[L, Quality of Water, 21

jply and Irrigation Paper No. 198 Series^ M, General Hydrographic Investigations. 23

k N, Water Power, 13

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

WATER RESOURCES

OF THE

INEBEC RIVER BASIN, MAINE

BY

H. K. BARROWS

WITH A SECTION ON THE

QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER

BY 

GEORGE C. WHIPPLE

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1907
[ L, Quality of Water, 21

Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No, 198 Series \ M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 23

[ N, Water Power, 13

DEPAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT. DIRECTOR

WATER RESOURCES

OF THE

KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, MAINE

BY

H. K. BARROWS

WITH A SECTION ON THE

QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER

BY

GEORGE 0. WHIPPLE

Water Resources BraaA,

eolo^lcal Survey, 

ox 3106, Capit 

Oklahoma City, Okk.

WASHINGTON

G O V E K N M E N T PRINTING OFFICE 

1907
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction _______________ _______ ________________- 1

General description of basin____ _ _ __ _ __. ____ _________ 2

Physical characteristics.,.. ______ _, _______ _____ ____________ 2

Geology, by George Otis Smith______ ___ __ _________ __________ 4

Drainage ________________ _ __________________________ 9

Forest conditions ____________ ____________________________ 15

Population and industries_______________________________________ 15

Transportation facilities_____________________ _________________ 16

Precipitation ________________________________ ______________________ 16

Snow storage and water equivalent____-___________ ______ __ ________ 23

Stream flow______________________________________ 24

Sources of information_______________ __________________________ 24

Field methods.___________________________________________ 25

Office methods.._________________ __ __ _ _ _____ __________________ 27

Definitions _____________________________________ 28

Explanation of tables________________ ___ ____ ___________________ 29

Accuracy of determinations______ _____________________________ 30

Use of data______________________ ____________________ 32

Location of stations.-____________________ ________________________ 33

Kennebec River at The Forks.. ________ ________ _____ _ ____ 33

Kennebec River near North Auson,_______ _ ___________________ 41

Kennebec River at \Vaterville________________ _____ ___ __________ 48

Moose River near Rock wood___________________________ 59

Miscellaneous measurements in Moose River basi.i_______ ________ 64

Roach River at Roach River______________________ _______ 64

Moosehead Lake..___________________ ___ ______ _ _____ 70

Dead River near The Forks________ _______ __ _________ ______ 76

Carrabassett River at North Anson_____.___ __ _____________________ 81

Sandy River near Madison_______________ _______________________ 86

Messalonskee Stream at YVaterville___ ________________________ 90

Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner_____________________________ 93

Relation of run-off to precipitation_________________________________ 106

Kennebec River at Waterville________________________________ 106

Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner__________________________ 110

Evaporation __________________________________________ 113

Floods on Kennebec River_____ __ ___ __ _______________ ___________ 115

Flood of 1832_______________________ ________ ____________ 115

Flood of December, 1901__ ____ __ .____ _ __ ________ 116

Weather conditions________ __ ________ ____ ________________ 116

Run-off____________________ _________________ 117

Maximum discharge______________ ______________________ 118

Comparative heights of floods________ ________ ____________________ 119

m
IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Low-water conditions____________________________ 120

Keunebec River__________________________________________ 120

Tributaries of Kenuebee River__ _______-___-__-__ _^___-____ 121

Water power_______________ _________________________________ 121

Developed water powers____. ____________ _____________________ 121

Kennebec River__________________________-___________-_-_ 122

Dead River_________________________________ 123

Carrabassett River_____---_____________ __________________ 123

Sandy River_________ ____________ _____________ 124

Sebasticook River __________________-___--_-__-_--__-_______ 124

Messalonskee Stream _______-______-___-____-_-____ -__-___ 125

Cobbosseecontee Stream __________ ___--______-__-__-_____-____ 126

Undeveloped water powers__ _--___ ____________________________ 126

General considerations _-__ ___________________________________ 126

Kennebec River ___ _______ _______________!_____________ 127

Moose River____-____.__ ________ _________---___-_____-_ 128

Roach River_______________________________-____ 128

Moxie Stream___________________________________-___ 128

Dead River _______________________________________ 128

Pleasant Pond Stream ___________________________ 129

Pierce Pond outlet____________________________________ 129

Carrabassett River _________________________________ 130

Sandy River______________________________________ 130

Sebasticook River _______________________________ 130

Messalonskee Stream _______________________________________ 130

Weber Pond outlet - -_____-_______._____________________ 130

Cobbosseecontee Stream __________________________________ 130

Water storage _____________________-___________-__-_--__-:._______ 131

General considerations ___________________ ________________________ 131

Storage in Kennebec headwaters________________________________ 132

Moosehead Lake __----_--_-__-__-_--__-____________________ 132

Moose River Basin________________________________________ 133

Brassua Lake ____________ ________________ _____________ 133

Long Pond________ ___ _ __ ____.__ _______ _____ 134

Wood and Atteaii poi.ds__________________________________ 135

Holeb Pond_______________________________ _______ 136

Roach River Basin___________ __ _ __ _______ _____________ 137

Lower Roach Pond____ _________________________________ 137

Middle Roach Pond___. _________________________ 137

Summary ______________________ _ ___. __________ _-__ 138

Storage below Moosehead Lake____-_______-__-____________ ______ 138

Moxie Pond_-L_ ---_ - - ____ ___-_--____.____-_____ 138

Pierce Pond_________--__--_____-___-____-_____________ 139

Dead River basin__________________________ -___--_________ 139

Flagstaff Lake_________________________________"____ 139

West Carry Pond___________ _ _______________________ 140

Spring Lake_____________ ____________________________ 140

Dead River dam___________ _____________________________ 140

Spencer ponds________ -- _____________________________ 141

Spencer Stream darn_____ _______________________________ 141

Upper Dead River ___________ ___________________________ 141

Summary ________________________________________ __ 141

Effect of present storage on flo\v_________________________________ 145
CONTENTS. V

Page. 

Water storage Continued.

Water available in Kennebec headwaters_ ____________ 148

General discussion_________________ __ _________________ 148

Discussion of mass curves________________________ 153

Application of results of "mass curve'' computation-_________ 158

Conclusions __________________________________________ 161

Log driving and lumbering___________________________ ____ 162

General statement. ____________________________________ 162

Time of driving______________________________________ 163

Water used in driving______________________________ 163

Quantities of logs driven, and cost of dnving____________ __________ 164

Improvements in log-driving facilities________________ _ 166

QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER, BY GEORGE C. WHIPPLE____________ 167

Introduction _______________________________________________ 167

Water examinations _____________ _________________ ________ 168

Turbidity _____________!__________________ ____ _________ 168

Color _______________________________________________ 170

Odor ____________________________________________ 172

Results of examinations__________________________________ 172

Chemical constituents__ ________ ___________________ 181

Microscopic organisms________________________________ 184

Bacteria _________________________ -___________ 186

Effect of tides on quality of water below Augusta____________________ 186

Pollution _______________________________________ 188

Source and character _________________________________________ 188

Effects of pollution - ___ _______________ ___ _____ 195

Turbidity ___________________________ _____ __ 196

Color __________________________________________ 196

Odor ______________________________ _____ _ 196

Chemical constituents-_ ______ _ _____ __________ 197

Bacteria __ __ _ _ _________.__________-. _______________ 197

Typhoid-fever epidemic of 1902-3________________________________ 198

Introduction __________________ __ ______ 198

General account ________________________________________ 200

Typhoid fever in Waterville____ ____________ _______ 201

General account__________________________________________ 201

Origin of epidemic in Waterville____ ______ 205

Typhoid fever in Augusta__ _______________________________ 207

Previous history of typhoid fever in Augusta__ ______ __ 207

Typhoid fever at Richmond_____________________________ 211

Deaths from typhoid, 1892-1903______ _____________ _____ 211

GAZETTEER OF RIVERS. LAKES, AND PONDS, by B. D. Woon__________ 212

Index ______________________________.________ _ 229
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Map of Kennebec drainage basin, showing gaging and rainfall

stations and river and lake surveys^_______________ 2

II. A, Cable gaging station on Moose River at Rockwood, Me.; 

B, Raft, pan, etc., for measuring evaporation on Androscoggin 

River at Lewiston, Me________________________ 2(5

III. ,4, B, "Freshet oak" during and after the Kennebec River

flood of December, 1901_________________________ 120

IV. Profile of Kennebec River________________________ 120 

V. ,4, Head-gates at east outlet of Moosebead Lake; J3, Long Pond

dam on Moose River______________________ 128

VI. Storage mass curve for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum 

flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 

second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period 

(May, June, and July)_________________________ 152

VII. A, Log jam in Kennebec River above Madison, Me.; B, Kennebec River below Madison, Me__________________ 162

FIG. 1. Map of Kennebec basin, showing area mapped by United States

Geological Survey _____________________________ 3

2. Mean annual precipitation at Gardiner, Me., 1839-1905_____ 17

3. Mean annual precipitation on Kennebec basin above Waterville,

Me., 1891-1905 ________________________________ 22

4. Water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, Me_____ 24

5. Rating, area, and mean-velocity curves for Kennebec River at

The Forks, Me______________________________ 27

G. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on various minimum flows at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from 

Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and 

July) ____________________________________ 154

7. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum 

flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and various flows from 

Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and 

July) ______________________________________ 155

8. Diagram showing storage required in Moosehead Lake for various 

minimum flows at Waterville and for various quantities used 

during log-driving period (May, June, and July)__________ 157

D. Diagram showing flow of Kennebec River at Waterville and estimated flow with and without storage in Moosehead Lake____ 100

10. Diagram showing estimated flow from Moosehead Lake with and

without storage____________________________ 161

11. Diagram showing use of normal-chlorine isochlors___________ 181

12. Diagram showing fluctuations in chlorine in Kenebec River water

at Richmond, December 9, 1903_________________________ 187

13. Diagram showing drainage area and population above various

points on Kennebec River__.______________________ 190

14. Map showing principal sources of pollution in Kennebec River

basin and normal isochlors_______._______________ 191

15. Diagram showing chronological distribution of typhoid-fever cases

in Waterville and Augusta from October. 1902, to April, 1903__ 202

10. Map of Waterville, showing location of typhoid-fever cases..___ 204

" 17. Map of Augusta, showing location of typhoid-fever case«-_-_. 208

VI
WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

By H. K. BARROWS.

INTRODUCTION.

Kennebec River with its important tributaries furnishes some of 

the best water power in the country, besides affording many excellent 

sites for further development. In extending in the best manner the 

use of this river and its branches for water power, for log driving and 

lumbering, and for municipal and other purposes, the welfare of the 

whole State of Maine is vitally concerned. A large amount of information of value in the study of this drainage basin has been gathered 

at various times, but much of it is scattered through various manuscripts and reports and is not readily accessible. This paper has been 

prepared in response to the constant demand for this information 

from both engineers and the public. Especial attention has been 

given to the subject of water storage, as this is of the utmost importance to present and future users of the water and the natural opportunities for regulating and improving flow in this basin are exceptionally good.

As a result of cooperation between the Maine State Survey Commission and the United States Geological Survey, the main river 

from Skowhegan to The Forks was surveyed during 1904, and surveys of various lakes and ponds in the headwater region were made 

during 1905-6 by the National Survey. The following plans and 

profiles will be furnished to persons especially interested in the subject on application to the Director, United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C.:

Plan and profile of Kennebec River from Skowhegan to The Forks. 

Plan of Brassua Lake. 

Plan of Brassua Lake Outlet.

Plan and profile of Moose River between Moosehead and Brassua lakes. 

Plan of Wood and Attean ponds. 

Plan of Wood Pond Outlet.

Reconnaissance plan of Holeb Pond, Long Pond, Lower Roach Pond, Middle 

Roach Pond, Flagstaff Lake, West Carry Pond, Spring Lake, and Spencer Ponds.

Topographic maps 0 of a large portion of the Kennebec basin have

a These maps may be obtained for 5 cents each, by addressing the Director of the United States 

Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

1
2 WATER EESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

been published by the United States Geological Survey. The unit of 

survey adopted is a rectangular area bounded by meridians and parallels. Such an area is known as a quadrangle and in Maine is 15 

minutes in extent each way and has an area of one-sixteenth of a 

square degree. The quadrangles disregard political boundaries such 

as those of States, counties, and townships. To each is given the 

name of some well-known place or feature within its limits. The 

areas surveyed in the Kennebec basin and the names of the quadrangles are shown in fig. 1 .

The present report has been compiled chiefly from the records, 

reports, and maps of the United States Geological Survey, although 

much valuable information has been furnished by private parties. 

Primarily this report is made possible at this time by the cooperation 

of the State of Maine, through its State Survey Commission, Messrs. 

Leslie A. Lee, chairman; Charles S. Hichborn, secretary and treasurer; 

and William Engel. Special acknowledgment is also due to the Rollingsworth & Whitney Company, of Waterville, through F. E. Boston, agent, 

and James L. Dean, engineer, for data- on flow at Waterville, on Moosehead Lake, and on floods in Kennebec River; to the Kennebec Water 

Power Company, through W. H. K. Abbott, secretary and treasurer, 

and Fred T. Dow, engineer, for much information regarding Moosehead Lake and Kennebec River; to the Kennebec, Moose, and Dead 

River Log-Driving Companies, through S. W. Philbrick, secretary 

and treasurer, for information regarding log driving, improvements 

of river, etc.; and to Prof. A. D. Butterfield, of the University of 

Vermont, who gathered much of the new matter for this report.

, DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Kennebec River rises in Moosehead Lake, in the west central part 

of Maine, the headwaters being collected by Moose River, Roach 

River, and a number cf smaller streams rising in the hilly, forested 

areas east and west of the lake. The drainage basin (PI. I) extends 

from the Canada line to the ocean, measures about 150 miles in length, 

varies in width from 50 to 80 miles in the main portion, and embraces 

a total area of 5,970 square miles (about one-fifth the total area of the 

State), of which 1,240 square miles are tributary to Moosehead Lake. 

The length of the river from the lake to the entrance of Merrymeeting Bay, including the more considerable windings, is about 140 

miles.

The northern part of the drainage basin is broken by offsets from 

the White Mountains, and nearly the whole upper portion is forest 

covered and in its original wild state. Near Moosehead Lake the 

hills and highlands lie well back from the lake, leaving a great open
U. 3. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER MO. 198 PL. I

A O River gaging stations ? ? ip_____20_____30 miles Drainage boundary 

 Precipitation stations " * River and Lake surveys

MAP OF KENNEBEC DRAINAGE BASIN.

Showing gaging and rainfall stations and river and lake surveys.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

plain; below the outlet of the lake into the Kennebec the hills close in 

on the river, forming a narrow, rocky chasm, with steep, precipitous

FIG. 1. Map of Kennebec basin, showing area mapped by United States Geological Survey.

sides. From Moosehead Lake to the upper end cf Indian Pond, a 

distance of about 4.5 miles, there is a fall of about 90 feet, this being a
4 WATEE EESOUKCES OF KENNEBEC EIVEE BASIN.

very rough, rocky, and turbulent part of the river. Indian Pond 

varies in width from a few hundred feet to about three-fourths of a 

mile, and has a total length of about 5 miles. It has two levels, separated by a short stretch of rapids at the " narrows," about a mile from 

the upper end of the pond, where there is ordinarily a fall of about 5 

feet. From Indian Pond to The Forks the river is a torrent, falling 

over a rough and rocky bed more than 350 feet in a distance of about 

15 miles. Below the Forks, where it is joined by the waters of Dead 

River, the Kennebec flows through a broader valley whose gentler 

slopes are still covered to some extent with forest growth. About 60 

miles from the coast the hills again rise, though not to any considerable height. The general elevation of the basin is less than that of 

the Androscoggin, which adjoins it on the west, though near the center 

of the area Saddleback, Abraham, and Bigelow mountains rise as 

isolated peaks to an elevation higher than any mountains in the State 

except Katahdin.

The fall cf the river from Moosehead Lake to the head of tide water 

at Augusta is 1,026 feet, the distance being 120 miles and the average 

descent 8.55 feet per mile.

GEOLOGY.

By GEORGE OTIS SMITH.

The water resources of a drainage basin are to a large extent dependent on the geology of the area. The geologic factors that are of prime 

importance in influencing the present drainage conditions of the Kennebec basin are the rock structure and the processes of land erosion 

that have produced the present configuration of the surface, which 

represents one stage in the topographic development as shown by the 

amount of relief and its details. All of these details are the products 

of past geologic processes and constitute the record of geologic history. 

Most, if not all, of these conditions directly affect the character of the 

drainage system and largely control the availability and permanence 

of its water resources, thus showing the intimate relation between the 

geologic work of the past and the industrial activity of the present.

The Kennebec basin presents considerable variety in its rock formations. In the northern part of the basin the rocks are of later Paleozoic age and include sandstones, conglomerates, shales, slates, and 

impure limestones, these sedimentary rocks in several localities being 

fossiliferous. Within this area there are also some masses of volcanic 

rocks, of which the porphyritic rhyolite of Mount Kineo furnishes the 

most conspicuous exposure. The sedimentary rocks of this portion 

of the Kennebec basin have a general northeast-southwest trend, but 

it is not known that the geologic structure has any marked influence 

on the topography except where certain more massive and resistant 

strata may control the position of minor ridges. To the northwest 

tho divide between the Kennebec waters and the drainage of the 

Chaudiere is probably determined in part by the presence of some
GEOLOGY. 5

older schists which have withstood erosion more effectively than the 

sediments of the Moosehead region.

South of The Forks the rocks of the Kennebec basin include roofing 

slates similar to those quarried in Piscataquis County, other argillaceous rocks, impure limestones, and calcareous sandstones. Associated with these sedimentary rocks are several areas of intrusive 

granite, the largest of which is on the headwaters of Dead, Carrabassett, and Sandy rivers. The general trend of the formations in this 

part of the basin is also northeast and southwest, and the river gorge 

cuts across several ridges whose position appears to be determined by 

rock structure.

South of Augusta the rocks are sedimentary in origin ana were once 

similar to those just described, but have been altered into slates, 

schists, and gneisses, which are thoroughly impregnated with pegma ti tic and granitic material. So complex is the character of this 

widespread intrusion that in many places it is difficult to distinguish 

between the schist or gneiss and the granite. The quarries at Hallowell are located on one of the larger masses of pure granite.

A noticeable characteristic of all the rocks mentioned above is their 

compactness and hardness. Not only is this due to their age, but 

more especially to the degree of their alteration. During the ages 

that have elapsed since their deposition they have undergone important changes by which soft mud rock or shale has been metamorphosed 

into crumpled schist, and loose-textured sandstone into fnntlike 

quartzite. This has been effected both by the intrusion of large 

masses of molten granite and by the folding of beds that were originally horizontal but are now steeply inclined. Similar rock folds 

characterize deeply eroded mountain masses, and here the rocks may 

have been elevated into ridges. Of these ridges the lower portions 

alone remain, and any suggestion of their existence is furnished only 

by the closely folded beds of rock that line the stream bank in so many 

localities.

These hard and compact rocks give to the present channels of the 

Kennebec and its principal tributaries a permanence which they 

might not possess if the rocks were softer. The complicated structure 

of the rocks and the consequent alternation of relatively hard and soft 

beds control to a large extent the abrupt changes in the grade of the 

streams where rips and falls succeed quiet reaches.

The topography of the region drained by Kennebec River is the 

resultant of a long-continued process of erosion or land wear in which 

normal weathering and stream work have been the most important 

elements. The agency that has been most active in the production 

of the present land forms is running water, and the topography of the 

basin is to be considered as largely the product of the activity of Kennebec River and its many tributary streams. Glacial erosion and 

deposition have also contributed to the production of the present
6 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

land surface, with the result that in certain areas the relief in its 

details is due largely to glacial processes rather than to river work.

The differences between the topography of this region at the beginning of the Pleistocene or glacial epoch and that at its close are 

doubtless great and are of special interest in the present connection. 

It is probable that before the first invasion of the ice the hills and 

mountains of this basin rose more abruptly above the valleys, and 

that the Kenncbec and its principal tributaries meandered over relatively wide valley floors instead of being confined between terraces 

as at present. In the valleys firm rocks were exposed in few places, 

probably, and residual soils and clays formed a deep cover where today there are ledges of solid rock or benches of gravels, sands, and 

clays. The first effect of the occupation of the basin by the ice sheet 

from the north was the planing away of the decomposed rock and the 

smoothing down of the outlines of the hills and mountains. A consequence of this planing action of the ice is the presence to-day of 

firm rock foundations that afford opportunity for the erection of mill 

structures and dams whose safety is insured against destruction by 

freshets.

The detritus produced by this glacial erosion furnished in turn the 

material transported in the ice and the mass of gravel, sand, and 

finer material transported by the streams flowing on the surface of 

the glacier, beneath it, or over the land surfaces beyond its margin. 

All this material was deposited at various points within this area or 

in the submarine extension of this basin. The subsidence of the land 

during the later stages of the glacial epoch caused an advance of the 

sea northward along the Kennebec Valley to a distance of 100 miles 

or more from the present coast line. In the quiet waters of the 

estuary thus produced the glacial streams deposited their loads, and 

from these deposits have resulted many of the present topographic 

forms, such as the terraces, sand plains, and kettle basins, which are 

familiar to those who traverse the Kennebec Valley. The glacial 

deposits, however, affect more than the scenery. The preglacial 

Kennebec drainage system was greatly altered, and not only were old 

channels filled with bowlder clay and with glacial gravel and sand, 

but the streams, thus diverted at a time when their volume and load 

were greatly increased by the contribution from the melting glacier, 

were compelled to cut new channels, which in many cases followed 

courses quite different from the old. This resulted in the transfer of 

drainage from one river system to another and, what is more important, the creation of waterfalls. The stream, thus forced to abandon 

a valley that probably was relatively wide and possessed a moderategrade, now cuts across a rock divide, where it develops a waterfall. 

When the drainage history of the Kennebec basin is thoroughly 

worked out it will be found that there have been many such stream
GEOLOGY. 7

diversions, which have resulted in the development of water powers 

that now constitute one of the most valuable assets of the State.

One of the more conspicuous cases of probable stream diversion 

that can be cited is that of Sandy River. This stream flows almost 

due north where it enters the southward-flowing Kennebec a short 

distance below Madison. This abnormal relation between the two 

rivers points to the existence of diversion, and it seems probable that 

in preglacial time the drainage from the Sandy River basin flowed in 

a different direction and entered Androscoggin River in the vicinity 

of Jay. Through obstruction of the lower course of the Sandy by 

glacial deposits the channel south of the present site of Farmington 

seems to have been abandoned and the stream forced to seek an outlet to the east. The position of the abandoned portion of the Sandy 

River Valley is indicated in the present topography, and like many 

other such abandoned valleys this one has been utilized by the railroad 

engineer, being followed approximately by the Farmington branch of 

the Maine Central. The water powers at Farmington r.nd Farmington Mills may be regarded as owing their origin to this stream diversion. It is also possible that a part of the present drainage basin of 

Dead River was once tributary to the Sandy, but was likewise diverted 

by glacial deposits during the retreat of the ice. This supposition is 

based principally on the abnormal course of the lower part of Dead 

River and the presence there of rapid water and falls, in strong contrast with the upper reaches which give the name to the river.

Not only are there in the Kennebec basin such cases of diversion of 

former tributaries of other river systems as that just cited, but the 

Kennebec itself seems to possess a somewhat complex character. It 

now occupies portions of the valleys of streams that were formerly 

tributaries. There is reason to believe that the portion of the Kennebec north of Norridgewock formerly flowed more nearly southward 

from that point and united with the drainage of Wesserunsett and 

Carrabassett streams and Sebasticook River at some point south of 

Waterville. If this is true, then that portion of the Kennebec 

b.etween Norridgewock and Skowhegan, with its abnormal northeasterly course, represents the diversion of the upper Kennebec eastward to the point where it joined the valley of the Wesserunsett 

below Skowhegan. Tin's change in the river's course can doubtless 

be attributed to the thick deposits of glacial gravels and sands in the 

western part of the town of Norridgewock, where in fact the low 

divide between the streams flowing directly into the Kennebec and 

those tributary to the Smithfield ponds and Messalonskee Stream is 

relatively close to the main river at Norridgewock. In a similar way 

the Messalonskee drainage seems to have been itself diverted from its 

original course, so that this stream is turned northward nearly to the 

point of its junction with the Kennebec. Another stream whose
8 VVATEE RESOUECES OF KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN.

present abnormal course suggests similar diversion is the Cobbosseecontee. The result of all these diversions has been to create valuable 

water powers. These drainage changes, examples of which are not 

peculiar to the Kennebec basin but are common throughout western 

Maine, might be described with greater detail had fuller study been 

made of this interesting subject. The statements made above are, 

however, sufficient to indicate to what a large degree the present 

wealth of available water powers in the Kennebec basin is the result 

of the glacial history of the region.

A hardly less important result of the glaciation has been the formation of the numerous lakes and ponds that are so characteristic of 

almost the whole of the Kennebec basin. As has been pointed out, 

the original system of drainage was so modified by the distribution of 

glacial deposits as hardly to be recognizable in the present stream 

arrangement, and with this stream adjustment is connected the 

origin of these ponds and lakes, the total area of whose water surface 

is very great, as is shown in other portions of this report. These conditions are extremely important in their economic bearing, for the 

ponds and lakes, together with extensive swamps, constitute a vast 

storage system by wThich the water supply is held in reserve, the 

rather indirect communication which many of these natural reservoirs have with the main river serving to hold back the water somewhat in times of freshets. So it is that the glacial occupation of this 

drainage basin is responsible not only for the creation of most of the 

Kennebec water powers, but also for the constancy of the flow.

The existing topography, as has been shown above, is the result of 

modification of an earlier topography by the different geologic processes. Although the present seems to the casual observer to be a 

period of equilibrium and quiet so far as the.se geologic processes are 

concerned, in reality this may not be the case, so silent and slow 

moving are these natural forces. It is therefore of interest to suggest 

the stage in topographic development which has been reached at the 

present time. As might be expected, different portions of the Kennebec Valley exhibit quite different characters; thus the broad valley 

along the lower courses of the river is in marked contrast with the 

canyon occupied by the stream north of Bingham. The canyon-like 

character of the valley of the upper Kennebec is all the more noticeable because of the type of upland topography to be seen a few miles 

east of the river. This upland is suggestive of a topography which 

is much older than that represented by the gorge through which the 

river runs. Thus it may be said that this part of the Kennebec basin 

exhibits both the mature topography of the upland and the youthful 

topography of the canyon. This suggests that the region had 

reached the stage of maturity in one C3T cle of its history and has now 

entered on the first stage in a later cycle.
DRAINAGE. 9

The amount of relief within the Kennebec basin is considerable, 

although the highest mountains in the State are not included within 

this basin. Its highest peaks are those about the headwaters of Dead 

and Sandy rivers, the more prominent being Mount Bigelow, Mount 

Abraham, and Saddleback, and the peaks along the divide between 

the Kennebec and Piscataquis waters, as well as Mount Kineo. 

South of Moosehead Lake the upland has a general elevation between 

1,000 and 1,400 feet, above which rise peaks to elevations of 2,000 

to 3,000 feet. In this area the elevation of the river in the gorge is 

between 500 and 900 feet. Farther south the contrasts of relief are 

much less. The presence of the extensive elevated regions in the 

northern part of the basin directly affects the amount of precipitation 

and of forest cover within this region.

In short, in the Kennebec basin the geologic structure, the geologic 

processes that have controlled the evolution of the present topography, the amount of relief, and the details in the land forms all contribute to the permanence and value of the water resources described 

on the following pages.

DRAINAGE.

There are, according to Wells, 0 1,084 streams in the Kennebec 

basin. The most important of these tributary streams are listed in 

the following table: 6

Pi'incipal tributaries of Kennebec River.

Squaw Brook.

Roarli River Lazy Tom Brook.

Norcross Brook.

Carry Brook.

Williams Stream.

Moose Brook.

Socatean River.

Tomhegan Stream.

Baker Brook.

Barrett Brook.

Beaver Brook. 

Moose Brook.

Wood Stream.

Gander Brook.

Henson Brook. 

Moose River, Upper Churchill Stream.

Lower Churchill Stream.

Parlin Stream.

Stony Brook.

Tom Fletcher Stream.

Brassua Stream.

JVTiseree Stream.

« Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869, p. 91.

t> For descriptions of streams, ponds, and lakes in the following lists see Gazetteer at end of this 

paper.

Moosehead Lake Horse Brook
10 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Dead River

North Branch<

West Outlet Moosehead Lake Churchill Stream.

Indian Stream.

Chase Stream.

Cold Stream Alder Stream.

I Sandy Stream. 

Mosquito Stream. 

Baker Stream.

Bear Brook.

Clearwater Brook.

Indian Stream.

Cold Brook.

Alder Stream Little Alder Stream.

.Tim Brook.

I

Redington Brook. 

Black Brook. 

Stratton Brook. 

Reed Brook. 

Bog Brook.

Spencer Stream/Kibby Stream'

I Little Spencer Stream.

Enchanted Stream Bitter Brook.

Gulf Stream.

.Salmon Stream. 

Mink Brook. 

Bean Brook. 

Kelly Brook. 

Holway Brook. 

Pleasant Pond Stream. 

Carney Brook. 

Decker Brook. 

Whitcomb Brook. 

Houston Brook Little Houston Brook.

South Branch Ritt Brook. 

Gulf Stream.

Austin Stream Heald Stream Little Heald Brook. 

Chase Stream Bassett Brook. 

Mink Brook.

Jackson Brook.

Martin Stream Mill Stream.

Fall Brook.

Michael Stream.

Carrabassett River(

Houston Brook. 

Poplar Brook. 

Hammond Brook. 

Rapid Stream.

East Brook.

Rowe Pond Stream.

West Brook.

Stony Brook.

Michael Stream.

Alder Stream. 

Mill Stream Witham Brook.

Sandv Stream.
DRAINAGE. 11

Beaver Dam Brook.

Sandy River Wilson Stream' 

Bog Stream.

Lemon Stream. 

Bombazee Brook. 

Mill Stream. 

Turner Brook. 

Wesserunsett Stream. 

Carrabassett Stream Black Stream. 

Sebasticook River Fifteen-mile Brook. 

Mcssalonskce Stream Belgrade Stream. 

Bond Brook. 

Cobbosseecontco Stream. 

Togus River. 

Rolling Dam Brook. 

Eastern River. 

Abagadassett River.

Cathanee River. . 

Muddy River. 

Nequasset Brook.

Wells states that there are 3H lakes and ponds in the basin/ 

The largest and most important are listed below:

Principal lakes and ponds in the Kennebec basin.

CONNECTED WITH MOOSEHEAD LAKE.

Fitzgerald Pond. 

Prong Pond. 

Roach Ponds (3).

Indian Pond. 

McKinney Pond. 

Holeb Pond. 

Turner Ponds (2). 

Toby Ponds (3). 

Attean Pond. 

Moores Pond. 

Wood Pond. 

Little Big Wood Pond. 

Benjamin Ponds (3). 

Sally Pond. 

Ponco Ponds (2). 

.Heald Pond.

3697 IRR 198 07-

Trout Pond. 

Spencer Pond. 

Tomhegan Pond.

CONNECTED WITH MOOSE RIVER.

Long Pond (Jackman and Long Pond

townships). 

Fish Pond. 

Muskrat Pond. 

Mud Pond. 

Ironbound Pond. 

Parlin Pond.

Long Pond (Parlin Pond Township). 

Smith Pond. 

Brassua Lake. 

Luther Pond. 

Miseree Pond.

« Op. cit., p. 93.
12 WATEE EESOUECES OF KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN.

CONNECTED WITH DEAD RIVER.

North Branch of Dead River: 

South Boundary Pond. 

Northwest Boundary Pond. 

North Boundary Pond. 

Horseshoe Pond. 

Otter Pond. 

Round Pond. 

Natanis Pond. 

Little Pocket Pond. 

Long Pond. 

Bog Pond. 

Lower Pond. 

Viles Pond. 

Chase Pond. 

Blanchard Pond. 

Bear Pond.

Round Mountain Lake. 

Snow Pond. 

Greenbush Pond. 

Shallow Pond. 

Jim Pond. 

Little Jim Pond. 

Tim Pond. 

Barnard Pond. 

Welhern Pond. 

Tee Pond.

South Branch of Dead River:

Saddleback Ponds (2).

Dead River Pond.

Redington Ponds (3).

Long Pond. 

Spencer Stream:

Rock Pond.

Iron Pond.

Baker Pond.

Spectacle Pond.

Long Pond.

Bartlett Pond.

Horseshoe Pond.

Parker Pond.

Spencer Ponds (3).

Whipple Pond.

Hall Pond. 

Dead River proper:

Flagstaff Lake.

Butler Ponds.

Deer Pond.

Spring Lake.

Carrying Place Ponds.

Alder Pond.

CONNECTED WITH AUSTIN STREAM.

Austin Ponds. 

Little Austin Pond. 

Withee Pond. 

Heald Ponds (3).

Chase Pond. 

Chase Bog Pond. 

Mink Ponds (2).

CONNECTED WITH CARRABASSETT RIVER.

Dutton Pond.

Tufts Pond.

Grindstone Pond.

Indian Pond.

Lily Pond.

Middlo Carrying Place Pond.

Rowe Ponds.

Beans Pond.

Brandy Pond.

Gilman Pond.

Judkins Pond. 

Butler Pond. 

Embden Pond. 

Hancock Pond. 

Spruce Pond. 

Fahi Pond. 

Sandy Pond. 

Mud Pond. 

Bovnton Pond.

Sandy River Ponds (4). 

Locks Pond. 

Sand Pond. 

Chesterville Ponds. 

Norcross Pond.

CONNECTED WITH SANDY RIVER.

Wilton Pond. 

North Pond. 

McGurdy Pond. 

Clear Water Pond.
DRAINAGE. 13

CONNECTED WITH WES8ERUNSETT STREAM.

Weeks Pond. 

Wyman Pond. 

Wentwortli Pond.

Moose Pond. 

Barker Pond. 

Starbird Pond. 

'Stafford Pond. 

Mill Pond. 

Indian Pond. 

Little Indian Pond. 

Rogers Pond. 

Weymouth Pond. 

Palmyra Ponds (2). 

Whites Pond. 

Sebasticook Lake.

Savage Pond. 

Ilavden Lake.

CONNECTED WITH SEBASTICOOK RIVER.

Hicks Pond.

Nokomis Pond.

Corinna Ponds (2).

Dexter Pond.

Stetson Pond.

Plymouth Ponds (2).

Skinner Pond.

Unity (Twenty-five Mile) Pond.

Sandy Pond.

Lovejoy Pond.

Pattee Pond.

China Lake.

Messalonskee Lake. 

Ward Pond. 

Moose Pond. 

Long Pond. 

Beaver Pond. 

Kidder Pond.

CONNECTED WITH MESSALONSKEE STREAM.

Great Pond. 

Ellis Pond. 

McGrath Pond. 

North Pond. 

Little Pond. 

East Pond.

CONNECTED WITH COBBOSSEECONTKE STREAM.

Pleasant Pond. 

Loon Pond. 

Horseshoe Pond. 

Purgatory Pond. 

Sand Pond. 

Buker Pond. 

Jimmy Pond. 

Sanborn Pond. 

Jamies Pond. 

Cobbosseeeontee Pond. 

Richard Pond.

Shed Pond. 

Lake Annabessaeook. 

Wilsons Pond. 

Cochnewagon Pond. 

Dexter Pond. 

Berry Pond. 

Narrows Pond. 

Carlton Pond. 

Lake Maranacook. 

Greeley Pond.

CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER.

Moosehead Lake.

West Outlet Ponds (3).

Indian Pond.

Burnham Pond.

Big Indian Pond.

Little Indian Pond.

Ten Thousand Acre Ponds.

Island Pond.

Ellis Pond.

Dead River Pond.

Long Pond (T. 1, R. 6).

Wilsons Pond.

Knights Pond.

Black Brook Pond.

Fish Pond. 

Cold Stream Pond. 

Moxie Pond. 

Mosquito Pond. 

Baker Pond. 

Mountain Pond. 

Dinirnick Ponds (2). 

Pierce Pond. 

Otter Ponds (2). 

Pleasant Pond. 

Robinson Pond. 

Doughnut Pond. 

Carrying Place Pond. 

Decker Ponds.
14 WATER RESOURCES OF KENXEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Youngs Pond.

Emerton Ponds.

Turner Pond.

Mill Pond.

Merrill Pond.

Jackson Pond.

Sebleya Pond.

Long Pond (Hartland Township).

Lake George.

Oak Pond.

Weber Pond.

Threemile Pond. 

Spectacle Pond. 

Dam Pond. 

Tolman Pond. 

Togus Pond. 

Threecorncred Pond. 

Greeley Pond. 

Xehumkeag Pond. 

Bradley. Pond. 

Xrquasset Pond.

The following table, compiled from the Tenth Census, vol. 16, from 

publications of the United States Geological Survey, and from the best 

maps obtainable, shows the drainage area at different points on the 

Kennebcc River and its tributaries: 

Stream.

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do.................. ...

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do.................'.....

Do ......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do ......................

Do......................

Do......................

Do......................

Point of measurement.

North Anson gaging station above mouth of Oarrabassett

River.

\Vatervillc, Ilo11ings\vorth & Whitncv Co.'s dam above

mouth of Sebasticook River.

Below and including Cobbosseecontee Stream ............ .

Head of Merrvmeetirur Bay ....... .......................

Outlet of Holeb Pond .......................................

Outlet of Attean Pond ......................................

Outlet of Wood Fond .......................................

Pond. 

Mouth ..-......-..............-........--...-......--.....-..'

Phillips. .....................................................

Mouth . ................ ....................................

Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

1,240

1,570

2,440

2,790

3,200

3,890

' 4,260

4,270

5,240

5,580

5,840

5,970

170

270

320

675

680

20

35

85

120

?0

90

200

380

570

760

870

90

395

160

370

490

670

220

560

970

205

210

240
POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 15 

FOREST CONDITIONS."

The upper portion of the Kennebec River drainage basin is heavily 

timbered, although extensive cutting lias been going on for many 

years. Spruce is the most abundant, but large quantities of poplar, 

valuable in the production of the best grades of paper, are found. 

There are approximately 2,350 square miles of timber land in the 

basin, and about 3,883,000,000 feet of spruce standing (1902) suitable 

for lumber and pulp. About one-third of all the lumber used in the 

State for pulp and paper comes from the Kennebec basin, the remainder bring almost wholly supplied by the forests of the Androscoggin 

and Penobscot basins.

POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES.

The population of the northern half of the basin is in general concentrated in lumber camps and a few small towns, which exist for the 

purpose of distributing men and supplies for lumbering, but there is a 

sparse farming population that caters to the needs of the lumbermen. 

In addition a considerable number of sportsmen live within the basin 

during the season for fishing and hunting. The lower half of the basin 

is very generally in farming lands, but several towns are engaged in 

the collection of produce and distribution of supplies and in manufacturing. Notable among the manufacturing towns are Solon, Madison, Skowhegan, Waterville, Augusta, and Gardiner. The principal 

products are pulp, paper, lumber, and cotton and woolen goods.

The following table gives the population of some of the principal 

towns and cities, based on the census of 1900:

Augusta......................... 11,083 I Farmington............... ...... 3,288

Gardinor. ........................ 5, 501 | PittsReld. . ...................... 2, 891

Hallowell........................ 2,714 Newport......................... ],533

Waterville...... ................. 9,477 Norridgework...... ............. 1,495

Faired......................... 2, 238 Winslow........................ 2, 227

Skowhegan..................... 4,206 Richmond....................... 2,049

Madison........................ 2,704 Winthrop....................... 2,088

Solon........................... 99G Oakland........................ 1,913

Greenville....................... 1,117

The river is one of the best streams in the United States for the 

development of water power, and the upper section is used largely for 

log driving. The river is open during eight months of the year and 

is navigable as far as Augusta to vessels drawing 10 feet. Several 

cities and towns obtain their water supplies from the river. The icecutting industry is also of considerable importance. From the

a Fourth Kept. 1* or^st Commissioner of Maine, 1902.
16 WATER RESOURCES OF KEJSTNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

20-mile stretch between Augusta and Richmond, all within the navigable portion, many thousands of tons of ice are cut yearly and 

shipped for use in southern cities.

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.

Water transportation is available below Augusta. Rail transportation is provided by the Maine Central Railroad to points along the 

river south of Skowhegan; by the Somerset Railway, through its 

connection with the Maine Central at Oakland, to the middle and 

northern parts of the basin as far north as Bingham; and by the Canadian Pacific and Bangor and Aroostook railwa}^s, through their numerous connections with the Maine Central, to the northern part of the 

basin. An extension of the Somerset Railway, now being constructed, will when completed extend to Birch Point, on the shore of 

Moosehead Lake, opposite Kineo, forming a junction with the Canadian Pacific Railway near the west outlet of Moosehead Lake.

PRECIPITATION.

Precipitation stations have been maintained at the following places 

in the Kennebec River drainage area and its immediate vicinity. 

With the exception of those at Chesuncook, Grant Farm, and The 

Forks, which were established by the United States Geological Survey, 

these stations have been maintained by the United States Weather

Bureau.

Rainfall stations in Kennebec basin.

Approximate

elevation

above sea

level (feet).

Chesuncook....................... 950

Fairfield...............-.......--. 90

Farmington...................... 368

Flagstaff.......................... 1, 400

Gardiner.......................... 100

Grant Farm....................... 1, 000

Greenville........................ 1, 040

Jackman.......................... 1, 220

Approximate 

elevation 

above sea 

level (feet).

Kents Hill........................ 300

Kineo........................... 1, 050

Madison......................... 250

Mayfield.......................... 1, 300

Roach River..................... 1, 150

Solon............................ 350

The Forks........................ 590

Winslow......................... 80

In the northern and more remote parts of the basin considerable 

difficulty has been experienced in obtaining continuous records. The 

station at Gardiner (fig. 2), however, furnishes an unbroken record 

for more than fifty years (from 1839 to 1889).

In computing the mean monthly and yearly precipitation, where 

data are lacking for a few months only, they have been supplied from 

adjacent stations, as noted. It appears that the mean annual rainfall 

for selected stations is as follows:
PEECIPITATIOlSr. 17

Mean annual precipitation, in inches, in Kennebec basin.

d 1899-1905, 1902-1905, 

"- inclusive, inclusive.

35. 39

39.45

Fairfield............................................... 1891-1905

Farmington............................. . ....... 1891-1905

Flagstaff.............................................. 1896-1901

Gardiner.............................................. 1839-

The Forks............................................. I 1902-1905

Wmslow..............................................' 1890-1905

38. 98

The third column of the foregoing table gives a good idea of the 

amount of and variation in annual precipitation, although the 

stations are, of course, not very evenly placed and should not be 

weighted alike. Apparently the precipitation in the Kennebec basin

Fia. 2. Mean annual precipitation at Gardiner, Me., 1839-1905. Records from ISCOto 1892 are mostly 

from Lewiston. Dotted lines show means for five-year intervals.

reaches a maximum of about 45 inches near the coast, as shown by 

the Gardiner records. There is a slight falling off farther inland, 

in the vicinity of Winslow and Fairfield, and then an increase (see 

Farmington and Mayfield records) to almost the same amount as 

near the coast. Probably there is a gradual decrease from these 

points northward, a minimum of between 30 and 35 inches being 

reached in the extreme northern part of the basin. The mean annual 

precipitation over the whole basin above Gardiner is about 39 to 40 

inches.

Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin. 

CIIESUNCOOK.u

Year.

1904..............

1905..............

1906..............

Jan.

1.78 

2.67 

1.94

Feb.

0.80 

.69 

1.61

Mar.

2. 11

1.32 

4.22

Apr. May.

2. 52 3. 49 

. 71 2. 42 

2. 33 2. 74

June.

2. 75 

1.65 

3. 10

July.

4.23 

1.52

Aug.

5.44 

.92

Sept.

5.44 

1.18

Oct. 'NOV.

1. 70 : 0. 91

' . 77 3. 15

Dec.

0.59 

2.22

Annual.

31.76 

19.22

° In basin of Penobscot River.
18 WATEB RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Monthly and annual precipitation in Kenncbcc basin Continued. 

FAIRFIELD.

Year.

1891.... ..... ... 

1892.............. 

1893..............

1894..............

1896..............

1897..............

1898.... ......... 

1899. .............

1900..............

1901.............. 

1902..............

1903.............. 

1904..............

1905..............

1906..............

Mean, 1891-1905.

Jan.

6.12 

3.38 

1.62

2.43

9 9°.

.31

5.07 

2.76 

5.89

2.74

9 9.r)

3.94 

3.21

3.78

2.59

3.27

Feb.

2.23

2.28

1.03

2.95

6. 48 

2.73

1.95 

1.54

3.39 

1.65

99

2.52

2.55

Mar.

4.75 

1.82 

2.49

.86

5.62

2.63

1.45 

3.66 

4.75

5.22 

7.76

6. 35 

3.78

.88

«3. 33

3.57

Apr.

1.97 

.80 

2.13

.72

1.28

2.40

2.31 

1. 05 

1.63

3.96 

2. 41

1.95 

5. 75

2.15

3.09

2.27

May.

2.26 

2.67 

3.42

3.78

1. 83

2.33

4.47

1.55 

2.05 

5.18

2.35 

2.54

.37

2 92

3.55

2. 78

June.

2.03 

5.79 

.99

2.97

1.91

3.39

3.32 

1.39 

4.08

1. 64 

4 04

3.56 

2.32

3 49

3.29

2.80

July.

4.63 

1.78 

2.27

2 56

3.21

3.52

1.13

5. 13

2.99 

2.22

"4. 53 

2. 69

3.65

3.12

Aug.

4.00

5.58 

2.90

3.50

2 59

3.83

2.82

3.71 

.46 

1.76

3.39 

4.06

Q3.37 

4.39

1.43

3.19

Sopt.

2.06 

3.23 

2. 12

3.82

1.11

5.10

2. 54

2.37 

3.58 

2. 55

3.79 

1.86

al.01

5.58

2.45

2.87

Oct.

1.38 

1.37 

4.89

2.41

1.58

2.00

.53

4.33 

1.11 

4.05

2.77 

4 01

«3. 31 

2.05

.38

2.41

Nov.

2. 14 

3.17

.86

2.02

5.47

2.35

3.98

3.71 

2.32 

4.55

2.19 

1.03

1.06 

1.61

3.80

2.68

Dec.

4.56 

1. 10 

2.36

1.82

1.17

3.06

1.42 

1.93 

2. 19

7.98 

4.68

2.70 

1.44

3.19

2.89

Annual.

38. 13 

32.97 

28.82

27.92

99 04

32. 06

33. 65

36.85 

28.17 

47.03

40.97 

38.40

35.54 

39.22

28.41

34.46

FARMINGTON.

1891 ..............

1899

1893.-.. ... . ...

1894..............

1895.... . . . 

1896..............

1897..............

1898..............

1899.............. 

1900.............. 

1901.... ..... ...

1902..............

1903.............. 

1904..............

1905..............

1906..............

Mean, 1891-1905.

6.54

5.45

2 66

1.64

4.05 

.80

5.45

f>5.54

2.57 

6.19 

3.27

3 06

3 61 

3 52

3 79

2.29

3.86

2.13

2.33

3 81

2.22

.95 

5.58

b-2. 13

6.85

2.60 

10.76 

1.04

2.32

2.81 

79

.70

1.89

3.13

8.28

2.33

2.69

2.20

1.88 

10.83

4.85

5.79 

7.04 

4.54

8.43

5. 67 

3.13

1.41

4.30

4.64

1.97

.85

2.34

1.43

5. 67 

2.66

3. 19

2.71

.92 

1.74

2.47

2.12

2.06

3.00

1.94

3.75

6.95

5.14

3.06 

62.80

3.75

1.79

1.97 

5.12

5.10

.59 

5.72

3.67

3.62

3.93

3 20

3.38 

2. 49

4 32

4.34

2.41 

5.51 

3.47

5.28

5. 70 

1.03

3.60

5.41

3.85

3.42

1.92

1.05 

3 75

8.11

5.07 

4.88

1 93

4.27 

4.97

4.07

3.69

4.03

3 76

2.61

5.93 

3 97

3.93

3.27

1.91 

2.30 

3.45

3 34

2.67 

4.58

3.10

3.60

1.45

4.16

3.02

1.92 

4.62

2.98

2.82

3.26 

4.82

3.60

1.17

5.27

3.43

1.68

1.49

5.72

5.02

1.99 

3.88

.95

4.63

1.43 

4.23 

3.03

4.68

3.08 

2 09

1.24

3.01

2.69

4.44

2.99

2.97

5. 76 

4.22

5.01

4.40

2.60 

8.50 

2.10

1.19

1.24 

1.83

2.58

3.50

5.64

1.39

3.39

2.76

6.25 

1.15

4.98

1.44

2.71 

1.77 

8.97

4.31

4.19

1.76

2.69

3.58

43.70

40.83

41.71

36.84

41.87 

46.75

49.65

41.14

33.24

62.80 

47.17

46.97

37.47 

40.15

33.22

42.90

FLAGSTAFF.

1895..............

1896..............

1897..............

1900..............

1901..............

Mean, 1896-1901.

1.20

2.90

4 80

1.85

4 39

2.20

2.88

3.92

2.60

3 83

5.40

4.02

6.97

3.07

4.05

3.90

3.63

1.45

3.02

.67

.35

2.51

2.75

7.33

1.95

3.55

2.34

3.19

2.40

4.27

1.19

3.43

3.05

4.85

4.80

5.05

3.54

3.14

5.01

.33

2.17

3.20

4.53

3.72

3.21

1.73

2.35

2.86

3.44

.72

2.65

1.65

2.47

2.22

4.18

2.80

c4. 96

3.25

2.35

5.66

3.52

3.62

1.05

2.53

2.15

2.45

2.35

38.50

47.90

32.97

28.56

40.83

42.29

38.48

GARDINER.

1839..............

1840..............

1841..............

1842.............. 

1843.............. 

1844.............. 

1845.............. 

1846..............

1847............ . 

1848..............

Mean, 1839-1848.

2.45

1.77

5.72

2.88 

2.54 

3.95 

5.85 

2. 66

5. 11 

3.84

3. 68

2. 10

2.29

1.12

4.49 

5.67 

1.68 

2.25

3. 67 

2.53

2.71

2.66

4.14

3.24

3.26 

5.50 

4.82 

2.96

1.62 

2.84

3.73

3.87

4.14

2.51

5.52 

. 65 

2.59

2.90 

1.22

3.03

5.04

4.22

3.58

1.83 

3 50 

3.01 

2.68

2.69 

8.64

4.00

4.45

4.20

3.17

3.05 

3.96 

1.79 

1.95

6.32 

1.88

3.35

5.26

1.72

3.08 

1.76 

1.47 

(i. 55

3.34 

6.29

3. 37

5.21

3.72

1.08

2.35 

4.80 

3.03 

2.40

O 00

3.95

3.47

2.27

1.54

3.83

3.06 

1. 17 

2.36 

3.20 

1.00

3.32

2.75

6.02

1.61 

5.28 

5.72 

2.89 

2 09

4.06 

4.59

3.41

4 29

3.88

3.37

3.33

3.58 

3.93 

10.56 

3 42

3.64 

2.38

4.23

°. in

5.09

5.67 

2.71 

5.91

4.82 

2 95

4.28 

4.56

4.26

41.04

qo ro

37.12 

45.99 

38.32 

48.70

or oo

44.90

41.99

« No record; figures supplied from Winslow record. 

& No record; figures supplied from Gardiner record.
PKECIPITATIOK. 19

Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin Continued. 

GARD1NER Continued.

Year.

1849... ......... .

1851.............. 

185''

1853... ...........

1854..............

1855....... .......

1856.......... ....

Mean, 1849-1858. 

1859-...-.-..--.--

1861 ..............

1863..............

1865.............. 

1866.............. 

1867..............

1868.............. 

Mean, 1859-1868.

1869.............. 

1870.....---...--.

1871 .......-.--.-.

1873....... .......

1875..............

1876....... ....... 

1877....... .......

Mean, 1869-1878. 

1879...-.-.-.--..-

1880 .......-.---.-

1881 ..........-.--

1882.......-.-..-. 

1883.... ......... .

1884....... .......

1885.............. 

1886.-.--.-..----. 

1887 ..............

Mean 1879-1888 . Mean 1839-1888 .

1889........-..--.

1893..... ......... 

1894 ..............

1897 ..............

1898.............. 

1899..--.--.-..-.. 

1900....-....-.- . 

1901 ......-.--..---

1902.......... ... . 

1903.....--...-.-. 

1904 .............. 

1905.........--..- 

1906...... ........

Mean, 1893-1005 

Mean 1839-1903 6

Jan.

0.92 

3.09 

4.66 

2. 36 

1.49

2.78 

7.17 

2.25 

4.22 

3.11

Feb.

1.50 

2.96 

4.45 

3.89 

9.47

4.35 

1.80 

1.95 

2.46 

2.33

3. 20 3. 52

4.42 

1.04 

2.94 

4.20 

4.42 

3.51 

3.10 

1.63 

2.62 

2.86

3.07

1.96 

6.12 

2.11 

1.86 

4.63 

4.39 

2.94 

3.03 

1.69 

3.57

3.23

2.88 

4.10 

3.73 

3.56 

2.50 

5.40

5.26 

6.61 

7.32 

5. 13

4.65 

3.57

5.20 

3. 18

2.70 

3.30 

2.50 

.87 

4.51 

5.54 

3.41 

7.19 

3.78 

2.67 

4.54 

4.12 

4.85 

2.95

3.84

2.15 

3.30 

3.26 

3.60 

3.75 

2.07 

2.85 

5.24 

4.36 

1.87

3.24

6.75 

5.93 

1.56 

1.84 

2.09 

3.33 

3.72 

5.88 

. 55 

2.73

3. 44

3.08 

3.61 

5.84 

4.96 

2.89 

7.29

6.44 

7.25 

5.62 

5.90

5.29 

3.64

1.84 

3.78

4.79 

1.99 

1.64 

5.25 

2.13 

5.45 

3.10 

8.96 

1.76 

1.70 

3.63 

2.24 

1.32 

1.98

3. 38

Mar.

2.80 

2.29 

1.88 

2.22 

1.94

4.73 

1.10 

.90 

4.03 

3.16

Apr.

3.47 

2.98 

3.74 

 6. 13 

1.14 ....

May. June

5.18 

11.76 

3.16 

.36 

7. 16

5. 62 5. 28 

4.57 1.93 

2. 46 4. 52 

5. 30 4. 74 

4. 44 3. 02

2. 50 3. 98

10.06 

2.14 

5.47 

3.49 

4.23 

4.58 

5.39 

5.47 

5.76 

2.38

4.90

4.00 

3.22 

5.37 

3.03 

3.94 

1.96 

3.70 

7.96 

7.91 

3.13

4.42

4.21 

2.68 

5.31 

5.04 

2.24 

5.40

2.18 

3.90 

7.27 

5.09

4. 33 

3.98

2.76 

4.52

3.18 

1.44 

2.48 

7.19 

4.30 

1.76 

5.56 

7.23 

6.25 

10. 33 

6.65 

3.71 

.94 

4.80

4.69

2.51 

1.32 

4.35 

2.75 

3.98 

2.46 

4. 43 

1.91 

4.96 

2.28

3.10

3.05 

4.78 

3.38 

1.85 

2.97 

4.63 

3.92 

2.69 

3.01 

5.84

3.61

3.39 

3.29 

1.56 

2.65 

3.46 

6.53

2.50 

1.43 

6.81 

2.27

3.39 

3.42

2.38 

1.51

2.52 

1. 86 

4.83 

2.02 

2.86 

3.44 

1.19 

2.50 

6.43 

3.71 

1,42 

7.10 

2.10 

3.74

4.71

3.00 

.87 

4.40 

1.92 

2.56 

3.94 

5.05 

4.97 

5.27 

9.59

4.16

4.50 

1.90 

3.92 

2.58 

2.38 

3.14 

2.90 

3.62 

1.61 

1. 49

2.80

1.50 

2.39 

5.89 

4.74 

5.02 

4.00

3.41

3.76 

1.08 

2.48

3.43 

3.82

2.54

7.84

4.66 

5.84 

1.50 

2.80 

5.94 

1.60 

1.87 

5.42 

3.97 

2.01 

..45 

3.95 

2.17 

4.52

3. 23 3. 24

2.59 

5.44 

3.42 

3.89 

.95

5.05 

5.98 

2. 06 

3.59 

2.51

July.

i 1.69 

3.04 

5. 56 

2.80 

4. 10 

4.95 

2.42 

2.49 

2.33 

6.43

3.55 3.58

6.35 

2.36 

1.27 

3.81 

1.73 

.90 

2.68 

3.50 

1.96 

3.20

1.77 

1.97 

4.14 

2.41 

6. 46 

.59 

4.61 

3.01 

3.94 

1.87

2. 78 3. 08

5. 50 

1.94 

1.58 

3.88 

1.26 

3.86 

5.87 

2.95 

1.16 

3.69

3. 17

5.83 

1.53 

3.09 

4.25 

4.86 

1.22 ..._.

1.51 

2.43 

4.58 

3. 10 

3.56 

5.57 

2. 22 

6',16 

2.22 

1.08

3.24

5.27 

3.94 

3.76 

2.60 

3.49 

5.17

6. 50 1. 73 

1.85 1.93 

3.42 : 6.96 

2. 59 2. 20

3.51

3.27

4.18 

3.61

2.56 

1.18 

2.01 

1.94 

4.32 

3.56 

2.43 

1.34 

1.36 

4.52 

5.12 

1.29 

4.83 

4.80

3.70 

3.39

2.96

(a)

1.12 

2.30 

4.55 

3.18 

3.15 

.98 

5.48 

1.87 

4.26 

2.07 

4.77 

1.25 

4.52

2. SO 3. 04

Aug.

6.11 

4.31 

2.36 

5.87 

3.34 

1.41 

3.09 

7.49 

5.51 

7. 26

4.68

2.79 

4.70 

1.37 

1.94 

4.39 

6.12 

1.46 

5.50 

8.49 

1.06

3.78

1.17 

1.99 

4.93 

6.98 

1.59 

6.21 

6.66 

.20 

5.28 

4.43

3.94

5.21 

2.18 

2.36 

.34 

.32 

4.22

3.21 

2.82 

3.42 

4.33

2.84 

3.74

1.60

3.27 

3.08 

3.28 

2.88 

2.66 

3.73 

1.08 

2.77 

5.54 

4.46 

2.90 

4.53 

2.03

3.25

Sept

2.81 

3.70 

2.76 

3.51 

5. 17 

5.03 

1.76 

3.82 

1.24 

3.74

3.35

2.48 

3.63 

1.85 

3. 18 

4.34 

4.32 

.84 

5.66 

.98 

8.24

3. 55

3.37 

1.33 

1.84 

4.73 

3.88 

2.76 

4.89 

4.63 

1.42 

2.39

3.12

4.05 

4.06 

3.00 

7.00 

3.11 

2.11

1.98 

3.68 

1.05 

7.12

3.72 

3.30

2.56

3.23 

3.81 

1.21 

7.60 

3.11 

2.90 

3.90 

2.45 

2.08 

3.22 

1.34 

5.09 

4.09

3.39

Oct.

5.85 

5.29 

8.43 

4.38 

4.45 

3.25 

13. 15 

3.20 

4.97 

5.06

5.80

1.08 

3.81 

5. 47 

5.21 

4. 74 

2.76 

4.75 

2.59 

4.60 

.98

3.60

12.67 

6.39 

7.58 

3.42 

6.01 

1.72 

5.06 

2.59 

5.27 

7.82

5. 85

2.05 

4.39 

2.65 

2.02 

4.48 

3.14

3.94 

3.67 

2.44 

6.71

3.55 

4.44

4.59

Nov.

2.67 

2.41 

6. 30 

6. 33 

6. 47 

8.12 

3.18 

2.14 

3. 63 

2.91

Doc.

3.97 

4. 10 

4.05 

4.92 

4.46 

3.16 

5. 01 

4.70 

4.19 

2.87

4. 42 4. 14

4.75 

5. 36 

3.16 

4.33 

7.30 

5.77 

3.24 

3.18 

2.85 

6.76

6.54 

3.26 

2.17 

2.56 

4.35 

4.03 

3.23 

3.00 

1.89 

2.04

4. 67 3. 31

3.10 

4.19 

4.90 

5.82 

3.63 

2.99 

3.67 

4.13 

8.24 

4.60

4. 53

4.70 

4.86 

3.26 

1.14 

2.84

2.86 

6.06 

3.64 

5.98

3.86 

4.34

5.44

4.74 

2.82 

3.28 

3.57 

2.03 

1.54 

.83 

3.45 

1.24 

7.55

3. 10

4.19 

2.96 

6. 56 

3.53 

3.67 

5 05

2.60 

4.68 

5.61 

4.20

4.30 

3.82

5.51

Annual.

39. 56 

51. 37 

50.77 

46. 60 

50. 14 

53.73 

51. 16 

37.98 

46. 22 

46. 84

47. 43

47.90 

33. 76 

39.85 

39.40 

52. 26 

41.05 

41.63 

45.66 

47.68 

43. 13

43. 24

52. 32 

43.04 

- 45.03 

42.64 

37. 97 

42.10 

46. 35 

47.29 

39. 60 

48. 32

44.45

46. 37 

39.99 

47.02 

41.83 

38.88 

52.82 

42.61 

47.64 

54. 65 

54.00

46.57 

44.73

41. 56

5.90 

4.25 

1.82 

2.64 

.92 

6. 23 

1.85 

4.47 

4.18 

4.90 

3.82 

2.02 

.78

3.37

1.83 

2.21 

6.85 

4.12 

5.99 

4.57 

2.42 

5.28 

2.41 

1.21 

1.63 

2.39 

3.95

3.45

5.13 

2.80 

4.40 

1.52 

3.83 

2.74 

2.61 

1.64 

9.43 

5.35 

3.' 56 

2.28 

3.12

3.72

40.89 

34. 06 

37.07 

42.01 

43. 72 

42.50 

34. 90 

51.12 

51.45 

46.15 

39.83 

39.97 

34.70

41.40 

44.41

a No record at Gardiner from July, 1890, to December, 1892, inclusive. 

b Missing records, 1890-1892, supplied from Lewiston records.
20 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin Continued. 

GRANT FARM.

Year. Jan. Feb. 'Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug.

1904.

1905.

1.30 4.01 2.91 3.96 2.55 

...... 4.05 2. (16 2.70 .79

Sept.

1.15

Oct.

.48

Nov.

1.31

1.62

Dec. Annual.

GREENVILLE.

1904..............'......

1905.............. ...... 

1906 1.20

"i."23 1.91 

2.20

5.27

3.22

4 72

3.60

3.99 

3.43

6.85

2.52

6.28

1

4.09

1.43 2.82 .86 2.51

1

1.22

JAOKMAN.

1894..............

1897 ......--..--..

1903..............

1904 ..............

1905. .............

1906..............

2.25

2.32

2.42

1.57

1.48

2.20

4.65

.94

1.57

1.79

2.55

3.30

i.28

3.15

0. 95 5. 00

1.51 |......

1.91 '......

.84 ......

1. 85 4. 33

4.00

......

3.72

6.23 2.45 4.20 1.68

1 91

KENTS HILL.

1891 ..............

18d2... .......... .

1894..............

6.28 

4.88 

2.41

3.41 

1.60 

4.53

1.32

1895. .............

1897-.---.-...--.- 

1 ctm

1899--.--.---.---- 

1900. ....... ------

1903

Mean, 1895-1897 

1901-2........

2.11

2.82

"s.'i?"

2.65

2.15

2.02

1.35 

2.51 

1.95

3.50 

3.47 

1.80 

3.60

5.37 

1.79 

2.95

1.22 

4.49 

2.43

"3.~90" 

1.45 

4.73 

4.99

2.24 2.86

1.85 

1.05 

2.85

1.98 

2.79 

6. 76

3.05 1 4.50 

5. 75 2. 48

4.00 

6.30

1.50

4.98

2.12 

1.25

1.79 

3.98

i

KINEO.

2.03 

2.24 

3.27 

2.22

"i's.V

2.65

1.54

3.01

2.58 

2.46 

3.96

3.20 

3.49 

.75 

4.67 

2.79

2.71

2.88

3.26 

2.47 

2.59

3.94 

3.24 

6.55 

6.15

4.20

4.07 

4.02 

8.37 

.90

7.37 

5.21 

1.95 

4.03

4.49

4.90 

2.00 

3.11

1.51 

2.55 

3.01

5.57 

1.37

41.42

38.22

1.45 

3.27

2.62 

4 ^n

2.55 

.94 

5.46

3.11 2.75

0.87 

3.61 

1.52

2.26" 

a3.40

5.47 

1.95

2.69

2.99 

.90 

2.25

'2.70' 

.81

"7." 40 

2.01 

2. (11

2.33 2. 72 3.11

32.30 

30.29 

37.58

35." 85 

42.67

35.72

MADISON.

1894......--..--..

1903.............. 

1904.............. 

1905..... .........

Mean, 1902-190-5.

3.91

4.34

2.28 

4.08

3.65

3.88

3.98 

1.71 

1.61 

2 09

2.80

1.70

11.04

6.32 

2.79 

2.13 

4.83

5.57

1.45

3.62

1.94 

7.63 

2.59 

4.27

3.94

4.75

5.49

.23 

6.63 

3.73 

5.12

4.02

6.00

7.45

3.72 

3.36 

4.65 

5.72

4.' 80

2.12

2.29

5.37 

6.10 

5.75

4.88

5.93

2.30

7.38 

2.23

4.46

4.81

3.70

.76 

6.34 

5.61

4.10

6.61

2.40

2.98 

1.13

3.28

1.42

1.17 

1.23 

4.60

2.10

4.63

1.43 

1.55 

3.45

2.76

59.97

33.96 

49.98 

41.56

46.36

o No record; figures supplied from The Forks record.
PRECIPITATION. 21

Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin Continued.

MAYFIELD.

Year. Jan.

1892.............. ...... 

1893

1896..... ......... 0.94 

1897

1898....-......--- ......

1899.-.-.-...--.-- 2.50 

1900 6 97

1901..... ......... 2.60

1902.............. 3.21 

1903.............. 5.48

1905.. ............ 4.25

1906.............. 2. 09

Moan, 1899-1905. 3.91

Feb.

4.00 

7.39

1.20

3.60 

3 27 

l'. 81

al.ll

2.01

3.20

Mar.

4.87 

5.65

9-50 

5.33

2.76

1.00

5.24

4.95

Apr.

3.75

2.34 

4.56

2.26

.99 

1.57

6.33

4.16 

1.56 

3.42

2.17

2.70

2.89

May.

2.37

4.83

3.02 

5.04

1.88

3.02 

 ; 84

2.26

3.40 

.58

6.86

3.29

3.90

3.61

June. 

3.34

8. 36 

2.69

3.03

3.13 

3.41

2.94

2.04 

3.31

2.94

7.39 

6.54 

3.17

3.39

4.61

4.11

July. 

5.11

2.73 

3.27

2.65

6.07 

8.04

1.52

4.79

4.48

5.40

2.95 

5.27 

4.41

4.39

4.53

Aug.

4.78

9.19 

5.20

2.05

3.86

4.90 

4.07

4.43

1.05 

1.25

5.25

6.36 

3.03 

5.32

1.86

3.45

Sept.

5.63 

4.21

5.71

2.09

5.31 

3.01

3.57

3.33 

3.26

2. 63

4.33

.85 

5.73

4.40

3.50

Oct.

1.56

1.60 

7.37

2.25

4.77 

1.43

5.79

1.71 

2.99

3.43

5.83 

3.12 

2.42

.90

2.91

Nov. 

2.91

5.14 

3.49

2.48

7.63

5.11 

5.12

6.02

2.19 

7.43

2.24

1.65 

1.61 

1.58

2.87

2.80

Pec.

5. 84

1.24 

3.43

1.14

3.05 

1.10

8.63

4.12 

3.06 

1.47

2.69

3.45

Annual.

:::::::::

33. 54 

50.54

48.46

56.50 

39.70 

42.02

32.32

43. 31

ROACH RIVER.

1902..............

1902..............

3. 25 

2.05

3. 82 3. 37 

4.90 , 5.76

1.21 

2.23

...... L.... ...... 3.20 

3.78 2 81 4.9(1

»

3.56 9. 29 4. 30 5. 32

SOLON.

4. 62 ......' 2. 92 3.43

|

5.39

3.21 

......

3.43

2.95

1.16

-

2.30

6. y5

2.70

-

3.10

- 

THE FORKS.

1901 ..............

1902....-..-...-..

1903..............

1904..............

1905.......-...--.

Mean, 1902-1905.

3.50

2.30

2.95

3.39

2.24

3.04

3.35

3. 63

1.40

1.11

2.05

2.37

5.69

4.42

1.95

1.30

4.20

3.34

3.20

1.35

3.70

1.68

2.18

2.48

4.62

.61

5.08

3.58

3.13

3.47

6.42

4.36

4.64

4.33

3.07

4.94

2.92

4.58

7.53

3.37

4. 60

3.43

3.24

2.'f,9

1.86

2.81

5.39

.91

6.82

3.47

4.15

3.31

3.40

l.CO

2.23

1.24

2. 12

2.60

2.30

1.73

1.34

2.90

2.07

8.80

3.10

2.97

1.58

2.40

2.51

47. 32

31. 70

41.91

30. 63

37.90

W1NSLOW.

a No record; figures supplied from The Forks record. 

6 No record; figures supplied from Gardiner record.

The table of average precipitation and fig. 3 have been prepared 

from the foregoing data, for the purpose of computing the ratio of 

run-off to rainfall at Waterville. They represent fairly well the 

average precipitation on the basin above Waterville after and including 1895. Probably the figures for the years previous to 1895 are
22 WATER EESOUECES OF KENNEBEC EIVEE BASIN.

slightly too great, as in those years no stations were maintained in the 

northern part of the basin, where the precipitation is considerably 

less than it is farther south. The values given in the table are based 

on the following records: Fair-field, 1891-1906; Farmington, 1891-1906; 

Kineo, 1895-1898, 1900-1902; Madison, 1894, 1902-1906; Mayfield, 

1891-1906; The Forks, 1903-1906.

so

Highesti49.0

45

40

Mea n f or I5y rs.=39.82

35

Lowest - 30.9

301890 1895 1900 1905

FIG. 3. Mean annual precipitation on Kennebec basin above WateivWe, Me., 1891-1905.

Average precipitation in Kcnnelcc drainage basin above Watervitte, 1891-1906.

Year.

1892..............

1894....... -------

1899

1900.......-..--..

1909

1903..-....-..-...

1906..............

Mean, 1891-1905.

Jan.

6.3

4.4 

2.1 

2.4 

2.8

3.6 

4.9 

2.4 

5.6 

2-7

2.9 

3.9

3.0 

3.9 

2.8

Feb.

2.1

2 3

£3

1.8 

.9 

3.7

1.9

6.8 

3.3 

6 8 

1.5

3.0

3.4 . .

Mar.

6.5 

2.1 

2.6 

1.6 

1.6 

7.0 

3.2 

1.0 

4.6 

5 0 

3.9

8 3 

5.6

1.5 2 9 

1.1 1.3 

2.3 , 4.6

Apr.

2.6 

0.8 

2.1 

1.2 

4.4 

2.0 

3.3 

2 2 

.9 

1.3 

6.0 

3.3 

1.9

5.4 

2.1 

2.9

1

May.

2.2 

3.2 

5.3 

4.6 

2.8 

2.7 

4.9 

1.6 

2.2 

4.6 

2.3 

4.3 

.5 

5.8 

3.1 

3.9

June.

3.1 

6.8 

2.2 

4.6 

2.9 

2.5 

3.6 

3.3 

1.8 

3.9 

3.8 

6.1 

4.8 

2.9 

3.9 

4.4

July.

4.4

2.6 

2.4 

2.3 

3.2 

4.4 

7.2 

1.5 

5.4 

4.6 

3.9 

2.7 

4.8 

5.1 

4.2

Aug.

4.3

6.6 

4.0 

2.9 

4.3 

3.6 

3.8 

3.7 

.9 

1.8 

3.9 

4.5 

2.9 

4.9 

2.1

Sept.

1.7 

4.3 

3.1 

5.0 

1.6 

4.6 

3.0 

3.3 

3.0 

3.1 

2.2 

3.8 

(j

5.8 

4.2

Oct.

1.5 

1.5 

6.0 

4.8 

1.7 

3.5 

1.0 

4. 4 

1.5 

3.4 

2.8 

4.9 

2.7 

2.4 

1.0

Nov.

2.6 

4.2 

2.4 

2.5 

6.1 

3.3 

4.4 

4.3 

2.4 

6.5 

2.3 

1. 2 

1.4 

1.5 

3.4

Dec.

5.1

1.2 

2.9 

2.3 

4.7 

1.1 

3.2 

1.3 

2.5 

1.9 

7.6 

4.0 

2.9 

1.6 

2.9

Annual.

42.4 

40.0 

38. 4 

36.0 

37.0 

39.1 

43.1 

38.3 

30.9 

48.5 

42.9 

.49.0 

35.7 

42.8 

33.2

1 39 83
WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 23

SNOW STORAGE AND WATER EQUIVALENT.

The measurement of snowfall by catching it in the ordinary rain 

gage, as rain is caught in the summer season, is liable to considerable 

error, owing to the deflection of air currents by the gage. The snowflakes being light, tend to be carried over or diverted from the mouth 

of the gage, especially when considerable wind is blowing. It is therefore desirable to supplement winter precipitation records, obtained 

by the use of the rain gage with measurements of the actual depth 

of snow upon the ground from time to time, taken at some level 

place where an average depth prevails, and with determinations of 

the water equivalent of the snow, obtained by melting a prism of it. 

Records of this nature have been kept since the winter of 1903-4 at 

several of the precipitation stations in the Kermebec basin, and the 

data thus obtained are presented in the following table:

Water equivalent of snow in Kennebec basin.

Station. Date. Depth of 

snow.

Inches. 

20

Do. 

Do.

Do. 

Do.

December 31, 1904....,

March 1, 1905.........

December 31, 1905.....

January 28, 1906......

Do.

do.

Do.......................................... February 22, 1905.....

Do.......................................... March 27, 1905

Do...... ....................................I November 12. 1905..

Do.......... . . ... ...-......--.....-.....! February 1, 1906

Do.......... . .............................I February 16, 1906....

Do...............................-..........: March 15, 1906

Greenville....................................... December 16, 1905

Do.......................................... December 30, 1905

Do...

.Tackman. 

Do.

January 17, 1906.. 

February 17, 1906. 

March 6, 1906.... 

March 19, 1906....

March 28, 1906 

February 2, 1904......

January , 1905.

The Forks....................................... I February 4, 1904

Do......................................... _' February 29, 1904..

Do..........................................' March 8, 1904

Do.......................................... Janua rv 1

Do.......................................... February 1. 1905

Do.......................................... March 16, 1905

Do.......................................... December 15. 190

i January 15,1906......

Do..-.--.-.......-..............--..........! February 17. 1906

Do................................ ......... March 1

Do.......................................... April]5 1906

Madison......................................... March 19. 1903

Februarys, 1905...

vv mslow........................................ January 15, 1905

Do.......................................... March 1, 1905

March 15, 1905.....

15

33

11

40

27

12

14

16.5

25

10

12

15

10.33

17

22

12

10

12

11

9

13

48

28

23

23

20

18

24

18

9

23 

12 i 14. 

22 

34 

16 

10 

32 

26 

17 

32

Water 

equivalent.

Inches. 

5.92 

5.88 

1. 55 

7.78 

2. 4 

8. 25

Ratio: 

Water

to 

Snow

0.296 "."ios

.236

.218

.206

.149

.100

.094

a Heavy; one-half inch ice on ground.
24 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC EIVEK BASIN.

Fig. 4 shows graphically the water equivalent of snow on the ground 

at The Forks, determined at different times during the last three 

seasons. A comparison of all the stations in the previous table indicates that The Forks is fairly representative cf the whole Kennebec 

basin, as regards depth of snow and its water equivalent, so that this 

diagram may be said to show approximately the snow storage cf 

water in the basin during the last three winters.

INCHES

DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR APR.

INCHES

40 1 

20 

n

-

. -~-

o 

_.-^

< \

v.

40

DEC. JAN. FEB MAR. APR. 

FIG. 4. Water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, Me.

STBTCAM

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

The water flowing in surface streams forms one of the most valuable 

natural assets of any country and is an important factor in the development of its commercial and agricultural resources. Data in regard 

to the regimen and total flow of streams and of the conditions which 

affect this flow are of primary importance to their economic use.
MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 25

Users of surface waters have for a long time recognized the value 

of data in regard to flow, and have collected much information relative to the streams in which they are interested. The general demand 

for information on this subject led to the organization of the hydrographic work of the United States Geological Survey, and as a result 

records of discharge for the more important streams in the United 

States are now generally available.

In the Kennebec basin the water users have been active for many 

years in keeping records of gage height and discharge; in fact, it was 

chiefly owing to the interest shown here and the urgent requests 

from this part of the State for more extended information that hydrographic work was begun by the United States' Geological Survey in 

Maine in 1901. Since that time systematic measurements of flow 

have been carried on by the Survey, not only in the Kennebec basin 

but on most of the important rivers of the State. The combined 

records from these two sources furnish a most valuable collection of 

facts relative to the water resources of this area. The following pages 

contain a compilation of these data, which have been carefully revised 

and adjusted in accordance with the best information available to 

date.

FIELD METHODS.

Data collected by private parties have generally been obtained at 

power plants where the discharge is divided, part going over a dam, 

part through the wheels, and part through by-channels. The flow 

over the dam is obtained from the measured head by the use of a 

weir formula, that through the wheels by the use of each wheel as a 

meter, and that through the by-channels by means of weirs or by 

current-meter measurements. The sum of these components is the 

total discharge of the river at the section. The general methods used 

at stations of this character are fully described in Water-Supply 

Paper No. 150 a (Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. 

Horton), and the use of turbines for measurement purposes is explained 

in detail in Water-Supply Paper No. 180 (Turbine water-wheel tests 

and power tables, by R. E. Horton).

The Geological Survey has generally collected its data at currentmeter gaging stations located at points at which it is considered that 

the information will be of special value. At these stations observations of stage, or gage height, of discharge, and of general conditions 

form the base data for computing the daily and total flow of the 

stream. The methods used in selecting current-meter stations and 

in collecting data are fully described in Water-Supply Papers Nos. 

94 and 95. They may be briefly stated as follows:

a The first edition of the paper has been exhausted. The second edition, including revisions and 

some additional data, has been published as Water-Supply Paper No. 200.
26 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

The selection of a site for a gaging station depends primarily on 

the facilities for making the measurements of discharge, and these 

stations have accordingly been classified as bridge, cable, boat, or 

wading stations. PI. II, A, shows a typical cable station. The 

length of time a station is maintained depends largely on the needs 

of each locality and the facilities fcr making the measurements. If 

the water is to be used for power, special effort is made to obtain 

information concerning the minimum flow; if water is to be stored, 

the maximum flow also receives special attention. In all sections of 

the country permanent gaging stations are maintained for general 

statistical purposes, to show the conditions existing through long 

periods. They are also used as primary stations, and in connection 

with short series of measurements serve as a basis for estimating the 

flow at other points in the drainage basin.-

The gage heights are observed daily on the vertical staff or some 

other type of gage, by some person living near b}". The average of 

the gage readings, if more than one is taken in any day, is used as the 

mean gage height for that day.

The measurements of discharge, which determine the quantity of 

water flowing past the gaging station at a given stage and time, are 

made by hydrographers of the Survey, who visit the stations at intervals. This discharge is the product of the area, which is obtained by 

soundings, and the velocity of the current, which is usually measured 

by some type of current meter.

The current meter is primarily an instrument for measuring the 

velocity of moving water, and consists essentially of a wheel with 

vanes, which may be shaped like those of a windmill or of a screw, or 

with cups like those of an anemometer, the necessary qualification 

being that moving water shall readily cause the wheel of the meter to 

turn. Each meter is rated before use. The rating is done by moving 

the meter through still water at various observed speeds to determine 

the relation between the velocity with which the meter moves through 

the water and the revolutions of the wheel., This relation having 

been determined, the meter is used in running water, the revolutions 

per unit of time noted, and the velocity of the water computed.

In making the measurements an arbitrary number of points are 

laid off on a line perpendicular to the thread of the stream. At these 

points the velocity and depth are observed. They are known as 

measuring points, being usually fixed at regular intervals, varying 

from 2 to 20 feet, depending on the size and conditions of the stream. 

Perpendiculars dropped from the measuring points divide the gaging 

section into strips. For each strip or pair of strips the mean velocity, 

area, and discharge are determined independently, so that conditions 

in one part of the stream may not be extended to parts where they do 

not apply. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. II

. CABLE STATION ON MOOSE RIVER AT ROCKWOOD, ME.

B. EVAPORATION AND RAINFALL STATION ON ANDROSCOGGIN RIVER AT LEWISTON. ME.
MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 27

OFFICE METHODS.

For obtaining the daily discharge at current-meter gaging stations 

it is necessary that sufficient measurements be taken to cover the 

range of stage as indicated by the gage heights. With these and the 

other information in regard to the station, it is possible to construct a 

rating table which will give the discharge corresponding to any stage 

of the stream.

The construction of the rating table depends on the following laws 

of flow for open permanent channels: (1) The discharge will remain 

constant so long as the conditions at or near the gaging station remain 

constant; (2) the change of slope due to the rise and fall of the 

stream being neglected, the discharge will be the same whenever the 

stream is at a given stage; (3) the discharge is a function of the 

stage and increases gradually with it.

T

0 2000 AOOO 6000 8000 10000

o Year 1901 o Year 1902 n Year 1903 + Year 1904 x Vear 1905 

FIG. 5. Rating, area, and mean velocity curves for Kennebec River at The Forks, Me.

The plotting of results of the various discharge measurements, gage 

heights being used as ordinates, and discharge, mean velocity, and 

area as abscissas, will define curves which show the discharge, mean 

velocity, and area corresponding to any gage height. Fig. 5 shows a 

typical rating curve, that for the gaging station on Kennebec River 

at The Forks, with its corresponding mean velocity and area curves.

As the discharge is the product of two factors, the area and the 

mean velocity, any change in either factor will produce a corresponding change in the discharge. Their curves are therefore constructed 

in order to study each independently of the other.

The area curve can be definitely determined from accurate soundings extending to the limits of high water. It is invariably either 

concave toward the horizontal axis or a straight line, unless the banks 

of the stream are overhanging. 

3697 IRR 198 07 3
28 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

The form of the mean velocity curve depends chiefly on the surface 

slope, the roughness of the bed, and the cross section of the stream. 

Of these the slope is the principal factor. 'In accordance with the 

relative change of these factors the curve may be either a straight line, 

convex or concave toward either axis, or a combination of the three. 

From a careful study of the conditions at any gaging station the form 

which the velocity curve will take can be predicted, and it ma}r be 

extended with reasonable certainty to stages beyond the limits of 

actual measurements. Its principal use is in connection with the area 

curve in locating errors in discharge measurements and in constructing the rating table.

. The discharge curve is defined primarily by the measurements of 

discharge, which are studied and weighted in accordance with the 

local conditions existing at the time of each measurement. Between 

and beyond the measurements the curve may, however, best be 

located by means of curves of area and mean velocity. This curve 

under normal conditions is concave toward the horizontal axis and is 

generally parabolic in form.

In the preparation of the rating table the discharge for each tenth 

or half-tenth on the gage is taken from the curve. The differences 

between successive discharges are then taken and adjusted according 

to the law that they shall be either constant or increasing.

The determination of flow of an ice-covered stream is much more 

difficult and expensive than that for the open season, on account of 

frequent unstable conditions of ice cover and general lack of information in regard to the laws of flow of water under ice. This subject has 

been taken up in a preliminary way in Water-Supply Paper No. 187 

(Determination of stream flow during the frozen season, by H. K. 

Barrows and R. E. Horton), which also contains a large amount of 

data regarding the flow of Kennebec River at North Anson during the 

frozen season and a description of methods used.

DEFINITIONS.

The volume of water flowing in a stream the "run-off" or "discharge" is expressed in various terms, each of which has become 

associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided 

into two groups: (1) Those which represent a rate of flow, as secondfeet, gallons per minute, miner's inch, and run-off in second-feet per 

square mile, and (2) those which represent the actual quantity of 

water, as run-off in depth in inches and acre-feet. Those used in this 

report may be defined as follows:

"Second-feet" is an abbreviation for cubic feet per second and is 

the rate of discharge of water flowing in a stream l.foot wide and 1 

foot deep at a rate of 1 foot per second. It is generally used as a 

fundamental unit from which others are computed.
MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 29

"Second-feet per square mile" is the average number of cubic feet 

of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on 

the assumption that the run-off is distributed uniformly, both as 

regards time an/1 area.

"Run-ofT in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would 

be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were conserved and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used for 

comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in depth 

in inches.

EXPLANATION OF TABLES.

As far as available the following data are given for each regular 

gaging station:

1. Description of station.

2. List of discharge measurements.

3. Gage-height table.

4. Rating table.

5. Tables of daily flow for stations located at dams.

6. Table of monthly and yearly discharges and run-off.

The descriptions of stations give such general information about 

the locality and equipment as would enable the reader to find and 

use the station; also, as far as possible, a complete history of all the 

changes that have occurred since the establishment of the station 

that would be factors in using the data collected.

The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge 

measurements made during the year, including the date, the gage 

height, and the discharge in second-feet.

The table of daily gage heights gives the daily fluctuations of the 

surface of the river as found from the mean of the gage readings 

taken each day. The gage height given in the table represents the 

elevation of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. At 

most stations the gage is read in the morning and in the evening.

The rating table gives discharges in second-feet corresponding to 

each stage of the river as given by the gage heights.

The table of daily flow gives the mean discharge for the day.

In the table of monthly discharges the column headed "Maximum" 

gives the mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was 

highest. This is the flow as given in the rating table for that mean 

gage height. As the gage height is the mean for the day, there might 

have been short periods when the water was higher and the corresponding discharge larger than given in this column. Likewise in 

the "Minimum" column the quantity given is the mean flow for the 

day when the mean gage height was lowest. The column headed 

"Mean" is the average flow for each second during the month. On 

this the computations for the remaining columns, which are defined 

above, are based.
30 WATER RESOURCES OF KEN XEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

ACCURACY OF DETERMINATIONS.

After the description of each gaging station a statement is made 

of the probable percentage of error in the figures for mean monthly 

flow. No refinement has been attempted in the determination of 

this percentage, which is only approximate, and which is based 

principally on the error of the discharge measurements with reference to the rating curve and the known conditions of flow in the 

vicinity of the gaging section. It is impossible to determine closely 

all errors caused by temporary or gradual changes in the conditions 

of flow, unreliability or ignorance of the observers, changes in chain 

length, or ice conditions.

Errors due to changes in conditions of flow are relatively small for 

large streams, except at very low stages. On small streams, however, a temporary obstruction at or below the gaging section, causing 

a change in area of cross section or in velocity of the current, may 

produce large errors in the computed daily discharge. As a rule, 

these changes do not occur frequently and are of a temporary character. For example, the lodging of logs on the controlling point 

below the gage reduces the velocity and hence the discharge for a 

given gage height. A few days later a sudden rise in the stream may 

clear the channel and restore normal flow. Unless the hydrographer 

has chanced to make a measurement of discharge during the period 

of abnormal conditions an error has been introduced into the computed daily and monthly flow. Owing to the limited appropriation 

for stream gaging and the large number and wide separation of the 

gaging stations, it is impossible for the hydrographers to make measurements frequently enough to eliminate all errors arising from these 

abnormal conditions. It has further been fourd impracticable, as a 

rule, so to instruct the observers that they will correctly report 

unusual conditions.

Gradual changes in the conditions which affect the flow can be estimated and corrected more readily than temporary changes. Here, 

again, the hydrographer is often handicapped by inability to make 

sufficient measurements to show properly the varying rate of change 

in channel conditions. In such cases the daily discharges are 

obtained either by an indirect method based on the assumption of a 

constant rate of change from day to day between measurements or 

by a series of rating curves.

Observers are, as a rule, conscientious in reading the gages, but 

with few exceptions they are wholly unfamiliar with engineering 

work of any description. The observers' records, however, are examined and checked by hydrographers and large errors are thus eliminated. The observers are usually instructed to read the gage to the 

nearest tenth or half tenth twice each day, and at times of floods 

several times a day. In high and medium stages the errors in reading
MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 31

the gage are thus negligible, but in low stages, when a difference of 

one or two hundredths in the stage of the river or slight fluctuations 

during the day cause errors of several per cent, it is evident that the 

regular method of observation is inadequate. Hence monthly 

minimums may be considerably in error, but it is believed that in 

general the monthly means for months of low flow are good owing to 

the tendency of positive and negative errors to offset each other.

All gages maintained by the Survey are checked with a level at least 

once each season, and oftener where conditions are such that the 

gage tends to settle or change position. Gage readings are corrected, 

where necessary, en the basis of these levels, and it is believed that.no 

errors of any consequence in gage heights have occurred from this 

source.

Beginning with the winter of 1903-4, facts regarding ice cover and 

extent of frozen conditions have been noted at several of the gaging 

stations by the observers. No attempt has been made to give winter 

records of flow, except for Kennebec River at North Anson. These 

are based on numerous current-meter measurements and are for the 

most part probably correct within 10 to 15 per cent. The Hollingsworth & Whitney records of flow at Waterville are probably not in 

serious error during the winter season, as at this time most of the 

water is used through the wheels, which are not affected by ice 

conditions.

The errors described in the foregoing paragraphs are not to be considered as applying to every station. They have been fully treated 

here in order to call to the attention cf the reader the possible sources 

of error and the limitations of engineering work of this kind. Although 

the resulting probable error may seem large, it should be remembered 

that stream-gaging data and records of flow are used mainly as a basis 

for predicting the maximum, minimum, and mean discharge of a 

stream to be expected in future years. Since the mean annual flow 

of a stream may be several times larger one year than it is the next, it 

is seen that for records of short duration an estimate which involves 

an error even as great as 50 per cent is not without value. On the 

other hand, it is a waste of money and needless refinement indeed, 

virtually impossible to obtain values much closer than 3 per cent in 

ordinary current-meter work.

Special emphasis is laid on the fact that the value of stream-gaging 

data is determined mainly by the number cf years during which the 

record has been maintained, and not so much by the degree of accuracy of the mean discharge for each year; that is, the longer the 

record the more nearly does it give the maximum, minimum, and 

mean flow which may be expected in the future.

Monthly means which are stated in the descriptions to be within 

5 per cent of the true flow are considered to be very good, and those
32 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

within 10 per cent are considered close enough for all practical purposes. Errors in monthly means which are greater than 15 per cent 

are due either to an insufficiency in the number of measurements, or 

to poor natural conditions which could not be avoided, or to changes 

at the gaging station which Cv>uld not be foreseen at the time of its 

establishment. It should further be noticed that the larger errors 

occur in daily discharges at the highest stages, which continue only 

for a few days, and hence the effect on the accuracy of the monthly 

mean is not so great as might at first appear. Also by far the greater 

number of gage heights are for medium stages, where the error of the 

rating curve is rarely as great as 10 per cent and is usually much less 

than 5 per cent. The errors of the daily discharges are often considable, owing to fluctuation of the river height. The maximum and 

minimum flow for the month may also have an additional error, due 

to the fact that they are based wii the extreme low or high part of the 

rating curve, which is usually not so well defined as the intermediate 

portion. In the mean monthly flow, however, for which the estimates of accuracy are made, the error is reduced to a very small 

amount, owing to the compensation of variable negative and positive 

errors.

USE OF DATA ON STREAM FLOW.

In the consideration of the development of enterprises which depend 

largely on the use of water, it is essential to have detailed and accurate 

information in regard to flow. This information should include data 

for the total flow of the year and its distribution by days, months, 

and seasons.

The total flow is given in the table headed " Maximum, minimum, 

and mean discharge," which also gives the maximum and mean for 

the months stated, and shows in a general way the conditions that may 

be expected at the station. 

The daily distribution and duration of flow may be found either 

from the tables of daily discharge or by the use of gage height and 

rating tables. For determining the duration, the discharges or gage 

heights should be tabulated according to their size, and under each 

should be entered the number of days on which it occurs during the 

year. By adding these figures for successive years and averaging the 

totals a result may be obtained showing the average number of days 

during the year when the stage and discharge are above or below a 

given amount. These values may also be plotted in a curve.

When estimates of flow are desired at points on a stream other than 

those where continuous measurements have been made, great care 

must be taken in applying these published data. Very frequently it 

is found that different portions of the same drainage area will differ 

greatly in run-off and the general regimen of flow. Hence serious error
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FOEKS. 33

may arise in applying these- data on flow by simply comparing drainage areas at the two points, and such an application should never be 

made unless it is based also on a knowledge of the conditions affecting 

flow, the relative amount of lake or pond surface, the geologic, topographic, and forest conditions, etc. It is always best to make a few 

actual measurements of flow at the desired point and compare these 

with the flow at the same time at the regular station; or, better still, to 

erect a temporary gage and carry observations over several weeks or 

more. In this way the long-time records of the Survey can be used at 

various places along the river and made of general value.

LOCATION OF STATIONS.

The location of the various gaging stations for which data regarding 

flow are here given, is indicated on PI. I, by letters, and in the following 

table:

Gaging stations in Kennebec basin.

Letter 

on PI. I.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

Rivor.

....do..... .. ...

.....do................

Dead...... .. ..

Location. Date established.

September 28, 1901 . . .

October 18, 1901......

September 7, 1902.....

November 10, 1901 ....

September 29, 1901. . . .

October 19, 1901......

June 18, 1903..........

June 16, 1890..........

Established by 

vey. 

do.

Whitney Co.

vey.

do.

do.

do.

do.

er Co.

KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS.

This station was established September 28, 1901, by N. C. Grover, 

at the wooden highway bridge across Kennebec River at The Forks, 

about 2,000 feet above the mouth of Dead River. Of the drainage 

area at this station, 1,240 square miles are tributary to Moosehead 

Lake and the remaining 330 square miles drain into the Kennebec by 

small streams with steep slopes and no storage. Practically all land 

surfaces above this point are in forest.

The channel is straight for 200 feet above and 500 feet below the 

station, is unbroken by piers, and is about 125 feet wide at ordinary 

stages of the river. The current is swift at high and medium at low 

stages. The banks are high and rocky, and the bed is rocky and permanent.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge. The initial 

point for soundings is on the left bank, marked by a rod across the 

bridge, just above the abutment and below the bridge floor.
34 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIIST.

From about May 1 to July 31 considerable fluctuations in gage 

height, ranging in amount from 2 to over 5 feet, occur daily, owing to 

the regulation of the flow at Indian Pond dam, for the purpose of log 

driving. The morning and evening records obtained by the observer 

represent the maximum and minimum heights of each day during this 

period, as well as can be determined. The mean daily discharge during this period for the years 1903 to 1905, as given on page 39, is computed by averaging the discharges as applied to the morning and 

evening gage heights, account being taken also of the relative length 

of the high and low water periods. From April 23 to August 9, 1906, 

four daily gage readings were made and used in computing the daily 

flow.

There are two gages one, a vertical rod, is attached to the timber 

retaining wall on the left bank, about 75 feet above the bridge; the 

other is a standard chain gage attached to the bridge floor. The 

length of the chain is 17.08 feet. Gage-height observations are made 

twice each day by William W. Young. The datum of the two gages 

is the same and is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) The top of 

a bolt on the east abutment, on the north side of the bridge; elevation, 

12.85 feet; (2) a marked point on the floor of the bridge near the east 

end of the gage box; elevation, 15.42 feet. Elevations are above gage 

datum, which is 565.44 feet above mean sea level, as determined by 

the Kennebec River survey of 1904 and readjusted in 1906.

All estimates previously published for years prior to 1905 have been 

revised on the basis of the 1905 rating curve.

Values for monthly means as given herewith are considered to be 

well within 5 per cent of the true flow. Daily discharges are subject 

to much larger errors, particularly above gage height 6.0 feet and 

during the log-driving season.

Discharge measurements of Kennebec River at The Forks.

Date. Gage 

height.

Discharge.

1902.

3.70

5.60

3,500

8,800

April 21. .

July 18...

1905.

Date. Gage t Disheigrit. charge.

5,900

1,480

4,180

757

759

1.90

1.53

2.30

1906.

1.200 

'950 

1,600

2,200
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks.

35

Day.

1901.«

2................

3................

5................

6. .. .............

8................

9................

10................

11................

12................

13................

14................

16................

Sept. Oct.

........ 2.4

........ 2.4

........ 2.4

........ 2.4

........ 2.5

........ 2.4

........ i 2.4

........ 2.5

........ 2.5

........ 2.4

........ 2. 55

........ 2. 65

........ 2.0

Nov.

2.6

2. G

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.2

1 9

1.8

1.7

1 ft

1.7

2.0

2.0

Dec.

!

2.5

3.0

3,0

3,0

3.4

4.0

8.0

Day.

1901.« 

17

18...............

19...............

21...............

22 ...............

93

24...............

25...............

26...............

97

28...............

29. . ........

30...............

Sept.

2.5

Oct.

1.1

q

1.9

1.7

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.0

Nov.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2 n

Dec.

7.0

6.0

Day.

1902.6 

1...............

2...............

4...............

5.... .......... 

6...............

8...............

9...............

10............... 

11...............

12...............

13...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. .............

30...............

31...............

1903. c 

I............... 

2...............

3............... 

4........ ......

5...............

6...............

7............... 

8............... 

9.. .............

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13...............

15...............

Jan.

....... 

.......

Feb.

3.6

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0 

3.05 

3 3 

3.3

3.35 

3 45

3.3

3 25

Mar.

2.55

9 g

3.1

3.0

2.85

2.7

2.6 

2.6

2.0

1.6

1.6 

1.5

1.45

2.0

2.55

2.9

4.0

4.3

4.4

4.3

3.85

3.5

4.0

4.35

G.O

7.8

3.9 

3.8

3 7

3 65

o.O

3.55 

3.0 

3. (15

3 9 

2 75

2.75

3 05

Apr.

8.6

8.4

8.1

7 95

7.55 

7.15

0. 6

6.5

6.45 

6.3

5.35

5.5

5.3 

5.25

5.6

5.6

5.7

5.9

5.85

6.1

5.8

5.05

4.4

3.75

4.8

6.05

2. 55 

2.45

4.45 

6.15

6.45

6,8 

6.8 

6.8 

6.9

0.9

5.95

5.65

May.

6.85

8.05

8 9

6.4 

6. 05

0. 35

6.8

6.7

7.1 

6 9

5.3

5.5

4.5

4.9

4 9

4.8

5.0

5.0

6.5

6.5

4.5

4.0

3

7n

3.45 

3.5

2.75

o g

3.3

3.1 

3. 65 

4:.3 

3. 55

3 55 

3.9

4 15

3.45

June.

4. 1

t\ or

6.5

7. 55

7.7

7.8 

6.7

6.4

6.1

5.8 

7.3

5.7

5.45

5.9

5.9

4 7

5.5

5.15

5.2

5. 3

4.45

4.3

4 o

July.

6.0

6.15

6.1

5.8 

5.8

4.8

4.75

4.5

4.5

5.8

4. 95 

4 65

4.65

4.65

4.05

165

4.65

4.5

5.2

3.8

2.7

2.9

4.25

4.15

4.3

.......

Aug.

4.5

4.5

4.05 

3.8

3

K

3.4

3 4

3.4 

3.5

3.5

3.3

3.35 

3.15

3.0

3.05

3.0

2.95

2.75

2.85

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.0

2.0

2.0

2 1

Sept.

1.95

1.95

1 Q^

2.4

2.35

2.6

2.65

2.7

2. 65 

2.6

2.55

2.5

2.45 

2.4

2 3

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

9 ')

2.8

2.5

2.05

2.0

2.15

2 1

2.5 

2.55

2.65 

2.7

2.65

2 75

3.0 

2 9 

2.9 

2.75

2.65 

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

Oct.

2.05

1.8

1.6

2.05 

2.0

2.05

2.0

1.8 

1.6

1.6

2.0

2.2

1.6

2.0

2.1

2.5

2. 35

2.55

2.45

2 4

2.55

2.4 

2.35

2.3 

2.25

2.2

2.2

9.2 

2 1 

1. 65 

1.5

1.5 

1.65

1.6

1.1

Nov.

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.45

1.5

2.0

2.0

2.1

.......

1.3 

1.3

1.3 

1.3

1 ^

1.3

1.3 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3

1.2

1 9

1 9

1.2

Dec.

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

1.0 

1.0

1 0 

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1 0

1.05 

1.0

1.05

1.3

1.25

a Ice conditions December 90 to 31, 1901.

b River frozen January 1 to March 1 and December 28 to 31, 1902.

c River frozen January 1 to February 2, 1903.
36 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kenncbec River at The Forks Continued.

Day.

1903. 

16. ..............

17...............

18

19...............

20....... .....

21...............

22...............

23---.-.......-..

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

00

29.

30

01

1904.6 

1...............

4

g

10...............

12...............

10

17...............

18...............

19

20...............

21 ...............

99

93

24...............

28...............

9Q

30

31.. .............

Jan. Feb.

....... 3.2

....... 3. 2

....... 3. 2

....... 3.2

....... 3. 2

....... 3.2

..... 3.2

....... 3.2

....... 3. 2

3.2

3 25

....... 4. 2

1.9 2.3

d i y

e 9 3

'

...... ' « 2. 6

« 1. 9 '* 2. 0

f 2 4

(2. 0

....... 2. 4

«2.0 ..- ....

e 2. 3 .......

....... «2.4

e2.3 ....... 

«2. 4 .......

Mar.

3. 05

2.9

2.75

3.15

3. 75

4.05

4.1

4.45

3.35

3.05

2.7

2.75

c2. 4

e 2 2

c2. 3

2.3

ft 2. 4

2.4

2 4

2.3 

2.3

2.2

Apr.

0.4

7. 05

6. 75

0. 0.5

3. 85

3.5

2.0

Q

g 1 9

02 6

(73.2

(73.7

2.8

3 1

2.9

1.8

2.1

1.7

1.8

1 9

2. 65

3.35

3.2

3 25

3.3 

3.4

May.

4.85

3.7

0 -

3.4

3 3

3 °

4.8

4.0

June. July.

.......

Aug.

2.9

2.85

9 ^

2.6

2.55

1 5

2.0

2. 25

2 55

3.1 

3.2

3.1

Sept.

2.5

2.4

2 45

2.25

2 2

9 (J

2.0

2.55

2.45

2.4

2. 4

3.05

3.1

3.6

4 05

3.85

9 Q

2. S

9 7

2.0

2.0

'2.95

9 9

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.7

1.75

2.0

2.6

2.6

2.55

2.7 

2.55

2.7

Oct.

1.9

1.85

1.5

1.55

1.5

2.6

2.35

2.05

1.95

1.35

1 3

1.3

2.3

2.85

3.05

0 1

3.05

3.0

2.65

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.55

2.3

2.05

2.4

2.25

2 0

1.7 

1.8

1.55

1.5

Nov.

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 0

1.45

1.4

1.4

1 7

9 ^

2. 65

2.15

1.95

2.0

2.15

2.3

2.3

2 2

2 2

2 15

2. 1

2.15

2.1

2. 05

2.05

2.0

2 0

2.05

2,0 

2.0

2. 1

Dec.

1.6

2 4

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1 4

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

/9 5

/ 9 4

'2.4

'2.7

f 3 9

3.3

3.3

3.5

3.8

3.8

4.0

4. 1

4. 1

4.2

4.4

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.8 

4.5

4.8

4.7

a Readings December 16 to 31, 1903, through ice.

o During frozen season 1904 gage readings are to surface of water in hole cut in ice. 

c Ice 2.2 feet thick. 

d Ice 1.4 feet thick. 

« Ice 2 feet thick.

/ Anchor ice caused backwater effect on gage; estimated as follows: December 4, 0.4.foot; December 

5, 6, 0.3 foot; December 7, 0.5 foot; December 8, 10, 0.(5 foot; December 9, 11, 0.7 foot. 

g Ice from Dead River formed a jam a short distance below gage and caused backwater. 

A Ice 2.1 feet thick.
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT TEE FORKS. 37

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec Rirer at The Forks Continued.

Day.

1905.1

r>. ..............

9..... ........

11...............

12............... 

13.. ............

15...............

10......... .....

18...............

19

20...............

21............... 

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25............... 

26...............

28...............

29...............

31...............

JiUl.

4. S

4.7

4.8

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.2

4.2

4.3 

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.0

4.5

4. .5

4.0

4.9

4.9 

4.9

5.0

5.0 

5.0

5.0

5.0

Feb. 

5. 1

5.1

5.2

5.1

5.1

4 7

4.8 

4.8

4.7

4.8

4.8

4.9

4.7

Mar.

4.0

3.8

3.0

3.5 

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.4 

2. 55

2.3

2.35 

2.25

2.0

2.3

Apr.

1 . 75

9 1

2.1

2. 25

2.5

2.8

2.3

2.15

1.0 

2.3

2.0

2.0 

2. 15

2. 05 

2. 65

May.

 2. 35

3. 25

3.3

2. 55

June. July. -A ug.

1.4

2.65

2.5

2

CC

2

7C

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.75

2. 05

2.0

2.6 

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.85 

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.7

Sept.

2.4

2.3

2 3

2.0

1 K

1.9

1.9

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1 9

1.8

1.8

1.8 

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7 

1. fi

1.5

1.4 

1.5

Oct. 

1.0

1.0

1.6

1.0

1.55

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4 

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2 

1.2

1 9

1.2

1.45 

1.55

1.7

1.0

Nov.

1 t\

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 ^

1.5

1 P.

1.4

1.35

1.3 

1.3

1.15

1.1

1.2 

1.2

1.2

1.2

i.;>

Dec.

1 T

1.3

1.3

1 0

1 ^

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.2

1 3

1.3

3 7

3.4

a Ice conditions January 1 to March 26 and December 16-31, 1905. January 24, gage reader estimates 

backwater effect of 0.2 foot due to ice; channel open 80 feet wide at the gage. January 29, channel 

open about 10 feet wide at the gage. February 1, riyer frozen over at the gage. Most of the ice went 

out during the week of March 20-26. 'December 18, rise in river due to anchor ice; estimated gage height, 

2.1 feet. During frozen period gage heights are to the surface of the water in a hole cut in the ice. The 

following comparative readings were taken:

Date.

1905.

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

4.9

4.7

4.5

4.0

3.8

3 7

3.4

Top of 

ice.

Feet.

4 Q

4.7

4.1

4.2

3.8

3.7

3.4

Thickness 

of ice.

Feet. 

0.2t> :!

1.0

1 0

or:

.3
WATER RESOURCES OF KEXNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of K~ennebec Eicer at The Forks Continued.

Day.

1906.a 

1.. .............

2

3...............

6...............

7.. .............

8..---..........

9...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

18...............

19...............

20... ............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

31...............

Jan.

2.9

1.8

2 7

4.0

Pel).

4.7

4.6

Mar.

4.3

4.5

2.9

Apr.

2. 4

9 2

2 3

3.9

K i r

5 95

4 75

3 35

3.25

3.4

6 3. 45

3.3

3 0

2 75

 > 7

3.15

May.

3.45

4 25

4.45

4.65

4.75

4 55

3 8

3 85

(i 0

4 0

4.05

4.5

4.4

4 8

6 9

(i 5

0 4

6 4

(i 7

5 9

5 6

tl 05

0 2

4. 95

5 35

June.

4.8

5 2

3.9

6 05

6.2

5 85

4 9

4 95

5 0

5.1

4.7

4.35

4.7

4.25

4.35

4 65

4 65

4.65

4.7

4 65

3 8

,1,

4 95

4 6

4.5

3.75

July.

4.3

C A

4 8

4 9

4 7

4.65

4 7

4 7

4.75

4.8

4 65

4.1

3.95

3.4

3.15

2.85

2.75

2.75

2.7

2.55

Q 1

3.8

3.4

3.4

3.9

3.9

Aug.

3.9

3 9

3.95

Q OC

3.6

3.7

3.3

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.75

2.7

3.4

3.15

2.95

2 8

2.75

2.7

2 7

2.85

2.9

2.8

2 8

3.35

3.5

3 4

3.4

Sept.

3.3

Q Q

3.15

3.0

2 75

2.7

2 7

2 7

2.6

2.5

2.65

2.6

2.6

2.55

2 5

2.35

2.3

1.65

1.4-

1.35

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

Oct.

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

2.25

2.9

3.35

2.65

1.75

.9

1 1

1.2

1 2

1.45

1.75

2.2

2.2

9 ^

2.85

2.25

2.0

1.5

1.25

Nov.

.75

1.0

1 45

1.3

1.3

1 2.5

1 x,z

1.6

1.6

1.1

1.0

.6

1.0

.85

.7

.8

Dec.

0.8

1.0

1 4^

1 S

1.85

0 C

2.8

a Ice conditions January 1 to April 20, 1900, when ice went out. January 28 to February 17, ice jam 

1 mile long extended nbove and below the station. River also frozen over December 7 to 31, 1906. 

Gage heights affected, by backwater December 4 to 6. During frozen period gage heights are to surface of water in a hole cut in the ice. The following comparative readings were taken:

Date.

1906.

April 7. ................................................. ...............

April 14. ....................................... ............ ...........

December 29

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

2 9

1.8

2.7

4.6

4.7

4.7

5.5

4.6

4.28

4.3

2.4

2.2

3.5

3.0

2.8

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

2.9

1.6

2.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

5 5

4.6

 4 30

4.3

4.4

1.8

3.2

Thickness 

of ice.

Feet. 

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.9

1.9

2.1

0) (i)

U .4

.9

1.0

1 Ice not safe. 

& Gage heights April 23 to August 9, 1906, are the mean of four observed gage heights.
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 39

Rating table for Kcnncbcc River at The Forlcs from September 29, 1901, to December 31,

1906.«

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

340

390

445

505

565

630

695

765

835

910

985

1, 060

1,140

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

Dis- Gage 

charge. height.

Sec.-ft. Feet.

1,220 : ! 3.20

1,305 3.30

1,395 ! 3.40

1, 490 3. 50

1,590 3.60

1,700

1,815

3.70

3.80

1,935 3.90

2,060 i' 4.00

2. 80 i 2, 190

2. 90 ' 2, 325

3. 00 2, 470

3.10 2,620

4.20

4.40

4.00

4.80

Discharge.

Gage 

height.

Sec.-ft. Feet.

2,775

2,935

3,100

3,270

3,450

3, 635

3,825

4, 020

4,220

4,635

5,070

5, 535

6, 020

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.50

r.oo

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

6,525

7,050

7,590

8,140

8,720

9,315

10, 870

12, 520

14, 250

16, 070

17,950

19, 890

a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 14 discharge measurements 

made during 1901-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 0.9 foot and 5 feet. The extension above 

5 feet is based on the extension of the area and velocity curves, the latter being determined by means 

of tables based on Kutter's formula.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at The Forlcs.

Day.

1903. 

1................

5..... .... -------

8......-.-...----

Q

11................

14................

16................

19.....--.--.... .

20. ...............

91

22

23................

24................

25.....-..----....

26..... ......... .

27................

28. ...............

29

30................

31................

1904.

1................

2................

3................

4................

5................

6................

8................

9......-..---....

10................

11................

12................

13.... ...........

14................

15................

16................

May.

6.830

5,310

3,920

6,290

3,660

2,200

2, 7fiO

2,700

4,590

2,220

...:::::

3, 490

4, 330

4,010

June.

5,050

4,960

4,630

4,790

4,820

3,810

4,650

4,710

4,780

4,820

4,670

4,960

2,060

1,260

5,150

1,140

4,930

4 930

4,970

6,000

5,680

7,070

6,090

6,120

5,450

8,330

6,460

7 940

6, 460

8,930

4,840

5,780

5,210

6,340

7 180

8,050

8,240

6,700

6,410

July.

6,090

5, 010

4, 730

4,310

4,450

5,600

4,230

5,010

5,010

5,010

4 970

4^640

A 7QA

4 4"?A

4,150

4,120

4,120

3,720

3,470

5,730

5,820

6,860

6, 560

5,510

5,500

5,690

5,720

6,670

7,340

7,170

6,500

6,500

Aug.

3, 470

3,350

3,000

3,070

2,990

3,110

3,140

2,880

3,110

2 990

2,840

9 COA

2,570

3,770

2,920

9 920

2,990

3,470

3,580

1,690

3,810

3,940

3,810

3,430

3,980

4,820

4,530

1,460

Day.

1904. 

17...............

18. ..............

20......... ......

21...............

23...............

24. ..............

27. .. ............

28..--.-------.--

29

30..--.-...---.--

1905.

2

4. ..............

g

10. ...... --------

11...............

12...............

15. ...... ........

17....... ........

19

20. ............. .

21...............

22...............

24...............

27

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

May.

5, 530

5,890

7,100

6,110

9 ^~f*

7,000

4,630

8,100

5,140

2,990

4 C9A

A QOA

4 900

4,040

q 7VA

4,390

6,700

9 7KA

5, 620

5,770

C 0,A

5,3^0

June.

7,340

5,630

8,030

7,200

4,970

5,010

6,070

5,920

5,730

4 930

4,930

4 930

4*930

4,930

4 930

= ocrv

5,490

5,330

5,400

5 150

8

qor\

5,930

6 580

5,620

July.

6,130

5, 660

5,620

5,210

5,310

5,650

5,190

4,570

4,120

4 960

4' 020

3,310

5,310

5,010

4,870

4 <*flA

4 460

3,720

4 390

3,810

4 040

4 A4fl

4 A4fl

4 A4A

3,810

3 AOA

4,060

4

OAA

q nofi

3,070

3 590

3

CAA

q OCA

q qoA

2 980 '

Aug.

4,060

3,290

3,290

3, 130

1,670
40 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Monthly discharge of Kennebec, River at The Forks. 

[Drainage area, 1,570 square miles.]

Month.

1901.

1902.a

July&. ........................................

1903 °

July..........................................

1904.d 

April 10-30. ...................................

Julv ..... ....................................

November

1905. f

May..........................................

July..........................................

1906 J 

April 20-30. ...................................

July..........................................

Dischai 

Maximum.

2,470 

1,935 

19, 890

15,330 

18,330 

10, 810 

15,330 

9,775 

8,287 

2,190 

1,935 

1,395 

2,470

4,635 

5,185 

12,690 

6,830 

7,070 

6,090 

3,770 

2,470 

1,700 

765 

765

4,120 

8,220 

8,930 

7.340 

5,110 

4,425 

2,620 

1,997

1,875 

2,400 

6.700 

8,330 

5,310 

2.935 

2,060 

1,060 

985 

765

3,185 

12, 180 

9,930 

6,525 

4,120 

2,935 

3,018 

985

ge in second-feet.

Minimum.

505 

1,060 

1,815

872 

3,730 

3,730 

4,425 

2,060 

1,305 

1,262 

985 

630 

2,470

2,470 

2,060 

1,757 

1,750 

990 

3,470 

1,820 

1,490 

630 

565 

565

1,060 

2,570 

4,840- 

3.310 

910 

910 

765 

835

1,305 

985 

1,645 

4,780 

2.980 

'835 

835 

695 

630 

630

2.060 

3^185 

1,220 

1,875 

2,060 

800 

505 

340

Mean.

1,588 

1,401

7,711

3,277 

9,999 

9,503 

9,598 

6,059 

2,931 

1,634 

1,428 

1,039 

2,470

2,910 

3,259 

8,349 

3,545 

4,275 

4,5y3 

2,789 

1,895 

1,112 

684 

594

2,291 

5,059 

6,510 

5.652 

2; 966 

2,118 

1,564 

1,334

1,591 

1,666 

4,330 

5,408 

4,065 

2,067 

1,248 

864 

838 

717

2,635 

7,442 

5,721 

4,297 

2,742 

1,614 

I,2b9 

633

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.01 

0.892 

4.91

2.09 

6.37 

6.05 

6.11 

3.86 

1.87 

1.04 

0.910 

0.662 

1.57

1.85 

2.08 

5.32 

2.26 

2.72 

2.93 

1.78 

1.21 

.708 

.436 

.378

1.46 

3.22 

4.15 

3.60 

1.89 

1.35 

.996. 

.850

1.01 

1.06 

2.76 

3.44 

2.59 

1.32 

.795 

.550 

,534 

.457

1.68 

4.74 

3.64 

2.74 

1.75 

1.03 

.808 

.403

Depth in 

inches.

1.16 

1.00 

2.19

2.41 

7.11 

6.98 

6.82 

4.45 

2.16 

1.16 

1.05 

.37 

.53

1.79 

2.40 

5.94 

2.61 

3.03 

3.38 

2.05 

1.35 

0.82 

0.49 

0.21

1.14 

3.71 

4.63 

4.15 

2.18 

1.51 

1.15 

.95

.23 

1.18 

3.18 

3.84 

2.99 

1.52 

.89 

.63 

.60 

.25

.69 

5.46 

4.06 

3.16 

2.02 

1.15 

.93 

.45

a River frozen January 1 to March 1 and December 28-31, 1902.

b More or less error is probably caused in the values of June to August, 1902, by great fluctuations of 

river stage. See description of station (p. 34) 

c River frozen January 1 to February 2 and December 16-31, 1903. 

d River frozen January 1 to April 9, and December 4-31, 1904. 

«Ice conditions January 1 to March 26 and December 16-31, 1905. 

/Ice conditions January 1 to April 19 and December 4-31, 1906.
MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 41 

KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON.

This station was established October 18, 1901, by N. C. Grover. It 

is located l-£ miles east of North Anson and about 1 mile above the 

mouth of Carrabassett River.

The channel is straight for 500 feet above and 1,000 feet below the 

station and has a width of about 350 feet, broken by one pier. The 

current is swift at high stages and moderately rapid at low stages, 

except near the left bank. The right bank is high and rocky. The 

left bank is comparatively low and subject to overflow at the time of 

highest water. The bed of the stream is rocky, with sand over a portion of the section, and is permanent.

Discharge measurements are made from the wooden highway bridge 

across the Kennebec, known locally as Patterson Bridge. The initial 

point for soundings is on the left bank, at the outside of the end post 

of the center truss of the bridge. Low-water measurements are made 

from a boat about 1,000 feet below the station at a section where 

there is a better distribution of current.

Numerous measurements under ice cover have been made at this 

station at "a section about 500 feet below the bridge, and a rating 

curve has been constructed for such conditions. Further details of 

winter measurements at this point and of rating curve used are given 

in Water-Supply Paper No. 187.

Considerable fluctuations in the gage heights at this station occur 

from about May 1 to July 31, owing to the regulation of the flow at 

Indian Pond dam for log-driving purposes. These fluctuations are, 

however, less marked than those at The Forks. The daily discharge 

during this period for the years 1904 and 1905, as given below, is a 

mean of the discharges corresponding to gage heights of the high and 

low daily periods, each period being considered as lasting twelve 

hours.

All estimates previously published have been revised.

Gage readings are made twice each day by Mrs. C. S. Benjamin, the 

toll collector at the bridge. There are three gages one, for ordinary 

stages, is a vertical rod fastened to the bridge pier; another, for highwater observations, is a vertical rod attached to the right abutment; 

the third, for low-water stages, is a standard chain gage attached to 

the wooden truss on the upstream side of the bridge. The length of 

the chain January 9, 1906, was 30.13 feet. The gage datum is 243.83 

feet above mean sea level, as determined by the Kennebec Eiver survey of 1904 and readjusted in 1906. The datum of the three gages is 

the same and is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A copper bolt 

in a bowlder on the right bank, about 100 feet above the bridge, elevation 10.66 feet; (2) a marked point on the bottom chord of the 

bridge near the chain gage, elevation January 9, 1906, 24.81 feet.
42 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN".

Elevations refer to the datum of the gage. The bridge at bench mark 

2, and hence the bench mark, has settled about 0.3 foot in eighteen 

months. The gage has been corrected several times by level during 

this period, however, and it is believed that no error of consequence in 

the gage readings has resulted.

The monthly means as given herewith for open-channel conditions 

for discharges greater than 1,600 and less than 10,000 second-feet are 

considered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow. Outside of these 

limits the error may be somewhat greater. Monthly means of flow 

under ice cover are considered to be correct within 10 per cent, except 

where unsatisfactory conditions are noted. Daily discharges are subject to much larger errors, particularly above gage height 8.0 feet and 

below 2.0 feet and during the log-driving period.

Discharge measurements of Kennebec River near North Anson.

Date.

1901. 

October 14

1902.

1903.

Mav 27... ..........

Gage height.

To water surface.

Feet.

3.00

4.55

6 50

To bottom of 

ice.

Feet.

4.90

1904.

March 4

3.78

2.85

2.00

3.40 

3.40 

3.55

3 fiS

1.55 

1.55 

1.45 

1.55

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,120 

2,400

(i, 220 

11,400

11,100 

6, 740 

5,580

4,000 

2,500

1,200

749 

786 

529 

572

Date.

1904.

1905.

February 9......... 

April 19."... ........

July 20.............

1906. 

January 9. .........

March 2. ...........

March 30 ...........

April 11............

Gage height.

To wa- To botter sur- torn of 

face. ice.

Feet. 

6.00

3.43

5.27 

5.32 

4.26

3.72

2.30

3.58 

o.40 

3.56 

4.26 

4.08 

4.77 

4.80 

4.70 

4.70

Feet.

..........

3.27 

3.32

2.38 

2.22 

2.38 

2.43 

2.27 

2.67 

2.70 

2.80 

2.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

8,560 

2,400 

3,210

2,080 

2,140 

5,000 

3,770 

1,320

1,290 

1,120 

1,180 

1,590 

1,380 

1,600 

1,660 

1,660 

1.710 

11, 700

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson.

Day.

1901.o

4

c

6.......................

9.......................

10................. .....

12............. .........

1 1

14.... ...................

16.......................

Oct. Nov.

........ 3.0

........ 3.0

........ 2.9

........ 2.7

........ 2.5

9 n^

9 ^

2 55

........ 2.85

........ 2.75

Dec.

4 9

5.0

Day.

1901. 

17------.-.. .............

iy

20.. ........... ..........

n... ....................

22.......................

23.......................

24 .......................

26.... .................. .

27.......................

28. ......................

29

30.......................

31.......................

Oct.

2.45

2.3

2.25

2 2

2.55

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.75

2.9

Nov.

2.7

2 7

2 7

2.7

2.7

2.85

2.75

2.5

2.7

2.8

4.55

5.15

5.0

Dec.

a River frozen November 28 to December 31, 1901.
PLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 43 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kcnnebec River near North Anson Continued.

Day.

1 ... ...."........

2...............

3............... 

4.. .............

(5 . . .

8...............

9

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13............... 

14............... 

15...............

16............... 

17............... 

18............... 

19............... 

20...............

21............... 

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

97

28. ........... 

29...............

30............... 

31...............

1903.''

2 S'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

4.. .............

7...............

8. . . .........

9

10...............

11...............

13...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

19............... 

20...............

23

24...............

25...............

26...............

27

28............... 

29............... 

30............... 

31...............

Jan: Feb. Mar.

11.3

8.75

6. 65

5. 75 

7.55

11.6

12.5

13.25 

14.5

12.0

11.0

10.0 

9.05

7.25 

5.75 

5.1 

4.65

Apr.

12.65

11. -7

10.75 

9.0

7.0

7.15

7.2 

7.45

7.0

6.9 

6.85

6.75 

6.3 

6.5

6.85 

6.75 

6.05 

6.8 

6.55

7.35

7.3

6.3

6. 55

6. 85 

7.1

7.65

4.9

C Or

6.2

8.2 

8. 05

7.8

8.35

8.05 

7.95

6.4

7.75 

7.05

7 3

6.95 

7.1

7.0

6.7

6.15 

5.6

4.3

5.1 

4.95

May.

9.25

10.45

11.3 

9.4

7.25

8.6 

8.15

7.9 

6.45

6.95 

6.95 

5.95

5.8 

5. 75 

5.75 

5.35 

5.15

5.35

5.8

5.9

5.8

6.65

8.25 

9.25

7.55

5.55

4.8

4.9

5.2 

6.35

6.2

5.0

5.65 

6.0

5.45

5.1

4.55 

5.55

4.7 

4.4

5.0

4 65

4. 35

4.6

4.45 

5.25

4. 95 

4.05 

3.7 

4.0

June.

6.7

6.1 

7.4

8.9

8.95

8.6 

9.9

9.25

8.3 

7.65

6.7 

6.45 

6.3

6.1 

6.2 

6.25 

5. 65 

5. 55

5.2

5.55

6.1

5.65

6.75

6.6

5. 7

q Q

3.5

q 1

3.6

3.5

3.25

2.95

3.1

3.95 

4.25

8.55

8.55

4.65 

4.0

q KC

4.5 

4.9

4.3

3 95

4.35 

4.5

4.25 

4.35 

4.15

July.

6.1

5.85 

5.6

5.05

5.0

4.8

4.85

5.0 

5.0

5.05 

4.9

4.9

5.55 

5.1 

5.2 

5.1 

5.3

5. 55

5.25

5.25

5.05 

5.0

4.65 

4.4

4.45 

4. 25

3.4

4.0

3.85 

3.8

3.75

3.4

3.6

3.65 

3.65

3.55

3.45 

3.2

3.55 

3.5

3.95 

3.35

3.25

3.6

3.95

4.4

4.35 

4.3

3.1 

3.4 

3.8 

4.4

Aug.

4.1

4.5

5.3 

4.85

4.15

4.2

4.15

4.25

4.2

4.2 

4.4

4.15 

3.7 

3.6

3.65 

3.2 

3.0 

2.55 

2.7

3.2 

3.15

3.8

4.15

4.15

3.65

3.15 

3.0

2.85 

2.95

4.25

3.9

3.65

3.75

3.85

3.65

3.5

3.6 

3.45

3.7

3.5 

3.5

3.0 

3.4

3.0

3.2 

3.05

3.75

4.15

4.25

3.7

3.25 

3.35

3.3 

3.3 

3.15 

3.2

Sept.

3.25

3.35

3.15 

3.0

3.35

3.2

3.45 

3.35

3.75

3.95 

3.65

3.4 

3.8 

4.1

3. 95 

3.5 

3.1 

3.05 

3.25

4.0 

4.25

4.0

3.9

3.3

3.0 

3.0

3.05 

3.2

3.15

3.2

3.1

3.05

3.05 

3.0

3.35

3.3

3.1

3.1

3.15 

3.2

3.1

2.95 

3.05

3.15 

3.1

3.05

3.0 

2.9

3.05

3.15

3.1

3.0

3.25

3.25 

3.2

3.2

2.95 

2.95

Ocv.

3.25

3.0 

2.95

3.1

3.25

3.45 

3.3

2.9

2.8 

2.65

2.9 

3.05 

3.15

3.4 

3.2 

3.1 

3.05 

3.7

3.65

3.9

3.65

3.5

3.0

3.05 

5.95

5.85 

5.8

2.9

3.05 

3.05

2.95

3.05 

2.95

3.05

3.1

3.1

2.95

2.35 

2.4

2.55

2.45 

2.25

1.95 

2.3

2.5 

2.95

2.95

2.9

2.4

2.15

1.7

2.15

2.3 

2.2 

1.95 

1.9 '

Nov.

5.1

q or:

3.5 

3.25

q i

3.1

3.05 

3.05

3.2

3.05 

2 95

3.2 

3. 35 

3.6

3.85 

4. 05 

4.1 

4.0 

3.85

3.85

3.7

3.8

3.65

3.45

3.15 

3.15

3.15

1.55

1.9

1.7

2.0 

2.0

2.1

2.25

2.45

2.3

2.25 

2.05

2.25

2.1 

2.05

2.15 

2.0

2.05 

2.05

2.0

1.95

2.05

1.95

1.9

2.7

2.85

2.95 

2.95 

2.95

Dec.

q A

3-5

3.45

q qc

2.9

1.8

1.9

1.6

2.1

a River frozen January 1 to March 22, and December 6-31, 1902.

6 River frozen January 1 to March 16 and December 2-31,1903. Gage readings during the latter period 

are given to the bottom of the ice. Thickness of ice during December was estimated as follows: 

December 8, 0.5 foot; December 16, 1 foot; December 19, 1.3 feet; December 26,1.4 feet.

3697 IRE 198 07 4
44 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson Continued.

Day.

1904." 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4.... ...... ..

rt....... ........

7...............

8...............

9

10...............

12...............

13............... 

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19............... 

20...............

21...............

22.. .............

23............... 

24...............

oc

26...............

27...............

28............... 

29...............

30...............

31...............

1905. o 

I...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6. ..............

8............... 

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12............... 

13...............

15...............

Jan.

1.9

01.7

:::::::

ffl.6

61.4

»> 1. 6

ml. 6

/' 1.4

«3 9

ro 4. 5

Feb. Mar. Apr.

....... ....... 62.8

....... rfl.4 ' 2.9

.............. 2. 9

....... d\. 6 2.9

.............. 2. 9

el. 6 ....... 3.0

.............. 3. 2

.............. 3.5

.............. 3.8

.............. ft 6. 85 

....... ........ 8.45

....... /2.0 10.1

ff 1.4 ....... 8.6 

....... ....... 6 8

.............. 50

....... ....... 4 9

....... ....... 4 4

.............. 4. 0

....... * 1.5 3.65 

g\.l ....... 4.25

.............. 4. 1

.............. 3.8

.............. 4.15 

.............. 4.8

.............. 5. 6

....... m 2. 2 5. 9

91.9 ....... 6.0

.............. 6. 15 

.............. 7. 05

.............. 8. 95

.............. 9.45

.............. 8.55

....... ....... 8.95

P S. 3 i 3. 1 9. 4

....... ....... 8.4

.............. 8.1

....... ....... 8.9

TO 3. 4 ....... 9. 25 

3.3 ....... 8.5

....... ...... 7. 0

....... P 3. 0 5. 35 

.............. 5. 5 

.......'....... 55

.............. 5. 05

May. June. July.

87 '..............

.75 ..............

.25 ..............

.4 ..............

7 ....... .......

9.1

1

Aug.

c 0

4.5

4.2

4.4

4.7

4.5

3.6

3.45 

3.25

3.3

3.9 

3.5

3.4

3.95

4.9

4.5

3.65 

3.85

4.2

o 7

3.8 

3.0

q n

2.85

2.95

3.25 

3.5

3.4

3.45

4.15

3.45

3.3

3.2

3.3

3.35 

3.4

3.35

3.35 

3.3 

3.3

3.4

3.45

Sept.

3 4

3.65

4 9

4.65

4.25

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.45

3.2

3.15

3.45

3.95

3.9

3.4

3.2 

3.0

2.9

3.0 

3.05

3.8

3.8

3.8 

4.0

5.1

3.25

3.2

2.95

2.95

3.1

3.05

2.95

2.9 

2.75

2.75

2.65 

2.55 

2.6

9 H

2.55

Oct.

z, 7

4.55

3.95

3.8

q A

q i c

2.95

Q 1 £

3.35

3.7 

3.8

3.75

3.75

3.9

3.75

3.3 

3.25

3.2

4.8 

4.55

3.75

4.15

4.2 

3.5

3.3

1 9

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.25

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1 

2.05

2.0

2.0

Nov.

o nc

3.15

1 d^

3 OK

3.15 

3.2

3.15

q q

3.15

3.15

3.05 

2.95

3.0

3.2

3.15

3.2

3.2

3.55 

5 1

5 75

2.2

2.25

2.15

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2.35

2.25 

2.2 

2.2

2.25

2.2

Dec.

/4.6

13. 4

3.6

'Vi'i

a During frozen season, 1904, gage readings are to the bottom of the ice.

b Ice 2 feet thick.

c River frozen over.

dice 2.5 feet thick.

«Ice 1.9 feet thick.

/Ice 0.35 foot thick.

?Ice 1.85 feet thick.

ft River clear of ice.

* Ice 2.4 feet thick. 

; Ice 0.6 foot thick.

* Ice 2.7 feet thick.

i Ice 0.9 foot thick.

m Ice 2.2 feet thick.

nice 1.8feet thick

o River frozen January 1 to about March 27,1905, when river was probably clear of ice. Also ice conditions December 1-31; the river being frozen with the exception of channels in each span, which were 

probably open during the whole month. Gage heights December 18, 22, and 28 probably affected by 

back water from anchor ice. During frozen period gage heights are to the bottom of the ice.

p Ice 2.3 feet thick.

?Ice 0.4 foot thick.
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 45 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson Continued.

Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.

1905. 

10 ! 49

June.

17............... ....._.i....... ....... 4.65 ..............

20............... ..................... 43 ..............

21............... '30 .............. 4.35 ..............

22 4 95

July.

24 47.

26............... ..................... 44 .......

27............... .............. 6.8 4 95 .......

29............... .............. 7.9 49 ..............

1906. h 

\.. ............. 2.5 ..................... 6.3 

2............... . ........... 24 ....... 7. 1

4. ....................... .................. 8. 25

5............... ............................ 7.4

6............... ....... ....... ....... ....... 8 0

7.............. .................... 27 7.5

9............... 2.4 ..................... 6.4

10............... 2.2 2.2 ....... 7.25

11............... ....... ....... ...... 2.8 9.2

12............... .................... ....... 7.7

13. ............................ 2. 2 ...... : 6. 75

5.9 

5.85 

6.8 

5 1 

5 0 

5.25 

6.75 

7.45 

7.1 

6.2

6.15

5.75 

5. 1 5

14............... 2.5 .............. 28 6.8 "5.15

15............... ........................... 7.0

16............... ............................ 6.5

18............... .. ..... ........... 10.0 ' 7.7

19............... ..................... 9.5 805

21............... ..................... 6.85 7.55

22............... ..................... 7.2 7.35

23............... ..................... 7.85 6.35

25 .................................. 6. 15 6. 2

27 39 ^ ^ 4 5 6 05

29. ............................ 2. 6 5. 35 6. 95 

30............... .............. 27 5.55 7.35

31............... ....... ....... ....... ....... 6.95

4.75

5 0 

4.35 

4.45 

4.5

4.35 

4.4

4.4 

4 75 

3.6

3.75

4.45 

4.65 

4.85 

4.7 

4.55 

4.3 

4.55 

4.7 

4.75 

4.5

3.8

5.05

4.9

4.6

4.25 

4.0 

4.25 

4.15

4.15 

4 5 

4 65 

4 65 

5.05

4.6 

4.5

4. 95 3- 75

4.65 

4.65

3.65 

3.5

3.7

a Ice 0.6 foot thick. d Ice 0.7 foot thick. 

<> Ice 2.4 feet thick. e ice 2.3 feet thick.

Aug.

3.45 

3.35

3.55

3 5

Sept.

2.65 

2.4

2.7 

2.75

3. 4 2. 75

3. 2 2. 85 

3. 05 2. 8

2. 95 2. 6

2.95

3.15 

2 7 

2^4 

2.7

3.2

3.75 

3.8 

3.7 

3.8 

3.7 

3.4 

3.35 

3.3 

3.3 

4.0

3.6

3.55

3.55

3.8

3.8 

3.7 

3.65 

3.6

3.55 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5

3.7

3.5 

3.7

4.3 

4.3 

4.1

2.5

2.35 

2.35 

2.3

2.3 .... , ...

Oct.

2.1 

2.05

Nov.

2.15 

2.4

Dec.

Q2.8

2. 1 2. 8 a 2 7 

1.95 2.1 .......

1.9 1 . 95

1.9 

1.9 

2.0

1.95

2.0

2.05 

2.25 

2.2

2.25

2.1 

2.0 

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.15

2.3 

2.45 

2.7

2.2

4.05 

3.95 

3.8 

3.85 

3.75 

3.65 

3.65 

3.6 

3.6 

3.6

3.55

3.3 

3.5

3.45

3.3

3.2 

3.2 

3.2 

3.2 

3.2

3.1 

3.0 

2.85 

3.0 

2.95

2.9 

2.85

2.85

2.85 

2.8

2.9 

2.85 

2.75 

2.7 

2.65 

2.7 

2.8 

2.85 

2.85 

4.8

4.85

4.6 

3.9

3.45

3.05

3.0 

2.7 

2.85 

2.85 

2.95

3.45 

3.65 

3.7 

4.0 

4.15

5.25 

5.1

4.75

4.45 

4.1

3 6

3.5 

3.3 

3.1 

3.35 

3.4 

3.3 

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.25

3 2

d 4 9

g\ 7

2.7 

4.3

4.2 

4.15 

4.05 

4.0 

3.8

3.25 i 3.6 

3.35 ......

3.05 ......

2.95

2.75 

2.75 

2.4 

2.55

2.8

3.05 

3.2 

3.2 

3.15 

3.0

2.9 

2 9

3.1

"3.3

2.75 ......

2.6 ......

2. 65 3. 2

/Ice 2. 5 feet thick. 

g Ice 1 foot thick.

 Ice 2.7 feet thick.

NOTE. An error in gage heights June 17 to December 31,1906, was discovered after the manuscript 

for this paper was sent to the printer. Gage heights as published above for this period _are 0.35 foot 

too high. The monthly discharge, however, as given on p. '8, has been corrected and gives the true 

flow of the river.

h River frozen January 1 to April 17, 1906; clear of ice the evening of April 18; frozen over December 

2-31,1906. Backwater due to anchor ice during December. Gage readings during the frozen season, 

1906, are to the bottom of the ice. The thickness of ice was measured as follows:

Date.

1906. 

January 1 ...............

Thickness.

Feet. 

0.9 

1.0

1.3

1.4

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.3

Date Thick- uaxe- ness.

1906. i Feet. 

Februarv 17. ........... 1.9

March 2, 4, 8, 13........ 2.0

March 17, 20. ........... 2.1

March 24, 27, 29, 30. ..... 2.3

Aprils, 7... ............ 2.1

Date.

1906. 

December 6 .............

December 23

Thickness.

Feet. 

0.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.5
46 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Rating tables for Kennebec River near North Anson. 

OCTOBER 20, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1903.«

Gage

height.

Feet.

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.-40

2.50

2.60

2. /O

2.80

2.90

3.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

680

760

840

930

1,020

1,110

1,205

1,310

1,430

1,5CO

1,700

1,840

1,990

2,140

2,290

2,450

2,615

Gage Dis- Gage

height, charge.

Feet. Sec.-ft.

3. 10 2, 785

3.20

3.30

.3.40

2,960

3.140

3,330

3. 50 3, 520

3.60 ' 3,720

3.70 3.925

3. 80 4, 140

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4,360

4.590

4,825

Disheight. charge.

Feet.

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6. 00

6.20

6.40

6.60

5,060 fi. 80

5, 300 , 7. 00

5, 545 , 7. 20

5,790

6.035

7.40

7.60

4. 70 6, 285 7. 80

Sec.-ft.

6.535

6,790

7,050

7,570

 8,OSO

8,630

9,170

9,730

10, 300

10,880

11,480

12,OSO

12,720

13, 370

14,050

14, 750

Gage ' Disheight.

Feet.

9.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.50

10.00

10.50

11.00

11.50

12.00

12.50

13.00

14.00

15.00

15, 470

charge.

Sec.-ft.

16, 200

16,950

17, 710

18, 500

19, 300

20, 100

22, 100

24, 200

26, 400

28, 700

31,000

33, 300

35, 700

38, 100

43, 100

48,300

JANUARY 1, 1904, TO DECEMBER 31, 1906.&

i.ro

2.00

2. 10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3. 40

990

1,080

1,182

1,294

1,415

1,544

1,680

3.50

3.60

3.70

3,355 5,10 7,053 7.40

3,551

3,752

3. 80 3, 958

3. 90 4, 169

4. 00 4, 385

4. 10 : 4, 606

1,822 4.20 ' 4,832

1,970 4.30 5,062

2,124 : 4.40

2, 284 4. 50

2,450

2,621

4.60

4.70

5.20 7,316

5. 30 /, 587

5. 40 7, 858

5. 50 8, 136

5. 60 8, 415

5. 70 8, 700

13,880

7. £0 14, 580

7. 80 15, 300

8. 00 16, 030

8. 20 16, 780

8.40 17,540

8.60 18. 330

5.80 8,984 a 80 19! 130

5.90

5, 297 6. 00

5,536

5,7/9

6,026

2, 797 4. 80 S', 277

2,978

3,164

6.20

6.40

9, 274 9. 00 19, 930

9, 565 9. 50

10, 130 10. 00

10, 710 10.50

21, £30

24, 030

26,230

6.60 11,310 11.00 28.530

6.80 11,920

4. 90 fi, 532 7. 00

5. 00 6, 790 7.20

12, 550

13, 200

DISCHARGE UNDER ICE COVER FROM 1904 TO 1906.c

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

510

590

670

750

830

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

915 2. 80

1, 000 2. 90

1.0?5 ! 3.00

1,170 3.10

1,255

1,340

1,430

1,520

1,610

1,700

1,790 , 1,885

1,980

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3. SO

A. CO

4.00

2,075

2,170

2,265

2,360

2,460

2,560

2, 660

2,760

2,8fiO

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

2,970

3,0£0

3, KO

3, 300

3,420

3,540

a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 12 discharge measurements made during 1901-1903. It is well defined between gage heights 2.0 feet and 5.0 feet.

J> This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 6 discharge measurements 

made during 1904-1905 and the'form of the 1903 curve. It is well defined between gage heights 2.3 feet 

and 5.0 feet.

« This table is applicable only for ice cover conditions. It is based on 13 discharge measurements 

made during 1904-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 1.5 feet and 3.4 feet. Gage heights are 

to the bottom of the ice.
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 47 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson.

1904.

2.........................

3. ....... ......... ........

6.........................

7.........................

9

10.........................

11.........................

13.........................

14.........................

16.........................

17.........................

18.........................

19.........................

20.........................

21.........................

22.........................

23.........................

24.........................

25

26.........................

27.........................

00

29.........................

30.........................

31.........................

May.

17,960

27,190

17,380

12, 550

9,870

23,770

24,030

13,720

13,720

11 930

10, 720

9,270

8,310

9,270

9,130

S

AOfl

9,270

June.

9,560

9,560

7,480

7,480

8,740

9,770

13,920

12, 470

11,360

10,950

9,130

8,440

7,810

7,090

6,400

5,820

6,870

5,980

6,600

5,110

4,790

5,200

5,470

5,280

July.

5,330

5,980

6,760

6,460 ! 5,840 '

5,380

5,240

4 940

4' 860

4,540

4,540

6,980

8,480

7,820

7,220

7,260

6,430

6,400

6,430

4,200

4,580

2,540

2, 540

3,170

3,530

2,890

3, 760

4,360

4,540

4,590

May.

1905. 

1........................ 9,340

2. ....................... 7,720

3........................ 7,590

4........................ 9,420

5........................ 9,870

6............. ........... i 9,270

7........................I 10,010

8... ..................... 1 7,590

9........... ............. 10,720

10........................ 12,020

11........................ 9,010

12........................ 9,470

13........................ 8,870

14............. .......... 8,160

15........................ 7,200

13. ....................... 9,370

17............... ......... 8,110

18........................ 8,050

19........................ 7,050

20. ....................... 6,940

21........................ 8,070

22........................ 8,470

23. ....................... 8,480

24.....-...-.-...-.-.-.--. 8,580

25. ....................... 9,280

26........................ 9,310

27........................ 8,870

1 9S 8 740

29........................ 8,470

1 SO........................ 7,870

31 ........................ 7, 420

June.

6,560

6,170

6,210

5,620

6,700

6,780

6,870

5,230

5,390

6.250

6,310

7,470

8, 930

9,240

8,090

7,680

6,920

7,350

8,230

8,440

9,370

8,590

5,910

6,490

7,800

7,300

6,640

6,250

July.

6,540

6,010

8,870

9,080

8,510

6,390

7,810

5,300

7,900

7,190

7,060

6,200

5,860

5,820

5,360

4,270

4,060

4,390

5,140

5,140

5,380

5,150

5,020

3,990

3,990

3,830

9 Q4fl

3,120

2,620

2,380

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River near North Anson. 

[Drainage area, 2,790 square miles".]

Month.

1901 .a 

October 20-31 ..................................

1902. ?> March 23-31 ....................................

July..........................................

1903. ' 

March 17-31 ........... ..... . . .

July................................... .......

December d ...................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,450 

2,785

31.460 

36. 420 

30,080 

23, 780 

10,010 

7,830 

5,180 

9,590 

7,310 

3,520

48.040 

17,520

10, 740 

18,300 

5,912

5,180 

3,235 

2,785 

2, 532 

1.790

Minimum.

1,430 

1,630

9, 035 

9,870 

7,440 

7,570 

5,180 

1.915 

2.615 

2,065 

2,532 

3,0.50

6.160 

5, 300 

3.925 

2,532 

2,785 

2,615 

2,4.50 

930 

800 

670

Mean.

1,9J3 

2,190

19,040 

14, 760 

13, 960 

12,800 

7, 439 

4,188 

0, 494 

3,661 

o,623 

3,312

28,220 

11,800 

7,315 

5, 760 

4,040 

3. 646 

2, 7<J1 

1,966 

1,450 

1.010

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.714

.785

6.82 

5.29 

5.00 

4.59 

2.67 

1.50 

1.25 

1.31 

1.30 

1.19

10.11 

4.23 

2.62 

2.06 

1.45 

1.31 

1.00 

.705 

.520 

.362

Depth in 

inches.

0.32 

.79

2.28 

5.90 

5.76 

5.12 

3.08 

1.73 

1.39 

1.51 

1.45 

.22

5.64 

4.72 

3.02 

2.30 

1.67 

1.51 

1.12 

.81 

.58 

.42

a River frozen November 28 to December 31, 1901.

& River frozen January 1 to March 22; ice conditions December 6-31, 1902.

c River frozen January 1 to March 16 and December 2-31, 1903.

d Rating table for ice cover used.
48 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

MontMy discharge of Kennebec River near North Anson Continued.

Month.

1904. a

July................................ ....-..-.

December

1905.6

May.. ........................................

July..........................................

1900. d

July..........................................

December

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

915 

915 

1.700 

24, 470 

27,190 

13, 920 

8.480 

6.790 

7,053 

8,700 

8,842 

5,500

27. 190

3,420 

2, 265 

19,730 

21,730 

12, 020 

9,370 

.1, 080

4,719 

2.887 

1.415 

2,367 

3,950

21.730

2,760 

1,430 

1,610 

24,030 

20, 730 

14, 060 

6,026 

4,277 

3,752 

6,532 

2,709 

2,810

24,030

Minimum.

510 

510 

510 

1,790 

8,030 

4,790 

2,540 

2,204 

2,284 

2,367 

2,047 

1,790

510

2,075 

1,885 

1,340 

5,062 

6,940 

5,230 

2, 380 

1,544 

1,415 

990 

1,035 

1. 430

Mean.

690 

680 

920 

7,440 

14, 220 

7,703 

5,244 

4,094 

3,598 

4,058 

3,030 

2, 750

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0,247 

.244 

.330 

2.67 

5.10 

2.76 

1.88 

1.46 

1.29 

1.45 

1.09 

.986

4, 536 1. 63

2,660 

2,070 

4,110 

10, 420 

8,688 

7,043 

5. 483 

2.906 

1,991 

1,205 

1.349 

2,540

990 4, 205

915 

1,085 

1,000 

1,340 

9,700 

2,887 

2,709 

2,367 

1,612 

1,415 

1,131 

1,479

915

1,680 

1,240 

1,220 

7, ISO 

13, 250 

7,100 

4,584 

3,057 

2,455 

2,982 

1,966 

2,032

4.057

.953 

.742 

1.47 

3.74 

3.12 

2.52 

1.97 

1.04 

.713 

.432 

.484 .yio

1.51

.602 

.445 

.437 

2.55

4.75 

2.54 

1.C4 

1.09 

.880 

1.07 

.704 

,728

Depth in 

inches.

0.28 

.26 

.38 

2. 98 siss

3.08 

2.17 

1.68 

1.44 

1.67 

1.22 

1.14

22.18

1.10 

.77 

1.69 

4.17 

3.60 

2.81 

2.27 

1.20 

.80 

.50 

.54 

1.05

20.50

.69 

.46 

.50 

2.84 

5.48 

2.83 

1.80 

1.26 

.98 

1.23 

.78 

.84

1. 45 19. SO

o River frozen January 1 to April j and December 1-31, 1904; rating table for ice cover used.

& River frozen January 1 to March 27 and December 1-31, 1905; rating table for ice cover used.

" Values for the, last half of December, 1905, are probably too large, owing to backwater caused by 

anchor ice.

d River frozen January 1 to April 18 and December 2-31, 1906; rating table for ice cover used. Values 

given for December. 1906, are probably too high, owing to anchor ice; rating table for ice cover applied 

December 2-31, 1906.

KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE.

Observations of the flow of Kennebec River at Waterville have 

been made by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company since 1892, 

and furnish the longest set of continuous records of flow of this river. 

This company manufactures manila paper and ground-wood and sulphite pulp.

The dam is of timber cribwork, the main portion having a vertical 

downstream face with a horizontal crest about 5.75 feet wide and an 

upstream slope of about 40° from the horizontal. The average elevation of the crest of the dam, as determined by levels during July, 

1906, was 119.37 feet above the Hollingsworth & Whitney datum, or
FLOW OF KENNEBEC EIVER AT WATERVILLE. 49

71.53 feet above mean sea level, according to the Kennebec datum 

as corrected by levels of 1906. The total length of the dam is 800 

feet, which includes a width of log way of 34 feet. Flashboards are 

kept on the dam the greater part of the time, their average elevation 

in July, 1906, being 123.73 feet above the Hollingsworth & Whitney 

datum, or 75.89 feet above mean sea level. The crest of the dam is 

in fairly good condition. The leakage has never been measured, 

but is assumed arbitrarily as 100 second-feet. The water which flows 

in the canals is used through 46 wheels, most of which have been 

rated at Holyoke under practically the same head, the average head 

at Waterville being about 23 feet. Some water is lost through the 

canal, through small waste gates, and over wasteweirs. A small 

amount, estimated at 100 second-feet, is used for washing and mill 

purposes.

Methods and diagrams for estimating the flow through the wheels 

and-over the dam were developed by the late Sumner Hollingsworth, 

engineer for the company. Observations were made at 12 o'clock 

noon of each day, that hour having been chosen after investigation 

as a time when the flow is least affected by storage of dams upstream 

and as giving most nearly the average for the day. When the flow 

of the river is less than about 3,500 second-feet all of the water is 

used through the wheels.

The values of flow at this point are probably in error from 10 to 

15 per cent, on account of the manner in which the flow has been 

computed and the uncertainty of the constants used. During the 

four or five years preceding January 1, 1906, computations are in 

error from 10 to 15 per cent where the flow has been computed with 

flashboards, owing to the assumption that the top of the boards was 

at elevation 124.0 feet above the Hollingsworth & Whitney datum, 

the results as published being too small.

These records are now being furnished by the Hollingsworth & 

Whitney Company through the courtesy of their engineer, James L. 

Dean.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Ktnnebec River at Waterville.

Day.

1892.a

Jan. Feb. Ma r. Apr.

3, 530

4,730

10, 260

19,100

25, 250

22,980

May.

7.920

6,310

8,950

June.

11,840

11,515

July.

20. 030

29,985

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

28.150

8,200

a, November figures are for 1891. The closing of gates at Moosehead Lake is said to have caused the 

small discharge here recorded.
50 WATER RESOURCES OP KEXNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kcnnebec River at Waterxille Continued. .

Day.

1892. 

11

Jan.

12..........'.......

14.......... .......

1.5.......... .......

1G.......... .......

17.......... .......

18.......... .......

19.......... .......

20 ... ...........

91

22..... ...........

23.......... .......

24.......... .......

:6.......... .......

27...... ..........

28.......... .......

29...... .........

30

1893. 

1

9

3.......... .......

4 . .......

0. ......... .......

8. .... ..

9. .......

10. ........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14........

15.......... 

16.. .... ..

17..........

18.. ... ..

19.......... 

20..........

21

22 

23.......... 

24

25

2ti. . . . . .

27..........

28.. ...

29

30.. ...

31..........

1894. 

1..........

9

3

4

6. .........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14. .........

15. .........

iNovomb 

small dischf

2,(iOO 

2, ICO 

2, 300 

2,500

2,600 

4.800 

5.000 

4.2CO 

3,200

2,100 

1.9CO 

2,100 

2.200 

2,300

2,200 

2.200 

2,300

2,350 

2,400

1,470 

1.040 

1.640 

1,640

1.640 

1,640

1.640 

1,470 

1,640

1,640 

1.470 

1,640

1.470

er figur 

irge hei

Feb.

2.350

<> O^A

2,200 

2,100 

2,100

2 200 

2.300 

2,250 

2,100 

3.000

2.400 

2,550 

2,600 

2. 5.50 

2,500

2,400 

2, 300 

2.200 

2. ICO 

2.200

2. 350 

2, 450 

2.350 

2. 200 

2.400

2.400 

2.450 

2,500

1,910 

1,910 

1,740

1.910

1.910 

1,740 

1,740 

1,740 

1,740

Mar. Apr. May. 

18.090 5.900

June. July. Aug.

11 105 7 IWI 7 .'!7.r>

Sept. Oct. Nov.

........ 8, GOO ........ 7,100 '........'.......

........ (3.940 ..,.._-

0. 940 

<>' 580

6.405

2, 470 7. 530

2, 430 

2,250 ........

9 835

8,490

5.310 10.200

.. ..... 17,355 '.. ........

7 215

19.640

2,220 . .

2,000 13,160 

2, 325 .....

2, 390 8. 780

2,730

2,500

2.450 

2,400 

2,400

2.400 

2.350 

2.350 

2.325 

2,300

2.300 

2,300 

5,400 

8, 000 

11,300

7,400 

6.300 

6,100 

5,700 

5,600

4,600 

3,900 

3, 600 

3,600 

4,000

4,400 

4,400 

4,300 

4,200 

4,100 

4.000

1,740 

1.740 

1,740

2,010

1,740 

1,910 

2, 370 

3,040 

4, 643

1,740 5,390 

1.740 5,390 

1. 740 6, 220 

1.740 5,580

es are for 1891- 

e recorded.

4.100 

4.250 

4, 500 

4,400 

3,700

3,700 

3,600 

3, 600 

6,400 

9,200

12, 400 

15,000 

16,300 

16, SCO 

18,200

16, 500 

14,100 

14,000 

14. 1GO 

16,300

14.500 

12, 300 

13,800 

15, 800 

14,500

14 600 

14,200 

14,600 

14. SCO 

19,800

"4," 496" 

4,496 

. 4.370 

4.370

5, 473 

4,720

5,278 

5,655

5,950 

6,980 

7,170 

6,980

The clr

13. 750

10.750

12, 160

21.700 

21, 200 

27,600 

24. 700 

60.500

46, 500 

36,700 

30,200 

26, 300 

25, 200

27,000 

31,700 

31. 300 

54. 500 

43,100

34, 100 

30. 700 

83, 500 

46, 100 

34. 500

24. 300 

22. 800 

21,200 

19,800

17.000 

16, 300 

15, 200 

14.550 

13.600 

13,900

15.650 

14.510 

14,090 

13,220 

13. 220

i2,"2s6 

10.100 

8.550 

7.226

7,050 

6,110

5,840 

6,820

sing of

21,615

19,250 

19. 640

29.990

20,030

13, 200 

16.250 

15, 200

13. 800

15.250 

16, 250 

18,200 

23,500 

15,900

i6, 250 

23, 200 

20, 500 

18. 200

15, 200 

13.200

13.200 

11,200 

11.000

12,000 

14.480 

13. 640 

11,840

14, 270 

14,000 

15, 100 

14,600 

13, 500

11,190 

12.930

12, 930 

10. 400

9,070 

9,070 

8,520 

6,910

5,900 "6, '280'

5,900 

6,010

jates at

.. ..

10.840

9.990 

11,230

8. 840

9.740 

8,410 

8,410

"8.'260"

8.710 

6,510 

6,410 

6.040 

5, 540

4. 840

4, 400 

3,660 

3,270

3,590 

3.490

"3,"i70 

2,830

2.440 

2,380 

2.360 

2,240

"2,'440"

7,030 

6,860

"i6,"620~

8,570 

7,665

7,055 

0.336

6.674 

6,674 

6,674 

6,336

Mooseh

« 395

« 670 

a639

«961 

«1,449

ol,488 

al,112

ol,399

«2, 296

Dec.

...............:.....::.::::::::::

1,940 

2,330 

2,380 

2,360 

2,290

'2.240 

2,210 

2.360 

2,360

2.290 

2,290

"2,"240 

2.290

2, 430 

2.210

2. 150 

2,290

2,240 

2.205 

2.180 

2.153 

2, 295

2,390

2,340 

2,310 

2,230 

2,430

3.305 

3.240 

3,143 

3,218

3,087 

3,019 

3,019 

3,285 

3.045

3.050

I," 250" 

3,125 

3.005

^ad Lal

2,490 ....... 

2,140 1,980 

1.980

1,890 

1.890

1.890 

2.260 

2,360 

2,680

2,160 

2,380 

2,190 

2,410 

2,340

2.175

1,710 

1,7W 

2,200

1,710 

1.710 

1,710 "i'.no

1,710 

1,980 

1.980 

1,710 

1,980

2,253 

1,125 

2,312 

1,871 

2,207

1,824 

2,209 

2,185 

1,140 

2,293

2,034 

2,818 

2,280 

2,309 

2.341

te is sal

1,710 

1.980

1.980 

1,980

1.980 

1.980

1,710 

1,440 

1,780 

1.980 

4,000

3,050 

2. 550

2,550 

L980 

2,250

1.980

1.980 

1.980 

:;,380

2.450 

1,980 

3, 630 

3,530 

3,280 

2,280

2,181 

1,923 

1,915 

1,930 

1,896

1,655

1,897 

1.913 

1.913

5. 553 

6,738 

5,017 

8,387 

9,036

d to ha

1,980 

1,980 

1.980

1,980

1.980 

2,250 

1.980 

1.980 

1,980

1,980

i,9SO 

1,980 

1,980

1,980 

1.980

2,250

2,250

2,520 

2.250 

2.550 

2.480 

1.980

1.980 

2,080 

3,980 

3, 630

3,896 

7,295 

5,619 

10, 512 

9,486

7,381 

5,606 

4.651 

3,937 

3,739

3,040 

3,636 

3,476 

2,782 

2.500

ve caus

2,780 

2, 580

1,440

1,440 

1,440 

1,440 

1.440

1,440 

1,440 

1.440 

1.440 

1,440

1,440

i,7io

1.710 

1,440

1,440 

1,440 

1,440

1,440 

1.590 

1.440 

1,590 

1,590

1,570

"2,~i87 

2,194 

2,213

1,869 

2,193 

2,128 

1,245 

1,937

1,211 

1,694 

1,819 

2,386 

2.600

ed the
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. 51

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Watert'ille Continued.

Day.

1894. 

6..........

1 ..........

9

)Q

n. .........

'9

>3..........

>4

25..........

g

11..........

>g

51..........

1895. 

1..........

2..........

3..........

5. .........

8..........

g

0. .........

2..---....

6..........

9. .....--.-

20..........

4

5

'7

 "8

>9..........

50. ..'...-...

51..........

1806.

2. .........

q

4..........

1. .........

9....--....

0. .........

2..........

3. .........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7... .......

8..........

9..........

JO..........

Jan.

1,640

1,640

1,470

1,640

1,640

1,640

1.640

1,910

1,910

1,640

1,640

1,135

1,599

1,655

1, 664

1,608

1,780

1.678

1,947

1,894

1,896

1,889

1,864

1,273

2,403

2,441

2,481

2,490

2,509

2,439

1,817

2,439

2,304

2,332

2,290

2,333

2,319

1,706

2,433

2,198

2, 439

2,127

3,281

21,881

17, 367

11,482

6,708

4,153

3 803

4,329

2,970

2,971

3,006

2,755

2,970

2,689

2,595

2,990

2,513

2,736

1,568

2,782

Feb.

1,740

1,740

1,740

1,740

1,760

1,760

1,810

1,810

1,760

1,740

1,740

2,214

2,208

1,733

2,174

2,444

2,077

1,854

1,718

1,622

1,397

1.983

1,946

1,943

1,967

1,648

1,950

579

2,112

1,708

1,689

1,361

1.656

1,606

1,676

1.714

1,927

2,643

1,292

2,717

2,522

2,243

2.236

2.857

4,634

3.962

3. 452

3,140

3,002

2,816

2, 967

2,879

2,193

2,829

2,758

2,763

Mar.

4,460

4,855

4,140

5,405

3,802

6,660

6, 395

5, 215

4,855

4,184

4,180

3,895

3,620

3,510

1,685

1,687

1,252

1,720

2,229

2,145

1,956

1,951

1,949

1, 368

1,683

1,920

1,932

1,946

2,236

2,224

1,566

2,224

2,194

1,937

1,965

1.946

1,977

1,627

2,241

2,314

2,769

2,600

2,418

2,459

1,898

111,246

52, 691

24,810

13,866

13, 170

11,862

10,323

8,950

9 499

5,469

5. 226

6,109

3, 651

3,888

10.129

4,087

6,699

Apr.

12,150

13.310

20, 640

21,760

22, 910

26,860

35, 280

33, 680

25, 210

21,980

20,680

11, 450

2,176

2,205

2,406

2,638

6,164

7, 691

9,286

9,325

24,407

54, 192

27, 999

20, 858

19, 304

24, 061

86, 201

70, 381

43, 408

34, 708

31,068

31, 562

31,363

28,511

18,931

15, 489

15,929

10,853

13,216

5,861

6,647

6,442

5,373

5,040

16. 221

11,472

15,989

46, 946

64,700

57, 188

52. 131

May.

7,410

9,935

9,935

10,915

13,540

8.250

6,100

6,360

6,580

10,560

8,690

7,480

7,960

10,000

13,227

11,967

11,461

12, 172

11,934

12, 584

12, 764

10.917

12, 074

7,848

9,630

7,920

11, 352

16,175

12, 878

12,121

9,842

7,895

8,668

7,807

5,863

5,449

5,515

8,261

8,037

7,533

8,119

6,109

4,868

8,982

26.601

18, 064

30 879

29, 499

95 090

22, 228

20 249

21, 463

19, 072

18, 994

18.066

16, 696

17,981

15, 227

13, 163

June.

5,900

5, 520

9, 565

10,055

5,490

6,265 '

3,930

3,781

3,710

10, 480

8,985

8,070

9,818

9,314

8,408

7,979

7,364

7,370

7.425

7,623

6,166

6,418

5,852

6,454

4,854

5,887

6,925

6,592

6,156

6,121

5,616

5,905

5.641

4,497

5,670

6,216

6,290

5,708

5.6CO

4,955

7 491

11.004

5,891

4 961

4,343

4,391

4,374

5.953

6, 252

5,235

5,142

4.679

4,944

4,549

4, 536

4,219

4.710

July.

6,674

6,046

5,765

5,100

5,550

4,885

3,680

3, 565

3,670

3,830

3,830

3,830

3,415

3,345

5,042

4,315

4,278

3,784

4,062

3,844

4,429

4,499

4,039

4,072

3,993

3,934

3,731

3,658

3,767

3,631

3,508

3,546

3,512

3,232

3,257

3,151

2,875

2,552

2,096

2.671

2,930

2, 678

A 01 1

4,374

11,214

8,690

7,149

6,047

4,437

5,121

4,495

4.596

Aug.

3, 010

3.110

3,060

3,230

3,050

2,915

2,825

3,070

2,555

2,855

2,494

2,615

2,294

2,400

3,153

3,062

3,063

1,576

3,015

2,738

2,610

2,816

2.580

2,382

1,529

2,690

2,435

2,405

2,160

2,433

2,118

857

2,681

2,072

2,357

1,658

5,089

3,450

3,080

3,102

3,730

q (-107

4110

4,737

3,414

q 1 q7

3.079

Sept.

2, 183

2,136

1,883

1,885

12, 102

6,659

4,673

4,143

2,646

2,571

2,509

2,378

1,918

467

1,792

2,867

2,560

2,226

2,212

2,200

2,155

1, 438

2,250

2,502

2,256

2,209

1,996

1,970

1,150

1,736

1,987

1,741

1,139

1,104

1,115

1 779

2,577

9 371

7,978

4,003

1,857

3,002

2,336

1.733

Oct.

3, 829

7,527

6,418

5,088

4,253

3,231

3,730

3, 576

3,315

2,549

2,605

2,854

2, 859

2,458

2,452

1,106

1,149

1,130

1,110

1,152

1,128

1,104

1,126

1,356

1,109

1,1-21

1,185

1,141

1,134

1,250

1,546

1,587

1,353

1,422

1,428

1 379

1 399

1,355

1,385

1,081

q 704

2,275

4,567

3,954

3,277

3,166

2 394

2,617

2 384

2 319

2.326

Nov.

2,661

2,489

2,152

2,631

1,984

2,446

2,502

2,495

2, 487

2,786

2,484

2,461

2,515

1,444

1,645

1,081

1,347

1,870

1,421

2,201

1,946

1,708

1,657

1,426

5,125

9,595

8.351

6,279

3,882

3,869

4,972

6,455

5, 695

4,591

4,169

10,949

11,179

6,694

5,124

5,632

4 gQ4

9^383

15,900

11,623

9,372

4,259

23, 836

17 040

19 152

1ft A9C

11,777

10 962

9 319

8,426

7,947

7.547

Dec.

2,275

2,513

2,466

2,331

2,326

2,205

2,208

1,229

1,912

1,831

1,770

1,657

904

1,227

5,904

4,682

8,378

5,842

3,519

2,723

3, 273

2,301

3,393

3,089

3,105

2,598

2,278

2,524

1,747

2.545

2,069

2,621

1,928

2,180

2,536

3, 321

11,026

9,147

6,136

5,162

5,792

26, 673

16,148

14,590

19,713

8,049

6.844

5,730

2,200

2,545

3,312

2,851

2,870

2,852

2,851

9 933

2^385

2,874

1,489

1.870
52 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville Continued.

Day.

189G. 

2\. .........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27.. ........

28. .........

29 .

30..........

31..........

1897. 

1..........

2..........

3..........

4. .........

5..........

6..........

7. .........

8..........

9. .........

10..........

11..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

18..........

19

20........ ..

21 ..........

22..........

23..........

24.... .....

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

1898. 

1..........

2..........

3..........

4 ......

6 .........

7 .........

9..........

10..........

11..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

Jan.

3,000

2,767

2,793

2,542

2,394

1,881

2,499

2,765

2,531

2,473

2,220

2,073

2,085

1.650

2; 318

3,732

18,504

10,210

5,860

5,028

3, 793

3,293

3,601

3,084

2,542

2,881

2,715

2,187

2,942

1,918

2,211

2,283

2,222

2,951

2,300

1,953

1.847

2,727

2,252

2,477

4,024

3,534

2,475

2,284

2,222

2,715

2,771

3,431

1,807

4,826

5,434

4,492

3,025

3,286

3,240

3,287

4,909

3,717

3,891

3,453

3,460 

3,505

3,893

4,614

2,542

2,321

2,866

Feb.

2,781

2,771

2,162

3,854

2,812

2,790

2,772

2,558

2,794

3,587

3,485

3,775

3,598

3,348

3,223

4,185

4,305

5,634

6,225

5,933

5,007

4,629

3,897

4,070

4,028

3,848

3,163

2,467

2.480

3,543

2,636

2,427

2,302

2,544

2,877

2,825

3,705

.....

2,539

2,955

2,687

3,090

2,775

3,068

3,475

2,994

3,744

3,154

3,829

3,317

3,680

3,912

4,026

4,042

3,764

3,221

3,267

2,885

3,172

3,764

2 1 33

3, '437

4,352

Mar.

12,922

3,239

10, 025

7,820

6,608

6,637

7,253

10, 886

5,945

6,901

5,006

2,007

2,950

2,423

2,629

2,586

2,522

4,026

2,703

2,285

2,291

4,230

5,238

5,045

5,387

2,025

2,304

2,339

3,167

2,083

2,621

5,832

6, 345

5,992

4 994

5,071

5,513

4,170

4,188

5,648

5,163

2,997

4,094

5,070

4,767

4,623

5 3^9

6,752

8,397

9,880

11,534

12,816

12,215

11,918

12,484

14,580

17,177

16,615

15,987

17,812

Apr.

74, 469

60,021

41,711

46, 693

40, 793

36, 126

32, 729

30.217

30, 517

30, 977

6,334

7,648

9,075

9,635

11,536

12,889

18, 329

21,149

18,268

15,458

16,671

14,377

13,999

14,796

16,881

24,426

34,813

28,642

31,734

32,799

26,949

24,087

24,008

29,875

33,605

42,860

66,907

58,745

43, 797

90 385

16,556

13,871

12,143

10,830

10,150

7,080

7,472

10.457

15,299

19,848

44,854

47,141

50,381

49,415

47,112

47,321

44,700 

39,327

36 671

34,352

52, 119

May.

14,782

13. 215

3.976

23.517

14,220

4,482

5,729

5,117

4,867

3,192

6,092

39,001

34,299

32,654

34,210

40,730

36,362

26,923

26,610

24,400

23,995

41,196

41,223

23,965

41,284

38,988

32,431

27,453

23,788

21,013

18,843

17,562

15,105

15,448

14,809

10,818

16,539

21,779

24,568

26,000

22,697

20,526

36,048

39,372

38,301

37,358

37,730

31,580

29,880

28,753

25,636

22,059

21,899

24,042

34,332

32,988

27,500

24,750

23,440

23,153 

20,592

19,OS8

18,570

15,277

15,993

June.

5,352

6,073

6. 655

6.275

6,334

5,817

5, 459

5,309

4,200

5,307

18,204

16,780

17,526

17,542

17,549

15,756

16,023

15,785

13,801

12,961

16,003

14,962

13,819

15,304

16,003

14,617

14,638

13,344

11,200

11,390

10,649

7,399

9,091

9,095

8,353

8,751

7,590

7,691

8,023

8,345

14,341

13,776

10,900

8,791

9,846

10,301

9,189

9,098

12,541

14,318

12,086

11,322

11,003

10,777

12,514

11,295

10,584

9,478

9,196 

11,129

10,855

9,950

8

004

9,483

8,864

July.

4,391

4,419

4,374

4,258

4,386

3,794

4,215

3,781

3,728

3,335

3,831

8,719

9,885

9,531

8,512

7,147

8,189

7,410

7,922

7,967

7,270

6,290

5,761

7,256

45,507

55,634

33,770

26,160

21,286

17,067

12,542

7,747

5,218

8,408

8,980

8,925

10,826

9,842

7,950

6,734

6,405

11,707

4,385

4,343

3,440

3,490

4,343

4,272

4,477

4,203

5,464

1 74'".

4,111

4,484

4,267

4,327

3,994

3,611

3,896

3,938 

3,747

3,835

5,038

3,871

3,418

3,747

Aug.

2,858

2,747

2,759

2,943

2,990

2,851

2,571

2,410

2,416

1, 625

2,531

12,975

13 656

11,263

9,206

7,796

7,226

5,889

5,761

4,000

5,243

5,849

7,562

9,771

7,112

6,601

5,368

7,776

11,566

8,562

6,755

7,129

7,907

6; 616

5,718

5,816

6,280

6,220

5,706

5,382

5,154

4,364

3,790

2,707

2,887

2,833

2,809

3,712

3,252

4,374

4,218

4,017

3,048

3,413

2,927

1,130

3,443

2,499

2,560

2,491

2,622 

2,526

913

3,425

3,425

2,849

Sept.

4,313

4,207

4,147

3,754

2,924

2,969

2,474

3,149

3,148

2,777

4,771

4,357

4,340

3,701

3,090

3,865

3,571

4,008

3.973

3,997

4,808

9,689

5,463

4,915

4,864

4,325

4,333

3,239

3,632

3,488

5,043

8,422

7,438

5,838

4,481

3,841

4,55,5

4,084

2,915

2,801

2,477

2,489

2,453

1,437

2,510

2,392

3,093

3,073

3,018

3,042

3,050

3,057

2,505

1,913

1,480

1,560

1,530

1,570

1,607 

1,876

2,223

1,851

1,916

3,689

Oct.

2,352

8.956

7,804

7,986

6,227

5,388

2,644

3,214

2,888

2,891

2,314

2,048

967

2,532

2,490

2,375

2,158

1,533

2,097

2,100

2,109

1,508

6,070

6,323

5,528

3,837

3,262

3,287

2,322

2,331

2,326

2,051

1,510

2,140

2,348

2,415

2,973

2,008

2,344

2,600

2,691

2,862

2,180

1,831

1,865

2 119

1,570

1,269

1,150

961

1,585

1,731

1,585

1,288

1,299

3,665

6,031

5,055

4,454 

3,264

2,872

2,690

6,318

4,924

Nov.

6,572

5,222

3, 749

4,606

6,185

6,322

5,683

8,424

8,432

2,911

2,637

6,687

9,442

8,628

7,729

6,457

6,443

5,195

7,927

8,133

7,313

6.350

2,789

4,902

4,420

5,913

7,191

6,428

4,391

4,161

3,OC9

2,703

2,181

2,687

1,889

6,097

13,399

6,883

6,171

6,382

5,182

4,691

4,115

3,467

3,231

3,880

3,675

4, 133

3,351

5,332

5,856

4,896

3,332

3,465

3,264

3,490

3,698

5,018

8,935

8,046

6,007

7,811

Dec.

2,047

1,579

1,506

1,497

2,063

1,845

4,630

3,825

3,754

3,190

3,063

5,968

5,229

5,172

5,765

6,104

7,153

5,835

6 799

3,225

2,563

2,685

3,001

0 7rro

3.740

3,667

1,747

3,336

3,227

3,221

2,995

2,635

3,268

2,235

1,873

1,888

1,883

2,160

1,723

2,315

2,447

2,560

2,274

3,013

2,489
FLOW OP KENNEBEC ETVEE AT WATERVILLE. 53

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec Hirer at Waterville Continued.

Day. Jan. | Feb. Apr. May. June. July. : Aug. ' Sept. | Oct.

17,029 

16,5b() 

18,928 

19,7(52 

17,711 

27,432

45,520

38,083

37,354

33,652

31,707

15,589

15,039

14,611

10,032

16,962

16,298

7,508

5,267

4,326

5,689

0,715

3,879

3,385

4,189

3,444

3,204

2,832

4,43: 

4,218 

3,940 

3,396 

3,555 

2,857

5,443 ' 4,288 

4,788 6,514 

3,581 15,319 

3,778 11,127 

3,247 9,229 

7,672

28.......... 2,905

41,756

39,005

30,589

30,942

30,922

4,809

3,594

4,442

4,199

4

1,623

2,010

567

1,612

2,070

6,411 

6,214 

6, ICO 

6,017 

6.207

13,044

12,790

10,047

11,073

12,264

6,115

5,024

5,363

3,178

5,258

1,390

2,819

4,093

4,109

2,995

1,456

1,441

747

2,913

3,567

2,458 

2,198 

2,1S7 

2,163 

1

1,443

1,065

1,415

1,909

4,415

5,064

5,195

4,388

4.128

30,531

30,125

29,447

26,888

24,803

11,123

10,563

12,748

12,517

12,506

3,327

3,106

2,637

2,338

2,119

3,196

2,015

2,070

1,737

4,101

3,954

2,699

3,954

3,538

9,650

9,405

11,181

19,700

23,106

22,132

20,229

18,697

19,043

14,886

2,035

2,067

2,340

2,370

2,257

774

1,784

1,968

1,391

492

2,141

2,244

2,348

1,964

1,

12.......... 2,386

3,213

3,007

3,321

2,643

1,242

38,820

30,532

30,312

37,096

15,099

17,307

15,073

15,071

15,6

4,043

4,866

5,232

4.948

1,261

1,298

1,410

2,005

2,362

1,378

1,667

1,366

1,096

2,392

2,434

2,727

,198

2,915

4,621

1,861

2,695

2,027

2,011

17.......... 2,439

19.......... 2,434

34,540

30,286

39,550

45,724

41,739

2,006

2,351

2,348

1,073

2,031

21..........' 2,440 2,734

2,744

2,451

2,745

2,929

2,317

1,748

2,085

2,035

2,028

1,878

2,340

2,617

2,068

22.......... 2,094

25.......... 2,435

2,158

1,089

2,288

2,203

2,005

2,354

11,480

12,507

12,303

13,064

13,035

12,823

5,916

5,502

5,049

4,170

2,500

4,087

1,761

1,460

2,046

1,951

2,091

995

1,149

1,121

406

1,104

1.086

26.......... 2,450

27.......... 2,454

4,910

5,149

5,525

5,001

4,431

15,403

13,353

9,056

11,445

0,544

22,830

27,905

28,823

52,268

48,843

12,115

12,782

15,730

25,091

19.591

4,849

8,232

7,520

2,763

6,715

4,238

1,035

3.191

3,180

2.905

2,859

3,337

3,134

2,876

2,565

8,792

8,381

9,338

14,047

15,927

2,307 ' 6,540 

2,357 4,394 

2,293 

1,502 

1,660

5,35

4,

4,597

4,573

4,758

6,240

9,323

4,913

4,947

4,927

16,103 

14,088 

12,792 

10,9^0 

10,495

6,255 

0,271 

4,7'J9 

0,465 

6,501

2,913

2,865

2

2,276

2,330

2,168

859

3,457

3,715

3,715

2,260 

1,604 

1,630 

3,819 

17,5H)

3,159

3,188

3,303

2,925

3.114

15,544

19,353

27,072

24,219

19,705

4,583

4,506

4,701

3,548

4,498

4,373

4,950

4,932

4,799

5,051

4,462

2,627

4,651

4,710

4,450

17,053

20,560

25,463

27,373

26,429

25,277

22,411

20,804

18,378

22,307

10,083

10,148

9,661

10,168

7.707

2,871

2,865

2,500

2,851

2,826

11,521 I 2,978

13,301 ; 3,504

10,314 , 3,851

8,564 4,078

5,839 I 4,101

13..........' 1,009 |12,14S

4,750

4,834

4,024

3,075

4,547

10,510

7,479

12,070

20,538

12,502

31,224

32,034

35,155

42,557

60,541

7,018

5,112

0,017

5,052

6.057

2,426

3,130

3,147

2,770

2,602

3,993

3,993

4,190

3,989

3,720

4,877

3,700

0,533

5,079

5,215

1,748 11,998 

2,004 5,871 

1,792 i 7.090

62,291

55,803

51,180

44,066

39.913

44,162

35,060

25,403

23,333

21,082

5,0

4,386

5,253

4,923

4,737

4,072

3,203

4,029

3,649

2,392

3,164

3,185

2,021

2,902

8,107

6,300

12, 471

8,620

18, 907

17,407

15,409

19.171

16,301

14,113

5,403

4,857

4.872

2,344

4,231

3,725

1,010

3,109

3,501

3,029

3,147

3,454

2,563

2,575

2,568

3,169

2,197

2,024 7,000 

2,373 7,320 

~ 9,093 

5,214 

6,660

4,311

4,498

4,299

4,035

2,468

4,050
54 WATER RESOURCES OF KENKEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville Continued.

Day.

1901. 

1. ........ t)

3... ... .

4.........

6......... 

7.........

g

10....-..-.

11.........

12.........

13..--..... 

14.........

15.........

16.........

17.........

18.........

19

20.........

21.........

22.........

23...-. ...

24-.-..--..

25.........

26.........

27

28.........

99

30.........

1902. 

1 ........

2

q

i:::::::"

6.........

8.........

10.........

11......... 

12.........

13.........

16.........

19

20.........

21.........

23.........

24.........

27.........

28.........

"9..---.... 

30.........

31.-.-.....

Jan.

3,740

3,530

3,240

2,990

2,420

1,880 

3,100

3,220

3,040

3,240

3,240

2,780 

3,230

2,940

3,430

3,530

3,960

4,040

2,840

3,250

3,490

3,500

3,520

3,230

3,260

2 380

2,990

3,260

2,950 

2,970

4,610

4,280

3,960

3,150

900

3,460

3,730

3,490

2,960

3,760 

2,240

3,840

3,410

2 890

3,210

3,180

3,160

1,790

3,550

2,870

7,810

10,510 

6,360

4,620

4,070

3,870

3,880 

3,910

3,940

Feb.

2,990

2,920

2,180

2,690

2,680

2,670 

2,700

3,000

2,420

2,000

2,680

2,690

2,690 

2,660

2,340

2,350

2,900

2,640

2,650

2,670

2,380

2,390

1,430

2,140

2,320

2,530

4,020

4,100

3,840

3,850

3,980

4,010

4,010

2,850

3.970 

3,910

3,910

3,940

3,950

2,100

3,950

3,370

3,930

3,660

3,440

4,080 

4,100

4,840

4,420

4,700

Mar.

2,050

2,270

2,840

4,080

4,290 

4,350

4,130

2,870

4,090

4,010

3.970 

4,000

3,390

3,410

3,700

3,110

4,180

5.050 '700

8,510

10,530

13.340

8,440 

4,120

11,790

35,110

54,340

38,650

30,250 25,9'>0

20,240

20,940 

13,100

14,230

18,860

27,940

46, 630

22,400

27,320

46,670

36,990 

27,490

22,900

18.720 13,9''0

20,670 

57,970

47,070

Apr.

11,600

15,260

25,040

54, 490

57,960 

42,370

53,410

39,290

35,610 

33.250

31,460

30 290

28 890

27,600

65,770

65,970

39 950

34,780

47.870

36,530

9Q 9QO

25,220

19,460

21,340

?0,020

24 790

23,370 

23,470

21,340

16,970

18,730

16,940

17,8«0

18,740

24,030

21,290 

17,640

13,910

13,430

18,620

19,500 

13,600

May.

29,600

30,570

99 (i°o

28,080

26, 350

21,380

13.290

12,340

16,330

22,880

23,110

21 . 770

18,120

14,230

10,450

11 930

7 560

9^860

7.600

9,090

5, 140 

6,420

34,410

28,890

26,340

19,740

17,210

17,860

?4,290

20,720

17,520

15,730 

13.030

13,490

10, 480

10,530

8,410

5,560

8,420

9,640

12,390

8,990 

13,030

13,560

21,690

23,800

29,210 

19,250

17,820

June.

5,140

6,540

12,930

11,380

9,990 

9,110

9 930

13,900

10,000

10,120

7,830 

7,830

7,470

5,660

6,640

7,170

6,630

6,420

5,620

6,960

6,020

6 980

7,800

15,370

15,350

13,050

12,500

17,860

19,750

19,140

16,830

26, 140

20,390 

16,510

14,700

11,700

11.210

11,340

11,590

10,5.50

9,710

8,400

13,100

10,620 

10,160

10,200

33,940

21,870

15.370 

12,130

July.

9,080

8,350

4 090

7,940

7,330 

5,110

5,770

5,750

5,440

4,860

4,600

4,450

4,400

4,220

3,940

3,480

3,400

4,520 

5,740

12,200

12,670

13,200

10,310

10,990

9,890

10,470

9,850

8,880

9,510 

9,410

7,260

6,940

7,340

7,200

6,920

6,940

5,740

6,780

7,010

6,940

6,460 

6,230

4,870

4,500

5, 100

5, 170 

4,950

4,950

Aug.

6,480

5,270

2,410

3,890

3,170 

3,290

3,240

5,640

5,920 

5,410

5,010

3,840

4,630

4,060

3 900

3,120

3,800

3,530

1,840 

1,850

4,990

5,370

4,630

9,010

7,480

6,490

5,320

5,130

5,240

5,090 

5,730

5,850

3,860

3,980

1,890

3,740

3,440

2,640

2,300

5,950

12,670 

8,250

6,590

4,030

4, 130

4,150 

4,040

1,860

Sept.

1,470

4,760

4,270

3,910

3,640

3,630

3,040

1,140

2,870

3,120

2,790

3,070

3,650

3,700

1,700

d,370

3,090

2,830

1,910

2,800

2,560

750

3,160

3,160

2.800

2,810

2,420

2,380

790

3,010

3,190

4,120

4,060

3,280

3,740

4,090

1,580

3.500

4,040

4,000

7,540

5,850

5,390

3,430

7,570

5,860

5,180

4,140

4,100

4,100

2,410

4,730

4,530

4,180

3,990

3,820

4,020

2,060

3,950

4,100

Oct.

2,770

2,160

1,590

2,140

2,730

960

3,090

2.460

2, 740

2,390

2,470

2,380

670

3,050

6,430

6,680

5,060

4,360

4,230

1,870

2,810

2,830

2,340

2,920

2,960

3 ,,220

1,280

3,100

2,840

2,790

2,850

4,090

4,120

4,110

4,080

2,020

3,510

4,170

5,550

4,160

4,160

3,770

1,750

3,510

3,780

3,730

4,060

4.120

4,080

2,060

4,200

4,980

4,510

4,560

4,200

4,130

2,730

3,950

7,830

24,980

15,170 

10,830

Nov.

3,710

3,080

480

3 020

3^630

3,090

3,370

2,810

2,530

560

2,620

2,210

2,220

2,930

1,640

2,270

1,260

2,830

2,530

2,570

2,590

2,330

2,270

1,470

2,810

2,200

2.330

2,090

2,260

2,430

8,020

5,980

5,670

4,830

3,760

4,130

4,220

4,080

3,040

4,120

4,090

4,100

4,020

4,180

4,380

4,550

5,450

5,420

5,040

4,920

4,680

4,380

4,470

4,600

4,160

4,300

3,450

4,200

4,140

3,130

Dec.

170

2.580

2,630

2,310

2,540

2,410

1,990

230

2,480

2,470

3,080

4,060

4,220

4,220

10,300

151,000

46,750

29,730

19,870

11,770

6,380

5,230

3,980

6,480

8,110

7,520

7,100

6,360

3,740

4,600

4,920

4,100

4,080

4,090

4,070

3,390

4,070

1,020

3,710

3,190

3,580

2,900

4,090

3,990

2,350

3,990

3,970

6,930

5,150

5,480

4,900

3,420

4,710

6,220

6,900

5,460

5,160

5,150

4,660

5,000

4,540 

4.450
FLOW OF KENNEBEC EIVER AT WATERVILLE. 55

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kmnebec Hirer at Waterville Continued.

2,074

3,127

2,833

2,474

3,048

2,764
56 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Water rille Continued.

Day.

1905. 

1..........

9

3..........

4... .......

6..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16........

17.........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

99

30. .........

1906. 

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4.........

6...... ...

7.. ........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14...... .

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19.. .

20..........

21..........

99

23..........

24..........

25..........

26.......... 

27

28.......... 

29..........

30... ......

31..........

Jan.

2,116

2,256

3,421

2,847

2,737

2,545

2,872

2,094

3,699

3,912

3,659 

4,182

3,915

3,623

2,317

3,642

3,108

3,425

3,103

3,099

3,324

2,296

3,654

2,766

2,825

2,849

3,145

3,430

1,831

3,700

2,450

2,339

2,694

1,992

1,981

1,809

633

2,908

2,297

1,346

1,571

2,112

1,932

902

1,612

2,214

1,643

3,073

2,55,1 

2,779

1,487

2,805

2,804

8.171

8,208

7,833 

6,946

5,899 

5,917

5,091

3,500

Feb.

3,366

3, 125

3,422

2,868

2,123

3,225

2,956

2,569

2,556

2,484

2,553 

1,859

3,158

2,475

2,5o8

2,548

2,570

2,546

1.842

3,033

2,547

2,541

2,545

2,529

2,811

1,200

3,119

2,520

3,792

3,591

3,187

1,528

2,068

2,624

2,016

2,006

1,778

1,663

1,228

1,747

2,051

2, ,,28

2,068

2,024

2,029

609

2,589 

2,656

2,352

2,569

2,368

2,236

1,505

2,887 

2,851

2.865

Mar.

2,645

2,532

2,366

2,521

714

2,815

2,202

2,431

2,257

2,555

2,541

2,278

2,855

2,5uO

2,273

2,208

2,245

2,247

1,553

2,561

2,615

2,849

3,384

3,447

3,701

3,349

13,250

15,245

9(> 950

21,365

2,310

2,553

2,530

1,244

2, 368

2,595

9 039

2,776

2,018

1,623

1,214

2,550

2,849

2,006

2,244

1,795

1.714

906

2,565 

2,296

2,288

1,952

9,58

2,056 

1,923

2,465 

3,714

4,208

5,016

Apr.

32,125

22,278

16,278

14,471

10,854

11,303

25,578

19,498

15.715

12,342

12,394 

15,260

15,780

29,954

11,928

14,340

11,456

12,690

7,065

6,291

7,486

10,164

12,934

11,205

7,878

8,294

7,081

8,881

6,603

4,223

4,470

4,055

3 965

6,743

6,924

7,259

7,298

6,021

5,835

6,311

6,977

17,180

39,390

37,080

33.120

33,010 

32,910

28,860

31,370

28,910

22,690

21,210 

18,240

17,160 

19 900

20,340

May.

10,01)8

13,593

8,680

7,113

12,907

18,324

11,542

10,545

10,425

10,923

11,251 

9,696

8.440

9,109

9,559

8,699

10,196

11,441

14,315

14,279

9,711

8,788

10,174

11,269

8,403

11,298

10,583

10,120

8,241

8,153

8,202

20,350

24,520

25,210

26,380

25,030

24,980

23,770

23,100

20,390

22,770

34, 370

27,760

20,590

22,380

22,020

18,650

19,060

21,240

24,480 

23,670

20,980

19,980

18,410

17,090

14,430

16,890 

20,720

25,210 

25 890

9o'g80

19,080

June.

6,501

7,755

6,597

6,102

8,371

7,113

7,480

5,123

6,815

6,026

6,119 

6,780

7,333

9,251

8,493

7,386

6,071

5,548

5,881

6,678

6,108

7,433

6,678

6,325

5,109

6,017

6,633

6,739

6,672

5,845

16,920

14,430

15,800

16,380

14,770

14,920

21,450

20,350

21,030

18,150

18,510

15,520

19,130

14,710

12,920

11,260

10,810

5,326

6,479 

8,127

7 337

7,378

8,803

12 630

11,280

8,161 

5,374

9,272 

8,504

7 ' 967

July.

5,275

5,040

5,450

8,591

7,554

6,303

5,962

5,422

3,434

4,937

4,836

5,024

5,015

4,948

4,864

o,803

5,025

4,298

4,676

5,002

5,301

3,909

2,814

3,997

3,648

3,372

3,828

3,308

3,473

1,491

3,986

7,574

7,288

7,829

6,500

7,557

7,768

7,626

7,133

7,384

6,939

7,605

7,412

8,801

8,122

7,218

6,267

5,285

0,080

5,928

5,;-i55

5,303

4,3.37

5,515

f>,533

5,805

5,286

4,851

4,666

3,608

3,815

5,113

Aug.

5,114

4,108

4,401

4,018

3,496

2,030

3,962

2,940

3,133

3,397

2,810

3,048

100

3,909

3,030

3,310

3,345

3,8^2

2,819

2,642

3,653

3,344

3,372

2,998

2,922

2,955

1,528

3,635

3,087

3,054

3,161

5,240

4,753

4,502

4,286

3,457

4,630

4,219

3,057

3,884

3,884

4,180

2,159

3,377

3,326

2,993

3,836

3,350

3,069

2,386

3,761

3,081

2,783

3,010

H,o47

3,280

2,291

3,401

3,445

5,220

4,909

4,048

Sept.

3,077

2,406

100

3,363

3,912

4,603

4,350

4,015

3,904

2,348

3,590

3,071

3,055

2,813

2,990

2,998

1,828

2,466

3,010

4,286

2,930

3,663

3,937

1,370

3,636

3,169

2,802

2,503

2 206

142

3,035

3,041

4,089

3,667

3,099

3,719

2,654

3,419

1,812

3,481

3,306

2,999

1,850

3,848

2,939

1,195

2,688

2 299

2^114

2,393

2,421

2.131

901

2,088

1,788

2,081

1,812

2,071

1,758

588

Oct.

2, ,590

2,205

2,433

2,080

1,852

1,598

2,143

100

1,813

2,089

2,229

1,879

1,875

1,681

141

2,478

2,428

2,432

2,351

1,817

1,836

100

1,118

1,555

2,397

1,903

1,687

1,930

100

1,645

2,484

1,184

1,794

2,105

1,842

1,790

1,810

873

1,836

1,809

2,154

9,178

7,152

5,317

o,645

3,873

2,710

2,402

1,988

1,863

2,257

1,815

3,959

3,672

3,609

3,916

8,360

8,608

8,068

7,321

5,678

5,049

Nov.

2,113

2,252

1,965

1,952

100

1,900

2,867

2,830

3,067

3,113

2,843

1,825

3,059

2,514

2,810

1,957

2,011

2,840

1,838

2,840

2,243

2,390

1,913

1,983

1,450

1,216

3,452

2,843

2,547

2,378

3,863

3.541

2,702

2,711

3,858

3,278

2.673

2,662

2,989

3,032

2,118

3,804

3,613

3,809

3,272

3,587

3,261

2,091

3,278

4,066

4,490

4,490

4,734

4,482

3,055

3,800

3 837

3,827

2,375

3,543

Dec.

2,809

2,524

1,485

2,814

3,932

3,085

3,133

2,784

2,835

1,202

2,499

2,197

1,639

1,735

1,786

1,520

1,166

1,308

1 327

1J690

1,713

2,221

1,748

914

2,050

1,930

1,996

2,025

2,620

2,062

1,212

2,634

1,075

2,430

2,214

1,899

1,928

1 450

1,413

1,854

2,713

2,654

2,727

2,623

2,732

2,703

2,700

2,668

2,439

2,785

2,776

2 406

2i350

1,870

3,880

2,444

4,105

3,606

3,543

3,292

2,125

2 QQQ , yyo
FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE.

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville, 

[Drainage area 4.270 square miles.]

57

Month.

1893.

May. ..........................................

July..........................................

1894.

July..........................................

December

1895.

February

July.........................................

1896.

July..........................................

1897.

April..........................................

Mav............ .............................

Julv...... ............ . .... ................

December

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum.

5,000 

3,000 

11,300 

19, 800 

83,500 

23,500 

11.230 

2,430 

2,680 

4,000 

3,980 

2,780

1,900 

2,100 

2,300 

3,600 

13,600 

11,000 

2,240 

1,940 

1,710 

1,440 

1,980 

1,440

83. 500 1, 440

1.910

1,910 

6.660 

35, 280 

15,650 

12, 930 

10,020 

3,305 

12,100 

9,040

10,510 

2,600

35,280

2,510 

2,440 

2,770 

86, 200 

16,170 

9,820

5,040 

5,090 

2,870 

1,590 

15, 900 

26, 6/0

86, 200

21,880 

4,630 

111,250 

74,470 

30,880 

11,000 

11,680 

4,740 

7,980 

8,960 

29,860 

8,050

111,250

18,504 

6,225 

6,345 

66,907 

41,284 

18,204 

55,634 

13,656 

9,689 

6,323 

13,399 

14,005

1,470 

1,740 

1,740 

4,370 

5,840 

3,710 

3,345 

2,294 

467 

1,655 

1,440 

904

Mean.

2,650 

2,350 

4.180 

11,660 

30, 520 

15,290 

5,770 

2.270 

2,040 

2,330 

2,230 

1.580

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.621 

.550 

.980 

2.73 

7.14 

3.58 

1.35 

.531 

.478 

.545 

.522 

.370

Depth in 

inches.

0.46 

.57 

1.13 

3.05 

8.23 

3.99 

1.56 

.61 

.53 

.63 

.58 

.43

6,906 1.62 21.78

1,640 

1,780 

4,020 

14,680 

9,570 

7,790 

5,720 

2,970 

2,740 

3,750 

3,760 

1,930

467 5, 030

1,135 

579 

1,252 

2,176 

4,868 

4,497 

2,096 

857 

1,104 

1,081 

1,081 

1.105

2,040 

1,800 

2,000 

23,930 

9,580 

6, 430 

3, 520 

2,690 

1,780 

1,250 

5,610 

6,030

.384 

.417 

.940 

3.43 

2.24 

1.82 

1.34 

.696 

.641 

.878 

.881 

.452

1.18

.477 

.421 

.467 

5.60 

2.24 

1.50 

.824 

.630 

.417 

.292 

1.31 

1.41

579 5,555 l.?0

1,568 

1,292 

3,239 

4,998 

3,192 

3,855 

3,335 

1.625 

1,733 

2,016 

3,238 

1,489

1,292

1,650 

2,302 

2,007 

6,334 

10,818 

7,399 

5,218 

4,000 

2,801 

967 

1,889 

2,541

4,300 

2,830 

13,140 

27,400 

17,050 

5,520 

5,330 

3,150 

3,410 

3,660 

9,060 

2,750

8,130

3,587 

3,705 

. 3,970 

25,385 

26,942 

12,970 

13,115 

7,298 

4,595 

2,635 

5,702 

5,331

66,907 967 9,588

1.01 

.663 

3.07 

6.42 

3.99 

1.29 

1.25 

.738 

.799 

.857 

2. 12

1.90

.839 

.868 

.929 

5.94 

6.30 

3.04 

3.07 

1.71 

1.07 

.617 

1.33 

1.25

2.25

.44 

.43 

1.08 

3.83 

2.58 

2.03 

1.54 

.80 

.72 

1.01 

.98 

.52

15.97

.55

.44 

.54 

6.25 

2.58 

1.67 

.95 

.73 

.47 

.34 

1.46 

1.62

17.58

1.16 

72 

3! 54 

7.16 

4.60 

1.44 

1.44 

.85 

.89 

.99 

2.36 

.74

2,".. 89

.97 

.90 

1.07 

6.63 

7.26 

3.39 

3.54 

1.97 

1.19 

.71 

1.48 

1.44

30.55
58 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville Continued.

Month.

1898.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean.

Run-off.

January...................................... 5,434

Februa ry..................................... 4,387

March.........--..-.--..--....---... ....... 27,432

April.......... ..... ......................... 52,119

May.......................................... 36,372

June.......................................... 14,341

July.......................................... 5,464

August....-.....---. ........................ 4,432

September.................................... 5,443

October....................................... 15,319

November.................................... 10,037

December..................................... 3,752

The yea r................................ 52,119

1899.

January...................................... 2,757

February..................................... 3,362

March........................................ 6,820

April.......................................... 45,795

May........---.-.-.--..----.---..-.-----..-.. 41,756

June.......................................... 13,044

July.......................................... 6,509

August.......-..-.-...-.-.....-.....--....... 5,195

September.................................... I 2,635

October....................................... I 1,969

November.................................... 4,109

December..................................... 5,223

The year................................ 45,724

1900.

January...................................... 6,851

February..................................... 23,971

March.."..................................._.. 20,538

April........-.-..---.-...-.-..--..-....-...... 62,291

May.............-.-.-...-.-..-..-...-..--.... 52,268

June........-...--.-.-..----..-..-...-........ 25,091

July........-.-..---...---.-..-...-........... 12,281

August....-....-.-.----..-.--.---...---...--. 5,601

September.................................... 4,238

October....................................... 4,190

November.................................... 17,580

December..................................... 6,540

The year................................ 02,291

IfKll.

January...................................... 4,040

February..................................... 3,000

March........................................ 13,340

April.......................................... 76,590

May.......................................... 30,570

June...... ...-.....-.--.-.....--............. 15,250

July.....-.--....----.------..---..-.--.-..--- 9,080

August.....-...------.-..-.--... ............ 6,480

September.................................... 4,760

October....-.--........-.....-. ..............' 6,680

November................................. .. 3,710

December..................................... 151,000

The year................................! 151,000

1902.

January...................................... 10,510

February.....................................' 4.840

March........................................ 57,970

April.......................................... 47,870

May......-..-..-..-.-..----.-.-.............. 34,410

Jiui3........................................... 33,940

July.......................................... 13,200

August....................................... 12,670

September................................... 7,570

October....................................... 24,980

November.................................. 8,020

December..................................... 6,930

The year................................ 57,970

1,738

2,133

4,094

6,563

14,611

4,326

1,745

913

1,437

961

2,758

1,723

3,213

3,402

11,287

29,833

25,120

9,983

3,908

3,133

2,618

4,047

5,178

2,620

913 8,695

1,245

1,420

1,960

6,017

11,480

5,673

2,500

1,089

246

406

1,390

747

246

656

1,615

4,373

8,381

14,113

5,015

2,344

1,016

1,635

859

1,502

1,895

2,357

2,363

3,218

24,006

21,303

8,821

5,077

-3,302

1,854

1,274

2,252

2,741

2,384

9,050

9,153

28,473

28,272

10,033

5,791

4,173

2,807

3,065

6,376

4,096

9,473

1,880

I,430 

700

II,600

5,140

5,140

2,810

1,840

750

670

480

170

3,176

2,489

4,805

41,130

15,169

8,235

5,122

4,178

2,821

2,925

2,405

11,910

170 8,697

900

2,100

11,790

13,430

5,560

8,400

4,500

1,860

1,580

1,750

3,040

1,020

900

3,856

3,800

28,768

22,191

16,873

15,260

7,840

5,057

4,218

5,255

4,517

4,346

10,165

Sec.-ft.per 

sq. mile.

0. 752

.797

2.64

6.98

5.88

2.34

.917

.733

.613

.947

1.21

.613

2.03

.552

.553

.754

5.62

4.98

2.06

1.19

.773

.434

.298

.527

.641

.557

2.12

2.14

6.66

6.62

2.35

1.35

.977

.657

.718

1.49

.959

2.22

.743 

.583

1.13

9.63

3.55

1.93

1.20 

.979 

.660 

.685 

.563-

2.79

Depth in

inches.

0.87

.83

3.04

7.79

6.78

2.61

1.06

.85

.68

1.09

1.35

.71

2.04

.903

.889

6.73

5.19

3.95

3.57

1 83

1.18

.988

1.23

1.06

1.02

2.38

27.65

.64

.58

.87

6.27

5.74

2.30

1.37

.34

.59

.74

20.81

.64

2.21

2.47

7.43

7.63

2.64

1. 55

1.13

.74

.83

1.66

1.11

30.04

.86

.61

1.30

10.74

4.09

2.15

1.38

1.13

.74

.79

.63

3.21

27.58

1.04

.93

7.76

5.79

4.55

3.98

2.11

1.36

1.10

1.42

1.18

1.18
FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOU. 59

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville Continued.

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Month.

January... 

February.. 

March.....

April.......

May.......

Tune.......

July.......

August....

September. 

October....

November. 

December..

Maximum. Minimum. Mean.

6,o77 2,061 , 4,011

4.486

35, 732

23,662

12,725

30,050

9,018

5,624

3,697

3,984

2,845

3,825

2,003

6,069

5,531

2,098

2,397

2,445

672

115

100

115

3,980

19,395

16,465

7,255

6,691

5,227

3,875

2,503

1,922

1,468

100 1,389

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.938

.932

4.54

3.85

1.70

1.57

1.22

.907

.586

.450

.344

.325

Depth in 

inches.

1.08

.97

5.23

4.30

1.96

1.75

1.40

1.04

.65

.52

.38

.37

The year. 35.732 100 6,182 1.45 19.66

191)4.

February ..................................... 1,891

March .:.............................-.-.....- 1 1 , 380

April ...................................... 36,110

May .......................................... 37, 840

June. ......................................... 14, 460

July .......................................... 8,263

December. .................................... 3, 462

l!K)o.

March ........................................ 26,230

April.........-.....-......-..--.-....-.-.--..- 32,120

May ...................................... 18,320

June.......................................... 9,251

Julv......... ............. .................... 8,591

September. .................................. 4, 603

October. ...................................... 2, 478

December. .................................... 3,932

The year. ............................... 32, 120

WOO.

April. ......................................... 39, 390

May .......................---------.-.-...- 34,370

June.......................................... 21,450

July ..........-....--.-....--..-.---.-.-.-.... 8,801

December ..................................... 4, 105

The vear ................................ 39 , 390

100

100

100

6,770

8,277

4,670

2,941

2,950

2,610

2.768

658

100

100

1,831

1,200

714

6,291

7,113

5,109

1,491

100

100

100

100

914

100

633

609

906

3,965

14,430

o,326

3,668

2,159

588

873

2,091

1,075

588

975

921

3,786

14,960

20,716

8,286

5,360

4,705

4,283

4,704

3,371

2,756

6,235

3,082

2,630

5,249

13,500

10,520

6,699

4,668

3,198

2,974

1,767

2,306

2,063

4,888

3,212

2,279

2,290

17,200

22,290

12,790

6,309

3,665

2,530

3,797

3,428

2,550

6,862

.228

.216

.886

3.50

4.85

1.94

1.25

1.10

1.00

1.10

.789

.645

1.46

.721

.615

1.23

3.16

2.46

1.57

1.09

.748

.696

.413

.540

.483

1.14

.752

.534

.536

4.03

5.22

3.00

1.48

.858

.593

.889

.803

.597

1.61

l.(

3.<

5.,

9

i.i.: i.! '

.

19.

.

.

1.

3.

2.

1.

1.

.

15.

.

4.

6.

3.

1.

.

1.

.

21

.69

MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD.

This station was established September 7, 1902, by N. C. Grover. 

It is located 4 miles west of Kineo, near the village of Rockwood and 

2 miles from the mouth of the river. It is reached by steamer or rowboat from Kineo. Water is stored by dams at the outlets of several 

of the lakes and ponds in the basin above, but all of such stored water 

is used for log driving. The stage of the river changes very slowly 

3697 IRR 198 07 5
60 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

after the end of the log-driving season. Practically all of the land 

areas in this basin are in forest.

The channel is straight above and below the station and is about 

220 feet wide at ordinary stages. The banks are high and rocky; 

the bed of the stream is rocky and permanent; the current is swift 

at high and medium at low stages.

Discharge measurements are made from a car suspended from a 

steel cable or by wading at low stages a short distance downstream. 

The initial point for soundings is on the right bank 1 foot from a 

birch tree, to which the cable and tag line are fastened.

Gage readings are made twice each day by Peter Calfaghan. A 

standard chain gage is attached to trees on the bank, and at different 

times temporary staff gages have been placed in the vicinity of the 

chain gage for use during low water and in winter. All gages are 

referred to the following bench mark: A copper bolt in a bowlder 8 

feet from the corner of the house of Peter Callaghan; elevation, 14.58 

feet above the datum of the gages.

Values of monthly means, as given below, for this station are con-' 

sidered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow. Daily discharges are 

liable to somewhat larger errors, particularly below gage height 1.7 feet.

A view of this station and gage is shown in PI. II, A (p. 26).

Discharge measurements of Moose River near Rockwood.

Gage Disheight. charge.Gage Disheight. charge.

1903.

Sec.-ft.

385 

1,168

498 

198 

176

1905. 

May 21 ..........................

1906. 

November 13 ...................

Feet. 

6.41 

3.58 

2.02 

1.56 

1.72

Sec.-ft. 

3,460 

950 

280 

111 

161

3.25

a By wading 200 feet below cable. '< By wading 150 feet below cable. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River near Rockwood.

Day.

1902.0

3. ...............

4... .............

9

10................

12................

13. ...... ........ .

14................

16................

Sept.

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.75

2.9

Oct.

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.45

3.4

 } A

3.5

3.5

3.45

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

Nov.

4.0 4.<;

4.5

4.35

4 *3

4.2

4.05

3.9

3.85

3.8

3.8

3.8

Dec.

3.5

3.4

3.35

3.25

3.15

3.1

3.0

2.95

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

Day.

1902. 

17...............

18...............

19-.-....-.......

20...............

21...............

99

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

 31 ....... . .

Sept.

2.95

2.9

9 9

3.1

3.4

3.7

0 0

3.8

3.8

3.75

3.7

3.7

3.65

3.0

Oct.

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.3

3.4

0 JC

0 C

3.5

3.5

3.45

3.4

3.5

4.05

4.45 

4.0

Nov.

3.9

3.9

3 9

3.9

3.9

3 9

3.9

3.9

3.85

3.8

3.75

3.7

3.65

3.6

Dec.

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

9 cc

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2 9

9 9

2.9

a A number of 1902 gage heights, as previously published, were slightly in error and have been corrected 

in the above table to agree with observer's original record.
FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER KEAR ROCK WOOD. 61

Daily gage height, in,feel, of Moose I\ivcr near Rockwood Continued.

Bay. Jan. F(

1903. 

1.... ........... &2.8 ...

2............... '2.7 ...

3............... 2.8 ...

4....-......--.. 2.7 ...

5............... 2.8 ...

ti...... ......... 2.7'...

7............... 2.8 ...

8............... 2.7 ....

10............... 2.0 ...

12............... ....... ..

13............... ....... ...

14............... ..........

15............... ..........

10............... ..........

Yl...... ......... ....... ...

18............... .......... '19

20............... ....... .

21........-.-.,.. . _

22............... .........

23. ........... .

24............... .....

25............... .........

26...............

27...............

28............... ..........

29............... ..........

30...............

31............... . .

1904.0 

1......... ..

2............

3....... . .

4. . .

5. .... . .

o. . .

7....

8............

9...............

10............... ..

11............... ..

12............

13............... .. .

14............

15............. . .

16............

17...............'. .

18............. .

19................... .

20............. ' .

22............... ..... . .

23............

24............... . .

25............

26.. ...........

27

28............... ..........

29............... ..........

30............... ....... ...

31............... ..........

>b. Mar. Apr. May.

. ... ....... 6.95 5.65

........... 0.4 .......

........... i 0.5 .......

........... ..6.3 .......

........... (i. 1 .......

........... (i.15 .......

........... 6.25 .......

........... 6.1 .......

.... ....... 6.2 .......

. ... ....... 6.2 .......

C DC

.45 5.5 .......

A K. 4r

0 45

.................. 6. 8

.................. 7. 05

.................. 7. 0

.................. 7. 45

................. 7. 2

....'....... ....... 7.15

........... 3. 6 9. 0

........... 4. 05 7. 8

........... 4. 1 7. 55

.......... 4. 1 7. 15

........... 4.2 6.75 

........... 4. 2 6. 5

........... 4. 2 6. 4

........... 4. 4 0. 2

........... 4.65 5.9

. ... ! ....... 5. 2 5. 35

...'....... 5.45 5.2

.......... 5. 75 4. 95

.......... a 1 4. 95

................. 4. 85

Juno.

' 4.5 

4. 45 

4 15 

4.15

4 45 

4.6 

4.85 

4.95 

4.9

4.95 

5. 15 

4.95 

4.7 

4. 55

4.35 

4.15 

4.0 

4.0

4.55 

4. 55 

4.0

4.5 

4.45 

4.45 

4.5 

4. 1

July.

2.7

2.0 

2.7 

2.6

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

2.6

2.5 o -

 > ~

2.65

'' 05

2.55

2.5

'' 7

3.9 

3. 85 

4.0 

4.1 

4.0

3.9 

3. 75 

3.65 

3. ,-> 

3.4

3. 35 

3.25 

3.3 

3.25 

3.2

3.1

3. 05 

2.9 

2.8 

2.6

2.5 

2.4 

2.3 

2,3 

2.3

2.3 

2.35 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4

Aug.

2.95 

2.9 

3.0 

2.9 

2.9

2.8 

2.85 

2.7 

2.7 

2.0

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.5 

2.55

2.4 

2.5

2.4

2.65

2.75

2.75

2.25

2.3

2.1

2.2

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2. 4 

2.3

2.2 

2.2 

2.1 

2.1 

2.05

2. 1 

2.2 

2.2 

2.3 

2. 4

2.4 

2.4 

2.3 

2.3 

2. 35

2.4 

2.55 

2.0 

2.6 

2.0

2.0 

2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.35 

2.3

Sept.

2.2 

2.05 

2.1 

2.0 

2.1

2.0 

2.05 

1.9 

2.0 

1.85

1.9 

1.8 

1.9 

1.8 

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.45

2.2 

2.25 

2.3 

2. 45 

2.75

2.95 

3.0 

3.0 

2.95 

2.9

2.9 

2.85 

2.8 

2.8 

2.85

' 3. 1 

3. 35 

3. 4 

3.0

ao

3. 65 

3.7 

3.7 

3.7 

3.85

3.95 

4.1 

4.2 

4.2 

4.4

Oct.

1.5 

1.4 

1.5 

1.4 

1.5

1.4 

1.5 

1.4

1.5 

1.4

1.5 

1.4 

1.5 

1.4 

1.5

1.4 

1.5

1.4

1 5

Nov.

1.5 1.4" 

1.5 

1.4 

1.5

1.5 

1.6 

1.5 

1.6 

1.5

1.65 

1.6 

1.7 

1.6 

1.7

"1.6 

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.5 1.8

1.4 1.6

1.5 1.7

1.4 1.6

1.5 1.6

1.6

1.5

1.55

1.4

1.5

4.0 

4.95 

5.0 

5.0 

4.95

4.9 

4.8 

4.7 

4.55 

4.5

4.4 

4.3 

4.3 

4.25 

4.15

4.05 

3.95 

3.9 

3.8 

3. 7

a 7

3.8 

3.9 

4.0

ag

3.9 

3.9 

3.8 

3.8 

3.7 

3.7

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.5

3.05 

3.0 

3.5 

3.5 

3.4

3. 4 

3.3 

3.3 

3.2 

3. 1

3.05 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0

3.0 

2.9

2.8 

2.8 

2.8

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.7 

2.7

2.7 

2.7 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6

Dec.

1.6 

1.5 

1.6 

1.5 

1.6

1.5 

1.6 

1.5 

1.0 

1.55

1.7 

1.6 

1.7

1.6 

1.55

1.3

2.0 

2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4

2.4 

2.4 

2.3 

2.25 

2.2

«1903 and 1904 gage heights corrected in the above table on account of an error in gage datum found 

May 20, 1905. Hence the above gage heights do not agree with those previously published. 

* River frozen January 11 to March 20 and December 17-31, 1903.
62 WATER RESOURCES OK KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feel, of J/or>se Rivo' near Rockirood Continued.

Pay. Jan.

1905.o

9

(i

-

10. .....................

12............... .......

13............... .......

14............... .......

i g

19

23............... .......

21............... .......

99

25............... .......

9f,

28............... .......

29.. '30

190<>.<

2............. 1.8

3............. . 1.8

6 19

7............... 1.9

8............ 1.9

9........... . 1.9

10............. 1.8

11............... 1.7

12............... 1.7

13. .............. 1. 7

15..... .......... 1.7

17............... 1.7

18......... .. 1.7

19............. . 1.7

22............... 1.7

23. ..... . 

24......... . . .....

25.

 27............ 2.0

28. .............. 2. 0

29............... 2.1

30............... 2.2

31............... 2.2

Fol>.

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.4 

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2 

2.1 

2.1

9 1

2. 1

Mar.

2.1

2.0

1.9

1 9

1 9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6 

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

Apr.

4. 95

5.0

5. 15

5. 3

5.4

5. 5

5. 65 

5, 8

5. 15

5. 35

5. 35

5. 45

5. 6

5.8

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.8

2.25 

2.45

2.65

3 9

4.8

5.3 

5.5

5.85

6.0

6.55

6.6

May.

6. 45

6.6

6. 85

0.85

6 9

6. 85

6.7

6. 6 

6. 35

6. 5

6. 15

5.9

5 45

5.3

6. 65

0.85

7.2

8.0

8.0

8.0

8.2

8.55

8.6

0 =

8.3

8.2 

8.3

8.2

8.2

8.1

7. 6 

7.15 

6.85

6.4

6.45

(i. 05

June.

4.75

4.6

4.5

4.65

4.9

5.0

5.2

5. 1

5.1

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.3

4.3

4.3

4.25

4.2

5.85

5.5

5.2

5.25

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.35

5.5

5.65

5.6

5.2 

5.35

5.25 

5.05

4.75

4.5

4.45

4.5 

4.5 

4.45

425

42

4.05

3.9

3.8

July.

4.1

4.0

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.35

3. 25 

3.2

0 1

3.0

2.95

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.2

3.35

3.45

3.5

3.4

3.3 

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.1

3.1 

3. 05 

3.0

2.95

2.9

2.85

2.75

2.7

Aug.

2

r^

9 ^

2.3

2.3

9 9

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2. 1

2.0

2.5

2.4

9 3

2 9

9 9

2.15

2.1

2.0

1.95 

1 9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.9 

1.9 

1 9

1.8

1 9

1 9

1.9

1 9

1 9

Sept.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.05

2. 1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9 

1.9

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.9

1.9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1 9

1.8

1.85

2.0

1 9

1.95

2.0

2.05

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

9 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

Oct.

1.8

1 S

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2. 1

2.6

2 9

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0 

3.1

1, 9

3.8

40

40

4.0

Nov.

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

( b )

1.8

1.8

1.8

1 S

1 ft

1.8-

1.8

1.8

1.8

3.9

0 Q

3 9

'} Q

3 8

o 7

3.7

3.6

3.55

o 4

3.4

o q

0 O

3.3

3.2

3 2

3.1

0 1

3 0

3 0

3.2 

3.2 

2.5

2 2

3.35

3.3

Dec.

1 s

1.8

1 9

1 9

1.9

1.9

1 9

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

1.9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

3 0

'} A

3.0

0 A.

 ? fl

2 9

2 9

2.9

2.9

3.0

2.9 2 9

2 9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6 

2.6 

2.6

,2.7

a River frozen January 1 to April 2, 1905.

6 November 14-16, 1905, gage heights omitted, owing to backwater, due to ice.

c Gage reader reported no ice near the gage during the winter season 1905-6, with the exception of some 

along the banks of the river, 5 or 6 feet from the gage. Discharge affected by anchor ice December, 

1906. River frozen over at the gage December 7; ice 0.4 foot thick December 9, 1906.
FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. 63

Ralinf/table for Moose Rioer near Bockwood from September .' ,, 1902, to December 31,1906.<

Gage Disheight. charge.

Feet. 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.70 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

2.20 

2.30 

2.40 

2. 50

Scc.-ft. 

70

130

154

180

208

238

270

303

338

375

414

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3. 60 

3. 70 

3. SO

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

454 

496 

539 

584 

631 

681 

733 

788 

846 

906 

968 

1,032 

1.098

Gage Disheight. charge.

Feet. 

3. 90 

4.00 

4. 10 

4.20 

4.30 

4.40 

4. ,">0 

4.60 

4.70 

4.80 

4.90 5. oo

5. 20

Sec.-ft. 

1,166 

1,236 

1,308 

1,382 

1,459 

1,538 

1,620 

1,703 

1,788 

1,875 

1,964 

2,055 

2.240

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

6.20 

6.40 

6.60 

6.80 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9. 00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,432 

2,629 

2,830 

3,035 

3,245 

3, 455 

3,670 

3,890 

4,110 

4,685

a- Tills table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 11 discharge measurements 

made during 1902-1906. It is well denned between gage heights 1.5 fret and 6.5 feet.

Monthly discharge of Moose Rirer near Rockicood. 

[Drainage area, 680 square miles.]

Discharge in second-feei. Run-off.

Month.

1902.

September 4-30. 

October........

November.....

December......

January 1-10..............

March 21-31...............

April......................

July 7-31..................

August...................

September................

October...................

November................

December 1-Hi............

1904.6 

April 10-30................

May......................

June (27 days)............

July.......'................

August...................

September................

October...................

November................

December 1-10............

1905.1- 

April 3-30.................

May......................

June......................

July......................

August...................

September................

October...................

November 1-13, 17-30. 

December.................

Maximum. I Minimum. Mean.

1,098

1,703

1,703

906

3,140

6,500

2,194

1,308

454

1,538

2,055

1,000

454

2,932

4,000

2,240

1,308

434

270

180

180

375

733

968

539

454

2,679

2,432

375

270

88

154

1,920

1,236

338

254

303

1.032

454

303

1,382

2,102

1,382

454

238

180

108

108

180

682

919

1,237

652

513

3,874

3,061

454

462

184

101

131

124

1,492

4,026

1,646

704

358

801

1,420

649

370

2,353

3,189

1,742

795

287

220

147

158

214

Depth in

1.00

1.35

1.82

.959

.754

5.70

4.50

.668

.679

.271

.149

.193

.182

2.19

5.92

2.42

1.04

.526

1.18

2.09

.954

. 544

3.46

4.69

2.56

1.17

.422

.324

.216

.232

.315

1.00

1.56

2.03

1.11

.28

2.33

5.02

.62

.78

.30

.17

.22

.11

1.71

6.82

2.43

1.20

.61

1.32

2.41

1.06

.20

3.60

5.41

2.86

1.35

.49

.36

.25

.23

.36

a River frozen January 11 to March 20 and December 17-31, 1903. 

b River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 11-31, 1904.

c River frozen January 1 to April 2, 1905. Discharge interpolated on days when gage heights were 

not read, except November 14-16.
64 WATER RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Monthly discharge of Moose River near Rockicood Continued.

Discharge in second-feet- Run-off.

Month.

1900.

July................................

Maximum. Minimum.

.........' 303

......... 454

......... 270

......... 3.670

......... 6,000

......... 2,881

......... 1,065

......... 454

......... 270

.......... 1,236

......... 1. 166

......... 631

......... 6,000

154 

270 

88 

108 

3,088 

1,098 

496 

180 

180 

270 

303 

454

88

Mean.

191 

370 

155 

1,040 

4,786 

2,052 

744 

264 

255 

592 

826 

548

985

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.281 

.544 

.228 

1.53 

7.04 

3. 02 

1.09 

.388 

.375 

.871 

1.21 

.806

1.45

Depth in

inches.

0.32 

.57 

.26 

1.71 

8.12 

3.37 

1.26 

.45 

.42 

1.00 

1.35 

.93

19.76

a Discharge interpolated January 23-25, 1906. 

i> Discharge interpolated February 12-15, 1906.

c Discharge extrapolated December 28-31, 1900. Discharge values for December, 1906, slightly in 

excess of their true value owing to ice conditions.

MISCELLANEOUS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS IN MOOSE RIVER

BASIN.

The following miscellaneous discharge measurements were made in 

Moose River basin in 1905:

Miscellaneous discharge measurements made in Moose Hirer drainage basin in 1905.

Date.

Aug. 11 

Aug. 12

Aug. 12

Oct. 30

Oct. 31

Oct. 31

Hydrographer.

II. K. Barrows.

.....do.........

.....do.........

¥. E. Pressey..

.....do.........

.....do. ........

.....do.... . ..

Stream.

Miseree Stream.. .

.....do............

Stream.

Locality.

2 mile above Brassua Lake.

Brassua Lake.

Brassua Lake 

and about 4 

miles above 

Brassua Lake.

Pond.

Wood Pond. 

.....do.............

Pond.f

Width

Ft. 

15

QO

82

'?

11

55

c

S o

«t< g

Sq.ft.

4.64

4.06

57

.26

3.1

49

+J

33 'o

<ii ,2, %>

Ft. per 

sec. 

0.92

1 ''3

.35

1.23

1.51

w;S

«-3

O^

Feet. 

« 2. 12

a 2. 12

61,157.24

61, 157. 24

61,157.24

61,157.28

.g,

 sj

C-15 hi 0

Sec.-ft. 

4.25

5.02

241

64

.09

3.8

74

« Probable gage height at Rockwood gage. 

i> Altitude above sea level.

c Measurement made in rapids; bed very rough, and measurement, considered not good; 0.42 inch 

rain fell at Jackman during night of Ocober 31.

ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER.

Roach River, which has a total drainage area of 120 square miles, 

enters Moosehead Lake from the east. Its basin is completely forested. Dams at the outlets of several ponds control the flow of the 

river. The gage is located about 100 feet downstream from the 

lowest of these dams, at which point the river is so completely under
FLOW OF KOACH EIVER AT EOACH EIVEB. 65

control that the stage does not vary perceptibly for weeks at a time. 

Impounded water is used for log driving.

This station was established November 10, 1901, by N. C. Grover. 

It is located near the village of Roach River, and is reached from 

Greenville Junction by stage or steamer, or from Kineo by steamer.

The channel is straight and about 60 feet wide. Both banks are 

high and rocky. The bed of the stream is rocky and permanent. 

The current is moderate.

Discharge measurements are made by wading or from a canoe at a 

section 140 feet downstream from the gage.

The gage, which is read twice each day by C. H. Sawyer, is a vertical rod spiked to the timber retaining wall on the right bank' of the 

stream. It is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A cross cut in 

the highest timber of the crib to which the gage is spiked; elevation, 

8.84 feet. (2) A circular chisel draft marked "B. M." on the highest 

point of a bowlder near a cottage on the left bank about opposite the 

dam; elevation, 12.57 feet. Elevations refer to the datum of the 

gage.

Estimates 1901 to 1903 have been revised, the computations being 

based on the 1904-5 rating table; 1904 and 1905 estimates remain as 

previously published.

Values for monthly means as given below are considered to be 

within 5 per cent of the true flow, except for November, 1905, which 

may be more than 20 per cent in error. Daily discharges may be in 

error considerably more than 5 per cent, particularly below gage 

height 2.5 feet, since the gage heights were read to tenths only and 

the discharge is very small.

Discharge measurements of Ronch Hirer nt Roach River.

Date.

19012.

P Do............. . .. ....

Do..........................

Do..........................

(5 age 

height.

Feet.

2.30

Disc'liarge.

Sec. -ft.

200

May 22 a

Do

May 23 a 

Novem 

Do

" From canoe about 100 feet below gage. 

b By wading about 200 feet below gage.

Date.

190.1.

a

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3. 59

1 9*>

1.90

Discharge.

Sec.-fl.

718

1 000 '.-)24

3.4
66 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River.

Day

1901.

9

3.................................

4.................................

5.................................

7.................................

8.................................

9. ............................. ...

11.................................

12.................................

13.................................

15.................................

Nov.

2.2

2.2

2.2

2

0"

2.3

Dec.

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

9 55

Dav.

1901. 

17.................................

18.................................

19.................................

20.................................

21.................................

99

93

24.................................

25.................................

27 ................................

28.................................

99

31.. ..............................

Nov.

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

3

0

Dec.

3.5

3

r

3.5

3 5

3 OF;

3 0

3

*>K

3 65

3.4

2 QC

9 o

9 S

2

0

Day.

1902. 

1...............

3. .............

5............... 

6...............

7...............

8............... 

9...............

10........-....--

11...............

12 .. .......

13............... 

14............... 

15...............

16............... 

17...............

18. .............. 

19...............

20............... 

21. ..............

22...............

93

24................

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1903.0 

1............

2............... 

3.. ...... .

4............

5...............

6............ .

7...............

8...............

P

10...............

11...............

12............... 

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.6

2.6 

2.6

2.9

2.9 

2.9 

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9 

2.9

2.9

2 9

2.9

2.9 

2.9

9 q

O 1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

Feb.

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.8 

2.6

2.6 

2 6

2.f>

2.6 

2.6

9 g

2.6

2.6

2.0

2.6

2 0

2.2 

2.2

2

O

2

0

2

0

2.2

Mar.

2.6

2 G

2.85

3.0

3. 15 

3.2

3.2

3.15 

3.0 

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0 

3.0 

3.0

3.0 

3.1

3.4 

3.5

4.5 

5.35

4 0

3.95

4.2 

3.9

2.2

2.3

2.3 

2.?

2.2 

2.2

2

0

2.2

2 9

2.2

2.6

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.9

3.9

Apr.

2.3

2.3

2.3

3.7.5 

5.15

5.1

2.3 

5.1

3. 75

5.2

3. 75

3. 75 

5.2 

3.75

3. 75 

5 2

5.2 

2.3

3.75 

3.75

4.9

4.9

5.3

5.25

2.3

4.9

c 9

5.2 

2.2

2 9

9 9

9 2

2.2

3.8

3.8

3.S

3.8

5.8

5.6

May.

3.8

5.4

3.8

5.4 

3.8

3.8

2.2

5.5

2.2

5.5

3.85 

3.85 

2 9

5.5

3

0-

2.2

2 9

2.2

3.85

5.5

5.5

5.5

3.5

3 AC

2 f\

2.6 

2.1

2.1 

2.1

9 1

2.1

2

1

5.4 

5.4

5.4

5.4

2.1 

2.1

2.1

June.

2.5

2

K

2.5

2.5

2.5 

2.5

2

K

2.5 

3.0 

3.0

3.0

3 A

3.0 

3.0

2 A

2.6

9 g

2.6 

2.6

2.6 

2.6

2

0

2.8

2.8

2

0

2.8

2

0

2.S

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5 A

5.0

5.0

2.0

2.0

July.

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2

0

2.8 

2.8 

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2

0

2.8

2

Q

2.8 

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2

Q

2

0

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2.8

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.2

9 9

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

Aug.

2.25

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 

2.:>

2.5 

2.5 

2.5

2.5

2.5 

2.5 

2.5

2.5

2 IT

2.5

2

C

2.5 

2.5

2.5

2

-

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2 9

2.2 

2.2

2 9

2 9

9 2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

Sept.

2.5

2.5 

2.5

2.5 

2.5 

2.4

2.4

2.4 

2.4

2

4

2.4

2 3

2.3

2

0

2.3 

2.3

2

0

2

0

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2 9

2

0

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.4

2.4 

2.4

2.4

2. 1

Oct.

2.3

9 1

2.3

2.3

2

0

2

-3

2.3 

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2

0

2.3 

2.3 

2 3

2.3

2 3

2.3

2

0

2.3 

2.3

2

0

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2

1

2

1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

Nov.

2 A

9 c;

2 ir

2.5

9 T

2

-

2.5 

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 

2.5 

2 5

2.5

9 ^

2.5

2.5 

2.5

2

C

2 5

2.5

2.5 

2.5

2 =

2.5

2.5

2.1

2.1

2

1

2

1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

Dec.

2 5

2

C

2

C

2 5

2.5 

2.5

2 5

2.5 

2.5 

2.5

2.5

9 5

2.5 

2.5 

2 5

2.5

9 5

2.5 

2 5

2.5

2

r

2

K

2.5

2.2 

2.2

2 9

2.2

2 9

2.2

2

1

2.1

9 1

2.1

2 1

2.1

2.1

2

1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

River frozen February 8-27, 1903.
FLOW OF ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER.

Continued.

Day.

1903.

]7.... ...........

]q

20...............

2] ..............

22...............

23...............

24..............

2.i...............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

30...............

1904.»

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

9............... 

10...............

11...............

12...............

16............... 

17...............

18............... 

19............... 

20...............

21...............

22............... 

23............... 

21...............

25.............. 

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29...............

30.......... .... 

31..............

1905.& 

1.. .............

2...............

3....... ..... .

4...............

5. ... . .

6............. .

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12....... ..... .

13...............

14..... . . .

15...............

Jan.

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

y,,

2.2

Mar.

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.0

2.2

2.2

2.2

4.0

4.2

4.2

5.2

2.3

2.3

2.3

Apr.

2.2

3.8

3.8

2.2

3.S

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.2

2.2 

2.2 

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

9 2

9 9

3.3

4.2

2.2

2.2

22

22

22

22

22

22

2.2

22

22

May.

2.1

5.1

5.0

2 0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

4.8

5.3

5.4

5.4

5.1

5.4

5.4

2.3 

2.3

2.3

5.1

5.4

2.3

5.5 

2.3 

2.3

2^3 

3.9

3.9

2.3

2.3

5.5

3.0

4.2

4.8

5.6

3.9

3.9

S 6

3.9

5.0

3.9

June.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

5.0

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

5.5

3.3 

3.3

3.3

3.3

2.5

2.3 

2.3

2.3 

2.3 

2.3

2 3 

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2. (i

20

20

26

20

26

26

2.6

3.4

July.

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

9 9

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2

9

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.3

2

9

2.3

2%0

3.0 

2.6

J.2

2.2

2.2

9 9

2.4

2.4

2.4

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.4

Aug.

2.2

2.2

9 9

9 9

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

3.8

3 A

3.0 

3.0

2.6

2.6

3.4

3.4

2.85

2 3 

2^3

2.3 

2.T

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.9

29

2 o

28

27

2 OS

22

22

22

2.2

Sept.

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.1

" 1

2.1

a.i

9 9

2 **

2.2

2.25

2

=^

2.8 

2.8

2.3

2.3

9 V,

2.3 

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2 3

2.3 

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2. 1

21

9 1

21

2.1

9 1

2.1

Oct.

2.1

2.1

2.1

9 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2

0

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2

3

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.3

2

9

o ?

2.3 

2.3 

2.3

2.3 

2.65 

3.0

3.0

3.4

3.0

a 

2.2

22

2 9

2.2

2.2

22

22

22

2.0

Nov.

2.1 '

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2 1

2 1

2.1 

2.1

9 %

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

1.8

1.8

1 e

1 e

1 s

1 e

1.8

1.8

1.8

1 O

1 O

1 S

1.8

Dec.

2.1

2 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2 1

2 1

9 2

"River frozen January 1 to March 25 nnd December 4-31, 1904.

& River frozen January 1 to March 20 and November 19 to December 31,1905.
« November 21,1905; gage height totopfice, 1.8feet; thickness 0. 1foot. 

6 River froznJanuary 1toApril 15,906, excepta small portionf thechannel whichas open opposite thgago for greater part ofwinter season. The thickness ofthe,ic variedfrom 0.2 to0.7

toot. Flw probably somewhat affected byiceconditions December, 1906.

 jo to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to . 

i CO CO JO CO CO 1C CO tO tO tO 10 tO tO 10 to tO ' 

IO 10 CO CO CO to tO p- JO pv tO tO 1x3 ^ p: tO tO j*. Cn O,

 O CO 1x3 to to CO CO tO CD to CO O CO txv Co CO CO *-^ ^ rfk 

Ol Oi O, Oi

' tO tO to tO tO JO JO 10 tO JO JO tO Jx3 tO to JO to 10 JO

rjojx». 

: : : : 

....

1 ' | 

' ' ' 

CJr O"> ^ h^ CO 

tO to tO tO tO 

to to jo to to to to co co co co co to to to to to to to jo to to to co co 

to to o to a*. gD - C

to to to jo to to to to to to to to to to to to to jo to to 

to to 10 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to

IO JO JO JO JO 

: 

 JO tO tO 10 JO JO tO tO to tO JO 10 10 10 10 10 JO JO to JO JO to JO JO 

-' tOIOtOIOtO lOtOtOtOtO tOtOtOtOtO tOlOtOtOlO tOtOtOtOt

to to to jo to jo to to to to to to to to to to to to jo to to jo to to to 

'. tototototo tototototo tototototo totototo

 o totototot

. COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOOH
FLOW OF ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 69

Rating table/or Roach River at Roach Rirer, from November 10,1901, to December 31, WOG. 0-

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.80 

1.85 

1.90 

1.95 

2.00 

2.10 

2.20 

2.30 

2.40 

2.50 

2.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

0.8 

1.5 

 3.4 

6.5 

12 

27 

46 

68 

94 

122 

153

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3.60 

3.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

186 

221 

258 

298 

338 

379 

421 

463 

506 

550 

595

Gage 

height.

Feel. 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

4.10 

4.20 

4.30 

4 40 

4.50 

4.60 

4.70 

4.FO

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

640

685 ',30

775

820

865

915

965

1,015

1,065

1,115

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.90 

5.00 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

6.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,170 

1,225 

1,335 

1,445 

1,555 

1,670 

1,790 

1,010

a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is bused on 10 discharge iMeasurements 

made during 1902-1905. It is fairly well denned.

Monthly discharge of Roach Rirer at Roach Rirer.

[Drainage area, 85 square miles.

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Month.

Maximum. Minimum.

1901. 

November 10-30..........

December................

19d2. 

January.................

February................

March....................

April.....................

May.....................

June......................

July.....................

August..................

September...............

October...................

November...............

December.................

The year............

1903.« 

January..................

February (8 days)........

March....................

April......................

May......................

June......................

July......................

August...................

September................

October...................

November................

December.................

1904.6 

March 26-31...............

April......................

May......................

June. .....................

July......................

August. . .................

September................

October...................

November. ...............

81

572

338

258

,418

,390

,555

298

221

122

122

68

122

122

1,555

68

820

1,528

1,500

298

730

221

463

68

Mean Mean. Sec.-ft. per ; sq mile Depth in

inches.

153 . 153 !

46

68

46 

122

46

54.0

246

248

188

417

775

740

194

207

120

90.3

68.0

119

105

273

46.0

46.0

468

479

408

340

46.0

46.0

56.3

27.0

27.0

27.0

68.0

96.0

912

456

83.4

182

80.8

149

29.0

0. 635

2.89

2.92

2.21

4.91

9. 12

8.71

2.28

2.44

1.41

1.06

.80

1.40

1.24

3.21

.541

.541

5. 51

5.64

4.80

4.00

.541

. 541

. 662

.318

. 318

.318

.800

1.13

10.73

5.36

.981

2.14

.952

1.75

.341

0.50

3.33

3.37

2.30

5. 66

10. 18

10.04

2. 54

2.81

1.63

I. 18

.92

1.56

1.43

43. 62

. 18

1.26

12.37

5.98

1.13

2.47

1.06

2.02

.38

a. River frozen February 8-27, 1903.

b River frozen January 1 to Mareh 25 and December 4-31,1904.
70 WATER RESOURCES OF KEXNEBEC RIVER BASIX.

Monthly discharge of Roach River at Roach Hirer- Continued.

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Month.

Maxinnnn. Minimal,,.' Mean,

March 21-31 .....................

April................. ...........

May ............................

June . ...........................

July............................

August . .........................

September.... .. ........ ...

October .........................

November 1 18. ..................

.............. 94

.............. 298

... ... 1,555

...... 640

.............. 506

..... 258

............. 46

40

April 15-30 . May.......

June.......

July.......

August 

September. 

October....

November. 

December c

81

1,970

1,970

550

221

46

153

122

68

46

322

122

46

46

46

46

80.9

96.4

668

182

376

71. 5

31.4

27.4

.80

59.7

596

293

232

80.4

46.0

101

80.6

68.0

.952

1. 13

7,86

2. 14

4.42

.841

.369

.322

.0094

.702

7.01

3.45

2.73

.946

.541

1.19

.948

.800

.39

1.26

9.06

2.39

5. 10

.97

.41

.37

.0069

.42

8.08

3.85

3.15

1.09

.60

1.37

1.06

.92

a River frozen January 1 to March 20 and November 19 to December 31, 1905.

6 River frozen January 1 to April 15, 1906.

c Flow probably affected by ice conditions during Deoerrber, 1906.

MOOSEHEAD LAKE.

A record of gage heights of Moosehead Lake level at Moosehead 

Lake East Outlet (see description of Moosehead Lake; p. 132) has been 

kept since April, 1895 7 by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company. 

This record, supplemented by gage readings at Greenville for a portion of the time, has been furnished for publication by the company.

The gages are cast-iron staff gages set to the same datum, and that 

at Moosehead Lake East Outlet is referred to the following bench 

mark: A copper bolt set in a large rock near the left end of the dam; 

elevation 18.428 feet above gage datum, zero of which is approximately 10 feet below the gate sills and 1,011.30 feet above mean sea 

level. The gage readings in the following table are referred to a 

datum 10 feet higher that is, with zero at the sill of the gates.

Cage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake.

Date.

1895. 

April 1 .................

April 6 .................

April 12................

April 22 ................

May 3 ..................

May 10. ................

May 22. ................

May 31 .................

June 14..... ............

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.62

3. 35

5.15

5.9

6.12

6.7

6.92

6.0

5.5

5. 05

Date.

1895.

July 9 ..................

July 13.................

August 23 ..............

September 13 ...........

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.2

3.55

3.55

3.45

3 3

3.08

2.75

2.65

2.45

2.25

1.9

1.8

1.85

1.8

1.55

1.3

Date.

1895.

September 28...........

October 22 ............

December *^0

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.2

.1

.9

.72

.95

2.45

3.05

3.5

3.65

4.04
GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 71

Gage heights, infect,, of J/oosf he ad Lake Continued.

Date.

1896.

March 13 ...............

March 27. .............. 

April 3 ....---...---.-..

April 10 ................

April 22 ................

May 1

May 8....--.....-.-....

Mav 10

Mav 12 .................

May 15.-.--.-.-.-...-..

Mav 29. ................

June *^0

June 26 ................. 

Julv 3 ..................

July 17.....-....---....

Julv 24 ................. 

July 31 ................. 

August 7 ...............

November 6 ............

y. , K

December 25. ..........

1897.

January 15. ............

February 5... ..........

February 19... .........

February 26

March 9

March 15...............

April2. ................

Aoril9. ................

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.2 

5.3

5.2 

5.2

0.1

4.9

5.0 

5.05 

5 3

5.25

5.45 

5.4

6.75

6.8 

6 9

7.35

7.3

7.35

7.4 

0.85 

6. 25 

6. 02

5.8 |

5.15 

4.64 

4.5

3.9 

3.5 

3.15

2.5 

2.1 

1.8 

2.0

1.7

1.75 

1.8 

1.95 

2.25 

2. 7 

3! 3

3.7

4.8

4.5

4.65 

4.65 

4.6

4 55

Date - height Date'

1897.

April 30. ...............

May 21 .................

May 28 .................

July 2 ..................

Julv 9....... .......... .

July 23..-......--...--- 

July 30.. ...............

August 13 ..............

September 10.. .........

October 15

October 29.. ...........

November 12 ........... 

November 20 ...........

December 10. .......... 

December 17. .......... 

December 24 ...........

1898.

Fect. . 4.0

4.7 

6.8

7.55 

7.6 

7.55

7.6 

7.6 

7.45 

7.15 

6.6 

6.15 

5.75 

6.02 

5.95 

5.8 

5.7 

5.35 

5.15

4.75 

4.35 

3.8 

3.25 

3.2 

3.05 

2.95 

2.97

2.95 

2.85 

2.95 

3.2 

3.25 

3.25 

3.55 

3.85 

4.25 

4.6 

4. 75

4.7 

4.75 

4.65 

4. fin

February 28 ........... 4.35 

March 2. ............... 4. 35

4.3 

4.0

M H. re li 11

March 20. ..............

April 4........... .....

4nril 6

4 65 i' Anril 8 .

4.65 

4 65

4.65 

4.65 

4.6 

4.0 

4.45

4.1 

4.1 

4.1 

3.9

3.8

 J Q

3.75 

3.8

3.85 

3.9

3.75 

3.45 

3.35 

3.2 

3.3

3.4 

3.1 

3.75 

4.4

5.7

April 29................ 6.9

May 13.. ....... ........

May 27.................

June 17.................

7.6 

7.55 

7.2 

6.6 

6.3 

5. 75

July 1 5 -25

Julys..................

Julv 22. ................

August 26..............

4.75 

4.05 

3.75 

3. 35 

3.2 

2.9 

2.5

2.2

1898. 

September 2... .........

September 23 ...........

September 30 ...........

October 6........ ......

October 10. ............

October 14 .............

October 17. ............

October 21 .............

October 24.............

November 4. ...........

November 11. ..........

November 25 ...........

December 2 ............ 

December 9 ............

December ](i. ..........

December 13.... ........

1899. 

January B. .............

January 27. ............ 

January 28. ............

February 3... .......... 

February 5 ............

February 12. ...........

February 25. ........... 

March 3..... ...........

March 10. ..............

March 31 ...............

April 4.................

April".................

April 9 .................

April 14................

April 21.... ............

April 27 ................

April 28......... ....... 

Mav 5...... ............

May 19...-....-...--...

Mav 26 .................

June 2..................

June 16 .................

July?. .................

July 21 .................

July 28.................

August 11. .............

. August 25. .............

September 15 ...........

September 22...........

October 1.3 ..........:..

October 20. ............

December 1 ............

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.85 

1.95 

1.75 

1.6 

1.7 

1.75 

1.75 

1.65 

1.35 

1.7 

1.85 

1.P5

2.15 

2 5 

2.6 

2.9

3! 55 

3.8 

3.85 

X9

3.95 

3.95

3.85 

3.8 

3.8

3. 75 

3.75 

3.7 

3. 6

3.5

3. 45

3.4 

3.2 

3.2. 

3.0 

2.85

2' 7 

2". 9 

2.95 

2.8 

2.9 

2.9 

2.95 

3.5 

5.0 

o.Oo 

7.4 

7. 45 

7.15 

6.65 

6.5 

6. 25 

5.8 

5.35 

4.75 

4.45 

4.4 

4.5 

4.45 

4.2 

3.9 

3. 73 

3. .-> 

3.2

2.8 

 2. 5

2.25 

1.95 

1.9 

1.75 

1.65 

1.4 

1.4 

1.5 

1.2 

1.5 

1.4
72 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEO RIVER BASIN.

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lal'e Continued.

Date.

1899.

1900.

March 16. .....

March 23......

Aprils........

April 20.......

May 4.........

May 11........

July 6 .........

July 13........ 

July 20........

July 27

September 7...

November 9

November 16

Date.

1903.

January 8. .....

January 14. ....

February 13....

March 23....... 

March 27.......

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.5 

1.6 

1.35 

1.55 

1.7 

1.8

1 o

. 75 

.8

. 7 

.95 

2.2 

2.45

2.5

2.7 

3. 25 

3.6 

3.7

3.8 

3.6 

3.4 

3.3 

3.9

7.0 

7.45

7.8

7.6

6.7 

6.3 

5.95 

5.65 

5.8 

5.8 

5.6 

5.25

4.45 

4.1 

3.7 

3.15 

2.9 

2.9 

2.25

2.5 

2.5 

2.4

2^8 

3.3 

3.8 

3.85

Date.

1900.

! 1901.

April 12................

April 19...... .......... 

April 26................

May 3 ..................

May "M

July 14

July 26................. 

August 2... ............

August 16... ...........

September 20...........

October 11

December 6

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.9 

3.85 

3.8

3.6 

3.5 

3.4

3.25 

3.25 

3.2 

3.0 

2.8 

2.6 

2.0 

1.4 

1.5

2.5 

3.5

6.1

7.6 

7.5

-f7.5

7.45

6^6 

6.4 

6.05

5.25 

4.85 

4.4 

4.0

4.4 

4.4 

4.25 

4.1 

3.75 

3.4 

3.2 

3.0

o r.

2.3 

2.4 

2.1

1.85 

1.85 

1.7 

1.55 

1.45

1.25 

2.6

Gage height. Gage height.

Outlet.

Feet. 

4 95

5.65 

4. 8 .........

Green- Date- ! Out- Greenville. | let. ville.

Feet.

5.65 ......... 

4.6

4 25

1903. ! Feet. 

4pril 1 6 36

Date.

1901.

1902.

February 28. .

May 27.......

Mav 29.......

Mav 30.......

July 4........

August 22. ...

September 6 . .

October 24

Date.

Feet. 1903. 

Mav 9

Aprils......... 6.5 ....... ..1 May 11.. ....... 

\pril 10 6.2 Mav 12.

April 12........ 6.5 ......... 

A nril 14 . fi. 65 < .

A nril 24 6. 0

4.5 ......... April27. ....... 6.3 .........

3 0 Mav 2 . .

3.1 

3.9

4.5 

5.4

0.5

......... May 6.......... 6.95 

......... MayS.......... ........ " 6.9 ,

May 13.. .......

May 15. ....... .

May 19. ........

May 22.. .......

May 27...---... 

May 29.........

June 10........

June 12........ 

June 17........

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

......... 3. 4

......... 3. 7

......... 3.9

......... 4. 05

......... 4.15

......... 4.25

......... 4. 3

......... 4. 5

......... 4. 3

4 1

......... 3. 95

.::.... 3. s

......... 4. 0

! 7 9

......... 8. 0

......... 7.9

......... 7. 8

......... 8.0

......... 7.8

......... 7. 8

......... 7. 65

......... 7. 7

......... 7. 3

......... 6. 3

......... 5. 85

.........' 5.4

......... 5. 15

......... 4. 85 

......... 4. S

......... 4. 85

......... 4. 95

......... 4. 85

4 75

4 9

......... 5. 7

......... 5.5

I n s

......... 5. 7

......... 5. 3

Gage height.

Out- Greenlet. ' ville.

Feet. Feet. 

6.91 .........

........ 6. 9 

........ 6. 9

6. 9 6. 8 

6. 85 6. 8 

........ 6. 8

6. 75 6. 6 

6. 7 .........

6.45 ......... 

6. 3 .........

6.05 .........

5. 9 .........

5.8 .......'..

5. 6 .........

5.55 ......... 

5.8 .........
GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 73

Gage heights, in feet,, of Moosehead Lake Continued.

! Gage height.

Date. Out_ [ Green_ 

let. ville.

1903. ' Feel.

June 22

5. 55

5.6

July I..........

July2.. ........

July 3.....-.-..

July 9. .........

5.4

5.05

5.2 

5.4 4 9

4.8

July 10......... --.---..

July 12......... 

July 13.........

July 14......... 

July 15......... 

July 16......... 

July 17..-...-.. 

July 18.........

July20......... 

July21......... 

July 22......... 

July 23........ .

July 24......... 

July 25......... 

July 26.........

July 27. ....... . 

July 28......... 

July 29......... 

July 30.........

July 31.........

August 1.......

August 3. ......

4.7

4.35

4.45

4.2

4.15 

4.05

3.9

3.87

August 4. ...... 3. 7

August 6. ...... ........

August 7. ......

August 8. ......

August 9. ......

August 10...... 

August 11......

August 12......

August 13......

August 14......

August 15......

August 17......

August 18. ...

August 19......

August 20. .

August 21....

August 22......

August 24......

August 25......

August 26 .

August 27......

August 28. . .

August 29. .....

August 31 ......

September 1 ...

September 7 ... 

September 8 ...

September 10 . . 

September 11 . . 

September 12 . .

3.6

3.5

3.25

3.4

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.1

2.9

2.75

2.6

Feel. 

5.8

5. 75

5. 65 

5.6 

5.55 

5. 55 

5. 55

5.45 

5.3 

5.25 

5.15 

5.2

4.8 

4.75 

4.75

4.7

4.65 

4.6 

4.55 

4.55 

4.5

4.4 

4.3 

4.25 

4.2 

4.25 

4.15

4.0 

3.9 

3.9 

3.95 

3.9 

3.85 

3.8 

3.7 

3.65

3.6

3. 45 

3.45 

3.4 

3.45 

3.35 

3.35 

3.25 

3.25 

3.15 

3.2

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.25 

3.25 

3.2

 -3.1 

3.0

3.0 

2.9

2.8 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 

2.55

Date.

1903.

September 15 . .

September 18. .

September 22 . .

September 23 . . 

September 24 . .

September 25 . . 

September 26 . .

September 28 . .

September 30 . .

October 1. .....

October 2 ......

October 3.. ....

October G. .....

October 11..... 

October 12 

October 13..... 

October 14. .... 

October 15. ....

October 16. . ... 

October 17. . ... 

October 19..... 

October 20.....

October 23..... 

October 26..... 

October 29.....

October 30..... 

October 31 

November 2. ...

November 6. ...

November 9. ...

November 10

December 4. ...

1904. 

Vpril 29

May 2..........

May 4..........

May 1. .........

May 11

Mav 12

May 13.........

May 14......... 

May 16......... 

May 17.........

May 19......... 

May 20......... 

May 21 .........

May 22.........

May 23.. ....... 

May 24......... 

May 25.........

May 28.........

Gage height.

Outlet.

Fret. 

2 5

2.4

2.2

1.9

1.6

1.6

1.5

Greenville.

Gage height.

Date.

Feet. 1904. 

........ Mav 30.........

2 5 ; 2.4 ] 

2 4

2.C5

2 3 

2.15 

2.15 

2.0 

1.95 

1.95 

1.85 

1.7 :

1.7 

1.6

1.55 

1.45

May 31

Outlet.

Feet. 

7.1

June 2. ......... ........

7.0

6.95 

7.5

June 9. ......... ........

June 10......... 7.2

June 13.........

June 14.........

June 15. ........

June 10. ........

June 18. ........

June 20. ........

June 21.........

June 22. ........

June 23. ........

........ 1. 45 June 24. ........

1 2 Tnno 95

1.2

1.05 

.9

. 75

. 7

.6

.6

-

1.25 

1.25 

1.2 

1.15 

1.05 

1.0 

1.0 

.9 

.95 

.85

. 75

.'55

is

.6 

.6 

.6

June 27. ........ 

June 28. ........ 

June 29. ........ 

June 30. ........ 

July I..........

July 2.......... 

July 4... ....... 

July 6.......... 

July 7.-.....--.

JulyS... ....... 

July 9.. ........ 

July 11.. ....... 

July 12.........

July 13......... 

July 14......... 

July 15.........

July 19.. .......

July 21.. .......

July 22......... 

July 23.........

TiiU- 95

45 1 TnlT79fi

2

.15 

1.35

2.2

3.0

5.0

""s.'g"

6 5 

6.6 ""as"

0.9

(a)

1.85 

1.95 

2.25 

2.45 

2.6 

2.95 

3.15 

3.5 

3.9

4.45

5.2 

5.45 

5.9 

6.1 

6.25 

6.45 

6.6 

6.65

6.8 

6.9 

7.0 

7.0 

7.0 

7.1

July 27.........

July 28. ........

July 29.........

6.9

6.75

6.5

6.45

6.3

5.95 

6.1 

6.05

6.1 

6.0

5.9

5.9 

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.7

5. 55

5.3

5.2

5.15

August 2. ........._...

August 8

4.75

4.7

August 11

August 16

4.3

4.2

August 17..... . 4. 1 

August 18. ..... ........ 

August 19...... 4.05

August 22...... 4.05 

August 24...... | 4.5

August 27

3.95

August 29...... 3.85

September 2 ... 3. 55

Greenville.

Feet. 

7.0 

7.1 

7.0 

6.95 

6.95 

7.0 

7.0

7.05

6.95 

6.85 

6.7 

6.75 

6.7 

6.65 

6.6 

6.4 

6.35 

6.4

6.25 

6.15

6.0 

6.0

6.0

( ; .0 

6.05 

0.0 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9 

6.0 

5.95 

5.9 

5.85 

5.8 

5. 75 

5.7 

5.65 

5.6 

5.5 

5 45 

5 4 

5.25 

5.2 

5.2

4.95 

4.9 

4.85 

4.75 

4.5 

4.45 

4.35 

4.4 

4.3 

4.25 

4.25 

4 15 

4.15

4.1 

4.0 

4.05 

4.05 

4.0 

4.0 ""i's"

3.65 

3.55

a From about December 4, 1903 

below the bottom of the gage.

to April 29, 1904, no gage readings were obtained, as water was
WATER RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake Continued.

Date

Gage height.

Out- Greenlet, ville.

1904. Feet.

September 7 ... 3. 55

September 9 ... 

September 10. . 

September 12 . . 

September 13 . . 

September 14. .

3.5

3.4

3.35

September 16 .. 3. 5 

September 17 . . ........

September 26 . . 3. 8

September 28 . . 

September 30 . .

3. 85

4.35

4 45

Octobers......

October 9.... . ........

4,55

October 10..... 4 8 

October 12..... 4.8

October 17. .... 4.6 

October 19. .... 4 ti 

October 21 ..... 4. 7 

October 24 ..... 4. 85

October 26. .... 49

October 31 ..... 5 05 

November 2. ... 5. 5

November 7. ... 49

November 14...

November 18. . . 

November 23. . .

November 28. . 

November 30. . . 

December 2.. .. 

December 5. ... 

December 7 .... 

December 9. ...

5 5 

5 1 

5 0

4 95 

4 9

4 85 

4 8 

4 75 

4 8

4 7n

December 14. .. 4 75 

December 16. .. 47

December 23 ... 43

1905.

4.15

4.0

January 4. ..... 3. 9

3.5

3 4

Feet. 

3.55

3.7 

3.55 

3.5 

3.5 

3. 45 

3.35 

3.4 

3.3 

3.35 

3.35 

3.45

Date.

1905.

February 20. ...

February 28. ...

March 20.......

March 24....... 

March 31.......

Anril 1

........ April 3 .........

........ April 4.........

4.1 \nril6

4.25 

4.35

4 35 

4 45

4 55

April 10........

April 11........

April 12........

Anril 13

5 1 Anril 14

4,5 

4 05 

4 7 

4 65

4 6

4 8 

"4~95

5 05 

5 05

5,15

April 17........

April 18........

April 21 ........

April 25........

April 27 ........

 \pril 29

May 1..........

May2... .......

\fav3

Mav 4

5.1

May 6

........ May 8...... ...

........ , May 9..........

........ May 10......... 

........ May 11 ......... 

........ May 12......... 

........ May 13.........

May 1 6

May 18... ......

May 10

May 20

........ May 22.........

May 24

May 25.........

May 26.........

May 27.........

May 29.........

Mav 30.........

Gage height.

Outlet.

Feet. 

1.5

1.35

1.2

1.2

1.1

.45

.4

.4

.4

.3

i.6

2.05

2.45

2.7

2.9

3.35

3.55

3.85 ""4.05

4.6

4.95

5.25

5.6

5.85

'"ii.'o"

6.1

6.2

6.45

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.7

6.7

Greenville.

Gage height.

Date. Outlet.

Feet. 1905. Feet. 

.... .Tnnfi 27.

""i.'e"

1.65 

1.8 

1.8 

1.9 

2.0 

2.15 

2.25 

2.4 

2.5 

2.6

2.75 

2.9 

3.0 

3.25 

3.35 

3.35 

3.5 

3-6 

3.8 

3.95 

4.0 

4.1 

4.25

4.45

4.7

4.75 

4.8 

5 05 

5 1

5.25 

5.6 

5.6

5 9 

5 9 

5 95 

5 9

6.1 

6.1 

6. 15 

6.2 

6.3 

6.5 

6.75 

6 8 

6.75 

6 7

6 7 

6 8 

6 75 

6 8 

6 75 

6 75

li 6

.Tune, 5

3 0 .Innp fi

January 21 2. 9 June 7 ...

January 30. . . . . ; 2. 0

Februarys..... 1.85

1.85

1 8

February 1 5.... 1 1.7 ........

June 13........ ........

6.8 

6.6 

6 65 

6.5 

6.45 

6.4 

6 35

June 23.........

June 24......... 

June 26.. .......

6.2 

6."l" 6.25 

6.1

June 29

Julyl. .........

July3..........

July 4..........

JulyS..........

July 7..........

JulyS.......... ........

5.95

5.95

5.7

5. 65

July 10.........' 5.65

July I9

July 13.........

July 14.........

July 15.........

July 18.........

July 20.........

July 21 .........

July 22....... .

July 24.........

July 26.........

July 27.........

July 28.........

July 31 .........

August 18. .....

August 22. .....

August 30. .....

August 31......

September 1 ...

September 4 ...

5. 55

5 5

5.33

5.25

5.06

4.8

4.7

4.65 

4.6

4.55

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.1

3.85

3.8 

3.55

3.45

3.35 

3.25

3.05 

2.95

2.9

September 6 ... 2. 85

September 11..

September 13..

September 20..

September 22..

September 27. .

September 29.. 

September 30.. 

October 2......

2.8

2.75

2.a5

2.5

2.45

2.47

2.35

2.25 

'"2.Y"

Greenville.

Feet. 

6.2

6.0 

5 95 

5 9 

6 0 

5 9 

5 85 

5 8 

5 8 

5.75 

5.75 

5 7 

5 6 

5 55 

5 5 

5.5 

5.35 

5.35 

5.3 

 5.25 

5.15 

5.1 

4 9 

4.8 

4.8 

4.7 

4.7 

4.55 

4 5 

4.45 

4.4 

4.35 

4.3

4.2

4.6

'i 95

3.9

3.85 

3.8

'""3.6 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 

3.35 

3.3

3.1 

3.05 

3.0 

2.95 

2.95 

2.9 

3.0 

3.0 

2.9 

2.85 

2.75 

2.7 

2.7 

2.8 

2.6 

2.45 

2.55 

2.6 

2.5

2.45 

2.45 

2.45 

2.6 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

2.25 

2.2
GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 75

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake -Continued.

Date.

1905.

October 10..... ........

Gage height.

Outlet.

Feet.

2.15

2.05

October 12..... 1.8

October 16. ....

October 19..... 

October 20

October 21..... 

October 23.....

October 25. ....

October 27. .... 

October ?8

1.8

1.7

i.7

1.7

1.7

1.5

November 1 ...

November 3 ...

November 6 ...

November 8 ...

November 10 . . 

November 13 . . 

November 15 . . 

November 17 . . 

November 18 . . 

November 20 . . 

November 21 . . 

November 24 . .

November 28 . . 

November 29 . . 

November 30 . .

December 4

December 11

1906.0

January 13. ....

Februarv 5 ...

1.5

1.35

1.3

1.25

1.3 

1.3 

1.27 

1.25

1. 18

1.0

1.05

g

.8

.78

.78

.95

.9

.8

.7

.5

.35

3

3

Greenville.

Feet. 

2.15 

2.25

2.15 

2.1

2.1 

2.0 

1.9 

1.85 

1.9 

1.8 

1.75 

1.75 

1.7 

1.75 

1.7 

1.65 

1.7 

1.6 

1.55 

1.5

1.4 

1.3 

1.4 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3

1.3 

1.3

"i.35 

1.35 

1.15 

1.25 

1.15 

1.15 

1.0 

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

........

.25 ........

95

. 5

 4K

.5

.45 ........

Date.

1906. 

February 7. ...

February 27 ... 

February 28 ...

March 21.......

March 26.......

March 28.......

April 2.........

April 4. ........

April 11........

April 17........

April 18........

April 23........

April 25........

April 30........

May 1..........

May 2. .........

May 7..........

May 9. .........

May 10.........

May 11.........

May 12.........

May 15. ........

May 16.........

May 17.........

May 18.........

May 19.........

May 21.........

May 24.........

May 25.........

May 28.........

May 30.........

May 31 .........

June 12. .......

June 19........

June 21 ........

June 22........

June 23........

Gage height.

Out- Greenlet, ville.

Feet. 

0 4 

. 35

Feet.

.5 ........

.6 ........

.7 ........

.7

.8 

.8

.8

.7

.7

. 7

.8

.9

9

.9 ........

.8 ........

.8 ........

.9 ....

.95

95

1.0 ........

1.0 . -

1.1

1.2

1.8

2.05

2.4

2.88

3.3 

3.75

4.58

5.05

5.9

5.95

7.15

7.32

7.5

7.5

7.45

7.46

7.45

7.42

7.4

7.4 

-----

7.35

7.25

7.1

7.0

3.0 

3.15 

44 

3.85

46 

49 

5.35 

5.75 

6.0 

6.55 

6.85 

7.1 

7.2

7.35 

7.4

7.5 

7.5

7.5

7.55

""7." 55

7.6 

7.5 

7.45 

7.45 

/. 4 

7.45 

7.5 

7.5 

7.4 

7.4 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.4 

7.4 

7.35 

7.3 

7.25 

7.2 

7.1 

7.1 

7.0

Dfitp.

1906.

June 29........

June 30. .......

July 1. .........

July 2. .........

July 3. ..........

July 5..........

July7. .........

July 10.........

July 13.........

July 17.........

July 20.........

July 23.........

July 24.........

July 25.........

July 26.........

July 27.........

July 28.........

July 30.........

July 31.........

August 20......

August 22......

August 23......

August 24... ...

August 29......

September 3 ... 

September 4. . . 

September 5 ...

September 7 ...

September 10 . .

September 12 . .

September 14 ..

September 17 . .

September 19 . . 

September 20 .. ........

Gage height.

Outlet.

Feet. 

1.1

7.05

6.95

6.85 

6.1

6.55

6.35

6.15

6.0

5.9

5.7

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.33

5.2

5.0

49

48

4 65

4.5

435

41

b.95

3.85

3.75

3.6

3.4 

3.3

3.15

3.1

2.95

2.85

2.75

2.75

2.5

2.45

2.4

September 21 .. 2.4

Greenville.

Feet. 

7.0 

7.15 

7.15 

7.1 

7.0 

7.0

6.7 

6.55 

6.6 

6.5 

6.35

6. i 

6.1 

6.0 

5.95 

5.9 

5.75 

5.6 

5.7 

5.6 

5.55 

5.5 

5.4 

5.4 

5.4 

5.35

5.2 

4.45 

5.05 

495 

4.95 

4.9 

48 

465 

4.65 

4.65 

45

4.25 

4.25 

42 

4.15 

4.0 

3.9 

3.85 

3.75 

3.7

a 65

3.65 

3.7 

3.6 

3.45

3.2 

3.2 

3.2 ai

3.1 

3.1 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 

2.9 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.4

« Lake frozen over January 1 to May 13 and December 2-31, 1906.

3697 IRR 198 07-
76 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Gage heights, infect, of M oast head Lake Continued.

Date.

1906.

September 24 . . 

September 26 . . 

September 27 . . 

September 28 . .

September 30 . .

October 6. .....

October 10 .....

October 12..... 

October 13.....

October 17..... 

October 18.....

October 19.....

Gage height.

Outlet.

Feet.

2.3

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.05

2.0

1.9

2.1

2.15

2.2

2.2

2.15

Greenville.

Feet.

2.2 """i'i"

2.1 

2.1 

2.0

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

1.9 

1.8

1.9 

1.6 

1.9 

1 9

1.9 

2.1

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

Date.

1906.

October 22.....

October 24.....

October 29.....

October 31 ..

November 2 . .

Novembers ..

November 7 ..

November 9 . 

November 10 . 

November 12 .

November 14 .

November 16 .

Gage height.

Outlet.

Feet.

2.1

2.2

2.5

2.6

2.8

2.8

2.85

2.9

3.0

3.6

2.9

3.0

Greenville.

Feet. 

2.2 

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.3 

2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.5 

2.5 

2.8 

2.8 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9

Date.

1906. 

November 17 . . 

November 19 . . 

November 20 . 

November 21 .

November 23 . 

November 24 . 

November 26 . 

November 27 . 

November 28 . 

November 29 . 

November 30 . 

Decembers.. . 

December 6.. . 

December 7 . . .

December 17 .. 

December 19 . . 

December 21 . .

December 26 ...

Gage height.

Outlet.

^ Feet.

3.05

3.0

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.3

a 25

3.3 

3.3 

3.25

3.2

3.2 

3.2 

3.2 

3.15

3.3

a 35

Greenville.

Feet. 

2.9

ao 

ao

3.1

ao

3.2 

A3

as

3.3 

3.3 

3.3

as

4.3

DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS.

Dead River has its headwaters in the mountains between Maine 

and Canada and flows in a general easterly direction, entering the 

Kennebec at The Forks. Its basin is 40 miles in extreme length by 

30 miles in width and is almost entirely covered" with forests. For a 

large portion of its length the river flows through swamps; in its 

lower course it has considerable fall. The only dams on the stream 

are owned by the log-driving companies, and the gates are kept open 

after the drives are out of the river.

This gaging station was established September 29, 1901, by N. C. 

Grover. It is located 1^ miles west of The Forks.

The channel is straight for 500 feet above and below the station and 

is about 225 feet wide at ordinary stages. The banks are rocky and 

are subject to overflow in extreme freshets. The bed is rocky and 

permanent. The current is rapid.

The gage, which is read twice each day by Jeremiah Durgin, jr., is 

a vertical rod attached to a large bowlder on the left bank about 700 

feet below the cable. It is referred to a bench mark, a copper bolt 

set in a bowlder 9.5 feet from the gage: elevation, 7.97 feet above the 

zero of the gage.

No revision has been made in estimates previously published for 

this station.

Values for monthly means as given below are considered to be 

within 5 per cent of the true flow for discharge greater than 500 

second-feet. Below this point the probable error increases gradually,
FLOW OF DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. 77

being about 10 to 15 per cent for a discharge of 170 second-feet. The 

daily discharges are subject to much larger errors.

Discharge measurements of Dead River near The forks.

Date.

1901.

1903.

July 15...........................

Do...........................

1904.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.40

.90

.90

1.10

89

.69

.69

1.05

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

255

399

401

737

452

211

214

3,470

15,300

655

hSi

1904. Feet. 

June 21........................ . 1.05

1905.

April 21......................... 1.82

Do.......................... 1.75

July 18.......................... 1.09

1906.

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

676

278

370

1,810

1,520

1,510

690

7,490

385

« By wading. , 

Daily gage height, in feel, of Dead River near The Forks.

Day.

1901.a 

I................

3. ........ .......

4.... ..........

6................

8................

9. ...............

10................

11... . ...........

12................

13................

15................

16................

Sept. Oct.

........ 0. 35

........ .4

........ .4

4

4

........ .35

........ .3

........ .3

........ .3

........ .3

........ .3

........ .3

........ .4

........ .8

........ 1.5

Nov.

0.5

.4

.5

.5

.5

.45

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.45

.5

.5

Dec.

0.8

.8

.7

.7

.8

.7

Day.

1901. 

17...............

19.. ... .. .....

20...............

22.... ..........

.23...............

j 24... ............

! 25 ..............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

 3A

31...............

Sept.

........

Oct.

1.6

1.3

.85

.8

.8

.5

Nov.

0 5

4

\

r

6

Dec.

Ice conditions November 20 to December 31, 1901.

Day.

1902.a 

1. .................

2 ........

4 ........

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11......... .........

12...................

13. .................

14 .....

15...................

16...................

17...................

IS. . . . ........

19.. ................

20. ..................

Mar.

........

Apr. May.

*

June. July.

' 2.57

2.1

1.85

1.55

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.0

.8

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

Aug.

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.75

1.55

1.35

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.0

.9

Sept.

0.8

9

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.0

.6

1.0

1.1

1.45

1.75

1.8

1.7

1.0

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.75

Oct.

1.05

1.0

1.0

9

1.3

1.55

1.45

1.3

1.2

1.25

1.45

1.75

1.0

Nov.

2.8

2 65

9 0

1.75

1.55

1 4^

1.35

1.25

1.1

9

.75

1.1

1.7

1 9

1 R

1 8

1 . fiR

Dec.

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.3

« 1902 gage heights have been revised to agree with observer's original record. Ice conditions probably existed during December, 1902.
78 WATER RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, infect, of Dead River near The Forks Continued.

Day.

1902. 

21

23....... . .........

24...................

25......... .........

20...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

1903.U 

1...................

2...... .............

3...................

4_. .................

5...................

fl...................

7...................

8.. .................

9...................

10..... ..............

11...................

12...................

13...................

14. ..................

15...................

16...................

17...--......--.-.-.-

18...................

19...................

20...................

21

23.. ................

24...................

25...................

2<i

27

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

1904.& 

1...................

2...................

5...................

ti

8......... .......

9--.-----.---.----..

10...................

11...................

12...................

14...................

18...................

19---.-..--..----.--.

20. ..................

Mar. Apr.

4.95

2.85

2.05

3.25

3.35

3.35

2.35

1.95

1.8

1.85

1.85

May.

4.15

4.9

5. 35

0.85

5.25

4.55

4.15

4.75

5.15

4.55

4.05

5.6

4.3

4.15

6.15

5.55

June.

1.6

4.55

3 AC

3.3

4.15

3.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

g

.9

.9

.9

1.85

2.8

4.8

2.9

2.2

1.95

1.8

2.0

2.15

2.05

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

2.25

2.45

A 1 K

3.45

2.45

4.65

4.65

4.75

4.5

3.75

3.45

2.6

2.1

1.8

1.2

1.05

1.05

July.

0.75

.6

.8

.7

1.0

1.25

1.05

1.2

1.45

1.65

2.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

1.0

.95

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

1.1

1.35

1.5

1.25

1.15

1.1

1.2

1.05

1.2

1.45

1.7

1.55

1.4

1.25

1.2

1.0

. i.o

1.1

1.4

1. 1 O^

1.5 i *} 1. O

1.15

1.0

1.05

.95

.95

Aug.

0.8

.8

.7

.7

1.8

1.45

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

.7

1.35

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.15

1.05

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.1

1.3

1.35

1.2

1.1

1.05

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.95

.95

.85

.85

.8

.75

.75

.65

.65

.65

.75

7r .13

.85

95

195

.85

.85

.85

.85

.75

Sept.

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.45

1.25

1.1

1.1

1.1

.9

.8

.8

.7

.7

.8

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

. 5

.5

.5

.5

.6

.75

.75

.75

.85

1.25

1.45

1.3

1.2

. 1.05

1.05

.95

.95

1.05

1.25

1.6

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.35

1.45

Oct.

0.95

.9

.8

.8

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.0

1.35

2.8

.6

.6

,6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

.7

.7

2.15

3.05

3.0

2.7

2.6

2.55

2.25

1.7

1.4

1.35

1.25

i or 1. £O

1.15

1.25

1.15

1.15

1.25

1.15

1.15

1.15

Nov.

1.55

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

.7

. 7

.7

.7

.8

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.7

.75

.8

.7

.7

.8

.8

.8

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.05

1.05

1.15

1.15

1.05

1.05

Dec.

 

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.45

........

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.25

1.35

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.85

2.0

2.1

2.1

.95

.95

.95

1.05

1.05

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.25

1.4

( c 'l

« Gage carried away during the winter hy ire; replaced June 4,1903. Ice conditions during December, 

1903.

b River frozen over January 1 to April 5 and December ll-3f, 1904; clear of ice April 9. No readings 

during frozen period.

c Anchor ice affects gage readings.
FLOW OF DEAD RIVEE NEAR THE FOBKS. 79 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks Continued.

Day.

1904.

22...................

23...................

4.. .................

>(i

>7

28......... ..........

i9... ................

50

1 905.o

fl. .. .. .........

7...................

g

0...................

2...................

0

7...................

Q

9........ ...........

>n

SI...................

3...................

25... ................

>g

>7

>8...................

29... ................

iO. ..................

51. ..................

1906.6

2...................

3...................

5...................

6. ..................

8...................

9...................

0...................

11...................

2.... ...............

L3...................

14...................

6...................

17...................

L8...................

9...................

20. ..................

Mar.

::::::::

---

........

3.85

2.8

3.5

Apr.

1.85

1.95

2.05

2.35

2.5

3.3

3.0

3.85

6.05

4.45

3. 0

3. 35

2.9

2.6

2.45

9 1*\

2.35

2.45

2.45

2.05

2.5

2.3

2.35

2 35

2.95

2.85

2.2

1.9

2.4

4.95

2.3

2.15

2.3

3.2

3.4

3.15

2.65

2.55

2.45

o -jc

2.6

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

May.

5.65

5.45

4.8

4.65

2.85

3.05

5.4

2.9

4.85

2.75

1.95

3 9

3.55

5.85

4.25

4.05

4.2

4.15

4.3

4.55

4.15

4.1

3.8

3.5

5.7

5.05

4.05

3.8

5.2

5.1

4.85

4.65

4.6

5.15

4.35

4.55

4.15

2.85

4.4

4.1

4.2

3.7

4.35

4 35

3.65

3.85

3.9

4.75

3.8

3.85

0 QC

4.35

3 9

3.65

June.

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.35

1.45

1.45

1.35

1.2

1.1

1.9

1.7

1.65

1.65

1.75

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.55

1.8

2.3

2.2

1.95

1.85

1.85

1.75

2.0

2.3

2.65

2.65

2.4

2.2

2.05

2.05

1.95

1.95

1.85

1.75

3.55

2.35

2.15

.1.95

2.95

3.05

3.7

3.6

3.95

2.5

2.0

1.0

1.55

1.45

1.4

July.

0.95

.95

.85

.85

.75

.75

' .65

.65

.75

.85

.95

1.75

2.3

2.4

9 ty

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.45

1.35

1.45

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.05

1.0

1.05

1.25

1.65

1.95

1.35

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.15

1.05

.95

.95

.95

1.5

1.25

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.05

1.05

1.2

1.3

1.65

1.65

1.35

1.35

1.25

Aug.

1.15

1.65

1.7

1.5

1.05

.9

.8

.75

.75

.75

.75

1.85

1.55

1.4

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.05

1.05

1.05

.95

.95

1.05

1.05

1.15

1.3

1.45

1.3

1.15

1.15

1.05

1.05

1.05

.95

.85

.85

.85

.75

.75

.85

.85

.75

.75

.75

.75

.65

.65

.65

.65

.65

.65

.55

.65

.65

Sept.

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.25

1.4

1.6

1.65

1.75

1.85

.75

.75

.85

.95

1.05

1.2

1 OS

1.1

.95

.95

.85

.75

.75

.75

.75

.9

1.1

1.15

1.05

.95

9

.75

.75

.85

.85

.8

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.85

.8

.75

75

.75

75

.75

.75

Oct.

1.7

2.15

2.55

2.75

2.6

2.4

1.85

1.65

1.5

1.4

.75

.75

.75

CC

.65

.65

.65

.65

.65

.65

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.65

.65

.65

.75

.75

.75

.65

.65

1.15

1.65

1.55

1.3

i 91;

QC

9

.85

Nov.

' 1.05

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.05

.95

1.0

1.0

.95

.75

OK

.85

.85

.85

.85

.85

QK

.95

.95

.85

.75

.75

.85

.85

.85

.85

QC

.95

.85

oe

QC

or:

1.15

.95

QK

.95

QC

1.05

QC

QK

1.05

1.05

Dec.

1.05

1,15

1.15

1 1C

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.05

1.05

1.05

.95

QK

1.05

1 OC

1.25

1.25

1 9^

<* River frozen January 1 to March 27, 1905; ice went out March 28 and river clear. 

December 16-31,1905. 

& River frozen January 1 to April 10, and December 14-31,1906.

River frozen
80 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks Continued.

Day. Mar. Apr.

3.85

4.55

4.65

4.15

3.8

3.4

3.0

3.25

3.55

3.45

May. ' .luno.

3. S5 

3.4 

4.0 

3.4 

3. 55

2. (i

3.0

3.05

3.95

3.25

3.15

1.35

1. 25

1.5

1.65

2.0

1.9 

1.8 

1.6 

1.4 

1.35

July.

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.15

1.15

1.05

.95

.95

.85

.85

Aug.

.75

.75

.85

.85

.85

.75

.75

.75

.75

Sept.

.75

.75

.85

.85

.75

.75

7C

.75

65

Oct.

.85

1.25

1.5

1.8

1.85

1.95

2.05

1.9

1.85

1.7

Nov.

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.25

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.05

1.05

1.05

Dec.

Rating table for Dead River near The Forks from June 25, 1902, to December 31, 1906. a

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

Discharge.

Sec. -ft.

45

110

185

270

365

470

580

700

825

955

1.40 1,090

i

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

Discharge.

' Sec.-ft.

1,225 I 1,365

1,505

1,650

1,795

2.00 1,945

2. 10 2, 100

2. 20 2, 260

2. 30 2, 430

2. 40 2, 600

2. 50 2, 780

Gage 

height.

Discharge.

Feet. ' Sec.-ft.

2. 60 2, 970

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3,160

3,360

3,570

3,790

3. 20 4, 240

3. 40 4, 730

3. 60 5, 260

3. 80 5, 830

4.00 , 6,430

4.20 7,060

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

7,730

8,420

9,140

9,890

11,920

14,080

16, 370

18,780

o This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 19 discharge measurementa 

made during 1903-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 0.7 foot and 2 feet.

Monthly discharge of Dead River near The Forks. 

[Drainage area, 870 square miles.]

Month.

1902.o 

June 25-30. ...................................

Jury..........................................

1903. 

June 4-30. ....................................

July..........................................

1904.6 

April 10-30. ...................................

May............ .............................

July ..........................................

December 1-10 ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8,245 

2,913 

2,600 

1,795 

3,360 

3, 360

9,140 

1,225 

1,090 

470 

270 

580

14,300 

18,040 

8,960 

1,505 

1,505 

1,722 

3,900 

1,022 

1,090

Minimum.

1,365 

185 

270 

365 

365 

318

470 

470 

470 

110 

110 

270

1,650 

1,870 

640 

228 

228 

318 

762 

525 

525

Mean.

4,855 

954 

991 

1,022 

942 

1,220

1,748 

646 

648 

222 

172 

357

3,722 

8,892 

2,969 

705 

495 

967 

1,770 

741 

712

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

5.58 

' 1.09 

1.14 

1.17 

1.08 

1.41

2.01 

.743 

.745 

.255 

.198 

.410

4.28 

10.22 

3.41 

.810 

.569 

1.11 

2.03 

.852 

.818

Depth in 

inches.

1.22 

1.26 

1.31 

1.30 

1.24 

1.57

2.02 

.86 

.86 

.28 

.23 

.46

3.34 

11.78 

3.80 

.93 

.66 

1.24 

2.34 

.95 

.30

a Estimates for December, 1902, and December, 1903, omitted on account of ice conditions. 

b River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 11-31,1904.
PLOW OF CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 

Monthly discharge of Dead River near The Forks Continued.

81

Month.

1905.1

1906. b 

April 10-30. ...................................

July..........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

9,700 

13, 420 

3,065 

2,600 

1,722 

890 

318 

762 

762

8,600 

8,960 

6.280 

1,650 

418 

417 

2,022 

1,090 

890

Minimum.

1,795 

3,465 

1,295 

525 

318 

318 

228 

318 

640

2,515 

2,970 

890 

418 

148 

227 

227 

525 

525

Mean.

3,352 

7,821 

1,955 

1,180 

739 

475 

289 

470 

705

4,586 

5,936 

2,593 

867 

292 

337 

934 

701 

756

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

3.85 

8.99 

2. 25 

1.36 

.849 

.546 

. 332 

.540 

.810

5.27 

6.82 

2.98 

.997 

.336 

.387 

1.07 

.806 

.869

Depth in 

inches.

4.30 

10.36 

2.51 

1.57 

.98 

.61 

.38 

.60 

.48

4.12 

7.86 

3.32 

1.15 

.39 

.43 

1.23 

.90 

.42

a- River frozen January 1 to March 28 and December 16- 31, 1905. 

b Ice conditions January 1 to April 10 and December 14-31, 1906.

CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON.

Carrabassett River enters the Kennebec from, the west at North 

Anson. Its basin has steep slopes, partly in farm lands, with no 

large natural reservoirs. Dams have been constructed and power 

used at New Portland, East New Portland, and North Anson.

The gaging station was established October 19, 1901, by N. C. 

Grover. It is located above Embden Brook and below Anson Brook, 

about 4 miles from North Anson.

The channel is straight for 500 feet above and 300 feet below the 

station and is about 150 feet wide, divided into two parts at low stages 

of the river by a gravelly bar. The bed is of coarse gravel and is permanent, and the current is moderately rapid.

Discharge measurements are made by wading at low stages and 

from a boat at high stages.

Gage readings are taken once each day by N. Q. Hilton. There 

are two gages. One is a vertical rod attached to a tree; the other 

is a standard chain gage attached to trees on the bank. The length 

of the chain is 36.73 feet. The datum of the two gages is the same 

and is referred to a bench mark, a copper bolt set in a large bowlder 

at the outlet of Anson Brook; elevation, 11.40 feet above the zero 

of the gage.

Estimates as previously published for 1902 to 1904, inclusive, have 

been revised and are now based on the 1905 rating curve.

Values for monthly means, as given below, are considered to be 

within 5 per cent of the true flow for discharges greater than 600
82 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIIST.

second-feet. Below this point the error may range between 5 and 

30 per cent. This is due to changing conditions of flow and the 

larger errors in general occur only over relatively short periods of 

time. The probable error of a given low monthly flow can be estimated somewhat closely by comparing the percentage error of the 

nearest low-water measurement, in point of time, with the rating 

table for the gage height of the measurement.

Discharge measurements of Carrabassett River at North Anson.

Date.

1902. 

June 27..........................

July 30...........................

October 30....... ...............

October 31 .......................

1903. 

May 26...........................

July 17...........................

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.30

.00

2.47

2.67

1.99

1.69

1.60

1.42

1.35

.45

Discharge.

Sec.-fl. 

4,170

192

1,810

2,120

1,370

1,130

1,080

882

851

208

348

Date.

1903.

1904.

1905.

July 20 a........................

October 26 & .....................

1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.71

.15

.30

.40

1.18

.40

.06

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

300

76

165

154

436

146

107

a Log jam in left channel 500 feet below gage. & Measurement made by wading near gage. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson.

Day.

2.................................

3.................................

5.................................

6.................................

7.................................

8.................................

g

10.................................

11.................................

12.................................

13.................................

14.................................

15.................................

Nov.

0.4

.4

.4

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.2

.2

.2

.2

Dec.

0.6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

< a}

Day.

16................................

17................................

18................................

19

20................................

21 ................................

22................................

23................................

24................................

25................................

26................................

27. ...............................

28................................

29................................

30................................

Nov.

0.2

.2

.2

.5

.4

.3

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.1

Dec.

a River frozen December 7 to 31, 1901.

Day.

1902. a 

1

3...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

Mar. Apr. May. June. July.

1.4

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.1

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.9

.7

.7

.6

.6

Aug.

0.4

.4

1.5

1.2

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.9

.9

.7

.6

Sept.

0.7

.8

.7

.7

9

.8

.7

.9

.8

2.8

1.9

1.4

1.2

2.8

2,1

Oct.

0.9

1.1

1.0

.9

.8

1.2

1.7

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.0

.9

.9

.9

1.0

Nov.

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.4

Dec.

1.0

Q

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

.9

a River frozen December 13-31,1902.
FLOW OF CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 83 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett Hirer at North Anson Continued.

Day.

1902.

17...................

18...................

19...................

Ofi

23...................

24...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

9Q

30...................

1903." 

1...................

Q

G...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

-23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28. ..................

29...................

30...................

31...................

1904. 

1. ..................

2...................

o

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

Mar.

2.1

2.4

61.9

Apr.

2.9

2.5

4.0

2.7

2.3

2.2

3.5

3.3

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.1

1 9

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.5

i 4

1.5

1.7

1 9

5.2

4.1

2.7

2.2

May.

1.9

1.9

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

9

7

.7

.7

9

.6

.5

.4

.4

.4

2

.2

7.3

4.9

4.0

4.2

3 7

3.8

2.6

2.4

9.5

5.8

4.6

2 9

2.4

June.

4.8

4 0

3.1

2.2

0.2

.1

.2

.2

.2

.1

.1

.1

.1

.1

.1

11.1

8.3

4.1

2.8

2.1

1.8

1.5

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

9

.9

.8

.7

.6

.6

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

1.1

2.3

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.1

q

.8

.6

July.

0.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

1.0

1.0

.8

.8

.6

1

1

.5

.6

.8

.6

.5

.5

..5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.4

1.2

.9

.7

.7

.7

1.4

1.2

2.9

2.0

1.5

1.1

.9

.8

1.0

1.7

.4

.8

1.0

.9

.6

.4

.3

.3

2.3

1.5

1.9

1.4

Aug.

0.5

.5

.3

.3

.3

6.4

3.6

2.3

1.6

1.4

1.1

1.0

.8

1.4

1.0

.8

. .6

.5

.6

.5

.5

.4

1.7

1.2

.9

.6

.6

.6

1.6

1.1

.9

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.4

.4

.7

.7

.6

.5

.4

.4

.4

.4

4

.4

.6

1.3

1.2

.9

9

Sept.

1.6

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.1

.9

.8

.8

.8

1.0

1.0

.4

.4

.4

.3

. 5

.3

.3

.3

.2

.3

.2

.3

.3

.3

.2

.3

.3

.3

.2

.2

.2

.2

.1

.1

.1

.1

.2

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

.7

.5

.4

.4

.3

.3

.3

.3

.4

.3

.9

Oct.

0.9

.8

.8

.8

1.4

1.6

1.3

1.1

1.1

.9

1.0

.9

1.5

4.3

2.5

2.0

.2

.1

.1

1

.2

.5

.5

.4

.4-.0

4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.7

1.3

.8

.7

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.3

2.1

1.8

1.4

1.2

1.0

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

7

.8

.8

Nov.

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.0

.3

.3

.3

.2

.3

.4

.4

.3

.4

.3

.4

.4

.3

.2

.3

.3

.4

.4

.3

.4

.4

.3

.8

1.1

.4

.3

.3

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

.8

.8

.7

.8

.8

.8

.6

,7

.9

Dec.

0.4

.3

.3

.3

.4

.3

.4

.4

' .5

.5

.0

.6

.8

.7

.8

1.0

.9

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.0

2.0

.8

.8

1.0

1.1

9

.X

1.0

.8

.7

.7

.6

.7

.6

a River frozen January 1 to March 29 and December 31,1903.

b Qage reading to water surface in hole cut in Ice at gage; otherwise no readings during frozen season, 

1904.
84 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson Continued.

Day.

1904. 

16...................

18...................

19...................

20. ..................

21...................

22...................

23

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

1905.a 

1...... .............

2...................

3...................

4...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

1906.6 

1...................

2....... ............

3...................

4...................

6...................

7-.....-.--.........

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

Mar.

-

4.0

Apr.

1.9

1.6

1.7

1.8

2.8

2.5

2.3

3.2

3.9

3.4

3.7

3.4

4.7

7.1

3.0

2.8

2.3

2.1

1.9

4.0

3.6

2.7

2.2

2.2

2.9

2.7

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.4

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.3

3.4

2.6

2.1

2.0

1.9

2.2

1.9

2.1

2.0

2.9

2.7

2.4

2.3

3.0

3.3

2.9

2.8

2.9

2.5

2.3

3.0

May.

11.3

6.6

4.1

3.3

4.4

3.1

2.5

2.2

2.0

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

-. 1.0

2.3

2.0

1.4

3.6

' 3.1

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.0

2.1

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.6

2.0

2.2

3.0

2.5

1 Q

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.2

].l

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.2

3.0

4.0

3 5

3.8

0 E

3

1

3.2

2.8

4.1

2.7

2.3

2.6

1.9

June.

0.5

.5

4

.4

.3

.3

.5

.4

.6

.4

.3

.1

.2

1.0

.9

.9

1.0

.8

.8

1.0

.8

.7

.7

.6

.7

3.8

2.4

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.1

1.4

1.7

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.0

.9

1.8

1.5

1.2

1.0

1.5

1.4

1.7

1.7

1.4

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.4

1.2

1.3

1.1

.8

July.

1.1

.8

.7

.5

.4

.4

.3

.3

.2

.3

.3

.2

.9

1.8

1.4

g

.9

.9

2.7

1.9

1.5

1.2

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.8

.7

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.6

1.2

1.2

.9

.7

.6

.5

- .7

.5

.4

.7

.4

.3

1.3

.5

.6

.7

.7

.9

.7

.6

.9

.8

1.6

1.2

1.0

.8

Aug.

0.8

.7

.6

.5

.4

2.7

1.6

1.3

1.0

.8

.7

.5

.5

.5

.4

2.9

1.5

1.2

.9

.7

.7

.6

.9

.8

.7

.6

.5

.5

.7

.5

.6

.9

.7

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.3

.2

.3

.3

.5

.4

.3

.3

1.1

1.0

.7

.5

.4

.4

.3

.2

.1

.2

.1

.1

.1

0

.2

Sept.

1.9

1.3

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.8

.7

.5

.4

.4

.4

.7

2.8

.3

.3

.3

2.2

1.4

1.9

1.4

1.2

1.0

.8

.7

.6

.7

.8

.7

.6

.6

.8

1.7

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.0

.7

.6

.7

.5

.5

.5

.3

.2

.6

.5

.3

.1

.1

.1

.2

.4

.2

.1

0

.1

Oct.

0.8

.7

.7

.7

.6

.6

.4

2.5

1.9

1.6

1.4

1.9

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.2

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.4

.3

.4

.4

.3

' .3

1.0

.9

.7

.6

.5

.4

.4

.4

.5

.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.4

.4

.4

.4

.1

0

0

.2

.2

.3

.4

.2

.5

4.0

2.2

1.5

1.1

.9

Nov.

0.8

.7

.8

.9

.9

.7

1.2

.9

.8

.9

1.0

.9

.7

.8

.8

.4

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

.8

1.0

.8

.8

.6

.7

.8

.8

.8

.7

.8

1.0

.7

.7

.8

.7

.5

.6

.6

1.1

1.0

1.0

.7

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.6

.5

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

Dec.

0.

.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

o River frozen J anuarv 1 to March 26, 1905; ice broke up March 26 and went out March 28. 

& River frozen Januarj" 1 to April 16,1906, when the ice broke up; Ice went out April 18,1906.
FLOW OP CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 85 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson Continued.

Day.

1900. 

16...................

17...................

IS...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22.... . ..... ......

23...................

26...................

2V ...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar. Apr.

5.1

4.8

4.8

4.8

4 9

5.1

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.8

3.3

May.

.

1.8

2.2

2.2

2.1

1.5

1.4

1.3

1 3

1.8

1.8

3.2

3.0

2.3

1.8

June.

.6

.6

.6

.3

.4

1.8

1.3

1.2

.7

.6

.6

July.

.5

.7

.4

1 3

1.0

.G

.4

.3

1.7

Aug.

0

0

0

0

0

0

.3

.2

1

1.7

.9

.5

.4

Sept.

-0.1

- .1

0

0

0

0

- .1

0

.1

0

- .1

0

0

0

0

Oct.

0.8

. 7

.5

.5

.6

.8

. 7

.8

.7

. 7

3.5

2.4

2.2

2.1

1.6

1.1

Nov.

0.0

. 7

.6

. 7

1.4

.2

.2'.2

.1

.1

1.1

' .9

.8

1.0

.6

Dec.

0.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.4

1.8

2.1

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.5

Rating tables for Carrabassett River at North Anson. 

NOVEMBER 3, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905.«

Gage Disheight.

Feet.

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

charge.

Sec.-ft.

55

85

120

160

205

256

313

376

445

520

595

675

Gage

height.

Feet.

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

755

840

925

1,015

1,105

1,195

1,290

1,385

1,485

1,585

1,690

1,795

Gage

height.

Feet.

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3 30

3! 40

3.50

3.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,900

2,010

2,120

2,235

2,350

2,470

2,590

2,710

2,830

2,955

3,080

,.,210

Gage

height.

Feet.

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

D,ischarge.

Sec.-ft.

3,345

3,480

3,615

3,750

5,100

6,450

7,800

9,150

10,500

11,850

13,200

JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1906.6

-.10

0.00

0.10

77

92

110

0.20

0.30

0.40

133

160

193

0.50

0.60

0.70

233

280

335

0.80

0.90

1.00

395

455

520

a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 14 discharge measurements 

made during 1902-1905. It is well denned below gage height 5-0 feet. Above gage height 3.6 feet the 

rating curve is a tangent, the difference being 135 per tenth.

b This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. The rating is the same as the 1905 rating 

above gage height 1 foot. Below 1 foot it is based primarily on tl 9 measurement made iri 1906, and probably represents closely the conditions of flow as they existed during that year.
86 WATEB BESOUBCES OF KENNEBEC RIVEE BASIN.

Monthly discharge of Carrabasselt River at North Anson. 

[Drainage area, 340 square miles.]

Month.

1902.o 

June 26-30. ...................................

July..........................................

1903.6

May..........................................

July..........................................

1904.d 

April 10-30. ...................................

July ..........................................

November..... .......... ....... ..........

1905. «

July..........................................

December

1906. /

July..........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

4.965 

1,295 

6,990 

2.235 

4,155 

1.105 

675

3,750 

1,290 

13,340 

2,350 

1,105 

205 

755 

595 

2,010

7,935 

13, 670 

1,690 

1,690 

2,120 

2,235 

1,900 

675 

595

3,750 

3,210 

3,480 

2,120 

2,350 

1,585 

520 

596 

840

5,775- 

3,885 

1,690 

1,105 

1,105 

280 

3,750 

840 

1,485

Minimum.

1,105 

205 

120 

313 

376 

520 

445

840 

85 

55 

160 

160 

55 

55 

85 

120

1,015 

520 

55 

85 

160 

120 

160 

256 

256

755 

595 

256 

120 

120 

120 

120 

160 

256

1,690 

755 

160 

160 

92 

77 

92 

233 

193

Mean.

3,015 

435 

738 

694 

762 

668 

565

1,693 

492 

1,332 

483 

360 

110 

200 

161 

764

2,911 

3,556 

395 

425 

386 

362 

652 

419 

367

1,814 

1,316 

789 

459 

343 

490 

205 

354 

404

2,976 

1,962 

708 

389 

215 

119 

774 

408 

759

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

8.87 

1.28 

2.17 

2.04 

2.24 

1.96 

1.66

4.98 

1.45 

3.92 

1.42 

1.06 

.324 

.588 

.474 

2.25

8.56 

10.46 

1. 16 

1.25 

1. 14 

1.06 

1.92 

1.23 

1.08

5.34 

3.87 

2.32 

1.35 

1.01 

1. 44 

.602 

1.04 

1.19

8.75 

5.77 

2.08 

1.14 

.632 

.350 

2.28 

1.20 

2.23

Depth in 

inches.

1.65 

1.48. 

2.50 

2.28 

2.58 

2.19 

.74

5.56 

1.67 

4.37 

1.64 

1.22 

.36 

.68 

.53 

2.59

6.68 

12.06 

1.29 

1.44 

1.31 

1.18 

2.21 

1.37 

1.24

5.96 

4.46 

2.59 

1.56 

1.16 

1.61 

.69 

1.16 

1.37

9.76 

6.65 

2.32 

1.31 

.73 

.39 

2. ft3 

1.34 

2.57

o River frozen December 13-31, 1902.

6 River frozen January 1 to March 29 and December 31, 1903. 

c No correction made for ice conditions December 31, 1903. 

d River frozen January 1 to April 9, 1904. 

e River frozen January 1 to March 26, 1905.

/ River frozen January 1 to April 16, 1906; open-channel rating applied for first half of April which 

gives excessive values for that month.

SANDY RIVER NEAR MADISON.

Sandy River rises near Rangeley Lake, flowing at first southeastward, then in the last third of its course northeastward into Kennebec 

River, which it joins about 2 miles below Madison. It has a total 

length of about 50 miles, and while there are a few small ponds in its 

basin its storage capacity is small and the flow is variable. It resembles very much in this way Carrabassett River, the slopes being in
FLOW OF SANDY RIVER NEAR MADISON. 87

the main steep and the fall very rapid throughout the greater part of 

its course, amounting in all to as much as 1,400 feet. Comparatively 

few water-power developments have been made; namely, at New 

Sharon, Farmington, and at the point near Madison described below.

This station was established March 23, 1904, by F. E. Pressey. 

It is located at the dam of the Madison Electric Works, just over the 

town line in Stark, but is nearer the Madison post-office. The dam 

rests on ledge rock and has a fairly level crest, 341.4 feet in length 

between vertical abutments. The crest is 1 foot wide on top, sloping 

from the upstream edge 4.75 horizontal to 1.25 vertical, while the 

downstream face of the dam is vertical. The level top is of dressed 

stone (6-cut); the remainder is quarry faced, but care has been taken 

to leave no considerable projection on the approach to the crest. 

Provision has been made for the installation of flashboards when 

necessary. The head developed by the dam is about 15 feet, which 

is used in a power development on the right bank, consisting of a 

head bay nearly 100 feet long, decreasing in width from 40 to 20 feet 

at the racks, and one pair of 38-inch McCormick turbines (rated at 

Holyoke), with complete arrangements for a second pair if found 

necessary. This plant is owned by the Madison village corporation 

and is used for furnishing light and power. The pondage extends back 

about 2 miles, but there is no side flowage. When water is more 

than 3 feet deep on the dam, the crest is increased in length about 87.5 

feet by flowing over the wall of the fore bay. The wheels and generators are in operation only during the night, so that the discharge 

has been based on a gage height read late in the afternoon just before 

starting up; and it is believed that the pondage effect has been wholly 

eliminated in this way.

A plain vertical staff gage was first fastened to the retaining wall 

of the dam, the elevation of the 100-foot mark at the gage being equal 

to the elevation of the crest of the dam. This has been superseded, 

however, by a float gage referred to the same datum and installed 

through the courtesy and assistance of C. S. Humphreys, C. E. ; of 

Madison, engineer in charge. At the same time another float gage 

was placed to record the height of water in the tailrace, so that in 

case it becomes necessary to use turbines in estimating flow records 

of the head on the wheels, may be obtained. The gages are referred 

to the following bench mark: A point inclosed by a circle on the north 

side of the wing wall, about 22.8 feet from its end at the dam, marked 

"B. M."; elevation 102.98 feet above gage datum. The gages are 

read twice daily by Marcus W. Moore, electrician at the station.

Where the discharge is under about 500 second-feet, values may be 

in error from 10 to 25 percent; above 500 second-feet discharge, error 

is probably under 10 per cent.
WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River near Madison.

Day.

1904.

2. ..............

5. ..............

6...............

7........ .......

0

9.-........-...-

10...............

12...--.-..-.....

14...............

16...............

20. ..............

91

22:::::::::::::::

90

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

1905. 

1. ..............

2.... ...........

3...............

4............ ..

5...............

6....... .......

7...............

8...............

!). ..............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

Hi...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21............... 22.............:.

23............. .

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

224

224

956

090

403

502

EOC

645

766

645

570

570

CC/i

542

coo

C1J

cflo

403

OET

OOO

956

224

874

Feb.

379

525

570

570

502

502 509

090

300

ocft

ooo

256

224

O7C

97 e

al39

ol28

« 139

Mar.

890

1,250

1,871

5,335

3,792

2,677

2,331

ol50

6253

6253

6200

6253

«112

c208

c302

c284

192

357

956

ncf;

707

874

2 940

C CJC

7 479

6, 694

7,908

Apr.

2,677

2,216

2,216

1,986

2,216

3,792

8,875

11,265

8.126

5,936

4,199

3.056

2,446

2,101

1,757

2,331

2,677

4,609

3,792

3,926

5,485

7,411

6,725

6,090

10,850

10,237

7.026

4,036

Q HI 9

2,653

9 °jis

4,581

Q 1 CC

2,892

2,940

2,538

1 734

1,325

1 137

1,175

4 718

2

077

1 ^1R

1 421

1 Cftl

1 561

1 Cftl

1 9fi7

May.

9,255

5,785

4,336

4,063

3,280

2,331

1,441

2.101

8,499

8,687

5,485

3,056

4,609

6,402

2,446

1,648

1,441

974

812

812

585

1,364

1,325

874

9 too

2 607

1,691

1,848

1 7^7

1,137

QQ9

956

956

1 1^7

1,848

2 H7Q

2

OQ9

1 917

1 479

1 1^7

956

797

645

645

615

477

525

June.

516

452

452

452

391

452

1,064

974

735

585

452

391

391

452

289

289

235

135

135

10C

135

66

135

135

135

135

477

440

cno

CflO

4fiQ

403

615

477 070

000

224

3

0-jn

1 734

956

675

477

403

or 7

Or7

403

COK

477

403

97ft

090

1,691

1 046

675

477

July.

334

289

516

452

334

235

235

235

235

181

235

235

235

289

289

235

235

235

181

181

181

181

135

66

135

152

289

323

379

2,653

QCfi

fiJC

570

300

224

170

170

152

152

iftfi

106

126

79

70

79

79

79

79

60

79

60

126

Aug.

235

357

334

312

135

1 oc

135

135

135

391

312

Ooc

181

1 R71

923

357

or 7

9SQ

152

192

9 070

fiJC

502

090

224

170

170

192

170

92

1OA

79

192

OAA

OC7

170

1OA

1OA

7Q

79

60

60

00

42

42

42

42

Sept.

126

126

92

106

152

79

92

92

60

60

42

79

37Q

070

OOfi

090

°.7Q

300

256

ofv;

300

42

51

929

836

90 c

145

119

99 n

166

76

oto

1,601

one

CCO

cn9

417

166

156

115 in1*

92

9409

Oct.

1,137

720

502

502

379

306

256

278

403

224

278

224

256

300

323

323

224

224

224

224

300

4,309

1,561

923

720

720

1,518

1,137

675

615

502

57

79

47

51

59

43

47

41

41

42

37

48

253

339

153

150

131

92

92

87

94

135

116

93

92

80

69

62

51

47 

45

Nov.

477

440

440

403

379

357

322

323

323

300

300

278

256

379

379

477

570

440

403

379

403

675

645

615

502

570

440

379

224

224

49

60

88

94

134

144

235

307

284

264

242

212

241

328

209

263

352

221

114

183

165

158

129

131

318

388

362

183

241

339

Dec.

357

379

379

440

379

379

379

323

357

357

357

323

300

323

224

224

170

224

170

224

192

278

224

278

323

323

278

278

300

300

224

352

287

483

898

639

516

455

362

295

296

165

182

231

220

210

263

340

373

352

351

351

340

274

241

252

218

262

217

200

275 

241

o Water flowing over one-half of dam on account of obstruction by ice. 

b Water flowing over one-third of dam on account of obstruction by ice. 

« Water flowing over three-fourths of dam on account of obstruction by ice.
FLOW OF SANDY E1VER NEAE MADISON. 89 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River near Madison Continued.

Day.

1906. 

1...............

2

3...............

4...............

7...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

11

14...............

15...............

16...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

2t.... ...........

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

231

231

200

229

236

373

499

304

351

oon

294

317

491

crn

530

469

418

406

n

c

2,655

2,540

1,736

1,505

1,000

732

627

Feb.

539

467

374

372

361

407

491

595

555

564

478

565

582

442

373

296

208

274

273

274

294

419

423

442

504

Mar.

593

595

517

363

444

360

339

326

303

321

182

294

229

406

453

384

222

252

262

192

183

159

166

144

191

252

443

1,070

1,388

1,406

Apr.

1,223

1,292

1,050

1.141

1,711

2,882

2,985

2,243

2,371

1,748

1 869

2,813

8,844

8,497

7,304

6,312

5,972

4,954

5,791

3,319

2,620

2,574

2,274

2,a21

2,503

2,504

May.

2,458

2,761

2,252

2,252

1,609

2,974

2,901

2,741

2,607

4.050

3,584

2,780

2, 576

2,830

2,124

1.757

1,629

1,902

2.246

1,720

1,502

1,174

974

868

944

4,280

4,787

5,082

3,611

2,607

June.

2,478

2,353

3.747

3,203

2.312

2.166

3.219

2,994

3,331

2,788

2.520

2,007

1.530

1,202

906

688

601

601

594

497

638

1,556

4,212

3,089

2,355

1,338

890

677

608

July.

.......

...

Aug.

.......

:::::::

Sept. Oct.

340

933

516

310

216

140

127

113

99

91

108

204

264

169

154

368

1,614

806

804

711

516

335

Nov.

244

266

312

397

243

206

213

213

295

334

300

300

369

492

983

919

743

871

635

4/7

667

583

428

. 303

Dec.

396

194

339

304

279

359

373

393

304

304

QQQ

304

281

259

282

271

222

260

489

591

482

544

435

405

353

306

NOTE. July 1 to October 9, 1906, repairs of dam and construction of a log way were in progress and 

no records of flow are available.

Monthly discharge of Sandy River near Madison. 

[Drainage area, 650 square miles.]

Month.

1604. 

March 23-31 ...................................

July..........................................

190o.a

July..........................................

The year ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,335 

11,265 

10, 325 

1,064 

516 

1,871 

1,101 

4,309 

675 

440

874 

645 

7,908 

7,026 

2,892 

3,330 

2,653 

2,078 

1 , 601 

339 

338 

898

7,908

Minimum. Mean.

880 

1,757 

516 

66 

66 

135 

42 

224 

224 

170

224 

112 

112 

1.046

477 

224 

60 

0 

42 

37 

49 

165

0

2,682 

4,858 

3,580 

355 

234 

322 

273 

054 

410 

299

492 

313 

1,436 

2,558 

1,336 

658 

292 

224 

350 

89 

215 

327

691

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

4 12 

7. 47 

5.51 

. 546 

.360 

.495 

.420 

1.01 

.631 

.460

.757 

.482 

2.21 

3.64 

2.06 

1.01 

.449 

.345 

. 538 

.137 

. 331 

. 503

1.06

Depth in 

inches.

1.38 

8.33 

6.35 

.61 

.42 

' .57 

.47 

1. 16 

.70 

.53

.87 

.50 

2.55 

4.40 

2.37 

1.13 

.52 

.40 

.60 

.16 

.37 

.58

14. 45

n After August ;.' !, 1S05, wheels were run both day and night, and values are based on both the flow 

over the dam and through the wheels. Gage readings and gate openings read five times daily until 

April 8,1906, since when four daily readings have been made.
90 WATER RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Monthly discharge of Sandy River near Madison Continued.

Month.

1906.

April. . ........................................

May b.... .....................................

October 10-31 ..................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2, 655 

698 

1,406 

8,844 

5,082 

4.212 

1,614 

983 

591

Minimum.

200 

208

144 

1,050 

565 

497 

91 

206 

194

Mean.

630 

42? 

412 

3,466 

2,456 

1.863 

407 

429 

346

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.969 

.657 

.634 

5.33 

3.78 

2.87 

.626 

.660 

.532

Depth in 

inches.

1.12 

.-68 

.73 

5.95 

4.36 

3.20 

.51 

.74 

.61

a During February and March, 1906, values of flow may be as much as 25 per cent too large, owing to 

accumulations of ice on the crest of the dam. 

6 From May 5 to July 1, 1906, 1.33 foot flashboards were used for two-thirds the length of the dam.

MESSALONSKEE STREAM AT WATERVILLE.

Messalonskee Stream enters the Kennebec from the west at Waterville. It has a total drainage area of 208 square miles, of which 30 

square miles are lake surface, which renders its flow very constant and 

gives it considerable value for power. Of this system Messalonskee 

Lake is nearest to the mouth of the river. In this lower portion of the 

river, about 10 miles in length, there is a fall of about 210 feet, which 

is practically all utilized.

The United States Geological Survey maintained a gage at the dam 

of the Chase Manufacturing Company, in Waterville, from June 18, 

1903", to January 1, 1906. A vertical staff gage is fastened to the wall 

of the wheel pit just above the dam. The zero of the gage corresponds 

to the level of the crest of the dam and is referred to a bench mark as 

follows: A copper bolt in a ledge on the opposite side of the river 

from the gage and about 20 feet from the end of the dam; elevation, 

11.51 feet above the crest of the dam. The dam is a new crib without 

leakage and with a good crest. Generally the water is not used for 

power purposes at night, and the gage is read while the wheels are not 

running. At other times the amount of water used through the wheels 

is added to that which flows over the dam. Flashboards are maintained during low stages of the river.

For medium and high stages values of flow are probably not in 

error more than 10 to 15 per cent. For low stages they may be 25 per 

cent or more in error. Conditions at this station have been poor for 

records, owing to frequent change of gage readers and effect of pondage during low water.
FLOW OF MESSALONSKEE STREAM AT WATERVILLE. 91

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Messalonskee Stream at Waterville.

Day.

1903. 

1...............

2

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

9

LI...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

6...... .........

7.....--.......-

8...--......-- -

2...............

>3...... .........

'4. ....... .......

6-...........---

7

g

50...............

1904. 

1. ..............

2...............

3

4. ...............

9

0...............

3...............

5...............

6...............

8...............

g

2...............

0

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

o

9

!0

Jl. ..............

Jan. Feb. Mar.

205

360

336

301

284

351

273

9 30

260

273

724

724

697

507

383

360

408

432

Apr.

408

330

999

360

432

533

533

015

899

840

870

811

724

642

559

615

r,42

642

642

May. June.

21 9

194

169

131)

109

183

183

169

176

148

118

142

176

408

383

314

292

336

212

999

251

205

251

183

193

205

193

273

251

299

244

251

July.

183

220

205

148

159

169

127

142

127

169

142

142

148

243

231

159

194

194

194

293

314

194

169

159

176

176

209

176

273

314

^73

251

999

251

273

273

284

21?

149

244

177 " 51

251

a 64

105

134

157

134

200

185

134

118

157

149

167

185

105

Aug.

148

176

231

205

112

138

176

199

159

118

138

138

129

119

89

106

126

144

149

157

85

118

126

134

126

134

113

85

118

126

134

126

134

200

126

144

126

126

134

90

126

90

Sept.

119

129

119

119

112

111

ir>4

104

84

89

89

111

111

99

84

48

112

212

19

26

41

06

94

73

59

113

118

96

90

105

113

118

118

126

90

90

118

218

149

118

105

118

105

90

85

90

90

90

64

69

105

90

Oct.

59

59

61

81

54

KQ

* Qft

94

94

81

70

75

73

 60

41

73

73

73

73

70

47

81

73

73

73

60

41

149

no

105

90

96

105

90

90

77

85

90

90

96

90

90

64

64

09

64

85

64

134

134

118

105

118

134

118

118

118

Nov.

59

57

70

73

66

70

59

41

73

=Q

59

59

59

59

73

54

no

113

126

113

85

77

85

09

85

105

90

90

85

85

90

90

96

105

105

118

126

113

90

77

85

Dec.

^Q

TO

59

61

'«

19

51

no

145

51

54

51

KQ

54

17

306

991

167

252

 72

72

72

53

45

59

112

118

110

64

69

04

59

77

90

64

77

90

64

04

54

64

54

64

41

54

41

41

105

90

46

54

64

64

<* Twelve-inch flashboards on from July 16 to December 31, 1904. 

3697 IBB 198 07 7
92 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of MessalonsJcee Stream at Waterville Continued.

Day

1905.

9

g

6...............

7......-.....---

g

10...............

14...............

16............. . .

17...............

18...............

19

20...............

21...............

22

24...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29.....-----.-...

o-i

Jan.

432

408

432

432

383

642

432

408

408

482

472

432

432

482

472

482

482

Feb.

395

360

251

SCO

292

292

301

336

348

314

33C

360

360

348

360

383

383

336

Mar.

336

457

507

409

587

482

CA7

905

C7fi

753

811

753

697

Apr.

(197

507

533

432

383

383

408

422

383

507

383

383

OQE

336

May.

336

314

999

314

OOA

301

950

 JOft

000

383 409

408

314

273

251

000

314

June.

212

251

273

230

212

177

159

149

177

212

100

177

193

177

54

July.

64

90

77

90

90

90

QO

105

90

90

118

118

118

i is

149

Aug.

90

90

118

118

118

118

118

90

90

90

90

90

90

118

118

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

on

64

90

Sept.

90

90

118

90

90

118

90

90

118

118

118

90

90

105

64

QO

118

118

105

118

118

Oct.

118

iis

118

149

118

118

118

149

118

149

149

118

134

149

134

118

149

149

149

Nov.

118

149

134

149

Dec.

a Twelve-inch flashboards on from June 27 to November 4, 1905. Figures for discharge are probably 

unreliable after about June 1, owing to insufficient data.

Monthly discharge of Messalonskee Stream at Waterville. 

[Drainage area, 205 square miles.]

Month.

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

June 18-30.. 

July.......

August.....

September. 

October....

November. 

December..

March 13-31. 

April 1-21... 

June 8-30... 

July........

August......

September.. 

October.....

November.. 

December...

January.. 

February. 

March....

April.....

May......

June.....

1904.

1905.

Maximum.

212

314

231

220

94

76

306

724

899

408

314

200

218

200

126

126

642

432

995

697

533

273

Minimum.

118

127

89

19

36

19

 17

205

292

177

64

85

64

64

64

41

383

251

336

336

212

26

Mean.

167

183

163

100

67.1

60.4

89.2

400

609

254

194

128

105

102

97.7

71.3

438

344

544

458

316

166

*

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.815

.893

.795

.488

.327

.295

.435

1.95

2.97

1.24

.946

.624

.512

.498

.477

.348

2.14

1.68

2.65

2.23

1.54

.810

Depth in 

inches.

0.39

1.03

.92

.54

.38

.33

.50

1.38

2.32

1.06

1.09

.72

.57

.57

.53

.40

2.47

1.75

3.06

2.49

1.78

.90
MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 93 

COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER.

Cobbosseecontee Stream drains a group of lakes lying from 5 to 15 

miles west from Augusta. The largest of these, Cobbosseecontee 

Pond, has an area of 8.4 square miles, and the aggregate area of all 

the ponds is about 19 square miles. The Cobbosseecontee empties into the Kennebec at Gardiner, about 6 miles below Augusta, 

and has a total drainage area of about 240 square miles. From 

the ordinary surface of Lake Maranacook, one of the upper lakes, 

to mean tide level at the mouth of the river the fall is 206 feet. 

In the lower three-fourths of a mile of the river there are seven dams, 

affording a total fall of about 128 feet. The uppermost of these dams 

is controlled by the Gardiner Water Power Company, the power being 

used to pump the Gardiner municipal water supply directly from the 

river. Records of the flow at this plant have been kept since 1890.

The dam is of stone masonry, with a timber apron at the toe. * The 

downstream face has an approximate slope of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical. The crest is horizontal and is about 6 feet wide. The upstream 

slope is about 1 vertical to 8 horizontal. The total length of the dam 

is about 100 feet, and flashboards 4.5 feet high are maintained continuously. The total head obtained is about 10 feet. The head-bay 

entrance is on the right bank, and from this runs a wooden penstock 

in which is placed a 39-inch Hercules wheel. In the head bay there is 

also a gatehouse with two gates which are kept partially open most of 

the time to regulate the proper flow down the river.

The records of flow are made up by considering (1) the flow over the 

dam, which is nothing except usually for a short time in the spring; 

(2) the flow through the sluice gates, which is regulated by means of 

tables drawn up for the company by Hiram F. Mills, C. E., showing 

the discharge through the two gates for different pond levels, the practical application of this method being to obtain a given flow at any 

time by setting these gates at the required gate opening, the flow 

through the wheel being taken into account; (3) the amount of water 

flowing through the 39-inch wheel, which is ascertained from this gate 

opening and pond level by means of a table also provided for this purpose by Mr. Mills. The water that is pumped for the Gardiner supply 

is neglected in computations, being but a small percentage of the flow. 

It is also assumed that the tail water level remains constant. The 

leakage by the dam was measured during 1905 and found to be 10 second-feet, and correction made accordingly. No correction for leakage 

has been made previous to 1905. On Sundays and legal holidays 

gates are closed and no water is allowed to run unless the lake is full. 

The flow during low-water periods of certain years before 1899 has 

not been previously estimated, although a record of pond level and 

of flow through the wheel was kept for these times. In the accomrjanying revised estimates the flow during these periods has been com-
94 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

puted. Under such conditions the pond level was below the top 

of the sluice gates and the discharge has been based on the formula

$ = 2.70 l> H2 , l> being corrected for four end contractions by subtracting 0.4 //.

It is considered that the values of flow at this point are ordinarily 

correct within 5 per cent. The very low water values may be in error 

as much as 10 per cent or more.

These records have been furnished the Survey by S. D. Warren & 

Co., through their engineer, A. H. Twombley, up to 1905, and since 

that time through Joseph A. Warren.

The Cobbosseecontee is a most remarkable example of the regularity of flow that can be obtained with proper storage.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner.

Day.

1890.

3...............

8. .

9

13...............

14...... ....... ..

15---.....-...--.

IK...............

18..---..........

19

20..-........-..-

22...............

24...............

25...............

20...............

27.. .............

29--.-.--.....---

31---........-...

1891. 

1.---........-..

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13'- ..............

14...............

IS...............

Jan.

290

290

290

0

290

290

990

290

290

300

300

SCO

300

Feb.

850

780

713

713

620

590

373

435

458

458

458

548

529

Mar.

774

713

653

567

540

540

515

540

743

807

807

1,801

1,753

Apr.

2,169

2,114

2,059

2,059

1,940

1,836

1,782

1,598

1,567

1,495

1,514

1,514

1,365

1,223

May.

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

June.

340

356

356

340

326

0

300

306

314

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

July.

300

300

300

0

326

356

374

374

340

314

306

156

300

300

300

300

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

990

290

290

Aug.

290

290

0

290

290

290

290

290

0

290

290

290

290

290

290

0

290

290

290

290

290

290

34

290

290

290

OQO

290

290

0

290

0

285

285

285

285

290

290

0

285

285

285

285

285

285

Sept.

9Qfl

9QO

9Qn

290

0

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

0

290

285

285

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

270

270

270

Oct.

290

0(1A

290

0

290

290

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

300

300

337

337

337

349

379

393

260

260

260

0

260

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

Nov.

393

379

379

379

368

357

347

347

333

333

326

300

300

300

300

0

300

379

445

431

418

405

393

379

368

357

347

337

337

300

0

98

108

108

112

112

97

0

107

86

76

80

80

80

0

Dec.

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

300.

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

0

290

290

0

290

290

290

177

210

138

123

138

0

220

220

220

172

172

166

0

189

166
FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GAKDljSTEK. 95

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner

Continued.

Day.

1891. 

1(5. ..............

19...............

20...............

22...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27.....-.-.---.-.

28.-......-----.-

9Q

30...............

01

1892.

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

q

10...............

11... ...........

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17... ............

18...............

19

20...............

1\. ..............

22...............

23...............

24... . ..... ...

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1893. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

19

20...............

Jan.

300

300

300

300

300

300

300

503

1,120

1,100

1,063

1,063

1,063

1,063

1,079

1,001

220

220

0

220

250

250

250

250

250

250

250

250

270

270

0

270

270

276

276

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

OQfl

280

0

280

280

280

Feb.

590

602

574

516

516

483

483

363

363

393

620

942

907

270

270

270

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

9on

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

OCA

280

280

280

280

280

0

OQfl

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

Mar.

1,573

1,364

1,286

1,241

1,204

1,167

1,531

2,199

2,365

2,365

2,585

2,531

2,344

2,344

2,344

2,295

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

OQfl

509

620

620

535

509

458

435

Apr.

1,270

1,318

1,318

1,318

1,318

1,273

1,050

1,013

300

300

314

306

300

300

280

280

0

280

ogo

294

294

294

286

0

306

294

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280 280'

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

535

314

300

300

300

300

0

300

314

481

682

650

650

1,040

1,079

1,001

925

May.

300

0

300

300

306

314

316

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

435

458

509

596

1,079

1 295

1,179

985

713

620

590

562

1,262

1,354

1,552

2,680

2,002

June.

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

July.

290

290

290

0

290

290

290

290

290

0

290

290

290

290

290

280

280

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

0

280

0

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

Aug.

0

285

285

285

285

285

285

0

285

285

285

285

285

285

0

285

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

Sept.

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

260

260

260

0

260

260

260

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

68

63

0

270

199

205

201

205

270

0

270

270

270

270

199

188

0

270

270

270

Oct.

250

250

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

166

139

134

134

108

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

0

250

250

250

220

192

183

0

220

220

220

220

174

170

0

220

220

220

185

165

Nov.

107

99

90

90

80

28

0

88

88

92

0

157

146

0

201

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

0

280

280

0

280

280

280

250

250

250

250

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

Dec.

161

149

135

125

0

166

144

220

220

20

20

20

220

220

220

220

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220
96 WATER RESOURCES OF KEXNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of C'obbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner 

Continued.

Day.

1893. 

21...............

23...............

24..... ..........

26...............

27...............

28... ............

29

30...............

31...............

1894. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

14...............

16...............

17...-.-----.--..

19...............

20...............

21 ...............

22...............

23...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

30...............

1895. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4 ............

5...............

fi...............

1. ..............

8. ..............

9. ..............

10...............

12.... ...........

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

Jan.

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

2,50

250

250

250

Feb.

280

280

280

0

280

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

250

250

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

Mar.

393

356

356

458

620

620

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

276

483

483

426

426

410

405

405

630

900

887

692

306

14

314

314

314

300

300

0

0

0

220

220

220

220

0

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

Apr.

887

780

713

620

0

314

314

306

306

306

26

326

314

314

314

314

314

430

314

314

314

26

326

314

314

306

300

300

0

300

250

250

250

250

250

250

14

343

753

2,619

1,301

1,384

300

74

2,603

2,461

1,698

1,609

1,400

1,271

480

664

358

385

385

May.

1,052

326

326

307

300

300

300

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

326

523

499

370

523

862

385

318

300

290

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

0

280

280

280

280

June.

280

OQA

0

280

no A

925

889

674

326

326

326

326

326

200

326

314

300

300

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

July.

280

OQA

0

280

OQA

280

OQA

0

280

280

0

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

Aug.

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

Sept.

1QC

250

250

OITA

250

250

280

280

280

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

161

1550'

220

220

220

Oct.

0

174

149

250

osn

250

osn

OCA

osn

97A

OKA

250

OKA

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

220

220

220

0

0

0

220

164

131

110

106

95

0

150

118

108

108

103

97

0

130

99

99

94

90

Nov.

220

220

OOA

220

250

OCA

orn

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

2.50

250

250

0

250

250

250

0

250

113

144

0

177

146

128

113

102

93

0

161

152

137

127

112

181

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

Dec.

220

220

29Q

0

0

OOA

220

220

220

250

0

OKA

OCA

250

0

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

0

250

250

250

250

0

250

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

0
PLOW OP COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINEB. 97

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner 

Continued.

Day.

1895. 

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29

30...............

31...............

1896.

2...............

3...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

g

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

15...............

16...............

17--.......-.-...

18...............

19

21...............

99

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

97

28...............

9Q

30. ..............

31...............

1897.

3.... ...........

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

g

10...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

Jan.

250

0

250

250

250

250

0

451

276

264

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

250

9^n

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

Feb.

220

220

0

270

0

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

280

280

280

280

280

250

250

0

oftft

o.-cn

250

0

250

250

250

250

1 O^n

250

250

Mar.

220

220

220

220

220

0

0

1,959

2, 698

1,959

1,637

1,219

1,219

1,226

1,368

1, 368

946

1,038

1,086

901

769

685

850

QQ/4

1,429

728

769

727

727

9 50

250

250

0

0£fl

250

250

O^fl

250

Apr.

385

409

409

409

901

993

901

856

856

856

856

856

769

727

727

727

812

901

946

1,188

1,236

901

992

1 039

901

769

644

300

300

497

350

650

690

020

650

590

310

522

497

473

320

294

980

14

May.

0

280

280

280

280

280

300

300

0

300

300

300

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

0

0

624

373

393

244

509

739

709

280

June.

280

280

°80

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

980

280

280

280

280

0

573

477

262

336

320

679

354

294 OQJ286

436

654

365

294

July.

980

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

2CO

0

9 en

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

OCA

100

280

280

980

280

280

280

280

980

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

Aug.

270

270

270

270

270

270

280

0

280

280

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

0

270 "270

270

270

270

270

270

270

970

270

250

o Ofifl

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

280 osfi

OOfl

280

OCfl

980

0

280

280

Sept.

220

220

220

0

220

250

250

250

250

2,50

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

270

270

270

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

0

250

280

280

0

08fl

280

280

280

OCA

280

980

280

980

280

280

280

280

280

Oct.

85

0

112

88

88

88

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

280

OCfl

280

280

OCfl

280

280

280

0

OCfl

280

270

121

0

136

174

1 OC

270

Nov.

220

220

0

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

0

250

250

0

250

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

Dec.

250

250

250

14

264

343

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

270

270

97H

0

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

970

270

o

osn

280

280

280

21
98 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at GardinerContinued.

Day.

1897. 

26....... .....

27...............

28.....

29...............

30..... .

1898. 

1

2...............

Q

1.. .-.-.. -.--.--...-

c...... .........

7...............

8...............

9...............

10-..--......-...

11...............

12

13....--.... ....

15.. .............

10. ....... .......

18...............

19...............

20...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25......... ... .

26....... . . .

27...............

28..... .

29........... .

30...............

31......... . .

1899. 

1-.---........

2.... ...........

3....... . ...

4...............

5..... .

o. ..........:. .

7............. .

8......... ...

9...............

10...............

11...............

12....... . ..

13............. .

14.......

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20.......

21.. .............

22.......

23..............

24.......

25.......

26..............

27..............

28.......

29..............

30..............

31...............

Jan.

250

250

250

250

250

0

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

Feb.

250

250

0

.......

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

300

300

300

300

300

328

328

333

445

504

477

435

433

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

270

Mar.

250

250

0

250

250

306

413

394

443

408

408

387

466

529

503

474 4,4

45,

559

597

821

1,148

1,111

1,039

969

969

1.016

1,222

1.184

1.147

1 999

1.261

1 999

1. 19,5

1.147

1.184

1.147

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

! 270

270

280

280

Apr.

286

280

286

286

280

1,016

1.038

1,038

1,038

1,038

1,038

1.038

1,003

584

531

326

326

334

376

413

433

433

433

433

433

433

433

555

732

082

478

478

620

300

306

306

306

359

373

395

502

842

1,198

1,262

984

772

809

809

787

947

1,243

1,387

1.427

1.403

1.331

1,145

1,130

870

669

635

470

324

0

May.

280

280

320

19

914

772

478

478

478

455

4,-;c

433

433

273

333

333

314

300

300

300

. 0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

0

290

290

290

290

260

290

0

280

20

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

June.

286

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

July.

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

19

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

0

280

19

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

Aug.

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

270

270

270

270

270

o270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

Sept.

0

280

280

280

280

270

270

270

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

184

183

188

0

250

250

250

250

250

270

270

0

270

250

250

250

250

186

0

250

250

250

168

157

146

0

250

135

134

134

139

134

0

220

150

135

125

105

109

Oct.

270

270

270

270

270

0

166

0

237

166

149

138

133

119

0

135

126

116

110

106

106

0

188

130

110

110

110

114

0

220

220

220

220

250

250

0

250

0

146

136

125

110

102

83

0

110

99

110

110

110

110

0

120

105

94

101

96

87

0

64

65

65

65

65

74

0

160

160

Nov.

270

270

0

270

270

250

250

250

250

256

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

0

250

250

0

250

250

250

160

180

180

170

0

180

175

170

170

150

150

0

150

150

140

130

130

130

0

160

170

180

180

180

180

0

170

165

150

0

Dec

0

280

280

280

280

280

250

250

250

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

160

160

0

180

180

180

170

150

135

0

120

120

120

120

120

140

0

140

135

135

135

135

135

0

0

150

150

140

140

140

0
FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 99

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner 

Continued.

Day.

1900. 

1.. .............

2...............

4...............

G...... .........

8...............

9... . ... .....

10...............

11.... ...........

12...............

13...............

14.. ...........

15...............

10...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22

23...............

24.. .........

25...............

26. ........

27.. ...........

28...............

90

30.. ...........

31...............

1901.

2...............

3. ..............

4. ..............

5. . .......... ...

6...............

8...... .........

9...... ......... 

10...............

11...............

12...:...........

13...............

14... .........

15...............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26.

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1S02. 

1.... ...........

2.

3...............

4. ....... ......

5...............

Jan.

130

130

130

125

125

125

0

130

110

100

90

90

90

0

100

95

90

90

CO

90

0

140

160

200

200

200

200

0

220

220

220

240

250

250

250

0

250

250

250 

250

240

240

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

500

294

280

0

Feb.

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

2,194

1,573

1,283

856

562

425

294

270

270

270

270

0

564

662

776

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

200

200

200

200

180

180

0

19^

125

125

125

0

125

125

463

280

280

9§o

280

Mar.

815

1,463

2,316

2,055

1,911

1,622

1,481

1,295

1,155

1,155

1,153

1.116

1,037

999

999

999

1,615

1,611

1,473

1,518

1,811

1,662

1,517

1,472

1,334

1 289

l'206

1,206

1,105

925

120

0

120

120

120

120 

0

130

170

200

220

220

0

220

220

220

250

ocn

0

276

594

919

1,404

1,262

569

2,400

2,400

2,222

1,583

Apr.

776

495

417

656

977

907

1,087

1,379

1,380

1.342

1,297

1,297

1,297

1,297

1,297

1,213

1,105

1,072

1,260

1,380

1,338

1,260

1,223

1,182

869

570

377

0

KOC

439

646

1,439

2,118

2,343

2 089

3.111

3,205

2,872

2,580

2 339

2,213

2,089

2,034

1 921

1,756

QQQ

1 194

1 °96

1 194

907

1.109

985

260

1,803

1,748

1,593

1,390

May.

300

300

300

413

803

934

831

606

456

413

348

300

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

585

704

998

1,325

1,422

l.iOl

1,016

456

357

300

MO

300

260

260

260

0

2CO

260

280

280

2SO

280

ocn

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

9Sft

280

280

26

286

286

354

9QO

483

713

566

514

June.

300

300

0

300

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

483

459

303

303

304

300

100

280 

280

2SO

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

oofi

280

non

o on

280

280

0

0

280

280

280

280

July.

0

280

280

0

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

270

2GO

260

260

0

260

260

980

280

280

0

280

280

0

280

280 

9go

280

980

280

0

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

0 on

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

20

21

Aug

260

260

260

260

0

260

260

260

260

260

260

0

260

260

260

260

260

260

0

260

275

275

275

275

275

0

275

275

275

260

260

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280 

280

0

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

OOf\

9Qft

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

Sept.

260

0

260

260

240

240

240

240

0

240

240

240

235

230

230

0

250

250

250

250

245

250

0

250

250

250

250

245

230

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

0

270

280

280

280

9fifi

280

Oct.

230

220

190

175

175

150

0

160

175

180

190

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

200

270

270

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

nzj)

250

0

orn

250

250

250

250

0

250

OCA

9=.P.

250

280

')QA

280

0

Nov.

180

165

140

0

130

130

130

130

200

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

250

250

0

250

250

250

9^A

250

250 

0

250

250

250

0

250

250

9 "ft

OCA

0

250

250

220

0

2^0

270

0

97fi

''70

Dec.

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

240

240

230

230

0

240

240

240

240

240

240

0

240

0

240

240

240

240

0

240

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220 

220

220

220

220

220

0

2,700

2,600

1 143

939

270

0

270

270

270

9R4

1,143

270

270

270

270
100 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner 

Continued.

Day.

1902. 

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1908. 

1............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6.......: .

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29

30...............

31...............

1904. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9

10...............

Jan.

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

1,642

1,446

1,097

924

752

776

719

479

479

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

9V\

250

250

250

250

250

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

200

200

0

200

200

200

200

200

200

0

Feb.

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

280

280

280

14

367

450

776

515

489

180

180

180

180

180

180

0

160

160

160

Mar.

1,370

1,165

1,017

878

878

1,065

1,114

1,214

1,267

1,017

746

833

1,423

1,267

1,531

1,765

1,702

1,583

1,478

1,370

1,267

1,165

1,017

789

1,531

1,531

1,011

1,011

768

663

637

564

587

848

1,259

1,815

3,243

3,275

3,235

3,216

2,585

2,497

2,231

1,976

1,779

1,479

1,479

1 479

1,499

1,722

1.623

1,066

1,110

1,136

1,111

886

160

160

160

200

200

0

220

250

250

280

Apr.

1,071

848

280

280

354

705

819

927

900

705

584

531

465

438

438

415

369

369

345

313

313

94

367

367

350

1,085

1,054

803

846

735

735

750

645

712

712

687

0

300

300

300

300

300

300

26

326

314

306

306

300

300

0

300

3 0

300

300

280

280

0

280

280

286

306

286

320

532

May.

465

415

393

373

306

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280.

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

2,747

2,497

1,859

725

351

283

280

393

500

956

June.

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

July.

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

280

30

29

280

280

280

280

280

0

Aug.

280

280

280

280

0

rso

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

265

265

265

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

Sept.

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

270

270

270

270

270

0

0

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

265

265

Oct.

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

265

0

265

265

265

265

265

265

0

265

Nov.

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

270

270

270

270

270

270

0

0

220

220

220

220

220

210

0

210

190

125

130

130

130

0

130

130

130

130

130

130

0

130

130

130

0

130

130

0

130

250

250

250

250

250

0

220

220

220

Dec.

270

0

270

270

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

256

276

40

290

264

264

256

250

250

130

140

140

140

140

0

140

120

115

125

115

115

0

150

150

140

145

145

145

0

220

200

200

200

0

200

0

200

200

200

200

220

220

220

0

320

220

220

220

220
PLOW OP COBBOSSEECOFTEE STREAM AT GAEDINEB. 101

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at GardinerContinued.

Day.

1904. 

11...............

12...............

13... .........

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.. ..........

18.. ........

19.. ..........

20...............

21...............

22...............

23... . .........

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30.. . . .. ...

31...............

1905.0 

1...............

2..

3...............

4.

5

6.

8.. .......... .

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13.

14.

15.. .. . .

16..

17...............

18.. . . .

19...............

20.. .. . .

21..

22..... . .......

23.

24..

25.. .. . ... ...

26...............

27..... .........

28...............

29...............

30...............

31.. . . ..... .

1906. b 

1... ...........

2..

3...............

4..

5...............

6. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

Jan.

200

180

180

180

180

180

0

180

180

180

180

180

180

0

180

180

180 ISO180

180

0

10

115

115

115

115

115

115

10

160

160

160

160

160

160

10

160

160

160

160

10

160

160

160

160

160

20

160

160

195

1Q^

195

10

195

195

Feb.

160

160

160

0

160

160

160

130

125

125

0

120

135

150

160

160

160

0

160

160

160

160

160

30

160

160

160

160

160

20

160

160

160

160

25

160

160

160

160

160

160

20

160

160

230

250

250

265

265

Mar.

290

280

186

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

337

494

649

564

529

329

280

160

150

140

140

60

130

130

125

115

120

125

35

125

115

110

105

105

20

160

170

200

210

210

210

10

260

260

286

484

591

260

260

260

10

270

265

270

270

270

270

Apr.

618

497

399

270

276

276

270

270

270

250

372

462

421

250

331

331

405

565

2,652

2,747

565

605

453

330

340

568

882

703

530

400

290

290

290

290

290

113

290

290

290

290

10

290

290

290

280

280

10

10

270

270

270

270

270

270

10

270

270

May.

1,406

2,129

1,699

1,105

362

280

537

670

699

699

699

634

489

415

300

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

285

285

10

285

285

285

285

285

285

10

285

285

285

285

285

285

10

285

285

285

285

285

285

10

285

10

285

795

722

724

724

294

592

567

545

June.

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

280

285

285

285

10

285

285

280

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

280

280

1,100

860

510

630

610

July.

280

280

280

280

280

280

0

280

280

280

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

265

265

265

280

10

280

145

135

260

260

260

10

260

260

260

260

260

10

260

260

260

260

260

260

10

260

2GO

10

200

670

660

300

OCK

10

275

Aug.

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

260

260

260

10

260

260

260

260

260

260

10

260

260

260

260

260

10

260

OftA

260

Ot!A

260

10

735

780

9QA

10

990

290

290

285

285

Sept.

0

265

265

265

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

265

265

265

0

265

265

265

265

0

220

220

10

220

220

220

220

220

10

220

220

220

220

220

220

10

220

220

220

220

10

220

220

285

10

285 fyc10

290

Oct.

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

0

250

250

250

250

250

250

200

250

10

220

220

220

220

220

220

10

220

220

220

220

220

220

10

220

220

220

220

220

220

10

220

210

190

170

160

10

115

115

280

280

280

10

280

280

Nov.

220

220

0

220

220

220

220

220

220

0

220

220

220

0

220

220

0

220

220

220

115

115

115

115

10

180

180

180

180

180

180

10

180

180

180

180

180

180

10

180

ISO

180

ISO

180

180

10

180

180

180

10

280

280

10

280

OCA

280

280

280

Dec.

0

220

200

180

150

130

125

0

115

115

110

110

10

10

48

48

100

100

100

100

100

180

180

10

180

180

195

195

195

195

10

195

195

195

195

195

195

10

195

195

195

195

195

195

Iff

25

195

195

195

195

195

10

275

10

275

275

275

275

10

275

o Leakage of dam during 1905 taken at 10 se< ond-feet, as determined by measurements during 1905. 

6 Leakage of dam during 1906 taken at 10 second-feet as determined by measurements during 1905.
102 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner

Continued.

Day.

1906. 

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

28---............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1Qs;

195

195

10

210

210

210

210

210

10

210

210

303

303

284

236

210

Feb.

265

265

265

10

280

280

10

260

260

Mar.

10

270

270

270

270

270

10

270

270

97ft

270

270

10

270

270

97ft

270

270

Apr.

625

625

1,010

757

547

677

800

800

1,040

1,026

1,051

1,061

1,000

May.

cor

320

290

290

280

10

280

280

275

275-

10

717

970

1,110

June.

CQC

350

310

16

290

280

280

260

985

1,280

1,160

980

310

July.

oyc

275

10

275

275

275

10

275

720

910

880

760

450

15

400

640

Aug.

9Q C

10

285

285

OO K

285

10

285

290

290

290

290

290

10

290

285

285

2S5

Sept.

290

290

290

290

10

290

290

290

290

290

10

280

280

280

280

280

280

10

Oct.

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

Nov.

10

280

280

280

280

10

280

280

280

280

10

280

275

160

Dec.

97c

275

270

10

270

270

270

10

10

270

97ft

270

270

10

270

Monthly discharge of Cobbossetcontee Stream at reservoir dam at Garctiner. 

[Drainage area, 240 square miles].

Month.

1890. 

Juno 16-30. ...................................

1891.

May..........................................

July..........................................

The year ................................

1892.

July..........................................

November

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

356 

374 

290 

290 

393 

445 

300

1,120 

942 

2,585 

2,169 

316 

300 

300 

290 

285 

260 

201 

220

2.585

276 

280 

280 

306 

280 

280 

280 

280 

280 

280 

280 

280

Minimum.

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0 

0 

515 

300 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

Mean.

281 

281 

244 

261 

283 

345 

250

483 

556 

1,385 

1,277 

253 

260 

246 

240 

236 

194 

80.3 

147

446

216 

240 

241 

246 

253 

233 

181 

244 

243 

235 

233 

244

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.17 

1.17 

1.02 

1.09 

1.18 

1.44 

1.04

2.01 

2.32 

5.77 

5.32 

1.05 

1.08 

1.02 

1.00 

.983 

.808 

.335 

.612

1.86

.900 

1.00 

1.0 

1.02 

1.05 

.971 

.754 

1.02 

1.01 

.979 

.971 

1.02

.98

Depth in 

inches.

0.65 

ol.35 

1.18 

1.22 

1.36 

1.61 

1.20

2.32 

2.42 

6.65 

5.91 

1.21 

1.20 

1.18 

1.15 

1.10 

.93 

.37 

.71

25.18

1.04 

1.08 

1.18 

1.14 

1.21 

1.08 

.87 

1.18 

1.13 

1.13 

1.08 

1.18

13.30

a For thirty-one days.
FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDHSTER. 103

Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner Continued.

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Month.

1893.

Mav................................... --.-...

July..........................................

1894.

\Ta V

July ...........................................

1895.

July..........................................

1896.

Julv....... ...................................

1897.

Julv..........................................

December

Maximum.

280

280

780

1,079

2,680

300

280

280

250

250

220

2,680

220

220

900

430

862

925

280

280

280

270

250

220

2,619

385

280

280

280

270

220

220

343

280

1, 236

300

280

280

270

250

2,698

914

679

2SO

280

280

280

280

Minimum.

0

0

0

0

307

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

11

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

300

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mean.

235

250

395

608

1,025

249

226

237

197

179

187

330

192

189

341

273

304

327

226

244

218

208

183

773

240

233

235

238

186

235

812

229

227

219

341

238

201

234

272

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.979

1.04

1.65

2.53

4.27

1.04

.912

.988

.746

.779

.738

788

1.42

1.14

1.27

1.36

.942

1.02

.904

.908

.702

679

1.00

.971

.979

.992

.907

979

4 59

3.38

.954

1.01

979

.946

912

.842

.875

1.43

917

1 Q9

1.71

992

979

1.01

.838

975

962

Depth in 

inches.

1.13

1.08

1.90

2.82

4.92

1.16

1.09

1.14

.92

.86

.87

.85

18.74

.92

.82

1.64

1.27

1.46

1.52

1.09

1.18

1.01

1.05

.97

.97

.36

1.15

1.08

1.13

1.14

.93

.49

.67

10.47

1.11

3.77

1.10

1.13

1.13

1.09

1.02

.97

.86

1.01

19.55

1.01

.98

1.06

2.03

a 1.97

1.78

1.14

1.13

1.13

.97

1 09

1.11

a For 30 days.
104 WATER RESOURCES OF KEJSTNEBEC RIVEE BASIN.

Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner Continued.

Discharge in second-feet.

Month. 

Maximum.

1898.

July..........................................

1899.

July..........................................

1900.

July..........................................

1901.

July.. .. .......:............................

1902.

April. .........................................

July..........................................

280 

504 

1.261 

1,038 

478 

280 

280 

280 

270 

250 

250 

270

270 

270 

280 

1,427 

300 

280 

280 

280 

270 

160 

180 

180

1,427

220 

2,194 

2,316 

1,380 

1,422 

300 

280 

275 

250 

230 

220 

240

2,316

250 

220 

1,404 

3.205 

'483 

510 

280 

280 

280 

270 

250 

2,700

3,205

1,6*2 

463 

2/00 

1,803 

713 

280 

280 

280 

280 

280 

. 270 

290

2,400

Minimum.

0 

0 

387 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

0 

0 

815 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

0 

0 

0 

260 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

0 

280 

746 

94 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

Mean.

235 

301 

843 

590 

305 

243 

226 

239 

219 

200 

208 

233

226 

231 

235 

776 

245 

243 

226 

239 

166 

86.2 

131 

116

243

119 

453 

1,365 

964 

544 

245 

222 

230 

204 

180 

172 

187

407

201 

149 

299 

1,"36 

254 275 

235 

2*4 

229 

219 

205 

441

374

450 

287 

1,364 

691 

336 

233 

227 

235 

2 3 

239 2°5 

228

396

Run-off.

Sec.-ft.per 

sq. mile.

0.979 

1.25 

3.51 

2.46 

1.27 

1.01 

.942 

.996 

.913 

.833 

.867 

.971

1.33

.942 

.962 

.979 

3.23 

1.02 

1.01 

.942 

.996 

.692 

.359 

.546 

.483

1.01

.496 

1.89 

5.69 

4.02 

2.27 

1.02 

.925 

.958 

.850 

.750 

.717 

.779

1.70

.838 

.621 

1.25 

7.23 

1.06 

1.15 

.979 

1.02 

.954 

.912 

'.854 

1.84

1.56

1.88 

1.20 

5.68 

2.88 

1.40 .9-n

.9*6 

.979 

1.01 

.9% 

.938 

.950

1.65

Depth in 

inches.

1.13

1.30 

4.05 

a 2. 75 

1.46 

1.13 

1.09 

1.15 

1.02 

.96 

.97 

1.12

18. 13

1.09 

1.00 

1.13 

3.60 

1.18 

1.13 

l.Ofc 

1.15 

.77 

.41 

.61 

.56

13.72

.57 

1.97 

6.56 

4.48 

2.62 

1.14 

1.07 

1.10 

.95 

.86 

.80 

.90

23.02

.97 

.65 

1.44 

8.07 

1.22 

1.28 

1.13 

1.18 

1.06 

1.05 

.95 

2.12

21.12

2.17 

1.25 

6.55 

3.21 

1.61 

1.08 

1.09 

1.13 

1.13 

1.15 

1.05 

1.10

22.52

For 30 days.
FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GAEDINEE. 105

Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner Continued.

Month.

1903. 

January.................

February................

March...................

April.....................

May.....................

June.....................

July.....................

August...................

September...............

October..................

November...............

December................

The year...........

1904. 

January.................

February...............

March...................

April.....................

May......................

June.....................

July.....................

August..................

September................

October...................

November................

December.................

The year............

1905. 

January.................

February.................

March....................

April......................

May.....................

June......................

July......................

August....'...............

September................

October...................

November................

December.................

The year............

1906. 

January..................

February.................

March....................

April......................

May......................

June......................

July......................

August...................

September................

October v .................

November................

December.................

The year............

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Maximum. Minimum.

270

776

3,275

1,085

280

280

280

270

270

250

220

220

3,275

200

180

649

2,747

2,747

280

280

265

265

265

250

220

2,747

160

160

591

882

285

285

280

260

220

220

180

195

882

303

280

270

1,061

1,110

1,280

910

780

290

280

280

275

1,280

0

0

564

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

Mean Sec.-ft. per Depth in 

mean- sq. mile. inches.

222 I 

286 | 

1.571 

455 

235 

243 

235 

232 

220 

205 

126 

133

347

157

136

278

493

778

243

223

231

221

220

188

136

275

127

141

166

347

240

245

213

223

192

175

143

158

198

236

235

610

436

569

377

285

240

245

240

221

0.925

1.19

6.55

1.90

.979

1.01

.979

.967

.917

.854

.525

.554

1.45

.654

.567

1.16

2.05

3.24

1.01

.929

.962

.921

.917

.783

.567

1.15

.529

.588

.692

1.45

1.00

1.02

.888

.929

.800

.729

.596

.658

.823

.825

.983

.979

2.54

1.82

2.37

1.57

1.19

1.00

1.02

1.00

.921

1.35

1.07

1.24

7.55

2 12

1.13

1.13

1.13

1.11

1.02

.98

.59

.64

19.71

.75

.61

1.34

2.29

3.74

1.13

1.07

1.11

1.03

1.06

.87

.65

15.66.

.61

.61

.80

1.62

1.15

1.14

1.02

1.07

.66

.76

11.18

.95

1.02

1.13

2.83

2.10

2.64

1.81

1.37

1.12

1.18

1.12

1.06

18.33
106 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIIsT.

RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION.

KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE.

From the table of average precipitation on the Kennebec drainage 

basin (p. 22), and that of mean monthly run-off (pp. 57-59), the 

following table has been prepared, covering the run-off and precipitation for the period 1893 to 1905, inclusive. The gage heights kept of 

Moosehead Lake level enable a correction to be made for the amount 

of water stored in the lake since May, 1895, and, as explained on page 

49, the run-off at Waterville has been computed as if water had not 

been stored, the effect of evaporation of water while in storage, however, being neglected. The ratios of run-off to rainfall thus corrected 

for storage are also given in this table.

Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905,

inclusive, by months.

[Drainage area, 4,270 square miles ]

Month.

1893.

July......................................

1894.

April... ...................................

July......................................

1895.

February

July ......................................

Precipitation in 

inches.

2.1 

3.3 

2.6 

2.1 

5.3 

2.2 

2.4 

4.0 

3.1 

6 0 

2.4 

2 9

38 4

2.4 

1.8 

1.6 

1.2 

4.6 

4.6 

2.3 

2.9 

5 0 

4.8 

2 5 

2 3

Run-off in inches on Ratio of run-off to 

drainage area. precipitation.

Observed 

run-off.

0.46 

.57 

1.13 

3.05 

8.23 

3.99 

1.56 

.61 

.53 

.63 

.58 

.43

21.78

.44 

.43 

1.08 

3.83 

-2.58 

2.03 

1.54 

.80 

.72 

1.01 

.98 

.52

36 0 15. 97

2.8 

.9 

1.6 

4.4 

2.8 

2.9 

3.2 

4.3 

1.6 

1.7 

6.1 

4.7

37.0

.55 

.44 

.54 

6.25 

2.58 

1.67 

.95 

.73 

.46 

.34 

1.46 

1.62

17.58

Estimated 

run-off 

without 

storage.

............

3.02 

.89 

.68 

.44 

 .05 

.47 

2.05 

2.23

For 

observed 

run-off.

0.22 

.17 

.43 

1.45 

1.55 

1.81 

.65 

.15 

.17 

.10 

.24 

.15

.57

.18 

.24 

.68 

3.19 

.56 

.44 

.67 

.28 

.14 

.21 

.39 

.23

.44

.20 

.49 

.34 

1.42 

.92 

.58 

.30 

.17 

.29 

.20 

.24 

.34

.47

For estimated runoff without 

storage.

1.08 

.31 

.21 

.10 

- .03 

.28 

.34 

.48
RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 107

Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Water ville, Me., 1893-1905, 

inclusive, by months Continued.

liun-off in inches on 

drainage area.

Month.

1896.

January....

February...............

March..................

April...................

May...................

June...................

July....................

August.................

September.............

October................

November..............

December...............

The year.........

1897. 

January...............

February..............

March.................

April...................

May...................

June...................

July...................

August.................

September.............

October................

November..............

December...............

The year..........

1898. 

January................

February..............

March.................

April...................

May...................

June...................

July...................

August................

September.............

October................

November..............

December...............

The year.........

1899. 

January................

February...............

March..................

April...................

May....................

June...................

July....................

August................

September.............

October................

November..............

December...............

The year..........

Precipitation in 

inches.

0.7 

3.7 

7.0 

2.0 

2.7 

2.5 

4.4 

3.6 

4.6 

3.5 

3.3 

1.1

Ratio of run-off to 

precipitation.

Observed 

run-off.

1.16 

72

3^54

7.16

4.60

1.44

1.44

.85

.89

.99

2.36

.74

P'stimated 

run-off 

without 

storage. |

For

observed 

run-off.

25.89

3.6 

1.9

3.2

3.3 

4.9 

3.6 

7.2 

3.8 

3.0 

1.0 

4. 4 

.3.2

.97

.90

1.07

6.63

7.26

3.39

3 54

1.97

1.19

.71

1.48

1.44

43.1

4.9

6 8

1.0

2.2

1.6

3.3

1.5

3.7

3.3

4.4

4 3

1.3

.87

.83

3.04

7.79

6.78

2.61

1.06

.84

.68

1.09

1.35

.71

38.3 27.65

2.4

3.3

4.6

.9

2 2

1.8

5 4

.9

3.0

1.5

2.4

2.5

.64

.58

.87

6.27

5.74

2.30

1.37

.89

.48

.34

.59

.74

30.9 20 81

1.42

.57

3.73

7.80

4.24

1.00

1.01

.38

.81

1.16

3.11

.73

25.96

.95

.74

1.03

7.58

7. 53

2.96

3.39

1.56

.75

.65

1.64

1.87

30.65

2.71

8.95

6.82

2.04

.42

.42

.60

1.28

1.72

1.66

.19

.51

3.58

1.70

.58

.33

.24

.19

.28

.72

.67

.66

.27

.48

.33

2.01

1.48

.94

.49

.52

.40

.71

.34

.45

.18

.12

3.04

3.54

4.24

.79

.71

.23

.21

.25

.31

.54

27.39 .72

. 56

.39

.82

7.15

6 02

1.25

54

.07

.17

.60

.85

20.13

.27

.17

.19

6.96

2.61

1.28

.25

.99

.16

.23

.24

.30

.67

For estimated runoff without

storage.

2.03

.15

.53

3.90

1.57

.40

.23

.11

.18

.33

.94

.66

.26

.39

.32

2.30

1.54

.82

.47

.41

.25

.65

.37

.59

.17

.11

2.71

4.07

4.26

.62

.28

.11

.18

.29

.40

.66

.23

.12

.18

7.95

2.74

.96

.23

.60

.02

.11

.25

.34

3697 IRR 198 07-
108 WATER RESOURCES OF KEK^EBEC RIVER

Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, 

inclusive, by months Continued.

Month.

1900. 

January................

February...............

March..................

April....................

May....................

June....................

July....................

August................

September.............

October................

November.............

December.....:........

The year.........

190: 

January................

February..............

March.................

April....................

May....................

June...................

July....................

Augusi.................

September..............

October................

November..............

December..............

The year.........

1902. 

January...............

February..............

March.................

April...................

May...................

June...................

July...................

August................

September..............

October................

November.............

December..............

The year.........

1903. 

January...............

February..............

March.................

April...................

May...................

June...................

July...................

August................

September.............

October................

November.............

December...............

The year.........

Run-off in inches on 

drainage area.

Precipitation in 

inches.

Ratio of run-off to 

precipitation.

5.6 

6.8 

5.0 

1.3 

4.6 

3.9 

4.G 

1.8 

3.1 

3.4 

6.5 

1.9

Observed 

run-off.

1.5

3.9 

6.0 

2.3

3.8

3.9 

3.9 

2.2 

2.8 

2.3 

7.0

42.9

2 9

ao

8.3 

3.3 

4.3 

6.1 

2.7 

4.5 

3.8 

4.9 

1.2 

4.0

49.0

3.9 

3.4 

5.6 

1.9

.5 

4.8 

4.8 

2.9

.9 

2.7 

1.4

0.64

2.21

2.47

7.43

7.63

2.64

1.55

1.13

.74

.83

1.66

1.11

F.stimated 

run-off 

without 

storage.

For

observed 

run-off.

0.66

2.60

2.63

8.37

7.92

2.19

1 38

61

.29

. 75

2.09

1.11

0.11

.33

.49

5.72

1.66

.68

.34

.63

.24

.24

.26

30.04 30.60

.61

1.30

10.7

4.09

2.15

1.38

1.13

.74

. 79

.63

3.21

.71

.44

1.04

12.55

3.94

1.70

.86

1.17

.38

.46

.46

2.71

27.59

1.04

.92

7.76

5.79

4.55

3.98

2.11

1.36

1.10

1.42

1.18

1.18

32.40

1.08

.97

5.23

4.30

1.96

1.75

1.40

1.04

.65

.52

.38

.61

26.42

1.23

. 77

8 08

6.79

4.59

3.87

1 54

1.07

1.07

1.42

1.46

.76

32. 65

1.08 

.70 

6 05 

4.33 

1.91 

1.41 

.99 

.80 

.21 

.21 

.22 

a.37

«18. 28

.32

.40

.33

1.79

1.78

.57

.35

.29

.33

.28

.27

.64

.36

.31

.94

1.75

1.06

.65

.78

.30

.29

.29

.98

.30

.28

.29

.93

2.26

3.92

.36

.29

.36

.73

.19

.27

.13

.55

For estimated runoff without

storage.

0.12

.38

.53

0.44

1.72

.56

.30

.34

.09

.22

.32

.59

.63

.26

.29

.27

2.09

1.71

.45

.22

.30

17

.16

.20

.36

42

.26

.97

2.06

1.07

.64

.57

.24

.28

.29

1.22

.19

28

.20

1.08

2.28

3.83

.29

.21

.28

.23

.08

.16

.13

.51

a From December, 1903, to April, 1904, inclusive, no correction made for storage.
RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 109

Run-off and precipitation in Kenncbec Hirer basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, 

inclusive, by months Continued.

Month.

Run-off in inches on 

drainage area.

Ratio of run-off to 

precipitation.

1904. 

January................

February...............

March..................

April....................

May....................

June....................

July....................

August.................

September..............

October.................

November..............

December...............

The year..........

1905. 

January................

February...............

March.................

April...................

May...................

June....................

July...................

August................

September.............

October................

November.............

December..............

The vear.........

Precipitation in 

inches.

3.0 

1.5

2.9 

5.4 

5.8 

2.9 

5.1 

4.9 

5.8 

2. 4

1.5

1.6

3.9

1. 1

1.3

2. 1

3.1

3.9

42

2.1

4.2

1.0

3.4

2.9

Observed 

run-off.

0.26

.23

1.02

3.90

5.59

2.16

1.44 1 27

1.12

1.27

.88

.74

19.89

.83

.64

1.42

3.52

2.83

1.75

1.26

.86

.78

.48

.60

.56

33 2 15.52

Estimated 

run-off 

without 

storage.

"0.26

1.23

ol.02

a 3. a'O

7.24

1.81

1.15

.82

1.18

1.63

i 20. 56

.16

.35

1.58

445

3.53

1.50

.82

.37

.52

.21

.48

.40

1437

For

observed 

run-off.

0.09 

.16 

.35 

.72 

.97 

.74 

.28 

.26 

.19 

.53 

.59 

.46

For estimated runoff without

storage.

0.09

.16

.35

.72

1.25

.62

.23

.17

.20

.68

.56

.30

.46

.21

.58

1.09

1.68

.91

.45

.30

.41

.18

.19

.47

.48

.04

.31

1.22

2.12

1.14

.39

.20

.18

.12

.21

.14

.14

.43

a From December, 1903, to April, 1904, inclusive, no correction made for storage.

The subjoined table shows the observed average monthly discharge 

at Waterville from 1893 to 1905 and from 1896 to 1905; the estimated 

average monthty discharge at Waterville from 1896 to 1905 if no 

water had been stored; the average monthly precipitation from 1893 

to 1905 and from 1896 to 1905; and the ratio of the run-off to precipitation.

The effect of storage on the distribution of seasonal run-off is 

clearly shown by a comparison of the last two columns in the table. 

During April and May water is being stored; from June to September 

inclusive this stored water is being let out; and during the remainder 

of the year there is little effect from storage.
110 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Summary of run-ojf and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above WatemUe, Me.,

1893-1905, inclusive.

[Drainage area, 4,270 square miles.]

Month.

April...............

July...............

December. .........

Monthly average. . .

Run - off in secondfeet per square 

mile.

Observed 

run-ofl.

1893- 

1905.

0.67 

.74 

2.03 

5.29 

4.30

2.19 

1.63

.70 

.69 

.98

.81

1.74

1896- 

1905.

0.72 

.82 

2.40 

5.70 

4.43 

2.17 

1.44

. 75 

.73 

1.00 

.93

Estimated 

run-ofl 

without 

storage.

Run-ofl in inches on 

drainage area.

Observed 

run-ofl.

1896- : 1893- 

1905. 1905.

0.68 

. 72 

2. 49 

6.44 

4.67 

1.82 

1.11 

.67 

.53 

.69 

1.13 

1.01

0.77 

.77 

2.34 

5.90 

4.96 

2.44 

1.88 

1.04 

.78 

.80 

1.09 

.93

1896- 

1905.

0.83 

.85 

2.77 

6.36 

5.11 

2.42 

1.66 

1.13 

.84 

.84 

1.12 

1.07

23. 70 ' 25 nn

1. 84 1. 83

|

1.98 2.08

Estimated 

run-ofl 

without 

storage.

1896- 

1905.

0.78 

.75 

2.87 

7.18 

5.38 

2.03 

1.28 

.77 

.59 

.80 

1.26 

1.16

Precipitation in 

inches.

1893- 

1905.

3.15 

3.00 

3.74 

2. 78 

3.44 

3.56 

3.98 

3.33 

3.35 

3.09 

3.21 

3.00

1896- 

1905.

3.36 

3.30 

4.28 

2.84 

3.20 

3.66 

4.38 

3.21 

3.39 

2.76 

3.07 

2.90

Ratio of run-ofl to 

precipitation.

For observed runofl.

1893- 

1905.

0.24 

.26 

.63 

2.12 

1.44 

.69 

.47 

.31 

.23 

.26 

.34 

.31

1896- 

1905.

0.25 

.26 

.65 

2.24 

1.60 

.66 

.38 

.35 

.25 

.30 

.36 

.37

24. 85 ! 3Q 63 ' 40 35

2. 07 3.30 3.36 . 60 . 62

For 

estimated 

run-ofl 

without 

storage.

1896- 

1905.

0.23 

.23 

.67 

2.53 

1.68 

.55 

.29 

.24 

.17 

.29 

.41 

.40

.62

RUN-OFF AND PRECIPITATION ON COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM

AT GARDINER.

The following table has been prepared for precipitation and run-off 

on Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner, covering the period 1891 to 

1905, inclusive, precipitation being taken from the records at Gardiner, 

except for a few Lewiston records during 1891-92. It must be kept 

in mind that the run-off from this drainage basin is controlled to a 

very large extent by lake storage, and for that reason the monthly 

ratios are not in general the actual run-off ratios. The mean results 

for the year are, however, probably not greatly affected in this way, 

although the general effect of storage is to reduce the amount of these 

ratios.
RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. Ill

[Drainage area, 240 square miles.]

Month.

1891.

July...............

The year. . . .

1892.

July...............

The year ....

1893.

July...............

The year ....

1894.

May

July...............

December

The year ....

Precipitation 

in inches.

7.03

2.89

3.64

5. 27

2.97

c 9-

47.72

2.43

3.18

8

1 1

4.48

1.81

1 49

46.06

2.70

4.79

4.66

1.12

3.27

1 R3

40.89

3.30

1 99

1.86

1.18

2.30

3.08

3.81

4 25

2.21

2 80

34.06

Run-off 

in inches 

on drainage area .

2.32

C.G5

5.94

1.15

.932

.374

.706

25. 18

1.18

1.14

.869

1.18

1.13

1.13

1.18

13.30

1.13

1.08

1.90

2.82

4.92

1.14

860

.869

.851

18. 74

992

.821

1.27

1.52

1.09

1.18

1.01

1.05

967

13.90

Ratio oi runon to 

precipitation.

0.29

.62

.95

2.06

.47

.33

.22

.39

1.10

.39

.14

.13

. 53

49

.49

.26

.27

.25

.63

.24

.79

.28

42

.23

.60

1.05

98

.35

.28

.15

.17

.46

.28

.41

1.14

.68

25

1.29

.47

.38

.27

.35

.41

Month.

1895.

May.... ...........

December. ........

The year ....

1896.

July ...............

Tho yea r . ...

1897.

April. .............

May............ ..

July ...............

The year ....

1898.

April..............

J ulv ...............

September. .......

The year ....

Precipitation 

in inches.

2.50

1.64

2.48

4.83

1.50

2.01

3.28

1.21

1.82

6. 85

4.40

37.07

s5 25

7.19

2.02

2.80

1.94

3.18

2.88

7.60

2.64

4.12

1.52

42.01

4.51

2.13

4.30

2.86

5.94

4.32

3.15

2.66

3.11

.92

5 99

3.83

43.72

5.54

5.45

1.76

3.44

1.60

3.56

.98

3.73

2.90

6.23

4.57

2.74

42. 50

Run-off 

in inches 

on drainage area.

1.05

.794

.783

. 359

1.15

1.08

1.13

1.14

.929

.485

.669

.898

10.47

1.06

5.29

3.77

1.10

1.13

1.13

1.09

1.02

.971

.865

1.01

19. 55

1.01

.977

1.06

2.03

1.97

1.78

1.14

1.13

1.13

.966

1.11

15.39

1.13

1.30

4.05

2.75

1.46

1.13

1.09

1.15

1.02

.960

.697

1.12

18.13

Ratio 

oi runoflto 

precipitation.

0.42

.48

.32

.74

.79

.54

.25

.35

.27

.10

.20

.28

1.28

.20

.74

1.87

.39

.58

.35

.38

.13

.37

.21

.67

.46

.22

.46

.25

.71

.33

.41

.36

.43

.36

1.05

.18

.29

.35

.20

.24

2.30

.80

.91

.32

1.10

.31

.34

.10

.21

.41

.43
112 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, Me., 1891- 

1905, inclusive Continued.

Mouth.

1899.

July...............

The year....

1900.

July...............

December. ........

Precipitation 

in inches.

3.41

3.10

5.56

1.19

1.87

2.43

5.48

1.08 Q on

2.42

34.90

7.19

8.96

7.23

2.50

5.42

1.34

1.87

2.77

2.45

4.47

5.28

1.64

Run-off 

in inches 

on drainage area.

1.09

1.00

1.13

3.60

1.18

1 09

1.15

.772

.414

609

13.72

.572

1 97

6.56

4.48

2.62

1.14

1.07

1.10

.948

.865

.800

.898

Ratio 

of run- , ofl to ' 

precipitation.

0.32

.32

.20

3.02

.03

.47

.20

1.06

.20

.22

.25

.21

.39

.08

.21

Q1

1.79

.48

.85

.57

.40

.39

.19

.15

.55

Month.

1903.

April..............

July...............

August............

The year ....

1904.

April..............

July...............

September.. ......

October...........

December. ........

Precipitation 

in inches.

4.54

3.63

6.65

1.42

.45

5.12

4.77

2.90

1.34

3.82

1.63

3. 50

39.83

4.12

2.24

3.71

7.10

3.95

1.29

1.25

4.53

5.09

2.02

2.39

2.28

Run-off

in inches 

on drainage area.

1.07

1.24

7.55

2.12

1.13

1.13

1.13

1.11

1.02

.985

.586

.639

19.71

.754

.612

1.34

2.29

3.74

1.13

1.07

1.11

1.03

1.06

.874

.654

Ratio 

of runofl to 

precipitation.

0.24

.34

1.13

1.49

2.51

.22

.24

.38

.76

.26

.36

.18

.50

.18

.27

.36

.32

.95

.88

.86

.25

.20

.53

.37

.29

The year ....

1901.

July...............

The year ....

1902.

July...............

The year ....

51.12

o 70

1.76

6.43

3.97

1.36

4.26

5.54

2.08

4.18

2.41

9.43

51.45

2.67

1.70

10.33

3.71

2.01

4.52

2.07

4.46

3.22

4.90

1.21

5.35

46.15

23.02

966

.647

8.07

1.22

1.28

1.13

1.18

1.06

.953

2.12

21.12

2.17

1.25

6.55

3.21

1.61

1.08

1.09

1.13

1.13

1.15

1.05

1.10

22.52

.45

"0

.37

.23

1.25

.94

.27

.21

.51

.25

.3921)

.41

.81

.74

.63

.87

.80

.24

.53

.25

.35

.23

.87

.21

.49

The year. . ..

1905.

May...............

July...............

December. ........

The year ....

39.97

4.85

1.32

.94

2.10

2.17

4.83

4.52

2.03

4.09

.78

3.95

3.12

34.70

15.66

.61

.612

.798

1.62

1.15

1.14

1.02

1.07

.893

.84

.665

.759

11.18

.39

.13

.46

.85

.77

.53

.24

.23

.53

.22

1.08

.17

.24

.32
EVAPORATION". 113

The following table shows for the whole period the run-off and precipitation, and the ratio of these two factors, by calendar months, just 

as was done for Waterville. It will be noted that the mean yearly 

ratio of run-off to precipitation at Gardiner is 0.41, whereas at Waterville for the period 1896 to 1905 it is 0.62, both for observed run-off 

and for that corrected for storage. The average yearly discharge at 

Gardiner is 1.28 second-feet per square mile of drainage area; at 

Waterville (1896-1905) it is 1.84 second-feet. For the longer period, 

1893 to 1905, at Waterville the ratio of run-off to precipitation and 

the average yearly discharge are slightly less, being respectively 0.60 

and 1.74 second-feet.

Summary of run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner,

Me., 1891-1905.'inclusive.

[Drainage area, 240 square miles.]

Month.

July...................................................

Total. ...........................................

Average 

run-off in 

second-feet 

per square 

mile of 

drainage 

area.

0.98

1.07

2.77

2.72

1.57

1.08

.94

.98

.90

.79

.74

.84

1.28

Run-oft in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

1.13

1.11

3.19

3.03

1.81

1.20

1.08

1.13

1.00

.91

.83

.97

17.39

1.45

Precipitation in 

inches.

 4.24

3.34

4.70

3.06

3.29

3.15

3.20

3.55

3.30

3.20

3.47

3.68

42.18

3.52

Ratio of 

run-oft to 

precipitation.

0.27

.33

.68

.99

.55

.38

.34

.32

.30

.28

.24

.26

.41

EVAPORATION.

No measurements of evaporation from the water surface have been 

made in the Kennebec drainage basin, but from data obtained by the 

United States Geological Survey at several points in Maine during the 

past year, an approximate idea may be obtained as to its amount.

Stations 'for the measurement of evaporation from the water surface are in operation as follows:

Evaporation stations in Maine.

Station. Location. Date established.

July 1, 1905.

Do.

Do.

August 19, 1905.
114 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

The method used for the measurement of evaporation has been that 

of the floating raft and dish, commonly used for this purpose. PL II, 

B (p. 26), shows the evaporation raft, etc., on Androscoggin River at 

Lewis ton, Me. ; in the mill pond of the Union Water Power Company. 

A skeleton log raft about 15 feet square is arranged to float with its 

surface just out of the water. A clear opening 6 feet square is left in 

the center and in this opening the evaporation pan floats, its top being 

kept perhaps 2 or 3 inches above the water surface by means of galvanized-iron pontoons, which are cylindrical in shape and air-tight. 

The evaporation pan is 3 feet square and 18 inches deep, and is constructed of galvanized iron, properly braced with iron straps. A spindle with sharp point is fixed vertically in the middle of the pan, with 

its point 1 or 2 inches below the top.

In measuring the amount of evaporation the water surface is made 

of exactly the same height as the point of the spindle, and then at the 

next time of observation the process is repeated, the amount of water 

required to restore the water surface to the level of the spindle point 

being noted. The spindle is surrounded by a thin iron cylinder about 

3 inches in diameter, with its axis parallel to the spindle and closed 

with the exception of some small holes near the bottom. This prevents rapid movement of the water surface and enables very close 

determinations to be made of its height. A small cup of such capacity 

that it represents 0.01 inch depth of water in the pan is used for pouring in the water (or dipping it out in case it has rained and the rainfall 

has exceeded the evaporation), so that the number of cupfuls represents the change in depth in hundredths of inches the evaporation 

if there has been no rainfall. A rain gage is maintained on the raft so 

that correction can be made for any rainfall.

The temperature of the air and of the water in the pan and outside 

of the pan are noted, and at the Millinocket and Lewiston stations 

relative humidity and velocity of wind are also observed.

The results obtained have been in general very satisfactory, and it 

has been found that with the spindle point surrounded by a cylinder, 

as just described, the water surface moves but little, even when the 

pan is being considerably shaken about by wave motion. A difference of half a cupful (0.005 inch) can readily be detected.

The figures given in the subjoined table for evaporation during the 

frozen season are from the Lewiston station. They were obtained by 

filling an iron dish, allowing it to freeze solidly, and then exposing it. 

The weight was observed from time to time and the loss by evaporation thus determined. Continuous observations could not be made 

owing to interruptions by rain and sleet. In all probability the 

amounts observed in this way are considerably larger than the actual 

amount of evaporation on lakes and reservoirs, as usually some snow is 

on hand to protect the lake ice cover.
FLOODS OST KENNEBEC KIVEK. 115

About one year's records of evaporation are now available, and the 

monthly amounts as observed are given below. For the purpose of 

comparison the evaporation from the water surface in the vicinity of 

Boston, as determined by FitzGerald,0 are also given.

Evaporation from water surface, in inches, in Maine and Massachusetts.

Period.

1905. 

July................................................

November 1 15

December (24 davs) \ j

1906.

The neriod

Soldier 

Pond, 

Me.

4.30

5.25

2.65

1.51

.16

1.67

2.88

Millinocket," 

Me.

5.56

5.80

3.32

2.94

.48

Lewiston, Me.

5.99

4.32

3.02

2.54

.38

.60

.90

.71

1.87

2.90

2.14

2.80

Average 

evaporation at 

three 

stations 

in Maine 

for full 

months.

5.28

5.12

3.00

2.33

.68

. 77

1.27

.83

2.23

3.48

1.90

2.87

29.76

Average 

evaporation near 

Boston, 

Mass.

6.21

5.97

4.80

3.47

2.24

1.38

.98

1.01

1.45

2 39

3.82

5.34

39. 12

It is evident from the foregoing table that evaporation from the 

water surface is, as would be expected, considerably less in Maine than 

near Boston. Of course but one year's records are at hand for Maine, 

and more data may show a considerable change from the present 

results, but as evaporation is a factor which does not vary greatly for a 

given month from year to year it is believed that these figures 

especially those for the summer months afford a fair idea of what 

may be expected. Probably the average annual evaporation from 

the water surface in Maine is about 30 inches, as compared with 39.12 

inches at Boston. For the period from May to September, inclusive, 

evaporation in Maine is 18.17 inches, as compared with 26.14 inches 

near Boston.

FLOODS ON KEKNEBEC RIVER.

Valuable records regarding floods on Kennebec River during the 

past century have been gathered by the Hollingsworth & Whitney 

Company, and through its courtesy have been furnished for use in the 

preparation of this report.

FLOOD OF 1832.

The greatest freshet of early times, and the one with which all later 

ones have been compared, was that of May 22, 1832. At that time 

there was probably no dam at Moosehead Lake outlet, and the freshet

a FitzGerald, Desmond. Evaporation: Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., vol. 15, 1886, p. 681.
116 WATER EESOUECES OF KENNEBEC BIVEE BASIN.

is said to have resulted from a northeasterly storm of about two 

weeks' duration, with a strong wind, which probably tended to 

increase the discharge from the lake.

FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901.

In December, 1901, occurred a freshet which was of probably 

greater magnitude than that of 1832 and regarding which fairly complete data are at hand.

WEATHER CONDITIONS.

During November, 1901, the precipitation in the Kennebec basin 

was considerably below the average, the deficiency for the month 

being nearly 0.9 inch. (See table, p. 22.) December was, however, 

remarkable in the amount of precipitation, the excess above the normal for the month being about 4.5 inches, and a little over half of this 

occurring before December 16. Probably most of the precipitation 

during November remained as snow storage at the end of the month. 

Good-sized storms occurred about December 3 and 10, the precipitation from which was practically all held as snow storage. During 

December 13 to 15 there was a warm rain, which melted the greater 

part of the snow on the ground and caused the flood conditions. The 

following tables give the precipitation and temperature in the Kennebec basin during the period mentioned:

Precipitation, in inches, in Kennebec basin, November and December, 1901.

Fairfield.

2.19

2.99

2.63

7.81

Mayfield.

2.20

2.15

3.00

7.35

The Forks.

2.60

3.20

3.50

8.30

Kineo.

2.90

1.70

7.30

Maximum and minimum daily temperatures in Kennebec basin, December 1-20, 1901.

Day.

1. ...............

9

3................

4................

5................

6................

7................

8................

9................

10................

Fairfield. i Kineo.

Maximum.

°F. 

30 

43 

42 

24 

26 

24 

22 

28 

38 

46

Minimum.

°F. 

7 

14 

20 

15 

- 7 

-15 

 13 

4 

25 

- 26

Maximum.

°F. 

39 

41 

20 

18 

15 

15 

14 

12 

31 

35

Minimum.

°F. 

26 

10 

15 

12 

9 

0 i 

- 3 l

10 !

15 | 28

Day.

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

Fairfield.

Maximum.

°F. 

40 

35 

34 

53 

54 

51 

23 

23 

19 

21

Minimum.

°F. 

26 

9 

16 

33 

44 

6 

6 

7 

5 

8

Kineo.

Maximum.

°F. 

33 

28 

34 

43 

43 

33 

5 

9 

10 

15

Minimum.

o 77*'20

15 

17 

33 

33 

- 3 

- 5 

2 

5 

8
FLOODS ON KEISTISTEBEC RIVER. 117

The rain of December 13 began in the evening, but most of the rainfall occurred during the day of December 15 (Sunday), the weather 

clearing on the evening of that day. During most of these three days, 

and extending to the evening of the 16th; the temperature was abnormally high (see table, p. 116), so that the combined effect of rain and high 

temperature was sufficient to release the greater part of the precipitation that had been stored on the ground since about November 1. 

It is probably safe to assume that an average of 6 inches depth of water 

on the entire Kennebec drainage basin was released at this time.

RUN-OFF DURING FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901.

The following table gives the conditions of gage height and run-off 

at Waterville during December 15-23:

Discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., during flood of December, 1901.

Date.

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do................................... ...........

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do..............................................

December 17

Do..............................................

Do ..............................................

Do..............................................

Hour.

12m......

10a.m....

12m......

3p.m.....

4p.m.....

12a.m....

12m......

12m......

12m......

12m......

12m......

12m......

12m......

Gage height. 

(Referred to 

Hollingsworth & 

Whitney 

datum.)

Feet. 

125. 00

126. 10

129. 10

132. 80

133. 64

133. 94

134. 33

134.45

134.70

135. 05

135. Id

135. 15

135. 15

135. 05

135.00

134. 80

134.00

133. 50

133. 30

132.60

132. 20

131. 80

129. 10

127.40

126. 70

126. 10

124. 40

Depth of 

flow over 

dam.

Feet. 

1 30

2.40

5.40

13.30

14.14

14.44

14.83

14.95

15.20

15.55

15.65

15.65

15.65

15.50

15.30

14.50

14.00

13.80

13.10

12.70

12.30

9.60

7.90

7.20

6.60

4.90

Discharge.

Sec.-feet. 

3,540

8,910

30, 500

138, 100

144, 100

145, 900

149,800

155, 200

156, 800

156. 800

155,200

151,300

139,000

131,600

128, 600

118, 400

46,200

40,400

19,900

11,800

6,380

5,230

3,980

It is assumed in the above table that the flashboards were off 

entirely between 6 p. m. and midnight of December 15. Up to this 

latter time the depth of flow on the dam is obtained by subtracting 

124.7 feet (elevation of top of flashboards) from the gage height. 

After and including midnight of December 15 the elevation of the 

crest of the dam (119.5 feet) is used.
118 WATER RESOURCES OP KEFFEBEC RIVER BASIN.

The mean daily flow, December 15-18, was as follows (that for 

December 16 is based on hourly observations):

Mean flow of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., December 15-18, 1901.a

Second-feet. 

December 15............................................................ 27, 300

December 16............................................................ 127, 000

December 17............................................................ 46, 600

December 18............................................................ 29, 300

The maximum, discharge at Madison was computed by H. S. Ferguson and found to be 105,000 second-feet. The length of the dam 

is 550 feet. At 8 a. m. December 15 the water was just flowing 

over the crest; at midnight that day it reached the maximum height 

of 14.5 feet, and by 10 a. m. December 16 it had dropped to about 

9 feet on the crest.

At The Forks the maximum gage height reached was 9.0 feet 

December 15, corresponding to a discharge of about 22,400 secondfeet.

MAXIMUM DISCHARGE DURING FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901.

Only a few gates were open at the Moosehead Lake outlet during 

this flood, and practically all of the excess inflow was held in the 

lake, so that about 1,240 square miles of drainage area should be 

disregarded, in part, at least, in computing the probable yield per 

square mile below Moosehead. The rise in the level of the lake 

occasioned by this freshet (see table, p. 72) was from gage height 

1.25 feet December 13 to the maximum of 4.5 feet February 3, 1902, 

a total amount of 3.25 feet.

The following table gives the maximum flow at several points and 

the corresponding unit flow per square mile, with and without the 

drainage area above the Moosehead Lake outlet:

Maximum discharge of Kennebec River during the freshet of December, 1901.

Maximum run-off, in second-feet per square mile:

Waterville.

156,800

36.7

51.6

Madison.

105,000

32.8

53. 6

The Forks.

22,400

14.3

68.0

A portion at least of the drainage area at the Moosehead outlet 

should be considered in the foregoing computations, so that the 

probable maximum yield at Waterville and Madison was perhaps 

45 second-feet per square mile of drainage area tributary during the 

flood.

o These figures vary slightly from those given on p. 54, which are based on a single reading of the gage.
FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 119 

COMPARATIVE HEIGHTS OF FLOODS.

Several landmarks along Kennebec River in the vicinity of Waterville and Winslow have existed for such a length of time as to furnish data on comparative heights of water in freshets since and 

including that of 1832. Perhaps the most interesting and valuable 

of these is the ''freshet oak," as it is called, situated in Winslow, on 

the east side of Ticonic Bay, about 1,000 feet below the highway 

bridge, near the Lockwood Company's dam. PL III, B, shows the 

" freshet oak" at about the time of highest water, December 16, and 

PI. Ill, A (looking in the opposite direction), shows it a few days 

later, when the river was at about normal height. Marks made by 

logs at various times of high water for many years are plainly discernible in the second view, also the height reached in this December 

flood, as shown by ice adhering to the tree. These photographs were 

taken by James L. Dean, engineer of the Hollingsworth & Whitney 

Company, and furnished through his courtesy.

Dates of important freshets on Kennebec River and heights on 

the "freshet oak" are given in the following table:

Approximate height of water at "freshet oak" during floods.

Feet.« 

May 22, 1832 ................/........................................... 104. 8

October, 1854............................................................ 102. 8

October, 1869............................................................ 102. 7

April 30, 1887............................................................ 102.2

December 16, 1901....................................................... 105.14

As the flow of Kennebec River in the vicinity of the "freshet oak" 

is comparatively free, the nearest dam downstream, that at Augusta, 

being about 17 miles distant, these gage heights probably give a 

very good index of the relative magnitude of these freshets.

The flood of December, 1901, is, so far as known, by far the greatest flood of the past century. As it came at a time of the year 

when the ice was not very thick and when few logs were in the river, 

there was little obstruction to flow. The height of water in the 1832 

freshet, and, in fact, that in many other periods of abnormally high 

water since, was due to log jams and collected debris holding back 

the water, probably at Fairfield, until the whole mass gave way, 

producing the flood wave.

The water held back at Moosehead Lake in December, 1901, would 

have probably increased the maximum flow at Waterville by onesixth, and unquestionably a large amount of additional damage 

would have resulted to property along the river if the discharge 

from this portion of the drainage basin had not been mostly shut off.

» Hollingsworth. & Whitney datum.
120 WATEK KESOURCES OF KENNEBEC 'RIVER BASIN.

LOAV-WATER CONDITIOKS.

KENNEBEC RIVER.

The most severe and long-continued drought in the period covered 

by this report, viz, from 1895 to 1906, occurred during the last part 

of 1903 and the early part of 1904. During this time the Moosehead 

Lake level was below the bottom or zero of the gage at the outlet, 

and no data on change in lake level between December, 1903, and 

April, 1904, are at hand. It is probable, however, that the flow 

during most of this time was little affected by lake storage, so that 

the run-off was approximately normal. The following table gives 

the run-off during this low-water period at Waterville, North Anson, 

and The Forks for various lengths of time:

Run-off of Kennebec River during low-water conditions of 1903-4.

Lowest or lowest success- iveSix week days .

Ono month .... 

Three months. .

Six months. .. .

Twelve months

Waterville (drainage area, 

4,270 square miles) .

Period.

December 14-19,

1903.

February, 1904... 

December, 1903, 

to February,

1904. 

September, 1903, 

to February,

1904. 

April, 1903, to 

March, 1904.

a

SO+i

*H OJ

9 O

03 M

O

727

921 

1,095

1, 530

4, 373

^03 8 3

CO

.sg et-i ft

jjli

0.17

.22 

.26

.36

1.02

North Anson (drainage area, 

2,790 square miles) .

Period.

January 25-30,

1904.

February, 1904... 

January to 

March, 1904.

October 13, 1903, 

to March, 1904.

April. 1903, to 

March, 1904.

§L

It

OJ

a 617

680 

763

1,119

3,506

||

*&

A"

The Forks (drainage 

area, 1,570 square 

miles).

Period.

0. 22 November 30 to

December 5,

 o g

.ss f*-l ft

4" QJ d

3.26

0.30

! 1903. I

. 24

.40

1.26

November, 1903. 

October to December, 1903.

.44 

6.51

a Average of three days during this week. 

t Fifteen days in December.

The following table shows very clearly the effect of storage in 

increasing flow during the period from September to November, 

inclusive, which would probably have been the time of lowest water 

under natural conditions of flow:

Low-water discharge, in second-feet per square mile, of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., 

with and without storage.

Lowest or lowest successive Period.

September, 1903 ......................

September, 1903, to February, 1904...

Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage.

0.16

.19

.22

Observed 

flow with 

storage.

0.59

.46

.36
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

"FRESHET OAK," KENNEBEC RIVER AT WINSLOW, ME. 

1, During flood of December, 1901 ; B, After flood of December. 1901.
DEVELOPED WATEK POWER. 121

LOW-WATER CONDITIONS ON TRIBUTARIES^OF KENNEBEC

RIVER.

The following table gives the lowest observed flow for various 

lengths of time during the period since gaging stations were established- on the Moose, Roach, Dead, Carrabassett, Sandy, Messalonskee, and Cobbosseecontee. It must be kept in mind that winter 

records are not in general available for these stations, and consequently the figures given may not represent the true minima for the 

given lengths of time during this period, which for the first four stations began in 1902 and for the other three as noted in the table. In 

the latter part of 1903 very low water conditions existed.

Low-water discharge, in second-feet per square mile, of tributaries of Kennebec River.

Lowest or lowest successive 

Six week days..

One month ....

Three months .

Moose River at

Rockwood (drainage area 680

square miles).

Period.

March 26-31,

1906.

October, 1903

^

bp

£

tD

3

0.13

.15

October to ».17

December, ' 1903.

Roach River at

Roach River

(drainage, area 85

square miles.)

Period.

November 13-

18, 1905.

October, 1905

October to

December,

1903.

o

JS

o

3

0.01

.32

.32

Dead River at The

Forks (drainage

area 870 square

miles).

Period.

October 12-17,

1903.

October, 1903.

September to

November,

1903.

UJ bp

ft

3

0.15

.20

.29

Carrabassett River

at North Anson

(drainage area 340

square miles).

Period.

September 23-

28, 1903.

September,

1903.

September to

November,

1903.

0^bo

03 

ft

0

3

0.19

.32

.46

Sandy River at Madison 6 

(drainage area 650 Lowest or low- square miles), 

est successPeriod.

Six week days. . October 2-7, 1905. . 

One month .... October, 1905. .... 

Three months . October to December, 1905.

Discharge.

0.08 

.14 

.32

Messalonskee Stream at 

Waterville c (drainage 

area 205 square 

miles) .

Period,

December 14-19,1903 

November, 1903. .... 

October to December, 1903.

Discharge.

0.23 

.29 

.35

Cobbosseecontee Stream at 

Gardinerd (drainage area 

240 square miles) .

Period.

October 23-28, 1899. 

November, 1891.... 

October to December, 1899.

Discharge.

0.27 

.34 

.46

a Sixteen days in December. 

6 Sandy River station established in 1904. 

. c Messalonskee Stream station established in 1903. 

<* Cobbosseecontee Stream station established in 1890.

WATER POWER.

DEVELOPED WATER POWERS.

The following brief descriptions of developed water powers in the 

Kennebec basin are based for the most part on data furnished by 

letters from the mill owners and users of power. This is supplemented where possible by the information obtained from time to 

time by the hydrographers of the United States Geological Survey, in 

connection with their regular trips to gaging stations. Every effort 

has been made to avoid errors, but it must be realized that these
122 WATER RESOURCES OF KENISTEBEC RIVER BASIIST.

descriptions have to be based largely on reports made up by persons 

who are not in general experienced in reporting such data, and some 

inaccuracies are bound to exist.

KENNEBEC RIVER.

The uppermost of the developed water powers on the Kennebec is 

that of the International Paper Company at Carritunk Falls, near 

Solon. There is a natural fall at this point of about 28 feet through 

a narrow gorge, above which the river widens out. The dam was 

built in 1891 and affords an average head of about 29 feet. Turbines 

aggregating about 3,000 horsepower are installed, and the power is 

used in the manufacture of ground wood pulp. This dam ponds the 

water for about 2 miles upstream.

The next utilized power downstream is that at Madison, which is 

used by the Great Northern Paper Company for manufacturing 

paper, ground wood pulp, and sulphite fiber; by the Indian Spring 

Woolen Company and the Madison Woolen Company for manufacturing woolen goods, and by the Madison pumping station for pumping the town water supply. The two woolen companies use about 

400 horsepower each, the pumping station a small amount, and the 

balance is taken by the paper company, which uses about 1,200 electrical horsepower at all times, and has in addition grinder units that 

require a maximum of about 200 horsepower. The electric plant is 

run throughout the year at full capacity and the grinders perhaps 

average half power throughout the year. The dam at Madison ponds 

water nearly up to the mouth of Carrabassett River, a distance of 

about 5\ miles.

The next dam is at Skowhegan, where the power is controlled by 

the Skowhegan Water Power Company. A head of 18 to 20 feet is 

obtained, and 28 wheels aggregating a capacity of 5,100 horsepower 

are in use. Of this amount, 2,900 horsepower is employed in the 

manufacture of pulp, 750 horsepower for electric lights and power, 

and the remainder by grist, saw, planing, and woolen mills and a sash 

and blind factory. Some of the wheels operate factories by day 

and electric lights by night. The dam ponds water to about 1 mile 

above Norridgewock, a total distance of about 6 miles.

At the village of Shawmut, in the town of Fairfield, is a dam affording a fall of about 12 feet, owned by the Shawmut Manufacturing 

Company. The power is" utilized by pulp mills, an electric-light 

plant, a furniture factory, and a woolen mill. This dam ponds water 

7 or 8 miles upstream, or considerably more than halfway to Skowhegan.

At Fairfield is a log dam about 1,300 feet long, with a total fall of 

11 feet. This dam is owned by the Fairfield Junction Mills and
DEVELOPED WATEIl POWEK. 123

Water Power Company, and furnishes power for two sawmills and a 

planing mill. There are eight or ten wheels, developing about 1,000 

horsepower. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Shawmut dam, 

a distance of about 3 miles.

At Winslow are the dam and mills of the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company (privilege formerly known as the College Rapids). This 

company manufactures manila paper and ground wood and sulphite 

pulp. A fall is obtained of about 23 feet. There are 46 turbines with 

an aggregate capacity of about 8,500 horsepower, in addition to 2,000 

horsepower of auxiliary steam. This dam ponds water to the foot of 

the Fairfield dam, a distance of about 2^ miles.

At Ticonic Falls, between Waterville and Winslow, are the cotton 

mills of the Lockwood Company, about 2,400 horsepower being 

used. A dam 750 feet long raises the river surface 7 feet, and a 

further natural fall of about 13 feet on a slate ledge gives a total fall 

of 20 feet. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Hollingsworth & 

Whitney dam, a distance of about 1 mile upstream.

At Augusta, at the head of tide water, is a timber-crib dam affording ordinarily a head of 17 feet. On the west bank the Edwards 

Manufacturing Company uses about 2,500 horsepower for its cotton 

mills; on the east bank 1,500 horsepower is used by the Cushnoc 

Paper Company and the Kennebec Light and Heat Company, the 

latter furnishing the municipal lights of Augusta, Hallowell, Gardiner, 

and Togus. The fall at this dam is affected somewhat by the rise of 

tide. At ordinary stages the water is ponded by the dam for about 

12 miles upstream, or about three-fourths of .the way to Winslow and 

Waterville.

DEAD RIVER.

There are no water powers of importance on Dead River; on North 

Branch at Eustis is a dam affording a head of 8 feet, used for a lumber and grist mill; on South Branch at Stratton is also a small developed power.

CARRAHASSETT RIVER.

At Kingfield is a dam affording a head of 10 to 12 feet, used for 

lumber and planing mills and the manufacture of rakes, cant dogs, 

cotton-mill rolls, etc. Wheels aggregating about 170 horsepower 

are installed, about half of which can be run during the low-water 

season.

At East New Portland the Carrabassett Stock Farm Company 

owns a privilege affording a head of 15 to 26 feet, used for a sawmill 

and electric-light plant, with three wheels rated at a total of 465 

horsepower. Auxiliary steam (75-horsepower boiler) is also used.

At North Anson just above the Somerset Railway bridge a dam

3697 IRK 198 07 9
124 WATER RESOURCES OF KEISTNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

affording a head of about 9 feet is used by the North Anson Lumber 

Company for a sawmill. One wheel is installed, rated at 110 horsepower, 70 per cent of which is available at low water. A short distance downstream, near the entrance of Mill Stream, a dam is being 

constructed (1906) to utilize the flow of both Carrabassett River and 

Mill Stream. A paper and pulp mill of the American Pulp, Paper 

and Lumber Company will be placed on the right bank and utilize 

practically all of the undeveloped fall at North Anson, amounting to 

about 40 feet.

On the tributaries of Carrabassett River are a few small developments, principally at North and West New Portland.

SANDY RIVER.

At Phillips is a dam affording a head of 20 feet, used for a sawmill 

and electric-light plant; two wheels are installed, rated at 125 horsepower; the low-water flow, lasting usually about a month, is good for 

40 or 50 horsepower.

At Fairbanks is a developed privilege. -

At Farmington is a dam affording a fall of about 7 feet, used for a 

lumber mill.

At Farmington Falls a dam gives a head of 8 or 9 feet, used in 

manufacturing carriages, sleighs, etc.

At New Sharoii a fall of 10 feet is utilized for the manufacture of 

shoes and shoe boxes.

Near Madison, a few miles from the mouth of the river, is a masonry 

dam, affording a fall of 15 feet, used for electric light and power. 

(See p. 87 for additional details of this plant.)

SEBASTICOOK RIVER.

At Hartland, on West Branch, are two dams, the upper affording 

a head of about 6 feet arid operating two wheels for a lumber and 

planing mill, which uses half the flow. The remaining water is carried farther downstream, and discharged under a head of 16 feet, 

with a second dam providing a fall of about 11 feet, used by the Linn 

Woolen Company for the manufacture of shawls, rugs, dress goods, 

etc. This company has about 180 horsepower of wheels and 150 

horsepower of auxiliary steam.

At Pittsfield, on West Branch, is a dam affording a head of about 11 

feet, utilized by the Waverley WoolenCompany, which has three wheels 

aggregating 300 horsepower and 250 horsepower of auxiliary steam 

(used only in times of very low water). About half a mile farther 

downstream is a privilege affording a fall of about 10 feet; one-third 

of the flow at this point is utilized by the Smith Woolen Company (one 

wheel of 60 horsepower and auxiliary steam of 85 horsepower), and
DEVELOPED WATER POWER. 125

the remainder by Robert Dobson & Co., manufacturers of woolen 

goods, who have 150 horsepower of wheels and 215 horsepower transmitted electrically from the Sebasticook Power Company's plant 

near Burnhani.

At Corinna, on East Branch, is a dam affording a head of 10 feet, 

used for a flour and grist mill, with wheels of about 90 horsepower 

installed.

At Newport, on East Branch, is the plant of the Newport Woolen 

Company, which utilizes a fall of about 10 feet, with 135 horsepower 

of wheels and 75 horsepower of auxiliary steam.

At Detroit, on East Branch, is a dam with head of about 12 feet, 

used for a lumber mill, with turbines of 250 horsepower.

Near Burnham Junction, on the main river, is a timber-crib dam 

with masonry abutments, built in 1903, giving a head of about 27.5 

feet. This is owned by the Sebasticook Power Company and used 

for generating light and power to be transmitted, mostly to Pittsfield 

at present. The plant is not yet fully developed; three pairs of 

wheels are installed, rated in the aggregate at about 800 horsepower, 

and the company has 400 horsepower of auxiliary steam. The minimum flow at this point is considered to be good for 1,200 horsepower.

At Clinton is a dam affording a head of about 6 or 8 feet, used for 

flour and grist and lumber mills. Wheels of about 200 horsepower 

are installed.

At Benton Falls a fall of 25 feet is utilized by the United Box 

Board and Paper Company, which has wheels of about 800 horsepower installed and manufactures wood-pulp board.

MESSALONSKEE STKEAM.

There are several dams affording slight falls between the various 

lakes in the headwaters of Messalonskee River at Smithfield, between East and North ponds (7-foot fall); at Belgrade Mills, between 

Great and Long ponds (9-foot fall), etc.

At Oakland the following powers have been developed: (1) A dam 

at the foot of Messalonskee Lake, with 8-foot fall, utilized for woolen 

mill, pumping station, and ax factory; (2) a dam with 12-foot fall, 

used for scythe and ax factory, machine shop, and shoddy mill; (3) a 

dam with 14-foot fall, two 48-inch Hercules wheels, used for ax, scythe, 

and tool factory; (4) a dam with 40-foot fall, 600 horsepower of 

wheels used by Messalonskee Electric Company and about 100 horsepower for scythe forge shop; (5) a dam with 18-foot fall, ioO-horsepower wheel used by Cascade Woolen Mill, the balance unused. 

The last three privileges are owned by the Dunn Edge Tool Company.

A dam with a fall of about 14 feet is used for pumping the Waterville municipal water supply, which comes by gravity flow from China 

Lake. Just below is the dam of the Chase Manufacturing Company,
126 WATER RESCUECES OF KEN1STEBEC EIVEK BAWIN.

with a fall of about 8 feet. (See p. 1)0 for further description of this 

plant.) About a mile farther downstream, a short distance from 

the mouth of the river, is a masonry dam affording a fall of about 40 

feet, owned by the Waterville Gas and Electric Company and used 

for electric light and power.

COBBOSSEEOONTEE STREAM.

There are developed privileges at Readfield, Winthrop, and Monmouth.

Between Cobbosseecontee Pond and Gardiner are two developed 

privileges, which, however, are not of much value for power because 

at times all the water is shut back for storage purposes in the ponds.

At Gardiner there are seven dams controlled by the Gardiner Water 

Power Company. They afford a total fall of 128 feet, used as indicated in the following table:

Developed water powers at Gardiner, Me.

Owner. Use. Fall. Horsepower.

Gardiner waterworks.................................... Pumping station.

S. D. Warren & Co ...................................... Paper mill.......

Hollingsworth & Whitney Co........................... .... .do...........

Do................................................... .....do...........

Do................................................... .....do...........

123 15-20"

« See p. 93 for further description of this plant. & 2 wheels. 

UNDEVELOPED WATER POWERS.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

In 1882 Swain a called attention to the large amount of excellent 

undeveloped power on the Kennebec River and its tributaries. Since 

that time many important plants have been constructed notably 

those at Waterville, Fairfield, Madison, and Solon on the main river and 

numerous smaller developments on the tributary streams. There is 

still, however, especially in the more northerly portions of the basin, 

an immense amount of unutilized power. Of the 1,026 feet fall on the 

main river between Moosehead Lake and tide water only about 153 

feet are developed. A condensed profile of Kennebec River is shown 

on Pi. IV; a plan and a more detailed profile can be obtained by 

addressing the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C.

Brief descriptions follow of some of the more important unutilized 

water privileges. For the main stream and for Moose, Roach, and 

Dead rivers these are based on survevs and reconnaissances of the

Swain, G. F., Report on water powers: Tenth Census, vol. 16, pt. 1, 188,3, pp 83-89.
600

620 

640 

660 

680 

700 

720 

740 

760 

780 

800 

820 

840 

860 

880 

900 

520 - 

480 

500 

 

460 - 

440 

420 -

380 -

380 

400 

260

280 

300 

320 

340 

360 

6 8S3 £

-n LOCKWOOD co.

DAM \ 21 FEET

LJ ___

80 

oo-

 

60 

40 3

20- 

Sea.

-

g

104 1 §

* § ^ *=

^ P Bq v iosl

1 ft} -g t 1 (^

^ 107

106

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p

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^ i,r Ji> """"|

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530,000 540,000 550,000

C Ct; ^ste

: ! |I

80c _[__T-^-^^

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'~~^ 1 1

420,000 430,000 440,000

Cres 

"£ Foot of tail rac 

^ n Headofcres 

5 jn 

S «>

* 8

§ 5 62 63 

58 | 6° 61 6

5 _ __ r"""^ 

- r 1 1 

 > 

Ci 

/

v1 

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85

560,000 

Jr8

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6

570 

87

^

450,000

t of Solon dam 307. 

5 .. -. » 279. 

t " 1. 

Jjj 

cc 

64 % 65

to 1

310,000 320,000 330,000 

5 

1

t

S 

cA 

§

%.

I8 °" 38 39 40-11 42 |

160- §

200,000 210,000 220,000 

10 1 " 5 k w o 5, ^>S

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^ i*^^ o,l^ 22 23 2 

\ S ^ 20 21 $

I s 1 1. .. 

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_i i

00,000 110,000 130,000

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> -, . tj>) °!0^

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100

IB J--"^

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640 

660 

680 

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620 

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5

600 5 

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88 

s

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580,000 59C

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340,000

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68 69 7<

350,000 360,000 37

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 1 t

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130,000 

4 5

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,000 60C 

92

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7

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,000 6 0,000 620

95 96

HIGHWAY BRIDGE AT 1

S^Mouth of Dead Rive

93 1 I _Ji=

1 l-"^"""^

,000 

J^-""^

500 

5

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3,000 380,000 

Fo 

39C 

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0 Head on .

r 5

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51 

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/

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1000 5IO,C

"i _L- 1

,000 4-00 

Dt of Mad son dam 

st n n "

3 34

250,000 260,000 270,000 280,000 29(

V Crest Skowhega 

to Head on crest 

IS ^"c 3 

8 29C^j 30 31 ** * > 

40,000

6 r

30,000

u;

c

,000 630,000

98 S9

97 1 1^- 

/rf /-W/fS 1^, --^

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 Si

S

)00 520,000 

770-D 7^ _

. -T "^*^

000 410 

at log sluice 222. ( 

.. »B » 241. e

55 56

),000 300

idam 142.6 -60^ 

" 1 foot g ^

150,000 160,000 70,000 180,000 190,000 ^OC

8 9 10 $ 11 12 1J " J 50 1B S§ * 

,| -| «3

000 jj

3 «

» i

57 |^

G

36

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

240

260 

280 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 

WO 

58

,000 

 

38

,000

1 K

~ cj ^y

40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000

0

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

40

60 

BO 

00 

20 

40 

0

D 

0 

0 

0 

D 

D 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

00

20 

40 

60 

80 

00 

20 

40 

60 

80 

DO 

120

14-0 

160

180 

200 

220 

24O

PROFILE OF KENNEBEC RIVER.

Corrected according to revised datum of 1906, by adding 2.6 feet lo all elevations.
UNDEVELOPED WATER POWER. 127

United States Geological Survey from 1904 to 1906; for the principal 

tributaries such topographic atlas sheets as are available were consulted, and the facts they furnished were supplemented by information obtained chiefly through correspondence.

XENNEBEC RIVER.

Between Moosehead Lake and Indian Pond there is a drop of nearly 

100 feet distributed rather evenly over a distance of about 3J miles.

For about 7 miles below Indian Pond the river is very precipitous, 

falling approximately 250 feet. Much power could be developed here. 

r\ lie banks are high with rocky walls and there are many excellent 

dam sites. In the remaining 8 miles to the mouth of Dead River at 

The Forks, the fall is a little less steep, amounting to about 120 feet. 

The conditions in general are good, however, for power development.

From The Forks to Bingham the fall is in general fairly uniform, 

amounting to 230 feet in a distance of about 22 miles. At only a few 

places in this stretch are there rapids other than those produced by 

the general slope of the river. The most promising place for power 

development is perhaps near Carrying Place Rips, about 10 miles 

above Bingham, where there is a fall of about 9 feet in half a mile; but 

this location is not especially favorable for a dam. This entire section 

of the river, however, will be in time of great value for power purposes.

From Bingham down to the Solon dam the fall is considerably less 

than in the stretch of the river just described, amounting to only about 

30 feet in a distance of 5 miles to the Solon mill pond. Between the 

foot of the Solon dam and Solon Ferry, a distance of 1^ miles, is a fall 

of about 85 feet. The total fall between the foot of the Solon dam 

and the mouth of Carrabassett River, which marks the practical 

extent of pondage from the Madison dam, is about 36 feet in a distance 

of 9 miles.

At Madison, between the present dam and the mouth of Sandy 

River, a distance of a little less than 3 miles, there is a fall of about 68 

feet in pitches and rapids where some excellent undeveloped power 

exists. (See PI. VII, B, p. 162.) The Great Northern Paper Company 

has prepared plans for the development of practically all of this fall 

by the use of two dams one developing 43 feet and the other 20 feet.

At Bombazee Rips, about 2^ miles above Norridgewock, there is a 

fall of 7 2 feet in one-fourth of a mile. Near the head of the rips is a 

good ledge foundation for a dam, and probably a 10 or 12 foot head 

could lie obtained here without difficulty. Just below Skowhegan 

there are 18 or 20 feet of undeveloped fall in a distance of about 1\ 

miles. The. remainder of the river is entirely developed.
128 WATER RESOTTROE$ OF KENNEBEO RIVER BASIN.

MOOSE RIVER.

iloleb Falls, about Hi miles by river below the outlet from Holeb 

Pond, give a fall of 20 to 30 feet. Upstream for about S miles the 

fall is slight, so that good pondage could be had here. Mosquito 

Rips (4 feet fall), Spencer Rips (5 feet fall), and Attean Falls (10 feet fall) 

occur in the remaining stretch of river to the head of Attean Pond. The 

total distance from Holeb Outlet to Attean Pond is about 29 miles. 

Between Attean, Wood, and Long ponds there is but little fall. Below 

Long Pond tho fall is very steep, being about 110 feet in a distance of 

4 miles to Little Brassua Lake, which is practically at the level of 

Brassua Lake. This stretch flows over a very rough and rocky bed 

and there are several good sites for dams. (See PI. V, B.) Between 

Brassua and Moosehead lakes is a drop of about 20 feet at ordinary 

stages. By placing a dam near the Rockwood gaging station of the 

United States Geological Survey this fall could be practically all utilized and in addition any further amount resulting from the raising of 

the Brassua Lake level to procure additional storage. (See p. 134.)

ROACH RIVER.

There is a little fall on Roach River above Lower Roach Pond 

perhaps 30 feet to Middle Roach Pond. Between Lower Roach Pond 

and Moosehead Lake, a distance of some o miles, the fall is about 75 

feet.

MOXIE STREAM.

There is a total fall of 370 feet between Moxie Pond and Kennebec 

River, a distance of about 4 miles, and this occurs practically all in the 

lower 2 miles. At Moxie Falls there is a nearly vertical drop of 95 

feet near the main river.

DEAD RIVER.

At Arnolds Falls about 5 miles below Flagstaff there is a fall of 

about 12 feet in one-fourth of a mile. At Hurricane Falls, 4 miles 

above Dead River, there is a fall of 8 feet in one-eighth of a mile. 

From 10 to 12 feet fall could be developed, but the pondage would be 

small, unless the intervale land was flooded. Long Falls, 6 miles 

below Dead River Plantation, extends over a distance of about a 

mile, with a total fall of about 72 feet, the main part being made up 

of a series of precipitous falls occurring in a short distance. Excellent 

sites exist for a dam, as the river banks are of ledge, and a 40-foot 

head could be easily developed. At Grand Falls, one-fourth mile 

below the Dead River dam and about 12 miles from The Forks, is 

a precipitous drop of 28 feet. The banks are high and of ledge, 

affording an excellent opportunity for a dam; a 40-foot head could
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY :R NO. 198 PL. V

A. HEAD-GATES AT EAST OUTLET OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE.

£. LONG POND DAM ON MOOSE RIVER.
UNDEVELOPED WATER POWE11. 129

be easily developed. Dead River Rapids extend from Grand Falls 

to The Forks, with a total full of about 400 feet in the 12 miles. No 

precipitous falls occur, but for the most part a gradual descent is 

maintained, there being a succession of very rocky rapids with short 

stretches of connecting quick water. The river banks are for the 

most part high and ledges are numerous affording opportunities for 

dams at nearly all of the rapids.

The following table gives an approximate profile of Dead River, 

based on a barometric reconnaissance during 1000.

[Datum is me:m tide.]

Place.

FlagstnO................... ..................................................

Elevation 

above 

mean sea, 

level.

J'fef. 

1,0%

1.0?)

1.072

1,072

l.OCO

1,000

1,000

1,011

%3

057

084

T(X)

Approximate distance from 

Flagstaff.

jmcs.

10

14)

1C

17

. 18%

23

23231

23A

20

30

PLEASANT POND STREAM.

Pleasant Pond Stream falls about 780 feet between Pleasant Pond 

and Kennebec River, a distance of 3^ miles, but the tributary drainage 

area is only a few square miles.

PIERCE POND OUTLET.

Pierce Pond Outlet falls about 640 feet in a distance of 3 miles 

from Pierce Pond to Kennebec River. The drainage area at the outlet of the pond is small, being only about 18 square miles. The possibility of bringing Dead River water to Pierce Pond and thus utilizing the large drop to Kennebec River in one fall has been investigated. 

Pierce Pond lies at about 1,125 feet above tide (by aneroid from 

Carritunk), and a comparison of this elevation with those given for 

Dead River in the foregoing table indicates the impossibility of carrying out this scheme without great expense, as to reach the Pierce 

Pond elevation it would be necessary to pond the water in Dead River 

to a point above Flagstaff.
130 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEO RIVER BASIN. 

CARRABASSETT RIVER.

There is considerable undeveloped fall in the upper part of Carrabassett River and on its tributaries, but the supply of water is in 

general too small to warrant developments. At Cleveland Rips, 

3 or 4 miles above North Anson, is an undeveloped fall said to be 

about 12 feet.

SANDY RIVER.

Considerable undeveloped fall exists on Sandy River. There is 

said to be a good privilege just below New Sharon that will afford a 

fall of about 30 feet. At Da vis Ferry, in the town of Stark, is a power 

site with perhaps a 15-foot fall. At Strong, and farther up the river, 

there is considerable unutilized fall, but the volume of water available 

in low-water seasons is small.

SEBASTICOOK RIVER.

Sebasticook River is one of the most fully developed for power of 

all the tributaries of the Kennebec. Of the 170-feet fall between 

Moose Pond and Kennebec River about 100 feet are developed. It 

is said that at Fifteenmile Rips, about 3 miles above Clinton, a good 

site'exists to obtain a fall of about 12 feet. At Winslow, about half 

a mile below the entrance of China Lake Outlet, near the mouth of 

the river, is an undeveloped privilege owned by the Fort Halifax 

Paper Company, of Waterville, that is reported to be capable of 

affording a 24-foot head and " a mean low run of 450 to 550 cubic feet 

per second."

MESSALONSKEE STREAM.

Of the 210-feet fall between Messalonskee Lake and Kennebec 

River about 135 feet are developed. A good unutilized site remains 

just below Oakland, where a head of about 47 feet can be obtained. 

This is owned by the Messalonskee Electric Compan}\ The large 

amount of lake area in this drainage basin is of great value in rendering the flow uniform, but the storage capacity of the lakes should be 

increased and more care given toward regulation of flow.

WEBER POND OUTLET.

Weber Pond Outlet falls about 115 feet in 3i miles mostly in the 

last 2 miles from Weber Pond to Kennebec River.

COBBOSSEECOXTEE STREAM.

Cobbosseecontee Stream is rather fully developed, but a few unutilized sites remain above Cobbosseecontee Pond. This is a stream of 

very even flow, owing to its excellent storage reservoirs."
WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEO RIVER BAHIN. 131

WATER STORAGE. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

]\o other tract of country of the same extent on the continent is so 

well watered that is, supplied with well-distributed lakes and 

streams as is the State of Maine. Of the three largest drainage 

basins in the State the Keimebec, Peiiobscot, and Androscoggin 

the Kennebec is first as regards the proportion of lake and pond surface to total drainage area, which for this river is about 1 to 14. 

(See p. 144.) Moreover, Moosehead Lake furnishes one-third of this 

water-surface area in the Kennebec basin and constitutes one of the 

most valuable reservoirs for water storage and control in the country. 

The drainage area tributary to Moosehead Lake is large about 1,240 

square miles so that even the great storage capacity afforded by a 

depth of 7.5 feet (the present head) on this lake is not nearly sufficient 

to prevent considerable losses of water at times.

The importance of storing and regulating the flow of Kennebec 

River has long been realized by the water power and lumbering interests along the river. To a certain extent these interests of necessity 

conflict in regard to the manner of use of stored water. The logdriving season begins in the early spring, the small streams in the 

headwaters being first driven and the logs temporarily held in various 

lakes and ponds. Eventually the main drive leaves Moosehead Lake, 

and it is usually well into the summer before the last of the logs reach 

their destination on the lower river. To drive the logs, especially in 

the portion of the river between Moosehead Lake and Bingham, a certain amount of flow is required to prevent the rapid formation of 

jams, and the practice is to let out each day from Indian Pond dam 

(this pond being used as a regulating reservoir for flow from Moosehead Lake) a head, or " hoist/' as it is called, of water to help sluice 

along the drive. Formerly little or no care was taken to prevent the 

waste of water during log driving, with the result that frequently by 

the end of the log-driving season little water would be left stored in 

Moosehead Lake, and consequently the water-power users on the river 

suffered from a scarcity of water in the fall and early winter, receiving 

almost no benefit from the use of Moosehead Lake for storage. In 

late years, however, the log-driving and water-power interests on the 

river have become more harmonious, and the two associations representing them the Kennebec Log Driving Association and the Kennebec Water Power Company are to a large extent made up of the 

same persons. Efforts are being made not only to prevent the needless waste of water in log driving, but to improve the river channel and 

facilities for driving, so as to require less wrater for this purpose. The 

necessity of providing additional storage capacity over that now 

utilized at Moosehead Lake has been apparent for several years, and
132 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN".

surveys of the lake have been made by the water-power company to 

ascertain the feasibility of further raising the lake level.

As a result of the cooperation between the Maine State Survey 

Commission and the United States Geological Survey, surveys of 

various lakes and ponds in the Kennebec headwaters were made during 1905-6 by the National Survey. Sufficient information has been 

thus obtained, in addition to that relating to Moosehead Lake furnished by the Kennebec Water Power Company, to serve as a basis 

for a fairly comprehensive study of the problem of additional storage, 

and in the succeeding pages the various possibilities will be discussed. 

The following plans and profiles will be furnished to persons especially 

interested in the subject on application to the Director, United States 

Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.:

Plan of Brassua Lake. 

Plan of Brassua Lake Outlet.

Plan and profile of Moose River between Moosehead and Brassiia lakes. 

Plan of Wood and Attean ponds. 

Plan of Wood Pond Outlet.

Reconnaissance plan of Iloleb Pond, Long Pond, Lower Roach Pond, Middle Roach 

Pond, Flagstaff Lake. West Carry Pond, Spring Lake, and Spencer Ponds.

STORAGE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. 

MOOSEHEAD LAKE.

Moosehead Lake, with an area of about 115 square miles, is the 

largest lake in New England. It is about 35 miles in extreme 

'ength, 12 miles in maximum width, and of such depth that it is 

crossed by steamboats from end to end. It has long been used as a 

reservoir to store the spring flow for use in log driving and for power, 

?i,nd is commanded by substantial log-crib dams at its two outlets. 

'Hiat at the east or principal outlet, shown in PL V, A, was completed in 1901, replacing an old dam. The west-outlet dam was 

rebuilt in 1904. Most of the regulation of flow, however, is carried 

on at the east-outlet dam, and in general little water flows by way of 

the west outlet. The west-outlet stream joins the main river at the 

upper end of Indian Pond.

The present head of water obtainable on Moosehead Lake is about 

7.5 feet. (See list of gage heights of Moosehead Lake, pp. 70-76.) 

The Kennebec Water Power Company has made surveys of the present lake shores with the view of obtaining additional storage capacity 

corresponding to an increased depth of 2 feet, and has spent about 

$16,000 for these surveys and mapping. The results indicate that an 

increase in water surface of about 1.6 square miles would result from 

this proposed rise in level. The shores are in general high and rocky, 

but in several places rather low, so that the estimated damages are on 

the whole considerable. It is probable that Moosehead Lake could
WATER STORAGE. 133

bo drawn down considerably below the present limit, if dredging were 

done at the outlet, but this would of course have an objectionable 

effect on the navigability of the lake.

The data furnished by the Kennebec Water Power Company have 

been used in compiling tho following table, which shows the present 

storage capacity and that obtainable by raising the lake level 2 feet.

rm/Z q/' ,

[Drainage urea at ouili !, 1,240 square

Gage 

heigh! .

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

.">. 0

(' .0

7.0

;. ,)

\5

i)..?

'%ef ^'^^^' "^ 

»?A. ""Km.

111.3 ..................

111.9 3,110,000.000

112.4 3,127.000,001)

113.0 3.142.000,000

113. ti 3.158,000.000

114.3 3,170,000.000

114.0 3,195.0(X).000

115. G 3,213.000.000

IKi.O 1,(!14.000.000

110.8 3 245,000,000

117.0 3,207,000,000

Total capacity 

above gage 

height 0.0 foot.

n^/«<.

3.110,000.000

(i, 237, 000, 000

9,379,000,000

12.537,000,000

15,713,000,000

18.908,000,000

22,121.000,000

23. 7%. 000, 000

2(i, 980. 000. 000

:%, 247. 000. 000

Q Gage heights rt'fnr to lake datum, the zero of \vhich is approximately at the elevation of the gate 

sills, or 1,021.:%) feet above mean sea level.

MOOSE RIVER BASIN.

Moose River and its series of lakes, comprising Brassua Lake and 

Long, Wood, Attean, and Iloleb ponds, afford some excellent opportunities for storage of water. The natural and artificial conditions 

in the vicinity of these ponds are in general favorable for their utilization for storage without great cost, but at present only one of them 

(Long Pond) ia controlled by a dam, and this is utilized solely for 

log-driving purposes. (See PI. V, 7? p. 128.) The following descriptions of the Moose River lakes and ponds are based on data obtained 

by the United States Geological Survey during 1W)5-0. as previously 

explained.

Brassua Lake is approximately rectangular in shape, running northwest to southeast, about J5.5 miles long and 1.4 miles in maximum 

width. Its greatest depth is about 35 feet, in the extreme northwestern part of the lake; the more shallow portions lie at the southeastern extremity along Miseree Sands. It has an area of 5.55 

square miles at an elevation of 1,043.0 feet above mean tide. The 

shores are wooded and as a rule are high, the low areas being around 

the entering streams Miseree Stream at the southeast, Moose River 

at the south, and Brassua Stream at the northern extremity. No 

dam now exists at the outlet of the lake.
134 WATEfi RESOURCES OF TCE/NNEBEC RTVER 11 AST N.

This lake could readily be raised 10 or 15 feet, or even more, above 

the present low-water level, without doing any damage except to timber standing on the flooded area, but as this is mostly young growth 

the total damage would be small. There are several good sites for a 

dam at the outlet of the lake. As ;i rule the river bed here is rocky 

or of gravel and in places rather rough.

A dam with crest at elevation 1,056 feet, placed near the outlet, 

with a total length of about 850 feet and a maximum height of 20 to 25 

feet would afford about 18 feet head of water.

About 1.3 miles below the outlet, just below the United States 

Geological Survey gaging station, is a site for a dam which would not 

only afford lake storage but would develop a fall of about 25 feet and 

flood out the rough section of the river intervening, which causes 

considerable trouble in log driving. A dam here would be about 

1,000 feet in total length and about 35 feet in maximum height, if its 

crest were set at elevation 1,056 feet.

The following table gives the area and approximate storage capacitv of Brassua Lake at various elevations:

Feet.

1.038

1.039

1.040

1.041

1.042

1.043

1.044

1.045

1.046

1.047

1.048

1.049

1.050

1.051

1.052

1.053

1.054

1.055

1.056

1.057

1.0.58

Long Pond runs approximately from northwest to southeast and 

Is long, narrow, and irregular in shape. Its extreme length is about 

10 miles, 8 miles being the pond proper and the remainder the former 

river channel, in which water is held by the dam. During low water 

there is a fall of perhaps 2 or 3 feet between these two portions. 

The width of the pond varies from 300 feet at the Lower Narrows to
WATER STOTIAGK. 135

1J; mil-os opposite (lie mouth of Parlin Stream. Its maximum depth 

is about 35 foot, and it lias a pond surface of 4.8 square miles at an 

elevation of 1,159 feet.

The shores are wooded, as a rule, with some bordering farm land 

toward the northern extremity. Around the upper end the ground 

is low and marshy; the remainder of the shore rises gradually. The 

Canadian Pacific Railway runs along the entire southern shore, being 

but little above the pond in elevation. The lowest portion of the 

track is just west of Parlin Stream, where the elevation is about 1,165 

feet; at several other places the elevation is from 1,166 to 1,170 feet.

The existing dam is an old timber-crib structure, 385 feet in total 

length. It has two wing walls, one 43 feet and the other 170 feet 

long, and the dam proper is 172 feet long, with 14 sluices and gates. 

(See PI. V, i?, p. 128.) The elevation of the bottom of six sluices is 

about 1,157 feet; of the log sluice, 1,152.2 feet; and of the remaining 

sluices, about 1,151.2 feet. The elevation of the wing wall on the 

south, at which water will go to waste, is about 1,160 feet. The dam 

is now used for holding back water in the spring for a short time during 

the log-driving season: after that the gates are open and free How 

takes place.

On account of the proximity of the Canadian Pacific Railway, perhaps no increase in the height of the dam is warranted, but to utilize 

the storage a liigher summer level could be maintained. The present 

low-water level is about 1,152 feet at the dam, or probably about 

1,154 or 1,155 in the pond proper. In the spring the water is maintained for a short time in the pond at an elevation of over 1,160 feet, 

and an elevation of 1,160 feet could probably be maintained without 

doing much damage. If the present average low-water level is considered as elevation 1,155 feet, and the average area 4.5 square miles, 

the capacity at elevation 1,160 feet would be about 625,000,000 

cubic feet. It is probable that this quantity could be considerably 

increased by dredging at the narrows and lowering the gate sills at 

the dam. The drainage area at the outlet of the pond is 520 square 

miles.

WOO]) A\l) ATTEAX PONDS.

Wood Pond is situated in the town of Jackman at an elevation at 

low-water level of about 1,157 feet. It is connected with Long Pond 

by about 7 miles of very crooked river, in which the fall is about 2 

feet under average conditions. The pond is irregular in shape, 3.8 

miles in extreme length and 1^ miles in maximum width. A considerable portion of it is more than 30 feet in depth. The shores are 

wooded and steep, with practically no bordering Hat land.

Attean Pond is connected with Wood Pond by about three-fourtha 

of a mile of river and under normal conditions is at the same level 

aa Wood Pond. It will thus be noted that Long, Wood, and Attaan
136 WATER KESOITRCES OF KENNEBEC KIVEK BASIN.

ponds are all at about the same elevation. Attean Pond is very 

irregular in shape, 5 miles long, 2 miles in maximum width, and about 

30 feet in maximum depth. It contains many islands. The shores 

are wooded and high for the most part, the lowest land, wliich is 

under cultivation, being along the river connecting Wood and Attean 

ponds.

The Canadian Pacific Railway rims along a portion of the eastern 

shore of Wood Pond, crosses Moose River at its entrance into that 

pond, and then follows the northern shore of Attean Pond. Its lowest 

elevation is about 1,174 feet, just south of the bridge on Moose River.

A dam can be placed at the outlet of Wood Pond. Here the 

banks are high and of gravel, and the two ponds could be easily 

raised 10 feet by a dam 550 feet long. It is probable that water 

could not be drawn lower than about elevation ] ,057 feet, owing to 

backwater influence from the river below; this would make a highwater elevation of 1,067 feet. Damage would be done to timber on 

the Hooded land, and also to some farm land at the head of Wood 

Pond.

The drainage area of Wood Pond at its outlet is 320 square miles, 

and of Attean Pond 270 square miles. The following table gives the 

areas and capacity of Wood and Attean ponds at different elevations:

Elevation

level.

Feet.

1.155

1.156

1.157

1,158

1.159

1.160

1,161

1.162

1,163

1,164

1. 165

1.166

1.167

1.168

Arcn, of 

water surface.

g ,««*

6.0

6.6

- g

".9

8 0

8.0

S 2

8.4

8.6

9.0

9.4

10.0

11.1

Total capacity 

Capacity of ahove elevatiou

section. 1,157 feet.

Cubic /«c(. Cubic /cef.

211.900,000 211.900.000

217.500,000 429,400,000

223,000,000 652,400,000

223,000,000 875,400,000

225,800.000 1,101,200,000

231,400.000 1,322.600,000

237.000.000 1,569,600.000

245,300.000 1,814.900,000

256,400.000 2.071,300,000

270,400,000 2,341,700,000

295.500,000 637,200,000

1IOLEB FOND.

Holeb Pond, in the town of Holeb, is about 1 mile from Moose 

River, to which it is connected by Holeb Stream. It is irregular in 

shape, 3^ miles long and 1^ miles in maximum width. The shores 

are wooded and high, except around the brooks and inlets entering 

the pond. The elevation of the low-water summer level is about 

1,231 feet, and the area of the pond at this elevation is about ].70 

square miles; at elevation 1,241 feet the area of the water surface
WATER STORAGE.

would be about 2.8 square miles. The Canadian Pacific Railway 

runs along the southern shore and crosses Hole!) Stream just below 

the point where it leaves the pond, at an elevation of about 1,240 feet.

During the spring freshets, when Moose River is high, the backwater duo to a ledge about S miles below Holeb Stream sets back to 

Holeb Pond, and at times has flooded the railroad tracks. This 

backwater causes the pond to act as a natural storage basin for a 

short time in the spring.

The only suitable place for a dam would bo at the Canadian Pacific 

bridge, and could one be built here and an elevation of the lake 

surface of 1,241 feet maintained, the capacity of the lake above 

elevation 1,231 feet would be about 627,000,000 cubic feet. The 

drainage area of Holeb Pond at its outlet is about 24 square miles.

K()A(M1 JtlVKIt HASL^.

Roach River, with its tliree connected ponds, affords some opportunity for storage, although not as good as Moose River on account 

of its much smaller drainage area.

The present dam at Lower Roach Pond is as high as the surface 

of the surrounding ground will admit, and could not be raised without considerable expense because of the lowland. This dam controls about an S-foot head, and, with an average area of 4.0 square 

miles, the present capacity is about 1,003,000,000 cubic feet. At 

present the summer pond level is but little above minimum low 

water, and a higher level could be maintained without doing any 

damage. It is probable, too, that this pond could be drawn down 

considerably lower by dredging and lowering the outlet. The drainage area at the outlet of the pond is about So square miles.

On Middle Roach Pond is a dam now controlling 6 feet of head. 

The average area of the pond is 1 square mile, and with the present 

dam the capacity is 167,000,000 cubic feet of water. The land is 

low around the dam, but with dashboards an increase in height of 

about 2 feet could be obtained without doing any material damage. 

This increase would add 67,000.000 cubic feet to the capacity.
138 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEO KIVER BASJN.

SUMMARY OF STORAGE JN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS.

In the following table is a, summary of the present and available 

storage in the upper portion of the Kennebec basin:

Present stor- Available storage, age.

Cubic feet. Cubic feet.

23,735.000,000 30,247,000,000

0 3,512,000,000

625,000.000 625,000,000

Woddand Atteaiiponds................................ .............J 0 2,341,700,000

Holeb Pond...................... .................. . ................ 0 627,000,000

Lower Roach Pond............... ............ ........................ 1.093.000.000 1.093,000,000

Middle Roach Pond..................................... ... ........ 167,000,000 234.000,000

Moosehead Lake. 

Brassua Lake... 

Long Pond.

STORAGE BELOW MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 

MOXIE POND.

Moxie Pond, situated in The Forks and East Moxie townships, is 

about 4 miles from Kennebec Hirer, to which it is tributary by Moxie 

Stream. It is long and narrow, about 8 miles in extreme length and 

three-fourths in .maximum width, running approximately north and 

south. It has an area at low water of about 2.6 square miles. The 

shores are in general fairly high and steep, except near each end of the 

pond where there is considerable low ground. The shores are wooded, 

but mostly with small growth.

A timber-crib dam about 450 feet long controls a^ead of about 9 

feet, at which leyel (about 969 feet aboye tide) the area of the water 

surface is about 3.0 square miles. This dam is used at present solery 

for log-driying purposes. The storage capacity of the pond is about 

705,000,000 cubic feet. The outlet can be cut down about 2 feet and 

the dam raised 3 feet without great expense, and a total head of 14 

feet obtained, corresponding to about 1.100,000,000 cubic feet capacity. 

To more nearly control the run-off from this drainage basin (80 square 

miles at the mouth of the pond) a dam 18 or 20 feet high would be 

required, furnishing a storage capacity of about 1,600,000,000 cubic 

feet. The most serious obstacle to raising the level of Moxie Pond 

any considerable amount is the proximity of the Somerset Railway 

extension, and the necessary changes inyolyed in grading, etc., would 

add largely to the expense. On the other hand, the large amount of 

available water power on Moxie Stream, which has a fall of about 370 

feet in practically 2 miles, makes any increase in the storage capacity 

of Moxie Pond of twofold value.
WATER STORAGE. 139 

PIERCE POND.

Pierce Pond is located principally in Pierce Pond Township, about 

3.5 miles west of Kennebec River, to which it is tributary by Pierce 

Pond Stream. It is very irregular in shape, being practically two 

ponds connected by a thoroughfare. It runs approximately north 

and south, and is 5 miles in extreme length, a little over a mile in 

maximum width, and in places rather deep. It has an area of about 

2.3 square miles and the surface is approximately 1,125 feet above 

mean tide. The shores of the pond are wooded, mostly with young 

growth, and in the main are high with steep banks, but there are a few 

low places of small area.

A timber-crib dam, in rather poor condition, about 385 feet in total 

length, affords a head of 10 feet and a storage capacity of approximately 620,000,000 cubic feet.

The drainage area tributary to Pierce Pond is only about 18 square 

miles and any additional storage over the present amount is of doubtful value, although it could be obtained without great outlay. The 

thoroughfare between the two sections of the pond could be cut down 

with little expense, so that the northern part, in which at present there 

is a height of about 3.5 feet not utilized, would drain down within a 

foot of the outlet level. Pierce Pond would make an excellent storage 

reservoir if a greater area were tributary to it. The relative position 

of Pierce Pond with reference to Dead River is discussed on page 129.

DEAD RIVER BASIN.

Some very good opportunities exist for storage of water in the Dead 

River drainage basin, although as a rule the lakes and ponds do not 

have a large tributary area.

FLAGSTAFF LAKE.

Flagstaff Lake is in the town of Flagstaff, about half a mile north of 

Dead River, to which it is tributary. It is approximately rectangular 

in shape, running southeast and northwest, 2.5 miles in extreme length 

and 0.9 mile in maximum width, with an area of water surface of 

about 1.4 square miles, at an elevation of 1,100 feet above mean tide. 

It is a shallow lake, being not over 10 feet in maximum depth at 

medium stages. The shores are in general rather low.

A rough timber and bowlder-filled dam, situated about 2,300 feet 

down the outlet stream, controls a head of 12 feet, although considerably less than this amount is actually obtained, owing to the position 

of the gates. Power is used at this dam for running a sawmill. The 

storage capacity of Flagstaff Lake, with a depth of 12 feet and a watersurface area of 1.4 square miles, is about 470,000,000 cubic feet. This 

dam could not be raised more than 3 feet without flooding a part 

3697 IRK 198 07 10
140 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

of the village of Flagstaff. A dam could, however, be placed 500 

feet below the lake, or 1,800 feet upstream from the present dam, 

where the channel is about 100 feet wide and the stream has a 

rocky bed. With an increase in level of 10 feet a large storage capacity could be obtained, probably as much as 2,000,000,000 cubic feet. 

The drainage area at the outlet of Flagstaff Lake is about 50 square 

miles. The possibility of utilizing this lake as a storage basin for flow 

from the main river should be further investigated.

WEST CARRY POND

West Carry Pond is in the town of Carrying Place, about 4 miles 

east of Dead River, to which it is tributaiy. It is regular in shape, 

about 2 miles in extreme length and 0.8 mile in maximum width. In 

places it is more than 80 feet deep. It has a water-surface area of 

approximately 1.3 square miles, at an elevation of 1,250 feet above 

mean tide, or about. 180 feet above Dead River. The shores are high 

and wooded.

A timber-crib dam at the outlet, 600 feet in total length, controls a 

head of about 10 feet, which would correspond to a storage capacity of 

about 360,000,000 cubic feet. This level could be easily raised 10 feet 

or more, but the tributary drainage area is only 15 square miles, and it 

is stated that water has never flowed over the present dam, so that no 

changes seem warranted.

SPRING LAKE.

Spring Lake, in T. 3, R. 4, lies about 1 mile west of Dead River, to 

which it is tributary. It is long and narrow, with two deep bays, 2.6 

miles in total length, 0.75 mile in maximum width, and about 60 feet 

in maximum depth. The water-surface area is about 1.1 square miles, 

at an elevation of about 1,260 feet above mean tide, or 260 feet above 

Dead River. The shores are high and wooded.

No dam is situated at the outlet of this pond, although a head of 10 

feet could be readily controlled. The drainage area is only about 10 

square miles, and probably this lake will be of little value for storage 

unless the topography is such that adjacent streams can be readily 

turned into it.

DEAD RIVER DAM.

The Dead River dam was built in the autumn of 1905 by the Dead 

River Log Driving Company. It is situated about 1,400 feet above 

Grand Falls and half a mile above the entrance of Spencer Stream. It 

is a timber-crib structure having a total length of about 320 feet, with 

two log sluices and twenty gates. It is used solely for log driving and 

affords a head of 13 feet, flooding the river back to the foot of Long 

Falls. This, however, is only for a short time in the spring.
WATER STORAGE. 141

SPENCER POXDS.

The Spencer ponds are situated mainly in Hobbstown, about 5 

miles north of Dead River, with which they are connected by Little 

Spencer and Spencer streams. They are known as Lower Basin, 

Upper Pond, and Fish Pond, and are connected by narrow thoroughfares. They are long and narrow, running approximately north and 

south. The total length is 6 miles and the maximum width, in the 

lower basin, 0.8 mile. The area of water surface is about 2.6 square 

miles, at an elevation of about 1,150 feet above tide, or 190 feet above 

Dead River at Spencer Stream. The shores are wooded and generally 

steep and high, except at the north end.

A timber-crib dam approximately 105 feet lor^ at the outlet of 

Lower Basin controls a head of about 12 feet, although a bar in the 

stream above the dam prevents the utilization of the last foot of storage. This could be easily removed and would result in a storage 

capacity with the present dam of approximately 870,000,000 cubic 

feet. It is practicable to raise the level of these ponds 5 feet or more, 

depending on the quantity of water available. A total head of 16 

feet would afford a storage capacity of about 1,500,000,000 cubic feet. 

The drainage area at the outlet of Lower Basin is about 46 square 

miles.

SPEXCER STREAM DAM.

The Spencer Stream dam is a log-roll dam affording a head of about 

9 feet, situated about 4 miles up Spencer Stream from the entrance of 

Little Spencer Stream. It makes several small ponds that are very 

quickly filled, affording frequently three or four heads per day during 

the log-driving season.

UPPER DEAD RIVER.

No additional data for Dead River above Flagstaff are available 

other than those given in the summary table on page 142. It is probable that considerable opportunity exists for storing water in this part 

of the river, and Chain of Ponds, Jim Pond, arid Tim Pond appear to 

be worthy of investigation in this respect.

SUMMARY OF STORAGE.

The following table, summarizing the storage in the Kennebec basin, 

is taken mainly from Wells's report a and such corrections and additions have been made as are possible with the data at hand. In general, the areas of water surface in the lower part of the basin, as given 

by Wells, are approximately correct, but those in the middle and 

upper parts are too large. Corrections of Wells's figures are based on 

the topographic sheets or the results of surveys by the United States 

Geological Survey.

» Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1809, pp. 94-97.
WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEO 1UVER 15AS1N.

Summary of storage in Kennebec basin. 

CONNECTED WITH MOOSE RIVER.

Present 

storage.

Sq. miles. Feet.

Brassua Lake................................ 5.55 None......

Miseree Pond................................ 1.5 2ormore..

Parlin Pond................................. 2.75 5, formerly

Long Pond.................................. 5 8...........

Wood Pond.................................. 3.3 None... .

Little Big Wood Pond....................... 1.35 7...........

Attean Pond................................ 4.5

Additional available storage.

Fret. 

10-15.

Can bo raised. 

3.

10. 

10.

Thorndike Ponds (2).

10 by dam at outlet of Wood

Pond 

Can be raised by a dam at

Iloleb Falls. 

G(onopond).. The other can be raised G

feet.

CONNECTED WITH DEAD RIVER.

Pond in T. 5, R. 7. ....................... .

Great Pond a... ................... .. . .

Jim Pond, T. 1, R. 5. .................... .

Tim Pond, T. 2, R. 4. ......................

Chain of Ponds (3) ........................

0.5

4

1

1.1

1.4

1.3

1

1 . 25

5

12..... .

10.......

8.....

9

S ...... 2; one dam flows all.

19.15

CONNECTED WITH CARRABASSETT RIVER.

Hancock Pond

Spruce Pond

Rpwe Pond

Oilman Pond

Judkins Pond

Butler Pond

Porters Pond

Tufts Pond...................

Dutton Pond.................

.Jerusalem Pond..............

Carrying Place Pond (middle)

CONNECTED WITH SANDY RIVER.

Bog Pond.............

Clear Water Pond.... 

Norcross Pond........

Chesterville Ponds ((>).

Wilton Pond b. 

North Pond...

Taylor Pond...........

Sandy River Ponds (4). 

Luflkin Pond..........

Sylvester Pond........

8

Dam......... 4 or 5 can be had on four

ponds. 

Can raise 2 feet and lower

outlet 3 feet. 

Dam......... Can raise dam and lower

] outlet.

2.............. Several.

alt is uncertain whether this pond exists as given by Wells. 

b Called Wilson Pond by Wells.
WATER STORAGE. 143

Su)M)iary of storm/f in Ktnnelicc basin ("ontinuinl. 

CONNECTED WITH WESSETCCNSETT STREAM

Weeks Pond . ...........

Approximate area.

Sq. miles.

i

f 1

................. . ti

Present ^ M 

storage. Aaa

Feet. 

7. ...... ....... 3.

(None... ...... 10.

\. ...do........ Car

V

(>. .............

Additional available storage 

Feet.

Can be made a good reservoir.

CONNECTED WITH SEBAST1COOK KIVER.

.95 

4.2o 

1.75 

3

China Lake...............................

Pattee Pond..............................

Lovejoy Pond............................

Sandy Pond..............................

Twenty-five Mile Pond...................

Carltou Bog..............................

Plymouth Pond, with flovage............

Skinner Pond................................ .7

Stetson Pond................................ 2.5

Sebasticook Lake............................ | 7.5 4

Corinna Pond................................ 1 .0

Dexter Ponds................................ :i X

Palmyra Ponds (2).......................... . li

Stuarts Pond................................ < .8

Indian Pond, with flowage..................' 2.5

Little Indian Pond..........................! .3,5

Weymouth Pond............................ i .4

R ogers Pond.............................. . .9

Mill Pond.................................... 1.1

Moose Pond .................................. 9.5 ! 4

Stafford Pond............................

Starbird Pond............................

Barker Pond.............................

10.

Dam.

2, by lowering outlet 

4, on 3.50 square miles.

Several. 

4.

Can have a high dam. 

10 or more.

CONNECTED V\ IT1I MESSALONSKEE STREAM.

North and Little ponds.....................! 3. 6

30. 45

1-2. 

Dam.

Messalonskoe Lako..........................| 5.4 j 4-5............ 4, with large flowage.

Long Pond....

Great Pond....

Ellis Pond.....

MeGrath Pond. 

Little Pond....

East Pond.

CONNECTED WITH COB15OSSEECONTEE STKEAM.

Greelev Pond

1.1

.9

8.4

.8

2.2

2.5

.5

1.1

.3

.3

20.9

4.... ...... .

3... ........

Dam..........

7..............

4... ...........

4..............

3..............

0.............

cutting down the ' Kips" 

and " Hazards" ledge.

0.

(?)0.

feet.

3.

a Called Jimmy's Pond by Wells.
144 WATER RESOFRfES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Summary of utornijt' in Kennebec basin- Continued. 

CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER ABOVE AUGUSTA.

Approximate area.

Sq. miles.

Otter Ponds (2) ........................ .5

Chase Ponds (3) ............... .... . - - ... 1

MoxiePond.. . . . 2. G

Pierce Pond......... ...... ........ .... 2.3

Cold Stream Pond ...... . . ...... 1. 25

Middle Roach Pond ................. ... ... 1. 5

152. 45

Present 

storage.

Fett.

8..............

4

9 .......

10.

0. .............

12.............

7.5............

8..............

6. .............

4.... ..... ...

Additional available

Feet.

X

12

o or moro.

9

2

12.

9

4.

 >

CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER BELOW AUGUSTA.

Nequasset Pond........

Togus Pond............

Small ponds in Augusta. 

Gardiner Pondo.........

Dam.

Square 

miles.

Moose River.............................................................. 26. 95

Dead River................................................................ 19.15

Carrabassett River......................................................... 9.10

Sandy River............................................................. 10.10

Wesserunsett Stream...................................................... 5.35

Sebasticook River........................................................ 48.20

Messalonskee Stream..................................................... 30.45

Cobbosseecontee Stream................................................... 20. 90

Kennebec River above Augusta............................................ 152. 45

Kennebec River below Augusta............................................ 4. 00

Total (152 lakes and ponds)......................................... 326. 65

Total as given by Wells.................................................... 357. 15

Wells gives a total lake and pond surface area in the Kennebec 

basin of about 450 square miles. It is probable, in view of such partial corrections as have been made in the foregoing tables, that the 

total area of lakes and ponds is not over 420 square miles, or 1 square 

mile to each 14.2 square miles of total drainage area.
WATER STORAGE. 145 

EFFECT OF PRESENT STORAGE ON FLOW.

The measurements of flow in the Kennebec basin by the United 

States Geological Survey have been carried on since about 1901; 

records of flow at Waterville since 1892 and records of height of water 

surface of Moosehead Lake since May, 1895, have been kept by the 

Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, so that some idea can be derived 

as to the amount of storage obtained at this lake and its effect on the 

flow of Kennebec River.

The following table gives the monthly mean run-off as observed at 

Waterville, North Ansoii, and The Forks and the estimated run-off 

without storage in Moosehead Lake. The corrections were obtained 

for any given monthly flow by computing the quantity of water corresponding to the change in lake level during the month, reducing this 

to an equivalent mean flow in second-feet, and dividing this result by 

the drainage area at the point considered. This correction was added 

to the observed run-off if the lake level rose during the month and 

subtracted if the lake level fell. The results thus obtained are not 

strictly the run-off that would have resulted had there been no storing 

of water in Moosehead Lake, as during the time of storage some water 

evaporates that would appear as run-off if no water were held back. 

In this form, however, the results obtained are suitable for computations regarding storage, as evaporation is thus taken into account on 

the present water-surface area, and as the increase in this area due to 

raising the level for additional storage is not generally of large percentage value we may consider that for all practical purposes allowance has been made for evaporation from the water surface of the 

present storage reservoirs (mainly Moosehead Lake; see table on p. 

133). From any new reservoirs, such as Brassua Lake and Attean and 

Wood ponds, there would be an increased amount of evaporation due 

to the water being held for a longer time than is done at present; but, 

on the other hand, the ground storage of water in the vicinity of all 

these lakes and ponds would be greatly increased, and it is probable 

that these two factors would largery offset each other. In the following estimates of additional storage capacity it will be considered that 

evaporation from water surface of the storage reservoirs has been 

taken into account in the figures used for run-off:
146 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER WASIN.

Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at Water ville. North Anson, and

The Forks.

Month.

1895.

July..........................

189C.

July..........................

1897.

July..........................

1898.

May.. ........................

July..........................

1899.

July..........................

December. ...................

Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area.

Waterville (drainage 

area -1,270 square 

miles).

Observed 

flow.

0.48 

.42 

.47

5.60

2.24 

1.50 

.82 

.63 

.42 

.29 

1.31 

1.41

1.01 

.66 

3.07 

(i. 42 

3.99 

1.29 

1.25 

.74 

.80 

.86 

2.12 

.64

.84 

.87 

.93 

5.94 

6.30 

3.04 

3.07 

1.71 

1.07 

.62 

1.33 

1.25

.75 

.80 

2.64 

6.98 

5.88 

2.34 

.92 

.73 

.61 

.95 

1.21 

.61

.55 

.55 

.75 

5.62 

4.98 

2.06 

1.19 

.77 

.43 

.30 

.53 

.64

North Anson (drainage area 2,790 square 

miles).

Estimated 

flow Observed 

without flow, 

storage.

Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage.

The Forks (drainage 

area 1,570 square 

miles).

Observed 

flow.

Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage.

2. 62 

.80 

.59 

.38 

 .04 

.41 

1.84 

1.94

1.23 

.53

3.24 

6.99 

3.68 

.90 

.88 

.32 

.73 

1.01 

2.79 

.63

.82 

.70 

.89 

6. 79 

6.53 

2.65 

2.94 

1.35 

.67 

.56 

1.47 

1.62

.74 

.69 

2.35 

8.02 

5.92 

1.83 

.36 

.36 

.54 

1.11 

1.54 

.75

.48 

.37 

.71 

6.41 

5.22 

1.54 

1.08 

.47 

.06 

.15 

.54- 

.74

i

!

............
WATER STORAGE. 147

Effect of storage of naler In Mooseliead Lake on jloir at

The Forks Continued.

Watervillf, Xorth Anson, and

Flow in '-.econd-feet per '-qua.re mile of drainage area.

Water v ill (i (drainage 

area 1.270 squ ;i re

Month. mlles>'

Estimated 

Observed flow 

flow. without 

storage.

1900.

May.......................... fi. 62

July.-.-..-..----.-..--.-.---. 1.3o

1901.

March.....-..--.--..-.---.--- 1.13

May....-.---..--....--..--... 3.55

June..-.---..-...----..----... 1.03

July......---..----..----.---. 1.20

1902.

April.....---. -----.-..-.---. 5.19

May....,.---- ............... 3.95

July.....-.---.----..---...--. 1. SH

December 1 0'^

1903.

March....-..-.--.-...-..--.-- 4.54

April......----..--..--.--.--. 3.85

May.....,.----..----..--..... 1.70

July.......-.--..--.--.-..-..- 1.22

November 34

1904.

March ........................ .89

May ....-_.--....--.....-..... 4. 85

June .......................... 1. 94

July.......................... 1.25

October...................... 1.10

December .................... . f>4

2.28 

7. 50

0.87 

1.96 

1.20

.26 

.65 

1.88 

. 96

.59 

.42 

.90 

11.24 

3.42 

1.52 

.75 

1.02 

.34 

.40 

.41

1.07 

.74 

7.01 

(i. 09 

3. 98 

3.-47 

1. 3i( 

.1)3 

. 96 

1. 23 

1.31 

.<)4

.64 

5. 28 

3*92 

1.63 

1.32 

.82 

.69 

.16 

.19 

.22

(i. 30 

1.62 

.10 

.71 

1.12 

1.36 

.74 

.42

North Anson fdrrunatrearoa 2. 790 square 

miles)

Kstiimited 

Observed flownow, without 

storage.

The Fork 

a rcti 1 ,5 

miles).

Observed 

flon .

s (drainage 

70 sq ;: a re

Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage.

i

5. 29 

4. 99 

4. 58 

2. 61, 

1.50 

1. 25 

1.31 

1. 30

4. 22 

2. 62 

2.06 

1. 45 

1.31 

1.00 

.70 

.52 

. 30

.25 

.24 

.33 

2. 67 

5.10 

2. 76 

1.88 

1. 46 

1.29 

1.46 

1.09 

.99

6. 07 

5. 03 

4.42 

1.91 

1.12 

1.21 

1.31 

1. 68

4.33 

2.51 

1.67 

.85 

.97 

.35 

.32 

.32

1.01

.89

0. 22

.47

2. OS 

6. 37 

6. 05 

6.11 

3. 86 

1.87 

1.04 

.91

2.83 

8.82 

(i. 13 

5. 83 

2. 52 

1.18 

.96 

.91

2. 08 

5.32 

2. 20 

2.72 

2.93 

1. /8 

1.21 

.71 

.44

4.08 

5. 52 

2. 06 

2. 05 

1.85 

1.18 

.05 

.00 

.00

7.42 

2.27 

1.50 

.87 

1.46 

1.86 

1.02 

.64

3.22 

4.15 

3. 60 

1.89 

1.35 

.10 

.85

7.34

3.28 

2. 92 

.83 

1. 66 

.72 

.73
148 WATER RESOURCES OF KEN XEBEC1 RIVET? BASTN.

Month.

January... 

February. 

March..".. 

April.....

May......

June......

July......

August... 

September 

October... 

November. 

December.

January..

February. 

March. /.. 

April.....

May......

June......

1900.

07 ......

32 ......

68 ......

01 

Oil 

19 

39 

38 

3(i 

12 

27 

70 ......

60 ......

58 ......

44 ......

71 

4.5

1 06 

2 76 

3 44 

2 59 

1 32 

80 

55 

54

4. 75 

3. 65

3. 32 

4. 43 

2 85 

1 57 

16 

18 

 01 

15

8.24 

3.25

The effect of present storage in Moosehead Lake is clearly shown by 

the above table, the maximum spring flow being considerabl}r less than 

would have been the case if no water had been held back.' During the 

summer and fall months the flow has been very material!}* helped out 

by the stored water. From December, 1903, to February, 1904, 

inclusive, and again during January, 1906, practically all the lake 

storage was exhausted and the flow through the lake was probably a 

natural one.

WATER AVAILABLE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. 

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

The figures of run-off in the table last given furnish a fairly satisfactory basis for an estimate of the quantity of water available in the 

Kennebec headwaters. For the ordinary year there is enough run-off 

from that portion of the Kennebec basin which is tributary to Moosehead Lake to fill the lake and to provide a good flow during the late 

summer and fall, but there will occasionally be a year perhaps two 

or more years in succession when this will not be true. It is therefore necessary to consider the run-off over a series of years in order 

to see what flow ma}T occur during the low-water season and to ascertain what quantities of water must be stored to insure any given flow 

at all times.

The following estimates and conclusions are based primarily on the 

flow at Waterville, as these data comprise the only records available
WATER STORAGE. 149

that extend over a considerable term of years. The records of flow at 

the other gaging stations, however, furnish a means of comparing the 

Watervillc flow with that in other parts of the basin, and enable reasonably good estimates of the flow at Moosehead Lake Outlet to be 

made.

A comparison of the flow from different parts of the Kennebec basin 

will first be made for the months of July to October, inclusive, as 

records are more generally available for these summer months. The 

following table gives the run-off from various portions of the basin 

and the ratio to it of the flow at Waterville:

Run-of in Kccond-fcct p< r wjutire, mile al various points in Kcnnelee basin compared with

run-off at Water oille. 11

JULY TO OCTOBER, INCLUSIVE, 1903-1905.

Moose at Rockwood 

Roach at Roach River 

Kennebec at The Forks 

Kennebec at The P'orks 

Dead at The Forks.......

Kennebec at North Anson 

Carrabassett at North Anson 

Sandy at Madison...........

Kennebec at Waterville......

MAY TO OCTOBER, INCLUSIVE, 1902-1905

Kennebec at The Forks.... 

Kennebec at North Anson. 

Kennebec at Waterville...

1,570 

2,7iO 

4,270

2. 15 

l.PO

River and station. Drainage

area.

Sq. miles.

2,790

4.270

Year.

(1904.....

-U905. ....

[Mean . . .

(1804.....

h905.....

1 Mean . . .

Average runoff per square

mile.

Second-feet.

1.7.1

1.54

1.52

1.0(5

1.29

Ratio of runoff at Waterville to that

at given station.

0.89

.83

1.00

1.00

1.00

a In this table the run-off at The Forks. North Anson, and Waterville on Kennebec River is corrected for storage in Moosehead Lake, as previously explained.

The above table clearly indicates that the run-off per square mile 

of drainage area is considerably greater in the upper part of the basin 

and that on the main river the increase is fairly uniform toward the 

north.

The flow on Kennebec River at The Forks may be taken as fairly 

representative of that at Moosehead Lake Outlet, as the outlet is
150 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

only about 23 miles above The Forks and the respective drainage 

areas are 1,240 and 1,570 square miles.

The average (low at Waterville for the four summer months, 1903- 

1905, is 0.64 of that at The Forks, and for the six months May to 

October, inclusive, 1902-1905, it is 0.68 of that at The Forks. Probably for the whole year (see ratios for North Anson) this ratio would 

be somewhat higher, and it will be assumed that the unit run-off at 

Waterville is 0.75 of that at Moosehead Lake outlet.

The method used for computing the amount of water available on 

the Kennebec headwaters is that used by W. Rippl 0 and adopted 

by Desmond FitzGerald in a report to the city of Boston on the 

" storage capacity of the Sudbury River and Lake Cochituate watersheds/' modified for different conditions by Walter IT. Sawyer, C. E. 6 

Rippl's method is adapted for the storage of water for municipal 

purposes, where water is taken from the reservoir and led to the 

point of consumption with no further addition to its quantity. On 

the Kennebec. however, between Moosehead Lake and the points 

along the river where power is used, there is a large tributary drainage area that must be taken into account. Another requirement 

must also be kept in mind on this river, viz, the use of the water to 

drive logs, so that it must not fall below a certain amount during 

the driving months anywhere on the river below Moosehead Lake 

outlet. The amounts of water used for this purpose during 1904- 

1906 are given on page 164.

The following table shows the water available for storage in Moose- o o

head Lake from 1902 to 1906. The computations are based on a 

minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 

second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season 

(May, June, and July).

a Proc. Inst. Civil Eng., vol. 71, 1882-83, pp. 270-278.

& Storage of Water on Androscoggin River, 1905, unpublished.
WATER STOK'AGE. 151

1

Month.

Jan. 1, 1893, to

1902.

May............

July............

November . .....

1903.

Mliy. ...........

July............

November . .....

1904.

July ............

November . .....

1905.

July............

November . .....

1906.

- 3

Runoff in 

secondfeet 

per 

square 

mile at 

Waterville.

1.07 

.74 

7.01 

6.09

3.47

.93 

.96 

1.23 

1.31 

.94

.94 

.64 

5.28 

3.92 

1.63 

1.32 

.83 

.69 

.16 

.19 

.22 

.32

a.23 

i.22 

o.89 

13.50

6 36 

1.62 

1.00 

.71 

1.12 

1.36 

.75 

.42

.14 

.34 

1.37

3.99

1 3^

.71 

.32

.47 

.21 

.40 

.35

.62 

.54 

4 62 

6 50 

2.84

Runoff in 

secondfeet 

per 

.square 

mile at 

Moosehead 

Lake.

Discharge 

at Waterville, in secondfeet.

5 6

Discharge 

into Moosehead 

Lake, in 

secondfeet.

i

1.42 

.99 

9.33 

8.10 

5. 30 

4 62 

1.78 

1.24 

1.28 

1.64 

1.74 

1.25

1.25 

.85 

7.03 

5.21 

2 17 

L76 

1.10 

.92 

.21 

.25 

.29 

.43

.31 

.29 

1.18 

4.66 

8.46 

2.16 

1.33 

.94 

1. 49 

1.81 

1.00 

.56

.19 

.45 

1.82 

5. 31 

4.08 

1.79 

.94 

.43 

.62 

.28 

.53 

.47

1.00

.82 

.72 

6. 15 

8, 64 

3.78

4, 570 

3, 160 

29,800 

26, 000 

17,000 

14,820 

5,720 

3,970 

4,100 

5,250 

5,590 

4,010

4,010 

2,740 

22,550 

16, 730 

6,960 

5, 630 

3, 540 

2,950 

680 

810 

940 

1,370

980 

940 

3,800 

14,950 

27, 150 

6, 920 

4,270 

3, 030 

4,780 

5,800 

3,200 

1,790

600 

1,450 

5,850 

17,050 

13,120 

5, 760 

3, 030 

1,370 

2,010 

900 

1,710 

1,490

3,200 

2, 050 

2, 310 

19,720 

27, 800 

12, 1.30

1,760 

1,230 

11,570 

10, 050 

6,580 

5,740 

2,210 

1,540 

1,590 

2,040 

2,160 

1,550

1,550 

1,050 

8, 720 

6,460 

2, 690 

2,180 

1,360 

1,140 

260 

310 

360 

530

390

360 

1,470 

5,790 

10,500 

2, 680 

1,650 

1, 160 

1,850 

2,240 

1,240 

690

240 

550 

2,260 

6,590 

5,070 

2,220 

1,160 

530 

770 

350 

660 

580

1,240 

1,020 

890 

7,620 

10, 700 

4,690

Discharge 

between 

Moosehead 

Lake 

Outlet 

and 

Waterville, in secondfeet.

2,810 

1,930 

18, 230 

15,950 

10,420 

9,080 

3, 510 

2, 430 

2,510 

3,210 

3. 430 

2, 460

2, 460 

1,690 

13,830 

10, 270 

4,270 

3, 450 

2,180 

1,810 

420 

500 

580 

840

590 

580 

2, 330 

9, 160 

16,650 

4,240 

2, 620 

1,870 

2,930 

3,560 

1,960 

1,100

360 

900 

3,590 

10, 4(,0 

8,050 

3,540 

1,770 

840 

1,240 

550 

1,050 

910

1 , 960 

!,(«() 

1,420 

12, 100 

17, 100 

7 440

7

Necessary discharge 

from 

Moosehead 

Lake, 

in second-feet.

690 

1,570 

0 

0 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

1,070 

990 

290 

70 

1,040

1,040 

1,810 

0 

0 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

1,690 

3,080 

3,000 

2,920 

2, 660

2,910 

2,920 

1,170 

0 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

1,630 

570 

0 

1,540 

2,400

3,140 

2,600 

0 

0 

3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

2, 660 

2,260 

2,950 

2,450 

2,5CO

1,540 

1,870 

2,080 

0 

3,000 

3,000

8 9

Surplus (+1 or 

deficit ( ) at 

Moosehead Lake.

Secondfeet.

+ 1,070 

- 340 

+ 11,570 

+ 10, 050 

+ 3,580 

+ 2,740 

- 790 

+ 470 

+ 600 

+ 1,750 

+ 2,090 

+ 510

+ 510 

- 760 

+ 8,720 

+ 6,460 

- 310 

- 820 

- 1,640 

- 550 

- 2,820 

- 2,600 

- 2,560 

- 2,130

- 2,520 

- 2,560 

+ 300 

+ 5,790 

+ 7,500 

- 320 

- 1,350 

- 470 

+ 1,280 

+ 2,240 

- 300 

- 1,710

- 2,900 

 2,050 

+ 2,260 

+ 6,590 

+ 2,070 

- 780 

- 1,840 

- 2,130 

- 1,490 

- 2,600 

- 1,790 

- 2,010

- .300 

- 850 

- 1,190 

+ 7,620 

+ 7,700 

+ 1,690

Billion 

eubic 

feet.

+ 2. 7 1 

- .78 

+30 

+26 05 

+ 9.28 

+ 7.10 

- 2 04 

+ 1.22 

+ 1.55 

+ 4 53 

+ 5.42 

+ 1.32

+ 1.32 

- 1.97 

+22. 60 

+ 16. 72 

- .80 

 2 12 

- 4 25 

- 1. 42 

- 7.31 

- 6.97 

- 6.63 

- 5.52

- 6.53 

- 6.63 

+ .78 

+15 00 

+ 19. 42 

- .83 

- 3.50 

- 1 22 

+ 3.32 

+ 5.80

__ 70

- 4'. 43

- 7.51 

- 5.31 

+ 5.85 

+ 17. 18 

+ 5.36 

- 2 02 

- 4 77 

 5 52 

- 3.86 

 6 74 

- 4 63 

- 5.20

- .78 

- 2.20 

 3.08 

+ 19. 72 

+ 19.94 

+ 4.38

10

Water available for 

storage, 

billion 

cubic 

feet.

314. 50

317. 27 

316. 49 

346. 49 

372. 54 

.381.82 

388 92 

386. 88 

388 10 

389 65 

.394 18 

399. 60 

400 92

402 24 

400. 27 

422. 87 

439. 59 

438 79 

436. 67 

432. 42 

431.00 

423. 69 

416. 72 

410 09 

404. 57

398. 04 

391.41 

392. 19 

407. 19 

426. 61 

425. 78 

422. 28 

421.06 

424 38 

430. 18 

429.40 

424 97

417. 46 

412 15 

418. 00 

435. 18 

440. 54 

438. 52 

433. 75 

428 23 

424. 37 

417.63 

413. 00 

407. 80

407. 02 

404 82 

401.74 

421 46 

441 40 

445 78

a No records at Moosehead. Actual run-off figures used.
152 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Column 2 contains the mean monthly run-off at Waterville in 

second-feet per square mile of drainage area.

Column 3 shows the run-off at Moosehead Lake in second-feet per 

square mile of drainage area. It is obtained by multiplying column 

2 by 1.33, as the run-off per square mile on the area tributary to 

Moosehead Lake is 1.33 times that on the entire basin above Waterville.

Column 4 gives the discharge in second-feet at Waterville. It is 

obtained by multiplying the run-off in second-feet per square mile 

at Waterville (column 2) by 4,270, the area of the drainage basin at 

Waterville.

Column 5 gives the discharge in second-feet into Moosehead Lake. 

It is obtained by multiplying the run-off in second-feet per square 

mile at Moosehead Lake (column 3) by 1,240, the area of the drainage 

basin of Moosehead Lake.

Column 6 gives the discharge in second-feet between Moosehead 

Lake Outlet and Waterville. It is obtained by subtracting the discharge into Moosehead Lake (column 5) from the discharge at Waterville (column 6.)

Column 7 shows the discharge necessary at Moosehead Lake Outlet 

to give a flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville throughout the year 

and a flow of 3,000 second-feet at Moosehead Lake Outlet during the 

log-driving season (May, June, and July). When the discharge 

between the outlet and Waterville is greater than 3,500 second-feet, 

it will not be necessary to release any water from the lake; when the 

flow between the lake and Waterville is less than 3,500 second-feet, 

the amount necessary is determined by subtracting the flow between 

Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville (column 6) from 3,500; during the log-driving season (Maj", June, and July) a discharge of 3,000 

second-feet is necessary at the outlet.

Column 8 shows the surplus (+) or deficit ( ) at Moosehead Lake, 

a surplus indicating water available for storage and a deficit indicating 

a withdrawal from Moosehead Lake. The figures are obtained by 

subtracting the necessary discharge from Moosehead Lake (column 7) 

from the discharge into Moosehead Lake (column 5).

Column 9 is the equivalent of column 8 expressed in billions of cubic 

feet.

Column 10 shows the total surplus water, in billions of cubic feet, 

available for storage during any given month under the given assumptions of minimum flow, etc. The initial value (314.50) represents the 

total quantity available January 1, 1902, if all the surplus water had 

been stored since January, 1893. The other values in column 10 are 

obtained by adding or subtracting respectively the surplus or deficit 

shown in column 9. The values in this column are used in plotting 

the "mass curve" (PL VI).
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL, VI

i

jy

-O 

(0

\J

1893 1894 1895 . ^ 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 ^ _ 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906

STORAGE-MASS CURVE FOR MOOSEHEAD LAKE.

Based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville, and a flow of 3,000 second.feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period

(May, June, and July).
WATER STORAGE. 153 

DISCUSSION OF MASS CURVES.

PI. VI is a "mass diagram" for the total period embraced by the 

Waterville records (1898-1006). It is made up from a table of which 

the table on page 151 is a portion, by plotting the values given in 

column 10 as ordinates and the time in months as abscissas. The 

features of this diagram of especial importance are as follows:

(1) For the interval of time between any two dates represented on 

the axis of abscissas, the surplus or deficiency is obtained by subtracting the ordinate corresponding to the earlier date from the ordinate 

corresponding to the later date; if this difference ia positive it represents a surplus; if it is negative it represents a deficiency. An ascending part of the curve, therefore, shows a period during which the quantity of available water is increasing, and a descending part of the curve 

indicates a period during which the quantity of available water is 

decreasing.

(2) The crests and hoHows of the curve indicate thoRO instants of 

time when supply and demand are equal.

(3) If a horizontal line is drawn from any of the low points of the 

curve back to a rising line the maximum ordinate scaled from the 

horizontal line to the curve will show the amount in billions of cubic 

feet that would have to be stored to provide the assumed flow during 

the period of drought covered by the horizontal line.

(4) The period during which this greatest ordinate occurs is therefore the critical one, and all the surplus of supply over demand during 

parts of this period must be stored to meet the deficiency during the 

remainder of it.

PI. VI shows that 'the period which includes the maximum ordinate 

extends from about October, 1002, to February, 1904, and that the 

maximum ordinate falls in April, 1903. This maximum ordinate 

(A-B, PI. VI) corresponds to 48.2 billion cubic feet, which is the 

amount of storage required to provide at all times from April, 1903, to 

February, 1904, a minimum flow of 3,oOO second-feet at Waterville, 

and during May, June, and July a minimum flow of 3,000 second-feet 

at Moosehead Lake Outlet for the purpose of log driving.

The effect of modifying the assumed conditions of minimum flow at 

Watervllle is shown by fig. 6. These mass curves start for convenience with April, 1903, and represent minimum flows of 3,000, 3,500, 

and 4,000 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet 

from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and 

July). With the exception of the curve for 3,500 second-feet minimum flow, which is the same as PI. VI, the quantity of available water 

as shown by these curves is not correct as a total for the entire period 

beginning in 1893, because the computations for the different minimum flows are not carried back to the beginning of the period. How-
154 WATER RESOURCES OF KEJSTNEBEC RIVER BASIN".

ever, the amount available between, any two dates is correctly shown 

and the maximum ordinate is found as before. Fig. 6 gives the following data:

o

_Q

-Q 

CO

<

4-000 second-feet minimum 

flow at Waterville

Storage 

required.
WATER STORAGE. 155

An inspection of fig. 6 indicates that with an assumed minimum 

flow of more than about 3,700 second-feet the maximum ordinate is 

defined by an abscissa drawn through the mass curve at March, 1906, 

instead of March, 1904 (that is, A-B' instead of A-B), so that above

350

VIQOO eecc:ondfeet or less

' 2,000 secret.

'3.000 secrft.

4,000 second-feet fl O w 

from Moosehead Lake 

during log-driving pen'od

I9O3 -4- I9Q4 -4- I9OS -if- I9O6

FIG. 7. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at 

Waterville and various flows from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and 

July).

this minimum flow the required storage will increase much more 

rapidly.

The effect of modifying the amount of water used for log driving is 

shown by fig. 7. These mass curves start with April, 1903, as those in 

fig. 6, but they represent a minimum flow at Waterville of 3,500 sec3697 IRR 198 07 11
156 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

ond-feet, and flows of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 second-feet from 

Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and July). 

From this diagram the following data are obtained:

Storage necessary for 3,500 second-feet minimum flow at Waterville and for various flows

during log-driving season.

Assumed 

quantity

driving.

Secondfeet. 

1,000 

2,000 

3,000

Maximum

A"-E 

A'-D 

A -C

Storage 

required.

Billion 

cubic feet. 

41.1 

42.7

48.2

4.000 A -B' 61.0

If 3,750 second-feet or more are considered for log driving the necessary storage period is much increased. If 4,000 instead of 3,000 second-feet are used, the storage period is about three years instead of less 

than one year, and the amount of storage is represented by A-B' 

instead of A-B.

The following table is based on the results previously given, as well 

as on additional mass curves and tables not shown. In all cases the 

assumptions regarding minimum flow and flow during the log-driving 

period are such that the shorter period of required storage, ending 

with February, 1904 (see PL VI, figs. 6, and 7), furnishes the maximum ordinate or amount required.

Storage necessary, in billion cubic_feet, for larious minimum flows at Waterville and at 

Moosehead Lake Outlet during log-driving season.

Flow at

\looseriefi d

Lake Outlet

during logdriving season (May,

June, and

July).

Minimum flow at Waterville.

2,000. ! 2,500.

t

Second-feet.

0 16. 3 24. 1

500 la 3 24. 1

1,000

1,500

2,000

ias

16.3

. 16.3

2, 500 i 17. 6

3,000 21.6

3,500 24.9

4,000 28.8

24.1

24. 1

24.5 '

26.7

30.1

34.0

37.9 .

1

I i

3,000. j 3,500. 3,750.

32.0

32.0

32.0

32.3

33.6

35.7

39.1

43.0

41.1

41.1

41.1

41.4

46.1

46.1

46.1

46.1

42. 7 , 47. 3

44. 8 49. 4

48. 2 ..........

52. 1

1 i

The data in the above table have been plotted in fig. 8. Quantities of water available in billion cubic feet have been plotted as 

abscissas and minimum flows at Waterville in second-feet as ordinates. The slanting lines indicate the effect of different flows during 

the log-driving season. They are obtained by connecting points that 

represent the storage necessary for the various assumed minimum 

flows at Waterville, where the same flow is used for log driving. It
WATEE STORAGE. 157

will be noted that the lines representing a flow of 2,500 second-feet 

and over for log driving are straight and parallel; those representing 

2,000 and 1,500 second-feet are straight and intersect the limiting 

line, marked 0 to 1,000 second-feet. The effect of different flows 

for log-driving purposes on required storage is clearly shown by this 

diagram, and, as would be expected for any minimum flow for log 

driving below, in general, about 1,500 second-feet, there is little or 

no change in storage required, because (1) either the quantity required for log driving is less than the amount needed to supply the

4,000

(1)3,000 Id

: Z,000

^A-O ^ 50 

btllfon cubic feet

20 30 

Necessary storage

FIG. 8. Diagram showing storage required in Moosehead Lake lor various minimum flows at Waterville and for various quantities used log-driving period (May, June, and July).

deficiency in flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville 

for a given month, as in July, 1903, or (2) there is a surplus flow into 

Moosehead Lake during the month as regards either the assumed 

flow for log driving or the quantity required to make up the deficiency 

in flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville, as in May 

and June, 1903. As these two months are at the beginning of the 

period when water has to be stored, the effect is simply to raise the 

point A (fig. 7) and all points after it to February, 1904, inclusive, 

by the amount of the difference between the assumed minimum flows
158 WATEE EESOUBCES OF KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN.

for log driving hence the maximum ordinate remains the same in 

value.

The running together of the lines representing 0 to 2,000 secondfeet (fig. 8) for the lower values of minimum flow at Waterville is 

occasioned by the relatively high flowT into Moosehead Lake in 

August, 1903, as compared with all later months to February, 1904, 

inclusive, so that, when less than 1,500 to 2,000 second-feet are used 

for log driving, a surplus is available at Moosehead Lake in August, 

the high point A (fig. 7) will occur in August instead of July, and 

thereafter, for lower values of log-driving fiowT , the maximum ordinate 

will remain the same in value.

APPLICATION OF RESULTS OF ''MASS CURVE" COMPUTATION.

With the present storage of about 25.6 billion cubic feet in Moosehead Lake and Long and Roach ponds (see p. 138), fig. 8 indicates 

that when different quantities are used for log driving the minimum 

flows and the corresponding horsepower at Waterville are as follows.:

Minimum Jiov and corresponding horsepoicer at WateniUe with storage of 25.6 billion 

cubic feet and various flows for log driving.

Flow at

Moosehead

Lake Outlet

for log-driving (May,

June, and

July).

Minimum

flow at

Waterville.

|

|

Second-feet. Second-feet.

1,000 2, (MO

2,000 2,560

3,000 2.250

, Minimum

I net horseI power (75

per cent efficiency) at

Waterville,

corresponding to the

23-foot fall

at llollingsworth &

Whitney

dam.

5. 100

5,020

; 4,410

The mean monthly flow at Waterville has been as low as 921 secondfeet (February, 1904), and has been below 2,250 second-feet (the 

minimum flow with 3,000 second-feet for log driving) many times. 

(See table of low-water flow at Waterville during 1903-4, p. 120.) Evidently the present storage has not been carefully utilized, and probably the amount of water used for log-driving purposes has exceeded 

an average of 3,000 second-feet for the three months considered.

With a storage of 38 billion cubic feet on Moosehead and Brassua 

lakes and Attean and Wood ponds (as given on p. 138) the results 

shown by fig. 8 are as follows:
WATER STORAGE. 159

Minimum

net horsppower (75

Flow at

Moosehead j Lake Outlet Minir

for log driv- flow

ing (May, Watei

June, and

July).

per cent efficien

num Wai

cy) at

erville

at correspond-

-ville. ing to the 23-

foot

Ho

fall at

lingsworth &

Whitney 

dain.

Second-feet. 

1,000 

2,000 

3,000

Second-feet. 

3,340 

3,240 

2,940

In order to show the flow at Waterville during the entire period 

1902-1906, if present storage and additional storage capacity had 

been properly utilized, fig. 9 has been prepared. This shows the following conditions: (1) Actual flow; (2) estimated flow without storage in Moosehead Lake; (3) estimated flow with present storage fully 

utilized, and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during 

the log-driving period; and (4) estimated flow with a storage of 38 

billion cubic feet and a flow of 1,000 second-feet from Moosehead 

Lake during the log-driving period.

The advisability of carefully regulating the flow from Moosehead 

Lake and other storage reservoirs and of limiting the quantity let out 

for log driving to perhaps 1,000 second-feet is clearly shown by fig. 9 

and the preceding tables. With a storage of 38 billion cubic feet, not 

less than about 6,500 net horsepower would be available at Waterville dam in another such series of dry years, and even with the 

present storage, 5,100 horsepower should be available at all times.

Other water powers along the river would benefit in about the same 

proportion. The effect of this regulation on the flow at Moosehead 

Lake Outlet is indicated by fig. 10, which shows (1) the estimated 

flow at the outlet of Moosehead Lake without storage, and (2) the 

estimated flow at the outlet with enough storage to give a flow of 1,000 

second-feet during the log-driving months and a minimum flow of 

3,340 second-feet at Waterville. As indicated on this figure, there 

would be usually one or two months in the year when no water would 

be let out of the lake. These would in general, however, be the early 

spring months, when the run-off all along the river is large; so that 

even under this assumption the flow in this part of the river would be 

fully as great as at present. Moreover, the storage possibilities of 

Moxie and Pierce ponds and the Dead River Lakes have not been 

considered in these computations. The proper regulation of storage 

on these ponds will provide enough water to maintain the required
30,000

20,000 -

10,000 

Actual flov "Estimated flow without storage in Moosehead Lake.

R^iirnated fl

storage' of 25

t'eet and flow 

feet from M

during log-d

(May, June, an

FIG. 9. Diagram showing flow of Kennebee River at Waterville and estimated flow w
WATER STORAGE. 161

minimum flow on the lower river, and as a result sufficient water to 

provide for future power developments above The Forks can be 

released from Moosehead Lake at all seasons.

CONCLUSIONS.

The foregoing computations and results are not to be considered 

absolute or final. A longer series of dry years or a more severe distribution of drought would require more storage to provide the minimum 

flow, as indicated. But it is reasonably certain that as such a series of 

dry year has occurred, it may do so again, and it may be concluded 

that at least the quantity of storage as computed here will be needed. 

All the additional storage that can readily be obtained in Moosehead 

and Brassua lakes and Long, Attean, and Wood ponds can be used to

15,000

 10,000

in 5,000

Estimated flow 

Moosehead Lake.

without storage in Estimated flow with storage of 38 

billion cubic feet in. Moosehead Lake, 

a minimum flow ot 3,340 second-feet at 

Waterville, and a flow of 1,000 secondfeet from Moosehead Lake during logdriving period (May, June, and July).

FIG. 10. Diagram showing estimated flow from Moosehead Lake, with and without storage.

advantage, and it is probable that a storage in addition to that mentioned would be desirable. In order to assist in the regulation of flow 

on the main river, as well as to aid in development of the power on the 

tributary streams, additional storage on the lakes in the Dead River 

basin and on Moxie and Pierce ponds is only second in importance to 

that in and above Moosehead Lake.

Two essentials must be kept in mind, however, or much of the effect 

of additional storage will be lost:

(1) Water must not be wasted in log driving."

(2) The flow from Moosehead Lake and other principal reservoirs 

must be carefully regulated and watched.

All reservoirs should always be kept as nearly full as possible, and 

water should be retained as far upstream in the storage system as pos-
162 WATER RESOURCES OF KENSTEBEC RIVER BASIN.

sible. The quantity of water let out should not be greater than that 

needed to furnish the required flow on the river at such points as 

Waterville and The Forks.

LOG DRIVING A:NT> LUMBERING.

GENERAL STATEMENT.

The forests of Maine constitute one of her most important natural 

resources, and, as previously stated, about one-third of the lumber 

used for pulp and paper in the State comes down the Kennebec 

waters. The annual "drive" in the main river usually amounts to 

about 150,000,000 feet B. M., and a large part of the population in the 

Kennebec Valley, especially near the headwaters, are engaged in 

handling the logs, from the stump to the finished product of the mill, 

or in furnishing the supplies and equipment needed to carry on this 

industry.

The logs are hauled from the cuttings and piled along the banks of 

the stream during the winter. On the. breaking up of the ice in the 

spring these piles or landings are rolled into the stream and the logs 

floated downstream with the current. Boats are used in towing the 

logs across lakes or where the current is not strong enough to carry 

them along. On many of the smaller streams there are dams which 

impound the water, and the head thus obtained is used in sluicing and 

carrying the logs down to the larger streams. (See PI. \,B (p. 128), 

for a typical dam of this kind.) After the " drive" is over, the gates 

are left open and the flow becomes a natural one. These dams are 

necessary on the smaller streams, as the channels are so obstructed 

with bowlders and small islands that it requires a large amount of 

water to force the logs downstream. In a general way the same conditions exist on the larger tributaries and on the main river, although 

the difficulty in driving is here caused usually by a short stretch of 

narrow and rough channel or by gravel bars. PI. VII, B, shows a portion of the main river just below Madison, where log jams very frequently occur, and PI. VII, A, shows one of the worst jams in recent 

years just above the railroad bridge at Madison. About 30,000,000 feet 

of logs were piled up, filling the river to the bottom and raising the 

upstream water level several feet.

Since about 1830 the Kennebec Log Driving Company has controlled the drives in the main river. Other similar associations are 

the Moose Kiver Driving Company and the Dead Kiver Driving Company, and from the reports of these three companies a large part of the 

following data is compiled.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. VII

A. LOG JAM IN KENNEBEC RIVER ABOVE MADISON, ME.

. KENNEBEC RIVER BELOW MADISON, ME.
LOG DRIVING AND LUMBERING. 163 

TIME OF DRIVING.

The smaller tributary streams are driven just as soon as the ice goes 

out of them in the spring usually about the latter part of April. 

The Moose River drive usually reaches Moosehead Lake in the latter 

part of May, and at about the same time the Dead River drive enters 

the Kennebec. Moosehead Lake is clear of ice, usually, at least, by 

May 10, and from that time until perhaps about August 1, depending 

on the season, water is let out of Indian Pond (which is used as a regulating basin) for varying periods each day. The times when the rear 

of the drive has left Moosehead Lake and reached Riverside boom 

(about 5 miles above Augusta) for the six years 1900 to 1905 are given 

below:

Dates on which rear of drive left Moosehead Lake and reached Riverside boom.

Yp., r Left | Reached

i Moosehead; Riverside

i Lake. I boom.

1902.......................................... ......................... August

1903....................................................................

1904................................-.....--..-.--..-.--.-..-.-.-............ July 2. ...' September 8.

1906......................................................................... July 24... August 27.

JulyS. ...' September 9.

WATER USED IN DRIVING.

The period during which water is let out of Indian Pond dam lasts 

usually from about May 1 to August 15, although the most water is 

used during June and July. No record is kept of the flow at this 

dam or of the length of time the water runs out, although a man is 

stationed there to control the flow according to the needs of the 

drive. An inspection of gage readings at The Forks gaging station 

shows that the duration of the season during which water is let out 

for log driving is approximately as follows:

Length of period during which water is released for log driving.

1902 ..........................................May 10 to August 6.

1903 ..........................................April 26 to August 23.

1904 ..........................................May 14 to August 16.

1905 ..........................................May 1 to September 3.

1906 ..........................................May 1 to August 10.

An estimate of the flow at Moosehead Lake Outlet during the last 

three years is presented in the subjoined table, based on (1) the 

measured flow of Moose and Roach rivers; (2) the evaporation and 

precipitation on the lake; (3) the change in the lake level during a 

given month. The flow at The Forks gaging station is also given for 

comparison.
164 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.

Estimated monthly discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake and 

at The Forks, May to August, 1904-1906.

Moosehead

The Forks ....

1904.

900

5,060

May.

1905.

3,000

4,330

1906.

2,700

7,440

1904.

4,300

6,510

June.

1905.

3,900

5,410

1906.

4,100

5,720

1904.

5,650

July.

1905.

4,060

1906.

4,310

1904.

2,970

\ugust

1905.

2,070

1906.

2 400

2,740

The present amount of water let out at Indian Pond darn during 

the log-driving season is apparently about as follows, by months: 

May, 3,000 second-feet; June, 4,000 second-feet: July, 3,000 secondfeet; August, 2,000 second-feet.

QUANTITIES OF LOGS DRIVEN AND COST OF DRIVING.

The following table shows the amount and cost of the four principal drives for the six years 1900-1905. Except for the Moose 

River drive the amount of tax per thousand feet B. M. of logs is also 

given and the amount of logs to which this tax was applied, the latter 

figure taking into account the difference in distance driven, which 

varies for the different mills along the river. The full tax is for the 

following distances:

(1) On Kennebec River from The Forks to Riverside boom (about 

5 miles above Augusta), 91 miles.

(2) On Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake Outlet to The Forks, 

24 miles.

(3) On Dead River from North Branch to The Forks, 43 miles.

It must be kept in mind that these figures cover, in addition to the 

cost of driving itself, the other charges arising in carrying on this 

work, such as cost of dams, improvement of channel, booms, etc., as 

well as executive charges. As many important improvements have 

been made during these six years, such other expenses have been 

heavy, and the unit costs of driving are therefore higher than if a 

longer series of years were considered.

Amount and cost of log driving on Kennebec River and tributaries, 1901-1905.

Year.

1900....

1901...

1902...

1903...

1904. . .

1905. . .

Kennebec River from The Forks to Riverside

boom.

Amount 

driven.

Feet B. M.

147,424,579

136,063,291

133,772,610

146,413,732

163,894,303

132,025,401

Amount 

taxed.

FeetB. M.

136,418,020

125,744,768

122,655,300

135,098,090

150,476,608

121,274,346

Total cost.

$54, 567. 20

50,297.90

55, 194. 85

67, 549. 07

51, 162. 05

43,658.76

Tax 

per M.

$0.40

.40

.45

.50

.34

.36

Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake Outlet

to the Forks.

Amount 

driven.

FeetB. M.

83.297,162

91 ; 766, 535

86,391,882

95,763,334

112,702,582

97, 655, 501

Amount 

taxed.

Feet B. M.

83,297,162

78,953,778

74,707,784

83,078,837

99,907,353

82,844,976

Total cost.

$4,997.83

11,843.07

11,206.15

12,461.82

9,990.76

9,112.96

Tax 

per M.

$0.06

.15

.15

.15

.10

.11
LOG DRIVING AND LUMBERING. 165

Amount and cost of log driving on Kennebec River and tributaries, 1901-1905 Cont'd.

Dead River. Moose River.

Year.

1900.... ...........

1901.............. ....... ...

1902 .....

1903.... ......... . ..

1904..........................

1905.... ...........

Amount 

driven.

FeetB.M. 

47,208,011

39,730,456

44,215,878

45,081,154

38,023,533

 25,294,441

Amount 

taxed.

FeetB.M. 

40,790,202

32,862,021

34,705,943

33,705,719

31,314,718

22,070,364

Total cost.

$14,276.57

11,501.71

13,882.39

13,482.28

10,960.17

9,931.68

Tax 

per M.

SO. 35

.35

.40

.40

.35

.45

Amount 

driven.

FeetB.M. 

30,495,221

30,699,729

35,403,382

41,636,226

45,386,208

41,936,725

Total cost.

$10,370.70

13,151.59

13,3^6. 61

18,884.88

17,619.09

18,212.31

From the above table we can obtain the cost of driving per milethousand, considering the amounts taxed and the distances as previously given, and approximately the cost per ton-mile, considering 

1,000 feet B. M. to weigh 3,500 pounds. For Moose River the distance given is computed and is an average one from Moosehead Lake, 

the various amounts and distances driven being taken into consideration.

Cost of log driving on Kennebec River and tributaries, 1901-1905.

Drive.

Kennebec River from The Forks to Riverside boom. .

Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake to The, Forks .

Moosehead Lake (Moose River to lake outlet, logs

Distance.

Miles.

91

24

43

17

9

tax per M.

$0.41

.12

.38

o.l2

Cost of driving.

Per mile- Per tonthousand, mile.

$0. 0045

.0050

.0089

.024

.013

10. 0026

.0028

. 0051

.014

. 0074

a Contract price for ten years.

It appears that the cost of log driving per ton-mile varies from about 

one-fourth to 1^ cents, depending on the distance driven and difficulties experienced. The average freight rate in the United States at 

present is about 0.8 cent per ton-mile, and for the New England group 

of railroads 1.20 cents per ton-mile. Under exceptionally favorable 

circumstances rates as low as 0.2 cent per ton-mile have been granted 

for coal transportation from the coal fields to tide water. Rates during 1906 for log transportation on the new Somerset Railway extension are of interest in this connection, and are given below through the 

courtesy of Hon. William T. Haines:

Cost of transportation of logs by rail.

Log*s shipped from Moscow to Average 

distance.

M;irn. 

12 

20 

29

Charge per 

thousand 

feet B. M.

81.75 

2.00 

a 1.50

Cost of transportation.

Per milethousand.

JO. 146 

.100 

.052

Per tonmile.

$0. 080 

.057 

.030

a This price involves reshipment as manufactured lumber on Somerset Railway.
166 WATER RESOUECES OF KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN.

The average freight rate on the Somerset Railway for 1904 was 2.74 

cents per ton-mile.

The cost of water transportation of logs is thus seen to be very low, 

and for many years the bulk of the logs will probably be river driven, 

where it «an be done, although there is unquestionably much timber 

that will have to be taken out by rail.

IMPROVEMENTS IN LOG-DRIVING FACILITIES.

During the five years 1901-1905 the Kennebec Log Driving Company has spent on the Kennebec the following amounts for items relating especially to channel improvements. About one-half of the cost 

of main dams has been paid by the Kennebec Water Power Company.

Amounts spent for improving channel of Kennebec River, 1901-1905.

Removing gravel beds for channel......................................... $1, 100

Blasting out rock for channel.............................................. 2, 200

Building and repairing piers.............................................. 4, 700

Building and repairing side dams, or '' bumpers''............................ 1, 200

Building and repairing main dams......................................... 65, 000

In 1896 the late Sumner Hollingsworth, engineer for the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, reported to the Kennebec Water Power 

Company on the general subject of channel improvement of the upper 

Kennebec, advocating the beginning of such work, so that eventually 

the drive in this part of the river could be made with a flow of 1,000 

second-feet from Moosehead Lake. Some of the worst places have 

been improved, but much remains to be done in removing bowlders 

and building log bumpers before the drive can be made on so small a 

flow. On Dead River from the Dead River dam to The Forks very 

large quantities of water are required in driving, as the bed of the 

river is extremely rough. Much work could be done here to advantage 

in removing bowlders, etc.

Fred T. Dow, engineer for the Kennebec Water Power Company, in 

a report made during 1906, advocates a systematic plan of improvement of both the Kennebec River and Dead River channels, to be 

completed during the next eight or ten years, and calls especial attention to the necessity of checking freshet flow as far as possible by 

storage reservoirs to prevent the washing of high banks and the 

subsequent formation of new gravel bars.
QUALITY OF KEMEBEC RIVER WATER.

By GEORGE C. WHIFFLE.

INTRODUCTION.

In 1903 and 1904 appraisals were made of the water supplies of 

the cities of Waterville and Augusta, Me., in connection with a 

transfer of those works from private companies to so-called " water 

districts/' which virtually stood for the municipalities. In these 

appraisals the quality of the water supplied by the private companies played an important part, especially as both cities had been 

visited by severe epidemics of typhoid fever during the winter of 

1902-3. Waterville was at that time supplied by the Maine Water 

Company with water from Messalonskee, but the company had also 

the right to use wT ater from the Kennebec. Augusta was supplied 

with Kennebec River water by the Augusta Water Company. 

. In order to obtain sufficient evidence as to the quality of these 

water supplies, many samples of \vater were collected from Messalonskee and Kennebec rivers in the vicinity of these two cities and 

also from a number of the tributary streams and neighboring ponds. 

In connection with the typhoid epidemics, numerous samples of well 

water were analyzed, both in Waterville and Augusta, and in connection with the search for new sources of supply, which have since 

been introduced at both places, analyses of water from various local 

lakes and ponds were made. This body of analytical data, taken 

together, serves to give a fairly accurate picture of the quality of 

the Kennebec River water in its middle portion, as well as that 

of some of the lakes and streams of its drainage basin. Moreover, 

the Kennebec itself, lying in the central part of the State and flowing, as do most of the Maine rivers, in a general southerly or southeasterly direction from the Canadian boundary to the Atlantic Ocean, 

is in regard to the general quality of its water typical of the large 

rivers of the State.

The analytical records extend over a period of but one year, during which the general stage of the water was below the average. 

This fact should be remembered in considering the results. The 

average color of the water, for instance, as shown by the figuregiven, is probably somewhat lower than it would be under ordinary

167
168 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

conditions, and this is also true, though in a less degree, of the turbidity. The hardness of the water, on the contrary, as here given 

is probably above the general average for an ordinary year.

The general topographic and geologic characters of the Kennebec 

River drainage area are discussed elsewhere in this paper (pp. 4-9), 

but in connection with the results of the analyses it is well to recall 

that the basin is densely wooded in its upper portion and that its 

lower portion is more open and given to cultivation. Taken as a 

whole, the percentage of cultivated land on the watershed is very 

small. The rock formations are largely granitic and there are no 

deposits of limestone. The soil is mainly glacial drift. . There are 

comparatively few deposits of clay, although these are not entirely 

absent. An important feature of the drainage area is the large percentage of water surface. An inspection of the map will show that 

it is essentially a lake country. Most of the population is concentrated near the river banks, especially at points where there are 

good water powers. Exclusive of the river towns, the population of 

the basin is extremely small.

The river is used very largely for logging, and during the driving 

period logs pass in an almost continuous mass from Moosehead Lake 

to Gardiner. There are numerous manufacturing establishments at 

the centers of population. Most of these are pulp and paper mills, 

sawmills, and cotton mills. The sewage from the cities, the manufacturing wastes from these establishments, and the log driving on 

the river constitute the three principal sources of pollution of the 

water. Below Augusta the river is a tidal estuary, and the effect of 

the sea water is at times very noticeable. The water of the river is 

used by several of the towns and cities along its banks, and great 

quantities of ice are cut in the lower reaches and shipped to places 

farther south. The quality of the water is, therefore, a matter of 

very great importance to many people.

In studying the quality of the water of this river it will be convenient to look first at its normal or natural quality, especially in 

regard to such physical characteristics as turbidity, color, taste, and 

odor, and afterwards to take up the sources of pollution and their 

effects.

WATER EXAMINATIONS.

All the analyses were made substantially in accord with the standard methods of water analysis adopted by the American Public 

Health Association.

TURBIDITY.

The turbidity of the water of Kennebec River at Waterville and 

Auguste is shown in the tables on pages 172-177. From these it will 

be seen that the turbidity has varied at different times from 2 to 60 on
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 169

the silica scale. During the early part of 1903 very few observations 

were made, and there is good reason to believe that in the spring of 

that year the turbidity considerably exceeded the maximum amount 

observed, probably reaching 200 or 300 for short periods. During 

the spring of 1904, when the river was at an unusually low stage for 

that season of the year, the maximum turbidity did not exceed 15. 

The average turbidity for the year was 9. From the middle of 

August, 1903, until the middle of March, 1904, daily observations 

were made at Augusta, and the results for that period are therefore 

much more reliable than the scattering figures obtained during thefirst half of 1903. The average turbidity at Augusta for the period 

stated was 6. During August, September, and a part of October it 

seldom exceeded 5. In the latter part of December, however, it 

increased and for over a week remained higher than 15. After the 

river froze over in the winter the turbidity again fell, and the water 

remained comparatively clear. At this time a large proportion of 

the suspended matter found was of organic origin; some of it evidently 

consisted of fragments of wood pulp discharged from the pulp and 

paper mills. This was indicated by the stringy appearance of the 

suspended matter when allowed to settle quietly in a bottle; but a 

more positive test was given with a microscope, which showed unmistakably the presence of fragments of wood fiber.

The turbidity of the water in Messalonskee Stream, which flows 

into the Kennebec just below Waterville, was at times greater than 

that of the Kennebec itself. This is shown by the figures given in 

the table on pages 177-181. After rains the turbidity of this water 

increases very rapidly, even in a few hours. The Messalonskee drains 

a chain of lakes, and its natural water would be very clear were it not 

for a small tributary which cuts through a number of c\&y deposits 

and which becomes ver}r turbid after a heavy rain. This brook also 

receives the surface wash from numerous farms, which adds to its 

turbidity.

Besides the clay and the organic sediment already mentioned, the 

suspended matter of the Kennebec after heavy rains consists of river 

silt, which has a comparatively high coefficient of fineness and settles 

rapidry as soon as the velocity of the water has decreased. In certain 

reaches of the river, therefore, deposits of river silt have been formed. 

Sedimentation has been favored by the numerous dams along the 

stream, which cause long stretches of backwater. Between Waterville and Augusta the mud deposits are extensive, and because of the 

large amount of sewage discharged at Waterville they become foul 

and ill smelling at times of low water. Without doubt this settling 

of the river sediment in the long stretch of backwater behind the 

Augusta dam had an important effect on the quality of the water
170 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

supply of Augusta when it was taken from the river. These deposits 

are referred to again in connection with the subject of pollution

(p. 188).

COLOR.

Like that of most of the rivers in Maine, the Kennebec River water 

has a deeply stained appearance at certain seasons of the year. The 

variations in color are shown in the tables on pages 172-177. From 

these tables it will be seen that the color of the river water varied 

during the period covered by the observations from 15 to 108, and 

that the average color of the water was 37. The maximum color 

occurred in June. From that time until the latter part of the year 

the color steadily decreased. In December and January an increase 

in color accompanied the rise of turbidity, but the maximum did not 

exceed 43. During the winter when the streams were frozen the color 

dropped rapidly and remained between 20 and 30 for several months.

The figures given in the tables all refer to the apparent color of the 

water, but the removal of the suspended matter by filtering through 

coarse filter paper did not ordinarily reduce the color by more than 

10 or 15 per cent. Filtration through a Berkfeld filter, however, 

removed approximately one-third of the color, indicating that a considerable part of it was due to organic matter in an extremely fine 

state of division. A second filtration through a Berkfeld filter did 

not show a subsequent removal of color to any extent. It may be 

said, therefore, that approximately two-thirds of the color was due 

to dissolved organic matter and that the balance was due to organic 

matter in a colloidal or finely divided state of suspension.

The source of the color is to be sought chiefly in the swampy areas 

lying in the upper portions of the basin, where leaves, roots, twigs, 

the bark of fallen logs, and vegetable mold are continually being 

leached by the standing water. After a period of storage in these 

swampy areas, these leachings are washed into the streams at times 

of rain and add their quota to the color of the water. It will be 

noticed that the maximum color occurs in the spring, after the snow 

and ice have disappeared and the swamps have discharged their contents into the rivers. As the brooks dry up in summer, the amount 

of coloring matter contributed by them decreases, and the color of 

the river water falls. There is a secondary maximum in the fall or 

early winter due to the autumnal rains; but during the fall of 1903, 

which was exceptionally dry, this maximum was inconspicuous, 

although there was a slight increase in color early in September. 

During the winter the river and small tributary streams freeze, and 

the amount of water which the latter contribute decreases very greatly 

and sometimes ceases entirely, the streams meantime being fed 

largely by ground water. The result of this is that in the winter the 

color of the wateT1 reaches its lowest point.
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 171

It has been thought by many that some of the color snown by the 

water of the river in early summer may be attributed to the logs 

which are floated down the river, the bark obtaining its initial extraction during the early months of the year. In order to determine to 

what extent this was a factor, some experiments were made in a 

laboratory temporarily installed at Waterville by Dr. Ernest C. 

Levy. Samples of bark from logs recently cut were put into jars 

with 1,500 c. c. of colorless spring water. These were allowed to 

stand and the colors were read at the end of five days and again at 

the ehd of twenty-five days. In each sample the bark was attached 

to the wood. The following figures show the results obtained:

Effect of baric on color of water.

Kind of wood.

Fir.............................

Bark 

surface 

(square centimeter) .

00 

56 

78 

56 

60 

66 

65

63

Color (parts per million) .

After 5 

days.

40 

70 

90 

90 

110 

140 

140

83

After 25

days.

40 

110 

160 

200 

240 

260 

300

187

Per liter for each 

100 square centimeter of bark 

surface.

5 days.

102 

188 

172 

242 

250 

319 

239

216

25 days.

102 

236 

308 

536 

600 

667 

660

448

Per gallon of water 

per square foot of 

bark.

5 days.

247 

455 

416 

591 

605 

772 

580

524

25 days.

247 

578 

753 

1,320 

1,465 

1,630 

1,685

1.098

From the above figures it will be seen that cedar and hemlock are 

the most active of the fir trees of Maine in giving color to water. In 

round numbers, it may be said that 1 square foot of bark will increase 

the color of 1,100 gallons of water by one unit of the ordinary scale 

of measurement after an exposure of one month. The ordinary log 

of the Kennebec River drives has about 70 square feet of bark surface. Therefore one log would increase the color of 77,000 gallons 

of water one unit after standing in it for about a month. Further 

calculations show that 1,000 feet B. M. of lumber will increase the 

color of 616,000 gallons of water about one unit during the same time. 

Inasmuch as the average flow of Kennebec River is about 3,500,000,000 

gallons per day, it would require 50,000 logs a day to increase the 

color of the river water by one point. This is four or five times the 

number of logs floated per day from April to July. Therefore it will 

be seen that this factor is entirely negligible in the consideration of 

the color of the Kennebec water. If, however, the logs stand in the 

water of swamps for more than this length of time, there is a chance 

that they might give a slight color to the river water. 

3697 IRR 198 07 12
172 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC EIVEE WATER.

ODOR.

The water of the Kennebec River has at all times a swampy or 

peaty odor and taste, usually described by the term "vegetable;" 

but during the spring, when the color of the water is high, the odor 

becomes more distinct: It is due in great measure to the same 

organic compounds which give to the water its color, and represents 

the effect of the natural leaching of the decaying organic matter in 

the various swamps scattered over the drainage area.

In addition to this natural swampy taste, the water of the river at 

certain poiats below the centers of industry has at times a very 

marked taste, due to the discharge of sewage and manufacturing 

wastes into the stream. This is further discussed under the heading 

"Pollution" (pp. 194-195).

During the period covered by the analyses no odors due to alga? 

or other microscopic organisms were observed.

RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS.

Results of examination of Kennebec River water above Watervitte.

Date. Turbid1 L\ .

Bacteria 

per cubic

iacillus coli.«

2. In 1 c. c. InlOc. c.

Parts per Parts per 

1903. million, million.

February 27 .............................. 0 34

March 12 ................................. 60 50

March 18 6 ................................ .......... ..........

March 28. ................................ .......... ..........

April 14. ....................... ......... 18 40

April 18. ................................. 10 40

April 28 .................................. 10 28

May 23.... ........... ................... 5 36

JuneS.................................... 8 36

June 14 ......................... ......... 4S 100

June 15........................ ........... 16 108 .

June 16............... .................. 12 100

June 17 ................................... 10 96 .

July 14................................... 20 40

August 20. ............................... 4 36

September 22.. ........................... 7 38

September 26. ............................ .......... ..........

400 ..........

4,400 +

2,350 -

605

635 4-

1,100 ' +

6, 800 -

1 Qflfl i J_

600 

950 

'j(JQ 4-

145 ' 

900

1 QX J_

onn

380 

220

185 -

......... 30

i i

a Plus sign indicates the presence and minus sign the absence of this organism. 

b This sample was taken at Fairfleld.
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 173

Results of examination of Kenne bee River water at intake of Augusta ivaterworks.

AUGUST, 1903.

Bacteria Bacillus coli. 

Day- Turbiditv. Odort uaor- centimeter.

In 0.01 

c. c. In 0.1 c.c.' In 1 c. c. In lOc.c.

20....................

27....................

28....................

29....................

30. ...................

31....................

 We rage

Per cent giving positive test ...........

Parts per 

million. 

2

3

9

2

2

3

Parts per 

million. 

29

42

38

38

37

45

30

Iv 280 ................... ............ ...

2v 3w 475 .......... - - -

2v 3w 225 .......... + + 4-

2v 3w 290 .......... - - -

2v 3w 360 .--.-..... - - +

.............................. 33 33 66

SEPTEMBER, 1903.

2... ................. 3 44

3.................... 3 42

4..... ............... 3 43

5.................... 4 45

6.. ...... ........ 3 41

7.. ...... ........ 3 42

8. ................... 4 39

9..-......-...--..... 3 42

10. ................... 3 42

11.................... 3 37

12. ................... 3 39

13. ................... 3 32

15. ................... 2 33

17.......--...-....-.- 4 33

18......-.....-....--. 3 33

19......--....-.....-. 5 34

20. ................... 3 34

21. ................... 4 34

9.1 0 no

24.................... 2 34

26. ................... 3 33

27..--...........--... 5 29

28-.....-..-..-....... 5 32

29.................... 2 32

30. ................... 3 32

Per cent giving posi2v 3\v 490 .......

2v 3\v 405 .......

3v 3\v 390 .......

9 V 3v 300

2v3w 230 .......

2v 3w 260 .......

2v 3w 380 .......

2v 3w 260 .......

2v 3w 410 -

2v 3w 235 -

Iv 3w 420 -

Iv 3\v 540 -

Iv 3w 615 -

Iv 3w 830 -

2v 3\v 455 -

2v 3w 451 ....... i

=

82

a v=Vegetable odor; \v= woody odor (due to paper-mill wastes); g=grassy odor. The intensity 

of the odor is indicated by the following scale: 1, Very faint an odor that would not ordinarily be 

detected by the average consumer, but that could be detected in the laboratory by an experienced 

observer; 2, faint an odor that the consumer might detect if his attention were called to it, but that 

would not otherwise attract attention; 3, distinct an odor that would be readily detected and that 

might cause the water to be regarded with disfavor; 4, decided an odor that would force itself on 

the attention and might make the water unpalatable; 5, very strong an odor of such intensity that 

the water would be absolutely unfit to drink, a term to be used only in extreme cases.

6 Plus sign indicates the presence and minus sign the absence of the organism.
174 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Augusta icatenvorks Cont'd.

OCTOBER, 1903.

Day. Tl? tr|Md - Color. Odor.o

Parts per 

million. 

L'.... ................ 3

4.................... 5

6... ................. 6

7..... .............. 4

8....................' 6

9.................... 5

10.................... 5

11.................... 5

12.................... i 4

14.................... 7

16.................... 8

17.................... 7

18.................... 4

19.................... 6

22.................... 6

23.................... 7

24.................... 5

25.................... 4

26.................... 5

28.................... 5

29.................... 5

30.................... 5

31.................... 4

Per cent giving posiParts per 

million. 

34 

33 

33 

34 

28 

32 

28 

28 

31 

33 

30 

30 

32 

31 

31 

31 

29 

30 

30 

30 

29 

28 

28 

29 

30 

27 

28 

30 

30 

30

30

1.................... 5

2.................... 5

3.................... 5

4.................... 5

5.................... 4

6.................... 6

7.................... 10

9.................... 10

10.................... 12

11....................! 10

12.................... 9

14.................... 6

15.................... 8

18.................... 5

19 (i

20.................... 4

21.................... o

22.................... 5

24

1

30 

30 

30 

29 

29 

29 

33 

32 

31 

31 

32 

33 

31 

32 

33 

32 

32 

30

30 

33 

33

2v 3w 

Iv 2w

Iv2w 

Iv 2w 

Iv 2w 

Iv 2w 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw

Bacteria 

pcrcubic 

centimeter.

310 

290 

315 

510 

295 

415 

410 

375 

360 

340 

450 

350 

345 

420 

980 

585 

945 

630 

330 

410 

760 

1,040 

685 

535 

725 

820 

820 

540 

410 

575

2v Iw 532

Bacillus coli.

J " °(;01 In 0.1 c. c. In 1 c. c. ' In 10 c. c.

, ,

_ i i

,

_ 4.

+ 4-

 4-4-

_ _ 4_

__ __ 4-

 4-

_ _i_ i

 4.

- 33 i 80 :.........

I

vfOVEMB

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v Iw 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w 

2v 2w

25.-----...---......-. ..............................

26.................... ..............................

27.. ........ .........

38.................... 6

30.................... 4

Per cent giving positive test

30 

32 

33

2v 2w

ER, 1903.

725 

720 

700 

600 

475 

385 

570 

520 

580 

625 

590 

655 

695 

500 

350 

830 

175 

750 

650 

750 

830 

595 

860 

845

(a) 

(a)

_ . ._ .

_____

__ - _ __

_ , ,

 i + +

_ _ _l_

_ 14.

_ _|_

_ i 4_

4-4-4-

__ _ .

4-4-4.

 +

.... 4- -1- i

31 2v 2w 624 i - 22 56 100

' Plates liquefipd becausp of poor lot of gelatin.
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 175

Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Auf/iista waterworks (Vmt'd.

DECEMBER, 1903.

Day.

1.. ..................

2.. ................. .

3... .................

4....................

9....................

10....................

11....................

12....................

13....................

15....................

16....................

18....................

19....................

20....................

21....................

22....................

23....................

24....................

26. ...................

27....................

28....................

29....................

30....................

31....................

Per cent giving posiity.

Parts per 

million.

3

6

3

3

4

5

3

(i

10

8

6

10

12

10

20

25

30

%

25

22

25

25

15

15

12

' Bacteria Bacillus coli.

mefer". 'e.^' In °' 1 c ' c ' In l °' °' ' In 10 °" °'

Parts per 

million. 

32 2v 2w .................... - + +

33 2v2w .................... + + +

33 2v2w 2, 155 .......... - + +

32 2v 2w (i, 345 .......... + + +

31 2v2w 4,450 .......... - -

33 2v 2w 4, 550 .......... + + +

33 2v 2\v 2, 200 .......... - -

32 2v2w 4,400 ..........

15 2v2w 5,500 .......... + + +

32 2v2w 3,1,50 .......... + + +

30 2v2w 5,600 ..........

28 2v2w 5,500 ..........

28 2v 2w 5, 500 .......... - 4- +

40 ' 2v2w 5,900 .......... + + +

36 2v2w 6,250 .......... + + +

37 2v 2w 11, 600 ; .......... + + +

34 2v 2w 37, 450 > ..........+ + +

32 2v 2w 7,927 ........................................

JANUARY, 1904.

1 .................... 12

2.................... 12

3.................... ..........

4.................... 10

6.................... 10

7.................... 6

8.................... 5

10.................... ..........

12.................... 5

14.................... 5

15.. .................. 3

17.................... 3

18.................... 3

19.................... 2

20. ................... 3

21.................... 3

22. ................... 3

23.................... 2

24.................... 3

25.................... 2

26.................... 2

27-....-........-.-... 4

29.................... 4

30.................... 2

31..................... 3

Percent giving positive test ........... ..........

40

41

42

42

43

42

Af\

38

37

36

38

33

32

33'W

28

27

27

OS

9g

26

23

94

27

27

28

30

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v 2w

2v2g

2v2g

2v 2ff

2v2g

2v2g

2v 2g

2v2g

2v2g

2v2g

283,500

11,700

51,000

39,500

30,500

41 000

eft =nn

99 500

37 000

9 000

1Q VIA

10 000

14. VIA

1 9 nnn

10 000

9 000

91 r^Yl

99 nnn

14,000

1 fi W^

18,500

94. ^HA

Q9 7CA

---------- +

= E

.......... +

.......... 48 71

j_

74
QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Augusta waterworks Oont'cl.

FEBRUARY, 1904.«

Day. T"bid- 1 iij .

Parts per 

million. 

1..... ............... 4

1. ........ ........... 8

3.................... 5

5.................... 4

6..... ............... 4

,7. ................... 4

10.................... 4

22.................... 4

24... ............. 2

26. ................... 3

27.................... 5

28. ................... 5

Percent giving posi1... ................. 3

2... ................. 2

3.................... 10

4.................... ..........

5. ....f........ ...............

6.................... 3

8.................... 4

9.................... 15

11.................... 15

12. ................... 12

13.................... 12

14.................... 15

16.................... 12

17.................... . 8

18.................... 10

Average 10

Per cent giving posiColor.

Parts per 

million. 

21

22

22

21

22

°2

22

22

26

26*^2

27

23

28

25

23

20

27

22

29

27

22

25

25

27

25

25

27

31

32

35

31

Bacteria

Odori Per cubic 

uaor.u , centj_ In0.oi

meter. c. c.

2v 2\v 17, 500 ..........

2v2w 24,500 ..........

2v 2w 29, 000 ..........

2v 2w 28, 500 ..........

2v 2w 28,000 ..........

2v 2\v 20, 500 ..........

2v 2w 21,000 ..........

2v 2w i 21,500 '..........

2v2w 24,000 ...........

2v 2w 25, 000 ..........

2v 2w 30,000 ..........

2v 2\v 24,4«i ..........

i

MARCH, 1904.

2v 2w 24, 500 ..........

2v 2w 20, 500 ..........

2v2w 20,000 ..........

.......... 26,000 ..........

.......... 22,000 ..........

3v 3w 20. 500 ..........

2v 2w (6) ..........

2v 2w (6) ..........

2v 2w (6) ..........

2v 2w (6) ..........

2v 2w 20, 000 ..........

2v 2w (*) ..........

2v 2w 24,000 ..........

2v 2w 19, 500 .........

2v2w 8,000 .........

2v2w 22,000 .........

Bacillus coli.

In 0.1 c. c. In 1 c. c. > In 10 c. c.

_ _ _

- + +

+ + +

+ + , +

 _ _

_ _ _

33 40 47

!

+ + +

_ _

_ _ _

+ + +

+ + +

_ _ _

,

44 55 55

a. The records during this month vvere interrupted by the illness of the collector. 

6 Plates liquefied.
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 177

Nummary, by months, of results of examination of Kennebec. River water above Waterville

and at Augusta.

ABOVE WATKRV1LLK.

Month.

1903.

February... 

March......

April........

May........

June........

July........

August.....

September..

Number 

of 

samples.

Turbidity (parts Color (parts per 

per million). million).

Minimum.

Maxi- ' Aver- Minimum, age. : mnm.

Maxi- Avermum. age.

Bacteria per cubic centimeter (parts per 

million).

Mini- Maximum, mum.

Average.

alka- Average linity (partsmillion). per 

60 

10 

5 ,">

2 

2

60 

18 

6 

48

10

7

60 

13 

6 

17 

20 .

4 

4

50

28 

36 

56

36

38

50 

45 

38 

108

58 

42

50 

38 

37 

83 

40 

44 

39

2, 750 

605 

240 

640 

1,500

145 

185

3,500 

4.400 

660 

1,100 

15,000

600 

900

3,125 

2,284 

500 

870 

6,300 

110 

315 

252

8 

9 

7 

10

14 

13

AUGUSTA.

1903.

August..... 

September.. 

October..... 

November.. 

December...

1904.

January.... 

February.. . March......

Summary of period 

Apr. 1'. 1903, to 

Mar. 21, 1904.... . 48 108

36 225

36 230

30 290

31 175

32 1, 180

30 1,555

23 17,500

27 8,000

475 313

830 451

1,040 532

860 624

37,450 7,927

283,500 32,750

30.000 24,466

26,000 20,654

14

15

13

15

17

18

16

12

145 ! 283,500

Results of examination of Messalonskee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water

Company, Waterville.

FEBRUARY, 1903.

6..

9..

10..

11..

12..

13..

14..

16..

17..

18..

19..

20..

21..

23..

24..

25..

26..

27.

28..

1>av.

Color Bacteria

(parts per (parts per per cubic | - 

million), i million), centimeter. In0.1 e.

Bacillus coll."

In 1 e. c. InlOc.e.

Average...............

Per eent giving positive test.

 28 

29 

28 

28 

30 

34

370 

200 

230 

265 

360 

375 

278 

248 

1,370 

2,800 

1,100 

655 

500 

385 

430 

260 

770 

330 

440 

3.50 

370 

590 

''1,860

a Plus sign indicates the presence and minus sign the absence of tbis organism. 

6 Average of seven observations.
178 QUALITY OP KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

Results of examination of Messalonskec Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 

Company, Water rille Continued.

MARCH, 1903.

Turbidity Color 

Day. (parts per (parts per 

million » . million) .

1. .............. 40 28

2. .... .................... 8 32

4. ....... ...................... 3 30

(1. . . .............. 4 30

7. ............................ 5 28

10... ... .. ................... 8 28

11........... ....................... 75 26

12. . .. i.. ................ 10 28

13................................... <> 30

14. . . . . .............. 3 32

1(1................................... 2 32

17............ ......................! 2 30

18................................... 4 32

19................................... 5 34

20................................... 3 28

21 ................................. 3 34

23. .................................. 4 32

24. .................................. 15 34

25................................... 2 32

2(5. .................................. 2 30

27. .................... 4 30

28.. ............................... 3 30

30. .................................. 2 28

31 ................................... 45 40

Bacteria 

per cubic 

centimeter.

28,000 

10,000 

3,900 

1.365 

620 

720 

11,050 

7,300 

25,500 

3,700 

1,700 

875 

1,150 

1,000 

950 

590 

770 

950 

950 

1.1,50 

745 

420 

435 

400 

240 

3,100

4,138

Bacillus coli.

In 0.1 c. c. In 1 c. c. InlOc. c.

 4-4- 

 4- 4-

+ + +

- +- .. 4- 

 + 4-

23 62 69

APRIL, 1903.

1 ................................... 2 36

2................................... 1 30

3................................... 1 30

4................................... 4 30

(>................................... 2 30

7................................... 1 30

8................................... 4 28

9................................... 5 ; 30

10. .................................. 4 30

11................................... 2 30

13................................... 1 26

14................................... 1 28

15. .................... ....".......... 2 28

16................................... 2 28

17.--.-.-.---...-.---...-.---........ 2 30

18................................... 3 28

20................................... 2 28

21................................... 2 28

22................................... 2 28

23. .................................. 1 30

24. .................................. 2 30

25. ............................... ^ . 3 28

Per cent giving positive test ......... ... ... ... . . . . .

500 

410 

425 

445 

220 

450 

480 

1,325 

180 

164 

210 

97 

265 

175 

250 

275 

190 

170 

310 

410 

375 

540 

410 

880 

1,450 

1,225

455

4-4-4- 4-4- 

 -4- 4- -4-4-

-4-4- 

 4-4-

 4-4- 

 4-

4-4-4- 

-4-4- 

4-4-4-

4-4-4- 4-4- 

-4-4-

15 | 73 92
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 179

Results of e.mminctiion of Messalonskee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 

Company. Watcnillt- -Continued.

MAY, 1903.

Turbidity 

Diiy. (parts per 

million).

1 ................................... 22

2 . . 2

4................................... 2

5................................... 4

6................................... 0

7..... .............................. 4

8................................... 2

9.................................... 15

11................................... 10

12................................... 8

13................................... 2

14................................... 2

15................................... 2

18........ .......................... 2

20................................... 8

21................................... 2

22. .................................. 6

23................................... 6

25................................... 3

26................................... 2

28. ................................ 3

29................................... 2

30. .................................. 1

Color Bacteria 

(parts per per cubic 

million ) . j centimeter.

32 1 . 425 

28 3. 100 

28 1.150 

30 2,900 

28 4. 150 

30 2. 000 

30 2, 650 

30 2, 800 

30 1,300 

30 1.350 

30 2, 200 

30 925 

28 940 

30 1 , 200 

30 , 550 

32 1,000 

24 « 20, 000 

30 720 

28 000 

34 510 

26 475 

28 410 

30 685 

30 650

29 2, 237

Bacillus coli.

InO.lc.c. Inlc.c. InlOc.c.

+ + + 

+ +

+ +

- f + 

+ + 

+

- + + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + 

- + +

+ 

+ + + 

+ + 

- +

- + + 

- + + 

+ + 

- - + 

- + +

13 71 92

JUNE, 1903.

1.. ................................. 2

2............................-..-..: 2

3................................... 3

4...... ............................ 6

6................................... 4

8................................... 1

9................................... 5

10..................... ............ 2

11....... .......................... 3

12................................... 2

13. ..... . ........ <-39

14..... ............................. 26

15................................... 8

16..... ............. 1.... ........... 3

17................................... 2

18................................... 2

19..... ............................ 2

20.......... ........ .................1 2

22................................... 1

23. ................... ........ 4

24................................... 2

25............. ..................... 2

26................................... 2

27................................... 3

29................................... 5

30................................... 3

Average ...................... 5

32 6185 

30 1,010 

28 850 

26 800 

28 830 

28 500 

30 1,750 

30 2, 350 

30 2,900 

28 1,600 

(-42 (-15,050 

60 41,400 

64 5, 500 

36 3,500 

34 2, 700 

34 970 

30 1,250 

26 810 

26 290 

30 1.250 

28 960 

30 360 

30 410 

34 290 

26 ............

30 170

33 3,507

- ' ; :

+ + + 

- > + + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

- + + 

- + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

- + + 

+ + + 

- + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

- - + ' + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

- + + 

- - +

50 i 85 100

a Considerable amount of trash from bridge building on Western avenue.

& Pump not running.

< Average of two observations.
180 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

Results of examination of Messalonslcee Stream at pumping station of 'Maine W«t< 

Company, Water rille (\mtinuod.

JULY, 1903.

Day.

Turbidity Color Bacteria Bacillus coli.

(parts per (parts per t per cubic , million). million), centimeter.'In 0.1 e. c. In 1 c. c. InlOc.e.

1.

2.

3.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Per cent giving positive test.

30 

26 

26

28

26

26

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

20

28

28

28

00

28

28

28

28

150

26

360 

510 

500

290

310

345

270

320

230

350

580

800

050

280

1,850

3, 850

2, 750

28, 500

3, 200

450

1,450

1,000

950

925

+ +

29

AUGUST, 1903.

2,138

44 i 92 90

3................................... 5

4................................... 4

5. .................................. 3

8................................... 5

9................................... 7

11................................... 3

12................................... 4

13................................... 3

15................................... 2

18................................... ............

19................................... 3

20. .................................. 2

21................................... 4

22................................... 3

24. .................................. 2

27................................... 2

28. .................................. 2

29................................... 2

31................................... 2

Per cent giving positive test ....... ....

20 GO 

28 775 

26 2,500 

28 000 

20 760 

26 700 

28 210 

28 (>05 

28 050 

28 1,000 

30 1,300

26 2, 450 

28 1,300 

26 4, 000 

26 2,000 

20 220 

26 350 

26 790 

26 3,050 

26 ' 500 

26 150

27 2,112

64
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 181

Results of (.raminafion of Messalonskcc Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 

Company, Waterrille- Continued.

Average...............

Per cent giving positive test.

130

130

300

470

415

200

175

400

355

360

385

250

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS,

The water of Kennebec River at all points above the Augusta dam 

is soft. In fact, all of its chemical constituents are extremely low. 

This is to be expected from the general character of the basin, which 

contains no beds of limestone arid 

few deposits of clay or minerals 

readily soluble in water.

The results of the chemical analyses of the Kennebec water at 

Waterville and Augusta are given in 

the tables on pages 182-183. These 

results show that at Waterville the 

total solids in the water seldom 

exceeded 50 parts per million. Of 

this amount about 20 parts per 

million represented hardness made 

up of carbonates and sulphates m 

nearly equal proportions. The alkalinity varied from 8 to 12 and the 

incrustants from 7 to 9 parts per 

million. The amount of iron was 

rather small.

Above the Edwards Company's 

dam at Augusta the amount of chlorine in the water is low at all 

points, but it is less at the upper end than in the lower reaches of 

the stream. This is chiefly because of the pollution of the river, 

which increases downstream, but it is also due to the fact that the 

normal chlorine of the drainage basin becomes greater as the seacoast 

is approached.

FIG. 11. Diagram showing use of normalchlorine isochlors.
182 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

The studies of the normal distribution of chlorine in the waters of 

the State made by D. D. Jackson" show that the isochlor of 0.7 part 

per million passes through the geographic center of the Kennebec 

basin and that the normal chlorine varies from 0.4 part per million at 

the upper end of the stream to 6.0 parts per million at the mouth. 

Between these two points the normal chlorine gradually increases.

It must not be assumed, however, that the normal chlorine of the 

river at any particular point is the same as that shown b}^ the isochlor 

which passes through that point. Tt is shown rather by the isochlor 

which passes through the geographic center of the basin above it. 

Thus the diagram shown in fig. 11 represents an imaginary drainage 

basin divided into portions of equivalent area (A, B, C, and D} and 

gives the isochlors. The figures which truly represent the normal 

chlorine of the river water at the points a, b, c, and d are not 1.5, 2.5, 

3.5, and 4.5, as might at first be thought from an inspection of the 

isochlors, but at a the normal chlorine is 1.0, the result obtained by 

integrating all the normals for the subdivision A above it; at c the 

normal is 1.5, the result obtained by integrating the normals for the 

regions A and B, and so on, until at d, the mouth of the stream, the 

normal chlorine is found to be 2.5 parts per million instead of 5.0, as 

would be obtained if the reading were taken directly from the isochlor.

Chemical analyses of Kmnehec River water ahoxe Waterxille, January 19 to August 17,

1903.

[ Farts per million, unless otherwise stated.]

tion.

January 19 .....

March 12.......

April 18........

May 23.........

August 17......

Average. .

 ^

£

IS t*

3

E-1

2

fid

10

5

3

14

M

O

Q

O

37

5(1

40

36

56 

38

43

Nitrogen as 

Albuminoid

ammonia.

g

i '-M

0 £

O

c

"

2v 0.092

3v

3v

3v

3v 

3v. 2m.

.118

104

.104

.142 

.094

a

&e

g.2

0.004

.096

.004 m?.

.008 

.028

........ . 109J . 027

1

1

|

8 g

-= d -s 3 « E o

EH

0.096

214

108

.150 

.122

.136

tH

fe

0.002

.1-1

&

0

g

 i-H

^

0. 000 0. 05

.018, .001

.010 .001

.016 .000

.028 

.012

.014

.000 

.002

.001

,05

10

00

.00 

.00

.03

2

O c) 

01 £3

H

46.0

 £

£

-2

"3 . "3

0 3

E0. 8 31. 0

66.0' .7

49.01 .6

43. 0 .4 39. o; . 6

48. O f . 8

48.5 .7

17. C ...

^

12.0

9.0

17.0 8.0

18. 0 11. 0

19.0! 9.0 

19. 0 10. 0

20.2 9.8

a

g a

V

19.0

8.0

9.0

7.0

10.0 

9.0

10.3

0.15

".'26

0 g

o £

8 d 

-3 ^"s

O ° 0

E^

44

76

112

95

235 

170

121

|SJ

 M Q)

'S

g 0

^|S

0^

s ^ "^

300

3,000

800

40

60 

65

711

» The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England: WaterSup, and Irr. Paper No. 144, II. S. Geol. Survey, 1905. 

6 Scale for odor is given on p. 173.
EXAMINATION OF WATER.

I + + 

I I+ + +1 + I+ 4-4- I + I

I 14-4- i 4 +

: +

"o i o 2--

OOOOi-OOOOOOO OOO

p ®

V

s s '?i

1 o» Itf

i 3.S

ooooooooooo ooo

ooooooooooo ooo

ooooooooooo ooo

SSSS8SSS8SS S2S 0. .......... ...

S8888S8S88S 888

5OOOOOOOOOO OOO

00000000800 ooo

183
184 QUALITY OF KEXKEBEC RIVER WATER.

On this basis the following approximate figures have been obtained 

for the normal chlorine of the Kennebec River water at various 

points, and side by side with these is given the normal chlorine for 

the local water sources at the same points.

Normal chlorine in Kennebec River basin. 

[Parts por million.]

Taken

from

nearest

isochlor.

Calculated

from isochlors over

whole

basin.

Sol on.......

Skowhegan. 

Waterville.. 

Augusta....

Richmond..

0. 6 0.43

.75 .46

1.0 .52

2.0 .63

3.0 .70

The absence of mineral matter makes the Kennebec water excellent for use in boilers and in connection with paper making and 

many other industries where chemicals are used. The low alkalinity, however, is something of a disadvantage in purifying the 

water by the mechanical system of filtration, in which alum is employed as a coagulant, as it necessitates the occasional use of soda.

The suspended matter in the Kennebec water was largely organic, 

except after heavy rains, when, as already pointed out, it was coinposed chiefly of river silt. The amount of dissolved organic matter 

corresponds well with that usually found in waters of similar color.

No analyses of the water were made at points above all sources of 

pollution, but the analyses made at Waterville, above which the 

amount of pollution is comparatively small, represent a near approach to natural conditions. The free ammonia was very low, indicating that decomposition of organic matter was inactive; the amounts 

of nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates were also very small.

MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS.

The numbers of microscopic organisms in the river water were 

found to be very small, although they were higher than in many 

other streams. These higher numbers may have been due to the 

fact that the basin contains so many lakes, in which these organisms 

find favorable conditions for development. The results of the 

microscopical examinations are given in the accompanying tables. 

The amorphous matter varied considerably at different times, as 

described under the heading "Turbidity" (p. 169). It consisted very 

largely of broken-down organic matter, in which vegetable filaments 

and fragments of wood fiber were conspicuous. This woody fibrous 

matter was much more abundant at Augusta than at Waterville, 

probably on account of the waste products from the Hollingsworth 

& Whitney paper mill at Winslow.
EXAMINATION OF WATER. 185

Microscopic organisms in sum plea of irater from Kennebec River collected at Waterville.

190.1.

[Standard units por cubic centimeter.]

Organism. January 19. March 12. April is. May 23. .lime 23. August 17.

\sterionella - - .... - 8 25 ............. ...... . . .

Tabellaria,

Diatoma

15 15 40 ............

Cyclotella . - - - . .........--..--...-....--.......-....... - - - -

Scone do sin UM

5 25 40 10

. .... ... 10

Cladothrix 28 12 15

/Vctinophrys

69 15 55 135 >5

Total organisms. .... 44 76

Vegetable fiber 8

112 95 2.35 170 

800 40 60 65

Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at intake of 

Augusta waterworks. 1903-4.

[Standard units pi'T cubic centimeter. | 

August. 190,'!. September, 1903. October, 190'!.

25. 31. 8.

l>iatomacea>:

Chlorophycese:

Cyanophyce.se:

Fungi and schizoinvcetes:

Protozoa:

Parani8pciuin '^0

14. ' 21. 0. 13. 19. . 26.

35 ................ 10 10

........................................ 10

225 5 ........ | 35

20 20 25 40

........ f....... ........ 15

........ ........ ........ 40

........! 10 ........ 25

........ 25 ........ 25

25 25 ................................

20 40

........ 130

10 ........

40 ........

50 ........

..... .... 40 .... ...

105 55 70 105

25 ........................

110 ti()

Kotifera:

40 ........

Total organisms ...... 200 90 240

Vegetable and woody fiber.. 1 (i5 55 (15

015 200 145 300 

625 500 185 400 

CO

300 240 

1,005 675

a Average, 224. i> Average, 346.
186 QUALITY OF KENJSTEBEC EIVER WATEK.

Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at intake of 

Augusta icatericorks, 1903-4 Continued.

Organism.

Diatomacese:

Navicula. ...............

November, 1903.

2.

10

5 

10 

10

Cyanophycese:

Fungi and schizomycetes :

Protozoa:

Total organisms « .....

105

140

415

9.

250

20

40

50

385 

500

Hi.

10

16

25 

40

December, 1903.

1.

10

145

40

85 

375

7.

' 15

5

50

195 70

270 | 210

!

21.

January, 1904.

12.

10 15

10

!

30

10

60

50 . 85 

180 120

20.

25

5

5

25 

10

February, 

1904.

17.

5 

10 

5

615

60 635

65 170

'Average, 224. b Average, 346.

BACTERIA.

The number of bacteria in the water of Kennebec River at Waterville varied during the course of the observations from 110 to 15,000 

per cubic centimeter. In general, the high figures were found at 

times of large stream flow. Not enough analyses were made to give 

a fair annual average.

No attempt was made to determine the prevailing species of bacteria in the water, but many presumptive tests were made to show 

the presence of Bacillus coli. Laboratory experiments ,at Waterville 

showed that under the local conditions this test gave a yery fair indication of the actual presence of this organism, a result.which is not 

everywhere obtained. Positive indications of the presence of B. coli 

were shown in 94 per cent of the 10 c. c. samples tested at Waterville, 

81 per cent in the 1 c. c. samples, and 30 per cent in those of 0.1 c. c. 

The results of these observations are given in the tables on pages 172 

177.

EFFECT OF TIDES ON QUALITY OF THE WATER BELOW

AUGUSTA.

The lower part of Kennebec River may be considered a narrow tidal 

estuary, in which the tide ebbs and flows to the foot of the Edwards 

Company's dam at Augusta. Under ordinary conditions of stream 

flow the water is fresh nearly to the mouth of the river, but at times 

brackish water extends nearly to Augusta. Yet the public water 

supply of Richmond is obtained from the river.

Few analyses of the river water at points below Augusta have been 

made, but one series of analyses made at Richmond through a course 

of tides serves well to illustrate the variations which take place in 

the chlorine content of the water at different stages of the tide.
EFFECT OF TIDES OK QUALITY OF WATEE. 187

December 9, 1903, the flow of the river at Winslow was 1,351 secondfeet, which is extremely low. Samples were collected at the surface 

and at the bottom of the river opposite the Richmond steamboat 

wharf and tested for chlorine. The elevation of the water surface 

was also read from the gage of the United States Coast and Geodetic 

Survey on the steamboat wKarf. The results of these analyses are 

given in the subjoined table, and are also shown by fig. 12. From this 

diagram it will be seen that the chlorine in the water varied from 50

800

600

200

V

ELEVATION OF WATER

U. S. Coast Survey gage on

steamboat wharf

FIG. 12. Fluctuations of chlorine in Kennebec River water at Richmond, December 9, 1903.

to 870 parts per million between low and high tide. As a water tastes 

brackish when the amount of chlorine exceeds 150 parts per million, it 

will be seen that the river water and consequently the public water 

supply of Richmond on the date mentioned was noticeably brackish 

for about two-thirds of the time. The diagram also shows that the 

time of minimum saltness occurred just after low tide, and the time 

of maximum saltness just after high tide. It is interesting to observe 

further that there was a conspicuous under run of sea water on the 

3697 IRR 198 07 13
188 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC EIVEE WATER.

flood tide; thus when the tide was running in, the water at the bottom 

of the river was salter that at the surface. This is a phenomenon 

common to all tidal estuaries.

On February 5, 1904, two samples of water were collected from the 

river at 4.30 p. m., when the tide was running in. The surface water 

contained 136 parts of chlorine per million, and the water at the 

bottom contained 194 parts per million. To judge from the stream 

flow between December 9, 1903, and February 5, 1904, there is good 

reason to believe that throughout the winter the public water supply 

at Richmond was more or less brackish.

Chlorine in water of Kennebec River, elevation of water surface, and direction of current at 

Richmond, Me., December 9, 1903.

Chlorine (parts 

per million). Hour.

Surface.

9 a. m.............................................. J 240

11.30 a. m ......................................................

12m........... ..................................... 50

12.30 p.m......................................................

1 p. m............................................... 50

1.30 p. m............................................. ..........

2p.m............................................... 100

2.30 p. m. ......................................................

3p.m............................................... 250

4 p. m ............................................... 480

4.30 p.m.......................................................

5.30 p.m.......................................................

6.15 p. m. ......................................................

Bottom.

420

230

120

80

60

70

95

280

510

740

870

Gage 

height 

(feet). a

2.15

1.15

 0.10

 0.05

1.38

3.25

4.70

5.60

5.90

5.40

Direction of 

current.

Downstream. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

No current.

Upstream. 

Do.

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

« Read on gage of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

POLLUTION.

SOURCE AND CHARACTER.

The general pollution of the Kennebec River water at various 

points is usually measured by the density of population dwelling on 

the drainage area above those points, because either directly or indirectly the waste products of life and industry are washed into the 

river and carried to the ocean. Although this is true, the greatest 

effect on the quality of the water is produced by that part of the 

population which discharges sewage and manufacturing wastes 

directly into the river or its tributaries. This is more liable to be the 

case where the population is concentrated in villages and cities than 

where it is widely scattered, because compact settlements are more 

likely to be provided with sewers, which discharge, with or without 

purification, into some watercourse. The division of the total popu-
POLLUTION. 189

lation into the classes ''rural/ 7 ''village/' and "urban" furnishes a 

convenient and, on the whole, satisfactory basis for estimating its 

probable influence on the water. In the present discussion these 

classes are defined as follows: Rural, communities having fewer than 

1,000 inhabitants; village, communities having between 1,000 and 

4,000 inhabitants; urban, communities having more than 4,000 

inhabitants.

On this basis the population per square mile has been determined 

for the drainage areas of the principal tributary streams of the Kennebec and at various points along the main stream. The results are 

shown in the following table and in fig. 13:

Drainage area and population of Kennebec basin at rarious points.

Moosehead Lake, at outlet. . . 

Between Moosehead Lake and

TotalaboveDeadRiver .

Between Dead River and CarTotal above CarrabasBetween Carrabassett River 

and Sandv River. ..........

Distance 

in 

miles.

°

24

CO

Drainarea.

Sq. m. 

1,240

330

1,570

870 

350

Populacion.

Rural -a laVge>

1,730 0 

210 0

bYn:< T°tai0 1,730 

0 210

1,940 0* 0 1,940

1.130 ' 0

250 (

0 1, 130 

0 250

2,790 3,320 0 0 3,320

395 1 3,370 0 

35 610 1.380

0 3, 370 

0 1.990

Population per square 

mile.

Rural.a

1.6 

0.6

1.2

1.3 

0.7

1.2

9.0

18.0

Village. &

0 

0

0

0 

0

0

Urbane

0 

0

0

0 

0

0

0 0 

3<). 0 0

Total.

1.6 

0.6

1.2

1.3 

0.7

1.2

9.0 

57. 0

Total above Sandy

Between Sandy River and

Total above Waterville.

Between Waterville and AuTotal above Augusta. . .

Cobbosseecontee Stream ..... 

Between Augusta and MerryTotal above mouth of 

Kennebec River. .....

...... 3,220

68 670

...... 380

98 4, 270

99 210

...... 970

...... 130

116 5,580

122 | 240

141 5,970

7.300 1,380

6,820 ! 6,330

17,640 14,470

2,450 2,940

11,580 13,760

32,620 i 33,230

5,470 3,070

i 1,840 7.040

39,930 44,240

0

0

5,180

5,180

0

0

10,480

15,660

0

10, 690

26, 350

8,680

13, 150

15, 460

37,290

5,390

25,340

81,510

8,540 

20, 470

110,520

2.2

10.0

9.0

4.0

12.0

12.0

5.8

22.0

6.7

0.4

9.0

3.8

14.0

14.0

5.9

12.0

7.5

1.2

0

0

2.8

0 

71.0

4.4

2.7

8.7

26.0

103,0

14.4

36.0

18.5

" Communities with less than 1,000 inhabitants. 

6 Communities with 1,000 to 4,000 inhabitants, 

c Communities with more than 4,000 inhabitants. 

d Omitting the Messalonskee and Sebasticook. 

' Omitting the Cobbosseecontee.

For the first 60 miles of its course the river is practically unpolluted. 

There are no cities or important villages, the population being mainly 

in lumber camps and a few settlements of summer visitors. The 

rural population per square mile is very low. Along the middle
190 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

course of the river there are numerous villages, and lower down are 

the cities of Skowhegan, Waterville, Augusta, and Gardiner. In all 

there are on the Kennebec drainage area 115 cities, towns, and villages, 

with population as follows:

Population in towns in Kennebec basin.

Population.

0-1, (XX)

1,000-2.000

2, 000-5, 000

5,000-10. 000

10,000-20,000

Number

of communities

86

16

9

2

2

115

The distribution of these communities over the drainage area is 

shown in fig. 14.

The greatest amount of pollution is contributed by the cities and

Moosehead Lake

Dead River

Carrabassett River 

Sandy River

Bebasticook ftirer 

Messa/onskee 

Stream

Cobbosseecontee 

Stream

e area Jn square miles Population 

FlG. 13. Diagram showing drainage area and population above various points on Kennebec Kiver.

towns located directly on the river and its main tributaries. These 

cities are Madison, Skowhegan, Pittsfield, Newport, Waterville, 

Augusta, Gardiner, and Richmond, and all of them discharge sewage directly into the stream. At the Augusta waterworks hearing
POLLUTION. 191

it was estimated that about 13,000 people discharged sewage into 

the river above the intake. The ordinary dry-weather flow of the 

stream at this point was considered as 0.25 second-foot for each 1,000

LEGEND 

Population between 1,000and 2000

 Population between 2,000and 5,000

 Population between 5,000and 10,000 

Population 10,000 and over

SCALE IN MILES

MERRYMEETHia BAY

FIG. 14. Map showing principal sources of pollution in Kennebec Kiver basin and normal isochlors.

persons contributing sewage. This represents a substantial dilution 

of sewage enough to prevent visible nuisance. It does not, however, render the water safe for drinking.
Sewage and manufacturing wastes discharged into Kennebec and 

Sources of pollution.

Distance 

above 

Augusta 

intake.

Miles. 

17.1

Fairfield. .......................................... 20. 6

34

Electric Light Co...................... ... ....

40

Benton Falls........ ............. ............... 21.8

Pittsfleld.... .. .... ..... .

Pittsfleld Electric Light and Power Co. .......

41

Persons 

using 

public

sewers.

Persons 

in mills.

1,300

250

100 

215

05

1,516

036

650

Persons 

using 

privies 

or private 

sewers.

30

88

W

Spent 

dye.

Gallons.

10, 000

Prep

tor

liquo

Gallo

36

750

35

4 

5 

13

175

80 

240

175

250

10

25 

5

200 

200

..........

1,500

300

100

140

5,000

10,000 

0,000

5,

10,

39

7,000 

5,000

6,666

46 ..................

5,

2,
POLLUTION, 193

o J2 gg^

:2«
194 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

The manufacturing wastes emptied into the stream at various 

places are a more important factor in the general pollution of the 

stream than are the city sewers, if the use of the water for drinking 

purposes is disregarded. Woolen mills, paper mills, and various 

other industries are located at the developed water powers and many 

of them contribute large quantities of spent liquors of a highly objectionable character. Some idea as to the quantity of these discharged 

wastes may be had from the accompanying table, which, however, 

includes only those above the waterworks intake at Augusta and 

only those located in the largest cities and towns. These manufacturing wastes form about 1 per cent of the flow of the stream at low 

stages.

The two most important sources of pollution are the paper mills of 

the Great Northern Paper Company at Madison and those of the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company at Winslow, both of which discharge 

several million gallons a day of wash water and spent liquors. At 

Madison the sulphite process is used; the Winslow mills use both the 

sulphite and the ground-pulp processes.

In the sulphite process the disintegration of the wood fiber is accomplished by the use of the acid sulphites of calcium and magnesium, 

which are manufactured by burning sulphur and carrying the fumes 

into an "acid tower," packed with crushed lime or limestone, water 

being allowed to trickle down as the fumes ascend. The bisulphite 

solution runs out at the bottom of the tower and is pumped to the 

digesters, where the chipped wood to be treated is closely packed. 

Digestion under high pressure is continued for several hours, and the 

contents are then delivered into a pit, from which the waste liquor 

drains away to the river, leaving the fiber behind. This waste liquor 

has the appearance of molasses, but is much thinner. It has a sulphurous, acrid, woody odor. It generally contains from 0.5 to 1 per 

cent of .sulphurous acid and often contains 10 to 15 per cent of solid 

matter, a part of which is fine wood fiber. The chemical constituents 

of the.soluble portion of this spent sulphite liquor are extremely complex and are not well known. No attempt has been made to utilize 

the liquor or to purify it before letting it run into the river. After it 

has drained away, the sulphite pulp is carried to washers, when it is 

washed and sifted and ultimately worked into a "blanket," in which 

condition it is ready for paper making. The washings from this pulp 

contain considerable amounts of wood fiber and of course some of the 

sulphite liquor. The wash water after screening is allowed to run into 

the river. At Madison between 5 and 6 tons of sulphur are burned a 

day and at Winslow about 8 tons; the amounts of lime are about 7 

or 8 tons a day at each place. Each plant discharges from 100,000 to 

150,000 gallons a day of spent sulphite liquor and from 1,500,000 to 

2,000,000 gallons of sulphite wash water. At the Hpllingsworth &
POLLUTION. 195

Whitney plant there is in addition about 3,000,000 gallons a day of 

ground-wood wash.

Ground-wood pulp is made by pressing short lengths of logs against 

a rough stone grinder kept wet with water. The pulp thus produced 

is merely washed and screened and deposited as blankets. The wash 

water contains a large amount of wood fiber and extractive matter, 

but, on the whole, it is much less objectionable than the sulphite wash. 

In addition to the wash water from the pulp manufacture there is a 

considerable quantity of wash water from the paper machines; this 

also contains more or less wood fiber. Altogether, about ten per cent 

of the wood pulp manufactured may be considered as passing off into 

the stream as waste.

At Fairfield the soda process is used. In this process the wood is 

cut into chips and digested in a liquor, which consists chiefly of caustic 

soda made by cooking soda ash with limestone. The spent liquor 

from this process is subjected to a recovery treatment, which consists of evaporating the liquor in digesters and adding lime. As a 

result of this treatment much of the soda can be used over again; 

the waste produced is chiefly calcium carbonate. During the process, 

however, about 12 per cent of the soda is lost. The pulp from the 

digesters is washed, drained, and worked into the usual blanket form.

At the cotton mills there is comparatively little waste of an. objectionable character, although small amounts of the spent bleach liquor 

are added to the stream. At the gas works more or less tar and oily 

wastes are discharged. At the woolen mills the waste products are 

rather objectionable. They consist of the spent preparatory liquor, 

which contains bichromate of potash, lactic acid, spent dyestufTs, such 

as logwood and various aniline dyes, and large quantities of potash 

soap. There are in Waterville a few ironworks which discharge acid 

wastes.

Log driving on Kennebec River deserves important mention in connection with the subject of pollution. In 1903 the logs driven on the 

river amounted to nearly 150,000,000 feet B. M. They consist chiefly 

of spruce, poplar, and pine, cut on the drainage basins of Moosehead 

Lake and Dead River. The run usually lasts from April to July, and 

during this time from 100 to 500 men are constantly employed along 

the stream.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION.

The effect of pollution of the river at Waterville on the quality of 

the water as used at Augusta was studied with some care in connection with the appraisal of the Augusta waterworks. It was a common 

belief among the water consumers in Augusta that they could taste in 

the city water the paper-mill waste supposed to be put into the river
196 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC EIVER WATER.

by the mills at Waterville. As there were various sources of pollution 

at Waterville, no attempt was made to discriminate between them so 

far as they affected the water at Augusta, but some experiments and 

calculations were made to show the relative importance of the Waterville sewage and the wastes from the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company's plant.

It will be convenient to consider the effect of some of these sources 

of pollution on the various characteristics of the water.

EFFECT ON TURBIDITY.

That the paper-mill discharges at Waterville and at other points on 

the river influence the turbidity of the water at Augusta was very 

evident from the microscopic examinations of the sediments in the 

samples collected at the Edwards Company's dam. These were found 

to contain an abundance of woody fiber, which evidently came from 

the fine pulp that had escaped through the screens at the paper mills. 

Fibers of linen and wool were also discerned, but in much smaller 

numbers. When it is considered that about 10 per cent of the wood 

fiber is wasted in the process of paper making, it will readily be understood that the quantity of waste material put into the river is very 

great. Much of this fiber forms deposits in the bottom of the stream 

and on twigs, waterweeds, etc., along the shore, and these may be seen 

by an inspection of the river. At times of high water, however, the 

deposits are washed away and carried downstream to settle again at 

some lower point, but ultimately to reach the ocean.

EFFECT ON COLOR.

The .effect of the sulphite waste on the color of the river water is 

probably small. A sample of it taken at the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company's plant had a colqr of 320. At times of average flow 

this would be diluted by about 272 parts of water. Therefore, under 

average conditions, the sulphite wash would increase the color of the 

water by less than 2 on the platinum scale. Under the most severe 

conditions of minimum flow, however, when the dilution would be 

only 1 in 20, this effect on the color would be very noticeable. At 

such times, however, the works are often shut down on account of 

lack of power, so that these extreme conditions of pollution would 

seldom, prevail.

EFFECT ON ODOR.

That the people of Augusta were correct in thinking that the sulphite wastes from the Hollingsworth & Whitney paper mills at Winslow affected the taste of their water supply was demonstrated by 

experiments made in the State hygienic laboratory at Augusta. A
POLLUTION. 197

sample of sulphite waste liquor was diluted with distilled water to 

various degrees to ascertain at what dilution the odor of the waste 

became unnoticeable. The original liquor had a strong odor suggestive of wood and sulphurous acid. Its color was 320; its acidity 1,500 

parts per million. This odor was still marked when the sample was 

diluted 1 to 500, and it could be detected until the dilution reached 

1 to 25,000, which was placed as the limit. A sample of wash water 

from the grinder lost its woody odor when diluted 1 to 500.

The effect of the discharge of sewage in Waterville on the odor of 

the river water could be detected for several miles down the stream, 

but after a time the odor became masked by the stronger odor due to 

the sulphite wastes.

EFFECT ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

The effect of the stream pollution on the chemical quality of the 

river water between Augusta and Waterville is noticeable in the 

analyses, although not conspicuously large. The average amount of 

chlorine increased from 0.7 to 1.06 parts per million; the alkalinity 

increased from about 10.0 to 15.0 parts. Comparatively few chemical analyses were made of samples collected up and down the river 

on the same date, so that strict comparisons of the effect of pollution 

are not available.

EFFECT ON BACTERIA.

One effect of the discharge of sewage at Waterville was to increase 

considerably the numbers of bacteria in the water. This was clearly 

shown by numerous samples collected up and down the river between 

Waterville and Augusta. Two series of bacterial counts, made at 

intervals of 1 mile between Waterville and Augusta on November 23, 

1903, and February 26, 1904, were especially interesting. The first 

series was taken when the river was open; the second when the surface was covered with ice. The results obtained are shown in the 

following table:

Bacteria per cubic centimeter in the water of Kennebec River at various points between 

Watemlle and Augusta before and after the river was frozen.

Distance 

below Waterville sewer.

Miles. 

Just below.. .

0

i:::::::::::::

4.............

5. ............

6 .......

8.... .........

November 23-24, 

1903 

(river 

open) .

30,000 

2,300 

4,200 

3,650 

2,520 

2,040 

1,830 

1,650 

1,420

February 26- 

27, 1904 

(river 

closed) .

22,000 

20,000 

36,000 

40,000 

43,000 

 28,000 

30,500 

29,000 

19,500

Distance 

below Waterville sewer.

Miles. 

9............

10............

11............

12............

13

14............

15............

16............

o!7............

November 23-24, 

1903 

(river 

open) .

1,475 

1,645 

1,245 

1,130 

1,200 

910 

1,025 

875 

860

February 26- 

27, 1904 

(river 

closed) .

25,000 

30,500 

20,000 

31,000 

31,000 

32,000 

38,000 

34,000 

25,000

Augusta intake.
198 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC EIVER WATER.

In November, the river being open; the number of bacteria gradually 

decreased from 30,000 per cubic centimeter immediately below the 

outlet of the Waterville sewer to 860 at the intake of the Augusta 

waterworks. In February, on the contrary, the number of bacteria 

remained substantially the same throughout the district, being 22,000 

per cubic centimeter at a point just below the Waterville sewer and 

25,000 at the Augusta intake. From the standpoint of the self-purification of streams these figures offer an interesting comparison and 

may help to throw some light on the fact, often noticed, that stream 

pollution appears to be most dangerous to water supplies during the 

winter months. The summary of analyses given in the table on p. 177 

shows that with the freezing over of the river there was a rapid deterioration in the bacterial condition of the Augusta water supply. 

The approximate average numbers of bacteria per cubic centimeter 

during the different months from August, 1903, to March, 1904, were 

as follows:

Average number of bacteria per cubic centimeter in water of Kennebec River, August,

190.3, to March, 1904.

August................................................................... 300

September................................................................ 450

October.................................................................. 525

November................................................................. 625

December............................................................... 7, 900

January................................................................. 33, 000

February.................................................................. 25, 000

March.................................................................... 21, 000

The effect of the Waterville sewage on the quality of the river 

water was also convincingly shown by the presence of large numbers 

of Bacillus coli in the water at Augusta. During the eight months 

from August, 1903, to March, 1904, 72 per cent of the samples tested 

with 10 c. c. of water gave positive tests "for Bacillus coli, 62 per cent 

with 1 c. c., and 36 per cent with 0.1 c. c.

Evidence more convincing even than these figures that the water 

of Kennebec River below Waterville is unfit for domestic use without 

purification is furnished by the typhoid-fever statistics for Augusta, 

which are given below.

TYPHOID FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 19O2-3.

INTRODUCTION.

That the contamination of Messalonskee and Kennebec rivers was 

the direct .cause of the typhoid-fever epidemics which occurred in 

Waterville and Augusta during the winter of 1902-3 seems to have 

been established beyond question. The following account of these 

epidemics is. quoted from a paper presented to the New England
TYPHOID FEVEK IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 199

Waterworks Association in February, 1905, by George C. Whipple 

and Dr. E. C. Levy:*

The recent appraisals of the waterworks of Waterville and Augusta, Me., necessitated a careful study of the typhoid-fever epidemic which swept through the Kennebec Valley during the winter and spring of 1902-3. At the time when this epidemic 

occurred the plan of municipal ownership through the agency of "water districts" 

had been suggested and the law had been pronounced constitutional by the -courts. 

The bad quality of the water supplied to these communities had much to do with this 

demand for public ownership, and the outbreaks of typhoid fever naturally hastened 

the actions which had been contemplated. The epidemic itself presented no novel 

features and its history is much the same as that of many other epidemics of typhoid 

fever due to public water supplies. Its magnitude, however, makes it deserve a 

place among the important epidemics of the country. * * *

The city of Waterville and the neighboring towns of Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton were, at the time of the epidemic, supplied by the Maine Water Company with 

water from the Messalonskee Stream. This stream has a watershed of 205 square 

miles above the pumping station and drains a chain of seven large lakes which have a 

combined water surface of 27.5 square miles. Upon this watershed there dwells a 

population of something over 5,000 persons, or about 27 per square mile. The upper 

portions of the watershed are comparatively unpolluted, but at the outlet of Messalonskee Lake is the town of Oakland, which has a population of approximately 2,000. 

At this place, which is only 7 miles above the pumping station of the Maine Water 

Company at Waterville, sewage is discharged from several private sewers. Along the 

stream are a number of mills, the most important of which are the Oakland and Cascade woolen mills, the mills of the Dunn Edge Tool Company and the Emerson & 

Stevens Company. They contribute not only a considerable amount of fecal matter, 

but wool washings, dyestuffs, and other kinds of manufacturing wastes. The Messalonskee River between Oakland and Waterville flows rapidly during the first half of 

its course and then somewhat more slowly as it feels the effect of the backwater of the 

waterworks dam. The time required for the water to flow from Oakland to Waterville 

is often only a few hours. The Maine Water Company had also the right to use the 

water of the Kennebec River. This water has been seldom used, although just prior 

to the epidemic it was pumped into the city for a short time because of a fire which 

occurred at Colby University. During the dry spell of last autumn (1904) it was again 

used, as the flow of the Messalonskee became insufficient to operate the pumps.

As might be naturally expected from the surroundings, the water at the pumping

station of the Maine Water Company showed decided indications of pollution. Under

ordinary conditions the water was light colored and fairly clear, but after rains it

-became turbid and heavily laden with bacteria. At all times the intestinal germ,

Bacillus coli, was present in large numbers.

Prior to 1901 the typhoid-fever death rate in Waterville had not been especially 

high. During 1901 and 1902, however, the rate increased to more than 80 per 100,000, 

but it was not until the autumn of 1902 that the typhoid situation became serious.

The city of Waterville is fairly well provided with sewers, and at Waterville, Winslow, and Fairfield there are a number of mills which have privies directly over the 

stream.

About 18 miles below Waterville is the city of Augusta, the capital of the State. 

Augusta takes its water supply directly from the Kennebec River at a point just above 

the city, near the Kennebec dam. Until recently the works were owned by the 

Augusta Water Company. The river water was pumped to a reservoir, but was first 

passed through an old Warren filter, one of the first of its kind in America. . This was a 

filter only in name and should have been more properly called a strainer. Analyses

a Jour. New England Waterworks Assoc., vol. 19, No. 2.
200 QUALITY OF KEISTNEBEC RIVER WATER.

indicated that its bacterial efficiency was practically nil. As would be naturally 

expected, the river water at Augusta was found to be polluted. This was shown by 

the analyses which were made daily for several months, but it was even more strongly 

demonstrated by the typhoid-fever statistics of the city.

The water of the Kennebec River just below "Waterville showed at all times evidences cf gross pollution. During its flow of 17 miles to Augusta its bacterial quality 

appeared to improve somewhat. In the summer this improvement was much more 

noticeable than during the winter, when the river was covered with ice. Float 

experiments which were made indicated that the time required for water to flow 

from one place to the other was about three days at times when the discharge of the 

stream was small. At times of flood this period is probably not much, if any, more than 

twenty-four hours.

The Augusta Water Company also controlled and used a spring water supply known 

as the Devine water. In some houses this was used exclusively; in others both this 

and the river water was used. The quality of this water was poor, but better than that 

of the river.

The sewers cf Augusta discharge into the river and there are several mills along the 

shore which pollute the water.

The town of Richmond, 15 miles below Augusta, also takes its water supply from the 

Kennebec River. The conditions there are such that the main current of the stream 

flows to the east of Swan Island, while the intake of the waterworks is located in the 

west channel. The river at Richmond is considerably affected by the tides; in fact, 

the town water is at times brackish. Thus, while the town uses the water which 

receives the sewage cf Augusta, Waterville, and other cities, the tidal conditions tend 

somewhat to lessen the effect of this upstream pollution, although they increase the 

danger from local sources.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE TYPHOID-FEVER EPIDEMIC.

The typhoid-fever epidemic of 1902-3 began about the middle of November, 1902. 

It was first noticed at Waterville, where for about a month new cases were reported at 

the rate of one a day. On Christmas day there were five new cases and during the next 

week the daily number of cases was the same. Thirteen were reported on New Year's 

day. After the middle of January the number of new cases fell off, but they continued to be reported at intervals until March. In Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton 

typhoid fever occurred at the same time. The largest number of cases was reported 

during the first two weeks of January. These four communities had the same water 

supply, namely, that of the Messalonskee River, and from the first it was evident that 

this was the cause of the epidemic.

As the sewage of these typhoid-fever stricken communities emptied into the Kennebec River and as the water of this river furnished the supply of Augusta, it was almost 

inevitable that the epidemic should extend to that city also, and this is what actually 

occurred. During the latter part of November and the whole of December new cases 

of typhoid fever occurred daily in Augusta. It seems probable that these earlier cases 

were due to the same source of infection that caused the epidemic at Waterville, inasmuch as the Messalonskee River, which supplied that city, discharges into the Kennebec above Augusta. It was not until about two weeks after the climax of the Waterville epidemic that the serious period of the Augusta epidemic began. During the 

latter part of December and throughout the months of January and February the sewage at W7aterville must have been infected with typhoid-fever bacilli; and, making due 

allowances for the periods of sickness, transmission, and incubation, this time corresponded with the duration of the epidemic at Augusta. After the Wraterville epidemic 

had ceased and sufficient time had elapsed for the patients to recover the epidemic 

at Augusta came to an end.
TYPHOID FEVEK IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 201

At Richmond, which is only a small village, typhoid fever did not occur until the 

middle of January, but occasional cases appeared during the next two or three months 

and were plainly connected with the epidemic of the cities above.

The city of Gardiner is situated between Augusta and Richmond. It does not take 

its water supply from the Kennebec River, but from the Cobbosseecontee River. This 

city had no epidemic, although a number of cases of typhoid fever occurred there. 

Most of these were contracted at Augusta. The same was true also of the town of Hallowell.

Fig. 15 shows chronologically the progress of this epidemic, together with certain 

factors which affected it. It indicates that the epidemics in the different communities formed a connecting series and may be really considered as one epidemic, inasmuch as they started from a common cause. In all there were about 612 cases and 53 

deaths. * * *

TYPHOID FEVER IN WATERVILLE.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

In studying the Waterville epidemic the first step taken was to secure with as much 

accuracy as possible certain information in regard to each case of typhoid fever. Printed 

forms were first distributed among the physicians, who were requested to fill them out 

and furnish any other important facts known to them in regard to each case of typhoid 

fever which they had attended. * * *

While waiting for the return of these blanks from the physicians, the records of the 

local board of health were consulted. As fast as the returns were received from the 

physicians, each house where a case of typhoid fever had occurred was visited by an 

inspector, who examined the surroundings, checked up the data recorded upon the 

blanks, and obtained as many additional data as possible. He also secured the name of 

the person furnishing the information, in case it became necessary to call witnesses in 

court, and finally signed the completed record. Duplicate copies of the blanks were 

made with carbon paper and one of each placed in a safe to guard against possible loss. 

The results were then tabulated for study and in some instances expressed graphically.

Data were also collected regarding the previous history of typhoid fever in the city. 

Similar data were obtained from Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton.

Cases of typhoid fever ^n Waterville, Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton, January 1,1902, to

August 1, 1903.

Month.

1902.

MiaV

July.............................................

1903.

Total .....................................

Waterville.

1

4

O

3

4

13

12

10

20

64

oo

11

5

271

Fairfield.

1

1

1

1

3

5

6

25

8

0

?

1

nfi

Winslow.

1

1

2

1

1

14

10

7

1

1

41

Benton.

1

1

1

Total.

2

9

4

3

3

5

15

16

12

11

27

85

125

38

14

2

371
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

inT'.;<i\..<

1 ' «IJ( .! TX i ''<> <<'<> I'K.> : .Vt <.'it/t>i'!» 

- ...... ............. 1...... ;.,.:........... !!>.. .. il.ih.. 1. '.'.i 1 \'...'.ll\ \\.il IM !!!!.! .. : i !

M

1 \ ' ,'\ /' MAXIMUM A :' iM'ElA"ll : iA 

'?_...'. ,'V.. ':,i"! ' , i, '-! . " i/

,-i.,. : > ; : ,... ... \..... : ,, r !i.:..U....:! ( ..,. ......... ....

IS::::: ::::::::': ;: :«; :«: ::::::M^::::E:!:::=!;!v::?;!;:;:;i:::i ;r'! :s;:!:!;:: 2.40" - - .--...-...... ....... ............. ....................... *. . t .. i . , . ..'... *..'.. i.

i.so" --- ............ ...... .............. .......................:,.,.:, ..... .......... 

,.6rf --.. ............. ....... .............. ..........................:(..... ..... ..........&-" :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ills K i.orf.---. ............ ....... ............. ................................. ..... .........

:§::::: ::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

5!i:::: :::::::::::::::::::: ;:::::::i::::: ii::::i::::::::::::::;::::::=;::: i:::: :::::::;::

The privy on premises of J. C. Morri/l mas cleaned

fftWf,?ftr7,< frfr,ll|||||| i The almshouse privy anefcesspoe, pfre cleaned about this date\ 1 1 [

OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECIiME ER

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

, ; : , xlj' \i> i i ,fcj )i»,riui i.lc < i/ !/.(/)

! i ve '" i><Ti

, ! /Vcin;^.!!'; ^ ! xVo ('?/ ,}'.'!'

V h S - " / MAilM IM 1

.................. ........ ..................................... , ;r ... 5 .... ; ( .,< ..., ^ k/ .

....... .^ .^--j,--- .',. >.,-, ..,-.(,...-;<--. ..,..-., ..,....r -...-.. ...,.., ;;-,..,.. . ...........

\ / 1 / ' V ' ^. '' \ > , i./ ' '.' .' , MNIMUM

E:::EE :::::::: ::;::F:::i:E;:;;El :;::J:;:E;iF: :;: ;;;;;;;;;; ------ ' - imiiinyMiiiMiiiiii " i-- ' ' -h - 0 Typhoid cases- Ty>(phpid cases which resulted in deatfi

D Snow 

Rainfall

JANUARY ' FEBRUARY MARCH APR L

12 10 

8 

6 

4 

2

.......... _ o_ 12 

10 

S 

6 

4 

2 

.....!!.. - o_ .....y!: 70°

; ::)-- - 60' 

.......... 50'---.---..I 40

^--:-J ! 30°

.....i'.... 20° .......... ,q'.......... .,0* ......... -20°

FIG. 15. Diagram showing chronological distribution of typhoid-fever cases in Waterville and Augusta from October, 1902, to April, 1903.
TYPHOID FEVER IN KENKEBEC BASIN. 203

The first typhoid canvass was followed by a complete house-to-house canvass throughout thefour places above mentioned, primarily in order to secure data in regard to the 

water used, bu( also to obtain information as to the distribution of typhoid fever among 

users of different classes of waters. This not only accomplished its immediate object, 

but brought to light a number of additional cases of typhoid fever which the physicians 

had failed to report, some of which might be classed as "walking cases." Xo case, 

however, was included .in the final compilation until it had the indorsement of the 

attending physician.

Results of a house-to-house canvass in Waterrille, Me., u'ith reference to the character of the 

water supplies and the number of cases of typhoid fever.

Water sirpply at residence

Number of Number of Morbidity .\umberot typhoid rate per

cases. 1,000. persons.

Maine Water Co................................................... 6,537

Maine Water Co. and no other supply......................... 3,225

Maine Water Co. and well water.....'.......................... 866

Maine Water Co. and spring water................. .......... 2,424

Maine Water Co. and cistern water............................ 2

Maine Water Co., spring water, and well water............... 20

Maine Water Co. and well, spring, or cistern water............ 3,312

Supplies other than Maine Water Co.............................. 1,459

Well water only................................................ 1.286

Well water and spring water.................................. 25

Well water and cistern water................................... 13

Spring water only............................................. 108

Spring water and cistern water........ ....................... 23

Cistern water only......................... ..... ............. 4

Total. .......................... ... ....... ..... 7,996

226

132

23

71

0

0

94

21

19

1

0

1

0

0

247

34. 57

40.93

26.57

29.29

0.00

0.00

28.38

14.41

14.77

40.00

0.00

9.26

0.00

0.00

30.89

Suppl}

I Number of 

persons.

airfield ............ . 1 , 614

\T inslo\v. ............. 244

enton... ......... ... 152

from Maine ^ 

ter Co.

Num- A , , 

berof Mor! 

typhoid ^ i 

cases. !" '

226 34 

54 33

11 4f 

2 13

293 34

"a- No supply from Maine 

Water Co.

.57 1.459 21 14.41 

.45 468 2 4.25 

na f 902 19 21.06 

u* \ «470 «4 «8.29 

.15 125 1 8.00

. 2K 2,954 43 < o' -4

Total.

Num- Number of ber of 

per- .typhoid 

sons, cases.

7.996 

2,082

} 1.146 

277

111. 501

247 

56

30 

330

Morbidity rate 

per 1,000.

30.89 

26.89

26.18 

10. 83

29. 21

» Omitting users of Kennebee Kiver water.

II is nol necessary to relate in detail all the steps that were taken. Studying the 

etiology of the epidemic by the method of elimination, all possible causes other than 

the public water supply were readily excluded. It could not have been caused by 

flies, because at the season of the year when t-he epidemic started there were no flies. 

Ice was excluded, because during the winter practically no ice was being used. Oysters were eliminated, because very few of them were consumed in the city, and because 

a very large part of the epidemic occurred among the French-Canadian laboring people, 

who seldom purchased them. Furthermore, the extended territory covered by the 

epidemic was in itself sufficient to exclude the above agencies. Milk was excluded as 

a general causes because the data collected indicated that the cases of typhoid fever 

were not concentrated among the customers of one or a few milkmen, but were well distributed among the dealers. The distribution was found to be roughly proportional 

3697 nut 198 07 14
204 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC KIVEK WATER.

to the size of the business and the number of cows kept. It was a singular fact that 

there was no case of typhoid fever among the customers of J. W. Morrill. in whose family 

one of the initial cases of the epidemic occurred.

Vended spring waters were excluded, because the users of this class of water suffered 

far less than others, because the spring waters gave excellent analyses, and because 

the water from no single spring or group of springs was used over the entire territory 

affected. The local wells were studied by us to some extent and quite extensively 

by Mr. Caird. Many were found to be polluted, as would be naturally expected from

the local conditions, but there was no evidence by which infection could be traced to 

any one of them.

Practically the only cause left for serious consideration was the public' water supply 

of the city, the cause to which everything had directly pointed from the start. The 

general distribution of the cases over an extensive territory (the various parts of which 

had in common no possible causative factor other than the water supply), as shown in 

fig. ](>, the chronological sequence of the cases, the fact that in practically every 

instance the patients gave a history of having regularly or occasionally drunk the
TYPHOID FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 205

water in question, the data obtained as to the relative prevalence of typhoid fever 

among users and nonusers of this water throughout the district, and, lastly, the discovery of the actual means by which the water had in all likelihood become infected 

all these things indicated with as much positivenoss as is possible with circumstantial 

evidence that it was the public water supply which was the general distributing agent 

of the infection.

For some time prior to the epidemic the character of the water supply of the city 

had been such as to lead to a quite general use of spring water, which was peddled by 

several dealers and purchased by most of those who could afford it. Well and cistern 

waters were used to a considerable extent. The water of the Kennebec River was 

used at a number of the mills and in some residences, especially in Winslow. * * * 

The morbidity rate for the epidemic period among those who used Messalonskee water 

exclusively was 42.00 per 1,000, while among those who used Messalonskee and some 

other water it was 14.55. If from the latter class there were excluded those who used 

water from the Kennebec River, which at Waterville is more or less polluted, the 

morbidity rate was found to be only 8.74. It is not to be expected that even in this 

group there would not be some who had occasionally used water from the Messalonskee 

supply, for, as a matter of fact, there were only five of the Waterville typhoid patients 

who did not remember to have used this water at any time before being taken ill.

The figures given show emphatically that the morbidity rate was highest among 

those who used the Messalonskee water exclusively and lowest among those who did 

not use it. It must be remembered, of course, that in any epidemic there are always 

some cases contracted by direct infection from other cases.

In Fairfield many of the houses were supplied by water piped from a spring by a 

private company. Not a single case developed among the takers of this water.

ORIGIN OF THE EPIDEMIC IN WATEKVILLE.

As soon as it had become evident, not only from the exclusion of other possible 

causes but from certain well-marked positive features of the situation, that the epidemic was due to drinking water, a searcli for the actual origin of the infection of the 

public water supply was begun. Our attention naturally was first directed to Oakland, as this was the only settlement of considerable size on the Messalonskee River 

above Waterville. Inquiry among the Oakland physicians elicited the information 

that there had been but one case of typhoid fever there during the preceding summer 

and fall up to the beginning of the Waterville epidemic. This case had been imported 

from Winslow. An inspection of the premises where the patient resided convinced 

us that this could not possibly have been the starting point of the Waterville epidemic.

Very soon after the returns from the typhoid canvass began to come in, two possible 

sources of infection of the city water supply suggested themselves, and further investigation of these rendered it reasonably certain that each of them had offered abundant 

opportunity for the infection of the Messalonskee River.

The first of these foci was at the city almshouse, located in the suburbs of Waterville 

near the Messalonskee Stream, as shown in fig. 16. A typhoid-fever patient, Joe 

King, was admitted there on September 22, 1902. His attack was a mild one and 

confined him to bed for only a week. After leaving his bed, however, he remained 

five days longer at the almshouse, and during this latter period no attempt was made 

to disinfect either excreta or urine, which were deposited sometimes in a privy in the 

yard and sometimes in a water-closet which drained into a cesspool on the premises. 

On November 6, 1902, the privy and cesspool were cleaned and their contents spread 

upon the almshouse garden, the ground being frozen at the time. This was only a 

few hundred feet from the Messalonskee River, into which it drained. The slope of 

the intervening land was quite steep, and there was also a distinct gully which showed 

every sign of carrying a considerable and rapid flow of water across the garden and into 

the river after heavy rainfalls
206 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

The second focus of infection was found about a mile outside of Waterville, on the 

other side of the stream. During 1902 there had been five cases of typhoid fever in the 

families of J. W. Morrill and J. 0. Morrill, who lived in farmhouses situated just across 

the road from each other. In all of these cases except one a prompt diagnosis had 

been made and the fecal dejecta of the patients had been disinfected and buried daily. 

In the second case of the series, however, the patient, Mrs. Studley, had been ill 

several weeks before the diagnosis of typhoid fever wras made. During this time 

i. e., from September 1 to September 25 no sufficient disinfection of stools was practiced, but they were emptied directly into a privy vault. Later on, at some time 

early in November, the contents of the privy were deposited in a field at a point 

where the land sloped abruptly toward a rivulet, about 200 feet away. After flowing 

about three-quarters of a mile over a very rapid course this brook emptied into the 

Messalonskee River almost directly opposite the almshouse above mentioned, about 

1 mile upstream from the intake of the waterworks.

Thus, early in November, 1902, there were typhoid dejecta deposited upon the surface of the frozen ground at two points above and relatively near the pumping station 

of the Maine Water Company. In each case there was a sharp slope from the point 

where the dejecta were deposited to the Messalonskee River in the one case and in 

the other to a small rill which emptied into the river. If these were the sources of 

infection, one would expect that from this time on the occurrence of typhoid fever 

among users of the Messalonskee water would bear an intimate relation to the rainfall. 

This relation was found to exist.

Fig. 15 shows the date of occurrence of the typhoid-fever cases, as determined by 

the date of physician's first visit which was found to be in most cases the day when 

the patient took to bed in Waterville, Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton, during the 

months of November, 1902, to February, 1903. The daily rainfall as recorded at 

Winslow is also shown. From this table it seems that during the early part of November there was only what may be considered a normal number of typhoid cases for this 

season. The first rainfall of considerable extent after infectious material was deposited 

in the fields was on November 12, when there was 0.30 inch. This was followed by a 

small group of cases toward the end of the month. The precipitation between November 23 and December 16 was snow, and this, gradually melting, probably washed small 

amounts of infectious matter into the river, which gave rise to the cases which developed up to about December 24. On the 16th day of December there was a precipitation of 0.56 inch, rain and snow, and nine days later, December 25, the real epidemic 

may be said to have begun, with the development of 6 cases of typhoid in Waterville 

and 1 in Fairfield. From December 25 to the end of the month there were 37 cases 

in Waterville, 5 in Winslow. 3 in Fairfield, and 1 in Benton, a total of 46 cases in one 

week.

The heaviest rainfall after the infectious material was deposited on the fields at 

Morrill's and the almshouse occurred on December 22, 1902, when there was a precipitation of 1.73 inches. Ten days after this, or almost exactly the same interval as 

after the rainfall of December 16, there developed the greatest number of cases of any 

day during the epidemic namely, 13 cases in Waterville, 4 in Fairfield, and 1 in Winslow, a total of 18 cases.

Throughout the two months from the last third of November until the corresponding time in January, the relation between the rainfall and the typhoid cases was manifest, as shown in fig. 15. By the middle of January the typhoid bacilli in the two 

mentioned fields had either lost their vitality, or, what is more likely, had been pretty 

thoroughly washed away; for a rainfall of 1.40 inches on January 21 was not followed 

by any serious consequences. The constant relation between rainfall and the development of typhoid-fever cases was in itself a strong argument in favor of the agency of 

the public water supply in causing the epidemic.
TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 207

In attempting to prove the ease in court 1here were produced as witnesses tlie physician who attended the initial eases, the persons who spread the cesspool and privy 

contents on the fields, the inspector who had charge of the typhoid canvass, and the 

writers who collected the data and made the various investigations here referred to.

Although it is impossible in a paper of this length to give details of every piece of 

evidence presented, it may be well to take notice of a plausible objection to the above 

theory which might have been brought forward. During the early part of the epidemic Fairneld did not have as many cases in proportion to its population as did 

Waterville and Winslow, although supplied to a great extent by the same water. This 

was readily explained by a consideration of certain features of the distributing system. The reservoir of the system is located between Waterville and Fairneld and is 

supplied by a single pipe line, which branches off from the main connecting the two 

cities. From this arrangement it follows that when the consumption in Waterville 

and Winslow is less than is being pumped, both places receive water directly from the 

pumps, the excess going to the reservoir. When, on the other hand, the consumption 

is greater than the amount pumped. Fail-field and Benton receive water which has 

been stored in the reservoir. This fact was proved experimentally during our investigations by making several series of analyses at various points in the system. The 

older water in the reservoir, which had received some sedimentation, would be theoretically less infected with typhoid bacilli than the water pumped directly from the 

river: and theory, in these cases, certainly agreed with the facts. The facts also indicated that the use of the Kennebec River water at the time of the Oolby University 

fire could not have been the cause of the epidemic or have materially contributed to it.

From the standpoint of the appraisal, the point to be established was not that the 

two cases mentioned were or were not the cause of the epidemic, but that the public 

water supply was or was not responsible for it. All the studies were incident to this 

main proposition.

TYPHOID FEVER IN AUGUSTA.

The methods used in studying the epidemic in Augusta were similar to those 

employed at Waterville. The house-to-house canvass was perhaps more thorough, 

but on the other hand it was made several months after the epidemic was over, when 

the facts were not so fresh in the minds of the people. The studies of the previous 

history of typhoid fever in Augusta were much more important than in the Waterville case, and th problem was much more complicated because the city had two 

sources of public water supply and the number of spring waters sold was greater.

PREVIOUS HISTORY OF TYPHOID FEVER IN AUGUSTA.

The Kennebec River water was introduced as a source of public water supply in the 

year 1887. For sixteen years before that time the average typhoid-fever death rate 

in Augusta had been 36.5 per 100,000; for sixteen years from 1888 to 1903 the average 

rate was 85.4. In 1898 there were a number of imported cases due to the Spanish 

war, and in 1903 occurred the great epidemic, which raised the death rate to 259 per 

100,000. Excluding these two years, the average death rate during the period covering the use of the Kennebec River water was 66.5, or nearly double what it formerly 

had been.

At various times prior to 1903 typhoid fever had been prevalent in the city. Thus 

the board of health records for 1890 show that 75 cases of typhoid fever, besides a large 

amount of winter cholera, occurred that year. During the first thirteen weeks of 1891 

69 cases were reported. There were no typhoid-fever records kept at Waterville at 

this time, so it can not be told whether or not the disease was due to infected sewage 

from that city. Typhoid fever was also prevalent during the winter and spring of 1892
208 QUALITY OF KEISTISTEBEC RIVER WATER.

and 1893. A report made by Cap!,. M. W. Wood, assistant surgeon, I". >S. Army, on 

June 2, 1893, states that there were about 100 cases during the early part of that year. 

Prior to the introduction of the Kcnnebec River water, typhoid fever in Augusta had 

been most common in the autumn, this being the normal season for the maximum of 

the disease, but after the installation of the supply from the Kennebec Iliver the disease became most common during the winter months. This is an abnormal seasonal

distribution, and is most easily explained by assuming the maximum of the disease at 

Augusta to follow and to be caused by the normal autumnal maximum of typhoid fever 

in Waterville and the other cities which discharge their sewage into the river above 

Augusta.

Both the abundance of typhoid fever and its seasonal distribution since 1888 pointed 

strongly to the pollution and infection of the river water and would have been suffi-
TYPHOID EEVKR IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 209

rient to condemn it as a source of supply even if the epidemic of 1902-3 had not 

occurred. * * *

As in Ihe case of \\aterville, all possible agencies of infection other lhan water were 

one by one excluded from consideration. The canvass showed that the morbidity 

rate for those cases on premises supplied with river water only was 53.7 per 1,000; on 

those supplied only with Devine water, L2.3: and on those supplied by wells, springs, 

or cisterns, 23.(i. On those premises supplied with river water with or without supplementary sources the morbidity rate was 29.2, while on those which had no river water 

the rate was 20.fi.

Classifying the cases according to the1 statements of the patients as 10 their use of 

water it was found that of 336 cases 7fi per cent admitted that they had used the river 

water prior to being taken sick, while 24 per cent of them did not remember to have 

used the water. Of the latter class, however. 65 per cent, lived on premises supplied 

with water from the riv.er. Thus only about 8 per cent of the patients interviewed did 

not remember of having used the water and were not supplied with water from the 

river, at their home's. The conclusion that the river water caused the epidemic' was 

inevitable. * "" x"

1865.. 

I860...

1867...

1868...

1869...

1870...

1871...

1872...

1873...

1874...

1875...

1876...

1877..:

1878._.

1879...

1881.

1882.

1883.

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894. 

iSyo.

1896.

1897.

1898.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1902.

1903.

Estimated 

population.

, 650

, 075

700

750

800

808

875

925

000

075

150

225

300

425

550

665

825

000

175

400

575

975

175

350

527

675

825

950

075

200

325

425

525

625

083

975

Deaths "Death rate per 

neains. 100,000.

Total. Typhoid.

90 12

21 > 1

 ^

1 ..........

50 3

99 4

. 90

05

138

SO

90

131

125

128

101

115

131

102

127

80

100

143

170

151

139

182

34

315

304

322

322

310

323

257

318

289

312.

304

297

 j

d

4

Total. Typhoid.

1,170.0 156.9

338. 8

39 0

130

Typhoid 

per cent

of total 

deaths.

13.3

3.9

12.9 ......

641.0 38.5

1.268 51.2

1.143 25.4

1,198

1 , 725

991

1.104

l>

0

0

1

4

1

2

I

1,584

1 , 505

1,520

75. 7

50.0

73.0

0.0

4.1

2.2

6.3

2.9

4.6

72.3 4.8

71.2 , 4.7

1,182 11.7

1,327 .. .

1,485

1,134

45.3

11.1

1.384 21.8

851 ..........

1 , 044 10. 4

0.99

3.1

0.98

1.6

1.0

1,462 61.4 4.2

8 1,704 80.2 4.7

4

2

16

5

7

9

0

7

11

7

20

9

4

11

6

31

1,484 39.3

1,343 19.3

1,729

318

152

46.9

2,910 64.7

2. 776

2, 906

2,874

2,790

2,825

2,230

2,734

2,472

2,644

2,560

2,480

82.2

54.2

62.5

97.1

61.2

173.5

77.4

34.2

93.2

50.3

25. 9

2.7

1.4

8.8

14.7

2.2

3.0

1.9

2. 2

ii! 5

2.2

7.8

2.8

 1.4

3.5

2.0

10.4
210 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER.

Chronological table of typhoid cases and deaths in Augusta, Me,., between October, 1902.

and May 1, 1903.

Day. Oct. Mar. Apr.

1........................ .....

4. ........................... ..

8..............................

9

10.............. ............... .

11............--...-....----....

13..............................

14..............................

15...........--.-......-.-.--...

17. ............................ .

18.............-.--.-..-..-.....

19

20.............-...-.--..--..-..

21..............................

22..............................

23..............................

24

25........-.---..-.--.-..--.-...

28...........-.-..-...--.--.....

29

M.. ............................

Z\.. .............................

^

1

] + /

2+U)

1 '

3

1

U + l

1

!+/

2+(l)

2

1

1

1

2

3

1

3

1

32+3

2+f

3

2

>)

5+/

3

2+7

05+ 7

5+i

1 + J + (1)

^ i 5

5+/

4 + i

2

3+1

1

5+i

 }-t /

3

fi+J

(11 n+i 5+;

2

9

3

,89+ .75

! + *+(!)

2+i

2+1

9

3

i+i

i

38+o

9

2+J

1

r,

10+ /

Total for epidemic of 1902-3.280. Vumbers in it-ilie indicate deaths. Numbers in p-ireiitheses indicate 

that date of case is uncertain.

Seasonal distribution of typhoid ferer in Augusta.

BEFORE TNTRODrCTION OF KENNEBKr RIVER WATER, lSlio-1887."

Average typhoid deaths. . . 

Average typhoid death 

rate per 100,000. .........

Jan.

2 

l.W

Fob. Mar.

0 4 

() 2.12

AFTER IXTROntTTlOX OF

Average typhoid deaths. . . 

Average typhoid death 

rate"per 100,000. ........

15 

S.32

25 '28 

13.XO 15.50

Apr. May.

0.53

3 

1 . 5!)

June.

4 

2.12

July.

2.M3

Aug.

10 

5.30

Sept.

11 

3.H3

i Get. Nov. Dee.

1 23 () | 4

12.21 3.18 2.12

1

KENXEBEC RIVER WATER, 1888-1903. »

la 

8.87 3.%

4 

2.20

4 

2.20

1 

0.55

lo 

8.32

13 9 20 

7.18 4.98 11.07

o Average population, 8,200. Average population, 11,300.
TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC1 BASIN.

Distribution of typhoid ferrr in Anyuxta according to voter service. 

JANUARY 1, 1902, TO JANUARY 1, 1904.

"Water supply used.

Number 

ol persons.

Typhoid \ Typhoid Morbidity 

cases. I deaths, per 100,000.

River only.............................................. ... 2,980

Dcvine only................................................. J08

Wells, springs, and cisterns................................. 1. 441

River and De nne........................................... 2P5

River and wells, springs, and cisterns...................... 3. i>71

Devino and springs or cisterns.............................. 39

Unclassified................................................. 12

	8.84(i

ic,o

311

o, 370

1,220

2,359

2.373

2.860

0

0

DURING TTIE EPIDEMIC, NOVEMBER 1, 1902, TO MAY 1, 1903.

River only............................................. .... 2,980

Devine only

Wfills, springs, and cisterns...........

River and Devine.....................

River and wells, springs, and cisterns. 

Devine and springs or cisterns........

Unclassified...........................

408 

1.441 

295 

3 <>71 

39 

12

134

3

28

7

88

0

0

8,846 2GO

3.516

4.500

735

1,940

2.373

2, 400

0

0

2, 940

TYPHOID FEVER AT RICHMOND.

The typhoid-fever records of Richmond do not extend back of 1892. The city 

clerk's records for the years 1892 to 1903. however, indicate a death rate of 42 prr 

100,000 during these twelve years.

The typhoid-fever canvass of Richmond was less complete than that of Augusta: 

but of the 19 cases which occurred between January and April, 1903. all were said 

to have used the river water, and there is little reason to believe that these cases 

were due to any other cause.

HEATHS FROM TVniOID 13^ KF/SISTKRFX" VALTLET,

189M-19O3.

The following table gives the population and typhoid statistics of 

the principal towns in the Kenneber basin from 1802 to 1003, inrhisi ve:

Deaths from typhoid fever in principal towns in Kennebec Valley.

Dcath^om typhoid feve,

Town.

Fairfield...... ........

Pittsfield.............

Hallowcll.. ...........

1.815

3, 510

2.044

1.188

2. 503

7.107

10. 527

3,181

5 491

3,082

3.878

1.913

9 ggi

9,477

11,683

2,714

2,049

s2

1

?

0

9

0

0

f:

9

0

1

CO

,

1

?

0

0

0

3

1

">

0

 *

00

1

1

1

1

?

1

3

r, >,

9

0

O:

f:

0

0

0

3

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

9

2

1

0

O: 

X

0

0

 >

 ?

1

3

1

0

0

g 

x

0

0

0

1

0

9

T

19

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

3

3

8

0

0

8

o

0

?

4

0

1

 )

9.

0

i

9

0

1

7

o

4

 >

1

1

0

1

o1

4

?

1

Average 

Total, ' per 

1892-1902. 100,000 

1892-1902.

1Qm IHU'
GAZETTEER OF RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN 

KENNEBEC BASIN.

BY B. D. WOOD.

This list of rivers, lakes, arid ponds in the Kennebee drainage 

basin is based principally on data in the following reports:

Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1860.

Swain, G. F., Tenth Census, vol. 16, pt. 1, 1885, pp. 83-89.

Pressey, IT. A., Water Powers of the State of Maine: Water-Sup, 

and Irr.,»Paper No. 69, U. S. Geological Survey, 1902.

The best maps available have been consulted, including the topographic sheets of the United States Geological Survey, Hubbard's 

Map of Northern Maine, and Scarborough's Map of Southeastern 

Maine. (See fig. 1, p. 3.) All areas quoted from Wells are so 

marked; others are based on either the topographic sheets or surveys "of the Geological Survey, as explained on page 14. Elevations 

above mean sea level are also from these last two sources.

Abagadassett River; rises in Gardiner Township, Kennebee County; flows 

southward into Kennebee River at Merrymeeting Bay; tidal in lower part of course.

Alder Pond; Tps. 2 and 3, R. 5, west-central Somerset County; outlet into Dead 

River.

Alder Stream; rises in Butler Pond, Lexington Township. Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Oilman Pond, which discharges into Carra bassett River.

Alder Stream; rises in a small pond in East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset 

County; flows southwestward into Moxie Pond.

Alder Stream; rises in Alder Stream Mountain, in T. 3, R. 4, northern Franklin 

County; flows northeastward into North Branch of Dead River in the western part 

of Jim Pond Township.

Annabessacook Lake; Winthrop and Monmouth townships, Kennebee County; 

inlets from Lake Maranacook and Narrows and Wilsons ponds; outlet into Cobbosseecontee Pond; area 2.2 square miles; elevation, 174 feet. Called by Wells "South 

Pond."

Attean Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlet, Moose 

River; outlet, Moose River; area about 4.5 square miles; elevation. 1,158 feet. See 

pages 135-136 for further information regarding this pond.

Austin Ponds; Bald Mountain and Mayfield townships, Somerset County; outlet, 

Austin Stream; elevation of largest pond, 1,188 feet; five ponds, with a total water 

surface of approximately 3.2 square miles (Wells).

Austin Stream; rises in Austin Pond, in Bald Mountain Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southwestward, uniting with Kennebee River at Bingham; flows 

212
lilVKKS, JAKES, AND PONDS IX KETCNEBEC BASIN. 213

through Austin Ponds near headwaters; about il.5 miles from its source; it receives 

South Branch; the stream receives also a mini her of other hrooks draining small ponds.

Baker Brook; rises in Tomhegan Township, eastern Somerset County: flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake.

Baker Pond: T. 5. R. 6, western Somerset County: outlet into Spencer Stream.

Baker Pond; Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet. Baker Stream; 

receives drainage from Dimmick Ponds; elevation. 1.0(5(5 feet.

Baker Stream; rises in Baker Pond. Spanking Township, eastern Somerset 

County; flows northward into Moxie Pond.

Barker Pond; Cornville Township, Somerset County; outlet into Moose Pond (to 

Sebastieook River); area, 0.35 square mile (_ Wells).

Barnard Pond; Eustis Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet into Tim 

Brook.

Barrett Brook: rises in a small lake in Holeh Township, western Somerset County; 

flows northeastward into Moose River.

Bartlett Pond: T. 4. R. 5. western Somerset County: outlet into Spencer Stream.

Bassett Brook; rises in northern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; 

flows southward and south west ward into Chase Stream.

Bean Brook; rises in western pan, of Forks Plantation, Somerset County> flows 

southwestward into Kennebec River.

Beans Pond: eastern Pleasant Ridge Township. Somerset County; outlet into 

Rowe Pond; elevation, about'1.240 feet.

Bear Brook; rises in northern part of Franklin County; flows southward, entering 

North Branch of Dead River just above Xatanis Pond.

Bear Pond; Kibby and Alder Stream townships, northern Franklin County: outlet into North Branch of Dead River.

Beaver Brook; rises in Moores Pond. T. 4, R. 7. west-central Somerset County; 

flows northward into Horse Brook, a tributary of Moose River.

Beaverdam Brook:, rises in a small pond in New Sharon Township, Franklin 

County; flows southwestward into Sandy River.

Beaver Pond; Rome Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Kidder Pond; outlet to Long Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); elevation, about 440 feet.

Belgrade Stream; rises in Long Pond, in western Belgrade Township. Kennebec 

County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Messalonskee Lake.

Benjamin Ponds (3); Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; outlet to 

' Little Wood Pond (to Moose River).

Berry Pond; Wayne Township. Kennebec County: outlet into Dexter Pond (to 

Wilsons Pond).

Big Indian Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet through Indian Stream to 

Indian Pond. Kennebec River; area, 0.4 square mile.

Bitter Brook; rises in small ponds in T. ?>. R. 6, western Somerset County: flows 

southward into lake at head of Enchanted Stream.

Black Brook; rises on Mount Pisgah. central Franklin County; flows northwestward into South Branch of Dead River.

Black Brook Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec 

River; area, 0.5 square mile.

Black Stream; rises in southeastern part of Cornville Township. Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Sebleys Pond (to Carrabassett Stream).

Blanchard Pond; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into 

North Branch of Dead River.

Bog Brook: rises in Jerusalem'Township, Franklin County; flows northward into 

Dead River.

Bog Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County: inlet from Long Pond (Dead 

River); outlet to Lower Pond; elevation, 1,2(50 feet; one of the- "Chain of Ponds."
214 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN.

Bog Stream; rises in northwestern part of Home Township, Kennebec County; 

flows northward into Sandy River.

Bombazee Brook; rises in western part of Norridgewock Township, Somerset 

County; flows northeastward into Kennebec River.

Bond Brook; rises in eastern part of Manchester Township. Keniiebee County; 

flows southeastward into Kennebec River at Augusta.

Boynton Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet into Fahi Pond.

Bradley Pond; Topsham Township. Sagadahoc County; outlet into Cathance 

River; elevation, about 100 feet.

-'-Brandy Pond; northern part of Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlefcinto Rowe Ponds (to Carra basse-tt RiverX

Brassua Lake; eastern Somerset County; inlets, Brassua Stream. Moose^ River, 

and Miseree Stream; outlet, Moose River; area 5.55 square miles; elevatgpi: 1.043 

feet- See page 133 for additional information regarding this pond. ' xs -

Brassua Stream; rises in Luther Pond. Thorndike Township, central Somerset 

County; flows eastward and southward into Brassua Lake (to Moose River).

Buker Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; Inlet from Jimmy Pond; 

outlet to Sand Pond Mo Cobbosseecontee Stream): elevation, about 175 feet.

Burnham Pond; western Piscataqnis County; outlet to Indian Pond Cto Kennebec 

River).

Butler Ponds; Flagstaff Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Flagstaff 

Lake.

Butler Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Alder Stream 

and Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River; area, 0.4 square mile (Wells).

Carlton Pond; Readfield and Winthrop townships, Kennebec County; outlet to 

Narrows Pond (to Lake Annabessaeook); area. 0.5 square mile; elevation, about 320 

feet.

Carney Brook; rises in Decker Ponds. Carritunk Township. Somerset County; 

flows southward into Kennebec River.

Carrabassett River; rises in Crockcr Township, eastern Franklin County; flows 

northward, eastward, and then southeastward about 45 miles, entering Kennebec 

River at North Anson; drainage area. 395 square miles; no large tributaries; few lakes 

and ponds; considerable fall, used to some extent for power. Gaging station near 

North Anson established in 1901; drainage area at this point, 340 square miles.

Carrabassett Stream: rises in Sebleys -Pond, Canaan Township, Somerset 

County; flows southwest ward into Kennebec River about 10 miles above Waterville.

Carry Brook; rises in Plymouth or Boyd Township, eastern Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake.

Carrying1 Place Ponds; central part of Somerset County; a group of eight ponds, 

three of which are of considerable si/e; the easternmost pond area (Wells) about 1 

square mile has outlet to Kennebec River; the westernmost (area 1.3 square miles) to 

Dead River, elevation 1,250 feet (barometric); and the middle pond area (Wells) 

about 0.3 square mile through Rowe Ponds to Carrabassett River; three small ponds 

are connected with the middle pond and one drains to the western pond; one pond, 

probably the smallest of the group, is connected with the outlet stream of the middle 

pond. West Carry Pond has a dam giving a head of about 10 feet; used for storage of 

water for log driving. See page 140 for further information regarding West Carry Pond.

Cathance River; rises in northwestern part of Bowdoin Township, Sagadahoc 

County; flows, with abrupt turns, to the south, east, northeast, and then southeast and 

south into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay.

Chain of Ponds; northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead 

River; includes three large ponds'a'nd se_veral smaller ones; area, three ponds (Natanis, 

Long, and Lower), approximately 5 square miles (Wells); elevation, 1,260 feet.
RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 215

Chase Bog Pond; southwestern Spaulding Township, Somerset County; outlet to 

Chase>And: elevation, about 1,480 feet. f 

ond; western part of Jim Pond Township, northeastern Franklin County; 

North Branch of Dead River.

Chase Ponds; northern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into 

Austin Stream; elevation of largest pond, 1,356 feet.

Chase Stream; rises in Chase Pond. Moscow Township. Somerset County; flows 

southward into Austin Stream.

Chase Stream; rises in Chase Stream Pond, on the south boundary of Misery 

Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Kennebec River.

Chase Stream Pond; south boundary of Misery Township, eastern Somerset 

County; outlet through Chase Stream to Kennebec River; area, approximately, 0.6 

square mile (Wells).

Chesterville Ponds; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy 

River; area, total of six small ponds, 2 square miles (Wells).

China Lake; Vassalboro and China townships, Kennebec County; outlet into 

Sebasticook River; area, 6.1 square miles; elevation, 395 feet; used as source of municipal water supply for Waterville.

Churchill Stream; rises in a small lake in Misery Township, eastern Somerset 

County; flows northeastward into West Outlet of Moosehead Lake.

Clearwater Brook; rises in T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; flows southwestward into Long Pond (to Dead River).

Clear Water Pond; Industry and Farmington townships, Franklin County; outlet 

into Sandy River; area, approximately, 1.75 square miles (Wells).

Cobbosseecontee Pond; Winthrop. Monmouth, Manchester, and West Gardiner 

townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Purgatory Ponds, Lake Annabessacook, and 

Richard Pond; outlet Cobbosseecontee River; area. 8.4 square miles; elevation. ]71 

feet; dam at outlet; used for storage of water for power.

Cobbosseecontee Stream; drains a group of lakes aggregating 19 square miles in 

area, lying from 5 to ]5 miles west of Augusta; from the largest of the lakes, Cobbosseecontee Pond, which has an area of 8.4 square miles, the river flows southward, eastward 

and then northeastward, entering Kennebec- River at Gardiner; drainage area, 240 

square miles; length from Cobbosseecontee Pond to Gardiner about 16 miles; river is 

extensively used for power and furnishes the municipal supply for the city of Gardiner; 

flow is very regular and furnishes one of the best examples of efficient storage in the 

country. Gaging station near Gardiner. maintained by Gardiner Water Power Company since 1890; drainage area at this point. 240 square miles.

Cochnewagon Pond; Monmouth Township. Kennebec County; outlet into Wilsons Pond (to Lake Annabessacook); area, about 1 square mile (WellsV

Cold Stream; rises in Cold Stream Pond, in Misery and Parlin Pond townships, 

central Somerset County; flows southwestward. then southeastward, into Kennebec 

River.

Cold Stream Pond; Misery and Parlin Pond townships, central Somerset County; 

outlet through Cold Stream into Kennebec River; area, approximately, 1.25 square 

miles (Wells).

Corinna Pond; Corinna Township, western Penobscot County; inlets from Dexter 

Pond; outlet into Sebasticook Lake; area, O.G square mile (Wells).

Dam Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Kennebec River 

through Sevenmile Brook; elevation, about 210 feet.

Dead River; formed by junction of Xorth and South branches; Xorth Branch rises 

in northern part of Franklin County and flows in a general southeasterly direction 

about 25 miles to Eustis. where it is joined by the South Branch: South Branch rises 

in mountains east of Range]ey Lakes and flows in a general northeasterly direction 

about 16 miles; from junction of two branches main stream flows eastward, northward,
216 KIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC1 BASIN.

and then eastward about 40 miles to its junction with Kennebec River at The Forks, 

24 miles below Moosehead Lake; total drainage area. 870 square miles: tributaries of 

North and South branches of no importance; tributaries of main river are Flagstaff 

Lake outlet, Carry Ponds outlet, and Spencer Stream (the largestt; basin mostly wild 

and forested: many lakes and ponds, the most important being Flagstaff and Spring 

lakes, Carry and Spencer ponds. Gaging station at The Forks established in 1901; 

drainage area at this point, 870 square miles.

Dead River Pond; southern part of Dallas Township, west-central Franklin 

County; inlet from Saddleback Ponds: outlet South Branch of Dead River.

Dead River Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec 

River.

Decker Brook; rises in southeastern part of Carritunk Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward and eastward into Kennebec River.

Decker Ponds; Carritunk Township, Somerset County; outlet through Carney 

Brook to Kennebec River; elevation, about 1,260 feet.

Deer Pond; T. 4, R. 5, northwestern Somerset County; outlet to Flagstaff Lake 

(to Dead River).

Dexter Pond; Wayne Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Wilson Pond (to 

Lake Annabessacook); inlet from Berry Pond.

Dexter Ponds; Dexter Township, Penobscot County; outlet into Corinna Pond 

(to Sebasticook Lake); area, 3 square miles (Wells).

Dimmick Ponds (2); Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; inlet from 

Mountain Pond and several small brooks; outlet to Baker Pond; elevation of upper 

pond, about 1,460 feet; of lower pond, about 1,400 feet.

Double Head Pond; northern part of Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; 

one small inlet; outlet southward into Purgatory Pond; elevation, about 175 feet.

Doughnut Pond; eastern Carritunk Township, Somerset County; outlet into 

Robinson Pond; elevation, about 1,580 feet.

Dutton Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet into Carrabassett 

River.

East Brook; rises in Middle Carrying Place Pond, Somerset County; flows southward, uniting with Rowe Pond Stream to form Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River.

Eastern River; rises in Pittston Township, southeastern Kennebec County; flows 

south westward, entering Kennebec River in Dresden Township.

East Pond; Smithfield Township, Somerset County; outlet into Xorth Pond (to 

Messalonskee Lake); area 2.6 square miles; elevation above sea, 260 feet.

Ellis Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River.

Ellis Pond; Belgrade and Oakland townships, Kennebec County; inlet from 

McGrath Pond; outlet to Great Pond; area, 0.9 square mile; elevation, 273 feet. 

Called by Wells "Richmond Pond."

Enibden Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet through Mill Stream 

to Carrabassett River; area, 2.4 square miles; elevation, 422 feet.

Emerton Ponds; western Moscow Township, Somerset County: outlet into Kennebec River; elevation, about 500 feet.

Enchanted Stream; rises in T. 3, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows southeastward into Dead River.

Fahi Brook; rises in Fahi Pond, Embden Township, Somerset County; flows 

southward and southwestward into Mill Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River.

Fahi Pond; Enibden Township, Somerset County; outlet, Fahi Brook; area, 0.6 

square mile (Wells); elevation, 413 feet.

Fall Brook; rises in southwestern part of Mayheld Township, Somerset County; 

flows southwestward and enters Kennebec River at Solon.
RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 217

Fifteenmile Brook; rises in Lovejoy Pond. AlbioJi Township, Kennebec County; 

flows northward into Sebasticook River.

Fish Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet to Kemiebec River.

Fish Pond: Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 

Lower Churchill Stream.

Fitzgerald Pond; near Squaw Mountain, western Piscataquis County; outlet, 

Squaw Brook (to Moosehead Lake).

Flagstaff Lake; Flagstaff Township, western Somerset County; outlet to Dead 

River; area, 1.4 square miles; elevation, approximately, 1,100 feet (barometric); 

dam commands 12 feet head; used for storage of water for log driving. See pages 

139-140 1'or additional information regarding this lake.

Gander Brook; rises in Dennes Township, west-central Somerset County; flows 

southeastward into Wood Pond (to Moose River").

Gardiner Pond; northwestern part of \Yiscasset Township, Lincoln County; one 

small inlet; outlet stream flows northeastward through Gardiner Pond Swamp, thence 

northwestward and westward into Eastern River; elevation, 168 .feet; area, 0.9 square 

mile. Called by Wells "Great Swamp in Dresden."

George Lake; Skowhegan and Canaan townships, Somerset County; outlet to 

Oak Pond and Carrabassett Stream.

Gilman Pond; Lexington and'New Portland townships, Somerset County; outlet 

into Carrabassett River; inlets from several small ponds; area, 0.5 square mile (Wells).

Gold Brook; rises in Kibby Township, northern Franklin County; flows southwestward into North Branch of Dead River.

Great Pond; Rome and Belgrade townships. Kennebec County; inlets from 

North, Ellis. and McGrath ponds; outlet to Long Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); area, 

12.7 square miles; elevation, 250 feet.

Greeley Pond: Augusta Township, Kennebec' County; outlet to Togus River; 

elevation, about 160 feet.

Greeley Pond; Mount Vernon and Readfield townships, Kennebec County; outlet 

into Lake Maranacook: area, 1.1 square miles: elevation, 293 feet.

Greenbush Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to 

North Branch of Dead River.

Grindstone Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet to Tufts Pond.

Gulf Stream: rises in T. 1, R. 5, central Somerset County; flows southeastward 

into Dead River.

Gulf Stream; rises in Withee Pond. Mayfield Township, Somerset County; flows 

northwestward into Austin Stream.

Hall Pond; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet to Spencer Pond.

Hammond Brook: rises in Jerusalem Township. Franklin County; flows eastward 

into Carrabassett River.

Hancock Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County: outlet to Embden Pond; 

area, about 1 square mile (Wells); elevation, 520 feet.

Hayden Lake; Madison Township, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett 

Stream; area, about 3 square miles (Wells). Called by Wells "Madison Pond."

Heald Pond; Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose 

River.

Heald Ponds (3); Spanieling Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into 

Austin Stream; elevation of highest pond, 1.388 feet.

Heald Stream: rises in Heald Ponds. Spanlding Township, eastern Somerset 

County; flows southeastward into Austin Stream.

Henson Brook; rises in Jackman Township, western Somerset County; flows 

northward into Moose River.

.Hicks Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook Lake.
218 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN.

Higgins Stream; rises in Brighton Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moose Pond (to Sebastieook River 1).

Holeb Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River; 

area, approximately 2 square miles; elevation, about 1,133 feet. See pages 130-137 

for further information regarding this pond.

Holway Brook; rises in southern part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows 

south-westward into Kennebec River.

Horse Brook; rises in T. 3, R. (i. central Somerset County; flows northwestward 

into Moose River.

Horseshoe Pond; West Gardiner Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Cobbosseecontee River; elevation, 137 feet.

Horsashoe Pond; T. 2, R. 6. northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch 

of Dead River; elevation, about l,2fO feet.

Horseshoe Pond; Tps. 3 and 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer 

Stream.

Houston Brook; rise., in western part of Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset 

County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Kennebec River.

Huston Brook; rises on southern slope of Mount Bigelow, western Somerset County; 

flows southward into Carrabassett River.

Indian Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River.

Indian Pond; Lexington Township. Somerset County; outlet into Carrabassett 

River.

Indian Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebastieook 

River: area, approximately, 2.5 square miles (Wells).

Indian Pond; eastern Somerset County; inlets, West Outlet Ponds, Kennebec River, 

Indian Stream, and a number of small streams and ponds; outlet, Kennebec River; 

about 5 miles long in two levels, the first being about a mile long, and 932 feet above 

mean tide; a short stretch of "narrows," where a fall of about 5 feet occurs, connects 

the two levels; greater part of pond is 927 feet above tide; used for regulation of water in 

log driving; controlled by a dam at lower end; total area, 1.5 square miles.

Indian Stream; rises in Big Indian Pond, western Piscataquis County; flows northwestward into Indian Pond, Kennebec River.

Indian Stream; rises in the western part of T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; 

flows eastward into Long Pond (to Dead River).

Ironbound Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 

Lower Churchill Stream.

Iron Pond; T. 5, R. 6, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream.

Island Pond; T. 1, R. 6. eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River.

Jackson Brook; rises in southern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows 

southwestward into Kennebec River.

Jackson Pond; Concord Township, Somerset County; outlet through Mill Stream 

to Martin Stream.

Jamies Pond; Manchester and Farmingdale townships, Kennebec County; outlet 

into San born Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 210 feet.

Jim Pond; northwestern Franklin County: outlet into North Branch of Dead River.

Jimmy Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Buker Pond; 

elevation, about 175 feet.

Johnson Brook; rises in small ponds in northern part of Bingham Township, Somerset County; flows southward into Fall Brook, which enters the Kennebee.

Judkins Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Oilman 

Pond to Carrabassett River; area. 0.75 square mile (Wells).

Kelly Brook: rises in central part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows westward into Kennebec River.
KIVEKS, LAKES, AND PONDS IX KENNEBEC BASIN. 219

Kibby Stream; rises in Kibby Township, northern Franklin County; flows southeastward into Spencer Stream, western Somerset County.

Kidder Pond; Vienna Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Beaver Pond; elevation, about 840 feet.

Knights Pond; Square Town Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; area, 0.2 square mile.

Lazy Tom Brook; rises in western Piscataquis County; flows southward into Roach 

River.

Lemon Stream; rises in Industry Township. Franklin County; flows southeastward into Sandy River.

Lily Pond; Freeman and New Portland townships. Franklin and Somerset counties; 

outlet into Carrabassett River.

Little Alder Stream; rises in extreme southern part of T. 2, R. fi, northern Franklin County; flows southeastward into Alder Stream, a tributary of North Branch of 

Dead River; receives drainage from Snow and Round Mountain ponds.

Little Austin Pond; Bald Mountain Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet 

into Austin Pond; elevation, 1.21(5 feet.

Little Big Wood Pond; Dennes Township, west-central Somerset County; inlet, 

Wood Stream; outlet into Little Wood Pond; area, approximately, 1.35 square miles 

(Wells).

Little Chase Pond; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Chase Stream; 

elevation, about 1,320 feet.

Little Heald Brook; rises on south side of Dimmick Mountain, Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Heald Stream.

Little Houston Brook; rises in western part of Concord Township, Somerset County; 

flows northeastward into Houston Brook.

Little Indian Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Indian 

Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, approximately, 0.35 square mile (Wells).

Little Indian Pond; Square Town Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into 

Indian Stream (to Kennebec River).

Little Jim Pond; northeastern Franklin County, Jim Pond Township; outlet into 

Jim Pond.

Little Pocket Pond; T. 2, II. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet to Natanis Pond 

(to Dead River); elevation, 1.260 feet; one of the ''Chain of Ponds."

Little Pond; Rome Township, Kennebec County; outlet to North Pond; combined 

area of Little and North ponds, 3.6 square miles; elevation, 253 feet.

Little Spencer Stream; rises in ponds in T. 4, R. 5, Somerset County: flows southward through Spencer Ponds into Spencer Stream.

Little Wood Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlets from 

Little Big Wood and Benjamin ponds; outlet to Wood Pond (to Moose River).

Locks Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet to Wilson Stream (to 

Sandy River).

Long Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlets from Natanis and Pocket 

ponds and small brooks; outlet to Bog Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; 

one of the "Chain of Ponds.''

Long Pond; southwestern part of Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to 

Sebleys Pond (to Carrabassett Stream).

Long Pond; Jackman and Long Pond townships, north-central Somerset County; 

inlets, Moose River, Upper and Lower Churchill streams, and Parlin Stream; outlet, 

Moose River; area, approximately, 5 square miles; elevation, 1,155 feet; used for storage of water for log driving; dam commands a head of about 8 feet. See page 134 for 

additional information regarding this pond.

Long Pond; Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset County; outlet into Parlin 

Stream (to Moose River I.

3697 iRR 198 07 15
220 EIVEES, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBE.C BASIN.

Long Pond; Range-ley and Dallas townships, west-central Franklin County; outlet 

into South Branch of Dead River.

Long Pond; Rome. Belgrade, and Mount Vernon townships, Kennebec County; 

inlets from Great Pond and several smaller ponds and brooks; outlet through Belgrade 

Stream to Messalonskee Lake: area, 4.2 square miles; elevation. 241 feet.

Long Pond; T. 1, II. 0. eastern Somerset County, outlet into Kennebee River.

Long Pond; T. 4, R. 5. western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream.

Loon Pond; Litchiield Township. Kennebec County; outlet into Pleasant Pond 

(to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 180 feel.

Lovejoy Pond; Albion Township. Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook 

River through Fifteenmile Brook; area, 0.7 square mile (Wells).

Lower Churchill Stream; rises in small ponds in Thorndike Township, northcentral Somerset County; flows southeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River).

Lower Pond; T. 2. R. f>, northern Franklin County: inlet from Bog Pond, Dead 

River; outlet, North Branch of Dead River.

Luther Pond; Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; outlet, Brassua 

Stream (to Brassua Lake).

Maranacook Lake: Readfield and Wintbrop townships, Kennebec County; inlets 

from Greeleyand other small ponds: outlet to Lake Annabessacook; area, 2.5 square 

miles: elevation. 215 feet. Called by Wells "North Pond."

Martin Stream; rises in Concord Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Kennebec River.

McGrath Pond; Oakland and Belgrade townships, Kennebec County: inlets, 

small brooks; outlet into Ell is Pond: area. 0.7 square mile; elevation, 273 feet.

McGurdy Pond; Sharon and Chesterville townships, Franklin County; outlet into 

Sandy River.

McKinney Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose 

River.

Merrill Pond; Concord Township, Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec River; 

elevation, 343 feet.

Messalonskee Lake; Oakland, Belgrade, and Sidney townships, Kennebec 

County; principal inlet, Belgrade Stream; outlet, Messalonskee Stream; area, 5.4 

square miles; elevation, 235 feet. Called by Wells ''Snow Pond."

Messalonskee Stream; rises in Messalonskee Lake, Oakland Township, Kennebec 

County; flows northeastward, then southeastward, and enters the Kennebec at Waterville; length, about 42 miles; drainage area, 208 square miles: fed by extensive lakes, 

the aggregate water surface of which is between 25 and 30 square miles; flow very constant and fall large: extensively utilized for powT er. Called by Wells "Emerson 

Stream." Gaging station at Waterville, established 1903, discontinued 1906; drainage area at this point, 205 square miles.

Michael Stream; rises in southeastern part of Jerusalem township, Franklin 

County; flows eastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River.

Michael Stream: rises in Solon Township, Somerset County; flows south westward 

into Kennebec River about 3 miles below Solon.

Mill Pond; Harmony Township, Somerset County; outlet into Moose Pond (to Sebasticook River); area. 1.1 square miles (Wells).

Mill Pond; Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec 

River; elevation, 1,149 feet.

Mill Stream; rises in Embden Pond, Enaden Township, Somerset County; flows 

southeastward into Carrabassett River.

Mill Stream; rises in Jackson Lake. Concord Township. Somerset Counly; flows 

southward into Martin Stream, a tributary of the Keunebec.

Mill Stream; rises in Xorridgewock Township, Somerset County; flows northeastward into Kennebec River at Xorridgewock.
KIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 221

Mink Brook; rises in Mink Ponds; flows southward into Austin Stream.

Mink Brook; rises in western part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows 

south westward into Kennebec River.

Mink Ponds; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet to Austin Stream; elevation, 1,240 feet.

Miseree Pond; Misery Township, east-central Somerset County; outlet, Miseree 

Stream (to Brassua Lake); area, approximately; area 1.5 square miles (Wells).

Miseree Stream; rises in Miseree Pond, Misery Township, east-central Somerset 

County; flows northeastward into Brassua Lake (to Moose River).

Moores Pond; T. 4, R. 7, Avest-central Somerset County; outlet into Horse Brook, 

a tributary of Moose River.

Moose Brook; rises in eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moosehead lake.

Moose Brook; rises in T. 4, R. 7, central Somerset County; flows northwestward 

into Horse1 Brook, a tributary of Moose River.

Moosehead Lake; eastern Somerset and western Piscataquis counties; inlets, 

Roach and Moose rivers and a number of small streams; outlet, Kennebec River; area, 

about 115 square miles; drainage area at mouth, 1.240 square miles; elevation, 1,026 

feet; used for storage of water for water power and log driving; dam commands a head 

of 7.5 feet over entire surface; navigable by steamboats from end to end. See pages 

132-138 for information regarding storage capacity, etc.

Moose Pond; Harmony and Hartland townships, Somerset County; outlet to Sebasticook River: inlets from Mill, Starbird, and Stafford ponds and a number of brooks; 

area, approximately, 9.50 square miles (Wells).

Moose Pond; Mount Vernon Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Belgrade 

Stream, a tributary of Messalonskee Lake; elevation, about 400 feet.

Moose River; rises in the extreme northern part of Franklin County: flows in a 

general direction a little north of east and enters Moosehead Lake from the west; 

length, about 70 miles; drainage area, 680 square miles. The stream passes through 

Attean, Wood, and Long ponds and Brassua Lake, and receives the drainage from a 

large number of small ponds well scattered over the basin. Gaging station near Rockwood, established 3902; drainage area at this point, 680 square miles.

Mosquito Pond; Forks Plantation, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Moxie 

Pond.

Moxie Pond; East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; inlets, Alder, Sandy, 

and Baker streams and several small ponds and brooks; outlet through Moxie Stream 

into Kennebec River; area, 2.6 square miles: drainage area at outlet, 80 square miles; 

elevation, 9(i5 feet; commanded by a, dam affording a head of 9 feet; used for water 

storage1 for log driving. See page 138 for fuller information.

Moxie Stream; rises in Moxie Pond, eastern Somerset County; flows westward 

into Kennebec River; has a fall of 370 feet in 4 miles, one fall of 95 feet being nearly 

vertical; total drainage area, 92 square miles.

Mountain Pond; central Somerset County; outlet northeastward into Dimmick 

Ponds; elevation, 2,000 feet.

Muddy River; rises in Topsham Township, Sagadahoc County; flows northeastward into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay.

Mud Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet into Fahi Pond.

Mud Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 

Lower Churchill Stream.

Muskrat Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 

Lower Churchill Stream.

Narrows Pond: Winthrop Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Carlton Pond; 

outlet into Lake Annabessacook; area, 0.8 square mile; elevation, approximately, 180 

feet.
222 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN" KENNEBEC BASIN.

Natanis Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet from Round Pond, 

Dead River; outlet into Long Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1.260 feet; one of the. 

"Chain of Ponds."

Nehumkeag Pond; Pittston Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec 

River.

Nequasset Brook; rises in Dresden Township, Lincoln County; flows southward 

through Nequasset Pond into Kenneber River at "Woolwich, opposite Bath.

Nequasset Pond; Woolwich Township. Sagadahoc County; inlets from Nequasset 

and other brooks; outlet into Kennebec River; area. 0.6 square mile; elevation, 18 

feet.

Nokomis Pond; Palmyra Township. Somerset County, and Newport Township, 

Penobscot County; outlet into Sebasticook Lake.

Norcross Brook; rises in western Piscataquis County; flows northwestward into 

Moosehead Lake.

Norcross Porid; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy 

River; area, 0.35 square mile (Wells).

North Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. (>, northern Franklin Coimty; outlet into North 

Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2.061+ foet.

North Pond: on boundary between Smithlield and Mercer townships, Somerset 

County, and Rome Township, Kennebec County; inlets from East and Little ponds; 

outlet into Great Pond; combined area of North and Little ponds, 3.6 square miles; 

elevation, 253 feet.

North Pond; Temple and Wilton townships. Franklin County; outlet into Sandy 

River; area, about 1 square mile (Wells).

North Pond; Chesterville Township. Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; 

area, about 1 square mile (Wells?).

It is not certain to which of the three foregoing ponds Wells referred in his list of 

ponds connected with Sandy River. As shown on Scarborough's map of southwestern 

Maine, they differ little in size from Norcross Pond, the area of which is given as 0.35 

square mile.

Northwest Boundary Pond; T. 3. R. fi, northern Franklin County; outlet into 

North Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061 feet.

Oak Pond: Skowhegan Township, Somerset County: inlet from Lake George; outlet into Carrabassett Stream.

Otter Pond: T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of 

Dead River; elevation, 1,360+ feet.

Otter Ponds; central Somerset County: outlet into Kennebec River; area, two 

ponds, 0.5 square mile.

Palmyra Ponds: Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook 

River; combined water surface, two ponds. 0.6 square mile ("Wells).

Parker Pond; T. 3, R. 5. western Somerset County; outlet to Spencer Stream.

Parlin Pond; Parliii Pond Township, central Somerset County; outlet, Parlin 

Stream to Long Pond (to Moose River); area, approximately. 2.75 square miles (Wells)

Parlin Stream; rises in Parlin Pond, Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset 

County; flows northeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River).

Pattee Pond: Winslow Township. Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook 

River; area, 0.85 square mile (Wells); elevation, about 120 feet.

Perham Stream; rises in Mount Abraham Township, Franklin County; flows 

southward and southwestward into Sandy River.

Pierce Pond; central Somerset County: outlet into Kennebec River; area, about 

2.3 square miles; drainage area at outlet, 18 square miles: elevation, about 1.125 feet 

(barometric); dam commands a head of about 10 feet; used for storage of water for log 

driving. See page 139 for additional information regarding this pond.
ETVETCfi, LAKER, AND PONDS IN KENXEBEC BASTX. 223

Pleasant Pond: Litehfield Township. Konnobce County, and Richmond Township, Sagadahoc County: inletsi'roin a number oj'r-mall brooks; outlet into Cobbosseecontee River; area. 1. L square miles; elevation. 137 feet.

Pleasant Pond; central Somerset (V)iinty: outlet. Pleasant Pond Stream; area, 1.6 

square miles; drainage area at mouth, 5.9 square miles; elevation, 1,2(55 feet; 780 feet 

fall to Kennebee River in a distance of about 3.5 miles.

Pleasant Pond Stream: rises in Pleasant Pond, central Somerset County; flows 

southwestward into Kennebee River.

Plymouth. Ponds; Plymouth Township. Penobseot County; inlets from Skinner 

Pond and small brooks: outlet into Sebasticook Lake; area, about 3 square miles 

(Wells).

Pocket Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into Long Pond (to 

Dead River): elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds."

Ponco Ponds; Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose 

River.

Poplar Brook; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows southwestward into Carrabassett River at Carrabassett.

Prong Pond: western part of Piscataqnis County; outlet to Moosehead Lake.

Purgatory Ponds (3j; Litchfield Township. Kennebee County; inlet from Sand 

Pond; outlet into Cobbosseecontee River; area of largest pond, 0.7 square mile; elevation, 175 feet.

Rapid Stream: rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Carrabassett River at Kingfield.

Redington Brook: rises in Redington Ponds, central Franklin County; flows 

southwestward, then northwestward, into South Branch of Dead River.

Redington Ponds; Redington Township, central Franklin County; outlet into 

Redington Brook.

Reed Brook; rises on Mount Bigelow. Bigelov.r Township, western Somerset 

County; flows northward into Dead River.

Richard Pond; Winthrop Township. Kennebeo County; inlet from Shed Pond; 

outlet into Cobbosseecontee Pond; elevation, about 180 feet.

Ritt Brook; rises in southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; 

flows northward into South Branch of Austin Stream.

Roach. Ponds; west-central Piscataquis County; outlet through Roach River to 

Moosehead Lake; three ponds, known as Upper, Middle, and Lower, with areas, 

respectively, of 1.5, 1.5. and 5 square miles; dam on each pond; used for log driving. 

See pages 137-138 for further description of thes" ponds.

Roach River; receives headwaters from slopes of Boardman and White Cap mountains, west-central Piscataquis County; flows northwestward through a series of three 

ponds, and empties into Spencer Bay on east side of Moosehead Lake: length, about 

20 miles; drainage basin completely forested: total area at mouth. 120 square miles; 

no largo tributary streams: three pond^ of importance I pper, Middle, and Lower 

Roach ponds; river utilized for log driving; gaging station at Roach River established 

in 1901; drainage area at this point, 85 square miles.

Robinson Pond; on boundary between Carritunk and Spaulding townships, eastern Somerset County; inlet from Doughnut Pond; outlet into Pleasant Pond Stream; 

elevation, 1,478 feet.

Robinson Pond Outlet: rises in Robinson Pond: flows northwestward through 

Deer Bog and Moores Hog to Pleasant Pond Stream.

Rock Pond; Tps. 5 and (>. Rs. <> and 7. western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream.

Rogers Pond; St. Albans Township. Somerset County; outlet into Little Indian 

Pond (to Sebasticook Riven; area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells).
224 KTVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEO BASIN.

Rolling1 Dam. Brook; rises in southern pail of Gardiner Township, Konnebcc 

County; flows northeastward and eastward into Kennebee River near Gardiner.

Bound Mountain Lake; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; 

outlet to Little Alder Stream.

Bound Pond; T. 2, R. 6. northern Franklin County; inlet, Dead River; outlet to 

Natanis Pond, Dead River; elevation, about 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds."

Bowe Ponds; Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet through Sandy 

Stream to Carrabassett River; inlets from several small ponds; area of largest pond, 

0.7 square mile (Wells); elevation, 1,209 feet.

Bowe Pond Stream; rises in Rowe Ponds, Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset 

County; flows south westward, uniting with East Brook to form Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River.

Saddleback Ponds (2); near Saddleback Mountain, in northern part of Sandy 

River Township, west-central Franklin County; outlet to Dead River Pond (to South 

Branch of Dead River).

Sally Pond; Dennes Township, western Somerset County: outlet into Moose River.

Salmon Stream; rises in Johnson Mountain, T. 2, R. 6, central Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Dead River.

Sanborn Pond; Manchester and Farmingdale townships, Kennebec County; outlet into Cobbosseecontee River; inlet from Jamies Pond; elevation, about 180 feet.

Sand Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Wilson Stream 

(to Sandy River).

Sand Pond; Litchfield Township. Kennebec County; inlet from Buker Pond; outlet into Purgatory Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 175 feet.

Sandy Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet to Fahi Pond; area, 

0.4 square mile (Wells); elevation, 413 feet.

Sandy Pond; Freedom Township, Waldo County; outlet to Sebasticook River; 

area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells).

Sandy Raver; rises in western part of Franklin County in the hilly region east of 

Rangeley Lake; flows southeastward about 32 miles, then northeastward 17 miles, 

entering the Kennebec about 3 miles below Madison; drainage area, 670 square miles; 

no large tributaries or ponds; total fall about J ,600 feet, mostly in upper part of basin. 

Gaging station near Madison established in 1904; drainage area at this point, 650 square 

miles.

Sandy Biver Ponds; Sandy River Township, Franklin County; outlet. Sandy 

River; area, four ponds. 1 square mile (Wells K

Sandy Stream; rises in East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; flows 

southwestward into Moxie Pond.

Sandy Stream; rises in Highland Township, Somerset County, being formed by 

union of East Brook and Rowe Pond, which drain Middle Carrying Place and Rowe 

ponds; flows southward through Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River.

Savage Pond; northwestern Cornville Township, Somerset County; outlet to Wesserunsett Stream.

Sebasticook Lake; Newport Township, Penobscot County: inlets from Stetson 

and Corinna ponds and several small brooks; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, 

approximately 7.5 square miles (Wells). Called by Wells "Newport Pond."

Sebasticook Biver; rises in ponds in southeastern Somerset and western Penobscot counties; flows in general southwestward 45 miles to Kennebec River at Winslow, opposite Walerville; drainage area, 970 square miles; many tributary ponds, 

covering in all about 50 square miles; total fall, about 170 feet; extensively used for 

power.

Sebleys Pond; Canaan and Pittsneld townships, Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec River throueh Carrabassett Stream
RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 225

Sevenmile Brook; rises in Spectacle, Tolman, and Dam ponds, Augusta Township, Kennebec County; flows northwestward into Kenneboc River about 5 miles 

above Augusta.

Shallow Pond; Jim Pond Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet into 

North Branch of Dead River.

Shed Pond; Manchester Township. Kennebec County; outlet into Richard Pond 

(to Cobbosseecontee Pond); elevation, about 320 feet.

Skinner Pond; Dixmont Township. Penobscot County, outlet to Plymouth Ponds 

(to Sebasticook Lake); area, approximately 0.7 square mile (Wells!.

Smith Pond; Parlin Pond and Misery townships, central Somerset County; outlet 

to Parlin Stream.

Snow Pond; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into Little Alder Stream.

Socatean River; rises in Plymouth or Boyd Township, eastern Somerset, County: 

flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake.

South Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. P>, northern Franklin County; outlet into North 

Branch of Dead River; elevation. 2,001 -f- feet.

Spectacle Pond: T. 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Kibby Stream, 

a branch of Spencer Stream.

Spectacle Pond; Vassalboro and Augusta townships, Kenneboc County, outlet 

into Kennebec River through Sevenmile Brook.

Spencer Pond: western Piseataquis County; outlet into Moosehead Lake; three 

small inlets; area, approximately, 1.5 square miles (Wells).

Spencer Ponds; Tps. 3 and 4, Rs. 5 and (>. western Somerset County; inlet drains 

several small ponds: outlet into Spencer Stream; area, approximately, 2.0 square 

miles; elevation, about 1,150 feet (barometric); dam commands 10-foot head when 

pond is tilled; used for log sluicing. See page 141 for additional information regarding 

these ponds.

Spencer Stream; rises in T. 5, R. 0, western Somerset County: flows south westward, then southeastward, into Dead River; many tributary ponds; largest are Spencer Ponds, which reach Spencer Stream by way of Little Spencer Stream. See page 

for additional information regarding this stream.

Spring Lake; T. 3, R. 4. western Somerset County, outlet to Dead River; area, 

approximately, 1.1 square miles; elevation, about 1,260 feet above mean sea level 

(barometric) and 200 feet above Dead River. Called by Wells "Long Lake.'' See 

page 140 for additional information regarding this lake.

Spruce Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Witham 

Brook to Embden Pond: area. 0.35 square mile (Wells).

Squaw Brook; rises in Fitzgerald Pond, near Squaw Mountain, western Piseataquis County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake.

Stafford Pond; Hart land Township, Somerset County; outlet to Moose Pond (to 

Sebasticook River); area, 0.35 square mile (Wells).

Starbird Pond; llartland Township, Somerset County: outlet to Moose Pond (to 

Sebasticook River); area, 0.35 square mile (Wells).

Stetson Pond; Stetson Township. Penobscot County; outlet to Sebastieook Lake; 

area, about 2.5 square miles (Wells).

Stony Brook: rises in central part of Highland Township, Somerset County; flows 

southeastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River.

Stony Brook; rises in Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moose River.

Stratton Brook; rises on Mount Bigelow, T. 4, R. 3, Franklin County; flows westward and northwestward into South Branch of Dead River.
226 EIVEBS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN.

Tee Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to Tim Brook 

(to North Branch of Dead River).

Ten Thousand Acre Ponds; southern boundary of Misery township, eastern 

Somerset County; outlet to Chase Stream (to Kennebec River).

Three-Cornered Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Togus 

Ponds; elevation, 198 feet.

Threemile Pond; China and Windsor townships, Kennebec County; outlet to 

Weber Pond (to Kennebec River); area, 1.6 square miles; elevation. 180 feet.

Tim Brook; rises in Tim Pond, northern Franklin County; flows northeastward 

into North Branch of Dead River.

Tim Pond; western Eustis Township, northern Franklin County; outlet, Tim 

Brook.

Tobey Brook; rises about \\ miles southeast of South Norridgewock, Somerset 

County; flows southward into Martin Stream (into Kennebec River).

Toby Ponds; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose River.

Togus Ponds; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet through Togus River 

to Kennebec River; area, 1 square mile; elevation, 188 feet. Called by Wells "Worromotogus Pond."

Togus River; rises in Togus Ponds, Augusta, Township, Kennebec County; flows 

southwestward into Kennebec River at Randolph, opposite Gardiner.

Tolman Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec 

River through Sevenmile Brook; elevation, about 210 feet.

Tom Fletcher Stream; rises in Brassua Township, central Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Moose River.

Tomhegan Pond; Middlesex Grant Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into 

Moosehead Lake through Tomhegan Stream; area, approximately, 0.75 square mile 

(Wells).

'Tomhegan Stream; rises in T. 2, R. 3, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake.

Trout Pond; west-central Piscataquis County; outlet into Middle Roach Pond.

Tufts Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet to Carrabassett River; 

area, 0.5 square mile (Wells).

Turner Brook; rises in southern part of Madison Township, Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Kennebec River between Norridgewock and Skowhegan.

Turner Pond; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; 

elevation, about 500 feet.

Turner Pond (2); Forsythe and Holeb townships, western Somerset County; outlet into Holeb Pond.

Unity (Twenty-five Mile) Pond; Unity, Burnham, and Troy townships, Waldo 

County; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, approximately, 4.25 square miles (Wells).

Upper Churchill Stream; rises in Bog Pond, Bald Mountains, Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; flows southeastward into Long Pond (to Moose 

River).

Viles Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into North 

Branch of Dead River.

Ward Pond; Sidney Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Messalonskee Lake; 

elevation, about 340 feet.

Weber Pond; Vassalboro Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Threemile Pond: 

outlet to Kennebec River; area, 1.9 square miles; elevation, 138 feet.

Weeks Pond; Brighton Township, Somerset County; outlet to Wesserunsett 

Stream.

Welhern Pond; Eustis Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet to Tim 

Brook.
T5TVKRS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KKNNEBEC BASIN. 227

Wentworth Pond; Solon and Athens townships, Somerset County; outlet into 

Wesserunsett Stream; area, with Bakers Pond (unnamed on available maps"), approximately 1 square mile (Wells).

Wesserunsett Stream; rises in Weeks Pond. Brighton Township, Somerset 

County; flows southward into Kennebee River in Skowhegan Township; drainage 

area (Tenth Census), 107 square miles: a rapid stream, affording numerous sites for 

power, many of which are unimproved; flow not very constant.

West Brook; rises in Highland Township. Somerset County; flows eastward into 

Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River.

West Outlet Ponds; eastern Somerset County; outlet from Moosehead Lake to 

Indian Pond (to Kennebee River); area of three ponds, approximately, 1.25 square 

miles (Wells).

Weymouth Pond; Corinna Township, Penobseot County; outlet to Little Indian 

Pond (to Sebastieook River); area, 0.4 square mile (Wells).

Whipple Pond; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Pond.

Whitcomb Brook; rises in western part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; 

flows south westward into Kennebee River.

Whites Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Palmyra Ponds 

(to Sebastieook River.)

Williams Stream; rises in eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into 

Moosehead Lake.

Wilsons Pond; Wayne and Monmouth townships, Kennebee County; inlets from 

Dexter and Cochnewagon ponds; outlet into Lake Annabessacook; area, about 0.9 

square mile (Wells).

Wilsons Pond; T. J, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebee River.

Wilson Stream; rises in Temple Township. Franklin County; flows southeastward, 

then northeastward into Sandy River.

Wilton Pond; Wilton Township, Franklin County; outlet to Sandy River; area, 

approximately, 1.25 square miles (Wells'). This is probably the pond called '"Wilsons" by Wells.

Witham Brook; rises in Spruce Pond, Loxington Township, Somerset County; 

flows southeastward into Embden Pond.

With.ee Pond; southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; outlet 

through Gulf Stream to Austin Stream; elevation, about 1.360 feet.

Wood Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlets, Gander 

Breok, Wood Stream, and Moose River; receives also drainage from a number of small 

ponds; outlet, Moose River; area, about 3.3 square miles; elevation, 1,158 feet. See 

pages 135-136 for further information regarding this pond.

Wood Stream; rises in Forsythe Township, western Somerset County; flows southeastward through Little Big Wood and Little Wood ponds into Wood Pond (to Moose 

River).

Wyman Pond; Brighton Township, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett 

Stream; area, 0.75 square mile (Wellsi.

Youngs Pond; northeastern Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet 

into Kennebee River; elevation, about 1,300 feet.
INDEX.

A. Page.

Ahagadassett River, data on .............. 212

Accuracy of flow determinations, statement on.... .................... 30-32

Acknowledgments to those aiding.......... 2

Alder Pond, data on........................ 212

Alder Stream, data on ..................... 212

Androscoggin River, evaporation station

on, plate showing............... 26

Annabessacook Lake, data on............ 143,212

Arnolds Falls, fall at....... ............... 128

Attean Falls, fall at........................ 128

Attean Pond, data on...................... 212

discharge data near.................... 64

plan of..-...-.--........-.-.-.-...--...- 1

water storage in.................. 135-130,144

Augusta, map of........................... 208

pollution at............................ 200

ponds in................................ 144

population of........................... 209

typhoid fever at.............. 200-201,207-211

diagram showing.................. 202

map illustrating.................... 208

water at, quality of.................... 177

water power at......................... 123

water supply of............... 167,199-200,207

Austin Ponds, data on................... 144,212

Austin Stream, data on .................. 212-213

drainage of............................. 10

Bacillus coli, occurrence of.... 172-181,180,198,199

Bacteria, occurrence of................... 172-181,

182-183,180,197-198 

Baker Brook, data on.............. ....... 213

Bakers Pond, data on.................... 143,213

Bakers Stream, data on.................... 213

Barker Pond, data on.................... 143,213

Barnard Pond, dnta on.................... 213

Barrett Brook, data on.................... 213

Barrows, H. K., on water resources of Kennel>ec River basin.............. 1-106

Bartlett Pond, data on................... 142,213

Bean Brook, data. on....................... 213

Beans Pond, data on....................... 213

Bear Brook, data on....................... 213

Bear Pond, data on........................ 213

Beaver Brook, data on..................... 213

Beaverdam Brook, data on................ 213

Beaver Pond, data on...................... 213

Belgrade Stream, data on.................. 213

For general description of rivers, po

Page. 

Benjamin Ponds, data on.................. 213

Benton, typhoid fever at................. 200,201

Benton Falls, water power at.............. 125

Berry Pond, data 011....................... 213

Big Injun Pond, data on.................... 213

Bingham, water powers near............... 127

Bitter Brook, data on...................... 213

Black Brook, data on...................... 213

Black Brook Pond, data on.............. 144,213

Black Stream, data on..................... 213

Blanchard Pond, data on.................. 213

Bog Brook, data on........................ 213

Bog Pond, data on....................... 142,213

Bog Stream, data on....................... 214

Bombazee Brook, data on.................. 214

Bombazee Rips, water power at............ 127

Bond Brook, data on....................... 214

Boston, Mass., evaporation near........... 115

Boynton Pond, data on.................... 214

Bradley Pond, data on..................... 214

Brandy Pond, data on..................... 214

Brassua Lake, data on..................... 214

discharge data near.................... 04

outlet of, plan of....................... 1

plan of.................................. 1

water storage in.................. 133-134,142

Brassua Stream, data on ................... 214

discharge data on...................... 04

Burnham Junction, water power near...... 125

Buker Pond, data on....................... 214

Butler Pond, data on.................... 142,214

Cable station, plate showing............... ' 26

Carlton Bog, data on....................... 143

Carlton Pond, data on................... 143,214

Carney Brook, data on..................... 214

Carrabassett River, basin of, storage in.. 142,144 

data on................................. 214

discharge data on.............. 81-86,121,149

drainage of............................. 10,14

low water an........................... 121

population in basin of.................. 189

population and area in basin of, map

and diagram showing......... 190,191

water powers on.................. 123-124,130

Carrabassett Stream, data on. ............ 214

Carrituuk Falls, water power at............ 122

Carry Brook, data on...................... 214

Carrying Place Ponds, data on ...... 142,144,214

Carrying Place Rips, water power near .... 127

nds, and lakes see Gazetteer, pp. 212-227.

229
230 INDEX.

Page. 

Cataracts, development of.................. 6

Cathance River, data on................... 214

Chain of Ponds, data on.................. 142,214

Chase Bog Pond, data on................... 215

Chase Ponds, data on ................... 144,215

Chase Stream, data on .................... 215

Chase Stream Pond, data on .............. 144

Chemical constituents of water, dat;i on.... 181-

184,197 

Chesterville Ponds, data on ............. 142,215

Chesuncook, elevation at................... 16

rainfall at.............................. 17

snow at........-.........--.........---- 23

China Lake, data on...................... 143,215

Chlorine, occurrence of............ 181-184,186-188

occurrence of, diagram showing....... 181,187

Churchill Stream, data on .................. 215

Clear Water Pond, data on............... 142,215

Clearwater Brook, data on................. 215

Cleveland Rips, water power at............ 130

Clinton, water power at.................... 125

Cobhosseecontee Pond, data on .......... 143,215

Cobbosseecontee Stream, "basin of, water

in............................. 143,144

data on................................. 215

discharge data on............. 03-105,110-113

diversion of............................. 8

drainage of............................. 14

population in basin of.................. 189

population and area in basin of, diagram

and map showing............. 190,191

low water on........................... 121

precipitation on...................... 111-113

ratio of, to run-off................ 111-113

water powers on...................... 126,130

Cochnewagon Pond, data on............. 143,215

Cold Stream, data on....................... 215

Cold Stream Pond, data on .............. 144,215

Color of water, data on.................. 167-168,

170-171,172-181,182-183,196 

Corinna, water power at.................... 125

Corinna Pond, data on................... 143,215

Cotton mills, pollution from................ 195

Current meter, description and use of...... 20

Curves, rating, area, and mean velocity, description of..................... 27-28

diagram showing....................... 27

D.

Dam Pond, data on........................ 215

Davis Ferry, water power at............... 130

Dead River, basin of, water storage in .. 139-141,

142,144 

data on............................... 215-216

discharge data on.............. 76-81,121,149

drainage of............................. 10,14

elevations along........................ 129

low water on............................ 121

population in basin of.................. 189

water powers on.................. 123,128-129

Dead River dam, use of..................... 140

Dead River Pond, data on.................. 216

Dead River Rapids, water powers on....... 129

Docker Pond, data on...................... 216

Deer Pond, data on......................... 216

Definitions of terms used.......... _........ 28-29

Page. 

Description of Konnebec ba sin............. 2-16

Desert Pond, data on....................... 143

Determinations of flow, accuracy of........ 30-32

methods of.............................. 25-28

Detroit, water power at.................... 125

Dexter Ponds, data on ................... 143,210

Dimmick Ponds, data on................... 216

Discharge. See Stream flow.

Double Head Pond, data on................ 216

Doughnut Pond, data on................... 216

Dow, F. T., on log driving.................. 166

Drainage, description of................. 3-4,9-14

skeleton of.............................. 9-14

transference of.......................... 0-8

water powers due to................ "

Dutton Pond, data on.................... 142,216

E.

East New Portland, water powers at..... 123,124

East Brook, data on........................ 216

East Pond, data on....................... 143,216

Eastern River, data on..................... 216

Ellis Pond, data on....................... 143,216

Embden Pond, data on................... 142,216

Emerson Ponds, data on.................... 216

Enchanted Stream, data on ............... 216

Evaporation in Maine, effect of, on stored

water........................... 145

records of............................. 113-115

stations for............................. 113

Evaporation raft, description of............ 114

plate showing........................... 26

F. 

Fahi Brook, data on........................ 216

Fahi Pond, data on....................... 142.216

Fairbanks, water power at................. 124

Fairfield, elevation at....................... 16

paper mills at, pollution from.......... 195

rainfall at............................... 17,18

typhoid fever at.............. 200,201,205,207-

water power at....................... 122-123

Fall Brook, data on........................ 216

Farmington, elevation at................... 16

rainfall at...'............................ 17,18

water power at......................... 124

Fifteenmile Brook, data on................. 217

Fifteenmile Rips, water power at........... 130

Fish Pond, data on......................... 217

Fitzgerald Pond, data on................... 217

Flagstaff, elevation at...................... 16

rainfall at............................... 17,18

water power at........................ 128

Flagstaff Lake, data on.................. 142,217

plan of................................... 1

water storage in.................. 139-140,142

Floods, on Kennebec River, description of 115-119 

plate showing........................... 120

Forest conditions, description of........... 15

Forks. See The Forks.

Freshet oak, gage heights at................ lip

plate showing........................... 120
INDEX. 231

Page. 

Gander Brook, data on..................... 217

Gardiner, discharge data...... 93-105,110-113,121

elevation at............................. 16

rainfall at.................... 17,18-19,110-113

diagram showing.................. 17

ratio of, to run-off................ 110-113

typhoid lever at........................ 201

water powers at anfl near............... 126

Gardiner Pond, data on.................. 144,217

Gas works, pollution from.................. 195

Gazetteer of rivers, lakes, and ponds in Kennebec basin................... 212-227

Geologic history, outline of................. 6-8

Geology, description of..................... 4-9

drainage affected by.................... 4-5

George Lake, data on....................... 217

Oilman Pond, data on.................... 142.217

Glaciation, effect of, on Kennobec topography ........................... 0-8

Gold Brook, data on........................ 217

Grand Falls, water power at............. 128-129

Grant Farm, elevation at................... 16

rainfall at............................... 20

snow at................................. 23

Great Pond, data on................. 142.143,217

Great Swamp, data on..................... 144

Greeley Pond, data on.................... 143.217

Greenbush Pond, data on.................. 217

Greenville, elevation at...........'......... 16

rainfall at................ . .. ....... 20

snow at................................. 23

Grindstone Pond, data on.................. 217

Gulf Stream, data on ...................... 217

IT.

Hall Pond, data on......................... 217

Hallowell, typhoid fever a t................. 201

Hammond Brook, data on................. 217

Hancock Pond, data on.................. 142,217

Hartland, water powers at................. 124

Hayden Lake, data on................... 143.217

Heald Ponds, data on...................... 217

Heald Stream, data on..................... 217

Hicks Pond, data on....................... 217

Higgins Stream, data on................... 218

Holeb Falls, water power at................ 128

Holeb Pond, data on...".................. 144,218

plan of.................................. 1

water storage in.................. 13(i-137,144

Hollingsworth, Sumner, on log driving..... 166

Holway Brook, data on.................... 218

Horse Brook, data on...................... 218

Horseshoe Ponds, data on.................. 218

Houston Brook, data on................... 218

Hurricane Falls, fall at..................... 128

Huston Brook, data on.................... 218

I.

Ice, effect of, on flow....................... 28,31

Indian Pond, data on................ 143,144,218

water powers near...................... 127

Indian Stream, data on.................... 218

Iron Pond, data on......................... 218

Ironbound Pond, data on.................. 218

Ironworks, pollution from................. 195

Page 

Island Pond, data on.:..................... 218

Isochlors, normal, occurrence of.......... 181-182

occurrence of, diagram showing........ 181

Jiickman, elevationjit..................... 16

rainfall at.............................. 20

snow at................................. 23

J aekson Brook, data on.................... 218

Jackson Pond, data on..................... 218

Jamies Pond, data on.................... 143,218

Jams, log, occurrence of.................... 162

view of................................. 162

Jerusalem Pond, data on................... 142

Jim Pond, data on....................... 142,218

Jimmy Pond, data on...................... 218

Johnson Brook, data on.................... 218

Judkins Pond, data on................... 142,218

K. 

Kelly Brook, data on....................... 218

Kennebec Log Driving Association, work of. 131 

Kennebec River, character of............... 8

description of........................... 3-4

diversion of............................. 7

discharge data of........... o3-59,118,120,149 

drainage of............................. 14

floods on.............................. 115-119

flow of, effect of storage on... 145-148,158-162 

effect of storage on, diagrams showing ............................ 160,161

regulation of........................ 131

headwaters of, storage on........ 132-138,144

water available in................ 148-162

ice industry on......................... 15-16

improvement of........................ 166

log jam on, plate showing.............. 162

navigation of........................... 15

plan and profile of...................... 1

pollution of....................... 168,188-198

See also Pollution, 

population in basin of................ 189-191

population and area in basin of, map

and diagram showing......... 190.191

profile of, plate showing................ 126

survey of............................... 1

topography due to..................... 5-6

valley of, typhoid in.................... 211

view on................................. 162

water of, Bacillus coli in.......... 172-177,186

bacteiia in.... 172-177,182-183,186,197-198

chemical constituents in...... 181-184,197

chlorine in........................ 181-184

diagram showing............... 181

color of....... 170-171,172-177,182-183,196

hardness of......................... 181

microorganisms in................ 184-186

odor of....... 172,173-176,182-183,196-197

quality of......................... 167-211

turbidity of... 168-170,172-177,182-183,196 

typhoid fever from............... 205-211

water powers on.................. 122-123,127

water supply from.................... 167,199

Kennebec Water Power Co., work of..... 131-132

Kents Mill, elevation at.................... 16

rainfall at.............................. 20
232 INDEX.

Page. Page.

Kibby Stream, data on........... . ....... 219 McKinney Pond, data on................... 220

Kidder River, data on......... ....... .... 219 Madison, discharge data near.. 86-90,118,121,149

Kineo, elevation at............ ............ 16 elevation at............................. 16

rainfall at................. ............ 17,20 rainfall at.............................. 20

King Pond, data on........................ 142 snow at................................. 23

Kingfield, water powers at................. 123 log jam near, plate showing............ 162

Knights Pond, data on................... 144,219 paper mills at, pollution from........ 194-195

	water powers at and near........ 122,124,127

k- Maine, evaporation in...................... 115

Lakes, origin of............................. 8 Maine State Survey Commission, cooperalist of................................... 11-14 tionof.......................... 1,2

relationsof............................ 11-14 Manufacturing, outline of.................. 15

See also lakes and ponds described in pollution by 192-195

gazetteer...................... 212-227 Map, of Kennebec basin.................... 3

Lazy Tom Brook, data on................. 219 Maps, topographic, publication of.......... 1-2

Lemon Stream, data on.................... 219 Maranacook Lake, data on............... 143,220

Lewiston, evaporation at.................. 115 I Martin Stream, data on.................... 220

evaporation station at, plate showing.. 26 Mass curves, application of............... 158-161

Levy, E. C.. on typhoid fever.............. 199 diagrams showing........ ....... 152,154,155

Lily Pond, data on................ ........ 219 discussion of.......................... 153-158

Little Alder Stream, data on............... 219 Mayfleld, elevation at...................... 16

Little Austin Pond, data on................ 219 rainfall at 17 20

Little Big Wood Pond, data on............ 219 Merrill Pond, data on...................... 220

Little Brassua Lake, water powers near... 128 Merrymeeting Bay, population and area in

Little Chase Pond, data on................. 219 1)asjn of, diagram and map

Little Heald Brook, data on............... 219 > showing 190191

Little Houston Brook, data on............. 219 Messalonskee Lake, data on.............. 143^ 220

Little Indian Pond, data on.............. 143.219 Messalonskee Stream, basin of, storage in. 143,144

Little Jim Pond, data on................... 219 data on 220

Little Pocket Pond, data on............... 219 discharge data of................... 90-92,121

Little Pond, data on..................... 143.219 diversion of 7

Little Spencer Stream, data on............. 219 drainage of 14

Little Wood Pond, data on................. 219 jow water on 121

Locks Pond,dataon....................... 219 pollution of............................. 199

Log driving, cost of...................... 164-166 population in basin of.................. 189

dates of................................. 163 population and area in basin of, diaefflect of, on color of water.............. 171 gram and map showing. ...... 190,191

improvements!!!....................... 166 typhoid fever from..................... 205

jamsin................................. 162 water of, Bacillus coli in.............. 177-181

view of............................. 162 bacteriain........................ 177-181

magnitude of........................... 164 color of........................... 177-181

methods of............................. 162 quality of..................... 167,171-181

pollution from.......................... 195 turbidity of................... 168,177-181

water power and, relationsof.......... 131 water powers on.................. 125-126,130

water used for........................ 163-164 water supply from................ 167.199,200

Logs, transportation of.................. 164-166 Michael Stream, data on................... 220

Long Falls, fall at.......................... 128 Microorganisms in Kennebec water....... 184-186

Long Pond, dam on, plate showing......... 128 Middle Roach Pond, plan of ................ 1

dataon................... 142,143,144,219,220 water storage in...................... 137,144

plan of.................................. 1 Mill Pond, dataon....................... 143,220

water powers near...................... 128 Mill Stream, data on....................... 220

water storage in...... 133.134-135,142,143,144 Millinocket, evaporation at................. 115

LoonPond, dataon........................ 220 Mink Brook, data on....................... 221

Lovejoy Pond, dataon................... 143,219 Mink Ponds, data on....................... 221

Low water, description of................ 120-121 Miseree Pond) aata on.................... 142,221

Lower Baker Pond,dataon................ 144 Miseree Stream, data on.................... 221

Lower Churchill Pond, dataon............. 220 discharge data of....................... 64

Lower Pond,dataon....................... 220 Moores Pond, data on...................... 221

Lower Roach Pond, plan of................ 1 | Moose Brook, data on...................... 221

water storage in...................... 137,144 Moose Pond, data on..................... 143,221

Luflkin Pond, data on...................... 142 Moose Rjver, basin of,water storage in. 133,142,144

Luther Pond, dataon...................... 220 cable station on, plate showing......... 26

	dam on, plate showing................. 128

	dataon................................ 221

McGrath Pond, data on.................. 143,220 discharge data on.............. .r/9-64,121,149

McGurdy Pond, data on.................... 22o drainage of ............................ 9,14
INDEX. 233

Page. | Page.

Moose River, low water on................. 121 | Parker Pond, data on...... ............... 222

plan and profile of...................... 1 Parlin Pond, data on....... ........ .... 142,222

water powers on............. .......... 128 Parlin Stream, data on..... . . ..... ... 222

Moosehead Lake, data on.................. 221 Pattee Pond, data on.................... 143,222

drainage of............................. 9 Perham Stream, data on...... .. ........ 222

gage heights on.........'............ 70-76,132 i Phillips, water power at........ . . ....... 124

outlet of, headgates at, plate showing.. 128 Pierce Pond, data on............. . 139,144,222

population in basin of.................. 189 outlet of, water power on.............. 129

population and area in basin of, dia- , Pittsfield, water powers at............... 124-125

gram and map showing...... 190,191 Pleasant Pond, data on.............. 143,144,223

water of, use of................... ..... 131 Plea.sant Pond Stream, data on............ 223

water storage in.................. 132-133,144 , water powers on.... ................... 129

amount available for............. 150-151 | Pleistocene epoch, effect of, on Kennebec

amount required for.............. 150-158 topography..................... 0-8

diagram showing.. ... . ....... 157 Plymouth Pond, data on................. 143,223

effect of, on stream flo\\ . 145-148,158-162 Pocket Pond, data on...................... 223

diagrams showing.... ....... 160.161 Pollution, discussion of................. ' 188-198

mass curves of.......... .. ...... 153-158 effects of.............. .. ............ 195-198

diagrams showing........ 152,154,158 sources of......... . ... ..... .. 188-195

Mores Bog Stream Pond, data on...... ... 144 map showing... ........... .. 191

Morrill Pond, data on................. .. 144 Ponco Ponds, data on.... ... ............. 223

Mosquito Pond, data on............. ... 144,221 Ponds, formation of...... .. ..... ....... 8

Mosquito Kips, fall at.................. ... 128 list of................... ............... 11-14

Moxie Falls, height of.................. ... 128 See also Gazetteer.

Moxie Pond, data on ................. 13S, 144,221 relations of............................. 11-14

Moxie, Stream, data on..................... 221 set also particular ponds.

drainage of............................. 10,14 Poplar Brook, data on....... . . ... ..... 223

water powers on.. ..................... 128 Population, data on...... ... ......... 15,189

Mountain Pond, data on................... 221 Porters Pond, data on......... ... ..... 142

Muddy River, data on ...................... 221 Precipitation, ratio of run-off to.......... 106-113

Mud Pond, data on ......................... 221 records of............... ........... 10-24,116

Muskrat Pond, data on.................... 221 See also Rainfall; Snow.

	Prong Pond, data on....................... 223

	Pulp. See Paper and pulp. 

Narrows Pond, data on.................. 143, 221 ' Purgatory ponds, data on............... 143,223

Natanis Pond, data on ..................... 222

Nehurnkeag Pond, data on................. 222

Nequasset Brook, data on................. 222 Quality of water.......... ............... 167-211

Noquassot Pond, data on................. 144,222 , Newport, water power at.................. 125

New Sharon, water power at............. 124,130 ' Rail carriage of logs, cost of.............. 165-166

Nokomis Pond, data on.................... 222 Rainfall, diagram showing................. 22

Norcross Brook, data on....... ........... 222 records of............................... 16-22

Norcross Pond, data on.................. 142,222 relation of, to Waterville typhoid epiNorth Anson, discharge at, effect of dernic........................... 206

storage on.................... 146-148 Rainfall station, plate showing............. 26

discharge data at and near... ......... 41-48, Rapid Stream, data on..... ............... 223

81-81), 120,121,149 | Rating table, construction and use of....... 27

water powers at...................... 123-124 Redington Brook, data on................. 223

North Boundary I'ond, data on............ 222 Redington Pond, data on.................. 223

North Pond, data on................. 142,143,222 Reed Brook, data on....................... 223

Northwest Boundary Pond, data on....... 222 | Relief, description of....................... " 9

	Richard Pond, data on..................... 223

() - Richmond, chlorine at, diagram showing... 187

Oak Pond, data on......................... 222 quality of river water at......... 186-188,200

Oakland, pollution at...................... 199 I typhoid fever at...................... 201,211

water powers at...................... 125,130 w" ater supply at........................ 200

Odor of water, data on..................... 172, Rippi, w., method of computing water

173-176,182-183.196-197 supply by....................... 150

Organisms, microscopic, in Kennebec wa- Rivers, data concerning.................. 212-227

ter............................ 184-186 Ritt Brook, data on........................ 223

Otter ponds, data on..................... 144,212 R Oacn ponds, data on...................... 223

	Roach River, basin of, storage in.......... 137

	data on................................. 223

Palmyra Ponds, data at.......... ....... 143,222 discharge data on.............. 64-70,121,149

Paper and pulp mills, pollution by....... 192-193 drainage of............................. 14
234 INDEX.

Page. 

Roach River, low water in................. 121

water powers on........................ 128

Roach River (P. O.), discharge data at.... 64-70,

121,149

elevation at............................. 16

rainfall at.............................. 20

Robinson Pond, data on....... ......... 144,223

outlet of, data on....................... 223

Rock Pond, data on........................ 223

Rockwood, cable station at, plate showing. 26

discharge data near............ 59-64,121,149

water power near....................... 128

Rogers Pond, data on.................... 143,223

Rolling Dam Brook, data on ............... 224

Round Mountain Lake, data on............ 224

Round Pond, data on...................... 224

Rowe Pond, data on................ .... 142, 224

Rowe Pond Stream, data on............... 224

Run-oft", definition of....................... 29

ratio of, to precipitation............. 106-113

Saddlerock Ponds, data oil ................ 224

Sally Pond, data on........................ 224

Salmon Stream, data on ......... ......... 224

Sanborn Pond, data on............. . .. 143,224

Sand Pond, data oil........ ... . ....... 224

Sandy Pond, data on...... . .. ..... 142,143,224

Sandy River, basin of, storage in......... 142,144

data on................................. 224

discharge data of............... 86-90,121,149

drainage of............................. 11

former course ot.. ..................... 7

low water on........................... 121

population in basin of.................. 189

population and area in basin of, diagram and map showing....... 190,191

water powers on...................... 124,130

Sandy River Ponds, data on ............ 142,224

Sandy Stream, data on..................... 224

drainage of.......-...-...--...-....--.- 10

Savage Pond, data on....... ........ . .. 224

Sebastian Lake, data on ................. 143,224

Sebasticook River, basin of, storage in... 143,144 

data on....................... ......... 224

drainage of............................. 14

population and area in basin of, diagram and map showing...... 190,191

water powers on.... ... ......... 124-125,130

Sebleys Pond, data on........ .... ....... 224

Second-feet per square mile, definition of... 29 

Second-foot, definition of..... ........... 28

Sevenmile Brook, data on.................. 225

Sewage, pollution by................. 188-195,197

Shallow Pond, data on..................... 225

Shawmut, water power at.................. 122

Shed Pond, data on........................ 225

Sibley Pond, data on....................... 144

Skinner Pond, data on................... 143,225

Skowhegan, water power at....... .. . 122,127

Smith, George Otis, on geology of Kennebec

basin........................... 4-9

Smith Pond, data on................... ... 225

Snow, storage by........................... 23-24

Snow Pond, data on...................... . 225

Socatean River, data on.................... 225

Page. 

Soldier Pond, evaporation at............... 115

Solon, elevation at......................... 16

rainfall at ..... ..... ................. 20

Solon Ferry, water power near............. 127

Somerset Railway, log carrying rates of... 165-166 

South Boundary Pond, data on .......'..... 225

Spectacle Pond, data on.. . ...... .... 225

Spencer Ponds, data on............. 142,144,225

plan of....... .. .. ........ ........... 1

Spencer Rips, fall at........................ 128

Spencer Stream, dam on, use of............ 141

data on................................. 225

drainage of........................... . 10

Spring Lake, data on........... ..... 140,142,225

plan of.... ............................ 1

Spruce Pond, data on.................... 142,225

Squaw Brook, data on..................... 225

Stafford Pond, data on... . ............ 143,225

Starbird Pond, data on........ ......... 143,225

Stetson Pond, data on................... 143,225

Stony Brook, data on...... . ............ 225

Storage. See Water storage.

Stratton Brook, data on....... .. .... 225

Stream flow, dgjtai on, collection of .. 25-26,33-166

data on, collection of, stations for....... 33

computation of..................... 27-28

sources of... ....................... 24-25

use of... ............. ............ 32-33

definitions of terms used in. ........... 28-29

determination cf accuracy of .......... 30-32

effect of storage on....... . . 145-147,158-162

diagram showing.................. 160,161

tables of, explanation of................ 29

Streams, fall on ........ ................... 3-4

flow of. See Stream flow.

list of................................... 9-11

plans and profiles of.................... 1

pollution of. See Pollution.

relations of............. ............... 9-11

Strong, water power at..................... 130

Stuarts Ponds, data on.................... 143

Surveys, plans and profiles of.............. 1

Sylvester Pond, data on.................... 142

T.

Tables, explanation of.. .. ................ 29

Taylor Pond, data on...................... 142

Tee Pond, data on.. ....................... 226

Ten Thousand Acre Ponds, data on........ 226

The Forks, discharge at, effect of storage

on........ ...... ........ 146-148

discharge data at and near.......... .. 33-40,

76-81,118,120,121,149 

elevation at........... ................. 16

rainfall at........... .................. 17,20

snow at......... ....................... 23

diagram showing................... 24

water powers near.. . ................ 127

Thorndike Ponds, data on................. 142

Three-Cornercd Pond, data on............. 226

Threemile Pond, data on................. 144,226

Tieonic Falls, water power at.............. 123

Tides, effect of, on quality of water........ 186-188

Tim Brook, data on........................ 226

Tim Pond, data on....................... 142,^26
INDEX. 235

Page. 

Toby Brook, data on....................... 226

Toby Pond, data on........................ 226

Togus Pond, data on....... ............. 144,226

Tolman Pond, data on.......... .......... 226

Tom Fletcher Stream, data on............. 226

Tomhegan Pond, data on........ ...... 144,226

Tomhegan Stream, data on ................ 226

Topography, description of........ ...... 2-4

Transportation, character of............... 16

Trout Pond, data on................. ..... 226

Tufts Pond, data on . . ................ 142,226

Turbidity, data concerning.............. 168-170,

172-181,182-183,196 

Turner Brook, data on..................... 226

Turner Pond, data on...................... 226

Twenty-five Mile Pond, data on.......... 143,226

Typhoid fever epidemic, causes of. 198,203-207,209 

occurrence of....... ....... . 198-211

relation of rainfall and ....... ... 206-207

starting points of.............. . 205-206

U. 

Unity Pond, data on................. . ... 226

Upper Churchill Stream, data on........... 226

Upper Roach Pond, data on............... 144

Ward Pond, data on.......................

Water, Bacillus coli in.......... . 172-181,186.

bacteria in........ 172-181,182-183,186,197-

color of......... .... .... .. . ..... 167-

170-171,172-181,182-183 

chemical constituents in.. ....... 181-184

chlorine in.... ................ .... 181

hardness of........ .............. 168,181

microorganisms in .. ................. 184

odor of............ 172,173-176,182-183,196

pollution of....... ...... ..... 188

quality of........... .... . . . 167

turbidity of....... 168-170,172-181,182-183,

typhoid fever from.................... 198

See also Typhoid fever. 

Waterfalls, production of. . ..............

Water powers, existence of... .............

log driving and, relations of.............

Water powers, developed, descriptions of. 121 

Water powers, undeveloped, descriptions 

of............................. 126

Water resources of Kennehec basin..... .. 1

Water storage, amount available for.... . 149

amount required for.. ..... .... .... 161

effect of, on flow.............. 145-148,158

diagrams showing................ 160

effect of evaporation on... ... .........

mass curves of- See Mass curves, 

purposes of............. .... ....... .

system of.......... . . .............. 131

description of. . ......... ..... 131

geologic genesis of ..................

Waterville, discharge at, effect of storage

on .. .. .............. 146-148,158

diagram showing............. .....

226

198

 198 

168,

196

197

 184 

184 

186

197

198

211

196

6

1

131

-126

-130 

166

-162

 162

 161 

161 j 

145 |

I

131 I

132

162

8

 161 

160

Page. 

Waterville, discharge data at . ........... 48-49,

90-92,106-110,118,120,121,149-152 

iron works at. pollution from. ....... 195

map of............... ..... . ......... 204

precipitation in Kennebec basin above.. 22,

106-110 

diagram showing................... 22

ratio of, to run-off.. . ........... 106-110

rainfall at, relation of, to typhoid fever 206-207 

sewage pollution at... ....... 197-198,199,200

typhoid fever at.................. 200-207,211

diagram showing................... 202

map illustrating...... ............. 204

source of...... ... .......... .... 20,5-207

water above, quality of..-. .......... 172-177

water powers at and near............ 125-126

water supply of...... . ......... 167,199,203

Weber Pond, data on. . . ............. 144,226

outlet of, water power at.... .......... 130

Weeks Pond, data on..... ... ........ 143,226

Welhern Pond, data on.... . ......... 226

Wells, Walter, on water storage in Maine.. 141-144 

Wentworth Pond, data on........... ... 143,227

Wesserunsett Stream, basin of, storage in. 143,144 

data on........... . .................. _227

West Brook, data on.... . ................ 227

West Carry Pond, plan of.................. 1

water storage in...... . .............. 140

West New Portland, water power at........ 124

West Outlet Pond, data on.... .......... 144,227

Weymouth Pond, data on........... .... 143,227

Whipple, G. C., on quality of Kennebec

River water................... 167-211

Whipple Pond, data on..................... 227

Whitcomb Rock, data on .. .......... .... 227

Whites Pond, data on.... ................ 227

Williams Stream, data on ................. 227

Wilsons Pond, data on................... 143,227

Wilson Stream, data on................. .. 227

Wilton Pond, data on..... .............. 142,227

Winslow, elevation at...................... 16

paper mills at, pollution from ........ 194-195

rainfall at........... ................... 17,20

snow at................ ................ 23

typhoid fever at...................... 200,201

water powers at..... . .............. 123,130

Witham Brook, data on .................... 227

Withee Pond, data on.......... ........... 227

Wood, B. D., gazetteer by, of rivers, lakes, 

and ponds in Kennebec River 

basin . ...... .............. 212-227

Wood Pond, data on..................... 142,227

discharge data of..... ................. 64

outlet of, plan of .......... ............ 1

plan of.. ......... .... ................ 1

water storage in...................... 135-136

Wood Pond Stream, discharge data of..... 64

Wood Stream, data on........ ... ........ 227

Woolen mills, pollution by......... . 192-193,195

Wyman Pond, data on................... 143,227

Youngs Pond, data on...................... 227

3697 IRR 198 07- -16
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL

SURVEY.

[Water-Supply Paper No. 198.]

The publications of the United States Geological Purvey consist of (1) Animal 

Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral 

Resources, (6) "Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United 

States folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of United States 

folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the 

others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists can be had on application.

Most of the above publications can be obtained or consulted in the following ways:

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 

can be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application.

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress for 

distribution.

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 

D. C., from whom they can be had at prices slightly above cost.

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 

libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they can be consulted 

by those interested.

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of 

subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified 

into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and 

physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; 1, Irrigation; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic, investigations; K, Water power; O, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports; 

Q, Fuels; R, Structural materials. This paper is the twenty-first in Series L, the 

twenty-third in Series M, and the thirteenth in Series N, the complete lists of 

which follow (WS=Water-Supply Paper):

SERIES L, QUALITY OF WATER.

WS 3. Sewage irrigation, by G. W. Rafter. 1897. 100 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.)

WS 22. Sewnge irrigation, Ft. II. by '-. W. Rafter. 1899. 100 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.)

WS 72. Sewage pollution near New York City, by M. O. Leighton. 1902. 75 pp., 8 pis.

WS 76. Flow of rivers near New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 108 pp., 13 pis.

WS 79. Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States, by M. O. Leighton. 1903. 192pp.,

15 pis. 

WS 103. Review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, by K. B.

Goodell. 1904. 120 pp. 

WS 108. Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by M. O. Leighton, with an

introductory chapter on physiographic features, by G. B, Hollister. 1904. 70 pp., 4 pis. 

\VS 113. The disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes, by R. L. Sackett and Isaiah Bowman. 1905.

52 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 121. Preliminary report on the pollution of Lake Champlain, by M. O. Leighton. 1905. 119 pp.

13 pis. 

WS 144. The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England,

by D. D. Jackson. 1905. 31 pp., 5 pis.

WS 151. Field assay of water, by M. O. Leighton. 1905. 77 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 152. A review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the Fnited States, second

edition, by E. B. Goodell. 1905. 149pp. 

WS 161. Quality of water in upper Ohio River basin and at Erie, Pa., by S. J. Lewis. 1906. 114 pp.,

6 pis. (Out of stock.)

I
II SERIES LIST.

WS 179. Prevention of stream pollution by distillery refuse, based on investigations at Lynehbnrg,

Ohio, by Herman Stabler. 1906. 34 pp., 1 pi. 

WS 183. Investigations on the purification of Boston sewage, by 0. E. A. Winslo\v and Earle B,

Phelps. 1906. 163 pp. 

WS 186. Stream pollution by acid-iron wastes, a report based on investigations made at Shelby, Ohio,

by Herman Stabler. 1906. 36 pp., 1 pi. 

WS 189. The prevention of stream pollution by straw board waste, b\ Earle Bernard Phelps. 1906.

29pp., 2 pis. 

WS 192. The Potomac River basin: Geographic history rainfall and stream flow pollution, typhoid

fever, and character of water relation of-soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of

surface water effect of industrial wastes on fishes, by H. N. Parker, Bailey Willis, R. H.

Bolster, W. W. Ashe, and M. C. Marsh. 1907. 364 pp., 10 pis.

WS 193. Quality of surface waters in Minnesota, by R. B. Dole and F. P. Wesbrook. 1907. 171 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 194. Pollution of Illinois and Mississippi rivers by Chicago sewage; a digest of the testimony

taken in the case of the State of Missouri v. the State of Illinois and the Sanitary District

of Chicago, by M. O. Leighton. 1907. 369 pp., 2 pis. 

WS. 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on

the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis.

SERIES M, GENERAL HYDROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS.

WS 56. Methods of stream measurement. 1901. 51 pp., 12 pis.

WS 64. Accuracy of stream measurements, by E. C. Murphy. 1902. 99 pp., 4 pis.

WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1902.

108pp., 13 pis.

WS 80. The relation of rainfall to run-off, by G. W. Rafter. 1903. 104 pp. 

WS 81. California hydrography, by J. B. Lippincott. 1903. 488 pp., 1 pi. 

WS 88. The Passaie flood of 1902, by G. B. Hollister and M. O. Leighton. 1903. 56 pp., 15 pis. 

WS 91. Natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum, and

Miami drainage areas in Ohio, by B. H. Flynn and II." S. Flynn. 1904. 130 pp. 

WS 92. The Passaic flood of 1903, by M. O. Leighton. 1904. 48pp., 7 pis. 

WS 94. Hydrographic manual of the United States Geological Survey, prepared by E. C. Murphy,

J. C. Hoyt, and G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 3 pis. (Out of stock.)

WS 95. Accuracy of stream measurements (second edition), by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 169 pp.,6 pis. 

WS 96. Destructive floods in the United States in 1903, by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 81 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75pp., 4 pis. 

WS 109. Hydrography of the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H. Anderson.

1904. 215 pp., 28 pis.

WS 116. Water resources near Santa Barbara, California, by J. B. Lippincott. 1904. 99 pp., 8 pis. 

WS-! 147. Destructive floods in the United States in 1904, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1905. 206 pp.,

18 pis. 

WS 150. Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. Horton. 1906. 189pp., 38 pis. (Out

of stock.) 

WS 162. Destructive floods in the United States in 1905, by K. C. Murphy and others. 1906 105 pp.,

4 pis. 

WS 180. Turbine water-wheel tests and power tables, by Robert E. Horton. 1906. 134 pp., 2 pis. (Out

of stock.) 

WS 187. Determination of stream flow during the frozen season, by H. K. Barrows and Robert E.

Horton. 1907. 93 pp., 1 pi. 

WS 192. The Potomac River basin: Geographic history rainfall and stream flow pollution, typhoid

fever, and character of water relation of soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of

surface water effect of industrial wastes on fishes, by H. N. Parker, Bailey Willis, R. H.

Bolster, W. W. Ashe, and M. C. March. 1907. 364 pp., 10 pis. 

WS 196. WTater supply of Nome region, Seward Peninsula-, Alaska, 1906, by J. C. Hoyt and F. F. Henshaw. 1907. 52 pp., 6 pis. (Out of stock.)

WS 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall. 1907. 342 pp., 1 pi. 

WS 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on

the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis.

SERIES X, WATER POWER.

WS 24. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. I, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 92 pp., 13 pis.

WS 25. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100-200 pp., 12 pis.

WS 44. Profiles of rivers, by Henry Gannett. 1901. 100 pp., 11 pis.

WS 62. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. I, by H. A. Pressey. 1902.

95 pp., 25 pis. 

WS 63. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. II, by H. A. Pressey. 1902.

96-190 pp., 26-44 pis,
SERIES LIST. Ill

WS 69. Water powers of the State of Maine, by H. A. Pressey. 190'2. 124 pp., 14 pis.

\VS 105. Water powers of Texas, by T. U. Taylor. 1904. 110 pp., 17 pis.

WS 107. Water powers of Alabama with an appendix on stream measurements in Mississippi, by B. M.

Hall. 1904. 253pp., 9 pis. 

WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehnnna River drainage basin, by .1. C. Hoyt and K. H. Anderson.

1905. 21"> pp., 29 pis.

\VS 115. River survey^, and profiles made in 1903, by \V. 0. Hall and J. 0. Hoyt. 1905. 115 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 15(1. Water powers of northern Wisconsin, by L. S. Smith. 1906. 145 pp., 5 pis. 

WS 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall. 1907. 342 pp., 1 pi. 

\VS 198. Water resources of the Kennebee River ba^in, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on

the quality of Kennebee River water, by George (\ Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis.

Correspondence should be addressed to

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

AUGUST, 1907.

o