United States 

I Department of 

Agriculture 

Release of 7-Year-Old Underplanted 

Forest Service White Pine Using Hexazinone 

Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station Applied with a Spot Gun 

Research Paper NE-614 G. W. Wendel 

@ J. N. Kochenderfer 
Abstract 

Hexazinone, Velpar-L@, applied at rates of 1 .O, 1.5, and 1.75 ml per spot, controlled competing hardwoods around 7-year-old underplanted white pine. Growth 

response was more pronounced when hexazinone was applied to release individual pines than when the entire area was treated on a 6 by 6-foot grid. In most 

cases, hexazinone killed white oak, chestnut oak, American beech, sourwood, red 

maple, and black gum. Yellow-poplar, red oak, cucumbertree, black cherry, sugar 

maple, sweet birch, and sassafras showed variable sensitivity to hexazinone. 

Three years after treatment, resprouting of killed stems and white pine mortality 

remain low. 

The Authors 

G. W. WENDEL, research forester (retired), joined the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station's Timber and Watershed Laboratory at Parsons, West Virginia, in 

1962. He received a B.S. degree in forestry from lowa State University in 1951, and 

a master's degree in forestry from Yale University in 1957. 

J. N. KOCHENDERFER, research forester, joined the USDA Forest Service in 1960 

and has been stationed at the Northeastern Station's Timber and Waterstled 

Laboratory since 1967. He received a B.S. degree in forestry from West Virginia 

University and a master's degree in forestry from Duke University. 

Manuscript received for publication 16 December 1987 

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 

370 Reed Road, Broomall, PA 19008 

April t988 
Introduction 

Hexazinone, Velpar-L@, is an effective herbicide for controlling a variety of woody and herbaceous vegetation: In this 

paper we present the results of a study in which three rates 

of hexazinone were applied to release 7-year-old underplanted eastern white pines growing in a partially cut hardwood stand. Hexazinone was applied as spots around 

seedlings or on an equally spaced grid over the treatment 

area. 

In this study, hexazinone was applied to the soil and was 

readily absorbed through roots and translocated primarily 

through the xylem. Its mode of action is thought to be inhibition of photosynthesis. Hexazinone has a half-life of 1 to 6 

months depending on the soil, rainfall, and other factors 

(Beste 1983). In a Georgia study, Neary et al. 1983 reported 

that the half-life of hexazinone in a sandy loam soil was 10 

to 30 days. 

General toxicity of hexazinone to fish and wildlife is considered low. The lethal concentration (LC50) for mallard ducklings and bobwhite quail was greater than 5,000 ppm, and 

the median tolerance limit for trout was greater than 320 but 

less than 420 ppm (Beste 1983). 

Hexazinone has been tested in many forest situations-to 

control understory vegetation in Allegheny hardwoods, 

release pine in southern forests, and control brush on planting sites in the Southwestern United States (Horsley 1981; 

Dewey 1980; Heidmann 1984). 

The Study Area 

The study area is 25 acres; it has a southwest aspect and an 

average slope of 40 percent (Fig. 1). The soil is mapped as a 

Berks channery silt loam. It is well drained, moderately shallow (average depth 22 inches), and weathered from bedded 

acid shale, siltstone, and sandstone of the Chemung geologic formation. The soil is moderately low in fertility and 

moderate in erosion hazard. Fragments of sandstone and 

shale generally are found throughout the profile. 

AREA I (7.5 Acres) 

1.75 ml Hexadnone 

6 x 6 Grid 

AREA III ( 1 1.7 Acres) 

1.5 ml ~&azinone 

6 Spots per Pine 

AREA 11 (5.8 ACRES) / 

2 ml, 50% Aqueous Solution 

Hexazinone 

6 Spots per Pine 

Figure 1 .-Location of treatment areas. '4 
Stand History 

In the spring of 1977, 2-0 white pine seedlings were underplanted on the study area. During September and October 

1977, the area was partially logged with a truck-mounted 

crane (Kochenderfer and Wendel 1980). Hexazinone treatments were applied during May 1984. 

Treatments 

The study area was divided into three treatment areas (Fig. 

1). Hexazinone was applied to the soil with a spot gun precalibrated with water to deliver the following amounts. 

Area I. 

Area 11. 

... -- 

Area I I I 

Undiluted hexazinone (Velpar-L) was applied to the 

soil at a rate of 1.75 ml per spot on a 6 by 6-foot 

grid throughout the area. 

Using white pine as a center, 2 ml of 50 percent 

aqueous solution of Velpar-L was applied to each 

of six spots around each pine. Spots were not appliedcloserthan 4 feet to a pine on the uphill side 

nor closer than 3 feet on the downhill side. 

Same as treatment II except that undiluted Velpar-L 

was applied at a rate of 1.5 ml per spot. 

A 50-foot untreated buffer strip was left along the live 

stream on the lower side of the study area. 

Methods 

Plot Layout 

Fourteen permanent sampling points were established on 

Areas I and II and 30 points were established on Area Ill 

before treatment. Before treatment at each sampling point, 

a milacre plot was taken to determine the percentage of plot 

surface area covered by foliage of stems less than 1.0 inch 

in d.b.h. Species that covered 5 percent or more of the surface area were tallied. Species and d.b.h. (to the nearest 0.1 

inch) for all trees larger than 1.0 inch in d.b.h. were tallied 

on a 1/100-acre plot at the same sampling point. Before 

treatment, all white pines on the 1/100-acre plot were permanently numbered and measured. Total height to nearest 

0.1 foot, crown position, and current-year and previous 2- 

year height growth were recorded for each pine by measuring internode length. 

Plots were retallied at the end of the second and third growing seasons after treatment. The effectiveness of treatments 

on species was determined by comparing tallies before and 

after treatment. Pretreatment (1983) height growth for individual white pines in a treatment was compared to height 

growth in 1986 by a paired "t" test. White pine survival was 

determined by comparing tallies of numbered seedlings 

before and after treatment. 

At the time of the initial inventory in September 1983, the 

overstory stand larger than 6 inches in d.b.h. consisted of 

trees left from earlier logg ing-low-grade mixed oaks 

(chestnut, white, and red), red maple, sourwood, American 

beech, yellow-poplar), and cucumbertree. Volume in trees 

larger than 6.0 inches in d.b.h. ranged from 841 to 1,247 

ftVacre and averaged 993 ftYacre. Sawtimber volume in 

trees larger than 11.0 inches in d.b.h. ranged from 1,337 to 

3,807 board feevacre and averaged 2,464 board feet/acre. 

The total number of trees per acre larger than 1.0 inch in 

d.b.h. averaged 729 and also included, sassafras, sweet 

birch, black gum, yellow-poplar, and hickory. Minor 

amounts of other species also were present. 

The initial inventory indicated about 263 white pine per 

acre; 75 percent of the 1/100-acre plots contained at least 

three white pine seedlings over all treatment areas. Stocking 

was 81 percent on Area 1,67 percent on Area II, and 77 percent on Area Ill. For the entire study area, survival of underplanted pine was about 90 percent during the 7-year period 

after planting. Thirty-eight percent of the pines were receiving some light and were classed as intermediate in crown 

class. The remaining pines were classed as overtopped. 

Assessment of White Pine Damage 

About 1% months after treatment, we observed that some of 

the white pines, most of which were in Area Ill, exhibited 

various degrees of needle browning. Only a few pines in 

Areas I and I1 showed browning; we did not observe pines 

that we believed might die in these areas. Four needlebrowning classes were defined: 1, no browning; 2, slight 

browning (1 to 25 percent of the needles); 3, moderate 

browning (26 to 50 percent); 4, heavy browning (51+ 

percent). For each class, 25 seedlings were chosen and 

flagged. 

Few seedlings had Class 4 browning and those that did 

were confined to Area Ill. Final evaluation of the flagged 

seedlings was made at the end of the second growing 

season after treatment. 

Results 

Survival and growth of white pine and effects of hexazinone 

on competing vegetation in the overstory and understory 

were assessed at the end of the second and third growing 

seasons. White pines damaged by hexazinone were evaluated 2 years after treatment. 
Survival and Growth 

Survival at the end of 3 years averaged 100 percent for 

intermediate white pines and 96 percent for those classed 

as overtopped (Table 1). Before treatment, intermediate 

seedlings were, on average, 1 to 2 feet taller than overtopped seedlings and 2 feet or more taller than overtopped 

seedlings 3 years after treatment. Average total height of 

intermediate white pine before treatment was 3.8 feet versus 

2.4 feet for overtopped seedlings (Table 1). Three years after 

treatment, average height of intermediate seedlings was 5.9 

feet tall versus 3.5 feet for overtopped seedlings. 

In lieu of a ccnventional control area to gage the effectiveness of treatments, internode lengths were measured 1 and 

2 years before treatment. A comparison of 2-year pretreatTable 1.-Height growth of white pine 

ment growth and 2-year after-treatment growth, 1984-1985, 

showed no significant differences within a crown class 

regardless of treatment. This was expected because we had 

observed in another study that white pines showed little 

response until 2 or 3 years after release (Wendel and 

Kochenderfer 1982). Height growth in 1986 was compared 

to that in 1983 by a paired "t" test. Within a crown class 

there were no significant differences in height growth at the 

0.05 probability level for Areas I and II but there were significant differences in Area Ill (Table 1). 

A comparison of treatments within a crown class using 1986 

height growth showed that white pine growth in Area Ill was 

significantly higher at the 0.05 probability level than in 

Areas I or II (Table 1). This was true for both crown classes. 

Average height 2-year height growth annual 

Pre- 3 years after Pre- Post- height growth survival 

Treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment 1983 1986 in1986 

INTERMEDIATE CROWN CLASS 

I 3.5 5.2 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.5 100 

I I 4.4 6.5 1.6 1.3 0.7 0.8 100 

Ill 3.4 5.9 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.3 100 

Average 3.8 5.9 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 100 

OVERTOPPED CROWN CLASS 

Ill 2.1 3.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 100 

Averaae 2.4 3.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.5 96 

Damage 

At the end of 2 years, 11 of the seedlings with heavy needle 

browning (Class 4) had.died (Table 2). Heavy needle browning that was confined to Area Ill affected less than 1 percent 

of the white pines. Two years after treatment, no mortality 

was observed for Classes 1,2 or 3. An examination of Class 

4 seedlings at the end of the third growing season indicated 

no further mortality. Most of the browned needles had fallen 

off and seedlings had short "tufted" clusters of green 

needles. 

Cost of Treatment 

There was little difference in the cost of treatment for 

released pine. Cost per tree including chemical and labor 

averaged about $0.15 for treatments I and I1 and $0.16 for 

treatment Ill (Table 3). In Area Ill, the number of competing 

stems larger than 1.0 inch in d.b.h. was reduced by 20 percent and the number of stems larger than 6.0 inches in 

d.b.h. was reduced by 66 percent at the end of 3 years. 

The white pines in Area Ill had significantly better height 

growth than those in Areas I and 11. We believe that the cost 

difference of $0.01 per tree is justified by the greater growth. 
Table 2.-Damage and mortality of white pine 2 years after spot treatment (damage 

assessed in Area Ill) 

Table 3.-Cost of treatment per white pinea 

Cost per: 

Area No. pines Amount of No. hours Released 

Treatment treated per acre herbicide used per acre Acre pine 

Acres Gallons ---------- Dollars ---------- 

a Labor cost assumed to be $6.50/hour. 

Whether a grid pattern is used or individual pines are 

treated, each area has to be walked through by the treatment crew, so it makes sense to treat only those areas 

where there are pine to release. In areas similar in topography, competition, and density of white pine, one person 

should treat 3 to 4 acres per day using the grid method or 5 

to 6 acres per day if treating individual pines. In areas where 

the density of pines is especially high and stocking is 85 to 

90 percent, gridding might be more cost efficient than treating individual trees. However, for the abundance (spacing of 

approximately 13 by 13 feet) and stocking (75 percent) 

encountered in this study, treating individual pines might 

be best. 

Species Sensitivity 

The data show wide variability among species in sensitivity 

to hexazinone (Table 4). Much of the variation can be 

attributed to the distribution, occurrence, and size of the 

trees on the treatment areas. In theory, an abundance of 

larger trees with larger root distributions would place more 

trees in a position to pick up hexazinone from a single spot, 

whereas a nearly direct hit would be required to kill a small 

stem such as a newly germinated seedling. In other instances, sensitivity is affected by the concentration used 

and the method of application. 

Overstory hardwoods. White oak, sourwood, American 

beech, cucumbertree, and red maple exhibited moderate to 

high sensitivity to hexazinone for all treatments (Table 4). 

Red oak and chestnut oak were highly sensitive at the two 

highest rates of application but insensitive at 1 ml per spot. 

Downy serviceberry and some black gums were susceptible 

to hexazinone at the higher application rate. Hickory and 

eastern hemlock were not sensitive. Some species such as 

black cherry, sugar maple, and sweet birch were found only 

on Area I and only sugar maple showed some sensitivity to 

hexazinone. 

Ground cover species. In general, spot applications 

increased the amount of open condition on the treatment 

areas-nearly fourfold on Area I. On Areas II and Ill, the 

amount of open condition increased more than 2.5 times. 
Table 4.-Percentage of all hardwood stems larger than 1.0 

inch in d.b.h. killed by hexazinone at the end of 2 years 

Treatment 

Species I II Ill 

Yellow-poplar 19 0 15 

Red maple 42 23 23 

Red oak 50 0 70 

Cucumbertree 50 100 37 

Black cherry 0 a -- Sugar maple 16 -- -- 

Sweet birch 0 -- -- 

Sassafras 14 0 0 

Chestnut oak 92 0 73 

American beech 31 5 77 

Black gum 0 0 29 

Sourwood 16 57 27 

Hickory 0 -- 0 

White oak 100 61 73 

Hemlock 0 0 0 

Downy serviceberry -- 0 100 

All 32 21 31 

Oaks only 87 44 62 

a Species not observed in treatment area. 

By comparing tallies of ground cover before and after 

treatment, we observed that seedlings and sprouts of black 

gum, sugar maple, red maple, American chestnut, sassafras, 

striped maple, and sourwood showed moderate to high 

sensitivity to hexazinone. The low concentration used in 

Area II was least effective in controlling ground cover 

species. Several shrub species, including mountain laurel, 

common greenbrier, and witch-hazel, were little affected by 

any treatment. Least sensitive tree species observed as 

ground cover were red oak, cucumbertree, sweet birch, and 

eastern white pine. 

Because of the limited root development of the smaller 

plants observed as ground cover, the mode of action of 

hexazinone in the soil, and the method of treatment, a 

species might show increased sensitivity as it becomes 

larger and develops a more extensive root system. 

Overstory Stand Structure 

Stand structure was altered considerably by all levels of 

treatment (Table 5). Three-year net loss of number of stems 

was 10 percent on Area 1,13 percent on Area II, and 21 percent on Area Ill. The greatest loss in numbler of hardwood, 

stems was recorded at the end of the second year after 

treatment (Table 1). By the end of the thirdgrowing season, 

the number of stems in the 1- to 5-inch d.b!h. class 

increased and the numbers in the 6- to 10-inch d.b.h. class 

increased slightly or remained the same. All of the stems 

larger than 11.0 inches in d.b.h. in Areas I and Ill were dead 

at the end of the third year after treatment. 

The greatest changes in basal area over the 3-year period 

were observed in stems larger than 6 inches in d.b.h. in 

Areas I and 111 (Table 5), probably because many of the 

larger trees were the sensitive white and chestnut oak. Also, 

larger trees have large branching root systems, increasing 

the chances that several spots might affect the same tree. 

The reduction in basal area of larger stems is still in effect 

after 3 years in all treatment areas but less so in Area II, 

where the lowest concentrations of hexazinone were used. 

Area Ill had the largest change in total basal area of all sites 

and the lowest final basal area. This probably accounts in 

part for the better growth of white pine on Area Ill. 

Discussion 

Application of 1.5 ml of Velpar-L around individual white 

pines produced the best growth response after 3 years. 

Growth was most pronounced during the third growing 

season after treatment, though the reduction in competing 

vegetation was greatest at the end of the second growing 

season. Applications of 1.75 ml and 1.5 ml per spot killed all 

hardwood overstory trees larger than 11.0 inches in d.b.h., 

whereas the same-size trees that received 1 ml per spot 

were still alive 3 years after treatment. 

The large amount of open area created on Area I probably 

can be attributed to treatment. Using a grid of 6 by 6 feet, 

every spot applied created some open area even though no 

pines were nearby. On the other areas, application was 

based on pine abundance and distribution which was not 

uniform over the treatment areas. In Areas I1 and Ill, relatively large sections may not have received any Velpar-L. In 

Area Ill, control of competing vegetation was best in sections with the greatest pine stocking. 

Because the mode of action of Velpar-L is by absorption 

through the root system, the larger trees are more susceptible to all treatments. High concentrations of smaller stems 

require that spots be spaced more closely to control competition. Although there is regrowth of many small stems, 

effects of the treatment are evident after 3 years. The use of I 

1.5 ml of Velpar-L per spot when treating individual pines is 

a relatively cheap way to release underplanted white pine. 

Mortality of pine from the herbicide was minor. 

The following procedures for releasing underplanted white 

pine are recommended: 

1. Apply about six spots of undiluted Velpar-L around each 

pine, no closer than 4 feet to a pine on the uphill side 

and no closer than 3 feet on the downhill side. When 

pine stocking is high, the total number of spots can be 
. Table 5.-Change in number of stems per acre and-basal area per acre 2 and 3 years 

after treatment 

I 1-5 551 386 543 15.5 14.1 18.7 

6-1 0 115 64 71 36.6 19.9 22.6 

11+ 14 14 0 12.9 10.1 0 

All 680 . 464 614 65.1 44.1 41.3 

II 1-5 665 522 586 22.0 17.3 17.7 

6-1 0 78 56 56 24.9 , 17.8 17.8 

11+ 21 21 21 19.4 19.5 21.5 

All 764 599 663 66.2 54.5 57.0 

Ill 1-5 606 466 547 19.6 12.8 15.0 

6-1 0 103 39 46 33.0 12.2 16.1 

11+ 33 6 0 30.8 5.7 0 

All 742 51 1 593 83.4 30.7 31.1 

reduced since some spots will kill the competition 

around more than one pine. If pines are taller than 3 

feet, increase the distance from pine to spot. 

2. Make sure that your spot gun is equipped with-a Velpar 

cylinder and calibrate the gun with water to deliver 1.5 

ml per spot. 

3. In high rainfall areas such as the central Appalachians, 

apply Velpar-L in late April or May before active top 

growth is evident and root growth is in progress. If applied earlier, much of the Velpar-L might be leached 

through the soil before active root growth of the target 

species begins. 

4. Observe all herbicide precautionary and use information 

on the label. 

Pesticides used improperly can be injurious to man, animals, and plants. Follow the directions and heed all precautions on the labels. 

Store pesticides in original containers under lock and keyout of the reach of children and animals-and away from 

food and feed. 

Apply pesticides so that they do not endanger humans, 

livestock, crops, beneficial insects, fish, and wildlife. Do not 

apply pesticides when there is danger of drift, when honey 

bees or other pollinating insects are visiting plants, or in 

ways that may contaminate water or leave illegal residues. 

Avoid prolonged inhalation of pesticide sprays or dusts; 

wear protective clothing and equipment if specified on 

the container. 

If your hands become contaminated with a pesticide, do not 

eat or drink until you have washed. In case a pesticide is 

swallowed or gets in the eyes, follow the first-aid treatment 

given on the label, and get prompt medical attention. If a 

pesticide is spilled on your skin or clothing, remove clothing 

immediately and wash skin thoroughly. 

Do not clean spray equipment or dump excess spray material near ponds, streams, or wells. Because it is difficult to 

remove all traces Of herbicides from equipment, do not use 

the same equipment for insecticides or fungicides that you 

use for herbicides. 

Dispose of empty ljesticide containers promptly. Have them 

buried in a sanitary land-fill dump, or crush or bury them in 

a level, isolated place. 

NOTE: Some states have restrictions on the use of certain 

pesticides. Check your State and local regulations. Also, 

because registrations of pesticides are under constant 

review by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, consult your 

county agricultural agent or State extension specialist to be 

sure the intended use is still registered. 
1 Species Mentioned in this Study 

Common Name Scientific Name 

1 American beech Fagus grandifolia Eh rh. 

i American chestnut Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. 

Black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

Black gum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 

, 

Chestnut oak Quercus prinus L. 

Cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata L. 

Downy serviceberry Amelanchier arborea (Michx.f.) Fern. 

I Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. 

Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch 

I Eastern white pine Pinus strobus L. 

Hickories Carya sp. Nutt. 

Red maple Acer rubrum L. 

Sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh. 

Northern red oak Quercus rubra L. 

Sassafras Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

I Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. 

I Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum L. 

Sweet birch Betula lenta L. 

White oak Quercus alba L. 

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera L. 

I Greenbrier Smilax L. 

~ Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia L. 

Witch-hazel Hamamelis L. 

Literature Cited 

Beste, C. E. 1983. Herbicide handbook of the Weed Science 

Society of America. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed 

Science Society of America. 515 p. 

Dewey, J. 6. 1980. "Gridball pellets"-a new tool for brush 

control in pines. Forest Farmer. 15(2): 14-1 5. 

Heidmann, L. J. 1984. Using herbicides for reforestation in 

the Southeast. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-103. Fort Collins, 

CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 

11 p. 

Horsley, S. B. 1981. Control of herbaceous weeds in Allegheny hardwood forests with herbicides. Weed Science. 29: 

655-662. 

Kochenderfer, J. N.; Wendel, G. W. 1980. Costs and environmental impacts of harvesting timber in Appalachia with a 

truck-mounted crane. Res. Pap. NE-456. Broomall, PA: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 9 p. 

Neary, D. G.; Bush, P. B.; Douglas, J. E. 1983. Off-site 

movement of hexazinone in stormflow and baseflow from 

forest watersheds. Weed Science. 31: 543-541. 

Wendel, G. W.; Kochenderfer, J. N. 1982. Glyphosate controls hardwoods in West Virginia. Res. Pap. NE-497. 

Broomall, PA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. 
Wendel, G. W.; Kochenderfer, J. N. 1987. Release of 7-year-old underplanted 

white pine using hexazinone applied with a spot gun. Res. Pap. NE-614. 

Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. 

Hexazinone, Velpar-L@, applied at rates of 1 .O, 1.5, and 1.75 ml per spot, controlled competing hardwoods around 7-year-old underplanted white pine. 

Growth response was more pronounced when hexazinone was applied to 

release individual pines than when the entire area was treated on a 6 by 6- 

foot grid. In most cases, hexazinone killed white oak, chestnut oak, American 

beech, sourwood, red maple, and black gum. Yellow-poplar, red oak, cucumbertree, black cherry, sugar maple, sweet birch, and sassafras showed variable sensitivity to hexazinone. Three years after treatment, resprouting of 

killed stems and white pine mortality remain low. 

I ODC 414.1 3:414.27:174.7 Pinus strobus L. 

Keywords: Spot gun; herbicide; release; white pine 
Headquarters of the Northeastem Forest Experiment Station are in Broomall, Pa. 

Field laboratories are maintained at: 

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts. 

Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College. 

0 Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont. 

Delaware, Ohio. 

Duham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire. 

0 Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University. 

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University, 

Morgantown. 

0 Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the University of Maine, Orono. 

0 Parsons, West Virginia. 

Princeton, West Virginia. 

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State Univers.ity of New York 

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University, 

Syracuse. 

University Park, Pennsylvania, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State 

University. 

0 Warren, Pennsylvania. 

Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or with any handicapping condition are welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs, and services 

of the USDA. Discrimination in any form is strictly against agency policy, and 

should be reported to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250.