GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 233 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

EAST NORTH- CENTRAL STATES, ~952 

By E. W. Lohr, P. N. Brown, and W. L. Lamar 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 2 5& 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

EAST NORTH-CENTRAL STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, P. N. brown, and W. L. Lamar 

Washington, D. C., 1953 

Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. 
I" 

• 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Illinois • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 

Alton .......................... 3 

Aurora ..•........•..........•.. 4 

Belleville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 4 

Berwyn ........................ 4 

Bloomington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Blue Island . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . 5 

Brookfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Calumet City ................... 6 

Champaign ..................... 6 

Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 

Chicago Heights . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

Cicero •........................ 9 

Danville ... ·. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

Decatur ...•................... 11 

East St. Louis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

Elgin ...................... 13-14 

Elmhurst •..................... 14 

Elmwood Park ·~·............... 14 

Evanston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 15 

Freeport . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 16 

Galesburg .................. -... 17 

Granite City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

Jacksonville • . . . . . . . • . . . . ..• . . . . 18 

Joliet . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Kankakee •...•....... ··· . . . • • . . • 20 

Maywood ..•.............•.... 21 

l\'loline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 21 

Oak Park .......•..•...... :. . . 21 

Pekin ...•.......•.......••.•.• 22 

Peoria ........•........•.•..•• 23 

Quincy ......................•• 24 

Rockford . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . 25 

Rock Island . • . . . • . . . • . . . . • . . • . 26 

Springfield ........... -. . . . . . . . . 2·7 

Waukegan . . • • . • . . . • . . . . • . • . . . • 28 

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • . 29- 53 

Anderson . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . • . . • . . . 29 

Bloomington •.•...•. · ....•.•..•. 30 

Columbus . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 31 

Connersville . . . . . . • • . • . . . . . . • . . 3 2 

East Chicago ....•.•..•......•• 33 

Elkhart • . • • . . • • . . . • . . . • • . . • . • • 34 

Evansville ........ : ....••..... ·. 3 5 

Fort Wayne..................... 36 

Gary .•..•..•...••.•.•.•....... 37 

Hammond ..•........•••••.•.•• 38 

Indianapolis ~· . • . . • . . . . . . . • . • . . • 3 9 

Kokomo .•..•.••.••..••.•....•. 40 

Page 

Indiana--Continued ............. 41-53 

Lafayette ....... :. . . . . . . . . . . • . 41 

La Porte .·...•. ... . . . . . • • . . . . • . 42 

Logansport • . . . . • . • • . • . . . . . . • . . 43 

Marion . . • . . . . . . . • . • . . . • • . . . . . 44 

Michigan City . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . • 45 

Mishawa.l{a ....... ·. . . . • . . . . • . . . 46 

Muricie . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . • • . . 47 

New Albany . • . . . . . • • • . . • • . . • . • 48 

New Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . • 49 

Richmond . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . 50 

South Bend .....• :. . . . . . . . • . . • • 51 

Terre Haute . . • . . . . . • . . . • • . . . • 52 

Vincennes . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . 53 

Michigan .•..•••.......•......• 54-75 

Adrian..... • . . . . . • . • . . • • . . • • . . 54 

Ann Arbor . . • . . . . . . • . • • . . • . . • . 55 

Battle Creek . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . • • 56 

Bay City • . . . . • . . . . • . . • . • • . • . . . 57 

Benton Harbor . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . • 58 

Dearborn ......•...•...•.•.••. · 58 

Detroit . . . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . . • • . . . 59 

East Detroit . . • . • • . ..• . . . • . . . . . . 59 

East Lansing . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 60 

Ecorse ........ :. . . • • . . . . . . . . . 60 

Ferndale . . • • . . . . • . . . . . • • . . . • . . 60 

Flint ..•.....••••.••• ; . . . . . . . . 61 

Grand R·apids • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

Hamtramck . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

Hazel Park . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . • . • 62 

Highland ParK . . . • . . • . • . • . . • . • • 63 

Jackson........................ 64 

Kalamazoo· • • . • . • • • • • . • • • . . • . . • 65 

Lansing............ . • . . • . . • . . . 66 

Lincoln Park ...•. ~ • • • • • • . • . . . • 66 

Livonia • . . • . • • . . • • . • • • . • • . • . • . 66 

Monroe •.•. :. • . • • • • . • . . . . . . . • • 67 

Muskegon • . • • . • . • . • • • • • . . • • • • • 68 

Muskegon Heights ••••. :. • . . • • . 69 

Pontiac . . . . • • . • . . • . . • . . • • • • • . . 70 

Port Huron .••. ·. • • • . . . . • • • • • • • • 71 

River Rouge • . . • • . . • • . • . • . • • • • • 71 

Roseville. . • . • . • • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • 71 

Royal Oak..................... 72 

Saginaw....................... 73 

St. Clair Shores .. • . • . • . . .. .. .. 73 

Wyandotte . . . • • . • • • . • • . • • • . . • . • 74 

Ypsilanti. • • . . • • • • • • • . • • • . . • . . . 75 

Ohio ...•...•.•.•. : ••••.•.••.• 76-105 

Akron . • . • . . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • . • 76 

Ill 
IV 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Ohio--Continued .•............ 77-105 

Alliance .. 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• 77 

Barberton ............•........ 78 

Canton ..•.•................... 79 

Cincinnati .............•....... 80 

Cleveland ................•..... 81 

Cleveland Heights .............. 82 

Columbus ..................... 82 

Cuyahoga Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

Dayton ...•...............•.... 84 

East Cleveland • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 

East Liverpool ................. 85 

Elyria ........•..........•.... " 86 

Euclid .••........••.......•.•.. 86 

Hamilton . . • . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . • . . • 8 7 

lronton ........................ 88 

Lakewood . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 88 

Lancaster. . . . • . . . • . . . . • . • . • . . . . 89 

Lima .....•....•...•...•..•.••. 90 

Lorain .•..•.....•.•............ 91 

Mansfield . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 92 

Marion .............•.......... 93 

'1Jlassillon • . . . • • • . • . . . . • . . . • . . . • 94 

Middletown . . . • • . • • . . . • . . . • • . . • 95 

Newar-k ........••••..•.•...... 96 

Norwood .••..•.•...•.......... 97 

Parma .••.••••..••..•••..•.... 97 

Portsmouth . • . • • • • . • • . • . • • • • . . • 98 

Sandusky • • . . • • • . . • • • • . • . . • • • . . 99 

Shaker Heights • • • • • • • • • . • • • . . • . 99 

Page 

Ohio--Continued .............. 100-105 

South Euclid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

Springfiel<;i ...........•....... 100 

Steubenville .................. 101 

Toledo . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 

Warren ...................... 103 

Youngstown • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 104 

Zanesville .•........... o •••••• 105 

Wisconsin .............•..... 106-125 

Appleton ...................... 106 

Belo-it 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 107 

Eau Claire .................... 108 

Fond DuLac .................. 109 

Green Bay ...•....•.•.•....... 116 

Janesville .....•.......... : . .. 111 

Kenosha .••.................•. 112 

La Crosse ..••..•......... 113"7114 

Madison . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . 115 

Manitowoc ...•..••.....•.....• 116 

Milwaukee .•....•........•... o 117 

Oshkosh . . • . . • • . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 118 

Racine .•...•..... ~ •.....•.•.. 119 

Sheboygan .•.••............... 120 

Shorewo.od ..........• ~ ... o •• o • 120 

Stevens Point .•....•....•••... 121 

Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

Waukesha ....• ~ ..•............ 123 

Wausau .•....•..•........•.... 124 

Wauwatosa ......... · . . . • . • • . . . . 12 5 

West Allis •..•.•....•..•...... 125 

ILLUSTRATION 

Figure 1. Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars 

on the Industrial Utility of Public Water Supplies of the United States, 1952. 

The shaded portion represents the section of the country covered by this circular •••.•••.•••.••. · ••••.••.••••••..•.••••.••.•..•...•.......•.•..•.•• 2 
THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE EAST NORTH CENTRAL STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, P. N. Brown, and W. L. Lamar 

INTRODUCTION 

The location of induitrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suitable quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water 

supplies is not only essential to the location of many p!ants but also is an aid in 

the manufacture and distribution of many commodities. 

Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many 

industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with 

further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water 

for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in 

the United States in 1950 was estimated to be more then 75 billion gallons per day 

from private sources. In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated 

to be taken from public water supplies. 

U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of 

public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining 

to the p1:1blic water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. 

This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important 

need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date 

information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised 

report, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 

1, 200 cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological 

Survey Water-Supply Paper. However, in order that the information might be 

available at the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued 

which give data on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being 

released as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by the Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the 

country. (See fig. 1). The reports give 'descriptive information and analytical 

data for approximately three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final 

report for each of the states. 

This circular is the sixth of the series and includes data for the States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. (See fig. 1). The report gives 

the population (1950) of the city, the population supplied, ownership, sources and 

treatment of supplies, capacity of treatment plants, storage facilities for both 

raw and finished waters, and chemical analyses of the water for a total of 151 

of the larger cities of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The 

data for each city are essentially the same as will appear in the complete report 

for the whole country. 

Data for the supplies in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin were 

compiled by Paul N. Brown and others under the general supervision of W. L. 

Lamar, district chemist, Columbus, Ohio. Review and final assembly of the 

data were made by E. W. Lohr in the Washington office under the direction of 

S. K. Love, Chief, Quality of Water Branch. 

1 
,WEST 

SOUTH 

Figure -1. -Map of the United State~-showfng sections covered-bfthe' nine circulars on the lndustr1aiUt1ffi~o.f Pu6Uc.~ater Supplies of the 

United States, 1952;.. The shaded portion r~.P.resents the'\ section of the country covered ~Y:this circular. 

N 
ILLINOIS 3 

AL'ION 

(Population, 32, 550) 

Ownership: Alton Water Company (controlled by American Water Works Company); supplies also about 1, 450 people outside Alton. Total population supplied, about 34,000. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 600,000 gpd. 

Raw .. water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 045,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••..••• 5. 2 3.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ••.....••.•.•. a .02 .12 Total ~··············· 184 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 18 • 00 Noncarbonate .••••• 43 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 45 23 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••. 17 12 Colar ............... _ ..... 20 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 10 7o 6 pH •.••.•••••••••••••.•••• 7.7 

Potassium {K) ••••••• 1.6 2.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 170 65 25 c.)~·············· 410 

Sulfate (SOJ •..••••••• 49 55 Turbidity .•••.••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) •••••..•• 10 10 Temperature (F.) ••• 76 

Fluoride {F) •••••••••• .4 .3 Date of collection •.• lsept. 16, 

Nitr.ate {NOJ ••••••••• .3 2.3 1952 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 251 166 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

106 

54 

5 

7.7 

275 

--

76 

~ept. 16, 

1952 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av ~ax Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 15J 191 97 7.7 7.4 7. 9 205 252 127 .218 ~228 25 

Finished water£ •. 5~ 90 29 9.3 10.2 7.9 117 150 90 0 0 0 

a Iron in solution when analysed. Sample turbid when collected. 
4 

Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

AURORA 

(Population, 50, 576) 

Source: 10 drilled wells (5 to 12, 12a, 14), 2,185 to 2,460 ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration for iron removal, chlorination of part of supply, filtration 

of part of supply. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey) 

Wells 

Well7 (finish~d 

water) a 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••..••. -- 7.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•..••••••. 1.2 .13 Total ~··············· Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 83 93 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 29 29 Color···············-····· 

Sodium (Na) •.•.••.••• 

} 204 {129 pH ..••••••••••.•••.•.•.•. 

Potassium (K) ••.•••. 16 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. -- 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ b297 315 25 c.) ..•..•......... 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 45 37 Turbidity ..•.•.•.•.••.• 

Chloride (Cl) .•.•..••. 340 248 Temperature (F.) ••. 

Fluoride (F) ....•..... -- 1.0 Date of collection ..• 

Nitrate (NOJ . • . . . . . •. · . 2 . 2 

Dissolved solids •..•. :·~ '3 ~.: 730 

~pth (feet) ..................................... , .......................... ~~ 

Diameter (inches) .......................................................... Date drilled ................................................................ Percent of supply .......................................................... 

... 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 

BELLEVILLE 

(Population, 32, 721) 

Ownership: East St. Louis and Interurban Water Company. 

Source: Supplied by East St. Louis. (See East St. Louis.) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

BERWYN 

(Population, 51, 280} 

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago. ) 

Finished-water storage: 2, 650,000 gal. 

Well 7 

329 

85 

0 

--

--

10 

-- Oct. 19, 

1946 

2,262 

18 

1915 

~-- --

Wells 

(finish~d water a 

350 

93 

2 

6.8 

1,370 

--

-- Sept., 

1952 

--

--

--

--
Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

BLOOMINGTON 

(Population, 34, 163) 

Source: Money Creek, impounded. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of tr-eatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 250,000,000 gal. 

-Finished-water storage: 8, 160,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Dept. of Public Health) 

5 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water . Silica (SiO~ •.•••.•••• 7.0 -- Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••.•••• -- -- Total ~··············· 221 98 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 1 • 08 Noncarbonate •••••. 57 36 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 49 22 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 24 10 Color···············.····· -- -- Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } .0 .0 pH ..••..••..••..•.•..•... 7.9 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 200 76 25 c. ) ............... 404 -- Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 49 22 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.0 .o Temperature (F.) .... -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 -- Date of collection ••• Apr. 9, Mar. 12, Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• .3 11 1945 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 216 264 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ......... 150 171 

Finished water~ •. 28 47 

Min Av Max Min Av 

100 8.2 9.0 7.6 206 

"20 9.3 9. 5 9.0 

BLUE ISLAND 

(Population, 17, 622) 

88 

(ppm) -

Max Min Av Max 

252 150 65 800 

112 74 0 0 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 8, 000 people outside Blue Island. 

Total population supplied, about 25,600. 

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Ownership:. Municipal. 

BROOKFIELD 

(Population, 15, 472) 

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Min 

10 

0 
6 

Ownership: Municipal. . 

ILLINOIS 

CALUMET CITY 

(Population, 15, 799) 

Source: Supplied oy Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

CHAMPAIGN 

(Population, 39, 563) 

Ownership: Northern Illinois Water Corporation. 

Source: 40 drilled wells, 154 to 299ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration for iron removal, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

chlorination. 

, . Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 050, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ill. Dept. of Health and by State Water Survey) ---T- -

Well48 Well 50 Finished 

water 

Silica (SiOJ .......................... 24 19 18 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.2 .8 . 03 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• . 0 -- .1 

Calcium (Ca) ·~· • ·• • ••••••••••••••••••• 61 50 55 

Magnesium {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 23 27 34 

Sodium (Na) •••••.••••• ~ ••.•••••••.•••• } 63 26 38 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••••••••••••••••••. -- -- 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•••••••••••••• a473 a356 417 

Sulfate (SOJ. •••••••••••••••••••••••••. 1.0 .0 12 

Chloride ( Cl) .......................... 3.0 2.0 3.0 

Fluoride ('1 •..........••............. . 5 .1 . 3 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• .4 • 2 .1 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 403 288 360 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 248 237 277 

Nonca.r'bonate ••••••••••••••••••• -•• 0 0 0 

Color························~·········· 0 0 -- pH .....•...••..••.••••.••••••••..•.••.••. -- -- 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• -- -- 638 

Tu.rbidity ...........................•. 22 -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Mar. 15,1~49 Jan. 19, 1949 Apr. 10, 1951 

Depth (feet) ........................... 231 299 

Diameter (inches) ................... 38-17 38-17 

Date drilled .......................... 1947 1947 

Percent of supply .•..•.••.•....••.•. -- -- aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. 
ILLINOIS 

CHICAGO 

(Population, 3, 620, 962) 

7 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Berwyn, Blue Island, Brookfield, Calumet 

City, Cicero, Elmwood Park, Harvey, Maywood, Oak Park, Park Ridge, and 

a numb.::r of other cities anJ towns, of a total population of about 487, 000. 

rotal population supplied, about 4, 108,000. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

rreatn;ent: North and Central Districts (about 67 percent of supply): chlorination. 

South uistrict (about 33 percent of supply): prechlorination, coagulation with 

alum (an.:i acid treated sodium silicate during winter months), activated carbon, 

add1tion of lime for corrosion control, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

pos tchlor lnation. 

Rated capacity of treatr~-:ent plant: 320, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water stora;e: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8 basins, 14, 600,000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 32,300,000 gal. 

The city is divided into three water districts: North District, Central District, 

and South District, served by 4 intakes in the Lake. Wilson Avenue Crib 

intaKe, 2. 1 miles offshore at Wilson Avenue, supplies the North District; 

wrn. E. Dever Crib intake, 2. 7 miles offshore at Chicago Avenue, and 

Four Mile Crib intaJ..;.e, 3. 2 miles offshore at 14th Street, supply the Central 

District; Junne Crib intake, 2 miles offshore at 68th Street, supplies the 

South District Filtration Plant and the South :)istrict. The water supply 

system includes 15 pumping stations. The treatment plant is on 79th Street at 

the Lake on the southeast side of the City. The plant serves a total population 

of about 1, 510,000. 
8 ILLINOIS 

CIDCAGO--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Chicago Department of Public Works) 

Raw Finished Finished Finished 

water a water a waterb water c 

Silica_ (SiOJ •.•••••••••••••••.•••• 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.2 

Iron (Fe) ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• . 09 . 09 .21 .19 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• . 00 .00 .00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) ...••..••.•••••.••••• 32 39 36 36 

Magnesium (Mg) .• ." ••••.•••..••. 10 10 10 10 

Sodium (Na) ...••••••.••.•.•..••••. 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.9 

PotassiUm (K) .•••••••••••••.•••• 1.0 . 7 . 7 . 6 

Carbonate (COJ ••.•.•.••.••.•.•• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.•••••••• 138 132 135 138 

Sulfate (S04) ••• ••••••• ............. 17 23 17 18 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 6. 5 7.2 6.3 6.4 

Fluoride (F) ............. ·•···· .. . 1 . 1 .1 .1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Dissolved solids •••••.•••••••••• 171 168 150 148 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .......................... ,. 121 138 131 131 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••.• :~. 8 30 20 18 

Color •••.•••••.•••••••••••••••••••.. 3 1 3 3 

pH ••...••.••.••••••••••••••••••••••.• 8.2 7.9 8.2 8.2 

Specific conductance 

240 (micromhos at 25 C.) ••.••• 263 273 225 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 0 14 13 

Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 40 39 37 38 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Apr. 9, Apr. 9, Apr. 9, Apr. 9, 

1952 1952 1952. 1952 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

.Av Max Min Av 

Raw water ....•.... -- 117 104 8.3 

Finished water ••. -- 112 90 7.9 

a South District Filtration Plant. 

b Chicago Ave. ·Pumping Station. 

CJefferson Ave. Pumping Station. 

pH 

Max Min 

8.4 7.8 

8.1 7.7 

Hardness 

as CaC03 (ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

110 117 104 8.6 99 1 

105 112 90 0 0 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

CHICAGO HEIGHTS 

(Population, 24, 551) 

9 

Source: 8 drilled wells (15 to 19, 21 to 23), 2·)0, 235, 1, ~32, 251, 330, 203, 270, 

and :l60 ft deep. Auxiliary supply, 1 well (14), 174ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 035,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey) 

Wells 

Well 21 (finisheg 

water) ~ 

Silica (SiOJ ............ 1~4~ 19 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•.••••.. • 29 Total ~············· .. Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 112 130 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 45 58 Color···············-····· 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. ) { 21 pH .•••..••••••••••••••.•• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 33 5.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) .•.•.. -- 0 (micromhos at 

.Bicarbonate (HCO,) 444 488 25 c.)··············· Sulfate (SOJ ..•••••••• 159 200 Turbidity •••••••.•••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.•. 4.0 3.5 Temperature (F. ) ••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••..• -- • 3 Date of collection •.• 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• 4.1 1.5 

Dissolved solids ••.•. '618' :f7 

~pth (feet) ................................................................. Diameter (inches) .............•...•....•...•.................•.. · ........... 

Date drilled ................................................................ Percent of supply ......•.•....•...•.•.................••..•........•....•.. 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey.· 

CICERO 

(Population, 67, 544) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

·source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Wells 

Well 21 (finished 

water) a 

466 565 

102 163 

0 4 

7.0 7.1 

-- 1,040 

10 -- 51.6 -- Oct. 20, Sept. 27, 

1945 1952 

203 

24 

1945 

--
10 ILLINOIS 

DANVILLE 

(Population, 37, P64) 

Ownership: Interstate Water Company; supplies also about 5, 400 people outside 

Danville. Total population supplied, about 43, 300, 

Source: North Fork Vermilion River, impounded. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination to breakpoint. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 500, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 900,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water) a water water a 

Silica (SiO:J ..•••. : ••• 10 2.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ••..•....••••. -- 1.2 Total : ................ 238 232 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 2 • 00 Noncarbonate •••... 70 52 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 56 47 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 24 28 Color .•••..••••..••••••.• -- 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•••••. } { 4.8 pH ..••..•••.••..•..•.•.•• 7.9 7.3 

Potassium (K) ••..••. 1 1.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..... d 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 205 220 25 c.)··············· 567 465 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 59 46 Turbidity ..•.•••.••••.. -- -- Chloride (Cl) ......... 5 11 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••..••. . 3 .2 Date of collection ... June 11, Sept. 17' 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 5 .4 1945 1952 

Dissolved solids ••••. 270 265 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max .Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 157 24C 20 7. 7 8.4 6.2 -- -- -- 133 2,000 6. 5 

Finished water ... 144 23E 12 7.3 8.2 6.0 183 324 159 2.4 35 0 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 
Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

DECATUR 

(Population, 66, 269) 

• 

11 

Source: Sangamon River, impounded in Lake Decatur. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, 

tion, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

recarbonation, sedimentaRated capacity of treatment plant: 18, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 8, 000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Dept. of Public Health) 

Raw ~inished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•••.•••• -- 5.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.••••..•••. -- . 01 Total ~··············· 268 100 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 1 .0 Noncarbonate •••••• 52 56 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 61 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 28 16 Color ............... _ ..... -- -- Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 2.0 8.0 pH ...•...•...•..•........ 8.0 9.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 263 a 54 25 c.)··············· 590 301 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 44 62 Turbidity·············· -- -- Chloride· (Cl) ••••••••• 3.0 4.0 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• -- .4 Date of collection ••• July 10, July 10, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 6.0 5. 0 1945 1945 

Dissolved solids ••••• 280 132 

Regular determ:rm.atwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......•.. 182 252 96 8.0 8.4 7.3 225 284 132 107 650 40 

Finished water ... 73 134 32 9.6 10.2 8.9 116 172 76 .6 1. 9 • 2 

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 
12 ILLINOIS 

EAST ST. LOUIS 

(P-opulation, 82, 295) 

Ownership: East St. Louis and lnterurba_e Water Company; supplies also about 

68, 200 people outside East St. Louis. Total POl•ulation supplied, about 

150,500. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and chlorine dioxide for taste and odor 

control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 28,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••• 7.5 4.7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•••••••••• • 04 .13 Total ~········· ...... 166 182 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 30 52 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 40 47 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 16 16 Color···· ........ ····~·· ... 35· 8 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 7.6 6.8 pH •.•••••••••••.••••.•.•• 7. 5 7.1 

Potassium (K) ••.•••. 2.3 1.7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 166 160 25 c.} •.....•..•....• 363 395 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 32 53 Turbidity ..••••••••••.• -- -- Chloride ( Cl} .•••.•••• 7.0 9.2 Temperature (F.} ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••..••. . 1 . 2 Date of collection ..• Sept. 16, Sept. 16, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••. 2.0 2.1 1952 1952 

Dissolved solids •.••• 216 237 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm} (ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 'Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 144 190 90 7.7 8.0 7.2 18~ 226 138 457 3,400 ) 25 

Finished water~ •. 142 192 100 7.6 8.1 7.2 19€ 246 154 . 3 2. 5 .1 
Ownership·: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

ELGIN 

(Population, 44, 223) 

13 

Source: 1J drilled wells. Wells (1 to 4) 2, 000, 1, 300, 1, 300, and 1, 300ft deep 

are on Slade Avenue. The location and depth of the remaining wells are as 

follows: Slade Avenue, 53 ft; St. Charles Street, 105 ft; North State Street, 

43 ft: Creighton Avenue, 53ft; I..avoi~ Avenue, 650ft; Shuler Street, 1, 940ft. 

Treatment: (1) Aeration, coagulation with alum and iron salts, softening with lime, 

recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

(2) Aeration, rapid sand filtration, softening with cation exchange, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million by Illinois State Wa.ter Survey) ' ' 

Well Well I Finished 

Wel11 Slade Ave. Lavoie Ave. water 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••••••••••••••• 12 16 14 9.0 

Iron (Fe) ••••••.••.••••••••••••••••• . 1 . 5 .1 . 2 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• . 0 .0 . 0 .0 

Calcium (Ca) ..••....•••.••••.•••• 68 80 62 15 

Magnesium (Mg) .••.•••.•••••••• 24 32 25 13 

Sodium (Na) .•.•••.••••..•••••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• } 22 9.0 36 16 

Carbonate (COJ •...••.•.•••.•.•• -- -- -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ •••..••••.••• a356 a302 a380 a98 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• 13 85 13 30 

Chloride (Cl) •.••.•..•.•••••••.••• 7.0 11 9.0 11 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... .4 .1 . 7 .4 

Nitrate (NOJ •.••.•••••. o•. o oo •• oo • 2 . 8 . 1 . 7 

Dissolved solids •••• o. o o •• o o ••• o 332 386 360 145 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total 267 332 258 91 ..•.• o o• o. o• •••••• o• •• oo. •o• 

Noncarbonate •.••.•• o. o ••••••• 0 84 0 11 

Color o •••••••••••••••••• ooo•••o•o••o 0 0 c -- pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) •o •••• -- -- - -- Turbidity ·················••o••o•o• -- 5 -- -- Temperature (F.) .•• o.o•oooo•o." 57 54 5~ -- Date of collection. o•••oo•o•o•o o• June 29, June 28, June 28, June, 

1948 1948 1948 1948 

Depth (feet) ...................... 2,000 53 65( 

Diameter (inches) .............. 12 12 H 

Date drilled ..................... 1904 1934 1931 

Percent of supply ............... -- -- - aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 
14 ILLINOIS 

ELGIN--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatm.ent plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 292 302 

Finished water£ •. 95 132 

Ownership: Municipal. 

278 7.3 7.3 7.3 280 

72 9.1 9.7 8.7 

ELMHURST 

(Population, 21, 273) 

80 

288 256 -- -- -- 112 54 0 0 0 

Source: 5 drilled wells (1, 2, 3a, 4, 5), 1, 480, 2, 227, 1, 502, 1, 400, and 1, 480 

ft deep, respectively. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 450,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by lllinois State Water Survey) 

Well4 Well 5 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 14 16 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .4 .o Total ~··············· .Manganese (Mn) ••••• .0 .o Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 90 61 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• } ~~ 22 Color···············.····· 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 43 pH······~················ Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• -- -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ a312 a280 25 c. ) ............... Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 84 80 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 98 15 Temperature (F. ) ••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• 1.1 -- Date of collection ••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• -- 3.6 

Dissolved solids ••••• 540 380 .. 

Depth (feet) .................................... ·-· ........................... Diameter (inches) .••..•...••......•..••. ~ .•.•••......•.•.••. : ••..•...... ~. 

Date drilled •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••• 

Percent of supply ......................................................... 

aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

ELMWOOD PARK 

(Population, 18, 801) 

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

Well4 

312 

56 

0 

--

--

2 

60 

June 9, 

1949 

1,400 

10 

1927 

--

Well 5 

243 

1:i 

0 

--

--

--

60 

Feb. 9, 

1943 

-

1,480 

16 

1940 

--
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

ILLINOIS 

EVANSTON 

(Population, 73, 641) 

15 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 9, 900, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health) 

Raw Finished 

water water) a 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••. 2.0 . 9 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•......... -- . 10 Total ':." ••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 1 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 26 34 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 12 10 Color ............... _ ..... 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 

) 6.0 { 2.8 pH •••••••••.••••••••••.•• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• • 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•... -- 0 (micronihos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ b 134 124 25 c. ) ............... Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 12 22 Turbidity •.•.•••.•••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••..• 2.0 6. 5 T~mperature (F.) ••• 

Fluoride (F) .••....... • 1 1.0 Date of collection •.• 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••••.•. 5.0 . 5 

Dissolved solids •.... 129 150 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey~ 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. 

Raw Finished 

water water a 

114 126 

4 24 

-- 2 

8.2 7.3 

-- 273 

-- -- -- -- July, Sept. 17, 

1944 1952 
16 

Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

FREEPORT 

(Population, 22, 467) 

Source: 3 drilled wells (2 to 4), 303, 446·, and 500 ft deep. 

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, r~id sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8, 450,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

'(Analyses in parts per million by Illinois State Water Survey) ' ' 

Well2 

·silica (SiO:a) •••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 22 

li-on (Fe) •..••.•..••••.•••••••.••..•••• .6 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• .1 

Calcium (Ca) ·.···· ·····•·· ············ 108 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 53 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••• !··············· } 13. Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Car 'bonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• -- Bicar'bonate (BCOJ ••••••••••••••••• b·400 

Sulfate (SO..). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 104 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 

Fluoride (11 •••••••••••••••••••••••• •• • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 556 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 489 

Noncar-'bonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 161 

Color ................................... ~ 

pH········································ ..:.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• - Turbidity ............ ~.. • ....•..•..... 1( 

Temperature (F. ) •• •• • • •• • • • ••• ••••• 50.f 

Date of collection ..................... . Nov. i.4, 194~ 

Depth (feet) ........................... 30~ 

DiaJDeter (inches) •••.•.••••• , ..•.••. H 

J)a.te drilled· •••••.•.•.•••••...•••.•••. 191~ 

Percent of supply •••••.••.•.•.•••••• - a Analysis by u. S. Geological Survey. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. 

Well4 Wells a 

(finished water) 

7.6 8.7 

.6 .20 

-- • 00 

62 76 

36 46 

6.0 4.7 

2. 5 

-- 0 

b371 392 

10 48 

1.0 7.8 

.0 .1 

.2 :2 

310 390 

303 380 

0 58 

() 0 

-- 7.4 

- 694 

-· -- -· -- Nov • 13, 194' Sept. 18, 1~52 

44( -- H -,.-

192~ -- - --
Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

GALESBURG 

(Population, 31,425) 

17 

Source: 5 drilled wells: Bradley 1 and 2, 1, 252 and 2,450 ft deep; Henderson 

Street 1 and 2, 2, 414 and 2, 408 ft deep; Florence Avenue, 2, 4 73 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 375,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by lllinois State Water Survey) -

Bradley Henderson St. 

Well1 Well2 Well1 

Sili<?a (Si0.) •••••.•.••....•. 10 12 10 

Iron (Fe) ••••..•..•..••...•• . 6 2.1 .3 

Manganese (Mn) •••.•••.•• .0 .0 0 

Calcium (Ca) .••• ~ ....•..•• 113 72 56 

Magnesium (Mg) ••.••••••• 53 33 22 

Sodium (Na) .....••.•.••.•• 

~ 432 358 282 Potassium (K) .••••••••••. 

C~bonate (COs) .•••.•••.• 0 -- -- Bicarbonate (BC01) •••••• 263 a293 a280 

Sulfate (SO.) ••••••••••••••• 930 560 333 

Chloride (Cl) .••••••••••••• 184 195 185 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••• -- 2. 5 2.0 

Nitrate (NOs) .••.••.•.•.••. 1.6 1.1 5.4 

Dissolved solids .••.••••• bt,850 b 1,380 bt,030 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ••••.•••••••...•...... 501 316 229 

Noncarbonate ••.•••.•••• 285 76 0 

Color •.•.•.•.••. ~ ••..•.•••••• 0 0 0 

pH ......•....•..••.•...•••..•. 7.8 -- -- Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) -- -- -- Turbidity ••••••.•••.••••••••• -- 10 0 

TempE'J:"ature (F. ) •••••••• 63 68 69 

Date of collection ••.••••• Feb. 11, Jan. 9, Jan. 9, 

1944 1946 1946 

Depth (feet) ............... 1,252 2,450 2,414 

Diameter (inches) •••••••• 24 12 22 

Date drilled .•..•.......••. 1917 1919 1919 

Percent of supply .••••••• -- -- -- ~ Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. 

Sum of determined constituents. 

GRANITE CITY 

(Population, 29,465) 

Well2 

13 

• 1 

.o 

56 

21 

298 

-- a281 

364 

190 

2.0 

.5 

b1,080 

227 

0 

0 

--

--

0 

70 

Jan. 9, 

1946 

2,408 

22 

1928 

--

Florence 

Avenue 

Well 

10 

• 5 

.0 

68 

26 

382 

-- a278 

560 

215 

3.0 

1.2 

b 1,400 

279 

51 

--

--

--

--

68 

Jan. 9, 

1946 

2,473 

24 

1944 

--

Ownership: East St. Louis and Interurban Water Company. 

Source: Mississippi River; from East St. Lol:liS. 

Treatment: Coagulation, filtration, chlorination. (See also Eaf!! St. Louis.) 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw water storage: None. 

Finished water storage: 900, 000 gal. 
18 ILLINOIS 

JACKSONVILLE 

(Population, 20, 387) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 200 people outside Jacksonville. 

Total population supplied, about 21, 600. 

Source: Mauvisterre Creek, impounded in Lake Mauvisterre; Sandy Creek, 

impounded in Lake Jacksonville. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000; 000 gpd. 

Raw-~ater storage: 2, 875, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 815,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses,. in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••••••• -- 8.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• -- 0 1 Total ~··············· 169 90 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- • 1 Noncarbonate •••••• 55 64 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 38 16 

Magnesium (Mg} ••••• 18 12 Color···············-····· -- -- Sodium. (Na) •••••••••• } 1.0 4.0 pH .•••..••..••.••....•.•. 7.4 9.5 

·Potass1um (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

~arbonate (COJ .•••• 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 139 a32 25 c.) •••..••..•.•.•• -- -- Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 45 51 Turbidity ••••• 0. 0 •••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• '2.0 6.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• -- .3 Date of ~ollection ••• March, March, 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••• 10 13 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 295 164 

Regular determ:z:natwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ..... ~ ... 168 206 50 7.8 8.0 7.4 194 240 170 111 ~000 15 

Finished water ... 48 90 15 9.6 10.3 8. 5 102 160 80 0. 5 2 () 

aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. ~ 
Ownership: i\tlunicipal. 

ILLINOIS 

JOLIET 

(Population, 51, 601) 

19 

.Source: 5 drilled wells (1, Ottawa St., Williamson Ave., Jasper St., and Ruby 

St.), 1, 677, 1, 621, 1, 610, 1, 565, and 1, 544ft deep, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 200, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by lllinois State Water Survey) 

Welll Well Well Well 

Ottawa St. Williamson Ruby St. 

Ave. 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••••••••••••••• 12 12 12 12 

Iron (Fe) ••••••.••..•••••••••••••••• . 2 . 2 . 1 . 5 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• .0 -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•••••••.•••••••••••• 82 80 130 70 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 25 25 59 22 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.•••••••••••••••••• } 58 79- 29 68 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• ~ 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 322 336 400 317 

Sulfate (so.) •••••••••••••••••••••• 122 13e 289 105 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 30 42 3.0 31 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... 1.0 1.1 .6 1.1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• . 9 .4 .·9 .3 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 505 534 735 475 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 307 303 569 263 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 43 27 241 3 

Color ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

pH .•..........•...••..••..•.•••••••.. 7.1 7.2 7.1 7. 1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C •. ) ••.••• -- -- -- -- Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 10 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••••••• 61 61 57 62 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Oct. 30, Oct. 30, Oct. 30, Oct. 31, 

1946 1946 1946 1946 .. ----

Depth (feet) ...................... 1,677 1,621 1,610 1,544 

Diameter (inches) ••.•••...•.•.• -- 16 16 12 

.Date drilled ...................... 1937 1907 1924 1915 

Percent ·of supply .•...•••.••••.• -- -- -- --
20 ILLINOIS 

KANKAKEE 

(Population, 25, 856) 

Ownership: Kankakee Water Company. 

Source: Kankakee River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration,; ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished .... water storage: 2, 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) ..•••..••. 5. 0 9.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .•••..•••..••• -- -- Total ~············· .. 263 75 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 1 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 71 47 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 66 17 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••. 24 8.0 Color···············.-···· -- -- Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 16 26 pH .••••••••.••••••••••.•• 7.9 9.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ...•. . 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ·234 a34 25 c.) ......•••...... 566 310 

Sulfate (804) • • • • • •••• 96 91 Turbidity ..•••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••..••• 4.0 6. 0 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) ••..•.•... .3 . 2 Date of collection ••• June, June, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 5.0 5.0 1944 1944 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 338 185 .. 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 . .. ---

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 170 216 84 7.9 8.3 7. 5 276 373 150 90 2,000 5 

Finished water ... 33 56 25 9.4 10.1 8.7 89 116 74 -- -- -- a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 
·Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

M~<\.YWOOD 

(Population, 27, 473) 

Source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago. ) 

Finished-water storage: 3, 925, 000 gal. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

MOLINE 

(Population, 37, 397) 

21 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage; None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 700, 000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million by Illinois Department of Public Health) ' 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water) a water water a 

Silica (SiO:a) •..••..••. 3.0 5.3 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•..•••.••. .3 .13 Total ~··············· 122 59 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 18 34 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 30 22 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 11 1.0 Color .•••• · •••••••••• _.···· -- 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } { 4~0 pH .••••••••.••.•••••.•••• 7.7 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.0 1.9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 127 30 25 C.) •••..•••••••.•• -- 166 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 14 29 Turb_idity •.•••.•.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ..••.••.• 3.0 8.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •.•••.•.•• -- • 2 Date of collection •.• May, SeptJ5, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• -- .3 1940 1952 

Dissolved solids ••••• 164 104 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 115 150 66 7.7 8.4 7.4 

Finished water ... 84 128 25 7.6 10.9 6.9 

a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

OAK PARK. 

(Population, 63, 529) 

:source: Supplied by Chicago. (See Chicago.) 

139 176 

150 198 

· rreatment: (See Chicago.) Rechlorination at Oak Park. 

·Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

82 14~ 800 2 

69 • 13 .35 0 

/ 
22 ILLll~OIS 

PEKIN 

(Population, 21, 858) 

Ownership: Pekin Water Works Company. 

Source: Drilled wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-wc>.ter storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 690,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Illinois State Water Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Well4 

23 

• 1 

. 0 

Hardness as CaC<Js: 

Total ..•.•................... 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Well4 

345 

113 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 82 l~------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Disscr!ved solids .......... . 

} 

34 

9.2 

a283 

99 

10 

--

. 1 

19 

425 

Color ..........•............... 

pH .••.....•. -...........•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•. ··············· Turbidity ...........•........ 

Temperature (F. ) ...•...... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Depth (feet) .................................. ·······-··· ............................ . 

Diameter (inches) ................................................................. . 

Date drilled ..... : ................................................................... . 

Percent of supply .....•...........................................•................ 

'aTotal alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 

0 

0 

Aug. 11, 

1947 

119 

42 

1946 
ILLINOIS 

PEORIA 

(Population, 111, 856) 

Ownership: American Waterworks Service Co., Inc. 

Source: 11 drilled wells, 89 to 140 ft deep (data reported for 8 wells). 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 19, 3 50, 000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by lllinois State Water Survey) 

WelllO Wells a Well 10 1 and 2 

Silica (SiO:a) ••••....•. 22 27 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ••......•..••. -- • 7 Total :• ••••••••••••••• 394 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• . 4 • 1 Noncarbonate •••••. 46 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 91 110 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 40 44 Color······· ........ _ ..... 0 

Sodium (Na) •...• · ..... } 14 pH •.••..••.•••..••••.•..• -- Potassium (K:} •..•••• 17 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. -- -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ b424 b356 25 c.) ............... -- Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 51 144 Turbidity ..•.•••..•••.• 0 

Chloride (Cl) ..•..•..• 16 24 Temperature (F.) ••. 54 

Fluoride (F) ••.••••••. . 3 -- Date of collection ... Jan • 31, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. .3 19 1949 

Dissolved solids ••... 448 583 

Depth (feet) ............•.................................................... -- Diameter (inches) .......................................................... -- Date drilled ................................................................ -- Percent of supply .........................................•................ -- a Dodge St. 

b Total alkalinity ~s bicarbonate (HCOJ. 

23 

Wells a 

1 and 2 

455 

163 

0 

--

--

10 

-- Nov. 15, 

1946 

118i, 113! 

17' 17 

1944,1946 

-- --
24 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

ILLINOIS 

QUINCY 

(Population; 41,450) 

Treatment: Coagulation and softening with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, recarbonation, aminoniation, chlorination, and rapid sand 

filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 20,900,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by lllinois Department of Public Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water) a water water a 

Silica (SiO~ •.••...••. 3 6.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ...••..••.•••. -- .08 Total ~····· .......... 141 75 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- • 00 'Noncarbonate ••••.. 21 39 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 35 26 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 13 2.5 Color ............... _ ..... -- 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } {. 5.2 pH ..••..•••.••.•••••••.•• 7.7 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 5. 7 2.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. -- 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 146 44 25 c.) ............... -- 207 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 25 39 Turbidity ..•••••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••••..• 5.0 9.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••.•...•. .2 .1 Date of collection •.. May, Sept. 13, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. -- 1.0 1940 1952 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 157 126 

Regular determirw,tions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 120 165 57 7.6 8.3 6.5 15~ 194 90 280 3,400 15 

Finished water ... 38 70 22 9.4 9.7 8.4 10€ 194 77 .95 2.~ .18 

aAnalysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 
Ownership: Municipal. 

ILLINOIS 

ROCKFORD 

(Population, 92, 927) 

25 

Source: 17 drilled wells, 200 to 1, 631ft deep. Eleven of the wells are unit 

wells and six are group wells located at the st.eam pJant.. The unit wells are 

located throughout the city so that the water supplied to any section of the city 

depends on which wells are being pumped at the time. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 10, 885,, OCO gal. 

ANALYSES 

(A na 1 yses, in parts per mi 1 lion, b 111· · St t W t Survey} >Y lllOlS ae a er 

Group 

Wel16 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••.•••••••.•••• -- Iron (Fe) •••.••.••.••••••••.•••••••• .6 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- Calcium (Ca) •.•••..•.•••••••••••• -- Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• -- Sodium (Na) .•.•••••••••••.•••••••. -- Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• -- Carbonate (COs) •.••••••••••••••• -- Bicarbonate (HCOs) •.••.••••.••• b366 

Sulfate (S04) • • • .................... 84 

Chloride (Cl} ••••.••••••••••••..•• 17 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- Nitrate (NOs) .•••••.•••.•••••••••• 14 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 446 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 389 

Noncarbonate •.•••.••••••••••• 89 

Color ................... ............ 0 

pH .........•......••..••.•. -.•.••..•.• -- Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••••• -- Turbidity .•.•••••••••.•••••• , ••••••• -- Temperature (F.) .•••.••••••••• 53 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Mar. 5, 

1948 

Depth (feet) ...................... 1,608 

Diameter (inches) .............. 16 

Date· drilled ..................... 1926 

Percent of supply ............... -- a Analysis by U. S. Geological Survey. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 

Unit Well 7 

-- 2. 7 

--

--

--

--

--

-- b390 

56 

9.0 

-- 12 

402 

400 

80 

0 

--

--

20 

53 

June 10, 

1948 

1,503 

-- 1913 

--

Unit Well1 Finished 

water a 

-- 13 

.2 1.1 

-- .17 

-- 78 

-- 38 

-- 3.8 

-- 1.2 

-- 0 

b366 ·376 

36 40 

11 7.0 

-- .o 

3.3 3.2 

364 381 

353 352 

53 43 

0 2 

-- 7.3 

-- 675 

-- -- 55 -- Jan._17, Sept. 13, . 1948 1952 

-- -- 18 -- -- -- -- --
26 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

ILLINOIS 

ROCK ISLAND 

(Population, 48, 710) 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11,700,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 11,200,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U~ S. Geological Survey) · 

Finished 

water 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02 ) •••••••••• 0 •• 0. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) .. 0 ••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .. 0 ••• 0 ••• 0 ••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Su~ate (S04 ) •• o •••••••••••• 

ChlOride (Cl) ........•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (NOs) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

3o 8 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

• 07 Total ....................... 215 

on Nonca.I_'bonate . o.......... 109 

58 o •u~--------------~--------

17 

6.0 

2.4 

0 

129 

93 

16 

.2 

1.7 

287 

Color ..........•............... 

pH .••..•..•..................... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•........... ~ .... 

Turbidity ...........•........ 

Temperature (F. ) •.•.•.•... 

Date of collection •.•...... 

4 

7.1 

437 

June 17, 

1952 

Regular determinati<ms at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 117 156 66 7.7 8.5 7.1 15€ 212 88 143 1,20(] 2 

Finished water ... 100 154 46 7.2 8.1 6.4 19(] 240 120 • 43 3~ . 01 
ILLINOIS 

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 81, 628) 

27 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 13,600 people in other places and outside of the city limits. Total population supplied, about 95, 200. 

Source: Sugar Creek, impounded. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation and softening with alum 

and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSEs· 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Illinois Department of Public Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.••..•.•. 1.0 1.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.•...•.•• -- -- Total '!'·········!'····· 142 69 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 0 0 Noncarbonate ••••.• 40 39 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 34 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 14 9.8 Color···············~····· -- -- Sodium (Na) •.•••••.•• } 2 14 pH .••••••••.••.•••••.•.•• 8.0 9.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance • 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 124 a37 25 c. ) 0 •••••••••••• 00 -- -- Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 39 55 Turbidity ..•...•.••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ..••..... 2.0 4 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••.•..•.. 0 2 • 2 Date of collection ..• 1944 1944 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 2.6 2.0 

Dissolved solids •..•. 159 b 116 

Regular determ,inations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 111 139 85 8.4 9.0 

Finished water~ .. 36 74 216 10.5 10.9 

a Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03). 

b Sum of determined constituents. 

8.0 170 202 131 40 152 7 

9.5 94 103 79 .2 12 0 
28 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

ILLINOIS 

WAUKEGAN 

(Population, 38, 946) 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 766,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Finished 

water 

2.8 

• 07 

.00 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•.........• 

Finished 

water 

126 

Manganese (Mn) ..•••••••• 29 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 33 l~------------------~--------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

11 

3.5 

1.4 

0 

120 

25 

5.0 

1.0 

.9 

149 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH .••..•..•...•..•..•........... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••..••................ 

Turbidity •.•.....•..•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•. 

Date of collection •••..•... 

0 

7.3 

271 

Sept. 17, 

1952 
INDIANA 

ANDERSON 

(Population, 46, 820) 

29 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 10,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 57,000. 

Source: 6 drilled wells (Ranney wells, 85 percent of supply); White River (15 

percent of supply). 

Treatment: Well supply: chlorination, filtration; White River supply: prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, ammoniation, sedimentation, and rapid 

sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ........ : .•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•.......... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (NO~) .........•.... 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

7.9 

2.0 

. 00 

55 

43 

5.0 

1.2 

0 

259 

94 

8.0 

.0 

8.8 

379 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate ....•....... 

Color •.........••.............. 

pH .••..•..•...•...•....•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...••............... 

Turbidity ..........•••.•..•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•• 

Date of collection •.•...... 

Regular determinaticms at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as caco, 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 239 275 185 7. 5 7. 8 7.·2 -- -- -- Finished water~ •. 230 275 165 7.4 7.7 7.2 -- -- --

Av 

4 

3 

Finished 

water 

316 

102 

4 

7.4 

578 

Jan. 22, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

30 4 

3 3 
30 

Ownership: Municipal. 

INDIANA 

BLOOMINGTON 

(Population, 28, 163) 

Source: Griffey Creek, impounded. Auxiliary supply from Bean Blossom Creek. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 750,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 726,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

6.1 

. 07 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...•.................•. 

Nonearbonate .••......... 

Finished 

water 

111 

Manganese 28 (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

36 l~------------------~~--------

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (CO,) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• ~ •••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

5.3 

2.4 

.2 

0 

102 

27 

4.2 

. 1 

2.3 

139 

Color ..•.......••.......•...... 

pH •••..•..•.•.......•........... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ...........•••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•• 

Date of collection .••...... 

Regular determinations at treatmertt plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 100 110 83 7.5 8.3 7.3 -- -- -- Finished water~ •. 105 120 85 8.0 8.2 7.9 -- -- --

Av 

10 

1 

0 

7.8 

229 

Jan. 24, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

25 5 

2 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Drilled wells. 

INDIANA 

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 18, 370) 

31 

Treatment: Aeration and filtration for iron removal, chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:J •••••••••• 11 13 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .............. 1.8 .46 Total ~··············· 299 

Manganese (Mn) ..... • 14 . 11 Noncar.bonate ...... 47 

Calcium (Ca) ... ~ ..... 76 80 

Magnesium (Mg) ..... 26 27 Color···············~····· 7 

Sodium (Na) .......... 2. 1 2.7 pH ..••..••.•••.•••••.•.•• 7.6 

Potassium (K) ....... . 5 1.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 304 311 25 c.) •••...•••••••.. 519 

Sulfate (SOJ .......... 50 53 Turbidity .•••••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ......... 3.2 4.1 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- Fluoride (F) .......... .0 1. 4 Date of ~ollection ••• Jan. 22, 

Nitrate (NOJ ......... .6 .0 1952 

Dissolved solids ..... 319 328 

Finished 

water 

311 

56 

0 

7.8 

549 

--

-- Feb. 6, 

1952 
32 INDIANA 

CONNERSVILLE 

(Population, 15, 550) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 16,000. 

Source: 14 drilled wells, about 80 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 500 gpm each. 

Treatment: Chlorination of part of supply. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw 

water 

Silica (Si02) •• ••• • • • ••••••• 12 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 1. 3 

Manganese (Mn) . • • • • • • • • • • 16 

Calcium (Ca) . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 94 

Magnesium (Mg) . . . . . . . . . 31 

Sodium (Na) .. . .. . . . . . . . ... 10 

Potassium (K) ........•... 2."3 

Carbonate (C03 ) • • • • • • • • • • 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 374 

Sulfate (S04 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 9. 0 

Fluoride (F) .. . . . . . • . .. . .. . • 0 

Nitrate (N03) .. .. .. .. • • • ... 6. 0 

Dissolved solids ......... 423 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .•........•. 

Co~or ......................... . 

pH.~ ........................... . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ........ .. 

Date of collection ........ . 

Depth (feet) ..............•......................... _ ............................... . 

Diameter (inches) .................................................................. . 

Date drilled ....... : .................................................................. . 

Percent of supply .................................................................. . 

Raw 

water 

360 

56 

5 

7. 5 

697 

62 

Apr. 14, 

1952 

80 

12 

1949 
Ownership: Municipal. 

INDIANA 

EAST CHICAGO 

(Population, 54, 263) 

Source: Lake Michigan. . 

33 

Treatment: Ammoniation, chlorine dioxide at times, prechlorination, coagulation, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: S, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) •• o. o. o 0 o .•• o •• 

Finished 

water 

3. 1 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) .................. . . 08 Total · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 133 Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ooo••ooo ... o 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... o 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ......... o ... .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............ .. 

Fluoride (F) . o .. o .. o 0 ••• o o. 

Nitrate (N03 ) ..... o ....... . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

• 03 Noncarbonate . • . . . . . . . . . . 29 

35 ~~------------------~------~ 

11 

4.4 

1.5 

0 

126 

30 

8.5 

. o 

. 5 

159 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH .••..•..•...•..•.............. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....••............... 

Turbidity ·····o·············· 

Temperature (F. ) ..••..•... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

2 

7.9 

273 

Jan. 15, 

1952 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 8.1 8.3 8.0 -- -- -- 55 940 14 

Finished water ... -- -- -- 7.1 7.5 6.9 -- -- -- o35 .4 • 3 
34 INDIANA 

ELKHART 

(Population, 3 5, 646) 

Ownersh~p: Municipal; supplies also about 50 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 35,700. 

Source: 9 drilled wells, 44 to 60 ft deep, yield reported to be 800 gpm each; 3 

dug wells, interconnected, 35ft deep, combined yield reported to be 2,400 gpm. 

Auxiliary supply,. 2 drilled wells, 43 ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3,400,0JO gal. 

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U_. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•..•.... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•••.......•... 

Potassium (K) ....•..••... 

Carbonate (CO,) ......•••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) : •••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•..•... 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..•.. 

Nitrate (N08 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solid~ ..•..••.. 

Finished 

water 

8.2 

. 20 

50 

19 

3.8 

1.4 

0 

226 

23 

7.0 

.0 

.8 

212 

Hardn~ss as CaCO,: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

Color •.......•.••..•..•.••..... 

pH •••..•..•...•..•..••.•.....•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•. ··············· Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •........ 

Finished 

water 

203 

18 

10 

7.9 

386 

Jan. 15, 

1952 
iNDIANA 

EVANSVILLE 

(Population, 128, 636) 

35 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also about 30,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 158,600. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Breakpoint chlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime, 

and postchlorination. Activated carbon and sodium chlorite when needed. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 36,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-watBr storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 24, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Finished 

water 

5.2 

.12 

.00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ······••o••o·······o··· 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Finished 

water 

100 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••. 55 

Calcium (Ca) ..•........... 30 l~------------------------------------~-----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •.•••. 0 •••• 0 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ... .. 

Sulfate (S04) .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ............ .. 

Fluoride (F) .... o .... 0 .... . 

Nitrate (NOs) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

601 

4.8 

1.7 

0 

55 

52 

10 

.0 

3.5 

137 

Color ..........•............... 

pH .••..•.•....•........•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity ...........•........ 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•... 

Date of collection .•....... 

Regular determtnatwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 62 72 51 7.5 7.9 7.3 -112 132 94 

Finished water •.. 64 74 55 8.1 8.5 7.8 132 152 114 

Av 

160 

--

2 

8.0 

229 

Jan. 14, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

283 55 

-- --
36 INDIANA 

FORT WAYNE 

(Population, 133, 607) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 800 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 135,400. 

Source: St. Joseph River, impounded. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, activated carbon, softening with lime and soda 

ash, chlorine dioxide, carbonation, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, ammoniation, stabilization with polyphosphates, and fluoridation. 

The water is softened to a hardness of about 76 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 210,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 23, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water . Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••• 5.0 4.3 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••• .16 .07 Total '"!··············· 133 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 43 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 40 26 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 8.3 2.4 Color··· ............ _ ..... 35 

Sodium {Na) •••••••••• 2. 5 3.2 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.4 

Potassium {K) ••••••• 1.7 1.7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••• 0 2 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 111 17 -25 C.) ••••.•••••••••• 267 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 35 47 Turbidity •••.•••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 3.5 5.8 Temperature (F.) ••. -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .o 1.0 Date of collection •.• Jan. 21, 

Nitrate (NOs} .•••••••• 9.0 6.4 1952 

Dissolved solids ••••• 174 115 . . 

Regular determiMtions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

76 

58 

0 

8.6 

180 

--

-- Jan. 21, 

1952 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 180 292 69 8.1 8.4 7.6 234 348 98 113 975 10 

Finished water ... 30 51 19 9.8 10.4 9.2 76 91 69 -- -- --
INDIANA 

GARY 

(Population, 133, 911) 

Ownership: Gary-Hobart Water Company. 

Source: Lake Michigan. -

Treatment: Chlorination, chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 750,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..•... 

Finished 

water 

3o2 

.01 

.02 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total oo•oo•••o••··••o•••;•o• 

Noncarbonate .• 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 00 

37 

- Finis heel 

water 

136 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 24 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.......••.. 

Potassi\im (K) •......••... 

Carbonat.e (CO,) .•....••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

35 l~------------------~--------

Chloride (Cl) ···········••o 

Fluoride (F) .. o o ••• o. 0 o. 00 o 

Nitrate (N03) • o ••••• o o 0o o. o 

Dissolved solids . 00.0 •• 0. 

12 

3o7 

0 6 

0 

137 

24 

9.0 

o1 

0 8 

159 

Color ooo•••ooo••oo•••o••o•ooo•o 

pH o••· o oo••••o••oo• ooo•o••. •o oo• Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ).o 0 00.0 oo 0 •• oo. 00 •• ooo 

Turbidity ••o•o••o•oo•••o••o•• Temperature (F. ) 0 0 •••••••• 

Date of collection •••• 0 0 ••• 

15 

7.7 

277 

--

-- Jan. 15, 

1952 
38 INDIANA 

HAMMOND 

(Population, 87, 594) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Highland, Munster, about 500 people outside 

the city limits, and Lansing (lll. ). Total population supplied, about 104,100. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, carbon, coagulation with alum, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica {Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•....•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •.•••.•••.•• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) .........•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....••.. 

Finished 

water 

2. 1 

.05 

.00 

35 

12 

4.3 

1.0 

0 

135 

29 

7.0 

.1 

.7 

160 

Hardness as CaC<>,: 

Total •..•.................•. 

Noncarbonate .••.•.....•. 

Color ••.•.••...••.....•.•.•.... 

pH •••..•.••...••••.•••...•.•.... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•••.............. 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••••.•• 

Date of collection .••...... 

Finished 

water 

136 

26 

2 

7.9 

280 

Jan. 15, 

1952 
INDIANA 

INDIANAPOLIS 

(Population, 427, 173) 

39 

Ownership: Indianapolis Water Company; supplies also Beech Grove, Ben Davis, 

Mars Hill, Meridian Hills, Southport, and Woodruff Place. Total population 

supplied, about 439,800. 

Sourc~: West Fork White River (66 percent of supply); Fall Creek (34 percent of 

supply). Emergency supply from 60 tubular wells. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, auxiliary slow sand filtration at times, 

ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: White River Plant: 48,000,000 gpd (normal 

operation), 60,000,000 gpd (with 3 slow sand filters in operation). Fall Creek 

Plant: 32,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 000,000,000 gal (Geist Reservoir). 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir, 23, 500, 000 gal; elevated storage, 

3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

Analyses, in parts per million, by Ind. Water Co. 

White River Fall Creek White River Fail Creek 

(finished (finished (finished (finished 

water) water) water)a water)a 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••••••••••.•••• 7.0 4.7 -- -- Iron (Fe) •••.•••••..•••••••••••••••• . 11 .12 .05 .03 

Manganese (Mn) ................. .00 .00 -- -- Calcium (Ca) .••..•..••••••••••••• 67 50 76 58 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 20 23 26 22 

Sodium (Na) .•.•••••••••.•••••••••• 6.2 10 22 13 PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 1.6 1.7 

Carbonate (COJ •..•••.••••••••.• 0 0 -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.•••••••• 206 201 b277 bl89 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• 67 56 71 51 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.••••.•••••••.••• 10 8.0 21 11 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... 1.0 1.0 .8 .8 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• · 12 11 -- -- Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 295 266 -- -- Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 251 222 294 236 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 81 55 -- --

Color ................... ............ 6 3 -- -- pH .•...•.•.••.••..••..••••••••••••••• 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••••. 486 442 -- -- Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Mar. 28, Mar. 28, 1951 1951 

1952 1952 

a Averages obtained from analyses made during 1951 by Indianapolis Water Co. 

Results for alkalinity, fluoride, total hardness, and pH are from one or more 

daily determinations. 

b Total alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCOJ. 
40 INDIANA 

KOKOMO 

(Population, 38, 672) 

Ownership: Kokomo Water Works Company; supplies about 1, 500 people outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 40, 200. 

Source: 12 drilled wells, 287 to 500ft deep. Auxiliary supply, Wild Cat Creek. 

During 1950 97. 9 percent of the supply was taken from the wells. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~rialysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si<l.t) ..........••... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Man~ese (Mn) · ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•.....•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....••.. 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

16 

• 16 

. 07 

112 

30 

35 

1.8 

0 

351 

167 

23 

. 4 

1.0 

568 

Hardness as CaCDs: 

Total •..•................... 

Noncarbonate ....•... .-... 

Color ..........•.•......•.•..•. 

pH ..•..•.••...•.•...•..•.....•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.......•........ 

Turbidity ...........•••....•. 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

402 

115 

2 

7.6 

848 

April 

1952 
Ownership: IV.~.unicipal. 

INDIANA 

. , LAFAYETTE 

(Population, 35, 568) 

41 

Source: 11 drilled wells, 105 to 114ft deep, in Wabash River flood plain. 

· Emergency supply, 2 drilled wells. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: 150,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron {Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 

Calcium {Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) .••..•••• 

Sodium {Na) ...•........... 

Potassium {K) •.•••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate {S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride {F) .............. . 

Nitrate {N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

Finished 

·water 

12 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

. 05 Total ........................ 402 

. 18 Nonpar bonate .• • . . . . . . . . . 94 

102 ~------------------~------~~ 

36 Color .•........••.............. o 

13 pH.............................. 7.1 

3. 6 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

376 25 c.) ••...•................ 

96 Turbidity ...........•.•...•.. 

20 Temperature {F. ) ...••.•..• 

. 2 Date of collection ••....... 

11 

496 

778 

53 

Mar. 31, 

1952 
42 INDIANA 

LA PORTE 

(Population, 17, 882) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 150 people outside the city limits.· 

Total population supplied, about 18,000. 

Source: 3 wells (Wernecke, Lake St., Brighton St.) 128, 134, and 135 ft deep. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 700, 1, 400 and 2, 100 gpm. Auxiliary 

supply, 3 dug wells, ·28ft deep, reported to yield 550, 1, 100, and 1, 400 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, ·rapid sand filtration, and 

chlm;-ination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .•••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •.••••••••.. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ............•.. 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...•••. 

Finished 

water 

15 

.14 

• 14 

81 

26 

15 

1.4 

0 

324 

60 

23 

. 1 

. 3 

388 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•....•..•.. 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH •••..•.••........••..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...••............... 

Turbidity ...........••....... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection ........ . 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950-51 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) a 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 330 360 260 7.0 7.4 6.8 310 369 274 

Finished water ... 310 350 260 7.1 7.4 6.9 316 -- -- a From analyses by Indiana State Board of Health. 

Finished 

water 

308 

44 

2 

7.9 

615 

Jan. 15, 

1952 

Turbidity a 

Av Max Min 

25 50 5 

-- -- --
INDIANA 

LOOANSPORT 

(Population, 21, 031) 

43 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21,100. 

Source: Eel River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, ammoniation, sedimentation, 

chlorination, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 260,000 gal. 

·ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) · 

Silica (Si02) •••••• 0 •••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Finished 

water 

5. 5 

. 17 

.00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ............. 0 ........ . 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water 

246 

126 

Calcium (Ca) 0 ............ . 71 l~----------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ....... .. 

Sodium {Na) ..... 0 ....... .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••• o 

Sulfate (804 ) .............. o 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

17 

5.1 

1.1 

0 

148 

118 

.12 

• 2 

8.5 

320 

Color ......................... . 

pH ............................ .. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) .................... .. 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F.) ......... . 

Date of collection ....... .. 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950-!Jt 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as,CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 175 292 86 8.2 8.6 7.8 -- -- -- Finished water~ .. 160 266 60 7.1 7.3 7.0 -- -- --

Av 

--

--

3 

6.8 

494 

Mar. 26, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

-- -- -- --
44 INDIANA 

MARION 

(Population, 30, 081) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 320 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 30,400. 

Source: 6 drilled wells. West 8th St. Field: 4 wells (5, 6, 7, 8) 135, 138, 138, 

and 136ft deep, yield reported to be 1, 500, 1, 500, 1, 500 and 1, 800 gpm; 

Shunk St. Field: 2 wells (9, 10) 147, and 150ft deep, yield reported to be 

1, 50_0 and 1, 400 gpm. . 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2 reservoirs, 1, 750,000 and 650,000 gal; 2 elevated 

tanks, each 50, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well 5 WelllO Finished 

(raw water) (raw water) water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••••.•••••••••••.•.•••••• 13 20 15 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.7 2.7 .06 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• .00 . 01 .00 

Calcium (Ca) ·-···· · · .................. 148 112 17 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 41 53 23 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••• ! ••••••••••••••• 20 22 48 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.1 1.8 3.9 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 9 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 442 437 67 

SuHate (SO..}. •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 188 158 141 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 19 19 

Fluoride {I') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .4 . 7 .3 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• .4 I .3 .o 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 683 618 - 314 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.•••• 538 500 138 

Nonca:roonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 176 139 67 

Color ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 3 3 

pH ••.•.•.••....••.••••.••••••••.••.••••.. 7.0 7.3 8.9 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 990 922 496 

Tu.rbidity ...••...•..•••.•...••.•....•. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ~ • ••• •• •••••••••••• 51 -- 51 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Apr. 17, 1~52 Jan. 4, 1952 Apr. lU, 1952 

.Depth (feet) . . ·r . 

........................... 135 150 

Diameter (inches) ... ···•••••··•··.••· 26 26 

Date drilled .......................... 1946 1948 

Percent of supply .••...•.....••••... 30.6 19.8 
INDIANA 

MICHIGAN CITY 

(Pop~lation, 28, 3 9 5) 

45 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Long Beach, Indiana State Prison, and about 

400 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 33,400. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

3.1 

.07 

.00 

Hardhess as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ..........•• 

Finished 

water 

133 

Manganese (Mn) .••.•••••• 27 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•.•. 35 l~------------------~--~-----

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C<ls) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...........•.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

11 

4.1 

1.4 

0 

129 

27 

8.0 

.1 

.6 

158 

Color ..........•••............. 

pH .••..•..•..........•.......••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F.) ...••.•..• 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 114 117 112 8.0 8.1 7.9 -- -- -- Finished water ... 108 111 105 7.2 7.3 7.2 138 143 135 

2 

8. 1 

273 

Jan. 11, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

13 450 5 

0 0 0 
46 INDIANA 

MISHAWAKA 

(Population, 32, 913) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 33,000. 

Source: 8 drilled wells {1 to 8) 106, 97, 98, 92, 120, 112, 92, and 330ft deep. The 

yield of the wells is reported to range from 400 to 1, 500 gpm (yield not reported for well 8). 

Treatment: Aeration of part, and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica {Si~) ...•.......•... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....••.. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

12 

• 65 

. 12 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...................... . 

N oncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

296 

Manganese 72 (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .... · ..•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

S.odium (Na) ..••.......•... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •.....••.. 

Bicarbonate {HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

78 ~~--------------------r----------

Fluoride (F) ...•. ······~··· Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•.•..•.. 

25 

7.3 

1.4 

0 

275 

86 

8.0 

. 1 

2.3 

369 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH •••.........••.•..•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...••............... 

Turbidity ............••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•..• 

Date of collection .••...... 

3 

7.7 

564 

53 

Jan. 15, 

1952 
INDIANA 

MUNCIE 

(Population, 58, 479) 

Ownership: Muncie Water Works Corp. 

47 

Source: White River. Auxilia!'y supply, 18 tubular wells and Buck Creek. During 

1950 99.4 percent of the supply was taken from surface source. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iton (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) .••..••••. 

Finished 

water 

5.0 

• 11 

.00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Finished 

water 

286 

62 

Calcium (Ca) .............. . 73 l~--------------------~-----------

Magnesium (Mg) ..•.••... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

25 

4.2 

1.8 

0 

272 

58 

9.5 

. 2 

9.9 

331 

Color •......•..•••.•.......•... 

pH .••..•..•....•....•........... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•. •·············· 

Turbidity ..•........•.•..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

3 

7. 5 

546 

Mar. 29, 

1952 
48 INDIANA 

NEW ALBANY 

(Population, 29, 346) 

Ownership: Indiana Gas and Water Company, Inc.; supplies also about 1, 275 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 30, 600. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, coagulation with alum, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment 

of pH by addition of soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 16,500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~n.alysis, in parts per million, by U S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ....•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•.......•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ..••........•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..••. 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.....•. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Finished 

water 

5. 5 

• 12 

.00 

28 

6.6 

19 

1.8 

0 

67 

64 

13 

.1 

3.0 

176 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total· ...•...........•....... 

Noncarbonate ..•.......•. 

Color ••....•...•.•......•...... 

pH .••..•..•....••...•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...••......•........ 

Turbidity ..•....•...•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determi'IUltions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .....••.. 70 300 30 7.2 8.0 6.1 -- -- -- Finished water ••. 80 164 52 7.3 7.8 7.0 -- -- --

Finished 

water 

96 

42 

3 

7.3 

296 

Jan. 30, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

318 2000 35 

.06 .06 .05 
Ownership: Municipal. 

INDIANA 

NEW CASTLE 

(Population, 18, 271) 

49 

Source: 8 tubular wells: 7 wells at pumping station (90 percent of supply); Baker 

Park well (10 percent of supply). The wells are 111 to 291 ft deep, and the 

yield is reported to be from 13 5 to 500 gpm each. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Ground reservoir, 1, 100, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

16 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 2. 0 Total •..•................... 368 

Manganese (Mn) ..••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•............ 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ....•..••... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 } ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•.•..••. 

94 

32 

23 

.oo,~ __ N_on_c_ar_ bo __ na __ te __ .. _._ .._ .. _ .. _._··~--------2 __ 5 

1.2 

0 

416 

37 

37 

.4 

1.6 

456 

Color ........•.•...•..•........ 

pH •••...•••.....••..••.•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••... ~ .•.....•........ 

Turbidity ••..........••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••..•... 

0 

7.6 

767 

55 

Mar. 31, 

1952 
50 INDIANA 

RICHMOND 

(Population, 39, 539) 

Ownership: Richmond Water Works Corp; supplies also Spring Grove, and about 

1, 000 people outside the city limits. Total povulation supplied, about 40, 900. 

Source: 4 wells (Foster 1 to 4) each 28ft deep, 7 percent of supply; 3 dug wells 

(Cooper 1 to 3) 30, 30, and 18 ft deep, 4 infiltration galleries, and 1 spring, 

58. 5 percent of supply; 2 wells (N. W. 7 and 8) 91 and 152ft deep, 22 percent 

of supp~y; East Fork Whitewater River, 12. 5 percent of supply. 

Treatment: East Plant: (Surface water and part of ground water) coagulation with 

alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. .Part 

of ground water , chlorination. West Plant: (Wells N. W. 7 and 8) iron removal, pressure filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: 4, 000,000 gpd . 

. Raw-water stora- a: --

Finished-water storage: Hill reservoir, 10,560,000 gal; clear well, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well Finished Well Finished 

N. W. 7a waterb N. W. 7 a waterb 

Silica (SiOJ •••••.•••• 10 6.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

lron {Fe) •••••••••••••• . 18 . 23 Total ~··············· 453 -274 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 23 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 106 17 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 114 62 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• 41 29 Color···············~····· 0 0 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 9.6 18 pH ..••.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•. 7.4 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.8 1.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO.) .•••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCO.) 424 313 25 c. ) ............... 813 569 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••.•••• 109 - 50 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 12 7.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .4 . 2 Date of collection ••• Apr. 3, Mar. 31, Nitrate (NO.) .•••••••• 1.0 7.4 1952 1952 

Dissolved solids ••••• 522 338 

aRaw water. 

b Ground water 88 percent, surface water 12 percent. 
INDIANA 

SOUTH BEND 

(Population, 115, 911) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 116,100 .. 

Source: 41 wells. North Station: 6 wells, 102 to llOi ft deep, yield reported to 

be 1, 500 to 2, 220 gpm (29 percent of supply); Oliver Station: 26 wells, 121 to 

170ft deep, yield reported to be 328 to ~' 300 gpm (31 percent of supply); 

51 

South Station: 5 wells, 81 to lOBi ft deep, yield reported to be 425 tu 1, 400 gpm 

(12 percent of supply); Coquillard Station: 2 wells, 200 and 206ft deep, yield 

reported to be 1, 500 and 2, 200 gpm (16 percent of supply); Central Station: 

1 well, 105ft deep, yield reported to be 2,100 gpm (11 percent of supply); 

Airport Station: 1 well, l02i ft deep, yield reported to be 1, 750 gpm (1 percent 

of supply). 

Treatment: Chlorination. Raw water stored at North Station prechlorinated and 

rechlorinated when pumped to mains. 

Raw-water storage: 6, 000,000 gal (at North Station). 

Finished-water storage: 7, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Weill Well2 Wells, 

South Station a North Station a Oliver Station b 

Silica (SiO:J •.•.•.••••.••••.••...•.••. 15 12 15 

Iron (Fe) ••.••.•••••••••••..•••••••..•• • 15 • 80 • 11 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• .00 • 13 • 03 

Calcium (Ca) • ·•·••· •••••••••.•••••••• 73 72 141 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•••.••••••••••••••• 28 28 46 

Sodium (Na) •••••..•••• ! ••••••••••••••• 4.4 5. 5 7.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.5 1.0 1.2 

Carbonate (CO,) .•••••••••••••••••.•• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ••.•••••••••••••• 324 294 357 

Sulfate (804). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 65 242 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••.•••••••• 4.5 8.0 7.8 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .o .1 .0 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••.•••••••••••••••.•••• 20 • 7 21 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 318 340 681 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Totai ••••.•••••••.••••••••••••••••••• 298 295 544 

Noncaroonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 32 54 248 

Color ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 2 3 

pH ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.6 7.6 7.4 

Specific conductance 

(micr.omhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• 529 565 895 

Turbidity •••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••.•••••••••••••••• -- 52 -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Jan. 17, 1952 Jan. 17, 1952 Jan. 17, 1952 

Depth (feet) 92t I 

........................... 108 -- Diameter (inches) ..•...•••••...••.•. 18 50 by 38 -- Date drilled .......................... 1927 1940 -- Percent of supply .• ~ •.••.....•.•••.. -- -- 31 

aRaw water. 

b Finished water. 

·" 
52 INDIANA 

TERRE HAUTE 

(Population, 64, 214) 

Ownership: Terre Haute Water Company; supplies also Allendale, Seelyville, 

Youngstown, and about 4, 650 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 70, 500. 

Source: Wabash River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 843, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Finished 

water 

3.5 

. 09 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ....•....... 

Finished 

water 

208 

Manganese 98 (Mn) •.•..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

56 l~------------------~r-----------

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

17 

3.6 

. 7 

0 

136 

89 

6.1 

. 1 

10 

257 

Color ..........••.......•...... 

pH •••..•..•...•••......•...•.... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...••............... 

Turbidity ...........••...•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness a 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 174 272 60 7.8 8.3 7. 5 -- -- -- Finished water~ •. 154 250 48 7.1 7.7 6.7 278 313 243 

a From analyses made by Indiana State Board of Health. 

5 

7.4 

421 

44 

Feb. 5, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

282 1500 30 

0 3 0 
INDIANA 

VINCENNES 

(Population, 18, 831} 

53 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 800 people outside the city limits. 

Total poulation supplied, about 20,600. 

Source: 5 wells (1 to 5} 90 to 91. 5 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 800, 1,400, 1,050, 1,400, and 1,050 gpm, respectively. Auxiliary or 

emergency supply, Wabash River. 

Treatment: Well supply: chlorination. Surface supply: aeration, breakpoint 

chlorination, copper sulfate, coagulation with alum, lime for pH control, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 480,000 gal; standpipe, 580,000 gal; 

elevated storage, 1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

'Iron (Fe) ...•............... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03} ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (NOs) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

13 

. 62 

• 09 

86 

22 

6.4 

1.2 

0 

274 

69 

7.2 

• 2 

10 

351 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ... : ....... . 

Color ..........•.•............. 

pH .••.....•..................... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•.•..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•• 

Date of collection .••...... 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

305 

80 

5 

7. 5 

563 

57 

Mar. 17, 

1952 
54 MICHIGAN 

ADRIAN 

(Population, 18, 393) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21, 400. 

Source: Wolf Creek. Auxiliary· supply from one well, 89 fto deep. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. ' 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 300,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••..••. 10 14 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .07 .19 Total ~··············· 280 96 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .oo Noncarbonate •••••• 44 47 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 80 22 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 19 9.7 Color······· ••••••••••••• 25 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 5o9 9.5 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.4 8o9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4;6 4.7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••• 0 26 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 285 6 25 c.) •.....•..•••... 523 254 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 49 54 Turbidity •.••.••.•••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 4o8 9.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• ~ 1 .3 Date of. collection •.• June 27, June 2~, 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• 5.3 1.0 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 364 153 

Regular determinations at treatment plant Jan. 1 to May 24, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC01 

(ppm) 

pH as CaC01 

(ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .......•. 162 239 71 -- -- -- 210 333 109 64 319 12 

Finished water~. 56 172 20 9.9 ~0.6 9.6 115 270 88 0 3 0 
MICHIGAN 

ANN ARBOR 

(Population, 48, 251) 

55 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 48,600. 

Source: Huron River, 32 per cent of supply; 10 wells, 30 to 170ft deep, 68 per 

cent of supply. Eight of the ten wells are flowing wells. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, coagulation with lime, softening 

with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. The water 

is softened to a hardness of about 85 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 600, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) -

Huron River wen a Huron River 

(raw water) (raw water) and wells 

(finished water) 

Silica (SiOj ..•.•.•.••.••••••.•••••••• 6.8 13 9.4 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• .05 .05 • 11 

Manganese _(Mil) •• -•• -••••••••••••••••• • 00 .00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) •••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••• 61 104 17 

Magnesium {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 19 35 9.2 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••.•.•••••••••••• 4.8 7.1 12 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.7 2.3 2.2 

Carbonate (COs) ••.•••••••••.•••••••• 0 0 5 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••••••••••••••• 240 335 16 

Sulfate (SO..). ••••••••••.••••.•••••••••• 33 132 71 

Chloride (Cl) •••o•• ••••••••••••••••••• 6.2 7.8 10 

Fluoride (~ •.•••.• o •••••••••••• o• •••• . 2 .2 .2 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••.•••••••••••• o. o o •••• • 7 .5 .4 

Dissolved solids •••• 0 •••••• o •••••••• 271 491 153 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••• o. oo •••• o •• o ••••••• o •••• o ••• 232 404 80 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 34 129 59 

Color ••••• •o •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 00 10 2 2 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.2 7. 5 9.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) •••••• o•••• 430 718 246 

Turbidity •••• 0 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Temper.ature (F. ) o. o •••••••••••••••• -- 48 -- Date of collection •••••• o •••••••••••• Nov. 2, 1951 Nov. 2, 1951 Nov. 2. 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC03 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) (oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Ra 'W water ••. o •• o o o 2"52 280 227 -- -- -- 356 404 335 -- -- -- Finished water. o 0 3·6 48 23 -- -- -- _n. 121 85 55 63 44 

aSteere Farm, flowing well. 
56 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MICHIGAN 

BATTLE CREEK 

(Population, 48, 666) 

Source: 18 wells (18 to 35), 110 to 151ft deep. The yield of well18 is reported 

to be 500 gpm; of wells 19 tb 30, 300 gpm each; and of wells 31 to 35, 1,000 

gpm each. 

Treatment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 700,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

Finished · 

water 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•....•..•..•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•..•... 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.......••.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (CI) .......••.••.• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

13 Hardness as caco,: 

• 26 Total •.••... .. . •.. •. •. .. . .. . 254 

• 09 Noncarbonate • • • . . . . . . . . • 28 

70• l~------------------~---------

19 Color •••......••••......•.•.... 2 

5. 1 pH .••..••••.•.••••.•••.•.. ... ... 7. 8 

1. 7 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

274 25 c.) ••••••••.••..•.•.....• 

46 Turbidity •••...••••••.•..••.. 

5. 8 Temperature (F.) •.•••••..• 

1.1 Date of collection •••.•..•. 

.3 

316 

504 

July 3, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatmer,t plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC03 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) (oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ..... 222 242 203 7.0 7.1 6.8 201 207 195 50 50 50 
MICIDGAN 

BAY CITY 

(Population, 52, 523) 

57 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Essexville, and about 2, 900 people outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 58,600. 

Source: Lake Huron (Saginaw Bay). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda 

ash, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, 

and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 30,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by·U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••..••• 3.1 2.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •......•..•••• .06 • 13 Total ~· .............. 226 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 94 

Calcium (Ca) .•••.•••• 65 16 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 15 7. 5 Color··· ••••••••••••••••• 9 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 35 50 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 6.5 5. 8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 11 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 158 12 25 c.) ..•...•••.••..• 623 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. 42 43 Turbidity •.•.•••.•••••• -- Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 94 76 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .1 Date of collection ..• June 28, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• 2.3 .2 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 396 224 

Regular determifU£tions at treatment plant, 1950 

Hardness 

Finished 

water 

7l 

43 

3 

9.6 

414 

--

-- June 28, 

1951 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•..••••• 100 166 83 8.0 8.2 7.3 15g 382 126 28 600 5 

Finished water ••. 36 59 28 9.2 9.6 8.9 7~ 100 68 0 0 0 
58 MICIDGAN 

BENTON HARBOR 

(Population, 18, 769) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 20, 800. 

Source: Lake Michigan. Emergency supply can be obtained from the city of St. 

Joseph. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorinatiqn. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 600,000 gal. 

Prior to March 5~ 1951, wells were the source of supply. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •..••.....••... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....••..•..•••. 

Manganese (Mn) •••.•••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•...•••. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...•.. 

Sodium (Na) ••••.......••.. 

Potassium (K) ....•.•••... 

Carbonate (COs) •....••••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•...••.••.• 

Fluoride (F) •..•...•.•••... 

Nitrate (N03) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · 

Dissolved solids ····~···· 

Finished 

water 

1.8 

.11 

.oo 

39 

11 

4.1 

1.0 

8 

120 

29 

7.0 

.o 

.6 

177 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total .•.••..........•.••...• 

Noncarbonate .••.•..•.... 

Color ••••.••.•.••••.....•.•.•.. 

pH .•••.•.••.•.••.•..••.•.•...•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity •••........••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••.•• 

Date of collection •••....•. 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

142 

31 

3 

8.1 

299 

Aug. 24, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ......... 114 120 

Finished water ... 115 117 

Min Av Max Min 

103 8.0 8.3 7.9 

105 8.4 8.6 7.8 

DEARBORN 

(Population, 94, 994) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Detroit~ (See Detroit.) 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

154 175 135 6 100 2.5 

156 180 140 • 25 • 25 0 
MICIDGAN 

DETROIT 

(Population, 1, 849, 568) 

59 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also cities of Dearborn, East Detroit, Ecorse, 

Ferndale, Garden City, Hamtramck, Huntington Woods, Lincoln Park, Melvindale, Livonia, Oak Park, Pleasant Ridge, River Rouge, ·Royal Oak (part); 

villages of Allen Park, Grosse Pointe Park, Grosse Pointe Shores, Grosse 

Pointe Woods, Inkster, Riverview, Roseville, St. Clair Shores, Trenton, 

Wayne; townships of Brownstown, Dearborn, Ecorse, Erin, Farmington, 

Gratiot, Grosse Ile, Nankin, Reclford, Romulus, Royal Oak, Southfield, 

Lathrup Townsite, Taylor, Warren and Wayne; County General Hospital 

(Eloise); Detroit House of Correction; and Wayne County Training School. 

Total population supplied, about 2, 508,000. 

Source: Detroit River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Water Works Park Plant, 320,000,000 gpd; 

Springwells Plant, 272,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 136,000,000 gal (at both filter plants and in all elevated 

tanks). 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million by Department of Vlater Supply, City of Detroit) ' ' 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water a water a water a water a 

Silica (SiO:a} .••••.•••. .4 .2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•••.•••••••• .05 .02 Total ~.e•••••·········· 98 98 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 16 22 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.•••. 27 27 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 7 7 Color···················· -- -- Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. } pH .•••••••••••••••••••.•• 8.1 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3 3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•• 1 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 99 93 25 c. ) ............... -- -- Sulfate (SOJ ..•••..••. 13 19 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• 8 • 1 

Chloride (Cl) •••..•••. 7 7 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluorid~ (F) •••••••••. -- -- Date of collection •.• June, June, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• .2 .2 1951 1950 

Dissolved solids ••••. 130 132 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 7-1-49 to 6-30-50 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ......... 82 86 

Finished water ..... 76 80 

a Compos1te sample. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Min Av Max Min 

80 8.1 8.3 7.g 

64 7.Ei 7.8 7.1 

EAST DETROIT 

(Population, 21,461) 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min · Av Max Min 

98 100 95 20 130 3 

98 100 95 .1 .8 0 
60 MICIDGAN 

EAST LANSING 

(Population, 20, 325) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Tota_l population supplied, about 22,300. 

Source: 5 wells (1, and 3 to 6), 460, 407, 385, 380, and 385ft deep; yield reported to be 750, 450, 750, 600, and 600 gpm. Auxiliary supply from Michigan 

State College. Well 1 furnishes 24 percent of supply; wells 3 and 4, 38 percent; and wells 5 and 6, 38 percent. 

Treatment: Iron removal, softening by cation .exchange, and addition of Calgon. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 750,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 550,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ..........•.... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Well4 

(finished 

water) 

16 

.14 

. 00 

Hardness as caco,: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•....••• 

Well4 

(finished 

water) 

73 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 0 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......••. 

18 l~------------------~---------

7.0 

179 

2. 1 

0 

413 

114 

8.0 

.3 

• 2 

549 

Color ..••...••.•••.•....•••..•. 

pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••.•.•••.....•.......• 

Turbidity •.•.•....••••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•..• 

Date of collection •••..•... 

8 

7. 5 

857 

45 

Nov. 9, 

1951 

Depth (feet) ..............•......•............•.. ···-······ ..•.................. ····· 385 

Diameter (inches) .................•.............................................. · · 14 Date drtillfed .......................................................................... May, 1942 

Perc en a supply ..•...••..........••...•.••••......••.•...•.......•••...••..•..•... 

ECORSE 

(Population , 17, 948) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit. ) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

FERNDA'LE 

(Population, 29, 675) 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit. ) 
MICHIGAN 

FLINT 

(Population, 163, 143) 

61 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 164,100. 

Source: Flint River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, chlorine dioxide, coagulation with 

alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid 

sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 650,000,000 gal. 

Finished ... ~ater storage: 23, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES. 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Rawwater water water 

Silica (SiOa) .......... 10 8.9 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) 27a ..•••. ." ••••••• • 04 .1~ Total ~··············· Manganese (Mn) ••••• .0{) • 0() Noncarbonate •••••• 43 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 70 23 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 25 6.8 COlor ...••.••••• ~ •••..•..• 22 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 13 13 pH .•••••••••••••••.•.•••• 8.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.3 3.8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 18 {micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 286 ao 25 c.) •.•. 0 •••••••••• 555 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••.••.. 42 47 'Purbidity •••••••.•••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•• 18 24 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••. .2 .2 Date of collection ..• June 28, 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••.•••• 2.6 1.6 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 344 160 

a Hydroxide ( OH) 1 ppm. 

Finished 

water 

86 

55 

0 

10.2 

270 

--

-- ~une 28, 

1951 
62 }41CIDGAN 

_ GRAND RAPIDS 

(Population, 176, 515}'. 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 179, 500. 

Source: Lake Michigan. Auxiliary supply, Grand River (less than 1 percent of 

total supply). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sodium 

fluoride, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. Auxiliary supply softened 

with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 52, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 8, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 43,800,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si<>t) ..••.•...•••.•. 

Finished 

water a 

2. 1 Hardness as CaCO,: 

Finished 

water a 

Iron (Fe) ••.•..•.•.•.•.••••. • 1f Total ........................ 130 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ~ •••..•..••.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

.oc,~_N __ ~ ___ bo __ na~te __ •• _ •. _ •. _ •• _ •• _··~-------1 __ 7 

35 

10 

5.3 

1.0 

0 

Sodium (Na) .•.••.....••••. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.•..• 

Fluoride (F) .•.....•.•.••.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .••.•.•.. 

136 

1S. 

6.2 

1.0 

• 5 

155 

Color •••..•••••••••...•.•.•.••. 

pH ••••••••••• ········•······ •••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity •.••..•••••••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••.•• 

Date of collection •••.•.•.. 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

3 

8.0 

280 

Aug. 27, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm} 

Av Max 

.Ra'W water .•..••••• 116 168 

Finished water ••. 109 122 a Lake Michigan 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Min Av Max Min Av 

105 8.2 8.7 7.9 134 

47 7.8 8.5 7.5 136 

HAMTRAMCK 

(Population, 43,3 55) 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

.HAZEL PARK 

(Population, 17, 770) 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) 

(ppm} 

Max Min Av Max M.in 

267 124 7.4 61 • 5 

163 124 .1 1.8 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MICHIGAN 

HIGHLAND PARK 

-(Population, 46, 393) 

63 

Source: Lake St. Clair. The intake is located at the termination of Seven Mile 

Road. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, postchlorination, and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 45,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •..•......••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•......•... 

Finished 

water 

3. 5 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

• 07 Total ....................... . 

Finished 

water 

98 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 22 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 00 Noncarbonate •••.•.•••••• 

26 . 1~----------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•.........•. 

Potassium (K) •.•••.•••••. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..••• 

Fluoride (F) .......•....•.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......••. 

8.0 

4.2 

1..2 

0 

92 

20 

8.0 

• 1 

.9 

126 

Color •••••••••.••..•..•.•.•••.• 

pH •••..••••.• -•••.•.•••.•..••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ••••..••..•••••.•••. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•••• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

' as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 84 99 77 8.2 8.7 7.9 107 128 97 

Finished water ..... 77 84 64 7.3 7.5 6.8 105 114 98 

0 

7.6 

215 

Nov. 5, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

15 190 2 

0 0 0 
64 MICHIGAN 

JACKSON 

(Population, 51, 088} 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 51,600. 

Source: 13 wells (1 to 10, Water Street, Hamburg Street, and Goodyear), 380 to 

451 ft deep; yield reported to be 1, 400 to 1, 800 gpm for each well. All of the 

wells are under 400 ft in depth except Goodyear. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS 

(~alysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•......••••. 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•.•...••... 

Finished 

water 

13 Hardness as CaCO,: 

• 25 Total •.•••.•.•••..••...•..•. 

Finished 

water 

331 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 58 

Calcium (Ca) .•••..•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...•.. 

Sodium (Na) .•••.......•••. 

Potassium (K) •...•...•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••.••••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

90 

00 Noncarbonate .••.•.••.•.. . 1~------------------4----------

·Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•.••••• 

Fluoride (F) ...••..•.•••..• 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .••.••••. 

26 

50 

3.3 

0 

334 

93 

48 

.3 

• 2 

498 

Color ••••..•...•••.•..•.•••.•.. 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•.......•........ 

Turbidity •••.••.••..••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••..• 

Date of collection ......... . 

2 

7.3 

791 

Aug. 21, 

1951 
MICIDGAN 

KALAMAZOO 

(Population, 57, 704) 

65 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 13,022 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 70,700. 

Source: 33 wells, 127 to 189 ft deep; yield reported to be from 180 to 1, 044 gpm, 

and to average 401· gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8, 600, 000 gaL 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished Finished 

water a water b waterC . Silica (Si02} · .......................... 14 14 13 

Iron (Fe) •..•••••••••••••••••••.••••••• . 81 1.4 .49 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• .11 .09 .05 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••·•• •••••••••••••••• 81 97 80 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•••.••••••.••••.••• 30 34 28 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••• ~ •••.••••.•••••• 8.7 11 6.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.2 2o0 1.2 

C~'bonate (COJ ••.•••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ •••••••••••••••.• 326 344 321 

SuHate (SO~ ........................... 58 95 50 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••.•••••••• 12 18 10 

Fluoride (F1 ...............•..•..•.... .1 .8 .o 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.••••••..•••••••.•.•• .9 3.6 4.0 

Dissolved solids •.••.••••••••••••••• 373 460 357 

Hardness as CaC03 : . 

Tot~l .•.•.••..•••.••.•••••••••••..••• 326 381 314 

Noncar'bonate •••••.•••••••••••••.•• 58 100 52 

Color ................................... 7 2 3 

pH ••.•••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.4 7.6 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• 607 711 581 

Turbidity •.•••••••••••••••.••••••••••• -- - -- Temperature (F. ) ••.•••••••••••••••• 51 5l 51 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• Nov. 20, ~951 Nov. 20, 195J Nov. 20, 1951 

a No. 7 pumping station. 

b Central pumping station. 

c Balch Street pumping station. 
66 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MICffiGAN 

LANSING 

(Population, 92, 129) 

Source: 92 wells, 189 to :572ft deep; yield reported to be 50 to 800 gpm. The 

average depth of the wells is 425 ft, and the average yield 225 gpm. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, and postchlorination. 

The water is softened to a hardness of about 85 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 60,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 17, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Water Conditioning Plant, Lansing, Michigan) 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••• 0 o .•. 

Iron (Fe) ········o•o····oo•• 

Manganese (Mn) •• 0 ••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•.......•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...••. 

Sodium (Na) ....•........••. 

Potassium (K) ....•..• o ... 

Carbonate (CO,) .....•.••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804) ••••• o ...•..••. 

Chloride (Cl) .. ~ •.•. oo·•··· 

Fluoride (F) .•.•••.•.•..•.. 

Nitrate (NO,) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

} 

Finished 

water 

9.9 

--

-- 19 

9.3 

24 

15 

4 

75 

22 

o2 

-- 177 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate . o •.•.••.••. 

Cotor .••.•...•.•••.•....•.•.•.. 

pH •oo·····o····················· 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•. 0~ ••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ···········•·o······ 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•.•• 

Date of collection ••...•... 

Regular determiMtions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as CaC03 (ppm)_ (ppm) . 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Finished 

water 

86 

57 

10.3 

0 

May, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....•.. 315 32() 312 7.0 7.1 6.9 387 406 367 0.69 1. 50 0.23 

Finished water .•. . 83 10E 75 10o4 10.5 10.2 

LINCOLN PARK 

(Population, . 29, 310) · 

85 91 81 0 0 

•Ownership: Mlinicipt-1.; supplies also about 100 people outisde the city limits. 

·· Total population supplied, about 29,400. 

0 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) Emergency supply from Wyandotte. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

LIVONIA 

(Population, 17, 534) 

·Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lake Erie. 

MICHIGAN 

MONROE 

(Population, 21, 467) 

67 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of pH to about 

8. 0 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•......••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•......•... 

Finished 

water 

1.1 

• 11 

. oc 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total •.••......•.....•....•. 

Noncarbonate .••.•.• : .••• , 

Finished 

water 

137 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 44 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...• ~ .. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) •..•....•... 

Carbonate (CO,) •.....••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....•.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....••.. 

40 l~--------------------------------~-------------------

Raw water ......... 

Finished water •• 

8.7 

15 

1.8 

0 

112 

32 

36 

.1 

.9 

192 

Color ••••.•..•.••••.....•.••... 

pH ••••••..•..•••••••••.•.....••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•... ··•········ 

Turbidity .••..•..•..•••.•.••. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection .•••••... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardne~s 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av 

102 150 81 7.8 8.5 7.2 156 226 112 120 

97 123 76 7.8 8.5 7.1 169 220 126 --

5 

7.9 

351 

Nov. 2, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

~,250 10 -- --
68 MICHIGAN 

MUSKEGON 

(Population, 48,429) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also North Muskegon and about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 52,900. 

Source: Lake Michigan. Emergency supply from Muskegon Heights. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination at times, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 3 00, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•.•.•.••.•. 

Finished 

water 

2.6 

• 12 

.00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noo.carbonate .••.•.•••••• 

Finished 

water 

134 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 25 

Calcium (Ca) .••..••...•.•. 

Magnesium (.Mg) ..•.•.••. 

Sodium (Na) ..••.•.....•••. 

Potassium (K) •.••.••.••.. 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••• • • • • 

Chloride (Cl) ...•.•.••.•... 

Fluoride (F) .....•••.•••••. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ••••.•••• 

34 ll-----------+-----

12 

3.8 

2.3 

0 

133 

25 

7.0. 

.0 

.7 

153 

Color •.•••••••••••.•..•...••... 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•..•..••.. 

Specific conductance · 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

Turbidity •.••.•...•••••.••... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection .••.••... 

0 

7.9 

270 

55 

June 28, 

1951 
MICIDGAN 

MUSKEGON HEIGHTS 

(Population, 18, 828) 

69 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 20,800. 

Source: Lake Michigan. Emergency supply from Muskegon. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 750,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 385,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health) 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02 ) .............. . 2.8 

Iron (Fe) .................. . • 08 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• -- Calcium (Ca) ............. . 35 

Magnesium (Mg) ....... .. 12 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium {K) .......... .. 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... . 

} 2.6 

-- Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 133 

Sulfate (S04) ............. .. 24 

Chloride {Cl} ............ .. 6.0 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. .0 

Nitrate (N03} ............ .. -- Dissolved solids ....... .. 156 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•....... 

Color ........................ .. 

pH ............................ .. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 119 130 114 8. 2 8.4 7.9 134 150 126 

Finished water ... 104 110 97 7.1 7.4 6.9 132 138 123 

Finished 

water 

137 

28 

Oct., 

1941 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

8 4] 1 

0 0 0 
70 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MICIDGAN 

PONTIAC 

(Population, 73, 681) 

Source: 20 wells, 173 to 234ft deep; yield reported to be from 548 to 1, 330 gpm, 

and to average 855 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

There are 9 low-service wells and 11 high-service wells. The low-service wells 

pump directly into a reservoir and furnish about 67 percent of the supply. The 

high-service wells pump against a head varying from 30 to 75 pounds and furnish about 33 percent of the supply. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geolog!cal Survey) 

Mechanic Featherstone Prchard Lake Finished 

well well 2 well 3 water (raw water) (raw water) (raw water) 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••.•••••••••••.•••• 13 20 21 20 

Iron (Fe) ••••••••••.•••••••..••••••• 1.3 1.4 • 56 1.2 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• • 00 • 00 • 0(] ~ 00 

Calcium (Ca) .•••..••.•••••••••••• 98 80 62 71 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••.•••••••• 32 30 25 28 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.•••••••.•.•••••••• 15 25 30 26 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 2.8 3.0 3.8 3.7 

Carbonate {CO,) ••••••.•••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate {HCO,) ••••.•••••••• 347 390 330 340 

Sulfate (804) •• • • •• • • • • • • •• • • .... • •• 92 32 7.8 28 

Chloride {Cl) •••••••••••••••••.••• 17 22 31 28 · ¥luoride (F) ..............•...... .4 • 5 .6 • 6 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••.•••••••••• 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••• 472 408 345 375 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 374 324 260 292 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 92 3 0 14 

Color ................... ............ 3 3 2 0 

pH ..•...•••••••••.••••.••••••••••••••• 7.4 7.4 7.6 :7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C • .) •••••• 714 676 596 63p 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Temperature {F. ) .••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection ••!••·········· June 26, June 26, June 26, June 26, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

Depth (feet) ............. ~ .•...... 200 195 232 -- Diameter (inches) .•.••......... 12 12 12 -- Date drilled ..................... 1925 1929 1949 -- · Percent of supply ............... 3 4.3 3 --
MICillGAN 

PORT HURON 

(Population, 35, 725) 

71 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 700 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about .36,400. 

Source: St. Clair River. Emergency supply from Port Huron Sulphite and Paper 

Co. water system. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Finished 

water 

1.9 

. 11 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...............•....... 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

.a.' inished 

water 

94 

Manganese (Mn) .••..••••• 18 

Calcium (Ca) .....•....•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) .•••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...........•.. 

28 1~----------------~---------

·Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

5.8 

2.9 

. 7 

0 

92 

12 

7.0 

. 1 

.4 

110 

Color ........•.•••.•..•.•...... 

pH .••..•.••...•••...••....•...•. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••••.•................ 

Turbidity •..........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••••.•• 

Date of collection •••....•. 

RIVER ROUGE 

(Population, 20, 549) 

5 

7.3 

206 

Sept. 24, 

1952 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) Emergency supply from industrial 

storage tanks. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

ROSEVILLE 

(Population, 15, 816) 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) 
72 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MICHIGAN 

ROYAL OAK 

(Population, 46, 898) 

Source: 3 wells, (Baptist Home, Buckingham, Northwood), 186. 5, 180·, 157.5 

ft deep; yield reported to be 150, 800, 350 gpm (about 55 per cent of supply); 

about 45 per cent of supply from Detroit. Auxiliary supply one well, (Cooper), 

200ft deep; yield reported to be 800 gpm; used during summer months. 

Treatment: Addition of Calgon, and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None.-

Finished·water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses -in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) ' Baptist Home Buckingham Finished Well Well water a (raw water)· (finished water) 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•.•••••.•••••••••.•••••• 14 17 . 11 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••.•••••••••••••••..••• .35 .43 . 23 

Manganese (M:n) ••••••••••••••••••••• .00 .00 .00 

Calcium {Ca) • •• •••••• .••••••••••••••• 34 52 36 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••••••••••••••••••• 20 20 17 

Sodium {Na) •••.••••••• ! ••••••••••••••• 106 66 150 

Potassium {K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.2 2.0 2.6 

Carbonate {COs) ••.••••••••••.••••.•. 8 0 12 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•••.•••••••.•••• 339 340 248 

Sulfate {SO..). •••.•.••••..•••••••••.•••. 1.8 .9 .4 

Chloride {Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••. 84 62 182 

Fluoride {F) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.0 .9 1.0 

Nitrate {NOJ .•••.•••••••.•••••••..••• .2 • 2 . 2 

Dissolved solids •••..••••.•••••••••• 440 389 537 · Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ••••.••..••••••••••.•••••.•..••. 169 214 162 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••••• -•• 0 0 0 

Color ••.••...•••.•••••••••••••..•.•••.•• 3 ] 3 

pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , •••••••••• -- -- 7. 7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••.•.••••• 78~ 69E 1,000 

Turbidity ..•••....••••••••.•••••••..•• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••.•. • • • • • ••••••.•• -- -- -- Date of collection·················~· Aug. 23, ~951 Aug. 23, 1951 Aug. 23, 1951 -·---

Depth (feet) .......... : ................ 186.5 18( -- Diameter (inches) ..........•......•. 16-a 30-1~ -- Date drilled .......................... May, 195(] July, 195(] -- Percent of supply ................... 1(] 2~ -- - aMixed sample: i~orthwood well 30 percent; supply of City of Detroit 70 

percent. 
MICHIGAN 

SAGINAW 

(Population, 92, 918) 

73 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 94,900. 

Source: Lake Huron. The intake is located at Whitestone Point, about 60 miles 

north-northeast of Saginaw. Emergency supply, Lake Linton and Saginaw 

River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride, and 

final adjustment of pH to about 9. 4 by addition of soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 9, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES. 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by·u. S. Geological Survey) 

'Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ...•...••• 5. 7 2.9 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•.•...•••. . 07 .14 Total ~········· ...... 117 

Manganese (Mn) .•.•• .00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 28 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 33 19 

Magnesium (Mg) ••... 8.6 5.3 Color ............... _ ..... 3 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•••••• 6.1 9.0 pH .••••..••.•••..•...•.•• 8. 1 

Potassium (K) ••..•.. 3.1 2.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ...•. 0 8 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 109 40 25 c.) ......•...•.... 259 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 17 20 Turbidity ..•••.•.••.•.• -- Chloride (Cl) ..••..... 16 16 .Temperature (F.) ••. -- Fluoride (F) ••.••..... .1 . 9 Date of collection ..• June 27, 

Nitrate (NOs) ._ •••.•.•. .5 .6 1951 

Dissolved solids ••... 164 111 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

70 

23 

3 

9.1 

194 

--

-- June 27, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ......... 77 80 

Finished water ... 33 35 

Min Av Mu Min 

73 8.0 8.3 7.8 

29 9.4 9.8 8.7 

ST. CLAIR SHORES 

(Population, 19, 823) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit.) 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

93 108 86 3 40 1 

49 55 46 0 0 0 
74 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MICHIGAN 

WYANDOTTE 

'(Population, 36, 846) 

Source: Detroit River. Emergency supply from Detroit. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum; sedimentation. rapid sand 

filtration, chlorine dioxide, and fluoridation (silicofluoride). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 800, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) .••.•.•••. 2.9 2.4 Hard!fess as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.. .-•••••. . 0~ • 1() Total "!' ••••••••••••••• 98 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • OG • 0() Noncarbonate •••••• H 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 27 27 

Magnesium tf,fg) .•••• 7.3 6.8 Color ............... _ ..... 3 

Sodium (Na) .•.•••••••• 6. 7 4.9 pH······················· 8.3 

Potassium (K) •••.••• 2.2 1.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs)··.··· 6 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 88 88 25 c. ) ............... 218 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 14 17 Turbidity ..•••••.••••.• 12 

Chloride (Cl) ..•.....• 9.0 10 Temperature (F.) ••• -- :.,Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 1.4 Date of collection .•. Aug • 17, 

:Nitrate (NOs) .••..•••• . 6 .4 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 120 126 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

·water 

96 

23 

2 

7. 5 

225 

--

-- Aug. 17, 

1951 

· as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Miri Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 86 93 82 7.9 8.2 7.8 115 137 102 29 6E 14 

Finished water ... 77 84 72 7.2 7.4 7.0 118 142 105 0 0 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MICHIGAN 

YPSILANTI 

(Population, 18, 302) 

Source: 3 wells, 102, 87, and 94ft. deep. 

75 

Treatment: Coagulation and softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, Calgon, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Michigan Department of Health) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...•.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... ·} 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (CO,) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... · 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

7.2 

.0 

14 

8.8 

40 

17 

8 

102 

12 

.3 

212 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ..••...........•....... 

Noncarbonate .••.•...••.. 

Color •••...••..•••.•......••... 

pH •••..•.••..••••...•..•......•. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•.............. 

Turbidity ..•........••••.••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as caco; 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 280 286 272 7.3 7.3 7.3 378 396 359 

Finished water •.. 31 45 24 9.4 9.4 9.3 79 92 71 

Finished 

water 

71 

36 

November, 

1943 

Temperature 

(oF.) 

Av Max Min 

52 52 52 

52 52 52 
76 OHIO 

AKRON 

:(Population, 274, 605) 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also part of Mogadore. Total population supplied, 

aoout 275, 900. 

Source: Cuyahoga River impounded, J. 5 miles north of Kent. Emergency supply, 

wells in Kenmore. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and ferrous sulfate, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and final adjustment of pH by 

addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 50, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 200, 000, 000 gal. 

Fin.i.s~eri-·water storage: 34, 500,000 gal. 

ANALY~.t;S 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ........•. 1.8 1.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•..••...•. • 01 .47 Total ~····· •••••••••• 90 106 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 38 47 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 25 33 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•.. 6.8 5.8 Color .•••••••••.•••• _ ••.•• 18 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•...•. 2.7 2.8 pH ..••.••••.••.•••••.•.•• 7.2 7.8 

Potassium (K) .•...•. 1.4 1.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..... 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 64 72 25 c.)····· .......... 190 225 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 33 43 Turbidity ..•.•••..•••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••..... 3.5 6. 5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) ...••..... .0 oO Date of collection ..• May 2,· May 2, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•.•. • 5 .3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 116 136 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity r · Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 66 106 1'7 8.0 9.0 7. 2 98 138 48 8 50 1 

Finished water~ •. 69 109 23 8.3 9.0 7.1 119 158 70 -- -- --
OHIO 

ALLIANCE 

(Population, 26, 161 .) 

77 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 300 people outside the city limits. 

Tota1 population supplied, about 28, 500. 

Source: Mahoning River impounded. Auxiliary supply, 3 wells (1 to 3), 100, 82, 

and 102 feet deep; yield reported to be 1, 400, 530, and 600 gpm. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimentation, rapid sand fHtration, zeolite softening, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 350,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000, ;)QO gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:J •••••.•••. 2.9 4.7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••..••••••• 0 42 • 21 Total ~··············· 156 83 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••••• 78 50 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 44 26 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••. 11 4o1 Color .................... 18 0 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•••••• 8.5 22 pll ••••..•••.••••••••••••• 7.0 9o7 

Potassium (K) •••.••. 1.9 -- Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 16 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 94 6 25 C.) .••..•••••••.•• 343 303 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 77 84 Turbidity .••.•••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••• 10 13 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 .2 Date of collection •.• May 3, May3, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••.•••• LO • 5 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 219 184 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as caco, Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 90 lBO 20 7. 2 7. 5 6. 9 160 280 66 36 700 8 

Finished water •• 43 10~ 24 10.0 ~0.5 7.0 88 160 30 -- -- --
78 OHIO 

BARBERTON 

(Population, 27, 820) 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also about 800 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 28, 600. 

Source: Wolfe Creek impounded. Emergency supply can be obtained from Ak:ron 

through 2 six-inch connections. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoniation, coagulation with alum and lime, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, !>00 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 760, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S . Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••• 4.1 3.7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 05 .11 Total .............•.. 118 124 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 52 58 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 38 36 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 5.3 8.0 Color .................... 9 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 4.1 4.7 pH ..•...••...•...••....•. 7. 5 7.7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.7 1.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 79 79 25 c. ) •••.••••••••.•• l52 277 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. 47 59 Turbidity ••••••••••••.• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 6.0 6.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .2 • 1 Date of collection ••• May 1, May 1, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 3.0 2.4 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 151 166 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as caco, Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 73 114 29 7.7 8.5 7.2 123 183 71 28 280 8 

Finished water .... 74 117 23 7.6 8.4 6.9 135 191 91 -- -- --
OHIO 

CANTON 

(Population, 116, 912) 

79 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Meye.ts Lake and suburban districts. Total 

population supplied, about 130,900. 

Source: 5 wells (9 to 13) at Northeast Station, 172, 161, 195, 184, and 151ft deep, 

yield reported to be 1, 000, 3, 500, 3, 501, 3, 500, and 1, 050 gpm {51 percent 

of supply). Ranney collector (with 2 recharge units) at Northwest Station, 

129.5 ft deep, capacity reported to be 15,000,000 gpd (42 per cent of supply). 

Auxiliary supply, 2 wells (1 and 2) in the Grovemiller area, 176 and 188 ft 

deep, yield reported to be 700 and 1, 390 gpm, and 1 well at Southwest Station, 

140ft deep, yield reported to be 3, 500 gpm. The auxiliary wells are used during the summer months and provide 7 per cent of the total supply. 

Treatment: Aeration over coke at times, and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 15,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•.•.•• o o 

Iron (Fe) oo•o•o••oo••·· Manganese {Mn) •• o. o 

Calcium (Ca) ooo~•o•oo 

Magnesium (Mg) o. o o• 

Sodium (Na) •• o o ••o o oo 

Potassium (K) o o o o o o. 

Carbonate (COs) o• •oo 

.Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SOJ o o ••• o o o o o 

Chloride (Cl) •oo oo• 000 

Fluoride (F) ooooooooo• 

Nitrate (NOJ .• o •• o• o• 

Dissolved solids •• o •• 

aN. E. Sta. 

bN. W. Sta. 

!.finished 

water a 

13 

c . 73 

• ~3 

134 

29 

5o 5 

1.5 

0 

350 

163 

10 

• 0 

• 5 

550 

Finished 

waterb 

11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

• 61 Total .................. 

.15 Noncarbonate ••• o. o 

111 

21 Color. •o •• o• o •oo •• oo••o•. 

5o8 pH o ooooo••••o••oooooooooo 

1.2 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

264 25 c. ) 00 o•. oooooo 0000 

147 Turbidity ooooooooo•••oo 

9o2 Temperature (F.) ••• 

.1 Date of collection o •• 

0 5 

450 

c Sample slightly turbid when collected. 

Finished 

water a 

454 

167 

2 

7.3 

826 

--

-- April 9, 

1951 

Finished 

waterb 

364 

147 

4 

7.4 

682 

--

-- April 9, 

1951 
80 omo 

CINCINNATI 

(Popuiation, 503, 998} 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also Cheviot, Cleves, Deer Park, Elmwood Place, 

Greenhills, Indian Hill, Madeira, Mariemont, Montgomery, Mt. Healthy, 

Newto~n, North Bend, North College Hill, St. Bernard, Sharonville, Silverton, 

Terrace Park, Woodlawn, and suburban districts. Total population supplied, 

about 634,000. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with iron salts and lime, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 200,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 400,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 151,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S . Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••. 7.0 6.1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•....••••••• • 04 0 13 Total ~.t~••••··········· 110 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••. 73 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 31 34 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 8.0 7. 5 Color .•••••••••.••••••••• 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 12 14 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3.5 3.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 46 55 25 c.) ........•...... 304 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 81 78 Turbidity .••• ~ •••••••.• -- Chloride (Cl) .••.••.•• 14 20 Temperature (F.) ••• --

Finished 

water 

115 

71 

1 

8.2 

324 

--

-- Fluor"ide (r) ...•...... .2 .2 Date of collection ••• May 19, IM~Y 19, Nitrate (NOJ •••..•••• 2.4 1.5 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 185 195 

Regular determi1Ultio-ns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 36 60 18 7. 2 8.3 6.7 96 152 46 167 ~,590 4 

Finished water ..... 39 58 24 8. 5 8.7 2.1 111 155 75 -- -- --
OHIO 

CLEVELAND 

(Population, 914, 808) 

81 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bay, Beachwood, Bedford, Bratenahl, 

Brecksville, Brcadview ,Heights, Brooklyn, Brooklyn Heights, Br?ok P~rk! 

Cleyeland Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, Dover, EastClevelan~, Euclid, Fauv1ew, 

Garfield Heights, Gates Mills, Highland Heights,. Hunting Valley, Independence, 

Lakewood, Linndale, Lyndhurst, Maple Heights, Mayfield, Mayfield Heights, 

Midd1eburgh Heights, Moreland Hills, Newburgh Heights, North Olmsted, 

North;Randall, North Royalton, Olmsted Falls, Orange, ParKview, Parma, 

Parma Heights, Richmond Heights, Rocky River, Seven Hills, Shaker Heights, 

Solon,, South Euclid, Strongsville, University Heights, Warrensville Heights, 

Westv1iew, Wickliffe, Willowwick, and suburban districts. Total population 

supplied about 1, 370,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. · 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 300,000, OOG gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 80,600,000 gal. 

F. ··,i~ \e · +water storage: 270, 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ........ .. 

Calcium: (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesi'!llll (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

PotassiU:m (K) .......... .. 

Carbonate (COs) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) .... . 

Sulfate (~ ) .............. . 

Chlorid~ (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) ............. . 

Dissolvttd solids ....... .. 

Finished 

water 

2. 4 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

• 12 · Total ••.••.•.•••....••••.••• 

• 00 Noncarbonate ........... . 

39 

7.3 

8.7 

1.3 

0 

103 

30 

20 

. 1 

1.5 

169 

Color ........................ .. 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(mic.romhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity •.•••..••..••••••... 

Temperature (F.) ......... . 

Date of collection ....... .. 

Regular determi'I'Ultions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

128 

43 

3 

6.8 

286 

April 30, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Ra.w water •••.•••.• 91 98 84 8.2 8.4 7.0 125 -- -- 19 110 1 

Finisbe4 water •.. 82 91 6_0 7 5 7 9 B. 8 125 -- -- -- -- --
82 

Ownership: Municipal. 

OHIO 

CLEVELAND HEIGHTS 

(Population, 59, 141) 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 

COLUMBUS 

(Population, 375, 901) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Bexley, Gahanna, Grandview Heights, Upper 

·Arlington, Whitehall, and about 17,000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 450, 000. 

Source: Scioto River, impounded in Griggs Reservoir and 0' Shaughnessy Reservoir (96 percent of supply); 4 wells (1 to 4), about 100ft. deep, total yield reported to be 10, 000, 000 gpd. Emergency supply, White Sulfur Quarry 

(seepage water) and Olentangy River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, activated 

carbon at times, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand .filtration, Calgon, 

chlorination, and chlorine dioxide when necessary. The water is softened to 

a hardness of about 70 ppm. The supply from wells is treated at the Nelson 

Road Plant, which operates for about 4 months each year. All other supplies 

are treated at the Dublin Road Plant. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Dublin Road Plant, 54, JOO, 000 gpd; Nelson 

Road Plant, 8, 000,000 gpd. • 

Raw-water storage: 8, 000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 20, 000 ~ 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million , by U S . Geological Survey) 

Well Finished Well 

(raw (raw water) water a water) 

Silica (SiOa) •...•.•••• 18 2.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•...•••••• 3.4 .10 Total "" ............... 576 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 150 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.•••. 145 19 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 52 3.1 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• } 9.2 49 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••.•. 0 18 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 519 4 25 c.) ..•......•..... 1,000 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••••••• 157 115 Turbidity ••••.••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••.•• 3.2 8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) ••.•••••.. • 8 .3 Date of collection •.. Nov. 9, 

Nitrate (NO,) .••••.••• . 2 2.2 1949 

Dissolved solids •.••. 663 227 

Regular determinaticms at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water a 

60 

27 

3 

10.2 

391 

--

-- Sept.26, 

1949 

as CaC03 (ppm) 

pH as CaC03 (ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 130 195 50 8.0 8.4 7.3 217 307 58 102 953 10 

Finished water ... 34 76 17 10.2 ~1. 0 9.4 81 157 21 -- -- -- a Scioto River 
OHIO 

CUYAHOGA FALLS 

(Population, 29, 195) 

83 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Silver Lake. Total population supplied, 

about 30,000. 

Source: 5 wells (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), 120, 130, 129,130, and120ftdeep;yieldofwells1, 

2, 5, and 6 reported to be 1, 000, 1, 500, 1, 500, and 850 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid sand filtration, part zeolite softening, adjustment of 

pH with soda ash, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 270, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 600,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) ' Well2 ~inished Well2 

(raw water (raw 

water) water) 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••• 7.8 9.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •..••.•••••••• • 82 .18 Total .................. 204 

Mangane$e (Mn) ••••• . 05 0 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 62 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 63 26 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 11 7.8 Color .................... 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 7.3 69 pH •••••.••••••••••••••.•• 7.4 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• 1.3 5. 6 Specific conductance 

Carbona~e (COJ ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 172 197 25 c. ) 0 •••••• 0 ••• 0 0 0. 431 

Sulfate (SOj ..•••••••• 67 72 Turbidity ..•••••.•••••• -- Chloride: (Cl) ••••••••• 9.8 18 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 .0 Date of collection •.• May 2, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••• .1 . 3 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 266 303 

Regular determinaticm.s at treatment plant, 191,9 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

97 

0 

1 

7.8 

504 

--

-- May2, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ...•..... 184 196 167 7.4 -- -- 263 282 240 -- -- -- Finished water ... 188 201 167 7.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
84 OHIO 

DAYTON 

(Population, 243, 872) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Oakwood and about 100,000 people outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 3 53, 000. 

Source: 23 wells (11 to 16 and 19 to 35), 20 of which are 54 to 85ft deep, and 3 

of which are 154, 157, and 161 ft deep. Auxiliary supply, 145 wells in groups 

of 6, 94, 6, 28 and 11 wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 35,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 400, 000 gal. 

A softening and filtration plant is under construction (1951). 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •..•......••••. 

Iron (Fe) .•.•..•.•.•.••.•... 

Finished 

water 

10 

• 22 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ....................... . 

Finished 

water 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•..••.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•..•••. 

91 

32 

Noncarbonate .••.•.....•.• --~~------------------~~----------

358 

74 

Sodium (Na) ••.•...•....•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ••....••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804) ••••••••••••••• 

·chloride (Cl) •..•..•••.•..• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...••.•..•. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .••..•••. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

} 5.7 

0 

346 

66 

10 

• 2 

4.4 

391 

Color •••.•••••.•••••..•••.•••.. 

pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity •••.••..•.••••....•. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••• 

Date of collection •••..••.. 

EAST CLEVELAND 

(Population, 40, 04 7) 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 

2 

8.2 

654 

Oct. 18, 

1950 
OHIO 

~AST LIVERPOOL 

(Population, 24, 217) 

85 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7, 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 31,400. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

F;nis:1eG.-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by . U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ...••..... 5. 5 4.3 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ...••..••••••. • 02 .16 Total "!'··············· 78 106 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• .30 . 00 Noncarbonate ..•••. 67 83 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 22 33 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 5.8 5.8 Color .................... 3 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 6.9 7.0 pH .•••..•••.••••••••••.•• 6. 1 . 8. 9-

Potassium (K) ••.•••. . 5 1.5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 5 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 14 18 25 c.) ........•.•.... 220 262 

Sulfate {804) •••••••••• 73 85 Turbidity ..•••....•••.• -- -- Chloride {Cl) ..••.•.•• 6.2 8.0 Temperature (F. ) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 2 • 2 Date of collection ..• May 3, May3, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•.•. 1.8 1.5 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •.••. 133 170 

Regular deterrmnations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) -(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 13 30 3 6.7 7.9 6.1 95 150 60 48 200 13 

Finished water~ .. 25 37 14 8.6 ~0. 2 7.4 120 160 80 -- -- --
86 OHIO 

ELYRIA 

(Po~r.~lation, 30, 307) 

Ownershit: Municipal: supplies also Amherst, Penfield Junction, Vincent, other 

small communities, and suburoan districts. Total population supplied, about 

42,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. The treatment plant is located at Lorain. The raw water 

intake is at two submerged cribs in Lake Erie 1, 500 ft. offshore, west northwest from the treatment plant, and 2. 5 miles west of the mouth of the Black 

River. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, activated carbon, chlorination, coagulation with alum, 

adjustment of pH to about 7. 3 by addition of lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, ammoniation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:J ••..•..••. 2.1 1.1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..••...•.••••• .01 .14 Total lA ••••••••••••••• 129 131 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .00 Noncarbonate ••••.. 33 42 

Calcium (Ca) .. ~~····· 38 38 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 8.3 8.7 Color .••••.••••.••••••••• 3 1 

Sodium (Na) ........... 8.2 8.4 pH ..••..••..••.••..•.•..• 8.0 7.5 

Potassium (K) ••.•• :.~ 2.9 2.8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,} ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 117 108 25 c.) •.............. 300 310 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 26 35 Turbidity ..•.•••..•.•.• -- -- ehloride (Cl) •••••.... 18 22 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .1 .1 Date of collection •.. June 1, ~une 19, 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••.•.•. 1.8 1.3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids .•.•. 167 180 

Regular determtnatwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 91 100 

Finished water ... 82 92 

Ownership: Municipal. 

71 7.9 8. 5 '1..6 

64 7.3 7. 5 6.9 

EUCLID 

(Population, 41 , 3 9 6) 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 

-- -- -- 85 800 5 -- -- -- -- -- --
OHIO 

HAMILTON 

(Population, 57, 951) 

87 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 59, 5JO. 

Source: 6 wells (2 to 6, and 8), 155, 1,~2, 115, 180, 138, and 16R ft. deep; 

yield reported to be 2, 000, 2, 500, 2, QO'J, 2, 000, 2, 000, and 1, 950 gpm. 

Well 2 provides 5 percent of tlie supply, well 4, 20 percent, and wells 3, 5, 

and 6, 25 percent each. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, 

recarbonation, sediment~tion, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: C, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw ... water storage: None. 

F::vsh8 -·.,;at~:..· storage: 11, 500, u:Jf) gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) .......••. 12 8.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..........•.•. • 66 .18 Total ............... •• 334 

Manganese (Mn) •.••. . 38 • 00 Noncarbonate •••.•. 53 

Calcium (Ca) ...•••••. 84 21 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•.. 30 9.0 Color···················· 3 

Sodium (Na) ...••.•.•. 8.4 10 pH ...•...•..••.•••.•.•.•• 7.3 

Potassium (K) ••.•.•. 5.1 5. 2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 5 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 342 15 25 c.) ......•........ 631 

Sullate (S04) •••••••••• 74 76 Turbidity ..•••.•.••••.• -- Chloride (Cl) .•.•..... 11 12 Temperature (F.) ••. -- Fluoride (F) •••.•..•.. • 2 . 1 Date of collection •.• May 23, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•.•.••.. • 7 .4 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 379 156 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

89 

69 

0 

8.8 

255 

--

-- May 23, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 280 295 260 7.3 -- -- 344 370 322 -- -- -- Finished water4 •. 42 57 27 9.1 -- -- 83 119 70 -- -- --
88 omo 

ffiONTON 

(Population, 16, 333} 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also Coal Grove. Total population supplied, 

ai>out 18,500. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, chlorination, and 

chlorine dioxide. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ..•••..••. 10 3 Bardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .•..•....••.•. -- . 15 Total :•• •••••.•••••••• 95 122 

Manganese (Mn) ••••. -- -- Noncarbonate •••.•. 73 96 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 35 46 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2 2 Color .••••.•••••••••••..• 10 2 

Sodium (Na) ..••••••.. -- -- pH .•••..••••••..••.•••.•• 7.4 8.7 

Potassium (K) ••..••. -- -- Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 6 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 27 20 25 c.)··············· -- -- SuHate (SOJ ...••.••.. -- -- Turbidity ..•.••....••.. 30 0 

Chloride (Cl} .•....•.. 12 12 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• • 2 . 2 Date of collection •.. Jan. 25, ~an. 25, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••...••. -- • 6 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. - -- 202 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ......... 33 130 

Finished water ... 20 36 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Min Av Mu Min Av 

18 7.0 -- -- 121 

15 7.8 -- -- 130 

LAKEWOOD 

(Population, 68, 071) 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 

(ppm) 

Max Min Av Max Min 

-- -- 118 600 10 

-- -- -- -- --
OHIO 

LANCASTER 

(Population, 24, 180) 

89 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also about 450 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 24, 600. 

Source: 7 wells (4, 5, 7 to 11), each 95ft. deep. The specific capacity (after 8 

hours pumping) of wells 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 was reported to be 243, 931, 

501, 491, 648, and 5o7 gpm. The yield of well11is reported to be 1,200 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, rapid sand filtration, zeolite softening, chlorination, and 

final adjustment of pH to 7. 3 -~. 0 with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finis bed-Water storage: 2, 3_0:, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ..•••.•••. 15 15 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .......•..•••• -- . 1 Total "!' ••••••••••••• •• 430 72 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 0 25 . 03 Noncarbonate •••••. 98 0 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 114 16 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 35 8 Color· ••••.•••••••••••••• 5 5 

Sodium (Na) •..•.•.••• -- -- pH ..••.•••..••.••..•.•.•. 7. 2 7. 6 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• _....; -- Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 {micromhos at 

Bicarbonate {HCOJ 405 415 25 c.) ..•. 0 •••••••••• -- -- Sulfate {S04) •••••••••• -- -- Turbidity 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 a~ 35 0 

Chloride { C 1) .••••••.• 14 14 Temperature (F.) ••. -- -- Fluoride {F) •••••••••• 0 1 • 1 Date of collection ..• Jan. 10, Jan. 10, Nitrate {NOJ .•••.•.•. -- .2 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. -- 569 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC03 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) (oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 309 -- -- 7.3 -- -- 413 -- -- 54 -- -- Finished water ... 359 -- -- 7.9 8.0 7.5 94 428 55 55 -- --
90 OHIO 

LIMA 

(Population, 50, 246) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 15,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 65,000. 

Source: Ottawa River, stored in upland reservoirs. Auxiliary supply, 6 wells 

(1 to 6), 410, 400, 245, 400, 400, and 400ft. deep. The yield from each of 

wells 1 to 4 is reported to be 250 gpm. The total yield from wells 5 and 6 is· 

reported to be 7 50 gpm. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, addition of polyphosphate, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear-water wells, 2, 750,000 gal; elevated tank, 

1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

. · (Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) ...••..••. 3.4 4.7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•••..••••.•. . 03 • 09 Total ~-······ .......... 173 80 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 .00 Noncarbonate •••... 60 48 

Calcium (Ca) ..•••.••. 47 18 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 13 8.5 Color···················· 17 1 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••.•• 5.0 12 pH······················· 7.9 9.0 

Potassium (K) ••.•.•. 5.0 4.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..... 0 8 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 135 22 25 c.) .........•..... 368 244 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 64 66 Turbidity ..••••..••••.. -- -- Chloride (Cl) ..••.•... 6.0 7.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) ••..•.•••. • 2 .• 2 Date of collection ... June 5, June 5, 

Nitrate (NOJ ..•..•.•. 5.4 5. 1 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 229 153 

Regular determuwtwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 106 138 84 8.1 8.3 7. 5 190 218 164 28 45 5 

Finished water ... 34 60 20 9. 6 10.5 9.0 90_ 115 74 -- -- --
OHIO 

LORArn 

(Population, 51, 202) 

91 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies als'o Sheffield Lake and suburban districts. Total 

population supplied, about 56,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is at a submerged crib in Lake Erie, 

north northwest of the treatment plant, and 2, 800ft. offshore. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and final adjustment of 

pH to about 7. 5 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 500, )00 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica {SiO:a) ...••..••. 1.1 1.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron {Fe) •..........••. 125 .04 .07 Total ................. 

Manganese {Mn) ••••. -- .00 Noncarbonate •••..• 32 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 32 39 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 11 8.3 Color .•••••••••.••••••..• 10 

Sodium (Na) •.••..•••. 8.6 8. 5 pH .•••..••••••••••••.•.•• 7.7 

Potassium {K) ••.•••. .9 2. 6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate {COs) ..... 0 0 {micromhos at 

Bicarbonate {HCOs) 113 111 25 c.)··············· 293 

Sulfate (SOJ ....•...•• 27 37 Turbidity ..•.••••••••.. --

---

Finished 

water 

132 

40 

1 

7.5 

319 

-- Chloride {Cl) ..••.•... 18 22 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride {F) •••••.•••. 0 1 0 1 Date of collection •.. May 1, June 19, 

Nitrate {NOs) .••...••. 1.2 1.3 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 164 179 

Regular determ~natums at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 87 96 69 7.9 8.6 '7.6 123 138 100 49 340 3 

Finished water ... 77 88 51 7.3 7.6 6.7 131 144 111 -- -- --
92 OHIO 

MANSFIELD 

(Population, 43, 564) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 7, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 50,600. 

Source: 11 wells (1 to 11), average depth reported to be 150ft; total yield reported to be 7, 500, 000 gpd. Auxiliary supply, Clear Fork Reservoir located 

about 5 miles southwest of Mansfield. This reservoir will be used as a source 

of supply after January, 1952. 

Treatment: Sl.lrface supply: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Well supply: 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant! 7, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 4, 000, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ........ .. 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

12 

.48 

• 11 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ........................ . 

Noncarbonate .••.•...•... 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

229 

34 

Calcium (Ca) ............ .. 61 l~------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) .......... .. 

Carbonate (CO,) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) .... . 

Sulfate (S04) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............ .. 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03 ) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

19 

6.8 

1.0 

0 

240 

48 

4.2 

. 1 

• 7 

277 

Color ••.•..••.•••.......••..... 

pH ............................ .. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity •..••.•...•••...•... 

Temperature (F. ) ......... . 

Date of collection ........ . 

0 

7.4 

471 

May 1, 

1951 
OHIO 

MARION 

(Population, 33, 817) 

93 

Ownership: The Marion Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works and 

Electric Co.); supplies also about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 35,800. 

Source: 13 wells (13, 15, 17, 18, 20 to 28), 142, 142, 142, 145, 141, 140, 140, 

140, 224, 225, 212, 184, and 202ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported 

to be 210, 127, 232, 210, 127, 210, 175, 150, 410, 235, 202, 650, and 500 

gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, 

sedimentation, recarbonation, and chlorination. The water is softened to a 

hardness of about 137 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Fini.3hed-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water a water a water a 

Silica (SiOa) ..•••.•••• 15 4.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ••.••..•.••.•• . 08 .14 Total ~· .............. 653 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 07 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 346 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 176 32 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••. 52 11 Color .................... 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•••• 15 125 pH .•••••••.•••.•••••.•.•• 7.6 

Potassium (K) •••.••. 4.9 6.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••• 0 7 {micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 375 30 25 c. ) ............... 1,140 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 370 348 Turbidity ..•..••.•••••• -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.• ~ 5. 8 6.5 Temperature (F.) ••. -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• 1.3 • 6 Date of collection •.• June 19, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••...••• · • 1 • 1 1951 

Dissolved solids •.••. 882 556 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Finished 

water a 

126 

89 

2 

9.0 

840 

--

-- June 19, 

1951 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC03 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) (oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ....•.... 318 328 292 -- -- -- 677 742 611 56 66 46 

Finished water ... 31 73 21 -- -- -- 149 239 105 -- -- --

awens 15 and 21 to 28. 

• 
94 omo 

MASSILLON 

(Population, 29, 594) 

Ownership: Ohio Water Service Co., (controlled by Federal Water Service Corp.); 

supplies also Genoa Sewer District and about 700 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 37,000. 

Source: 2 wells (1 and 2), 175 and 165ft. deep; yield reported to be 2,100 and 

1,400 gpm, (65 percent of supply); Newman Creek. Auxiliary supply, well 

(North), 175ft. deep. Newman Creek and North well provide 35 percent of the 

supply. 

rreatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, 

sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination~ The 

water is softened to a hardness of about 85 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 900, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(~alyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geolo_g!cal Survey) 

Wells 1 & 2 North well Newman Finished 

(raw water) (:raw water) Creek water (raw water) 

Silica (SiO.) •.•••••••••••• o •• o. o •• 14 14 8.5 8.9 

Iron (Fe).t!••••····················· .10 1.1 .08 .11 

Manganese (Mil) o•o••······· .~ ••• • 00 .08 -- .05 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••• 90 91 52 11 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 24 23 14 7.3 

Sodium (Na) ••.•••••••••••••••••••• 8.4 12 6.8 36 

PotassiUm. (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 

Carbonate (COs) ••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 24 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 274 284 134 0 

Sulfate (S04) •• •••••••••••••••••••• 103 89 77 80 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 9.0 20 8.0 12 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... .1 .1 .2 .1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• • 2 • 1 5. 2 1.8 

Dissolved solids o•o•••••••••oo•• 396 406 248 180 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

TOtal ............................. 322 322 186 58 

Noncarbonate o o o ••••••••••• o •• 99 89 78 17 

Color ................... ............ 5 3 25 4 

PH .......................•........•.. 7.5 7.5 7.5 9.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••••. 615 651 397 304 

Turbidity .......................•.• -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Apr. 9, Apr. 9, Apr. 9, Apr. 9, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

Regular Mlerminations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness Temperaas CaC01 pH as CaC03 ture 

(ppm) (ppm) (oF.) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 183 263 52 7.3 -- -- 304 412 140 50 64 34 

Finished water •• 32 -- -- 9.4 -- -- 102 172 62 -- -- --
OHIO 

MIDDLETOWN 

(Population, 33, 695) 

95 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 12, 000 people through Lemon Township 

Sanitary District. Total population supplied, about 45,700. 

Source: 18 wells. Three of the wells, 40, 183, and 186ft deep, individually 

pumped, are reported to yield 2, 000 gpm each. The remaining wells, 3 2 to 

40ft deep, are grouped, and are reported to yield 3,000,000 gpd. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •..•.•....•..•. 

Iron (Fe) .•.•....•.•.•..•••. 

Finished 

water 

11 Hardness as CaCOs: 

2,A Total ....................... . • ~":1 

Finished 

water 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..•.•••.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

78 

00 Noucarbona.te ••••..••.••• . 1~-----------------;---------

302 

43 

Sodium (Na) .•••......••••. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ••.....••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•...••.•••• 

Fluoride (F) ...••..•.••.••. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•.••.••. 

26 

6.1 

2.9 

0 

315 

48 

7.8 

.2 

3.3 

337 

Color •••••••••.•••.•••••••••••• 

pH ••••••• .-•••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ••••.••••••••••••••. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.••••. 

Date of collection •••••••.. 

1 

7.4 

580 

May 23, 

1951 
96 OHIO 

NEWARK 

(Population, 34, 275) 

Ownership: Municipal: supplies also about 2~ 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 36, 800. 

Source: North Fork Licking River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, ammoniatlon, activated carbon, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. The water is softened to a hardness of about 70 ppm. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-w::.t-:;r stc:fage: None. 

Fi~~-sb.GLY.-;~'"1.t~!· ~:.t ;ra~~3: 3, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health) -

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO~ ..•.•.•••• 7 7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••..••••••. -- .3 Total ~··············· 199 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 04 • 04 Noncarbonate •••••. 46 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 57 21 

Magnesium (Mg) ..... 14 2 Color··················· 12 

Sodium (Na) •.••••.••• -- -- pH ..••...••.•••...••••.•• 7.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• -- -- Specific conductance 

C arboi.ate ( CO:J ..... 0 12 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO:J 187 15 25 c. ) ............... -- Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• -- -- Turbidity ..•.•.•.••••.• 10 

Chloride (Cl) ..••.•.•• 3 3 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride {F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ... Apr. 10, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•.•. -- . 3 1950 

Dissolved solids •..•. -- 121 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

61 

29 

0 

9.6 

--

0 

-- Apr • 10, 

1950 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 175 237 62 -- -- - 215 290 84 159 3000 25 

Finished water~ .. 33 57 23 -- -- - 70 104 46 -- -- --
OHIO 

NORWOOD 

(Population, 35, 001} 

97 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people in Cincinnati. Total population supplied, about 35, 100. 

Source: 8 wells, 240 to 280 ft. deep (50 percent of suppty); finished water purchased from Cincinnati (50 percent of supply). 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

R:.l\-,T-\'c2.~s:r storage: None. 

F:.;ns:1e· .... -v:ater sbrage: 1-, f.30, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Ohio Department of Health) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .. , •....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ........ .. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) .......... .. 

Carbonate (CO,) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate {804) .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

Finished 

water 

15 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

2. o Total ....................... 410 

4,; Noncarbonate ............ 38 

119 . =~~~---------------+-------

27 

0 

454 

27 

Color ........................ .. 

-- pH ............................ .. _ _ Specific conductance 

~~~~):~~~. ~~ .......... . -- Turbidity •...•...•.•••••.•... 

• 05 

.3 

Temperature (F. ) ......... . 

Date of collection •••..•... 

PARMA 

(Population, 28, 897) 

8 

7 •. 3 

5 

Sept. 6, 

1950 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 
98 omo 

PORTSMOUTH 

(Population, 36, 798) 

Ow1_1ership: Municipal; supplies also New Boston, West Portsmouth, Wheelersburg, and about 3, 200 people outside the city limits. Total population supp- lied, about 48, 000. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation rapid sand filtration 

d . ' ' so tum chlorite, chlorination, and final adjustment of pH to 8. 0-8. 2 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

1:law-water storage: None. 

Finisha .. ;-water storage: 22, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million by Ohio Department of Health) ' ' 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••• 7 5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• -- • 05 Total loti ••• • •••••••••••• 90 96 

Manganese (Mn) ·••oo • 5 0 5 Noncarbonateo ••••• 68 72 

Calcium (Ca) ··o~··o·· 33 35 

Magnesium (Mg) o o ••• 2 2 Color .................... 8 0 

Sodium (Na) o• o ••••• o. -- -- pH ··•oo••·······•••o• •.•• 7.3 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••••• o. -- -- Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 27 29 25 c. ) .. 00 •••••• 0 •••• -- -- Sulfate (SOJ •• o o •• o. o o -- -- Turbidity. ••••o•• •ooo•• -- -- Chloride (Cl) •••o•o••o 15 15 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) • o•• ••• o •• . 2 • 2 Date of collection ••• Jan. 2, Jan. 2, 

Nitrate (NO,) o• o. o •• o• -- .6 1951 1951 

Dissolved solids •••• o 223 170 

Regtdar determiftations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw 'ftter ......... 28 46 15 6.7 7.1 6.4 105 159 66 164 800 10 

Finished water ... 30 48 18 7.5 8.5 7o0 115 169 92 -- -- --
OHIO 

SANDUSKY 

(Population, 29, 375) 

99 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 5, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 34,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is at a submerged crib in Lake Erie, 

1, 900 ft. northeast of Cedar Point beach. Emergency supply through a separate intake in Lake Erie-Sandusky Bay. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated caroon at times, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw~water storage: None. 

Finisheei.-water storage: 4, OJO, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •••.•.•••• 2.2 1._6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•••••••••. .03 .04 Total ~··············· 144 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- "0' Noncarbonate •••••• 37 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 42 36 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••. 9.7 8.0 Color .................... 4 

Sodium (Na) •.•••.•••. 8.6 8.0 pH ...•..••..•...••.•....• 8.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.3 2.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 6 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 119 109 25 c.) •.•...••••.•.•• 322 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 31 29 Turbidity ..••.•.••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•... 16 20 Temperarure (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection •.. June 1, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. 2.2 1.4 1951 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 186 166 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

124 

33 

1 

7. 5 

297 

--

-- ~une 19, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ......... 92 98 

Finished water ..... 84 89 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Min Av Max Min Av 

88 7. 9 -- -- 71 7.2 -- --

SHAKER HEIGIITS 

(Population, 28, 222) 

--

--

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 

(ppm) 

Max Min Av Max Min 

-- -- 41 450 10 -- -- -- -- --
100 

Ownership: Municipal. 

OHIO 

SOUTH EUCLID 

(Population, 15, 432) 

Source: Supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland.) 

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 78, 508) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 81, 500. 

Source: Buck Creek diverted to natural filter beds, 80 percent of supply; Conduit in underground gravel, 20 percent of supply. Auxiliary supply, Beaver 

Creek diverted to natural filter beds. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finisfl.ed-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS· 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•.....•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ............••. 

Potassium (K) •.••••.•••.• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....•.•. 

Finished 

water 

10 Hardness as CaCO,: 

Finished 

water 

. 13 Total •..•.............•..... 332 

. 00 Noncarbonate .•• . . . . . • • • . 7p 

81 l~-------------------+------~--

31 Color ...•...•..•••..........•.. 0 

3.2 pH.............................. 7.7 

2. 7 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

317 25C.) •••••••••...••.•...••. 

66 Turbidity .•••.......•••...... 

5. 0 Temperature (F.) •..••••.•• 

• 2 Date of collection •••..•... 

6.0 

363 

605 

May 23, 

1951 
OHIO 

STEUBENVILLE 

(Population, 35, 872} 

101 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 400 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, auout 36,300. 

Source: Ohio River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand. filtration, postchlorination, chlorine dioxide, and stabilization 

by addition of phosphates. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water etorage: 6, 300, 000 gal. 

F~.1ish 3•, -~7ater storage: 3, 700, 000 Gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•...•••. 5. 6 8.7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.....••••.••. . 04 0 25 Total .................. 88 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 44 .32 Noncarbonate •••••. 75 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 23 34 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 7. 5 6.3 Color··········· •••••••.• 2 

Sodium (Na) •.••.••••• 7. 1 7.4 pH ..••••••.•••••••••••••• 6.4 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• .8 1.5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 16 18 25 c. ) ............... 229 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 76 100 Turbidity ..•••••.••••.• -- Chloride (Cl) •••••..•. 5.8 8.5 Temperature (F. ) ••. -- Fluoride (F) .••••••... • 1 .1 Date of collection •.• May4, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 1.4 1.3 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 143 187 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 . - - Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

111 

96 

6 

7.5 

287 

--

-- May 4 2 

1951 

-

. as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ........• 15 .28 5 6.3 7.3 4.7 114 184 70 88 650 3 

Finished water .•. 23 42 9 8. 0 9.9 5.4 1:~o 186 Jill -- -- --
102 OHIO 

TOLEDO 

(Population, 303, 616) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Maumee, Ottawa Hills, Rossford, and suburban districts. Total population supplied, about 369,000. 

Source: Lake Erie. The raw water intake is at a crib in Lake Erie, about 9 

miles east of Toledo, near Reno Beach, and 2 miles offshore. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon at 

times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. Rated capacity of treatment plant: 80,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3 5, 000, 000 gal. 

The crib is a circular concrete structure 100ft in diameter with walls 16ft thick 

having 16 intake ports 10ft square that are 22ft under the surface of the water. 

There is a large cabin superstructure. 

The water from· the crib is conveyed by gravity flow through 108 in. concrete 

pipe to the shore to the low service pumping station near Reno Beach. The 

water is pumped from this station through a 78 in. steel pipe line, 9 miles to 

the easterly edge of the city (Collins Park) to the treatment plant. The finished water is pumped into the distribution system and into elevated storage by a 

high service pumping station. 

ANALYSES 

Analyses, m par s per m1 ' t ·nion by U S . Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) .••••••••• 3.3 2.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

146 170 Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••• .02 • 23 Total ~··············· Manganese 42 56 (Mn) ••••• -- • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 42 51 

Magnesium 5 3 (Mg) •••• • 10 10 Color···················· 

Sodium 7.6 7.6 (Na) •.•••••••• 7.7 7. 5 pH ...•................... 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.4 1.5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) •.••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate 314 378 (HCOj 127 137 25 c. ) ............... Sulfate (SOJ •••••.•••. 30 53 Turbidity •...•••..••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ..••••.•• 19 16 Temperature (F. ) ••. -- -- Fluoride May 1, May 15, (F) •••••••••• .2 • 2 Date of collection .•• 

Nitrate 1951 1951 (NOs) .••..•••. 4.4 2.6 

Dissolved solids ••••. 192 228 

Regular determ~11.atwns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mai Min Av Max Min Av fylax Min 

Raw water ......... 92 129 53 8.0 8.8 7. 5 136 224 81 111 ~t,a6o 10 

Finished water ..... 89 128 51 7.8 8.1 7.4 146 260 112 -- --
omo 

WARREN 

(Population, 49, 856) 

103 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 52,400. 

Source: Mahoning River. 

Treatment: Ammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum 1 and lime, 

activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,:postchlorration, and 

final adjustment of pH to about 8. 0 by addition of lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-w_ater storage: 2, 100, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) .•....•••. -6.4 5.2 Hardness as CaC03 : I 

Iron (Fe) .••.•...•••••. .08 .42 Total ~.e••············· . 96 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .00 .16 Noncarbonate •••••• 56 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 26 38 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 7.3 7.8 Color ....... ············· 1

23 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 5. 1 5. 2 pH .•••••••••••••••••••••• 7!.6 

Potassium (K) •...••. 2.2 2.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 48 52 25 c. ) ............... 238 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 61 85 Turbidity .•••••••••••.• -- Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.•• 6. 5 9.0 Temperature (F.) ••. -- Fluoride (F) .•.••.•••. .2 .1 Date of collection ..• Apr.10, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.•.••. 1,9 2.1 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 150 189 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

128 

84 

5 

7.9 

299 

--

-- Apr.10, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 58 110 14 7.6 8.7 6. 6 137 213 50 45 525 3 

Finished water ..... 58 108 16 8. 1 9.0 7. 6 161 227 83 -- -- --
104 OHIO 

YOUNGSTOWN 

(Population, 168, 330) 

Ownership: Mahoning Valley Sanitary District (controlled by cities of Youngstown 

and Niles); supplies also Boardman, Canfield, McDonald, Niles, and about 

6, 100 people outside of the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

204,000. 

Source: Meander Creek impounded in Meander Creek Reservoir. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, activated carbon, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, 

chlorination, and stabilization by addition of phosphates. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 40,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 10, OOQ, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 35,QOO,OOQ gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••• 4.7 7.6 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• .04 .07 ToW~··············· 92 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate ••••.• 58 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 24 33 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 7.5 .7 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 12 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 4.0 11 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.3 2. 2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••• 0 10 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO.) 40 ao 25 c. ) ............... 223 

Sulfate (SOJ .••••••••• 61 67 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 5. 5 5.8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ..• Apr.10, 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 2. 6 2.0 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••• 139 156 

Regular determifUltions at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

86 

69 

4 

10.3 

275 

--

-- Apr.10, 

1951 

as caco, pH as caco, Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Ra.1r water ••••••••• 47 6~ 34 7.7 8.6 7.3 120 150 98 13 55 4 

Finished water ••• 38 4~ 33 10.6 10.7 10.4 84 92 77 .4 • 7 .2 

aHydroxide (OH), 7 ppm. 
omo 

ZANESVILLE 

(Population, 40, 517) 

105 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 42,000. 

Source: 8 wells (1 to 8) each 65ft. deep; yield of wells 1 and 2 reported to be 

800 gpm each, and of wells 3 to 8, 1 ~ 000 gpm. each. 

Treatm~nt: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 15,500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storag~: 4, 700,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

·water 

(city tap) 

10 Hardness as caco,: 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

Iron (Fe) ........•.•.•..••.. . 51 Total ••••.•..•.••...••••••.. 259 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...••.. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ..••.......•... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••. 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ••.•..•••..••• 

Fluoride (F) ...••.••••..•.• 

Nitrate· (NOs) ...•.....••... 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

• 07 Noncarbonate .•• • • . •• . • •• 129 

83 l~------------------~---------

13 Color •.••.•••.••••••.••••••.••• 2 

37 pH.............................. 7.5 

2. 3 Specific conductance · 

0 (micromhos at 

160 25 c.) ..................... . 92 Turbidity ••••.••••••••••••••• 

8 5 Temperature (F. ) •••••••••• 

424 

• 2 Date of collection ••••••••• 

.3 

701 

May 4, 

1951 
106 WISCONSIN 

APPLETON 

(Population, 34, 010) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 800 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 34, 800. 

Source: Fox River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, aeration 

during summer months, activated carbon, sedimentation, recarbonation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 250,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 2.5 2.7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .10 . 22 Total "!··············· 169 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 03 Noncarbonate •••••• 21 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 38 20 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 18 7.5 Color··········· ......... 10 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 4.5 5.2 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.7 2.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••• 0 6 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 180 51 25 c.)··············· 319 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 20 30 Turbidity ..•.•••••••••• --

'Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 7.0 8.0 Temperature (F. ) ••• --

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .1 1.2 Date of collection ••• Jan. 16, 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••• . 5 .4 1952 

Dissolved solids ••••. 200 112 

Regular determinatiuns at treatment p/n,nt, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Winished 

water 

81 

29 

5 

9.0 

190 

--

-- ~an. 16, 

1952 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 -Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 144 16S 110 8.0 8.7 7.4 16B 196 144 4.2 57 1. 5 

Finished water ... 37 57 20 9.2 10.2 8.6 72 98 60 . 8 6 .. 6 .2 
WISCONSIN 

~ELOIT 

(Population, 29, 590) 

107 

Ownership: Wisconsin Power and Light Company; supplies also South Beloit, 

and about 100 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

32,900. . 

Source: 4 drilled wells (3, 4, 5, 8), 1, 160, 967, 1, 225, and 140 ft deep, respectively. Well 3 furnishes 12 percent of supply; well 4, 15 percent; 

well 5, 13 percent; well 8, 59 percent. Auxiliary supply, wells 1, 6, and 2 

( 1 percent of supply). 

Tre~tment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 550, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) 

Well3 Well4 Well 5 WellS 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••.•••• 8.9 9.5 9.3 18 

Iron (Fe) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .1 .00 . 00 .00 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• . 00 .00 . 00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) .•.•••••••••••••••••• 56 59 51 71 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 36 37 35 31 

Sodium (Na) .•••••••••••••••••••••• 1.8 1.0 1.9 2.2 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 2.0 1.6 1.6 .0 

Carbonate (CO,} •.••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ••••••••••••• 344 354 317 325 

Sulfate (so.) ....................... 8. 5 10 10 30 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 3.0 2.0 2.5 5.5 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... .0 .0 .0 .9 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• .0 .4 . 3 2.0 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 288 302 262 320 

Hardness as CaC01: 

Total ............................ 288 299 271 305 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 6 9 11 38 

Color ................... ............ 5 2 2 2 

pH .••..••.••..••..••..••.•..••••••••• 7.7 7.4 7.6 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••••• --. -- -- -- Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Temperatur.e (F. ) •••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••• May 27, May 27, May 27, May 27, 

1952 1952 1952 1952 

Depth (feet) ...................... 1,160 967 1,225 140 

Diameter (inches) .•••••...••••• 12 12 12 30 

Date drilled ..................... 1937 1926 1927 1947 

Percent of supply ..•.•••.•.•••.. 12 15 13 59 
108 

Ownership: Municipal. 

WISCONSIN 

EAU CLAIRE 

(Population, 36, 058) 

Source: 11 drilled wells, from 75 to 105 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be from 1, 420 to 2, 120 gpm, and to average 1, 786 gpm. 

Tre~ tment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finb.i1ed-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 19 Hardness as CaCO,: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... . 09 Total . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

Manganese (Mn) •••..••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) •..•........•.. 

Potassium (K) •.••••.•••.• 

Carbonate (CO,) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

. 00 Noncarbonate . • . . . . • . . . . . 7 

12 l~------------------~--------

5. 8 Color .••.......•••......•.•.... 5 

4. 0 pH •••..•..•...•.••..•..•........ 7. 4 

. 7 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

57 25 c.) •••..•.......•........ 

6. 7 Turbidity .••....•...••....... 

3. 2 Temperature (F. ) ••.••.•... 

1. 0 Date of collection •.•...... 

2.2 

86 

122 

Nov. 20, 

1951 
WISCONSIN 

FOND DULAC 

(Population, 29, 936) 

109 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 90 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 30, 000. 

Source: 11 drilled wells (2 to 6, 8 to· 13) 480 to 885 ft deep. 

Tre~tment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Finished 

water 

17 Hardness as CaCO,: 

. 1 Total ..................•.... 

Finished 

water 

401 

196 0 Non-ear bonate .••..•...... 

103 . .... ~~-----------------~---------

35 

38 

4.4 

0 

251 

185 

88 

1.2 

.0 

628 

Color •.........•........•...•.. 

pH •••..•.••...••••..••.•.....•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •••.••.•.............. 

Turbidity ..•.......••••..••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection ..•..•... 

3 

7.4 

Feb. 13, 

1952 
110 

Ownership: Municipal. 

WISCONSIN 

GREEN BAY 

(Population, 52, 735) 

Source: 9 drilled wells (1 to 9) 804 to 956 ft deep, located, respectively, within the city limits as follows: Cass Street, Farlin Avenue, Shawano Avenue, 

Boland Road, James Church, 9th Street, Mason Street, Gray Street, and 

Military. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

The analyses selected show the approximate range of dissolved solids and hardness in the water furnished by the wells. Complete analyses of samples from 

the other wells indicate that the water furnished by them is very similar in 

chemical character to that from the wells for which analyses are given. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Cass St. FarlinAve. James Gray St. Military 

well well Church i well well 

raw water raw water' well a (rawwate~ (raw water) 

Silica (SiO.) ••.••.••....•.•. 6.5 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.5 

Iron (Fe) ••oooooo••o•o•ooooo .44 •. 79 . 4Q . 58 . 23 

Manganese (Mn) oo•o••···· .0() .00 .0() . 00 .00 

Calcium (Ca) • o •• o. o o. o o o• o 50 57 60 56 58 

Magnesium (Mg) o•o•o••o•o 20 22 29 22 24 

Sodium (Na) • o 0 •••••••••••• 23 40 35 15 13 

Potassium (K) ............ 0 6.0 6.0 4.5 4.9 4.2 C~bonate (COs) o ••• o o o ••• 0 0 0 6 0 

Bicarbonate (HC01) o o o •.o. 210 194 265 246 274 

Sulfate (so .. ) • o •• o o o •••••••• 65 110 51 40 40 

Chloride (Cl) •••• o o o. o o. o •• 17 43 58 10 9.5 

Fluoride (F) •••• o o. o •• o. o o. 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.3 1.1 

Nitrate (NOs) ••• o. o o. o o o •• o .2 .0 .0 .2 .2 

Dissolved solids •• o o. o •• o 296 395 385 282 288 

Hardness as .caco.: 

Total. .•••••••••••••••••••.. 208 234 272 232 245 

Noncarbonate • o •• o o o ••• o 35 74 52 29 19 

Color ··•oo•o•••••••ooooo••··· 3 2 3 3 0 

pH oooooo•••oo•••o••··········· 7.8 7.8 7. 7 8.1 7.7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at .25 C. } 492 615 645 473 484 

'I'urbidity 0000000 •••••••••• 00 -- -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••••••. 53 53 -- 53 53 

Date of collection •••••••. Ian. 10, Ian. 10, Jan. 10, Feb. 26, Feb. 26, 

1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 

Depth (feet) ............... 918 956 860 804 816 

Diameter (inches) ......... 15 15 15 15 19 

Date drilled •...••..•.••••. 1936 1930 1941 1913 1951 

Percent Qf supply .•• 0 •••• 11 11 9 7 15 

aaaw water. 
WISCONSIN 

JANESVILLE 

(Population, 24, 899) 

111 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 25, 100. 

Sourc.e: 2 drilled wells (1, 3). Well 1 furnishes 74 percent of supply; well 3, 

25 percent of supply. Auxiliary supply, well 2 (1 percent of supply). 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 9, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) 

Main Pumping Main· ~mping 

pumping station pumping station 

station No. 3 station No.3 

Silica (SiOj •••••••••• 22 18 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• .00 . 00 Total .................. 321 314 

Manganese (Mn) ..... . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 42 33 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 71 70 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 35 34 Color···················· 2 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• . 0 2.2 pH ...•.•••..••.•••••.•.•• 7.5 7.5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• .0 .0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 340 344 25 c. ) ............... -- -- Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. 18 20 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 4.5 4.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••.•••• .1 1.8 Date of collection ••• May 27, May 27, 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• 3.8 3.6 1952 1952 

Dissolved solids ••••. 334 330 
112 WISCONSIN 

KENOSHA 

(Population, 54, 368) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 55, 400. 

Sour..!e: Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

3. 3 Hardness as CaCO,: 

. 07 Total ...•................... 

Finished 

water 

132 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 26 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 34 

00 Noncarbonate ..•......... . lr------------------------;-----------

Magnesium· (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•. 

12 

3.4 

1.0 

0 

132 

23 

6.0 

.0 

1.1 

158 

Color ..........••..... ~ ....... . 

pH .••.....•...•....••..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ..........•••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) ••.••••.•• 

•nate of collection .••.•.... 

Regular determ:m.attons at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm} (ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 118 122 117 8.0 8.2 7.9 128 132 127 

Finished wat&l" ••• 113 115 110 7.6 7.7 7.5 128 132 127 

2 

7.7 

274 

Apr. 30, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

80 300 5 

0 0 0 
WISCONSIN 

LA CROSSE 

(Population, 47, 535) 

113 

Owners~ip: Municipal; supplies also about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 47,600. 

Source: Drilled wells in several groups: group 1 (16. 4 percent of supply); 

group 3 (14. 7 percent of supply); group 4 (9. 4 percent of supply); group 6 

(2. 8 percent of supply); Hood St. well (10. 4 percent of supply); Sill St. well 

(2. 6 percent of supply); Myrick Park well 7 (15. 2 percent of supply); Myrick 

Park well 8 (7. 8 percent of supply); Myrick Park well 9 (19. 8 percent of 

supply); Losey Boulevard well 2 (O~ 9 percent of supply). Auxiliary supply, 

well groups 2 and 5, and Losey Bou~evard well 1. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Uo S. Geological Survey) 

Wells Wells Hood Street 

Group 1 Group 4 well 

(finished water) (finished water) (finished water) 

Silica (SiO:J o o o o o o o o oo o o oo o o oo o o o o o o oo 19 19 -- Iron (Fe) ooo ooo o 00000 0000 000 o•oooooo 000 3.8 .18 .07 

Manganese (Mn) 0 •o ••••••• 0. 0 •• •o •••• -- -- .00 

Calcium (Ca) • ••·• •.•••••••••••••••••• 61 74 66 

Magnesium (Mg) •.•••..•••••.•••••••• 25 38 24 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••••..•••••••••••••• 2.5 2.9 14 

Potassium (K) •• ._ ••• 0 •••• o •••• 0 •••••• 2.2 1.4 2.5 

Carbonate (COJ .•••••••••• •o •••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••.•••.•••• 269 354 231 

Sulfate (SO .c). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36 51 50 

Chloride (Cl) o•••••••o••······· ••••••• 3.0 4.5 15 

Fluoride (~ •.•..•••••.•••••••••••••.•. . 1 . 1 .1 

Nitrate (NOJ •••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••• . 2 . 9 49 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 290 362 358 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••.••••••••..•••• •o ••••••• 0 •••• 254 338 264 

Noncar'bOnate ••••••.••••••••••••.•• 35 51 74 

Color .•••••.••••.•••••••••••••..•••••••• 8 3 0 

pH •.••••••••.•. •••••••·•••••••••••••••• •• 7.3 7.5 7.8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••.••••••. 465 576 554 

Turbidity .••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•. -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) o. o. o •••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection •••.••••••••••••••• Dec. 20, 1951 Dec. 20, 1951 Dec. 21, 1951 

Depth (feet) ........................... 115-125 120-131 151 

Diameter (inches) .... 0 •• 0 0 o ••• 0 ••• 0 0 10 10 12 

Date drilled .......................... 1912 1912 1936 

Percent of supply 0 0 0. 0. o o. o. 0 0 0 0 •••• 16.4 9.4 10.4 
114 WISCONSIN 

LA CROSSE--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey--Continued) 

Myrick Park Myrick Park Myrick Park 

well 7 well 8 well 9 

(finished water) !(finished water) (finished water) 

Silica (SiOz) •••••.•••••• o ••••••••••••• 18 19 20 

Iron (Fe) ••• o o• o. o o o o •oo 0 oo. o oo• oooo o o• .12 .02 .13 

Manganese (Mil) •••• 0 •••••••••••••••• . 02 . 02 . 00 

Calcium (Ca) • •• •o o ••o o•••• o•• ••• o •••• 65 61 60 

Magnesium (Mg) o •••••••••••• o. o o o o o o 30 27 27 

Sodium (Na) oo•••••o •••••••••• o •••••••• 5.8 3.5 3.1 

Potassium (K) ••••••••• o o. o. o o. o o o o •• 1.7 2.5 1.6 

Carbonate (COJ .•••••••••••.•••••• 00 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•••• o ••••••••• 273 251 273 

Sulfate (SO..). ••• o •• o. o ••••••• o o ......... 48 43 37 

Chloride (Cl) •••o•••o••••o•o••o•o•···· 8.8 6.8 3.0 

Fluoride (" • o o ••• o. o. o o o •• o o. o o •• o. o. . 1 .1 . 1 

Nitrate (NOa) •• o o. o. oo. o o. o o o o o. o ••••• 23 17 8.9 

Dissolved solids ••••.•••••••••• 0 •••• 330 303 292 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••••••••••••••••• •o o ooo o o o· •••• 285 262 260 

Noncarbonate • o o ••••••••••••••••.•• 62 58 37 

Color ••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 2 1 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.8 7.5 7.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. } ••••••••••• 525 479 476 

Turbidity ··········o•••• ••o••• ••••o••o -- -- -- Temperature (F. } o o ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection •o••o·····~·····~·· Dec. 21, 1951 Dec. 21__~. 1951 Dec. 20. 1951 

Depth (feet) ................ ., .......... 137 150 155 

Diameter (inches} .... 0 0 •••• 0 0 ••••••• 20 14 14 

Date drilled .......................... 1948 1948 1948 

Percent of supply ......•.......•.... 15.2 7.8 19.8 
WISCONSIN 

MADISON 

(Population, 96, 056) 

115 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Maple Bluff, Monona, Shorewood Hills, 

and about 1, 97_5 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, 

about 103, 500. 

Source: 11 drilled wells (1 to 8, Dayton Street, East, and Main Station) 615 

to 840 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 960 to 

2, 540 gpm, and to average 1, 552 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Anal yses, in parts per m1 "lli on, byU . 8 . GelgialSu 00 c rvey 

Unitwell4 Unit well1 Unit well2 Unitwell5 Unit wellS 

(raw (finished ·(finished (finished {finished 

water) water) waterJ water). water) 

Silica (Si<>;) ................. 20 -- 13 16 15 

Iron (Fe) ••••..•.••..•••••.• . 53 -- .14 .14 .15 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• . 00 -- .0(] -- -- Calcium (Ca) .............. 94 55 63 61 66 

Magnesium (Mg) ••.••••••• 52 3.3 42 44 43 

Sodium (Na) ............... 10 -- 5.7 3.6 6.4 

Potassium (K) •••••••.•••. 1.4 -- 1.3 1.6 1.6 

Carbonate (COs) •••••.••.. 0 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HC01) ••••.•• 422 335 374 401 372 

Sulfate (so.) ...••••.••••••. 88 4.0 30 9.7 23 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••••.•••. 20 1.4 7.5 2.5 10 

Fluoride (F) •••••.••••••••• . 0 -- 1.0 .1· .6 

Nitrate {NOs) •••••••••••••• 14 -- . 8 1.4 1. 5 

Dissolved solids ••••••••• 516 -- 350 320 350 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total •.••••••••••.•••.••••. 450 272 331 332 340 

Noncarbonate ••••••.• ~ •• 103 0 23 4 37 

Color •••.••••••••••....•••••• 1 2 3 1 2 

pH •...•.••..••...•.....•.•.••. 7.6 7.6 7.2 7.4 7.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) 810 495 612 584 605 

Turbidity •••••••••••.•.••.•• -- -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) •••••••• -- -- -- -- -- Date of collection •••••••• Apr. 30, Apr. 30, Apr. 30, May 6, Apr. 30, 

1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 

.Depth (feet) ............... 737 840 615 828 774 

Diameter (inches) .••.•••• 16 12 16 12 16 

Date drilled ....•...•....•. 1930 1923 1924 1926 1945 

Percent Qf supply .••••••. -- -- -- -- --

A~ity Hardness 

as caco, pH as caco, Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Ra1r water ••••••••• -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ••. -- -- -- 7'. 5 7.7 7.2 300 320 280 0 0 0 
116 WISCONSIN 

MANITOWOC 

(Population, 27, 598) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 70 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 27,700. 

Source: Wells (Ranney Collectors), infiltration from Lake Michigan. Auxiliary 

supply, Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S . Geological Survey) 

Ranney Ranney Ranney 

collector collectox collector 

"A" "B" "A" 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 6.2 -- Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 06 -- Total .................. 166 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • oo -- Noncarbonate •••••• 33 

Calcium (Ca) ......... 41 -- MagnesiUm (kg) ••••• 16 -- Color···················· 0 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 5. 6 -- pH .•••••••••••••••••••••• 7.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 1.2 -- Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 4 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOj 165 187 25 c.) •••..•••••••••. 330 

Sulfate (SOJ •.••••• : •• 31 34 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 8.0 6.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••. 0 1 -- Date of ~ollection ••• Nov. 2, 

Nitrate (NOj ••••••••• 1.0 -- 1951 

Dissolved solids •.••. 194 -- Depth (feet) ................................................................. 66 

Diameter (feet) ......................................................... 13 

Date drilled •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••• ~une,1945 

Percent of supply ......................................................... --

Ranney 

collector 

"B" 

208 

45 

5 

8.3 

402 

--

-- Nov. 2, 

1951 

86 

13 

Mr.,l945 

--
WISCONSIN 

MILWAUKEE 

(Population, 637, 392) 

117 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Fox Point, Shorewood, West Allis, West 

Milwaukee, Whitefish Bay, and about 84, 700 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 804,000. 

Source: Lake Michigan. The intake is located about 5 miles north of Milwaukee 

Harbor. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 200,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 70, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished Finished 

water water a water 

Silica (SiOa} ..•••.•••• 3.0 3.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•..••••••• • 03 .01 Total ~ot~••··········· .. 126 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- .0 Noncarbonate •••••. 19 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 32 34 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 11 11 Color···················· 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 4.5 

~ pH ••••.•••••••••••••••••• 7.5 

Potassium (K) •..•••. .9 5.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ •.••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 130 126 25 c.) •.....•..••.... 265 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••..••. 21 23 Turbidity •.••••••••••.• -- Chloride ( Cl) .••..•••• 6.8 5.8 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••..••. .1 . 1 Date of collection •.• May 2 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•.•. .6 .6 1952 

Dissolved solids •..••. 145 152 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water a 

131 

28 

0 

7.4 

--

0 

-- 1950 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 111 113 106 8.1 8.5 7.8 12~ 132 124 1.5 26 

Finished water~ .. 104 106 98 7.5 7.8 7.1 12f 130 125 0 0 

a Analyses by Milwaukee Water Department of samples collected during the 

months March, May, and November, 1950. 

0.1 

0 
118 WISCONSIN 

OSHKOSH 

(Population, 41, 084) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 160 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 41, 200. 

Source: Lake Winnebago. 

Treatment: Preammoniation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated 

carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, granular carbon filtration, postammoniation, postchlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, poo, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) 

Silica {Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ........ .. 

Finished 

water 

7.6 

.0 

.0 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Non.carbonate .•.........• 

Finished 

water 

186 

32 

Calcium (Ca) ............ .. 41 l~----------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ....... .. 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Ce~:rbonate (COs) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ... .. 

Sulfate (S04) .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

20 

2.0 

.8 

0 

188 

33 

8.0 

1.1 

. 7 

226 

Color ..•.......•............... 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ......... . 

Date of collection ........ . 

Regular determinatiuns at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 160 192 145 8.0 8.2 7.9 176 192 155 

Finished water ... 136 16B 122 7.3 7. 5 7.2 176 192 155 

10 

7.2 

Feb. 13, 

1952 

Temperature 

(oF.) 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 53 77 39 
WISCONSIN 

RACINE 

(Population, 71, 193) 

119 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 2, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 73, 700. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 350,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

~inished 

water 

3.4 

• 14 

• 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total •..•..........•........ 

Noncarbonate •••......... 

Finished 

water 

130 

Manganese (Mn) .••.•••••. 24 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 35 l~----------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) .•••. 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.• 

Fluoride (F) .........••.... 

Nitrate (NO,) .........•.... 

Dissolved solids ......••. 

10 

3.4 

1. 1 

0 

127 

20 

6. 5 

1.0 

1.2 

1.52 

Color .••.•.•...••.......•.••... 

·pH .••..•.••...•.••.•••.•...•.•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •.•..•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••... 

Date of collection ••••••... 

2 

7.6 

267 

Apr. 30, 

1952 
120 WISCONSIN 

SHEBOYGAN 

(Population, 42, 365) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Sheboygan Falls, and about 200 people, outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 46, 300. 

Source: Lake Michigan. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, fluoridation, and postchlorination at times. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 18,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well, 2, 750,000 gal; elevated, 4, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) 

Siiica (Si02 ) • 0 o. o 0 o 0 0 ••• o. 0 

Iron (Fe) ................. .. 

Manganese (Mn) 00 ...... .. 

Finished 

water 

3.7 

. 0 

. 0 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water 

132 

22 

Calcium (Ca) ............ .. 36 l~---------------------------~-----------

Magnesium (Mg) ... 0 0 0 •• 0 

Sodium (Na) .... 00 00 ..... .. 

Potassium (K) ..... 0 ..... 0 

Carbonate (C03) •• o o .... .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ... .. 

Sulfate (S04) .............. . 

Chloride {Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

10 

2.4 

1.2 

0 

134 

24 

8.5 

1.1 

.4 

154 

Color ......................... . 

pH ...................... 0 ••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•.•. 

Date of collection ........ . 

Regular determinations at treatment plant~ 1950 

Raw water ......... 

Finished water~ .. 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

115 126 109 8.1 8.4 7.9 

109 119 102 7. 6 7.9 7.4 

SHOREWOOD 

(Population, 16, 1~9) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -- 135 125 

Source: Supplied by Milwaukee. (See Milwaukee.) 

1 

7.8 

Feb. 11, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

4.7 42 2 

0 0 0 
WISCONSIN 

STEVENS POINT 

(Population, 16, 564) 

121 

Ownership~ Municipal; supplies also. about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 16,800. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3) 30, 52, and 52ft deep, 1 mile east of the city limits. 

In 1950 well 1 supplied 79 percent of the supply; well~' 10 percent; well 3, 

11 percent. 

Treatment~ Chlorination (emergency only). 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished..water storage: 340, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) ' 

Well1 Well2 Well3 

Silica (SiO:a) •.•.•.•••.•.•••••...•••••• 12 10 11 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•....••.••••.•••.•••••.• .10. .10 .30 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 12 .12 • 56 

Calcium (Ca) • ••·· •• •• •••••••••••••••• 23 32 32 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 9.4 15 15 

Sodium (Na) •••••.•.•••..•.•••••.•••••• 2.0 2.0 .0 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.1 1.1 1.2 

Carbonate (COs) .•••••••••••.•••••.•. 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) .•••••••.•••.•••• 105 159 173 

Sulfate (SO~ ••.••••..•.••••.•••••.•••. 13 10 8. 5 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.0 3.0 2. 5 

Fluoride (~ •..••.•..••••.•.•••••••.•. • 2 .2 • 2 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••.•••.•••••••.••.••••• 1.0 1.1 .1 

Dissolved solids ••••.••••••••••••••• 122 a153 154 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •.••.••.••••.••.•••..••••••••••• 96 142 142 

Noncarbonate •.•••.•••••• -~·-····· 10 12 0 

Color .••••••.•••..••.••.•••.••.•••.••.•• 10 10 10 

pH .......................................... 7.4 7.€ 7.5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .••••••••.. -- -- -- Turbidity •.•...••.•••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) · ....... · .•••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••.•• Dec. 19, ~951 Dec. 19, 1951 Dec. 19, 1951 

Depth (feet) ........................... 30 52 52 

Diameter (inches) ........•.......... 360 20 24 

Date drilled .......................... 1922 1930 1938 

Percent of supply ..............•.... -- -- -- asum of determined constituents. 
122 WISCONSIN 

SUPERIOR 

(Population, 35, 325) 

Ownership: Superior Water, Light and Pow~r Company; supplies also about 250 

people outside the city limits. Total population S}lpplied, about 35,600. 

Source: Infiltration wells both vertical and horizontal (Lake Superior). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, slow sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 3 00, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene) 

Finished 

water 

Finished 

water 

~~~~~-----------+--------~~--------------------+---------- Silica {Si02) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4. o Hardness as CaC(\: 

Iron (Fe) ........•... ....... . 7 Total ...................... . 

Manganese (Mn) . • • . . • . • • • • o Noncarbonate .•.......... 

50 

2 

Calcium (Ca) .............. 16 !1-----------+-----

Magnesium (Mg) ......... 2. 6 

Sodium (Na) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2 

Potassium (K) . . . . • . . • • . . . • 0 

Carbonate (CO,) . . . . . . . . . . 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 59 

Sulfate (S04 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3. 0 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 4. 5 

Fluoride (F) . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . • 2 

Nitrate (N03 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 

Dissolved solids . . . . . . • . . 68 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••.....•...•.....•........... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•.............. 

Turbidity ...........•........ 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•..•.... -- - -- 6.4 6.8 6.4 -· -- -- Finished water ... -- - -- 6.8 7.1 6.7 -- -- --

15 

7.2 

38 

Mar. 19, 

1952 

Temperature 

(oF.} 

Av Max Min 

47 61 37 

-- -- --
WISCONSIN 

WAUKESHA 

(Population, 21, 233) 

123 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also about 300 people outside the city limits. 

Total populat:lon supplied, about 21, 500. 

Source: 4 drilled wells. North Street well 1, 907 ft deep (14 percent of supply); 

Moreland Avenue well 1, 918 ft deep (28 percent of supply); Baxter Street well 

1, 785 ft deep (28 percent of supply); Newhall Avenue well 1, 995ft deep (30 

percent of supply). 

Treatment: Aeration. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 891, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) ' Well, 

North St. 

(finished water' 

Silica {SiOa) ....•.••••.••••••.•.•.•••• 8.7 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••..•••••••••••.••••.•• .37 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• .05 

Calcium (Ca) ••• •• •••• •••••••· •••••••• 30 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••.•••••••• 31 

Sodium (Na) ••.•••..•••..•..•••••.••••• 12 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.0 

Carbonate (COJ .••••.••..••.••••..•• 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ •....••••.••.••.• 285 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 111 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•.••.•••••••••.••••• 12 

Fluoride (F) •..••.•.•.•••••••.•••••••. . 5 

Nitrate (NOJ ••.•.•••••••••••.•••.•••• . 8 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••.•••• a440 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •.••.••.••••.••.•••••••••••••••• d337 

Noncarbonate •••••.••••••••••••• -•• 104 

Color .•.•....•.•.••.•••.••••••.••••.•••• 3 

pH ...•...•••...••.•••..•••••••••.•••••••• 7.6 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 25 C.) ..••••••••. 658 

Turbidity ••.•..•.••••••••••••••••••••• -- Temperature {F. ) • • ••.•• • ••••••••••• -- Date of collection ············•······ May 2, 1,952 

Depth (feet) ........................... 1,907 

Diameter (inches) ......•............ 12 

Date drilled .......................... 1935 

Percent of supply ................... --

a Includes 52 ppm of strontium (Sr). 

b Includes 33 ppm of strontium (Sr). 

c Includes 40 ppm of strontium (Sr). 

d Includes CaC03 equivalent to strontium (Sr). 

Well, Well, 

Baxter St. Newhall Ave. 

[(finished water) (finished water) 

8.5 8.8 

.45 1.8 

. 04 . 03 

53 88 

25 29 

8. 2. 8.4 

3. 2 3.4 

0 0 

261 290 

68 1(3 

5.2 5. 2 

. 5 . 5 

.4 . 3 

b336 c 506 

d273 d387 

59 150 

1 2 

7.8 7.7 

539 728 

-- -- -- -- May 2, 1952 May 2. 1952 

1,78~ 1,995 

u 12 

192S 1945 

-- --
124 

Ownership: Municipal. 

WISCONSIN 

WAUSAU 

(Population, 30, 414) 

Source: 8 drilled wells (1 to 8) 96, 93, 96, 96, 78, 100, 100, and 97ft deep; 

yield reported to be 1, 750, 2, 200, 800, 1, 750, 500, '3, 600, 3, 180, and 1, 500 

gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. -

Finished-water storage: 3, G70, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, b G 1 . y u. s. eo og1c al Su rvey 

Well3 Well4 Well 5 

(raw water) (raw water) (raw water) 

Silica· (SiOJ •••••••••••••••••.•••• -- -- 24 

Iron (Fe) ........................... -- -- . 1~ 

Manganese (Mn) .................. -- -- -· Calcium (Ca) ..••••••••••••••••••• 25 23 18 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 9.2 12 7.3 

Sodiuin (Na) .•••••••••••.•.•••••••• -- -- 5.0 

Potassiuin (K) ••••••••••••••••••• -- -- .9 

Carbonate (COs) •..•••.••••••••.• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) •••••••••.••• 97 104 34 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••• 16 9.7 20 

Chloride (Cl} ••••••••••••••••••••• 9.0 8.5 12 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... -- -- .0 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••.•••••••••• -- -- 25 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• -- -- 134 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 101 105 74 

Noncar'bonate •.••••••.•••••••• 21 22 47 

Color •••••••.•.••••••.•.•••••••••••• 6 5 0 

pH ...........••...•...•..••....•.••.• 7.2 7. 5 7.~ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •••••• 217 212 190 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- - Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• -- -- - Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Nov. 7, Nov. 7, Nov. 7 

1951 1~51 1951 

Depth (feet) .•..................•. 96 96 7f 

Diameter (inches) .•..•......•.. 24 24 2~ 

Date drilled ..................... 1940 1943 194f 

Percent of supply .•............. -- -- -

Finished 

water 

25 

. 23 

-- 33 

11 

4.3 

. 6 

0 

126 

17 

10 

.0 

1.5 

182 

129 

24 

5 

8.0 

260 

--

-- Nov. 11, 

1951 

--

--

--

--
WISCONSIN 

WAUWATOSA 

(Population, 33, 324) 

125 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 7 drilled· wells (2 to 8) 1, 600, 1, 703, 1, 804, 1, 714, 1, 660, 1, 675, and 

1, 7 50 ft deep; yield reported to be 400, 900, 1, 250, 1, 000, 1, 400, 1, 400 and 

1,450 gpm. Wells 2 and 6 furnish 26 percent of supply; well 3, 3 percent; 

well4, 22 percent; well 5, 18 percent; well 7, 29 percent; well 8, 2 percent. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 450,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U S . Geological Survey) 

Well 2 \Vell 6 

(finished (finished 

water) water) 

Silica (SiOJ ....•..••. 8.7 8.5 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...•.••.••••. 1.8 • 56 Total ...._............... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 .03 Noncarbonate •••.•• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 161 150 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 31 29 Color···············-····· 

Sodium (Na) •.•.•••.•. 14 12 pH .•••••••••••.•••••••.•• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3.7 3.1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) .•.•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 206 208 25 c.) .....•.•....... 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 367 334 Turbidity ..••••••••••.• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••..••. 10 10 Temperature (F.) ••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .4 .3 Date of collection •.• 

Nitrate (NO,) .••.••••. .1 .0 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 742 699 

Depth (feet) ........................................... · ...................... Diameter (inches) ·······················~································· Date drilled •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••• 

Percent of supply ......................................................... 

WEST ALLIS 

(Population, 42, 959) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Supplied by Milwaukee. (See Milwaukee.) 

Well 2 

(finish~d water 

530 

360 

3 

7.5 

954 

--

-- May 6, 

1952 

1,600 

8 

1897 

--

Well6 

(finish~d water 

495 

323 

1 

7.4 

903 

--

-- May 6, 

1952 

1,660 

12 

1930 

--

GPO I 3•.100 I