Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government

This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may vary between electronic plotters 

and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may change size due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and 

proportions may not be true on plots of this map.

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–888–ASK–USGS

Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3261/

Suggested Citation: Golden, N.E., Cochrane, G.R., and Krigsman, L.M., 2013, Ground-truth studies, Offshore of Carpinteria map area, 

California, sheet 6 in Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Phillips, E.L., Ritchie, A.C., Kvitek, R.G., Greene, H.G., 

Endris, C.A., Seitz, G.G., Sliter, R.W., Erdey, M.D., Wong, F.L., Gutierrez, C.I., Krigsman, L.M., Draut, A.E., and Hart, P.E. (S.Y. Johnson 

and S.A. Cochran, eds.), California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Carpinteria, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Map 3261, pamphlet 42 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3261/.

Figure 6. USGS-designed camera sled being launched off research vessel for ground-truth studies. Components onboard sled 

include four digital video camcorders, one 8-megapixel digital SLR camera, lasers for scale, and various strobe and video 

lights, as well as telemetry instrumentation that records depth, altitude, and compass heading.

#

#

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^

^

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!

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DISCUSSION

Between 2005 and 2007, the seafloor in the Offshore of Carpinteria map area in southern California was mapped by California State 

University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), using both multibeam echosounders and bathymetric 

sidescan-sonar units (see sheets 1, 2, 3). These mapping missions combined to collect bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data from 

about the 10-m isobath to out beyond the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. In order to characterize the bathymetry and 

acoustic-backscatter data into geologically and biologically useful information, the USGS ground-truth-surveyed the data by towing 

camera sleds (fig. 6) over specific locations throughout the map area. 

The ground-truth surveys occurred on cruises in 2005, 2006, and 2008. The camera sleds were towed 1 to 2 m over the seafloor, at 

speeds of between 1 and 2 nautical miles/hour. During the 2005 and 2006 ground-truth cruises, a smaller USGS camera sled was used 

that housed two video cameras: one was forward looking, and the other was downward looking. The video was relayed in real time to the 

research vessel, where USGS and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientists recorded both the geologic and 

biologic character of the seafloor once every minute, using programmable keypads. During the 2008 ground-truth cruise, a larger camera 

sled was used that housed two video cameras (one forward looking, the other downward looking), a high-definition video camera, and an 

8-megapixel digital still camera, which captured a digital still photograph once every 30 seconds. The locations and directions of the 

camera-sled tracklines were chosen in order to visually inspect areas thought to represent the full range of bottom hardness and rugosity 

in the map area.

In the context of marine-fisheries management, benthic-habitat complexity can be divided into abiotic (geologic) and biotic 

(biologic) components. Benthic-habitat complexity refers to the visual classification of local abiotic and biotic vertical relief and structure 

that may provide potential refuge for both juvenile and adult forms of various species. Only abiotic attributes (primary- and secondarysubstrate composition) were used in the production of the seafloor-character map on sheet 5. Classifications of primary and secondary 

substrate are based on the Wentworth scale of sediment grain-size categories, except that granule and pebble sizes have been grouped 

together into a class called “gravel,” and the clay and silt sizes have been grouped into a class called “mud.” Primary and secondary 

substrate constitute greater than 50 and 20 percent of the seafloor during an observation, respectively. 

This sheet contains a smaller, simplified (depth-zone symbology has been removed) version of the seafloor-character map (sheet 5), 

on which the camera-sled tracklines used to ground-truth the sonar data are indicated by aligned colored dots, each dot representing the 

location of a recorded observation. Primary- and secondary-substrate compositions are shown by differently colored dots. The map also 

shows the locations of the detailed views of seafloor character along some of the tracklines (Boxes A through E) that are highlighted on 

this sheet (figs. 1A through 5A, respectively). Also shown are locations of samples (triangles) from usSEABED (Reid and others, 2006) 

and by Barnard and others (2009) that were used to supplement the ground-truth surveys. The seafloor-character map shows that this area 

is predominantly covered with sediment, but it also includes numerous oil platforms and areas of rocky outcrops. In addition, an area of 

subaqueous delta deposits is present at the mouth of Rincon Creek, offshore of Rincon Point.

Each detailed view (figs. 1A through 5A) shows the locations of camera-sled tracklines (aligned colored dots), as well as of the 

photographs (colored stars) taken along the tracklines. These photographs, which are representative of the seafloor, are displayed with a 

description of the observed seafloor characteristics recorded by USGS and NOAA scientists (figs. 1B through 1E, 2B through 2C, 3B 

through 3I, 4B through 4C, 5B through 5I). Only primary and secondary substrate are reported, although individual photographs may 

show more substrate types. Organisms, when present, are labeled on the photographs.

Ground-truth surveys in the Offshore of Carpinteria map area include approximately 31.72 trackline kilometers of video and 31 still 

photographs, in addition to 222 seafloor observations of abiotic and biotic attributes. A visual estimate of slope also was recorded.

GLOSSARY

Rugosity—A GIS-derived characterization of seafloor roughness, calculated as the ratio of the three-dimensional surface area of 

seafloor to the two-dimensional planar-base area, for each cell in the bathymetry grid.

Backscatter intensity—The amplitude of the reflected sonar signal (see sheet 3) used to infer the hardness of the bottom, determined 

after sonar-data processing has removed (as much as possible) the effects of water depth, angle of reflection, and bottom roughness.

Biocomplexity—The assessment of the presence or absence of biological structures that have the potential of providing shelter for 

fauna, determined by estimating the scale, the amount, and the morphology of biological relief (as described by Tissot and others, 2006).

Biocover—The visual estimate of the proportion of biologic cover by encrusting organisms: high, greater than 50 percent; moderate, 

between 50 percent and 10 percent; low, less than 10 percent.

REFERENCES CITED 

Barnard, P.L., Revell, D.L., Hoover, D., Warrick, J., Brocatus, J., Draut, A.E., Dartnell, P., Elias, E., Mustain, N., Hart, P.E., and Ryan, 

H.F., 2009, Coastal processes study of Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2009–1029, 926 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1029/.

Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Dartnell, P., Schroeder, D.M., and Finlayson, D.P., 2007, Seafloor mapping and benthic habitat GIS for 

southern California, volume III: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1271, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/

1271/.

Reid, J.A., Reid, J.M., Jenkins, C.J., Zimmerman, M., Williams, S.J., and Field, M.E., 2006, usSEABED—Pacific Coast (California, 

Oregon, Washington) offshore surficial-sediment data release: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 182, available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/182/.

Tissot, B.N., Yoklavich, M.M., Love, M.S., York, K., and Amend, M., 2006, Benthic invertebrates that form habitat on deep banks off 

southern California, with special reference to deep sea coral: Fishery Bulletin, v. 104, p. 167–181.

EXPLANATION

Substrate class

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to medium-grained sand; 

often rippled and (or) burrowed

Mixed smooth sediment and rock—Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity; typically coarse-grained sand, 

gravel, cobbles, and bedrock

Rock and boulder, rugose—High backscatter, high rugosity; typically boulders and rugose bedrock

Anthropogenic material—Related to development by humans

Location of real-time video observation and interpreted substrate class of seafloor

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to medium-grained sand; 

often rippled and (or) burrowed

Mixed smooth sediment and rock—Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity; typically coarse-grained sand, 

gravel, cobbles, and bedrock

Rock and boulder, rugose—High backscatter, high rugosity; typically boulders and rugose bedrock

Location of digital still photograph and interpreted substrate class of seafloor

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to medium-grained sand; 

often rippled and (or) burrowed

Mixed smooth sediment and rock—Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity; typically coarse-grained sand, 

gravel, cobbles, and bedrock

Rock and boulder, rugose—High backscatter, high rugosity; typically boulders and rugose bedrock

Interpreted substrate class depicted in digital still photograph—Indicated by colored frame around photograph (not shown 

on map; shown in figures only)

Fine- to medium-grained smooth sediment—Low backscatter, low rugosity; typically mud to medium-grained sand; 

often rippled and (or) burrowed

Mixed smooth sediment and rock—Moderate to very high backscatter, low rugosity; typically coarse-grained sand, 

gravel, cobbles, and bedrock

Rock and boulder, rugose—High backscatter, high rugosity; typically boulders and rugose bedrock

Sample localities

From usSEABED (Reid and others, 2006)

From Barnard and others (2009)

Area of “no data”—Areas near shoreline not mapped owing to insufficient high-resolution seafloor mapping data; areas 

beyond 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters were not mapped as part of California Seafloor Mapping 

Program

3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters

CALIF.

0 4 8 Nautical Miles

Kilometers 0 5 10

120° 119°40' 119°20' 119°

34°

34°20'

MAP LOCATION

Ventura

Santa Barbara

Anacapa

Island

Santa Cruz Island Santa Rosa Island

Area of Santa Barbara Channel Map

Limit of California’s

State Waters

1

U.S. Geological Survey;

2

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service

Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Carpinteria Map Area, California

By

Nadine E. Golden,1 Guy R. Cochrane,1 and Lisa M. Krigsman2

2013

Cam12_tape5 Image 02 -48m 2 15 cm

Figure 4C. Digital still photograph no. D2 (see fig. 4A for location). Mud and sand 

(water depth, 48 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes tracks (tr) and trails (tt). Distance between 

lasers (red dots are just out of view in this image but are visible in previous 

video frame) is 15 cm.

tt

tr

1Cam12_tape5 Image01 -49m 15 cm

Figure 4B. Digital still photograph no. D1 (see fig. 4A for location). Mud and sand 

(water depth, 49 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br). Distance between lasers (red 

dots are just out of view in this image but are visible in previous video frame) is 

15 cm.

br

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Box D

Figure 4A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped south of Carpinteria, approximately 6 

km offshore (see Box D, on map, for location), showing locations of periodic real-time video 

observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; see figs. 4B, 4C) from camera line 

CAM12, cruise S–1–05–SC (Cochrane and others, 2007). 

8 Cam32_Tape14 Image 05 -36m 15 cm

Figure 5I. Digital still photograph no. E8 (see fig. 5A for location). Gravel and 

cobbles (water depth, 36 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is 

present, and biocover moderate. Biocover includes gorgonian (g) and sea 

cucumber (sc). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

g

sc

7 Cam32_Tape14_img04 -38m 15 cm

Figure 5H. Digital still photograph no. E7 (see fig. 5A for location). Boulders 

(water depth, 38 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is absent, 

and biocover moderate. Biocover includes sea cucumber (sc). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sc

6 Cam32_Tape14 Image 03 -38m 15 cm

Figure 5G. Digital still photograph no. E6 (see fig. 5A for location). Sand and mud 

(water depth, 38 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and 

biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br) and bat star (bas). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

bas

br

5 Cam32_Tape14 Image 02 -37m 15 cm

Figure 5F. Digital still photograph no. E5 (see fig. 5A for location). Cobbles, 

gravel, and sand (water depth, 37 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is present, and biocover is moderate. Distance between lasers (red dots) is 

15 cm.

15 cm 4 Cam32_Tape14 Image 01 -38m

Figure 5E. Digital still photograph no. E4 (see fig. 5A for location). Sand and mud 

with scattered shells (water depth, 38 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic 

complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br). 

Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

br

Cam32_Tape13 Image04 -38m 3 15 cm

Figure 5D. Digital still photograph no. E3 (see fig. 5A for location). Boulders and 

sand (water depth, 38 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is 

absent, and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes sea star (sst). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sst

Cam32_Tape13 Image 02 -39m 2 15 cm

Figure 5C. Digital still photograph no. E2 (see fig. 5A for location). Sand and 

mud (water depth, 39 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, 

and biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br). Distance between lasers 

(red dots) is 15 cm.

br

Cam32_Tape13 Image 01 -39m 1 15 cm

Figure 5B. Digital still photograph no. E1 (see fig. 5A for location). Rock and sand 

(water depth, 39 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is absent, 

and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes sea cucumber (sc). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sc

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Figure 5A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped southwest of Carpinteria, 

approximately 5 km offshore (see Box E, on map, for location), showing locations of 

periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; see 

figs. 5B through 5I) from camera line CAM32, cruise S–1–05–SC (Cochrane and 

others, 2007).

15 cm 8Cam6_Tape7 Image 02 -17m

Figure 3I. Digital still photograph no. C8 (see fig. 3A for location). Sand and shell 

hash (water depth, 17 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, 

and biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br). Distance between lasers 

(red dots) is 15 cm. 

br

15 cm 7Cam6_Tape7 Image 01 -16m

Figure 3H. Digital still photograph no. C7 (see fig. 3A for location). Sand and 

gravel (water depth, 16 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is 

present, and biocover is low. Biocover includes tube anemones (ta). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

ta

15 cm 6 Cam6_Tape6 Image 06 -15m

Figure 3G. Digital still photograph no. C6 (see fig. 3A for location). Cobbles 

(water depth, 15 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is 

present, and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes gorgonian (g). Distance 

between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

g

15 cm 5 Cam6_Tape6 Image 05 -14m

Figure 3F. Digital still photograph no. C5 (see fig. 3A for location). Cobbles, 

gravel, and sand (water depth, 14 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic 

complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Distance between lasers (red dots) is 

15 cm.

4 15 cm Cam6_Tape6 Image 04 -14m

Figure 3E. Digital still photograph no. C4 (see fig. 3A for location). Gravel, 

cobbles, and boulders (water depth, 14 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, 

biotic complexity is present, and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes 

gorgonian (g) and red algae (a). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

g

a

3Cam6_Tape6 Image 03 -13m 15 cm

Figure 3D. Digital still photograph no. C3 (see fig. 3A for location). Rock and 

boulders (water depth, 13 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity 

is absent, and biocover is high. Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

2 Cam6_Tape6 Image 02 -14m 15 cm

Figure 3C. Digital still photograph no. C2 (see fig. 3A for location). Cobbles and 

sand (water depth, 14 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is 

present, and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes gorgonian (g), shell (s), 

and red algae (a). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

s

a

g

15 cm 1Cam6_Tape6 Image 01 -15m

Figure 3B. Digital still photograph no. C1 (see fig. 3A for location). Cobbles, 

boulders, and rock (water depth, 15 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic 

complexity is present, and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes gorgonian 

(g) and sea star (sst). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

sst

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Box C Figure 3A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped southeast of Carpinteria, 

approximately 1 km offshore of Rincon Point (see Box C, on map, for location), showing 

locations of periodic real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; 

see figs. 3B through 3I) from camera line CAM6, cruise S–1–05–SC (Cochrane and others, 

2007).

2 Cam15_Tape8 Image 01 -13m 15 cm

Figure 2C. Digital still photograph no. B2 (see fig. 2A for location). Fine sand with 

sharp crested wave ripples (water depth, 13 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic 

complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 

cm.

1 Cam15_Tape8 Image 01 -19m 15 cm

Figure 2B. Digital still photograph no. B1 (see fig. 2A for location). Fine sand with 

degraded wave ripples in confused pattern (water depth, 19 m). Abiotic complexity 

is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows 

(br). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

br

Figure 2A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped approximately 200 m offshore of 

Carpinteria (see Box B, on map, for location), showing locations of periodic real-time video 

observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; see figs. 2B, 2C) from camera line 

CAM15, cruise S–1–05–SC (Cochrane and others, 2007). Video was used to determine at 

what depth does transition from soft, muddy, bioturbated sediment to sand ripples occur; 

video observations of these lines indicated that degradation of ripples by bioturbation 

occurred at depth of 20 m.

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4 Cam6_Tape8 Image 10 -18 m 15 cm

Figure 1E. Digital still photograph no. A4 (see fig. 1A for location). Rock and 

boulders (water depth, 18 m). Abiotic complexity is high, biotic complexity is 

present, and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes bat star (bas). Distance 

between lasers (green dots) is 15 cm.

bas

3 Cam6_Tape8 Image 08 -19 m 15 cm

Figure 1D. Digital still photograph no. A3 (see fig. 1A for location). Rock outcrop 

(water depth, 19 m). Abiotic complexity is moderate, biotic complexity is present, 

and biocover is moderate. Biocover includes gorgonian (g) and sea cucumber (sc). 

Distance between lasers (green dots) is 15 cm.

g

sc

2Cam6_Tape8 Image 07 -19 m 15 cm

Figure 1C. Digital still photograph no. A2 (see fig. 1A for location). Sand and 

gravel with scattered shells and shell fragments (water depth, 19 m). Abiotic 

complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, and biocover is low. Biocover 

includes tube anemone (ta). Distance between lasers (red dots) is 15 cm.

ta

1Cam6_Tape8 Image 05 -17m 15 cm

Figure 1B. Digital still photograph no. A1 (see fig. 1A for location). Mud and 

sand (water depth, 17 m). Abiotic complexity is low, biotic complexity is absent, 

and biocover is low. Biocover includes burrows (br). Distance between lasers 

(red dots) is 15 cm.

br

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Figure 1A. Detailed view of seafloor character mapped west of Carpinteria, approximately 1.5 

km offshore of Summerland (see Box A, on map, for location), showing locations of periodic 

real-time video observations (dots) and digital still photographs (stars; see figs. 1B through 1E) 

from camera line CAM6, cruise Z–2–06–SC.

ONE MILE = 0.869 NAUTICAL MILES

1 0.5 0 1 KILOMETER

7000 3500 0 7000 FEET

2 1 0 2 MILES

SCALE 1:50 000

APPROXIMATE MEAN

DECLINATION, 2013

MAGNETIC NORTH

12 / ° 1 2

TRUE NORTH

Onshore elevation data from NOAA Coastal Services Center 

(data collected by EarthData International in 2002-2003) and 

from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (data collected by Fugro 

Pelagos in 2009). Offshore shaded-relief bathymetry from 

map on sheet 2, this report. California's State Waters limit 

from NOAA Office of Coast Survey

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 11N

NOT INTENDED FOR NAVIGATIONAL USE

Seafloor-character map simplified from map on sheet 

5, this report. Video observations recorded and digital 

still photographs taken in 2007-2008. Sample localities 

from usSEABED (Reid and others, 2006) and from 

Barnard and others (2009)

GIS database and digital cartography by Nadine E. 

Golden and Eleyne L. Phillips

Edited by Taryn A. Lindquist

Manuscript approved for publication June 13, 2013

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119°30'

119°30'

119°35'

119°35'

34°25'

34°25'

34°20'

D 34°20'

E C

B

A Carpinteria

Rincon Point

Summerland

Rincon Creek

Scientific Investigations Map 3261

Sheet 6 of 10

Pamphlet accompanies map

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey