
As illustrated in FIG. 4C, the power drive pulse DS is controlled as described above by the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The three values taken on by the power drive pulse DS are the low potential Vcc_L serving as the “first level”, the high potential Vcc_H serving as the “third level” and an intermediate potential Vcc_M serving as the “second level” which is a predetermined potential between the low potential Vcc_L and high potential Vcc_H.
The second level (intermediate potential Vcc_M) is adapted to apply a potential to the anode of the light-emitting diode OLED so that the same diode OLED stops emitting light without being reverse-biased. The first level (low potential Vcc_L) is adapted to apply a non-light emission potential to the anode of the light-emitting diode OLED so that the same diode OLED is reverse-biased. The third level (high potential Vcc_H) is adapted to apply a potential to the anode of the light-emitting diode OLED so that the same diode OLED can emit light.
The three-value power drive pulse DS is generated by the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
[Example of the Three-Value Generating Circuit]
FIG. 5 illustrates a more detailed block diagram of the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 adapted to generate the three-value power drive pulse DS.
The horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 illustrated in FIG. 5 includes a shift register 411 and DS generating circuit 412. The shift register 411 generates two synchronizing pulses having different duty ratios (first and second pulses P1 and P2) and shifts these pulses. The DS generating circuit 412 receives the first and second pulses P1 and P2 to generate the three-value power drive pulse DS.
FIGS. 6C and 6D illustrate waveform diagrams of the first and second pulses P1 and P2 over a period of four fields.
The first pulse P1 shown in FIG. 6C has a waveform in which the same pulse P1 is at high level for a period of time corresponding to the sum of the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) and initialization period (INT) shown in FIG. 6A and at low level during the rest of the one-field period.
The second pulse P2 shown in FIG. 6D has a waveform in which the same pulse P2 is at low level during the initialization period (INT) and at high level during the rest of the one-field period.
The shift register 411 shown in FIG. 5 receives a clock signal from a clock generating circuit which is not shown. The same register 411 generates one field each of the first and second pulses P1 and P2 from the clock signal and shifts each of the generated pulses. Alternatively, the same register 411 may simply shift the first and second pulses P1 and P2 generated by other clock generating circuit which is not shown.
The shift register 411 has n taps for each pulse, or a total of 2n output taps, adapted to output the first and second pulses P1 and P2. This number “n” is equal to the pixel row count n. A pair of output taps, one for the first pulse P1 and the other for the second pulse P2, is provided for each pixel row.
The DS generating circuit 412 includes n units 412U which are configured in the same manner.
The units 412U each have first input (in1), second input (in2) and output (out). The units 412U combine the waveforms of the first pulse P1 from the first input (in1) and the second pulse P2 from the second input (in2), generate the three-value power drive pulse DS and output the pulse from the output (out). The units 412U are configured in the same manner.
FIG. 7 illustrates a circuit example of the unit 412U. In this example, the first level (low potential Vcc_L) is a first reference potential Vss1, the second level (intermediate potential Vcc_M) a second reference potential Vss2, and the third level (high potential Vcc_H) a power potential Vdd. The unit 412U shown in FIG. 7 includes two NMOS transistors N1 and N2, one PMOS transistor PA1, two AND circuits AND1 and AND2 each having two inputs, and one inverter INV1.
The transistors PA1 and N1 are connected between the supply lines of the power potential Vdd and reference potential Vss2. The node between the transistors PA1 and N1 is connected to the output (out). The transistor N2 is connected between the output (out) and the supply line of the first reference potential Vss1. The gate of the transistor PA1, one of the inputs of the AND circuit AND1 and one of the inputs of the AND circuit AND2, are connected to the first input (in1). The other input of the AND circuit AND1 is connected to the second input (in2). The other input of the AND circuit AND2 is connected to the second input (in2) via the inverter INV1. The output of the AND circuit AND1 is connected to the gate of the transistor N1. The output of the AND circuit AND2 is connected to the gate of the transistor N2.
The operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 7 will be described below with reference to FIG. 6. As illustrated in FIGS. 6C and 6D, the first pulse P1 is at high level, and the second pulse P2 at low level prior to time t0. At this time, the transistor PA1 is off, and the output of the AND circuit AND1 is low. As a result, the transistor N1 is off. The output of the AND circuit AND2 is high. As a result, the transistor N2 is on. Therefore, the first reference potential Vss1 is output from the output (out) (FIG. 6B).
In the time period t0 to t1 for the light emission enabled period (LM), the first pulse P1 changes from high to low level, and the second pulse P2 from low to high level. As a result, the transistor PA1 turns on in FIG. 7. The output of the AND circuit AND2 changes from high to low, turning off the transistor N2. At this time, both inputs of the AND circuit AND1 are inverted. However, the output of the same circuit AND1 remains low. Therefore, the transistor N1 remains off. As a result, the output (out) changes from the first potential Vss1 to the power potential Vdd (FIG. 6B).
In the time period t1 to t2 for the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP), the first pulse P1 changes from low to high level. As a result, the transistor PA1 turns off in FIG. 7. Because both inputs of the AND circuit AND1 are high, the output of the same circuit AND1 changes from low to high, turning on the transistor N1. At this time, one of the inputs of the AND circuit AND2 is inverted. However, the other input of the same circuit AND2 remains low. Therefore, the output thereof remains low, and the transistor N2 remains off. As a result, the output (out) changes from the power potential Vdd to the second reference potential Vss2 (FIG. 6B).
In the time period t2 to t3 for the initialization period (INT), the second pulse P2 changes from high to low level. As a result, both inputs of the AND circuit AND2 are high in FIG. 7. Therefore, the output of the same circuit AND2 changes from low to high, turning on the transistor N2. At this time, the other input of the AND circuit AND1 is inverted from high to low. Therefore, the output of the same circuit AND1 is inverted from high to low, turning off the transistor N1. Because the first pulse P1 remains at high level, the transistor PA1 remains off. As a result, the output (out) changes from the second reference potential Vss2 to the first reference potential Vss1 (FIG. 6B). As described above, the power drive pulse DS having three values is generated, and the same three-value waveform will be repeated in other fields.
It should be noted that, although not specifically illustrated, the write drive pulse WS and power drive pulse DS are applied sequentially to the second row (pixels 3(2, j) in the second row) and third row (pixels 3(3, j) in the third row), for example, with a delay of one horizontal interval.
Hence, while the “threshold voltage correction” and “writing and mobility correction” are performed on a certain row, the “light emission disabling process” or “initialization” is performed on the previous row. As a result, as far as the “threshold voltage correction” and “writing and mobility correction” are concerned, these processes are conducted in a seamless manner on a row-by-row basis. This produces no useless period.
A description will be given next of the changes in the source and gate potentials of the drive transistor Md shown in FIGS. 4D and 4E and the operation resulting from these changes for each of the periods shown in FIG. 4A.
It should be noted that the explanatory diagrams of operation of the pixel 3(1, j) in the first row shown in FIGS. 8A to 10B will be referred to along with FIG. 2.
[Light Emission Enabled Period for the Previous Screen (LM(0))]
For the pixel 3(1, j) in the first row, the write drive pulse WS is at low level as illustrated in FIG. 4B during the light emission enabled period (LM(0)) for the field F(0) (previous screen) earlier than time T0Ca. As a result, the sampling transistor Ms is off. At this time, on the other hand, the power drive pulse DS is at the high potential Vcc_H as illustrated in FIG. 4C.
As illustrated in FIG. 8A, a data voltage Vin0 is supplied to and maintained by the gate of the drive transistor Md by means of the data write operation for the previous screen. We assume that the organic light-emitting diode OLED emits light at this time at the brightness commensurate with the data voltage Vin0. The drive transistor Md is designed to operate in the saturation region. Therefore, the drive current Id (=Ids) flowing through the organic light-emitting diode OLED takes on the value calculated by the equation shown in FIG. 3 according to the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor Md held by the holding capacitor Cs.
[Light Emission Disabling Process Period (LM-STOP)]
The light emission disabling process begins at time T0Ca shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E.
At time T0Ca, the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 (refer to FIG. 2) changes the power drive pulse DS from the high potential Vcc_H to the intermediate potential Vcc_M as illustrated in FIG. 4C. The intermediate potential Vcc_M is adapted to stop the light emission without reverse-biasing the light-emitting diode. Assuming that the potential drop by the drive transistor Md is negligibly small, the intermediate potential Vcc_M is, for example, a potential which falls within two potentials, i.e., the lower and upper limits. The lower limit is the potential which applies a zero bias to the organic light-emitting diode OLED. The upper limit is the light emission threshold voltage of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. Here, the “light emission threshold voltage” does not always match the (current) threshold voltage at which a current beings to flow through the organic light-emitting diode OLED. The same diode OLED is often unable to emit light for a while after the threshold voltage is exceeded. The “light emission threshold voltage” is the voltage which is greater than the “(current) threshold voltage” and at which the light emission actually begins.
When the power drive pulse DS changes to the intermediate potential Vcc_M, the potential of the node of the drive transistor Md which has been functioning as the drain is sharply pulled down to the intermediate potential Vcc_M. As a result, the relationship in potential between the source and drain is reversed. Therefore, the node which has been functioning as the drain serves as the source, and the node which has been functioning as the source as the drain to discharge the charge from the drain (reference numeral Vs remains unchanged as the source potential in FIGS. 4A to 4E).
Therefore, the drain current Ids flowing in reverse direction to the previous one flows through the drive transistor Md as illustrated in FIG. 8B.
When the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) begins, the source (drain in the practical operation) of the drive transistor Md discharges sharply from time T0Ca as illustrated in FIG. 4E, causing the source potential Vs to decline close to the intermediate potential Vcc_M. Because the gate of the sampling transistor Ms is floating, the gate potential Vg will decline with the decline of the source potential Vs.
At this time, if the intermediate potential Vcc_M is smaller than the sum of a light emission threshold voltage Vth_oled. of the organic light-emitting diode OLED and the cathode potential Vcath, i.e., Vcc_M<Vth_oled.+Vcath, then the organic light-emitting diode OLED will stop emitting light. In this stage, however, the same diode OLED is not reverse-biased.
The end point of the light emission enabled period LM0 (time T0Ca) varies along the time axis depending on the length of the light emission time to the extent that it does not exceed the start point of the next field F(1). Therefore, the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) also varies in length according to the length of the light emission time. It should be noted, however, that the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) is not the reverse-biasing period. Therefore, the reverse-biasing period remains unchanged irrespective of the length of the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP).
[Initialization Period (INT)]
The initialization period (INT) for the field F(1) begins at time T0Cb.
When the initialization period (INT) begins, the horizontal pixel line drive circuit 41 (refer to FIG. 2) changes the power drive pulse DS from the intermediate potential Vcc_M to the low potential Vcc_L as illustrated in FIG. 4C.
When the power drive pulse DS changes to the low potential Vcc_L, the discharge via the drive transistor Md takes place again as illustrated in FIG. 8B. As a result, the source (drain in the practical operation) of the drive transistor Md discharges further from time T0Cb as illustrated in FIG. 4E, causing the source potential Vs to decline close to the low potential Vcc_L. Because the gate of the sampling transistor Ms is floating, the gate potential Vg will decline with the decline of the source potential Vs.
At this time, the relationship Vcc_L<Vth_oled.+Vcath is satisfied. Therefore, the organic light-emitting diode OLED remains unlit. In the course of the decline of the source potential Vs due to the discharge during the initialization period (INT), the organic light-emitting diode OLED is reverse-biased.
As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the write signal scan circuit 42 (refer to FIG. 2) changes the potential of the write scan line WSL(1) from low to high level at time T15 halfway through the initialization period (INT) and supplies the produced sampling pulse SP1 to the gate of the sampling transistor Ms.
By time T15, the potential of the video signal Ssig is changed to the reference data potential Vo. Therefore, the sampling transistor Ms samples the reference data potential Vo of the video signal Ssig to transmit the post-sampling reference data potential Vo to the gate of the drive transistor Md.
This sampling operation causes the gate potential Vg to converge to the reference data potential Vo and as a result causes the source potential Vs to converge to the low potential Vcc_L as illustrated in FIGS. 4D and 4E.
Here, the reference data potential Vo is a predetermined potential lower than the high potential Vcc_H of the power drive pulse DS and higher than the low potential Vcc_L thereof.
This sampling operation serves also as the initialization of the voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs adapted to tune the initial condition of the correction operation.
In the initialization of the held voltage, the low potential Vcc_L of the power drive pulse DS is set so that the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor Md (=held voltage) is greater than the threshold voltage Vth of the same transistor Md. More specifically, when the gate potential Vg is pulled to the reference data potential Vo as illustrated in FIG. 8C, the source potential Vs will be equal to the low potential Vcc_L of the power drive pulse DS, causing the voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs to drop to the value of Vo−Vcc_L. This held voltage Vo−Vcc_L is none other than the gate-to-source voltage Vgs. Unless the same voltage Vgs is greater than the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor Md, the threshold voltage correction operation cannot be performed later. As a result, the potential relationship is established so that Vo−Vcc_L>Vth.
The last sampling pulse SP1 shown in FIG. 4B ends at time T17 in a sufficient amount of time after time T15, causing the sampling transistor Ms to turn off.
Later, the processes for the field F(1) will begin at time T10.
[Threshold Voltage Correction Period (VTC)]
At time T10, the first sampling pulse SP1 is at high level with the sampling transistor turned on. In this condition, the potential of the power drive pulse DS changes from the low potential Vcc_L to the high potential Vcc_H at time T16, initiating the threshold voltage correction period (VTC).
Immediately before the threshold correction period (VTC) begins (time T16), the sampling transistor Ms which is on is sampling the reference data potential Vo. Therefore, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor Md is electrically fixed at the constant reference data potential Vo as illustrated in FIG. 9A. In this condition, when the potential of the power drive pulse DS changes from the low potential Vcc_L to the high potential Vcc_H at time T16, the source potential Vdd corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the power drive pulse DS is applied between the source and drain of the drive transistor Md. This turns on the drive transistor Md, causing the drain current Ids to flow through the same transistor Md.
The drain current Ids charges the source of the drive transistor Md, causing the source potential Vs of the same transistor Md to rise as illustrated in FIG. 4E. Therefore, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor Md (voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs) which has taken on the value of Vo−Vcc_L up to that time declines gradually (refer to FIG. 6A).
If the gate-to-source voltage Vgs declines rapidly, the increase of the source potential Vs will saturate within the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) as illustrated in FIG. 4E. This saturation occurs because the drive transistor Md goes into cutoff as a result of the increase of the source potential. Therefore, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs (voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs) converges to the value roughly equal to the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor Md.
It should be noted that, in the operation shown in FIG. 9A, the drain current Ids flowing through the drive transistor Md charges not only one of the electrodes of the holding capacitor Cs but also a capacitance Coled. of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. At this time, assuming that the capacitance Coled. of the organic light-emitting diode OLED is sufficiently larger than the capacitance of the holding capacitor Cs, nearly all of the drain current Ids will be used to charge the holding capacitor Cs. In this case, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs converges roughly to the same value as the threshold voltage Vth.
To ensure accuracy in the threshold voltage correction, correction operation starts with the organic light-emitting diode OLED be reverse-biased.
As shown in FIG. 4B, the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) ends at time T19. However, the write drive pulse WS is deactivated at time T17 prior to time T19, causing the sampling pulse SP1 to end. This turns off the sampling transistor Ms as illustrated in FIG. 9B, causing the gate of the drive transistor Md to float. At this time, the gate potential Vg is maintained at the reference data potential Vo.
At time T18 following time T17 and prior to time T1 , the video signal pulse PP(1) must be applied, that is, the potential of the video signal Ssig must be changed to the data potential Vsig. This is done to wait for the data potential Vsig to stabilize so that the data potential Vin can be written with the data potential Vsig maintained at a predetermined level during the data sampling at time T19. Therefore, the period from time T18 to time T19 is set long enough for the stabilization of the data potential.
[Effect of the Threshold Voltage Correction]
Assuming here that the gate-to-source voltage of the drive transistor increases by Vin, the gate-to-source voltage will be Vin+Vth. On the other hand, we consider two drive transistors, one having the large threshold voltage Vth and another having the small threshold voltage Vth.
The former drive transistor having the large threshold voltage Vth has, as a result, the large gate-to-source voltage. In contrast, the drive transistor having the small threshold voltage Vth has, as a result, the small gate-to-source voltage. Therefore, as far as the threshold voltage Vth is concerned, if the variation in the same voltage Vth is cancelled by the correction operation, the same drain current Ids will flow through the two drive transistors for the same data potential Vin.
During the threshold voltage correction period (VTC), it is necessary to ensure that the drain current Ids is wholly consumed for it to flow into one of the electrodes of the holding capacitor Cs, i.e., one of the electrodes of the capacitance Coled. of the organic light-emitting diode OLED so that the same diode OLED does not turn on. If the anode voltage of the same diode OLED is denoted by Voled., the light emission threshold voltage thereof by Vth_oled., and the cathode voltage thereof by Vcath, the equation “Voled.≦Vcath+Vth_oled.” must always hold in order for the same diode OLED to remain off.
Assuming here that the cathode potential Vcath of the organic light-emitting diode OLED is constant at the low potential Vcc_L (e.g., ground voltage GND), the above equation can hold at all times if the light emission threshold voltage Vth_oled. is extremely large. However, the light emission threshold voltage Vth_oled. is determined by the manufacturing conditions of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. Further, the same voltage Vth_oled. cannot be increased excessively to achieve efficient light emission at low voltage. In the present embodiment, therefore, the organic light-emitting diode OLED is reverse-biased by setting the cathode potential Vcath larger than the low potential Vcc_L until the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) ends.
The cathode potential Vcath adapted to reverse-bias the organic light-emitting diode OLED remains constant throughout the period shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E. It should be noted, however, that the cathode potential Vcath is set to a constant potential at which the reverse bias is cancelled by the dummy Vth correction. Therefore, the reverse bias is cancelled later than time T19 when the source potential Vs is higher than during the threshold voltage correction. The mobility correction and light emission processes are performed in this condition. Then, the organic light-emitting diode OLED is reverse-biased again later during the light emission disabling process.
[Writing and Mobility Correction Period (W&μ)]
The writing and mobility correction period (W&μ) begins from time T19. At this time, the sampling transistor Ms is off, and the drive transistor Md in cutoff just as they are shown in FIG. 6B. The gate of the drive transistor Md is maintained at the reference data potential Vo. The source potential Vs is at Vo−Vth, and the gate-to-source voltage Vgs (voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs) at Vth.
As illustrated in FIG. 4B, while the video signal pulse PP(1) is applied at time T19, the write pulse WP is supplied to the gate of the sampling transistor Ms. This turns on the sampling transistor Ms as illustrated in FIG. 8A, causing the data voltage Vin to be supplied to the gate of the drive transistor Md. The data voltage Vin is the difference between the data potential Vsig (=Vin+Vo) and the gate potential Vg (=Vo). As a result, the gate potential Vg is equal to Vo+Vin.
When the gate potential Vg increases by the data voltage Vin, the source potential Vs will also increase together with the gate potential Vg. At this time, the data voltage Vin is not conveyed to the source potential Vs in an as-is manner. Instead, the source potential Vs increases by a rate of change ΔVs commensurate with a capacitance coupling ratio g, i.e., g*Vin. This is shown in equation [1] as follows.

ΔVs=Vin(=Vsig−Vo)×Cs/(Cs+Coled.)  [1]

Here, the capacitance of the holding capacitor Cs is denoted by the same reference numeral Cs. Reference numeral Coled. is the equivalent capacitance of the organic light-emitting diode OLED.
From the above, the source potential Vs after the change is Vo−Vth+g*Vin if the mobility correction is not considered. As a result, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor Md is (1−g)Vin+Vth.
A description will be given here of the variation in the mobility μ.
In the threshold voltage correction performed earlier, the drain current Ids contains, in fact, an error resulting from the mobility μ each time this current flows. However, this error component caused by the mobility μ was not discussed strictly because the variation in the threshold voltage Vth was large. At this time, a description was given simply by using “up” and “down” rather than the capacitance coupling ratio g to avoid complications of the description of the variation in the mobility.
On the other hand, the threshold voltage Vth is held by the holding capacitor Cs after the threshold voltage correction has been performed in a precise manner, as explained earlier. When the drive transistor Md is turned on later, the drain current Ids will remain unchanged irrespective of the magnitude of the threshold voltage Vth. Therefore, if the voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs (gate-to-source voltage Vgs) changes due to the drive current Id at the time of the conduction of the drive transistor Md after the threshold voltage correction, this change ΔV (positive or negative) reflects not only the variation in the mobility μ of the drive transistor Md, and more precisely, the mobility which, in a pure sense, is a physical parameter of the semiconductor material, but also the comprehensive variation in those factors affecting the current driving capability in terms of transistor structure or manufacturing process.
Going back to the description of the operation in consideration of the above, when the data voltage Vin is added to the gate potential Vg after the sampling transistor Ms has turned on in FIG. 10A, the drive transistor Md attempts to pass the drain current Ids, commensurate in magnitude with the data voltage Vin (gray level), from the drain to source. At this time, the drain current Ids varies according to the mobility μ. As a result, the source potential Vs is given by Vo−Vth+g*Vin+ΔV, which is the sum of Vo−Vth+g*Vin and the change ΔV resulting from the mobility μ.
At this time, in order for the organic light-emitting diode OLED not to emit light, it is only necessary to set the cathode potential Vcath in advance according, for example, to the data voltage Vin and capacitance coupling ratio g so that the equation Vs(=Vo−Vth+g*Vin+ΔV)<Vth_oled.+Vcath is satisfied.
Setting the cathode potential. Vcath in advance as described above reverse-biases the organic light-emitting diode OLED, bringing the same diode OLED into a high impedance state. As a result, the organic light-emitting diode OLED exhibits a simple capacitance characteristic rather than diode characteristic.
At this time, so long as the equation Vs(=Vo−Vth+g*Vin+ΔV)<Vth_oled.+Vcath is satisfied, the source potential Vs will not exceed the sum of the light emission threshold voltage Vth_oled. and cathode potential Vcath of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. Therefore, the drain current Ids (drive current Id) is used to charge a combined capacitance C=Cs+Coled.+Cgs which is the sum of three capacitance values. These are the capacitance value of the holding capacitor Cs (denoted by the same reference numeral Cs), that of the equivalent capacitance of the organic light-emitting diode OLED (denoted by the same reference numeral Coled. as a parasitic capacitance) when the same diode OLED is reverse-biased and that of a parasitic capacitance (denoted by Cgs) existing between the gate and source of the drive transistor Md. This causes the source potential Vs of the drive transistor Md to rise. At this time, the threshold voltage correction operation of the drive transistor Md is already complete. Therefore, the drain current Ids flowing through the same transistor Md reflects the mobility μ.
As shown in the equation (1−g)Vin+Vth−ΔV in FIGS. 4D and 4E, as far as the gate-to-source voltage Vgs held by the holding capacitor Cs is concerned, the change ΔV added to the source potential Vs is subtracted from the gate-to-source voltage Vgs (=(1−g)Vin+Vth) after the threshold voltage correction. Therefore, the change ΔV is held by the holding capacitor Cs so that a negative feedback is applied. As a result, the change ΔV will also be hereinafter referred to as a “feedback amount.”
The feedback amount ΔV can be expressed by the approximation equation ΔV=t*Ids/(Coled.+Cs+Cgs). It is clear from this approximation equation that the change ΔV is a parameter which changes in proportion to the change of the drain current Ids.
From the equation of the feedback amount ΔV, the same amount ΔV added to the source potential Vs is dependent upon the magnitude of the drain current Ids (this magnitude is positively related to the magnitude of the data voltage Vin, i.e., the gray level) and the period of time during which the drain current Ids flows, i.e., time (t) from time T19 to time T1A required for the mobility correction. That is, the larger the gray level and the longer the time (t), the larger the feedback amount ΔV.
Therefore, the mobility correction time (t) need not always be constant. In contrast, it may be more appropriate to adjust the mobility correction time (t) according to the drain current Ids (gray level). For example, when the gray level is almost white with the drain current Ids being large, the mobility correction time (t) should be short. In contrast, when the gray level is almost black with the drain current Ids being small, the mobility correction time (t) should be long. This automatic adjustment of the mobility correction time according to the gray level can be implemented by providing the write signal scan circuit 42, for example, with this functionality in advance.
[Light Emission Enabled Period (LM(1))]
When the writing and mobility correction period (W&μ) ends at time T1A, the light emission enabled period (LM(1)) begins.
The write pulse WP ends at time T1A, turning off the sampling transistor Ms and causing the gate of the drive transistor Md to float.
Incidentally, in the writing and mobility correction period (W&μ) prior to the light emission enabled period (LM(1)), the drive transistor Md may not always be able to pass the drain current Ids commensurate with the data voltage Vin despite its attempt to do so. The reason for this is as follows. That is, the gate voltage Vg of the drive transistor Md is fixed at Vofs+Vin if the current level (Id) flowing through the organic light-emitting diode OLED is considerably smaller than that (Ids) through the same transistor Md because the sampling transistor Ms is on. The source potential Vs attempts to converge to the potential (Vofs+Vin−Vth) which is lower by the threshold voltage Vth from Vofs+Vin. Therefore, no matter how long the mobility correction time (t) is extended, the source potential Vs will not exceed the above convergence point. The mobility should be corrected by monitoring the difference in the mobility μ based on the difference in time demanded for the convergence. Therefore, even if the data voltage Vin close to white that has the maximum brightness is supplied, the end point of the mobility correction time (t) is determined before the convergence is achieved.
When the gate of the drive transistor Md floats after the light emission enabled period (LM(1)) has begun, the source potential Vs of the same transistor Md is allowed to rise further. Therefore, the drive transistor Md acts to pass the drive current Id commensurate with the supplied data voltage Vin.
This causes the source potential Vs (anode potential of the organic light-emitting diode OLED) to rise. As a result, the drain current Ids begins to flow through the organic light-emitting diode OLED as illustrated in FIG. 8B, causing the same diode OLED to emit light. Shortly after the light emission begins, the drive transistor Md is saturated with the drain current Ids commensurate with the supplied data voltage Vin. When the same current Ids (=Id) is brought to a constant level, the organic light-emitting diode OLED will emit light at the brightness commensurate with the data voltage Vin.
The increase in the anode potential of the organic light-emitting diode OLED taking place from the beginning of the light emission enabled period (LM(1)) to when the brightness is brought to a constant level is none other than the increase in the source potential Vs of the drive transistor Md. This increase in the source potential Vs will be denoted by reference numeral ΔVoled. to represent the increment in the anode voltage Voled. of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. The source potential Vs of the drive transistor Md is brought to Vo−Vth+g*Vin+ΔV+ΔVoled (refer to FIG. 4E).
On the other hand, the gate potential Vg increases by the increment ΔVoled as does the source potential Vs as illustrated in FIG. 4D because the gate is floating. As the drain current Ids saturates, the source potential Vs will also saturate, causing the gate potential Vg to saturate.
As a result, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs (voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs) is maintained at the level during the mobility correction ((1−g)Vin+Vth−ΔV) throughout the light emission enabled period (LM(1)).
During the light emission enabled period (LM(1)), the drive transistor Md functions as a constant current source. As a result, the I-V characteristic of the organic light-emitting diode OLED may change over time, changing the source potential Vs of the drive transistor Md.
However, the voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs is maintained at (1−g)Vin+Vth−ΔV, irrespective of whether the I-V characteristic of the organic light-emitting diode OLED changes. The voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs contains two components, (+Vth) adapted to correct the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor Md and (−ΔV) adapted to correct the variation in the mobility μ. Therefore, even if there is a variation in the threshold voltage Vth or mobility μ between different pixels, the drain current Ids of the drive transistor Md, i.e., the drive current Id of the organic light-emitting diode OLED, will remain constant.
More specifically, the larger the threshold voltage Vth, the more the drive transistor Md reduces the source potential Vs using the threshold voltage correction component contained in the voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs. This is intended to increase the source-to-drain voltage so that the drain current Ids (drive current Id) flows in a larger amount. Therefore, the drain current Ids remains constant even in the event of a change in the threshold voltage Vth.
On the other hand, if the change ΔV is small because of the small mobility μ, the voltage held by the holding capacitor Cs will decline only to a small extent thanks to the mobility correction component (−ΔV) contained therein. This provides a relatively large source-to-drain voltage. As a result, the drive transistor Md operates in such a manner as to pass the drain current Ids (drive current Id) in a larger amount. Therefore, the drain current Ids remains constant even in the event of a change in the mobility μ.
FIGS. 9A to 9C diagrammatically illustrate the change in relationship between the magnitude of the data potential Vsig and the drain current Ids (I/O characteristic of the drive transistor Md) in three different conditions A, B and C. The condition A is an initial condition in which neither the threshold voltage correction nor the mobility correction have been performed. In the condition B, only the threshold voltage correction has been performed. In the condition C, both the threshold voltage correction and the mobility correction have been performed.
It is clear from FIGS. 9A to 9C that the characteristic curves of pixels A and B, initially far apart from each other, are brought very close to each other first by the threshold voltage correction and then infinitely close to each other by the mobility correction to such an extent that the two curves seem nearly identical.
It has been found from the above that the light emission brightness of the organic light-emitting diode OLED remains constant even in the event of a variation in the threshold voltage Vth or mobility μ of the drive transistor Md between the different pixels and also in the event of a secular change of the characteristics of the same transistor Md so long as the data voltage Vin remains unchanged.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
FIGS. 12A to 12E are timing diagrams illustrating the waveforms of various signals and voltages during the light emission control of the comparative example. In FIGS. 12A to 12E, like signals, times, potential changes and so on are denoted by like reference numerals as those shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E. Therefore, as far as the reference numerals are concerned, all the above description applies to the present comparative example. A description will be given below of only the differences between the control shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E and that shown in FIGS. 12A to 12E.
As is clear from the comparison of FIG. 12 with FIGS. 4A to 4E, the potential of the power drive pulse DS takes on two values, i.e., the high potential Vcc_H and low potential Vcc_L, in the control shown in FIG. 12 in contrast to the three-value control of the power drive pulse DS shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E. The power drive pulse DS is at the low potential Vcc_L during the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) for the field F(0) (time TOC to T16). The power drive pulse DS is at the high potential Vcc_H during all other periods.
Unlike the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) in the control shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E, the light emission disabling process period (LM-STOP) in the control shown in FIG. 12 serves also as the initialization period (INT) included in the control shown in FIGS. 4A to 4E because the write drive pulse WS is activated to high level at time T0D halfway through the same period (LM-STOP).
Therefore, the correction preparation (initialization) immediately before the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) is performed during the light emission disabled period (LM-STOP).
However, the so-called “flashing phenomenon,” which will be described below, will occur because the length of the light emission disabled period (LM-STOP) may be changed depending on the specification of the system (equipment) incorporating the organic EL display 1.
FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams used to describe the causes of the flashing phenomenon.
FIG. 13A illustrates the waveform of the power drive pulse DS over a period of four fields (4F). The waveform thereof over about one field (1F) is shown in FIG. 12C.
In FIGS. 4A to 4E described earlier, the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) and writing and mobility correction period (W&μ) are very short as compared to the light emission enabled periods (LM(0) and LM(1)). In FIG. 13A, therefore, the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) and writing and mobility correction period (W&μ) are not shown. The 1F period begins with a light emission enabled period (LM). Here, the light emission enabled period (LM) is a period of time during which the power drive pulse DS is at the high potential Vcc_H. The subsequent period of time during which the power drive pulse DS is at the low potential Vcc_L corresponds to the light emission disabled period (LM-STOP) as shown in FIG. 12.
FIG. 13B diagrammatically illustrates light emission intensity L which changes in synchronism with FIG. 13A. A case is shown here in which the data voltage Vin is continuously displayed in the same pixel row over a period of four fields.
As illustrated in FIG. 13A, the light emission disabled period (LM-STOP) is relatively short in the first two-field period. In the subsequent two-field period, however, the light emission disabled period (LM-STOP) is relatively long. This control is provided to address, for example, the relocation of the equipment from outdoors to indoors. In response, the CPU or other control circuit (not shown) incorporated in the equipment determines that the surrounding environment has become darker. As a result, the CPU or other control circuit may bring down the display brightness as a whole for improved ease of viewing. A similar process may be used when the equipment goes into low power consumption mode. On the other hand, the CPU or other control circuit may maintain the drive current constant to ensure longer service life of the organic light-emitting diode OLED. For example, if the data voltage Vin is large, the drive current is maintained constant to prevent excessive increase in this current, thus extending the light emission enabled period (LM) and providing the light emission brightness commensurate with the data voltage Vin. In the opposite case, i.e., if the drive current is large as illustrated, the light emission enabled period (LM) may be reduced with the drive current maintained constant, thus providing predetermined light emission brightness commensurate with the reduced data voltage Vin.
It takes time for the capacitance Coled. of the organic light-emitting diode OLED, shown, for example, in FIG. 8A, to stabilize after a reverse bias is applied to the same diode OLED. This time is longer than the 1F period. In addition, the capacitance value thereof changes slowly. As a result, the longer the reverse-biasing period, the larger the capacitance Coled. From Equation 1 described earlier, therefore, the larger the capacitance Coled., the smaller the change ΔV of the source potential Vs. As a result, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor Md becomes larger than in the preceding field during which the same data voltage Vin is supplied. If the same voltage Vgs becomes larger between fields, the light emission intensity L increases by ΔL starting from the display of the succeeding field as illustrated in FIG. 13B, thus resulting in a flashing phenomenon in which the entire screen becomes instantaneously bright.
In contrast, if the initialization period (INT) becomes suddenly shorter, the reverse-biasing period will be shorter. For the reason opposite to that described above, therefore, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs becomes suddenly small. This brings down the light emission intensity L, causing the entire screen to become instantaneously dark (type of flashing phenomenon).
FIGS. 14A and 14B are associated with FIGS. 13A and 13B and illustrate the waveform of the write drive pulse DS and the light emission intensity L.
To prevent the above flashing phenomenon, the display control according to the present embodiment shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B fixes in time the light emission disabled period (LM-STOP) which is determined by the low potential Vcc_L of the power drive pulse DS and whose length may change according to the system demands. However, the intermediate potential Vcc_M is provided as a potential of the power drive pulse DS. The intermediate potential Vcc_M has a level at which no reverse bias is applied to the organic light-emitting diode OLED. The application time of the intermediate potential Vcc_M is controlled so as to accommodate the change in length of the light emission enabled period.
As a result, the reverse biasing period which can affect the light emission intensity L remains always constant, effectively preventing the flashing phenomenon. More specifically, the above control eliminates, in the field following the shortening of the light emission time, the increment ΔL of the light emission intensity L which occurs in FIG. 13B.
Several modification examples of the present embodiment will be described below.
MODIFICATION EXAMPLE 1
The pixel circuit is not limited to that illustrated in FIG. 2.
In the pixel circuit illustrated in FIG. 2, the reference data potential Vo is supplied as a result of the sampling of the video signal Ssig. However, the same signal Ssig may be supplied to the source or gate of the drive transistor Md via another transistor.
The pixel circuit illustrated in FIG. 2 has only one capacitor, i.e., the holding capacitor Cs. However, another capacitor may be provided, for example, between the drain and gate of the drive transistor Md.
MODIFICATION EXAMPLE 2
There are two driving methods in which the pixel circuit controls the light emission and non-light emission of the organic light-emitting diode OLED, i.e., controlling the transistor in the pixel circuit by means of the scan line and driving the supply line of the supply voltage by AC power using a drive circuit (AC driving of the power supply).
The pixel circuit illustrated in FIG. 2 is an example of the latter or AC driving of the power supply. In this driving method, however, the cathode of the organic light-emitting diode OLED may be driven by AC power to control whether to pass the drive current.
In the former control method of controlling the light emission by means of the scan line, on the other hand, another transistor is inserted between the drain or source of the drive transistor Md and the organic light-emitting diode OLED so as to drive the gate of the same transistor Md by means of the scan line whose driving is controlled by the power supply.
MODIFICATION EXAMPLE 3
The display control illustrated in FIGS. 4A to 4E completes the threshold voltage correction period (VTC) in a single step. However, the threshold voltage correction may be completed in a plurality of continuous steps (meaning that there is no initialization therebetween).
In addition, the organic light-emitting diode OLED may stop emitting light, for example, with the drive transistor Md left floating.
The embodiments of the present invention provide the same brightness for all fields so long as the same data voltage is supplied, effectively preventing the so-called flashing phenomenon. These embodiments do so even in the event of a change in the light emission enabled period between different fields without being affected by the change in the bias applied to the organic light-emitting diode which takes place during a non-light emission enabled period (light emission disabled period) because of the length of the reverse bias application period.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. An electronic apparatus comprising a display panel, the display panel including pixel circuits and a drive circuit,
at least one of the pixel circuits including:
a light-emitting element having diode characteristics;
a drive transistor configured to control a driving current for the light-emitting element;
a capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor;
a switching transistor configured to sample a potential signal from a signal line to the capacitor; and

the drive circuit being configured to:
set an anode electrode of the light-emitting element to a first state so as to keep the light-emitting element in a non-emission state without applying a reverse-biased potential to the anode electrode,
set the anode electrode of the light-emitting element in a second state so as to keep the light-emitting element in the non-emission state by applying a first potential to the anode electrode,
store a data voltage in the capacitor, the data voltage depending on characteristic information of the drive transistor and image signal information, and
apply a second potential to the drive transistor so as to supply a driving current to the light-emitting element, the drive transistor controlling the driving current according to the data voltage.

2. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a control circuitry configured to change a brightness of the display panel according to a specific condition, and wherein the drive circuit is configured to change the duration from a beginning timing of storing the data voltage in the capacitor to an end timing of applying the second potential to the drive transistor in each of the pixel circuits in accordance with the specific condition.

3. The electronic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the electronic apparatus is a mobile device configured to reduce the brightness of the display panel when the device is moved from a bright environment into a dark environment.

4. The electronic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the drive circuit is configured to set the anode electrode to the first and second states in sequence, and change the duration from a beginning timing of setting the anode electrode to the first state to a beginning timing of setting the anode electrode to the second state in each of the pixel circuits in accordance with the specific condition.

5. The electronic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the drive circuit is configured to:
change the duration from a beginning timing of setting the anode electrode to the first state to a beginning timing of setting the anode electrode to the second state in each of the pixel circuits in accordance with the specific condition; and
maintain the duration from the beginning timing of setting the anode electrode to the second state to an end timing of setting the anode electrode to the second state to a constant duration which is independent of the specific condition.

6. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display panel includes:
a first potential line configured to provide the first potential, and
a second potential line to which a cathode electrode of the light-emitting element is connected.

7. The electronic apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the light-emitting element and the drive transistor are serially connected between the first potential line and the second potential line.

8. The electronic apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the second potential line is configured to provide a second potential to the cathode electrode of the light emitting element, and the first potential is not higher than the second potential.

9. The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the second potential line is configured to accommodate setting the light-emitting element to a reverse-biased state.

10. A method for driving an electronic apparatus comprising a display panel including pixel circuits,
at least one of the pixel circuits including:
a light-emitting element having diode characteristics;
a drive transistor configured to control a driving current for the light-emitting element;
a capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor,

and the method comprising:
setting an anode electrode of the light-emitting element to a first state so as to keep the light-emitting element in a non-emission state without applying a reverse-biased potential to the anode electrode;
setting the anode electrode of the light-emitting element in a second state so as to keep the light-emitting element in the non-emission state by applying a first potential to the anode electrode;
storing a data voltage in the capacitor, the data voltage depending on characteristic information of the drive transistor and image signal information; and
applying a second potential to the drive transistor so as to supply a driving current to the light-emitting element, the drive transistor controlling the driving current according to the data voltage.

11. A display device comprising a plurality of pixel circuits and a drive circuit, at least one of the pixel circuits including:
a light-emitting element having diode characteristics;
a drive transistor configured to control a driving current for the light-emitting element;
a capacitor coupled to a control node of the drive transistor;
a switching transistor configured to sample a potential signal from a signal line to the capacitor; and

the drive circuit being configured to:
execute a first process to set an anode electrode of the light-emitting element to a first state so as to keep the light-emitting element in a non-emission state without applying a reverse-biased potential to the anode electrode;
execute a second process to set the anode electrode of the light-emitting element in a second state so as to keep the light-emitting element in the non-emission state by applying a first potential to the anode electrode;
execute a third process to store a data voltage in the capacitor, the data voltage depending on characteristic information of the drive transistor and image signal information; and
execute a fourth process to apply a second potential to the drive transistor so as to supply a driving current to the light-emitting element, the drive transistor controlling the driving current according to the data voltage.

12. The self-luminous display device according to claim 3,
wherein a potential of the anode electrode of the light-emitting element during the fourth process is higher than a potential of the anode electrode of the light-emitting element during the first process, and a potential of the anode electrode of the light-emitting element during the first process is higher than a potential of the anode electrode of the light-emitting element during the second process.

13. The display device according to claim 4, wherein the driving circuit is configured to execute the first and the second processes by setting the anode electrode of the light-emitting element respectively to the first and second states by a first potential line.

14. The display device according to claim 3, further comprising a second potential line, wherein the drive transistor and the light emitting element are serially connected between the first potential line and the second potential line in each of the pixel circuits.

15. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the duration from the beginning of the first process to the beginning of the second process in each of the pixel circuits is variable in accordance with a specific condition.

16. The display device according to claim 3, wherein said at least one of the pixel circuits further includes:
a reset transistor configured to provide a reference potential to the capacitor, and
an emission control transistor disposed between the drive transistor and the light emitting element.

17. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the drive circuit is configured to execute the third process by feeding back a current flow through the drive transistor to the capacitor while the switching transistor is sampling the image signal information.

18. A drive circuit for controlling a light-emitting element having diode characteristics, the light-emitting element is coupled to a driving transistor for supplying a current flow for the light-emitting element,
wherein the drive circuit is configured to:
execute a first process to set an anode electrode of the light-emitting element to a first state so as to keep the light-emitting element in a non-emission state without applying a reverse-biased potential to the anode electrode;
execute a second process to set the anode electrode of the light-emitting element in a second state so as to keep the light-emitting element in the non-emission state by applying a first potential to the anode electrode;
execute a fourth process to apply a second potential to the drive transistor so as to supply a driving current to the light-emitting element, the drive transistor controlling the driving current according to a luminance data.

19. The drive circuit according to claim 10, further comprising a control circuitry configured to change a brightness of the light-emitting element according to a specific condition, wherein the drive circuit is configured to change the duration from the beginning of the fourth process to the end of the fourth process in each of the pixel circuits in accordance with the specific condition.

20. The drive circuit according to claim 11, wherein the drive circuit is configured to execute the first process and the second process in this order,
and further configured to change the duration from the beginning of the first process to the beginning of the second process in accordance with a specific condition.

21. The electronic apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the drive circuit is configured to:
change the duration from the beginning of the first process to the beginning of the second process in accordance with a specific condition; and
maintain the duration from the beginning the second process to the end of the second process to a constant duration which is independent of the specific condition.

22. The drive circuit according to claim 10, further comprising:
a first potential line configured to provide the first potential, and
a second potential line to which a cathode electrode of the light-emitting element is connected.

23. The drive circuit according to claim 14, wherein the light-emitting element and the drive transistor are serially connected between the first potential line and the second potential line.

24. The drive circuit according to claim 14, wherein the second potential line is configured to provide a second potential to the cathode electrode of the light emitting element, and the first potential is not higher than the second potential.

25. The drive circuit according to claim 16, wherein the second potential line is configured to accommodate setting the light-emitting element to a reverse-biased state.