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                        Synthesis of Pavement Marking Research


            
            In This Section
        Other Safety Areas
                Road Diets
                Lighting and Visibility
                                Overview
                Sign Retroreflectivity
                Pavement Markings
                Roadway Lighting
                Focused Approach to Safety
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                References
*You will need the Adobe Reader to view the PDFs on this page.*

1. Carlson, P. J., E. S. Park, and C. K. Andersen. "The Benefits of Pavement Markings: A Renewed Perspective Based on Recent and Ongoing Research." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1877, 2004, pp. 38-49.

2. Musick, J. V. "Effect of Pavement Edge Marking on Two-Lane Rural State Highways in Ohio." *Highway Research Board Bulletin 266*, 1962, pp. 1-7.

3. Basile, A. J. "Effect of Pavement Edge Markings on Traffic Accidents in Kansas." *Highway Research Board Bulletin 308*, 1962, pp. 80-86.

4. Secretary of Transportation. *The 1981 Highway Safety Stewardship Report.* Report to the United States Congress, Office of Highway Safety, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., April 1981.

5. Missouri Department of Transportation. "White Paper on Edgeline Stripes on Routes with 400-1000 AADT." January 2013.

6. Carlson, P. J., E. S. Park, A. M. Pike, R. J. Porter, J. Miles, B. Boulanger, O. Smadi, N. Hawkins, S. Chalmers, F. Darmiento, A. Burde, B. Kuhn, and W. Ealding. *Pavement Marking Demonstration Projects: State of Alaska and State of Tennessee.* FHWA-HRT-12-048, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., November 2013.

7. Gates, T. J., and G. H. Hawkins. *The Use of Wider Longitudinal Pavement Markings*. Report 0024-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, 2002.

8. Zwahlen, H. T., and T. Schnell, "Visibility of New Pavement Markings at Night under Low-Beam Illumination." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1495, 1995, pp. 117-127.

9. Ward, A. M. "Sighting Safety." In *Proceedings of the Conference Effectiveness of Highway Safety Improvements*, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York, 1985.

10. European Commission Directorate-General for Transport. *Requirements for Road Marking: State of the Art*. Report No. COST331, European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research, May 1999.

11. P. Ohme. *Enhancing Nighttime Pavement Marking Visibility for Older Drivers*. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Iowa City, Iowa, 2001.

12. Carlson, P. J., J. Miles, A. M. Pike, and E. S. Park. *Evaluation of Wet-Weather and Contrast Pavement Marking Applications: Final Report.* FHWA/TX-05/0-5008-2, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, March 2007.

13. Gibbons, R. B., M. J. McElheny, and C. J. Edwards. "The Impact of Pavement Marking Width on Visibility Distance." Paper #06-1859, National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2006.

14. Pietrucha, M. T., R. S. Hostetter, L. Staplin, and M. Obermeyer. *Pavement Markings and Delineations for Older Drivers*. FHWA-RD-94-145, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1996.

15. Carlson, P., E. S. Park, A. M. Pike, R. J. Porter, J. Miles, O. Smadi, and W. Ealding. *Pavement Marking Demonstration Projects: State of Alaska and State of Tennessee*. FHWA-HRT-09-039, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, 2010.

16. Miles, J., P. J. Carlson, R. Eurek, J. Re, and E. S. Park. *Evaluation of Potential Benefits of Wider and Brighter Edge Line Pavement Markings*. Report 0-5862, College Station, Texas, 2010.

17. Cottrell, B. H. Evaluation of Wide Edge Lines on Two-Lane Rural Roads. FHWA-VA-85-37, Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond, Virginia, 1987.

18. Cottrell, B. H. "Evaluation of Wide Edge Lines on Two-Lane Rural Roads." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1160, 1988, pp. 35-44.

19. Hall, J. W. "Evaluation of Wide Edge Lines." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1114, 1987, pp. 21-27.

20. Gibbons, R. B. *Pavement Marking Visibility Requirements during Wet Night Conditions*. Report VTRC-07-CR7, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Virginia, November 2006.

21. Carlson, P. J., and J. Wagner. *An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Wider Edge Line Pavement Markings*. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, February 2012.

22. Gibbons, R. B., and B. M. Williams. *Assessment of the Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings*. VCTIR 12-R13, Blacksburg, Virginia, June 2012.

23. Donnell, E. T., D. Lee, J. Molino, and K. S. Opiela. "Can Pavement Marking Curve Delineation Improve the Consistency of Vehicle Speed and Lane Position?: Results from a Nighttime Driving Experiment." Paper No. 07-0943, *Proceedings from Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting*, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2007.

24. Carlson, P. J., J. D. Miles, A. M. Pike, and E. S. Park. *Evaluation of Wet-Weather and Contrast Pavement Marking Applications: Final Report*. FHWA/TX-05/0-5008-2, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, March 2007.

25. Higgins, L., J. Miles, P. Carlson, F. Aktan, and D. Burns. "The Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet, and Raining Conditions." Paper No. 09 2043, Submitted to 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 2009.

26. Aktan, F., and T. Schnell. "Performance Evaluation of Pavement Markings under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions in the Field." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1877, 2004, pp. 38-49.

27. Finley, M. D., P. J. Carlson, N. D. Trout, and D. L. Jasek. *Sign and Pavement Marking Visibility from the Perspective of Commercial Vehicle Drivers*. Report 0-4269-1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, September 2002.

28. Deballion, C., P. J. Carlson, Y. He, T. Schnell, and F. Aktan. *Updates to Research on Recommended Minimum Levels for Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity to Meet Driver Night Visibility Needs*. FHWA-HRT-07-059, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., October 2007.

29. Park, E. S., P. J. Carlson, R. J. Porter, and C. K. Andersen. "Safety Effects of Wider Edge Lines on Rural Two-Lane Highways." *Accident Analysis and Prevention*, Vol. 48, September 2012, pp. 317-325.

30. Dravitzki, V. K., S. M. Wilkie, and T. J. Lester. *The Safety Benefits of Brighter Roadmarkings*. Land Transport, Wellington, New Zealand, 2006.

31. Molino, J. A., K. S. Opiela, C. K. Andersen, and M. J. Moyer. "Relative Luminance of Retroreflective Raised Pavement Markers and Pavement Marking Stripes on Simulated Rural Two-Lane Roads." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1844, 2003, pp. 45-51.

32. Bahar, J. M., M. Masliah, T. Erwin, E. Tan, and E. Hauer. *Pavement Marking Materials and Markers: Real-World Relationship between Retroreflectivity and Safety over Time*. NCHRP Web-Only Document 92, April 2006. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_webdoc_92.pdf.

33. Aktan, F., and T. Schnell. "Performance Evaluation of Pavement Markings under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions in the Field." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 1877, 2004, pp. 38-49.

34. Finley, M. D., P. J. Carlson, N. D. Trout, and D. L. Jasek. *Sign and Pavement Marking Visibility from the Perspective of Commercial Vehicle Drivers*. FHWA/TX-03/4269-1, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Texas, 2002.

35. Kopf, J. *Reflectivity of Pavement Markings: Analysis of Retroreflectivity Degradation Curves*. WA-RD 592.1, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia, Washington, 2004.

36. Donnell, E. T., and S. Sathyanarayanan. *Exploring the Statistical Association between Pavement Markings Retroreflectivity and Traffic Crash Frequency on Two- and Multilane Highways in North Carolina*. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2007.

37. Smadi, O., N. R. Hawkins, R. R. Souleyrette, and D. Ormand. "Analysis of Safety Effectiveness of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity." 87th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2008.

38. Smadi, O., N. Hawkins, I. Nlenanya, and B. Aldemir-Bektas. *Pavement Markings and Safety*. IHRB Project TR-580, Iowa Highway Research Board, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 2010.

39. Carlson, P. J., E. S. Park, and D. H. Kang. "An Investigation of Longitudinal Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity and Safety." *Transportation Research Record*, Publication Pending.

40. Avelar, R. E., and P. J. Carlson. "Characterizing the Combined Association of Edge Line and Center Line Retroreflectivity to Nighttime Crashes on Michigan Rural Two-Lane Highways." *Transportation Research Record*, Publication Pending.

41. Avelar, R.E., P.J. Carlson, E.S. Park, and D. Kang. Nighttime Safety and Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity on Two-Lane Highways: Revisited with North Carolina Data. Washington DC: Transportation Research Record, Annual Meeting. Washington DC, 2015.

42. Cunningham, C. M., J. E. Hummer, J. Chang, D. Katz, C. L. Vaughan, D. J. Findley, B. J. Schroeder, and D. McAvoy. *Temporary Wet-Weather Pavement Markings for Work Zones, Phase II: All-Weather Pavement Marking for Work Zones*, Field Evaluation in North Carolina and Ohio. FHWA-HIF-13-004, May 2013

43. Higgins, L., J. D. Miles, P. Carlson, D. Burns, F. Aktan, M. Zender and J. M. Kaczmarczik. "Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions." *Transportation Research Record*, No. 2107, 2009, pp. 69-75.

44. Wet-Reflective Pavement Marking Demonstration Project. IHRB Project TR-597, November 2011.

45. Molino, J. A., K. S. Opiela, C. K. Anderson, and M. J. Moyer. "Relative Luminance of Retroreflective Raised Pavement Markers and Pavement Marking Strips Rural Two-Lane Roads." 82nd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2003.

46. Molino, J. A., K. S. Opiela, C. K. Anderson, and M. J. Moyer. "Relative Luminance of Center Line vs. Edge Line Pavement Markings on Simulated Rural Two-Lane Roads at Night." 83rd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2004.

47. Molino, J. A., B. J. Katz, D. A. Duke, K. S. Opiela, C. K. Anderson, and M. J. Moyer. "Field Validation for the Relative Effectiveness of Combinations of Pavement Markings and Retroreflectivity Raised Pavement Markers in Recognizing Curves at Night." 83rd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 2004.

48. Bahar, G., C. Mollett, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, A. Smiley, T. Smahel, H. McGee. Safety Evaluation of Permanent Raised Pavement Markers. NCHRP Report 518. Washington, D.C., 2004.

49. *Nighttime Visibility of In-Service Pavement Markings, Pavement Markers, and Guardrail Delineation in Alaska*. FHWA-AK-RD-11-04, March 2011.

50. Ullman, G., M. Finley, A. Pike, K. Knapp, P. Songchitruksa, and A. Williams. *Studies to Improve Temporary Traffic Control at Urban Freeway Interchanges and Pavement Marking Material Selection in Work Zones*. Research Report 0-5238-2, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, March 2008.

51. Dwyer, C., W. Vavrik, and R. Becker. *Evaluating Pavement Markings on Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) and Various Asphalt Surfaces: Results of Year 1, 2, 3, and 4 Data Collection*. Research Report FHWA-ICT-113-033, Applied Research Associates, Champaign, Illinois, December 2013.

52. Oregon Department of Transportation. *Pavement Marking Design Guidelines*. October 2011.

53. Hawkins, H. G., Jr., T. J. Gates, and E. R. Rose. *Pavement Marking Handbook*. Product 0-4150-P1, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, 2004.

54. KDOT Pavement Marking Advisory Committee. *Pavement Marking Policy*. Kansas Department of Transportation, January 2002.

55. Connor, B., and J. Bennett. *Selection of Pavement Marking Materials*. Research and Technology Transfer, Alaska Department of Transportation, 2001.

56. Solar Roadways web page: http://www.solarroadways.com/intro.shtml
      
  Book traversal links for References
      ‹  Chapter 9. Other Topics of Interest
                    Up
                
                Book:Synthesis of Pavement Marking Research
              Chapter 1: Introduction
                Chapter 2. MUTCD Warrants
                Chapter 3. Pavement Marking Width
                Chapter 4: Dry Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity
                Chapter 5: Wet Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity
                Chapter 6: Combined Impacts of Markers
                Chapter 7. Pavement Marking Selection Tools
                Chapter 8. Future of Pavement Markings
                Chapter 9. Other Topics of Interest
                References U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

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