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                        Handbook for Designing Roadways for the Aging Population


            
            In This Section
        Other Safety Areas
                Road Diets
                Lighting and Visibility
                                Overview
                Sign Retroreflectivity
                Pavement Markings
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                APPENDIX B
Photograph and Image Credits

**Figure #**
			**Caption**
			**Credit**Cover 1
			(in-lane freeway route shield markings)
			Jim Lyle, Texas A&M Transportation InstituteCover 2
			(crosswalk markings)
			Kay Fitzpatrick, Texas A&M Transportation InstituteCover 3
			(work zone cones)
			Tom Saunders, Virginia Department of TransportationCover 4
			(curve warning markings)
			Marcus Brewer/Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation InstituteCover 5
			(railroad crossing devices)
			Ben Sperry, Texas A&M Transportation Institute1
			Elements included for each Handbook treatment
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute2
			Percentage of crashes involving drivers and pedestrians by age at intersections (Hauer, 1988).
			Ezra Hauer, TRB Special Report 218 (1988)3
			Example 90Â° angle of intersection.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute4
			Example 75Â° angle of intersection.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute5
			Skewed signalized intersection with prohibition of right turn on red
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute6
			Recommended receiving lane width.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute7
			Vertical Curb (top), Sloping Curb (bottom)
			David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina8
			Left-turn lanes with positive offset
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute9
			Recommended signs and markings for intersections with channelized offset left-turn lanes
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute10
			Pedestrian Crossing Island (or Refuge Area)
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute11
			Raised median island with yellow marking on the vertical face and top surface.
			David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina12
			Comparison of curb radii
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute13
			MUTCD R10-12 sign adjacent to left-turn signal face.
			Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute14
			(MUTCD R10-31P)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.15
			(MUTCD R10-11)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.16
			Skewed signalized intersection with prohibition of right turn on red
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute17
			(MUTCD R10-15)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.18
			(MUTCD D3-1)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.19
			Intersection Warning W2-1 Sign and W16-8P Supplemental Advance Street Name Plaque
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.20
			(MUTCD D3-2)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.21
			(MUTCD W4-4P)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.22
			(MUTCD W3-1)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.23
			Mast-arm mounted lane-use control signs
			Alan Pate, Battelle24
			Yellow retroreflective backplates
			Mark Doctor, Federal Highway Administration25
			Pedestrian crossing at channelized right-turn lane.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute26
			(MUTCD R10-3 Series)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.27
			Recommended placement of MUTCD R10-15 sign.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute28
			Countdown pedestrian signal
			David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina29
			Key geometric design elements and traffic control devices for roundabouts
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute30
			(MUTCD W2-6)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.31
			Roundabout directional arrow sign
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute32
			Placement of Roundabout Circulation Plaques
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute33
			Right-Turn Channelization Design
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute34
			Combination Lane Use/Destination Guide Sign (MUTCD D15-1).
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.35
			Example of one signal head per lane
			Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute36
			High-visibility (”ladder”) crosswalk
			Kay Fitzpatrick, Texas A&M Transportation Institute37
			Yield Ahead Triangle Symbols
			David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina38
			Diagram of Median U-Turn Intersection
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute39
			Diagram of Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute40
			(MUTCD R10-32P)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.41
			Typical arrangements of signal faces with flashing yellow arrow indications for permissive left-turn movements
			Flashing Yellow Arrow information page, City of Bryan website, Bryan, Texas (2014) www.bryantx.gov42
			Example Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Sign.
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.43
			(MUTCD D13-3)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.44
			Recommended signs and markings for adjacent entrance/exit ramps at a crossroad intersection
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute45
			Advance ground-mounted diagrammatic sign.
			David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina46
			Recommended raised pavement markers and post- mounted delineators at an exit gore
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute47
			Placement of chevrons on the controlling curve of an exit ramp
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute48
			Recommended markings for acceleration lanes from entrance ramps onto freeways.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute49
			Recommended signing for restricted movements on an exit ramp
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute50
			Route Shield Markings At Freeway Junctions
			Jim Lyle, Texas A&M Transportation Institute51
			White edge lines, centerline RPMs, and chevrons on a horizontal curve
			Adam Pike, Texas A&M Transportation Institute52
			(MUTCD W7-6 and W13-1P).
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.53
			(MUTCD W3-4 and W16-13).
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.54
			(MUTCD W14-3)
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.55
			Lane Control Signal (adapted from Ullman et al. 1996)
			Ullman, G.L., Parma, K.D., Peoples, M.D., Trout, N.D., and Tallamraju, S.S. *Visibility, Spacing, and Operation of Freeway Lane Control Signals*. (1996)56
			Dotted Lane Line Markings at Freeway Lane Drop
			Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute57
			Contrast Markings on Light Colored Pavement
			Marcus Brewer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute58
			Curve Warning Markings
			Marcus Brewer/Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute59
			Example of Road Diet
			Virginia Department of Transportation60
			High Friction Surface Treatment on a Horizontal Curve
			Ken Kochevar, Federal Highway Administration61
			Flashing arrow panel at lane closure taper.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute62
			Changeable message sign upstream of lane closure taper
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute63
			Redundant static signs upstream of lane closure taper
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute64
			Phase 1 (Top) and Phase 2 (Bottom)
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute65
			Use of approved abbreviation in one-phase message
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute66
			Traffic cone for nighttime work zone operations.
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute67
			Temporary work zone sign with increased letter height.
			Caltrans, Office of Signs, Markings and California MUTCD. *Challenge Area: CA-14 â€” Improve Work Zone Safety*. (2012)68
			Recommended placement of post-mounted delineators
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute69
			Turning Path Taken by Left-Turning Vehicles (from Staplin et al., 1997).
			Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. *Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report*. (1997)70
			Intersection Geometries Examined in a Field Study of Right-Turn Channelization (Staplin et al., 1997).
			Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. *Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report*. (1997)71
			Sight Distance for Left and Right Turns for Passenger Car Drivers at Yield-Control Intersections (Harwood et al., 1993).
			Harwood, D.W., Mason, J.W., Jr., Pietrucha, M.T., Brydia, R.E., Hostetter, R.S., and Gittings, G.L. *Intersection Sight Distance*. (1993)72
			Spatial relationships that determine available sight distance
			McCoy, P.T., Navarro, U.R., and Witt, W.E. “Guidelines for Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Four-Lane Divided
			Roadways.” *Transportation Research Record 1356*. (1992)73
			Comparison of Required Intersection Sight Distance Values from the Modified AASHTO Model (with J
			= 2.5 S) and the Gap Acceptance Model (with Gap Values of 5.5 S, 7.0, 7.5 S, and 8.0 S).
			Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. *Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report*. (1997)74
			Alignment of Left-Turn Lanes for Negative and Positive Offset
			David Harkey, Highway Safety Resource Center, University of North Carolina75
			Alternative Left-Turn Treatments for Rural and Suburban Divided Highways
			Bonneson, J.A., McCoy, P.T., and Truby, J.E. “Safety Improvements at Intersections on Rural Expressways: A Survey of
			State Departments of Transportation.”*Transportation**Research Record 1385*.Â  (1993)76
			Sight Distance Restrictions for a Positioned and Unpositioned Left-Turning Driver at an Aligned Intersection with an Opposing Left-Turning Vehicle.
			Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. *Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report*. (1997)77
			Left-Turn Lane Offset Design Values Necessary to Achieve Unrestricted Sight Distances Calculated with Either the Modified AASHTO Model (J = 2.5 s) or the Gap Acceptance Model (G = 8.0 s).
			Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. *Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report*. (1997)78
			Alternative Curb Radii Evaluated in Laboratory Preference Study of Intersection Geometries
			Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. *Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, Volume I: Final Report*. (1997)79
			Novel Sign Tested as a Countermeasure to Reduce RTOR Violations and Pedestrian Conflicts
			Zegeer, C.V. and Cynecki, M.J. “Evaluation of Countermeasures Related to RTOR Accidents that Involve Pedestrians.” *Transportation Research Record 1059*. (1986)80
			Recommended Wording For Educational Placards For One-Stage And Two-Stage Crossings
			Knoblauch, R., Nitzburg, M., Dewar, R., Templer, A. and Pietrucha, M. *Older**Pedestrian**Characteristics for Use in Highway Design*. (1995)81
			One Way and Chevron Sign Combination Used in Central Island of Roundabout
			Jacquemart, G. Synthesis of Highway Practice 264: Synthesis of Roundabout Practice in the United States. (1998)82
			Roundabout Advance Warning Sign Recommended by Lord et al
			Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” *Accident Analysis and Prevention*, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007)83
			Lane Control Sign Recommended by Lord et al
			Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” *Accident Analysis and Prevention*, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007)84
			Roundabout Sign Recommended by Lord et al
			Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” *Accident Analysis and Prevention*, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007)85
			Yield Sign Treatment Recommended by Lord et al
			Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” *Accident Analysis and Prevention*, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007)86
			Exit Treatment Recommended by Lord et al
			Lord, D., Van Schalwyk, L., Chrysler, S., and Staplin, L. “A Strategy to Reduce Older Driver Injuries at Intersections Using More Accommodating Roundabout Design Practices.” *Accident Analysis and Prevention*, 39(3), pp 427-432. (2007)87
			Example of continental crosswalk markings
			K. Fitzpatrick, S.T. Chrysler, V. Iragavarapu, E. Park. (2010) *Crosswalk Marking Field Visibility Study*. Research Report. FHWA-HRT-10-068. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.88
			Example of bar pairs crosswalk markings
			K. Fitzpatrick, S.T. Chrysler, V. Iragavarapu, E. Park. (2010) *Crosswalk Marking Field Visibility Study*. Research Report. FHWA-HRT-10-068. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.89
			Diagram of Median U-Turn Intersection
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute90
			Diagram of Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersection
			Debbie Murillo, Texas A&M Transportation Institute91
			Supplemental Plaque Used with Extended Crossing Time Feature for APS
			Federal Highway Administration, *Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways*, 2009 Edition.92
			Example of MUTCD diagrammatic sign (a) and modified diagrammatic sign (b) used in comprehension evaluation
			Brackett, Q., Huchingson, R.D., Trout, N.D., and Womack, K.Â  “Study of Urban Guide Sign Deficiencies.” *Transportation Research Record 1368*. (1992)93
			Ground-Mounted Diagrammatic Guide Sign for Urban Multilane Arterial, Used by Zwahlen et al
			Zwahlen, Helmut T., Russ, Andrew, Roth, James M., and Schnell, Thomas. (2003) “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ground Mounted Diagrammatic Advance Guide Signs For Freeway Entrance Ramps”, Paper No. 03-3315, presented at the 82nd Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.94
			Pixel layout of LCD Heads employed in research conducted by Ullman et al.
			Ullman, G.L., Parma, K.D., Peoples, M.D., Trout, N.D., and Tallamraju, S.S. *Visibility, Spacing, and Operation of Freeway Lane Control Signals*. (1996)95
			Current (left) and proposed modified (right) temporary work zone sign in California.
			Caltrans, Office of Signs, Markings and California MUTCD. *Challenge Area: CA-14 â€” Improve Work Zone Safety*. (2012)96
			Experimental Enhanced Crossbuck Sign, Referred to as the “Buckeye Crossbuck” or “Conrail Shield”.
			Russell, E.R. and Kent, W. *Highway-Rail**Crossing Safety Demonstrations*. (1993).97
			Standard MUTCD W10-3 Sign and Alternative Sign Designs Evaluated by Picha, Hawkins, and Womack
			Picha, D.L., Hawkins, H.G., and Womack, K.N. *Motorist Understanding of Alternative Designs for Traffic Signs*. (1995)
      
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                    APPENDIX C ›
                
                Book:Handbook for Designing Roadways for the Aging Population
              Preface
                Acknowledgements
                Abbreviations and Acronyms
                Chapter 1. How to Use this Handbook
                Part I. Treatments
                Chapter 2. Intersections
                Chapter 3. Interchanges
                Chapter 4. Roadway Segments
                Chapter 5. Construction/Work Zones
                Chapter 6. Highway-Rail Grade Crossing
                Part II. Rationale and Supporting Evidence
                Chapter 7. Intersections
                Chapter 8. Interchanges
                Chapter 9. Roadway Segments
                Chapter 10. Construction/Work Zones
                Chapter 11. Highway-Rail Grade Crossings
                APPENDIX A
                APPENDIX B
                APPENDIX C
                APPENDIX D U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

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