United States

Environmental Protection

Agency

Prevention, Pesticides

and Toxic Substances

(7101)

EPA 712–C–96–120

April 1996

Ecological Effects Test

Guidelines

OPPTS 850.1350

Mysid Chronic Toxicity

Test

‘‘Public Draft’’
i

INTRODUCTION

This guideline is one of a series of test guidelines that have been

developed by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances,

United States Environmental Protection Agency for use in the testing of

pesticides and toxic substances, and the development of test data that must

be submitted to the Agency for review under Federal regulations.

The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS)

has developed this guideline through a process of harmonization that

blended the testing guidance and requirements that existed in the Office

of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and appeared in Title 40,

Chapter I, Subchapter R of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the

Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) which appeared in publications of the

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and the guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD).

The purpose of harmonizing these guidelines into a single set of

OPPTS guidelines is to minimize variations among the testing procedures

that must be performed to meet the data requirements of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (15

U.S.C. 2601) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

(7 U.S.C. 136, et seq.).

Public Draft Access Information: This draft guideline is part of a

series of related harmonized guidelines that need to be considered as a

unit. For copies: These guidelines are available electronically from the

EPA Public Access Gopher (gopher.epa.gov) under the heading ‘‘Environmental Test Methods and Guidelines’’ or in paper by contacting the OPP

Public Docket at (703) 305–5805 or by e-mail:

guidelines@epamail.epa.gov.

To Submit Comments: Interested persons are invited to submit comments. By mail: Public Docket and Freedom of Information Section, Office

of Pesticide Programs, Field Operations Division (7506C), Environmental

Protection Agency, 401 M St. SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person:

bring to: Rm. 1132, Crystal Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. Comments may also be submitted electronically by sending

electronic mail (e-mail) to: guidelines@epamail.epa.gov.

Final Guideline Release: This guideline is available from the U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 on The Federal Bulletin Board. By modem dial 202–512–1387, telnet and ftp:

fedbbs.access.gpo.gov (IP 162.140.64.19), or call 202–512–0135 for disks

or paper copies. This guideline is also available electronically in ASCII

and PDF (portable document format) from the EPA Public Access Gopher

(gopher.epa.gov) under the heading ‘‘Environmental Test Methods and

Guidelines.’’
1

OPPTS 850.1350 Mysid chronic toxicity test.

(a) Scope—(1) Applicability. This guideline is intended to meet testing requirements of both the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et seq.) and the Toxic Substances

Control Act (TSCA) (15 U.S.C. 2601).

(2) Background. The source material used in developing this harmonized OPPTS test guideline are 40 CFR 797.1950 Mysid Shrimp

Chronic Toxicity Test; OPP 72–4 Fish Early Life-Stage and Aquatic Invertebrate Life-Cycle Studies (Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision

E—Hazard Evaluation; Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms) EPA report 540/

09-82-024, 1982; and OECD 202 Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test

and Reproduction Test.

(b) Purpose. This guideline prescribes tests using mysids as test organisms to develop data on the chronic toxicity of chemicals. The Environmental Protection Agency will use data from these tests in assessing the

hazard of a chemical to the aquatic environment.

(c) Definitions. The definitions in section 3 of the Toxic Substances

Control Act (TSCA) and in 40 CFR Part 792—Good Laboratory Practice

Standards apply to this test guideline. The following definitions also apply

to this guideline:

Chronic toxicity test is a method used to determine the concentration

of a substance that produces an adverse effect from prolonged exposure

of an organism to that substance. In this test, mortality, number of young

per female, and growth are used as measures of chronic toxicity.

Death is the lack of reaction of a test organism to gentle prodding.

Flow-through is a continuous or an intermittent passage of test solution or dilution water through a test chamber or a holding or acclimation

tank, with no recycling.

G1 (Generation 1) are those mysids which are used to begin the test,

also referred to as adults; G2 (Generation 2) are the young produced by

G1.

LC50 is the experimentally derived concentration of test substance

that is calculated to kill 50 percent of a test population during continuous

exposure over a specified period of time.

Loading is the ratio of test organism biomass (gram, wet weight) to

the volume (liters) of test solution in a test chamber.

MATC (maximum-acceptable-toxicant-concentration) is the maximum

concentration at which a chemical can be present and not be toxic to the

test organism.
2

Retention chamber is a structure within a flow-through test chamber

which confines the test organisms, facilitating observation of test organisms and eliminating washout from test chambers.

(d) Test procedures—(1) Summary of the test. (i) In preparation

for the test, the flow of test solution through each chamber is adjusted

to the rate desired. The test substance is introduced into each test chamber.

The rate at which the test substance is added is adjusted to establish and

maintain the desired concentration of test substance in each test chamber.

The test is started by randomly introducing mysids acclimated in accordance with the test design into retention chambers within the test and the

control chambers. Mysids in the test and control chambers are observed

periodically during the test, the dead mysids removed, and the findings

reported.

(ii) Dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), pH, temperature, salinity,

the concentration of test substance, and other water quality characteristics

are measured and recorded at specified intervals in selected test chambers.

(iii) Data collected during the test are used to develop an MATC

and to quantify effects on specific chronic parameters.

(2) Range-finding test. (i) A range-finding test should be conducted

to establish test solution concentrations for the definitive test.

(ii) The mysids should be exposed to a series of widely spaced concentrations of the test substance (e.g. 1, 10, 100 mg/L), usually under static

conditions.

(iii) A minimum of 10 mysids should be exposed to each concentration of test substance for a period of time which allows estimation of appropriate chronic test concentrations. No replicates are required and nominal concentrations of the test substance are acceptable.

(3) Definitive test. (i) The purpose of the definitive test is to determine concentration-response curves, LC50 values, and effects of a chemical on growth and reproduction during chronic exposure.

(ii) A minimum of 40 mysids per concentration should be exposed

to five or more concentrations of the test chemical chosen in a geometric

series in which the ratio is between 1.5 and 2.0 (e.g. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and

64 mg/L). Mysids should be physically separated into replicate groups of

no more than eight individuals when most of the mysids reach sexual maturity (usually 10–14 days after the beginning of the test). If solvents, solubilizing agents, or emulsifiers have to be used, they should be commonly

used carriers and should not possess a synergistic or antagonistic effect

on the toxicity of the test substance. The concentration of solvent should

not exceed 0.1 mL/L. The concentration ranges should be selected to determine the concentration response curves, LC50 values, and MATC. Con-
3

centration of test substance in test solutions should be determined prior

to use.

(iii) Every test should include controls consisting of the same dilution

water, conditions, procedures, and mysids from the same population or

culture container, except that none of the test chemical is added.

(iv) The DOC, temperature, salinity, and pH should be measured

weekly in each chamber.

(v) The test duration is 28 days. The test is unacceptable if more

than 25 percent of first generation females in the control groups fail to

produce young or if the average number of young produced per female

in the controls is less than three per day. The number of dead mysids

in each chamber should be recorded on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the

test. The number of male and female mysids in each test chamber should

be recorded at the time when sexual characteristics become discernible.

This generally occurs after 10–12 days in the control, but may be delayed

in those mysids exposed to the test substance. Females are identified by

the presence of a ventral brood pouch. Body length (as measured by total

midline body length, from the anterior tip of the carapace to the posterior

margin of the uropod) should be recorded for males and females at the

time when sex can be determined simultaneously for all mysids in control

and treatment groups. This time cannot be specified because of possible

delays in sexual maturation of mysids exposed to test substances. A second

observation of male and female body lengths should be conducted on day

28 of the test. To reduce stress on the mysids, body lengths can be recorded by photography through a stereomicroscope with appropriate scaling information. As offspring are produced by the G1 mysids (approximately 13 to 16 days in controls), the young should be counted and separated into retention chambers at the same test substance concentration as

the chambers where they originated. If available prior to termination of

the test, observations on the mortality, number of males and females and

male and female body length should be recorded for the G2 mysids. Concentration-response curves, LC50 values and associated 95 percent confidence limits for the number of dead mysids (G1) should be determined

for days 7, 14, 21, and 28. An MATC should be determined for the most

sensitive test criteria measured (cumulative mortality of adult mysids,

number of young per female, and body lengths of adult males and females).

(vi) In addition to death, any abnormal behavior or appearance should

also be reported.

(vii) Test organisms should be impartially distributed among test

chambers in such a manner that test results show no significant bias from

the distributions. In addition, test chambers within the testing area should


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areas. Because of similarities with other mysid species, taxonomic verification should be obtained from the commercial supplier, by experienced laboratory personnel, or by an outside expert.

(C) Mysids used in a particular test should be of similar age and

be of normal size and appearance for their age.

(D) Mysids should not be used for a test if they exhibit abnormal

behavior, or if they have been used in a previous test, either in a treatment

or in a control group.

(ii) Acclimation. (A) Any change in the temperature and chemistry

of the water used for holding or culturing the test organisms to those of

the test should be gradual. Within a 24–h period, changes in water temperature should not exceed 1 °C, while salinity changes should not exceed

5 percent.

(B) During acclimation mysids should be maintained in facilities with

background colors and light intensities similar to those of the testing areas.

(iii) Care and handling. Methods for the care and handling of mysids

such as those described in paragraph (g)(1) of this guideline can be used

during holding, culturing, and testing periods.

(iv) Feeding. Mysids should be fed during testing. Any food utilized

should support survival, growth, and reproduction of the mysids. A recommended food is live Artemia spp. nauplii (approximately 48–h old).

(2) Facilities—(i) Apparatus. (A) Facilities which may be needed

to perform this test include:

(1) Flow-through or recirculating tanks for holding and acclimating

mysids.

(2) A mechanism for controlling and maintaining the water temperature during the holding, acclimation, and test periods.

(3) Apparatus for straining particulate matter, removing gas bubbles,

or aerating the water, as necessary.

(4) An apparatus for providing a 14–h light and 10–h dark

photoperiod with a 15– to 30–min transition period. In addition, flowthrough chambers and a test substance delivery system are required. It

is recommended that mysids be held in retention chambers within test

chambers to facilitate observations and eliminate loss through outflow

water.

(B) Facilities should be well ventilated and free of fumes and disturbances that may affect test organisms.


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7

stance. All treatment and control chambers should be given the same aeration treatment.

(iii) The number of mysids placed in a test solution should not be

so great as to affect results of the test. Loading requirements for the test

will vary depending on the flow rate of dilution water. The loading should

not cause the DOC to fall below the recommended levels.

(iv) Photoperiod of 14 h light and 10 h darkness, with a 15–30 min

transition period.

(v) Salinity of 20 ± 3 ppt.

(f) Reporting. The sponsor should submit to the EPA all data developed by the test that are suggestive or predictive of chronic toxicity and

all concomitant toxicologic manifestations. In addition to the general reporting requirements prescribed under Good Laboratory Practice Standards, 40 CFR part 792, subpart J, the reporting of test data should include

the following:

(1) The source of the dilution water, its chemical characteristics (e.g.

salinity, pH, etc.) and a description of any pretreatment.

(2) Detailed information about the test organisms, including the scientific name and method of verification, average length, age, source, history, observed diseases, treatments, acclimation procedures, and food used.

(3) A description of the test chambers, the depth and volume of solution in the chamber, the way the test was begun (e.g. conditioning, test

substance additions, etc.), the number of organisms per treatment, the number of replicates, the loading, the lighting, the test substance delivery system, and the flow rate expressed as volume additions per 24 hours.

(4) The measured concentration of test substance in test chambers

at the times designated.

(5) The first time (day) that sexual characteristics can be observed

in controls and in each test substance concentration.

(6) The length of time for the appearance of the first brood for each

concentration.

(7) The means (average of replicates) and respective 95 percent confidence intervals for:

(i) Body length of males and females at the first observation day (depending on time of sexual maturation) and on day 28.

(ii) Cumulative number of young produced per female on day 28.

(iii) Cumulative number of dead adults on day 7, 14, 21, and 28.
8

(iv) If available prior to test termination (day 28), effects on G2

mysids (number of males and females, body length of males and females,

and cumulative mortality).

(8) The MATC is calculated as the geometric mean between the lowest measured test substance concentration that had a significant (p < 0.05)

effect and the highest measured test substance concentration that had no

significant (p < 0.05) effect in the chronic test. The most sensitive of the

test criteria for adult (G1) mysids (cumulative number of dead mysids,

body lengths of males and females, or the number of young per female)

is used to calculate the MATC. The criterion selected for MATC computation is the one which exhibits an effect (a statistically significant difference

between treatment and control groups (p < 0.05)) at the lowest test substance concentration for the shortest period of exposure. Appropriate statistical tests (analysis of variance, mean separation test) should be used to

test for significant chemical effects. The statistical tests employed and the

results of these tests should be reported.

(9) Concentration-response curves should be fitted to the cumulative

number of adult dead for days 7, 14, 21, and 28. A statistical test of goodness-of-fit should be performed and the results reported.

(10) An LC50 value based on the number of dead adults with corresponding 95 percent confidence intervals for days 7, 14, 21, and 28.

These calculations should be made using the average measured concentration of the test substance.

(11) Methods and data records of all chemical analyses of water quality and test substance concentrations, including method validations and reagent blanks.

(12) The data records of the holding, acclimation and test temperature

and salinity.

(g) References. The following references should be consulted for additional background information on this test guideline:

(1) Environmental Protection Agency, Bioassay Procedures for the

Ocean Disposal Permit Program, EPA Report No. 600/9–78–010 (Gulf

Breeze, Florida, 1978).

(2) Price, W.W. et al. Observations on the genus Mysidopsis Sars,

1864 with the designation of a new genus, Americamysis, and the descriptions of Americamysis alleni and A. stucki (Peracarida: Mysidacea:

Mysidae), from the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society

of Washington 107:680–698 (1994).