Forest Resources of

East

Oklahoma,

2008

Richard A. Harper and

Tony G. Johnson

United States

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest Service

Southern

Research Station

Resource Bulletin

SRS–187

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU L TURE
About the Authors

Unique rock outcrop appears balanced on a point, Pushmataha County, OK.

(photo by Chris Joslin, Oklahoma Forestry Services)

Front cover: top left, fall colors reflected, southeast Oklahoma. (photo by Darryl Hunkapillar, Oklahoma Forestry Services); top right, overlook from 

Robbers Cave State Park, Latimer County. (photo by Linda Doss, Oklahoma Forestry Services); bottom, rock and forests near Daisy, Pushmataha 

County. (photo by Kurt Atkinson, Oklahoma Forestry Services). Back cover: top left, pristine stream surrounded by a diverse forest in McCurtain 

County. (photo by Darryl Hunkapillar, Oklahoma Forestry Services); top right, fall colors reflected, southeast Oklahoma. (photo by Darryl 

Hunkapillar, Oklahoma Forestry Services); bottom, a load of logs from McCurtain County. (photo by Al Myatt, Oklahoma Forestry Services).

Richard A. Harper is a Forester and Forest Resource Analyst with the Forest Inventory and 

Analysis Research Work Unit, Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Clemson, SC 29634.

Tony G. Johnson is a Resource Analyst (now retired), with the Forest Inventory and 

Analysis Research Work Unit, Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Asheville, NC 28804.
Forest Resources of

East

Oklahoma,

2008

Richard A. Harper and

Tony G. Johnson

Maintenance of forest roads 

protects water quality.

(photo by Richard Harper, 

Southern Research Station)
ii

Welcome...

George Geissler

Robert L. Doudrick

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU L TURE

Often thought of only as a prairie State, many people are surprised that almost 23 percent 

of Oklahoma is forested. Our State’s forest lands are among the most diverse in the Nation; 

ranging from the dense pine and hardwood stands of eastern Oklahoma, through the unique 

Cross Timbers of the central counties, to the riparian forests of our western rivers. 

Our forests have changed dramatically since the first European settlers arrived here in the 

1800s and continue to change, being influenced by man’s activities, natural events and 

long-term subtle changes in growing conditions. To ensure that all Oklahomans continue to 

realize the many benefits provided by their forests, we must have information we can use to 

assess the condition of this invaluable natural resource and determine where and how it is 

changing. 

Starting in 1936, the U.S. Forest Service has tracked changes in the composition, extent 

and condition of the forest land found in the 18 eastern counties of Oklahoma through 

the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program. These inventories are used by a wide 

variety of people, including policymakers, foresters, landowners, loggers, the forest products 

industry and researchers, to help them make informed decisions on the use of our forests. 

FIA data is also invaluable for the State’s citizens to learn more about the forests around 

them.

In 1998, the Forest Service began partnering with State Foresters to conduct the inventory, 

although Oklahoma’s FIA partnership with the Southern Research Station did not begin 

until 2006. This partnership has improved the forest inventory of Oklahoma significantly, 

not only providing more timely collection of data and greater input into program direction, 

but the expansion of the inventory to cover the entire State for the first time in our history.

This report displays the results of the seventh forest inventory of east Oklahoma and the first 

inventory completed in full cooperation between the Forest Service and Oklahoma Forestry 

Services. It presents current and accurate statistics on our forest resources, and characterizes 

impacts on forest health and condition from recent man-caused and natural disturbances, 

and changing ownership in the State.

It is with great pride that we present this report, a direct result of the strong partnership 

between our two agencies. We remain committed to producing the best and most useful 

information about the forests of Oklahoma - now and in the future.

George Geissler

State Forester and Director-Forestry Services

Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry

Robert L. Doudrick

Director, Southern Research Station,

U.S. Forest Service
iii

An Overview” (U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service 1992). More 

detailed information about new sampling 

methodologies employed in annual FIA 

inventories can be found in “The Enhanced 

Forest Inventory and Analysis Program— 

National Sampling Design and Estimation 

Procedures” (Bechtold and Patterson 2005).

Field work began on the seventh 

survey of east Oklahoma in October 

2007 and was completed in January 

2009. Six previous surveys—

completed in 1936, 1956, 1966, 1976, 

1986, and 1992—provide statistics 

for measuring changes and trends 

over the past 72 years. This report 

primarily emphasizes changes in 

recent years and their implication for 

the forests of east Oklahoma.

Tabular data for the FIA reports are 

designed to provide a comprehensive 

array of forest resource statistics. The 

35 core tables that complement this 

report are found in the appendix A 

and can be downloaded from http://srsfia2.

fs.fed.us/states/oklahoma.shtml. 

Additional data for those seeking specialized 

information for other Southern States are 

available at http://srsfia2.fs.fed.us/. 

Online data query tools for specific 

locations, landowner survey results, timber 

output trends, and estimates of carbon and 

biomass are available at http://www.fia.

fs.fed.us/tools-data/other/default.asp.

Additional information about any aspect of 

southern forest surveys may be obtained 

from:

Forest Inventory and Analysis

Southern Research Station

4700 Old Kingston Pike

Knoxville, TN 37919

Telephone: 865-862-2000

William G. Burkman

Program Manager

About Forest Inventory and Analysis Inventory Reports

Foreword

This resource bulletin describes the principal 

findings of the seventh inventory of the 

forest resources in east Oklahoma. Data on 

the extent, condition, and classification of 

forest land and associated timber volumes, 

growth, removals, and mortality are 

described and interpreted.

To provide more frequent and nationally 

consistent information on the forest 

resources of the United States, the 

Agriculture Research Extension and 

Education Reform Act of 1998 (Farm 

Bill) authorized a change from periodic to 

annual surveys. These surveys are part of a 

continuing nationwide undertaking by the 

regional experiment stations of the Forest 

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(Bechtold and Patterson 2005, U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service 

1992). Inventories of the 13 Southern 

States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, 

Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North 

Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, 

Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia), the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the 

U.S. Virgin Islands are conducted by the 

Southern Research Station (SRS), Forest 

Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Research 

Work Unit operating from headquarters 

in Knoxville, TN with offices in Asheville, 

NC, and Starkville, MS, and with satellite 

facilities throughout the South. 

The primary objective of these surveys is 

to inventory and evaluate all forest and 

related resources annually, providing 

multiresource data that serves as a basis 

for the formulation of forest policies and 

programs, strategic planning, research, and 

stewardship. The information presented 

is applicable at the State and unit level; 

it furnishes the background for intensive 

studies of critical situations, but is not 

designed to reflect conditions at very small 

scales. More information about Forest 

Service resource inventories is available 

in “Forest Service Resource Inventories: 

White oak seedling. (photo courtesy 

of Oklahoma Forestry Services)
iv

About Forest Inventory and Analysis Inventory Reports

Overlook from Robbers Cave State Park, Latimer County. (photo by Linda Doss, Oklahoma Forestry Services)
v

About Forest Inventory and Analysis Inventory Reports

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the 

collaboration of our colleagues from the 

Oklahoma Forestry Services, the excellent 

contributions provided by the Mississippi 

Forestry Commission and the Rocky 

Mountain and Southern Station FIA staff 

(including the support of Data Collection, 

Information Management, and Publication 

Management groups). 

The authors would like to thank 

Dr. James F. Rosson, who provided great 

assistance regarding the history of FIA data 

collection methodology and processing of 

east Oklahoma data, and Kurt Atkinson, 

Dr. Kevin Hoyt, and Roger C. Conner who 

provided constructive reviews and 

comments for this report. 

We would also like to acknowledge 

the leadership of Anne Jenkins and 

contributions of the publications staff: 

Sharon Johnson, Janet Griffin, and 

Charlene Walker. Their tireless efforts in 

checking, cross-checking, and formatting 

of tables, graphs, text, and layout was 

gratefully appreciated. 

And finally, this report would not have 

been possible without the cooperation of 

private landowners who provided access to 

measurement plots.

Data Collection Personnel

The following people were 

responsible for collection of field 

data:

Oklahoma Forestry 

Services

Carri Abner

Kerry Dooley, (Former FIA 

Coordinator)

Matthew Woolley

Mississippi Forestry 

Commission

Tempel Blansett

Michael Crabb

Scott Jackson

Berry Thomas

SRS-FIA

James Brown

Mike Carr 

Eric Clark III

Bobby Claybrook

Jamie Cochran

Sarah Combs

Jason Cooper

Ryan David

Lyndell Davidson

Joseph DiModica III

Andrew Edwards

Vince Few

Jay Frost

Phillip Fry

Jim Gray

Kenneth Grayson

Keith Gustafson

Jason Hewitt

Ben Koontz

Richard Leveritt

Mike Maki

Rhonda Mathison

Frank McCook

Lee McCord

Amy Morgan

Kevin Norrgard

Shawn Odom

Terry Riley

Jeremy Rogers

James Schiller

John Simpson

Greg Smith

Dan Stratton

Aaron Thigpen

Kathy Tillman

David Wall

Marcus Wood

Rocky Mountain 

Research Station-FIA

Mike Haldeman

Joshua Holte

Nicole Lund

Michael West

Juliet Wilhelm

Kevin Yazzie
vi

Contents

Page

About Forest Inventory and Analysis Inventory Reports .......................................... iii

Foreword ..................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... v

List of Figures ............................................................................................................. viii

List of Tables ............................................................................................................... x

Highlights from the Seventh Forest Inventory of East Oklahoma ........................... xiv

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

Physiography .............................................................................................................. 2

Forest Area .................................................................................................................. 3

Ownership ................................................................................................................ 6

Forest Types ............................................................................................................. 7

Forest Management Types ......................................................................................... 9

Inventory Volume ....................................................................................................... 11

Softwood Inventory ................................................................................................... 11

Hardwood Inventory ................................................................................................. 16

Components of Change ............................................................................................. 19

Softwood Average Annual Net Growth, Removals, and Mortality .............................. 20

Hardwood Average Annual Net Growth, Removals, and Mortality ............................. 22

Harvest Removals, Timber Volume, and Sustainability ................................................ 22

Forest Disturbance ...................................................................................................... 24

Forest Management Treatments ................................................................................. 24

Natural Disturbances ................................................................................................. 25

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues .............................................................. 26

Introduction .............................................................................................................. 26

Timber Removals and Utilization ............................................................................. 26

Timber Products ........................................................................................................ 29

Mill Residue ............................................................................................................... 31

Land Use Removals .................................................................................................... 32

Logging Residue ........................................................................................................ 33

Potential Recoverable Logging Residue ...................................................................... 35

Summary—Outlook for Underutilized Material ........................................................... 36
vii

Contents

Literature Cited ........................................................................................................... 37

Glossary ....................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix A—Core Tables .......................................................................................... 47

Appendix B—Inventory Methods .............................................................................. 102

Appendix C—Data Reliability ..................................................................................... 108

Appendix D—Species List ........................................................................................... 111

Page

Dogwood in bloom. (photo 

courtesy of Oklahoma 

Forestry Services)

vii
viii

List of Figures

Page

Text Figures

Figure 1—Forest survey units of east Oklahoma ........................................................... 2 

Figure 2—Physiographic regions, provinces, and sections of Oklahoma and 

east Oklahoma .............................................................................................................. 3

Figure 3—Forest land area by survey year and land class, east Oklahoma .................... 4

Figure 4—Timberland land use change by survey period, east Oklahoma .................... 5

Figure 5—Distribution of timberland ownership, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................ 6

Figure 6—Area of timberland by ownership class and survey year, east Oklahoma ....... 7

Figure 7—Forest-type distribution on timberland, east Oklahoma, 2008 ...................... 7

Figure 8—Area of timberland by forest-management type and survey unit, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 10

Figure 9—Area of timberland by forest-management type and survey year, 

east Oklahoma .............................................................................................................. 10 

Figure 10—Area of timberland and volume of timber by survey year, 

east Oklahoma .............................................................................................................. 11

Figure 11—Merchantable volume of softwood live trees on timberland by 

2-inch diameter class and survey year, east Oklahoma. .................................................. 12

Figure 12—Tree planting area from 1928–2006, east Oklahoma ................................... 13

Figure 13—Merchantable volume of softwood live trees on timberland by 

5-year age class and survey year, east Oklahoma .......................................................... 14

Figure 14—Softwood sawtimber inventory volume on timberland by 

2-inch diameter class and survey unit, east Oklahoma, 2008.......................................... 15

Figure 15—Merchantable volume of hardwood live trees on timberland by 

2-inch diameter class and survey year, east Oklahoma ................................................... 18

Figure 16—Hardwood sawtimber inventory volume on timberland by 

2-inch diameter class and survey unit, east Oklahoma, 2008 ......................................... 18

Figure 17—Average annual components of change for live trees by survey period, 

east Oklahoma .............................................................................................................. 19

Figure 18—Average annual net growth and removals for live trees compared to total 

volume by survey period, east Oklahoma ...................................................................... 19

Figure 19—Average annual net growth and removals for softwood live trees by 

survey period, east Oklahoma ....................................................................................... 20 

Figure 20—Percent increase or decrease relationship of average annual net growth 

and removals for live trees by survey period, east Oklahoma ......................................... 20

Figure 21—Average annual net growth and removals for hardwood live trees by 

survey period, east Oklahoma ....................................................................................... 22
ix

Wild turkey in his 

strut. (photo courtesy 

of Oklahoma Forestry 

Services)

List of Figures

Page

Figure 22—Comparison of inventory volume (live trees) to average annual removals 

(growing stock) by survey year, east Oklahoma ............................................................. 22

Figure 23—Average area treated/disturbed annually by treatment and disturbance 

types, east Oklahoma, 2008 ......................................................................................... 24

Figure 24—Total harvest merchandizing from the forest to mills by merchantability 

class and product category, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................ 28

Appendix Figures

Figure B.1—Annual inventory fixed-plot design (the P2 plot) ........................................ 105

Figure B.2—Subplot and microplot layout .................................................................... 105

Figure B.3—Configuration of 5-point satellite sample unit (used to collect 

remeasurement data for growth, removals, and mortality in the 2008 survey) ............... 107

Figure B.4—Configuration of one satellite point .......................................................... 107
x

Text Tables

Table 1—Area by land class and survey completion date, east Oklahoma ..................... 3

Table 2—Changes in area of timberland by survey unit, east Oklahoma 

from 1992 to 2008 ........................................................................................................ 4

Table 3—Average annual volume of all-live timber removals by removals class, 

species group, and source, east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008 ...................................... 28

Table 4—Average annual green weight of timber removals by removals class, species 

group, and source, east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008 .................................................. 29

Table 5—Average annual timber removals from all sources on timberland 

by product, softwood, and hardwood, east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008 ................... 30

Table 6—Average annual timber removals from all sources on timberland by product, 

softwood, and hardwood, east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008 ...................................... 30

Table 7—Average annual disposal of residue at primary wood-using plants by 

product, species group, and type of residue, east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008 ........... 32

Table 8—Average annual volume of logging residue by size class, recovery potential, 

east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008 ................................................................................ 36

Appendix Tables

Table A.1—Percentage of area by land status, east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................ 47

Table A.1.1—Area by survey unit and land status, east Oklahoma, 2008 ...................... 48

Table A.2—Area of forest land by ownership class and land status, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 48

Table A.3—Area of forest land by forest-type group and site productivity class,

east Oklahoma, 2008..................................................................................................... 49

Table A.3.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and site productivity class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 49

Table A.4—Area of forest land by forest-type group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 50

Table A.4.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and ownership group,

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 50

Table A.5—Area of forest land by forest-type group and stand-size class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 51

Table A.6—Area of forest land by forest-type group and stand age class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 52

Table A.6.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and stand age class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 53

List of Tables

Page
xi

Table A.7—Area of forest land by forest-type group and stand origin, 

east Oklahoma, 2008..................................................................................................... 54

Table A.7.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and stand origin, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 54

Table A.8—Area of forest land disturbed annually by forest-type group and 

disturbance class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................ 55

Table A.8.1—Area of timberland disturbed annually by forest-type group and 

disturbance class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................ 55

Table A.8.2—Area of forest land treated annually by forest-type group and 

treatment class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................... 56

Table A.8.3—Area of timberland treated annually by forest-type group and 

treatment class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................... 57

Table A.9—Area of timberland by forest-type group and stand-size class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................................................... 58

Table A.10—Number of live trees on forest land by species group and diameter

class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................................... 59

Table A.10.1—Number of live trees on timberland by species group and diameter 

class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................................... 60

Table A.11—Number of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and 

diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................................................................ 61

Table A.12—Net volume of live trees on forest land by ownership class and land 

status, east Oklahoma, 2008 ......................................................................................... 62

Table A.13—Net volume of live trees on forest land by forest-type group and 

stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................... 63

Table A.13.1—Net volume of live trees on timberland by forest-type group and 

stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................................... 64

Table A.14—Net volume of live trees on forest land by species group and 

ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 ....................................................................... 65

Table A.14.1—Net volume of live trees on timberland by species group and 

ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 ....................................................................... 66

Table A.15—Net volume of live trees on forest land by species group and 

diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................................................................ 67

Table A.15.1—Net volume of live trees on timberland by species group and 

diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................................................................ 68

Table A.16—Net volume of live trees on forest land by forest-type group and stand 

origin, east Oklahoma, 2008 ......................................................................................... 69

List of Tables

Page
xii

Table A.16.1—Net volume of live trees on timberland by forest-type group and 

stand origin, east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................................................................... 70

Table A.17—Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group 

and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ..................................................................... 71

Table A.18—Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group 

and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 ................................................................ 72

Table A.19—Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species group and 

diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................................................................ 73

Table A.20—Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species group and 

ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 ....................................................................... 74

Table A.21—Aboveground dry weight of live trees on forest land by ownership

class and land status, east Oklahoma, 2008 .................................................................. 75

Table A.21.1—Aboveground green weight of live trees on forest land by

ownership class and land status, east Oklahoma, 2008 ................................................. 76

Table A.22—Aboveground dry weight of live trees on forest land by species group

and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ..................................................................... 77

Table A.22.1—Aboveground dry weight of live trees on timberland by species 

group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................... 78

Table A.22.2—Aboveground green weight of live trees on forest land by species

group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................... 79

Table A.22.3—Aboveground green weight of live trees on timberland by species

group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................... 80

Table A.22.4—Merchantable dry weight of live trees on forest land by species 

group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................... 81

Table A.22.5—Merchantable dry weight of live trees on timberland by species

group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 ........................................................... 82

Table A.23—Total carbon of live trees on forest land by ownership class and land 

status, east Oklahoma, 2008 ......................................................................................... 83

Table A.24—Average annual net growth of live trees by ownership class and land 

status, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ..................................................................... 84

Table A.25—Average annual net growth of live trees on forest land by forest-type 

group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ..................................... 85

Table A.25.1—Average annual net growth of live trees on timberland by 

forest-type group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................... 85

Table A.26—Average annual net growth of live trees on forest land by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 86

Table A.26.1—Average annual net growth of live trees on timberland by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 87

List of Tables

Page
xiii

Table A.27—Average annual net growth of growing-stock trees on timberland by 

species group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ...................... 88

Table A.27.1—Average annual net growth of sawtimber on timberland by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 89

Table A.28—Average annual mortality of live trees by ownership class and 

land status, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ............................................................. 90

Table A.29—Average annual mortality of live trees on forest land by forest-type 

group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ..................................... 91

Table A.29.1—Average annual mortality of live trees on timberland by forest-type 

group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ..................................... 91

Table A.30—Average annual mortality of live trees on forest land by species group 

and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ............................................ 92

Table A.30.1—Average annual mortality of live trees on timberland by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 93

Table A.31—Average annual mortality of growing-stock trees on timberland by 

species group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ...................... 94

Table A.31.1—Average annual mortality of sawtimber on timberland by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 95

Table A.32—Average annual removals of live trees by ownership class and 

land status, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ............................................................. 96

Table A.33—Average annual removals of live trees on forest land by forest-type 

group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ..................................... 97

Table A.33.1—Average annual removals of live trees on timberland by forest-type 

group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ..................................... 97

Table A.34—Average annual removals of live trees on forest land by species group 

and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ............................................ 98

Table A.34.1—Average annual removals of live trees on timberland by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 99

Table A.35—Average annual removals of growing-stock trees on timberland by 

species group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) ...................... 100

Table A.35.1—Average annual removals of sawtimber on timberland by species 

group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) .................................. 101

Table C.1—Statistical reliability for east Oklahoma, 2008 ............................................... 109

Table D.1—Common name, scientific name, and FIA species code of tree species 

≥1.0 and ≤5.0 inches in d.b.h. occurring in the FIA sample, east Oklahoma, 2008 ......... 111

List of Tables

Page
xiv

Highlights from the Seventh Forest Inventory of East Oklahoma

• Total forest land area in the 18 counties 

of east Oklahoma was 5.7 million acres, of 

which 5.1 million acres was timberland.

• Timberland area increased 18 percent or 

780,000 acres since 1976. 

• Since 1992, 387,000 acres of timberland 

were converted to other land uses, but 

595,000 acres reverted to timberland with 

a net gain of 207,000 acres. This net gain of 

timberland equates to about 13,000 acres a 

year.

• Hardwood forest types covered 78 percent 

of forest land area on 4.0 million acres. 

Softwood forest types occupied 1.1 million 

acres of timberland. 

• Oak-hickory was the predominate forest 

type with 2.9 million acres representing 

57 percent of the timberland area. 

• Planted pine area on timberland 

increased 23 percent since 1992 totaling 

585,000 acres. 

• The majority of timberland in east 

Oklahoma was owned by nonindustrial 

private individual forest landowners, 

who held 2.9 million acres or 57 percent, 

compared to 11 percent for forest industry 

and 17 percent for other corporations. 

• A major shift in ownership occurred since 

1992 when forest industry divested almost 

469,000 or 45 percent of its land. The 

majority of this land changed to corporate 

ownership which increased 556,000 acres 

or 265 percent.

• Softwood and hardwood volume were 

at an alltime high as total volume in east 

Oklahoma has more than doubled since 

1966.

• Since 1992, planted pine volume surged 

85 percent totaling almost 630 million 

cubic feet. Natural pine forest-management 

type volume decreased 16 percent, but 

contains slightly more volume than planted 

pine with 702 million cubic feet.

• While gross growth has increased for 

the 2008 survey, both mortality and 

removals have also increased since the 1992 

inventory. Net growth decreased 10 percent 

since 1992, but still exceeds removals 

and contributes to the increase in total 

inventory volume.

• Although harvest removals of growing 

stock more than tripled since 1966, the 

total timber inventory of live-tree volume 

has more than doubled (117 percent). 

• About 101,900 acres experienced some 

type of harvesting each year of which 

34,500 acres a year were a final harvest. 

The average annual tree planting and 

natural regeneration totaled 34,700 acres 

per year.

• Pulpwood was the leading product—

accounting for 38 percent of total product 

output or 1.6 million green tons—followed 

by sawtimber with 35 percent or 1.5 million 

green tons.

• An estimate of the average annual 

logging residues totaled 14.7 green tons per 

acre with a potential recovery rate of about 

5.7 green tons per acre.

Pristine stream surrounded by a diverse forest in McCurtain County. (photo by 

Darryl Hunkapillar, Oklahoma Forestry Services)

xiv
Introduction

Introduction

This report presents the results of the 

seventh forest survey for east Oklahoma 

from field plots established by the Forest 

Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Research Unit 

(U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service, Southern Research Station). The 

last FIA forest survey was completed in 

1992 using the variable radius plot design, 

i.e., data were collected on 10 points with 

a 37.5 basal area factor prism. The recent 

survey (inventory cycle 7) followed 16 years 

later and used an annual fixed radius design 

that incorporated four subplots with a 

24-foot radius. Field data collection began 

October 2007 and ended January 2009. The 

cycle 7 dataset is known as east Oklahoma 

2008.

Plot distribution for the fixed radius plot 

design developed for the new annual 

system of updates provided little overlap 

for remeasurement of the subplots that 

were established in 1992. Only a few trees 

were tallied in both the sixth and seventh 

inventories, resulting in a partial remeasurement. Thus, increasing timeliness of data 

through annual updates also means a loss 

of continuity in tracking tallied trees back 

through time.

Estimates of the components of change—

known as average annual net growth, 

removals, and mortality—provided in this 

report are based on remeasurement of 

the 1992 plots using the variable radius 

inventory method. Future estimates of the 

components of change will be based on 

remeasurement of the fixed radius plots 

established during the seventh inventory. 

Implementing the new annual inventory 

required switching data collection 

systems from a periodic type format to an 

annualized format where the sample plots 

in the full survey cycle are dispersed equally 

among the number of years in the cycle 

(currently 5 years). Another major change 

was a shift from forest/nonforest area 

estimation based upon aerial photography 

dot count methodology to a system that 

provides area estimates using stratified 

estimation techniques to reduce variance. 

Differences in survey design, plot 

distribution, variables collected, and data 

processing algorithms and procedures limit 

trend analysis to simple comparisons of 

tabular data from past reports or online 

tools. Therefore, trend data presented 

should be considered as a general change in 

the resource and not a true trend analysis.

More detailed information concerning 

methods and trends are provided in the 

methods section of the appendix.

Previous inventory cycles for east Oklahoma 

were completed in 1936, 1956, 1966, 1976, 

1986, and 1992. All of the analytical reports 

for previous inventories are available online 

at the FIA Oklahoma Web site http://srsfia2.

fs.fed.us/states/oklahoma.shtml. 

A cooperative inventory effort for central 

and west Oklahoma was conducted 

in 1989 involving U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Natural 

Resources Conservation Service, and the 

Oklahoma Division of Forestry (Rosson 

1995). Establishment of FIA plots began 

in 2009 and that effort is projected 

to be complete within 10 years.

The figures and tables in this report help 

present the analysis of the 2008 survey 

data. The appendices contain the 35 core 

tables for the 2008 survey (appendix A), 

the survey methods (appendix B), data 

reliability considerations (appendix C), and 

a list of tree species sampled (appendix D). 

The core tables are also available on the 

FIA, east Oklahoma Web page at http://

srsfia2.fs.fed.us/states/oklahoma.shtml.

Redbud in bloom—

Oklahoma State tree. 

(photo courtesy of 

Oklahoma Forestry 

Services)
2

Physiography

Physiography

The 18 counties in east Oklahoma are 

divided into two survey units: 10 in 

the southeast and the remainder in the 

northeast (fig. 1).

Oklahoma falls within three physiographic 

regions—Atlantic Plain, Interior Highlands, 

and Interior Plains. Within these three 

regions are five physiographic provinces, 

four of which makeup the two east 

Oklahoma units: the Coastal Plain, the 

Ouachita, the Ozark Plateaus, and the 

Central Lowland (fig. 2) (Fenneman 1938, 

Figure 1—Forest survey units of east Oklahoma.

Pushmataha

Cherokee

McIntosh

Ottawa

Delaware Mayes

Adair

Muskogee

Sequoyah

Haskell

Le Flore Latimer Pittsburg

Coal

Atoka

Bryan

Choctaw

McCurtain

Northeast

(unit 2)

Southeast

(unit 1)

Vigil and others 2000). These four provinces 

are divided into six sections: 

1. West Gulf Coastal Plain

2. Ouachita Mountains

3. Arkansas Valley

4. Boston "Mountains"

5. Springfield-Salem plateaus

6. Osage Plains

These landforms from historical geological 

structure support a diverse landscape for 

east Oklahoma and therefore the bases of 

forest types and management objectives. 
3

Forest Area

All forest land in 2008 totaled > 5.7 million 

acres and represented 57 percent of 

the 10.1 million acres of total land area 

in east Oklahoma (table 1). Since the 

mid-1970s, forest land area has increased 

about 818,300 acres or 17 percent (fig. 3) 

(Earles 1976, Hines and Bertelson 1987, 

Sternitzke and Van Sickle 1968). Forest 

land area classified as timberland (capable 

of growing 20 cubic feet of wood per acre 

annually and available for commercial 

harvesting) occupied 5.1 million acres in 

2008. Timberland accounted for 50 percent 

of the total land area in east Oklahoma. 

Timberland area increased 207,600 acres 

or about 4 percent since 1992. 

Table 1—Area by land class and survey completion date, 

east Oklahoma

Land class

Survey completion date

1956 1966 1976 1986 1992 2008

million acres

Timberland 5.63 4.82 4.32 4.75 4.90 5.10

Other/reserved 0.12 0.65 0.60 0.51 0.52 0.64

Total forest land 5.75 5.47 4.93 5.26 5.42 5.74

Nonforest land 4.05 4.19 5.19 5.30 4.69 4.39

Total land area 9.80 9.66 10.12 10.56 10.10 10.14

Percent forested 59 57 49 50 54 57

Totals may not sum due to rounding.

Total land area estimates changed slightly over time due to improvements 

in measurement techniques and refinements in classification of small 

bodies of water and streams.

Forest Area

Figure 2—Physiographic regions, provinces, and sections of Oklahoma and east Oklahoma. Information acquired from USGS, A 

Tapestry of Time and Terrain who adapted it from Fenneman 1938. Numbers with letters in parenthesis correspond to province and 

section respectively, and located at the USGS Web site http://tapestry.usgs.gov/Default.html.

Atlantic Plain (physiographic region)

Coastal plain (province)

 1—West Gulf Coastal Plain (3f) (section)

Interior Highlands

Ouachita Province

 2—Ouachita Mountains (15b)

 3—Arkansas Valley (15a)

Ozark Plateaus

 4—Boston “Mountains” (14b)

 5—Springfield-Salem plateaus (14a)

Interior Plains

Central Lowland

 6—Osage Plains (12f)

Great Plains

 7—Plains Border (13e)

 8—High Plains (13d)

 9—Raton (13g)

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

8 7

9

Pushmataha

Cherokee

McIntosh

Ottawa

Delaware Mayes

Adair

Muskogee

Sequoyah

Haskell

Le Flore Latimer Pittsburg

Coal

Atoka

Bryan

Choctaw

McCurtain
4

Figure 3—Forest land area by survey year and land class, 

east Oklahoma.

Survey year

1966 1976 1986 1992 2008

Area (million acres)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Timberland 

Unproductive forest land

Reserved forest land

Parks, wilderness areas, historic sites, and 

other forest land where commercial timber 

harvesting is prohibited by statute are 

known as reserved forest land. Reserved 

forest land occupied 1 percent of the forest 

land area in east Oklahoma. Land area that 

is unproductive forest land (not capable 

of growing 20 cubic feet of wood per acre 

annually) accounts for 10 percent of total 

forest land area.

The Southeast unit, which falls primarily 

in the Ouachita province, includes part 

of the Coastal Plain province to the south 

and forms the east boundary of the 

Central Lowland province to the west. 

The Northeast unit is split by the Ouachita 

province to the south and Ozark Plateaus 

province to the north and also forms the 

east boundary of the Central Lowlands 

province to the west (fig. 2). The Southeast 

unit contained the majority of timberland 

area in east Oklahoma, with 3.7 million 

acres or 73 percent. The Northeast unit had 

1.4 million acres of timberland. Both units 

gained about 4 percent of timberland area 

since the 1992 survey.

Changes in land use have shifted the 

location of timberland area throughout east 

Oklahoma. Part of this shift is the marketdriven cycle of agricultural and timberland 

uses that swap area back and forth over 

time. Perhaps the greatest impact is the loss 

of timberland to nonforest development 

where deforestation occurs. Table 2 

represents land use change by survey unit 

since 1992. Land use change was based 

on the remeasured plot data and provides 

estimates of timberland area that remained 

in timberland, changed from timberland to 

a different land use, or was converted from 

a nonforest land use to timberland. 

Losses—The total timberland loss was 

468,700 acres. About 25 percent of the 

loss was converted to agriculture and 

14 percent was converted to development, 

which averaged about 4,400 acres a year. 

More than one-half of the total loss was to 

other forest land, which includes land being 

reclassified as reserved or unproductive 

forest land (fig. 4). 

Table 2—Changes in area of timberland by survey unit, east Oklahoma from 1992 to 2008

Survey 

unit

Area of

timberland

Net 

change

Changes

Additions from

Total 

loss

Diversions to

1992 2008

Total 

gain

Nonforest

Other 

forest 

land

Other 

forest 

land

Agriculture

Urban 

and 

other Water

thousand acres

Southeast 3,564.6 3,725.1 160.5 475.0 444.4 30.6 314.5 181.4 78.6 31.5 23.0 

Northeast 1,331.2 1,378.0 46.8 201.0 195.0 6.0 154.2 69.8 37.3 37.3 10.0 

Total 4,895.8 5,103.1 207.3 676.0 639.4 36.6 468.7 251.2 115.8 68.8 32.9

Forest Area
5

Gains—The total gain in timberland area was 676,000 acres or 

about 43,500 acres per year. It is 

estimated that 583,100 acres of 

agricultural land reverted back to 

timberland since 1992 averaging 

almost 37,500 acres per year. This 

accounted for 86 percent of the 

gain of timberland.

Net changes—The net change 

was an increase of 207,300 acres 

(or 13,100 acres per year) of 

timberland since 1992. Fortunately, 

east Oklahoma has experienced a 

period where total timberland gain 

exceeded timberland loss (fig. 4). 

However, the trend, albeit positive, 

is one of declining gains. From 

1976 to 1986, the net change was 

> 42,400 acres per year (Hines and 

Bertelson 1987), decreasing to 

25,700 acres per year from 1987 to 

1993 (Rosson 2001). 

Human interface with forest and wildlife poses challenges for forest operations and creates limited 

defensible space from wildfire. (photo by Michelle Finch-Walker, Oklahoma Forestry Services)

Forest Area

The two dashed lines added together represent the majority of total 

timberland loss (solid red line). However, for the 1993–2008 period, 

an additional 54 percent of timberland loss is due to timberland 

reclassified as unproductive forest land (not shown on chart).

Figure 4—Timberland land use change by survey period, east 

Oklahoma. Area (thousand acres)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Timberland loss 

to agriculture

Timberland loss 

to urban/other

development

Net change 

Total timberland gain 

Total timberland loss 

Survey period

1976–86 1987–92 1993–2008
6

Ownership

FIA classifies two general ownership 

categories: public lands and private lands 

(fig. 5). Within the public lands, national 

forest lands represented 5 percent of all 

timberland or 257,500 acres. Other Federal 

lands (including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, the Departments of Defense and 

Energy), totaled 296,600 acres as of 2008. 

State owned timberland was 136,500 acres 

and local public land totaled 27,600 acres. 

All public land comprised about 14 percent 

of timberland area in east Oklahoma.

The remaining 86 percent of timberland 

ownership was held by private landowners. 

The majority was owned by individuals 

or families totaling 2.9 million acres or 

57 percent. Forest industry is classified as 

landholdings that also operate a primary 

forest products mill. They represent 

11 percent of all timberland or 568,300 

acres. 

Some nonindustry private ownerships are 

incorporated, such as timber investment 

management organizations (TIMOs), real 

estate investment trusts (REITs), limited 

liability companies, or other incorporated 

ownerships. Together, they held 891,300 

acres or 18 percent of all timberland.

Figure 5—Distribution of timberland ownership, east Oklahoma, 

2008.

Total 5.10 million acres

Individual

and family

57%

2.92

0.89

0.57

0.46

0.26

Corporate

18%

Forest

industry

11%

Other public

9%

National forest

5%

Timberland ownerships have always 

experienced movement from one group 

to another, but the majority of land 

transfers occurs in the private ownership 

category. The distribution of timberland 

area among private ownerships remained 

relatively stable until the late 1990s. 

Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, 

market pressures, tax policy, and an 

abundant wood supply were catalysts for 

a wave of private ownership change. The 

vertically integrated forest industry began 

divesting its landholdings. Although some 

timberland was sold directly to individuals 

and other forest industry companies 

(Harper and others 2009), most went to 

nonindustrial corporate ownerships such 

as TIMOs or REITs with agreements to 

provide long-term wood supplies for the 

sellers’ mills. Figure 6 shows the shift of 

timberland ownership from forest industry 

to corporate from 1992 to 2008. Forest 

industry ownership declined 45 percent 

(469,200 acres) and nonindustrial corporate 

ownership increased 265 percent (556,500 

acres). Individuals and family timberland 

ownership experienced little change and 

public lands increased 24 percent. Note that 

much of the change in industry ownership 

was influenced by the land swap from 

Weyerhaeuser to the Ouachita National 

Forest.1

Forest Area

1Personal communication. 2011. K. Atkinson, Assistant 

Director, Oklahoma Forestry Services, Oklahoma 

Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, 2800 N. 

Lincoln Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73105.
7

Forest Area

Figure 6—Area of timberland by ownership class and survey year, 

east Oklahoma.

Ownership class

Area (thousand acres)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500 1976 

1986 

1992 

2008 

Public Forest

industry

Corporate Individual

and family

Forest Types

Ninety-six softwood and hardwood tree 

species were tallied on FIA plots within 

the four physiographic provinces of east 

Oklahoma (appendix D). The percent 

stocking of these species on a plot 

determines the forest type (fig. 7). Loblollyshortleaf pines and other softwood forest 

types accounted for 21 percent of the 

timberland or 1.1 million acres, compared 

to 78 percent or 4.0 million acres for 

hardwoods. The predominant hardwood 

forest types were oak-pine, oak-hickory, 

oak-gum-cypress, and elm-ash-cottonwood. 

Fall colors reflected, southeast Oklahoma. 

(photo by Darryl Hunkapillar, Oklahoma 

Forestry Services)

7

*Million acres

Figure 7—Forest-type distribution on timberland, east Oklahoma, 

2008.

Oakhickory

57%

Nonstocked

1%

Oak-pine

10%

Loblollyshortleaf

21%

Elm-ashcottonwood

7%

Oak-gumcypress

3%

2.93*

0.53*

1.06*

0.37*

0.14*

0.03*

Other softwoods

1%

0.04*

Total 5.10 million acres
8

Combined, the oak-hickory and loblollyshortleaf forest-type groups makeup 

78 percent of the timberland area in east 

Oklahoma.

These broad forest types are broken down 

into seven forest-type groups:

Softwood Hardwood

Loblolly-shortleaf Oak-pine

Other eastern

softwoods

 

Oak-hickory

Oak-gum-cypress

Elm-ash-cottonwood

Other hardwoods

Oak-hickory was the predominate 

forest-type group with 2.9 million acres 

representing 57 percent of the timberland 

area in east Oklahoma (fig. 7). It occupied 

48 percent of the timberland area in the 

Southeast unit or 1.8 million acres and 

1.1 million acres or 81 percent of the 

timberland area in the Northeast unit.

Loblolly-shortleaf pine was the next 

most abundant forest-type group 

occupying 21 percent of the timberland 

area (1.1 million acres). This foresttype group occurred primarily in the 

Forest Area

Southeast unit with >1.0 million acres 

representing 95 percent of the total 

softwood area in east Oklahoma. Only 

14,500 acres were in the Northeast unit. 

Oak-pine forest-type group occupied 

10 percent of timberland or about 530,000 

acres. 

Elm-ash-cottonwood accounted for 

7 percent of timberland area or 370,000 

acres. 

Oak-gum-cypress occupied only 3 percent 

of the timberland area or 141,500 acres.

The remaining forest-type groups were 

other eastern softwoods, which were 

composed mostly of eastern redcedar 

and occupied 40,100 acres; and other 

hardwoods, which occupied 8,800 acres.

Forest land stocked with <10 percent 

live trees is considered nonstocked. This 

is usually areas of timberland recently 

harvested and in transition to a forest type 

once trees are reestablished naturally or 

by tree planting. Less than 1 percent of the 

total timberland area in east Oklahoma was 

classified as nonstocked. 

Bottomland hardwoods in 

Little River National Wildlife 

Refuge, McCurtain County. 

(photo by Darryl Hunkapillar, 

Oklahoma Forestry Services)
9

Forest Area

Forest-Management Types

Forest-management types broadly 

demonstrate the influence of forest 

management operations on the landscape 

resulting in changes in forest composition 

(fig. 8). In 2008, east Oklahoma had 

>585,000 acres of planted pine, all 

occurring in the Southeast unit. Although 

tree planting has occurred since the 1930s, 

the practice of planting loblolly pine became 

more extensive in the early 1970s. By 

1986, >264,000 acres of planted pine were 

reported, increasing to >474,000 acres by 

1992. From 1986 to 2008, pine planting 

grew by 121 percent (fig. 9). 

Since 1976, natural softwood area decreased 

by 40 percent from about 847,000 acres 

to 512,000 acres—mostly the result of 

regenerating harvested forests into more 

productive pine plantations. Some acres 

were converted to other land uses such as 

agriculture or development. Overall, total 

softwood area (natural and planted) has 

experienced a 29-percent increase or about 

250,000 acres.

Oak-pine stand. (photo courtesy 

of Oklahoma Forestry Services)
10

Forest Area

Oak-pine management type has 

experienced change to and from upland 

hardwood and softwood stands, and 

sometimes it is converted to planted pine 

after harvesting. Since 1986, oak-pine 

management type has declined 30 percent 

or 227,000 acres. Most of this decrease 

occurred since 1992 showing a decline of 

172,000 acres or 25 percent.

The upland hardwood management type 

contains the largest area of 2.9 million acres. 

Figure 8—Area of timberland by forest-management type and survey 

unit, east Oklahoma, 2008.

Forest-management type

Planted

softwood

Natural

softwood

Oak-pine

Upland

hardwood

Bottomland

hardwood

Nonstocked

Area (thousand acres)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000 Southeast 

Northeast 

Figure 9—Area of timberland by forest-management type and survey 

year, east Oklahoma.

Survey year

1976 1986 1992 2008

Area (thousand acres)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Natural softwood 

Planted softwood 

Oak-pine 

Upland hardwood 

Bottomland

hardwood 

About 339,000 acres were added since 

1992, representing a 13-percent increase. 

East Oklahoma had about 511,000 acres 

of bottomland hardwood in 2008. This 

management type has shown an increase 

of about 85,000 acres or 20 percent since 

1976 and indicative of a relatively stable 

management type. 
11

Figure 10—Area of timberland and volume of timber by survey year, east 

Oklahoma.

Survey year

1966 1976 1986 1992 2008

Volume (billion cubic feet)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Area (thousand acres)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000 Area

Volume 

Inventory Volume

Inventory Volume

The change in inventory volume on timberland is primarily influenced by change in 

timberland area, diameter distribution, trees 

per acre, and application of timberland 

management methods (silviculture). 

However, volume computation methods 

changed for east Oklahoma 2008 and 

values stated may be higher than the real 

change in the resource (see Appendix B—

Inventory Methods). Since 1966, total 

inventory volume of live trees in east 

Oklahoma has shown a steady increase 

totaling 2.8 billion cubic feet or almost 

117 percent (fig. 10) (Sternitzke and 

Van Sickle 1968). This dramatic increase in 

inventory volume has occurred without a 

substantive increase in timberland area.

About three-quarters or 9,255.2 million 

board feet (International 1⁄4-inch log rule) of 

the sawtimber volume on east Oklahoma’s 

timberland was held by private landowners. 

Family or individual ownerships have 

7,544.0 million board feet or 61 percent 

of the sawtimber volume. Since 1992, the 

total sawtimber volume increased 3,099.8 

million board feet on all private timberland 

and 1,213.8 million board feet on all public 

land. Total sawtimber volume increased 

54 percent or 4,313.5 million board feet 

since 1992.

Softwood Inventory

Softwood inventory volume was at an alltime high in 2008 with 1.6 billion cubic 

feet representing 32 percent of the total 

inventory in east Oklahoma. The softwood 

volume increased 15 percent since 1992 

and 114 percent since 1966 (Sternitzke and 

Van Sickle 1968). Shortleaf pine was the 

dominate species representing 55 percent 

of the volume or 896 million cubic feet 

followed by loblolly pine with 669 million 

cubic feet representing 41 percent of the 

softwood volume. The remaining 4 percent 

was eastern redcedar. 

Since 1992, planted pine volume surged 

85 percent totaling almost 630 million cubic 

feet. Natural softwood forest-type volume 

decreased 16 percent, but continued to 

outpace planted pine with 702 million cubic 

feet.

The Southeast unit contained the majority 

(98 percent) of softwood volume in 

east Oklahoma. Shortleaf pine madeup 51 percent of the softwood volume 

with 840 million cubic feet. Virtually all 

(>99.9 percent) of the loblolly inventory 

volume was located in this unit. 

Distribution of volume by diameter class 

offers some insight for future volume and 

figure 11 demonstrates 

shifts in volume by 

diameter class over time 

(Miles 2010).
12

The 55-percent increase in inventory 

volume since 1986 can be seen in the 

volume distributed across 2-inch diameter 

classes. In 1986, softwood volume peaked 

at 230 million cubic feet in the 11-inch 

diameter class. By 2008 the peak in the 

11-inch diameter class reached 362 million 

cubic feet, an increase of 57 percent. With 

only two exceptions (the 5- and ≥23-inch 

classes), all diameter classes increased at 

Figure 11—Merchantable volume of softwood live trees on 

timberland by 2-inch diameter class and survey year, east 

Oklahoma.

2-inch diameter class

5.0–6.9

7.0–8.9

9.0–10.9

11.0–12.9

13.0–14.9

15.0–16.9

17.0–18.9

19.0–20.9

21.0–22.9

23.0+

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1992 

1986 

2008 rates ranging from 30 percent to almost 

149 percent. 

Figure 11 demonstrates how volume shifted 

among diameter classes over the 22-year 

period. From 1986 to 1992, the peak in 

volume shifted from the 11-inch class to the 

7-inch class. This shift resulted mostly from 

postharvest tree planting in the late 1970s 

and 1980s. By 1986, these planted stands 

grew to merchantable size (stand diameter 

≥5-inch class) resulting in increased volume 

in the 7-inch class. These planted stands 

continued to increase in average stand 

diameter, resulting in a volume shift back 

to the 11-inch class by 2008, but with 

57 percent more volume than reported in 

1986.

The peak in volume could continue to track 

toward the 13-inch class in the next survey 

cycle, but that outcome would depend on 

many factors—such as timber markets, tree 

planting, and natural disturbances (mainly 

fire, insects, disease, and weather events). 

However, increased demand for forest 

products combined with the recent decline 

in tree planting may deplete the volume 

and shift the peak back toward 1986 levels.

Pine tops separated from 

sawtimber for effective tree 

merchandizing and utilization. 

(photo by Tony Johnson, 

Southern Research Station)

Inventory Volume
13

Tree planting—Tree planting using 

genetically improved stock, fertilization, 

and herbicide applications has influenced 

softwood volume in east Oklahoma over the 

last 30 years. 

Early records show tree planting began in 

1928,2,3 and reached about 136,000 acres by 

1971. Over the next 35 years (1972 through 

2006) >1.0 million acres had been planted 

(fig. 12). The increased volume from 

planted acres became evident in the 1992 

FIA survey as the average stand diameters 

reached the merchantable threshold of 

≥5 inches diameter at breast height (d.b.h.).

Excludes years 1938 and 1941–44.

1980 and 1981 are estimated.

Figure 12—Tree planting area from 1928–2006, east Oklahoma.

Year

192819311934193719401943194619491952195519581961196419671970197319761979198219851988199119941997200020032006

Area (thousand acres)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 

2001. 2005. Historic tree planting data. [Not paged]. 

Unpublished data. On file with: Richard A. Harper, 

Southern Research Station, Forest Inventory and 

Analysis, 127 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634.

3Georgia Forestry Commission. 2007. Southeastern 

states reforestation efforts. 3 p. Unpublished data. 

On file with: Richard A. Harper, Southern Research 

Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 127 Lehotsky 

Hall, Clemson, SC 29634.

Tree planting after harvest 

increases productivity of 

a forest. (photo by Tony 

Johnson, Southern Research 

Station)

Inventory Volume
14

Volume by age class—Figure 13 shows 

the volume by 5-year age classes for natural 

and planted softwood trees for survey 

years 1986, 1992, and 2008 (Miles 2010). 

In 1986, the majority (99 percent) of the 

softwood volume was in natural stands. 

The 21- to 50-year age classes accounted for 

724 million cubic feet or 69 percent of the 

total softwood volume (fig. 13a). By 1992, 

most of the softwood volume (937 million 

cubic feet or 67 percent) shifted to younger 

stand-age classes ranging from 11 to 30 

years of age (fig. 13b). 

Inventory Volume

Planted pine trees represented 25 percent 

of the volume in 1992 (fig. 13b). By 2008, 

the softwood volume by age class was split 

about 39 and 61 percent between planted 

and natural volume, respectively (fig. 13c). 

The transition was most evident in the 36- 

to 40-year age class for both management 

types. Planted trees represented 81 percent 

of the volume of the age classes <36 years, 

and naturally generated trees represented 

94 percent of the volume in the age classes 

>35 years. Note that 44 percent of the 

total softwood volume was in age classes 

<36 years.

Figure 13—Merchantable volume of softwood live trees on timberland by 5-year age class and survey year, east Oklahoma (A) 1986, (B) 1992, 

and (C) 2008.

5-year age class

0–5

6–10

11–15 16–20

21–25 26–3031–35 36–40

41–45 46–5051–55 56–6061–65 66–70

71–75 76–80

81–85 86–90

96–100100+

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

(A) 1986

Natural

Planted 

5-year age class

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

50

100

150

200

250

(B) 1992

Natural

Planted 

0–5

6–10

11–15 16–20

21–25 26–30

31–35 36–40

41–45 46–5051–55 56–6061–65 66–70

71–75 76–80

81–85 86–90

96–100100+

5-year age class

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

50

100

150

200

250

(C) 2008

Natural

Planted 

0–5

6–10

11–15 16–20

21–25 26–3031–35 36–40

41–45 46–5051–55 56–6061–65 66–70

71–75 76–80

81–85 86–90

96–100100+
15

Inventory Volume

Figure 14—Softwood sawtimber inventory volume on timberland by 

2-inch diameter class and survey unit, east Oklahoma, 2008. 2-inch diameter class

Total

9.0–10.9

11.0–12.9

13.0–14.9

15.0–16.9

17.0–18.9

19.0+

Total

Southeast 

Northeast 

Volume

(million board feet—International 1/4-inch rule)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

Patterns of shade and light 

on wooded path. (photo 

by Darryl Hunkapillar, 

Oklahoma Forestry Services)

Sawtimber—Figure 14 shows the volume 

of softwood sawtimber of 2-inch diameter 

classes by survey unit. Softwood sawtimber 

volume totaled 5.9 billion board feet 

(International 1⁄4-inch rule) in 2008, a 

41-percent increase (1.7 billion board feet) 

since 1992. Eighty-eight percent of the 

increase was in the 11.0 to 16.9 diameter 

classes. Volume in the 9.0 to 10.9 diameter 

class declined 11 percent. 

Almost 69 percent or 4,033.4 million board 

feet of the softwood sawtimber volume 

was held by private landowners. Family or 

individual ownerships have 2.7 billion board 

feet or 46 percent of the total sawtimber 

volume. Since 1992, sawtimber volume 

increased almost 1.1 billion board feet on all 

private timberland and 638.8 million board 

feet on all public land. 
16

Hardwood Inventory

Hardwood inventory accounted for 

68 percent of the total inventory in east 

Oklahoma. It has increased in every FIA 

survey since 1936, with the current volume 

of 3.5 billion cubic feet of live trees at an all 

time high (Eldredge and Cruikshank 1938). 

Hardwood inventory volume increased by 

41 percent (>1.0 million cubic feet) since 

1992 and more than doubled (119 percent) 

since 1966 (Sternitzke and Van Sickle 

1968). 

Inventory Volume

Unlike softwood species groups where 

two species dominated the volume, the 

hardwood inventory consisted of 76 species 

consolidated into 17 species groups and 

five forest-type groups defining the 

hardwood inventory. Post oak totaled the 

most volume with 880 million cubic feet or 

25 percent of the total hardwood volume 

in east Oklahoma. Black oak followed 

with 386 million cubic feet or 11 percent 

of hardwood volume while white oak 

accounted for 270 million cubic feet and 

8 percent of the volume. Combined, these 

three species makeup 1.5 billion cubic feet 

and 44 percent of the hardwood volume.

Forest cover protects water quality. (photo courtesy of Oklahoma Forestry Services)
17

Inventory Volume

All three of these species form a major 

component of the stocking in the upland 

hardwood management group which 

consists of the oak-pine and oak-hickory 

forest-type groups. There were 3.1 million 

cubic feet of all-live volume in these two 

forest-type groups or almost 82 percent of 

the hardwood inventory.

Water oak, southern red oak, black hickory, 

green ash, mockernut hickory, northern red 

oak, winged elm, sweetgum, and blackjack 

oak each contained between 4 to 3 percent 

(listed in declining order) of the hardwood 

volume. Combined, they totaled >1.0 billion 

cubic feet or 30 percent of the hardwood 

volume.

Individual species are sometimes combined 

into species groups that relate to forest 

products categories. The dominant species 

groups ranked by volume include:

Species group Volume

percent

Other white oaks 26

Other red oaks 23

Hickory 11

Select white oaks 9

Ash 5

Select red oaks 5

Sweetgum 3

Soft maple 2

These eight hardwood species groups totaled 

2.9 billion cubic feet or 83 percent of the 

hardwood volume.

Hardwood forests dominate the east Oklahoma landscape accounting for 77 percent of the area. 

(photo courtesy of Oklahoma Forestry Services)
18

The bottomland management group 

consists of oak-gum-cypress and elm-ashcottonwood forest types. These forest types 

contain 695 million cubic feet or 18 percent 

of hardwood inventory.

Diameter class distribution of hardwood 

volume has been more stable than that 

for softwood. In figure 15, the 2008 data 

reflect the 41-percent increase in volume 

since 1992, discussed above, for all diameter 

classes except the 6-inch class, which 

remained relatively unchanged (Miles 

2010). The greatest increase in volume 

occurred in the consolidated diameter 

classes ≥23 inches.

Hardwood volume was split between 

the two survey units in east Oklahoma. 

The Southeast unit had slightly more 

hardwood volume with 2.0 billion cubic 

feet or 57 percent. The Northeast unit had 

1.5 billion cubic feet representing 43 percent 

of the hardwood volume.

Figure 16 shows the volume by diameter 

class and survey unit of hardwood sawtimber, which totaled 6.5 billion board 

feet (International 1⁄4-inch rule) in 2008. 

Since 1992, sawtimber volume increased 

2.6 billion board feet or 68 percent. More 

than 47 percent of the volume increase was 

in 11.0 to 18.9 diameter classes totaling 

1.2 billion board feet. All 2-inch diameter 

classes for sawtimber showed an increase 

of ≥25 percent except for the 33.0–34.9 

diameter class. 

Almost 81 percent (5.2 billion board feet) 

of the hardwood sawtimber volume was 

held by private landowners, with families 

or individuals holding 75 percent of all 

sawtimber volume (4.8 billion board feet). 

Since 1992, sawtimber volume increased 

almost 2.0 billion board feet on all private 

timberland and 575.0 million board feet on 

all public land. 

Figure 15—Merchantable volume of hardwood live trees on 

timberland by 2-inch diameter class and survey year, east 

Oklahoma.

2-inch diameter class

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

5.0–6.9

7.0–8.9

9.0–10.9

11.0–12.9

13.0–14.9

15.0–16.9

17.0–18.9

19.0–20.9

21.0–22.9

23.0+

1986 

1992 

2008 

Figure 16—Hardwood sawtimber inventory volume on timberland by 

2-inch diameter class and survey unit, east Oklahoma, 2008.

Volume

(million board feet—International 1/4-inch rule)

0

500

1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,500

4,0004,500

5,000

5,500

6,0006,500

2-inch diameter class

Total

Southeast 

Northeast 

Total

11.0–12.9

13.0–14.9

15.0–16.9

17.0–18.9

19.0+

Inventory Volume
19

Components of Change

Net growth, removals, and mortality (GRM) 

comprise the components of change as 

reported by FIA. Current estimates of 

GRM are based on the remeasurement 

of previously forested plots (1992) that 

remained in a forested condition in the 

2008 inventory cycle. However, the 

remeasurement occurred on the variable 

radius plots from the previous plot design 

and methodology. This was necessary 

because the new fixed radius plot design 

was established during the 2008 inventory. 

Estimates of each component are expressed 

as the average annual value between the 

two inventories representing the years from 

1993 to 2008. Average annual net growth is 

the total (or gross) growth minus mortality. 

Net growth and removals reflect the forest 

dynamics (natural and human induced) 

and were only slightly influenced by forest 

area change. When net growth exceeds 

removals, then net change is positive 

and inventory volume is increasing. The 

opposite is true when removals exceed net 

growth. These components of change help 

evaluate how much and why the forest 

inventory volume is changing. However, 

because net change is calculated from 

remeasured plots only, it does not account 

for all the change in volume between 

surveys. Of the 1,073 forested plots, 960 are 

remeasured plots in east Oklahoma. 

Figure 17 shows the total average 

annual components of change of livetree volume for the last two FIA surveys 

in east Oklahoma. While gross growth 

has increased for the 2008 survey, both 

mortality and removals have also increased 

since the 1992 inventory. However, net 

change remained positive in both inventory 

cycles, influencing total volume to reach an 

alltime high (fig. 10). 

When assessing the impact of average 

annual net growth and removals, it is 

helpful to include total volume. Figure 18 

places average annual net growth and 

Components of Change

removals on the same scale with total 

live-tree volume for the survey period. 

Net change (net growth minus removals) 

equals 47 million cubic feet. This is a result 

of net growth outpacing removals by almost 

37 percent. Comparing net change to total 

volume, the total inventory increased about 

0.9 percent annually from 1993 to 2008. 

This average annual net increase is reflected 

in the increase of total inventory volume 

since the 1992 survey and represents a 

compounding increase of volume over the 

16 years since the last inventory.

1

Net growth = gross growth − mortality.

2Net change = net growth − removals.

Figure 17—Average annual components of change for live trees by 

survey period, east Oklahoma.

Survey period

1987–92 1993–2008

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Net change2 Gross growth 

Mortality Removals 

Net growth1

106.1

47.1

Figure 18—Average annual net growth and removals for live trees 

compared to total volume by survey period, east Oklahoma. Volume (million cubic feet)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000 Net growth

Removals 

Volume 

Survey period

1987–92 1993–2008

195.7 89.6

3,913.8

175.9 128.8

5,143.3
20

Components of Change

Softwood Average Annual Net 

Growth, Removals, and Mortality

In the discussion of volume, it was 

noted that softwood volume represented 

32 percent of total inventory in 2008. 

However, the average annual growth of the 

softwood inventory represented 53 percent 

of the total average annual growth in east 

Oklahoma (softwood and hardwood). 

Softwood average annual net growth 

represented 5.7 percent of the softwood 

inventory and outpaced hardwood growth 

of the hardwood inventory by almost 2.5:1. 

Softwood net growth averaged 93.5 million 

cubic feet per year from 1993 to 2008 in 

east Oklahoma (fig. 19).

Softwood removals were 55 percent of all 

average annual removals in east Oklahoma 

during this survey period. Softwood 

removals represented 4.3 percent of the 

softwood inventory. Average annual 

softwood removals were 71.2 million cubic 

feet. 

The average annual net growth showed 

a 17-percent decline from 112.0 million 

cubic feet in 1992 to 93.5 million cubic 

feet in 2008. For the same survey periods, 

removals have increased 27 percent 

from 56.0 million cubic feet (1992) to 

71.2 million cubic feet (2008). Removals 

were still less than net growth (fig. 19).

Figure 20 shows the relationship of net 

growth and removals for softwoods 

and hardwoods expressed as a percent. 

Softwood net growth exceeded removals 

by 100 percent for the 1992 survey period. 

For the 2008 survey period net growth 

declined because of an increase in mortality 

and removals (fig. 19) which lowered the 

net change (fig. 17). However, net growth 

outpaced removals by 31 percent (fig. 20). 

This indicates that the total softwood 

inventory continued to increase and has 

been sustainable, but at a lesser rate than 

during the 1992 survey period. 

Figure 19—Average annual net growth and removals for softwood 

live trees by survey period, east Oklahoma.

Survey period

Volume (million cubic feet)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Net growth 

Removals 

1987–92 1993–2008

Figure 20—Percent increase or decrease relationship of average annual 

net growth and removals for live trees by survey period, east Oklahoma.

Survey period

-50

0

50

100

150

Softwood 

Hardwood 

Net growth

exceeds

removals

(NG-R)/R

Removals

exceed

net growth

-(R-NG)/NG 1987–92 1993–2008

100.4

148.4

31.3

43.1

Percent
21

Softwood average annual mortality was 

13.2 million cubic feet. When comparing 

tabular values, mortality increased 

247 percent. Further investigation was 

necessary to determine if this was a 

reasonable change assessment for mortality. 

It was determined that the 16 years 

between plot remeasurement represents an 

extended period for calculating net GRM. 

Average annual net growth and removals 

discussed above are comparable with 

historical survey values. 

However, average annual mortality 

indicated a higher value than experienced 

in previous surveys. While the percent 

change appeared high, the total values were 

not excessive in relation to total inventory 

volume which increased 85 percent 

since 1976. Therefore, a comparison of 

mortality volume per acre showed current 

values 30 percent higher than in 1992, 

and 11 percent higher than in 1976. 

Thinning pine stands improves growth and health of the forest. (photo by Tony Johnson, Southern Research Station)

Components of Change
22

Hardwood Average Annual Net 

Growth, Removals, and Mortality

Hardwood net growth averaged 

82.4 million cubic feet per year during the 

remeasurement period from 1993 to 2008 

in east Oklahoma. This was a 2-percent 

decline from 83.7 million cubic feet reported 

in 1992. The average annual growth of the 

hardwood inventory represented 47 percent 

of the total average annual growth 

(softwood and hardwood), and was about 

2.4 percent of the hardwood inventory. 

At 57.6 million cubic feet per year, average 

annual removals represented 45 percent 

of all removals and only 1.6 percent of the 

hardwood inventory. Although increasing 

by 71 percent (from 33.7 to 57.6 million 

cubic feet) removals were still less than net 

growth (fig. 21). 

Similar to softwood, the hardwood net 

growth to removals relationship was still 

increasing the total hardwood inventory 

volume, but at a lesser rate than shown in 

the 1992 survey (fig. 20). Hardwood net 

growth exceeded removals 148 percent 

for the 1992 survey. For the 2008 survey 

period, net growth remained about the 

same as in 1992, but removals increased. 

Net growth outpaced removals by 

43 percent.

Hardwood mortality also increased 

considerably. Average annual mortality 

was 60.2 million cubic feet in 2008, an 

increase of 146 percent (35.7 million 

cubic feet) since 1992. As with softwood 

mortality, the total values were not 

excessive in relation to total inventory 

volume (softwood and hardwood), which 

has increased 85 percent since 1976. 

Harvest Removals, Timber 

Volume, and Sustainability

Since the 1960s, the forestry community 

in east Oklahoma has experienced and 

responded to many changes. Opportunities 

to expand existing forest products 

manufacturing facilities and locate new 

mills, including engineered forest products, 

have resulted in additional jobs for local 

economies and improved the quality of 

life. With socioeconomic development and 

demand for forest products, pressures on 

forest resources also offered opportunities 

for forest landowners to improve forest 

management on the landscape, as 

demonstrated by forest area, volume, and 

components of change comparisons (figs. 10 

and 22). 

Figure 21—Average annual net growth and removals for hardwood 

live trees by survey period, east Oklahoma. Volume (million cubic feet)

0

20

40

60

80

100 Net growth 

Removals 

Survey period

1987–92 1993–2008

Figure 22—Comparison of inventory volume (live trees) to average annual 

removals (growing stock) by survey year, east Oklahoma.

Survey year

1966 1976 1986 1992 2008

Volume (billion cubic feet)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Removals (million cubic feet)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Total

Hardwood

Softwood

Volume

Total

Softwood

Hardwood

Removals

Components of Change
23

For example, total average annual harvest 

removals of growing stock were at a 

historical high of 92.3 million cubic feet 

per year or 3.4 times 1966 levels (fig. 22). 

Despite this increase in harvest removals, 

volume more than doubled (increasing 

117 percent).

Throughout most of the South, harvesting 

exerts more pressure on softwoods than 

hardwoods. Harvest removals of softwood 

growing stock represented 4 percent 

of the softwood volume in 2008, a 

quadrupling since 1966. Nevertheless, 

softwood live-tree volume more than 

doubled with an increase of 114 percent 

since 1966. Hardwood harvest removals 

of growing stock represented <0.8 percent 

of the total hardwood live-tree volume. 

However, harvest removals have increased 

147 percent since 1966 and volume has 

more than doubled.

Over the last 40 years, east Oklahoma 

has more than doubled total inventory 

volume of live trees for both softwood and 

hardwood despite a substantial increase for 

demand of forest products. While there are 

various definitions for forest sustainability, 

the increase in timber volume on a 

relatively stable land base certainly indicates 

a sustained yield over the long term, plus a 

substantial reserve for future generations. 

Components of Change

Rock and forests 

near Daisy, 

Pushmataha 

County. (photo 

by Kurt Atkinson, 

Oklahoma 

Forestry Services)
24

Forest Disturbance

Forest Disturbance

Timberland disturbance is part of 

the dynamics of a forest and can 

be separated into two categories: 

1) planned forest management 

treatments and 2) forest disturbances, 

both of which are expressed as 

average annual area or volume 

estimates. Forest treatments are part 

of the forest operations management 

tools or silvicultural methods such 

as various harvesting systems, site 

preparation, tree planting, prescribed 

burning, or natural regeneration. 

Forest disturbances include insect 

and disease outbreaks, wildfires, 

weather events, animal, grazing, 

and human activities such as land 

clearing. 

Forest Management Treatments

Some form of harvesting or timber stand 

improvement occurred on 101,900 acres 

annually during the survey period from 

1993 to 2008. This represents 2 percent of 

the total timberland area each year. Final 

harvests averaged 34,500 acres each year 

during this survey or 0.7 percent of all 

timberland area (fig. 23). About 45,100 

acres experienced a partial harvest and 

21,000 acres were thinned. Combined, 

these two harvest operations represented 

about 1.3 percent of all timberland. About 

400 acres a year received some type of other 

stand improvement. 

Tree planting and direct seeding occurred on 

22,500 acres each year, compared to 12,200 

acres that were regenerated naturally. The 

combined forest regeneration represented 

about 0.7 percent of the total timberland 

area each year.

Prescribed fire is an 

important tool for timber 

management and wildlife 

habitat. (photo courtesy of 

Oklahoma Forestry Services)

Figure 23—Average area treated/disturbed annually by treatment 

and disturbance types, east Oklahoma, 2008.

Treatment/disturbance

Final

harvest

Partial

harvest

Thinning

Insects

Disease

Weather

Fire

Animals/

grazing

Other

human

Area (thousand acres)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Treatment

Disturbance
25

Natural disturbances, such as ice storms, contribute to mortality and damaged timber may be salvaged in a quick harvest operation. 

(photo by Craig Marquardt, Oklahoma Forestry Services)

Natural Disturbances

Most disturbances are natural occurrences 

and have greatly contributed to forest 

dynamics throughout history. Quite 

often, disturbances affect small areas and 

contribute to species richness. However, 

some large-scale disturbances—such as 

intense fires, epidemic insect and disease 

outbreaks, and major weather events—can 

be catastrophic.

The largest area of damage resulted from 

weather events, specifically ice storms 

(80 percent). The average annual damage 

from weather was 57,300 acres occurring 

mostly in the oak-hickory forest type. Fire, 

which plays a major influence on plant 

ecology over time, experienced about 

41,300 acres damage as an average annual 

occurrence. Fire damage includes both wildfire and prescribed burning.

Damage from other disturbance agents 

totaled about 17,900 acres annually: beavers 

and domestic grazing (6,100 acres), land 

clearing and other human activities (6,400 

acres), diseases (2,900 acres), and insects 

(2,500 acres).

Note: The average annual treated or 

disturbed areas discussed are based on 

the forest-type group that was present 

at the end of the previous survey. Tables 

published on the FIA Web site were based 

on the current forest-type group (that was 

present at the time of the remeasurement). 

Depending on user goals, there are benefits 

to both types of presentation of these types 

of data, but data based upon the forest 

condition of the previous measurement 

has the most utility for general users.

Forest Disturbance

25
26

Timber Removals, Utilization, 

and Residues

Introduction

In addition to collecting plot data, FIA 

canvasses primary forest product mills every 

2 to 3 years regarding delivered roundwood 

logs, pulpwood, and chips hauled directly 

from timberland and conducts logging 

utilization studies. These data are integrated 

with FIA plot data to assess wood product 

flow and production. 

This section relates to and expands the 

discussion of removals discussed in the 

components of change section regarding 

roundwood logs harvested and delivered to 

primary wood product mills such as sawmills, veneer mills, pole mills, pulpwood 

chip mills, oriented strand board mill, and 

other wood processing facilities using logs 

and chips. 

With emerging bioenergy markets appearing 

throughout the South, this section also 

addresses logging residues and the potential 

availability and recovery.

Timber Removals and Utilization

Average annual timber removals include 

the merchantable and nonmerchantable 

volume of trees harvested for products 

and whole trees or portions of trees cut 

and left behind as logging residue. Average 

annual removals volume also includes trees 

removed due to land clearing for agriculture 

or urban development and timberland set 

aside by statute prohibiting tree harvesting. 

The latter removals are considered land use 

change removals. Total removals include 

harvested products, logging residues, and 

land use removals and are usually reported 

by broad species group at the regional, 

State, FIA survey unit, or county level for 

ownership, forest type, diameter class, and 

other variables. 

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Most FIA removal tables report only the 

merchantable portion or volume from a 

1-foot stump to the 4-inch top in cubic feet 

for trees ≥5 inches d.b.h. For sawtimber 

size trees, removals are reported in board 

feet (International 1⁄4-inch rule), as well. 

Removal estimates are generated for 

the sawtimber portion, growing-stock 

trees, and all-live trees which include 

rough and rotten cull trees. It is best to 

think of these categories for removals as 

subsets; sawtimber removals are a subset 

of growing-stock removals, growingstock removals are a subset of all-live tree 

removals, and all of these are a subset of 

total aboveground tree removals which 

include the volume of the stumps, tops, 

and limbs to 1-inch in diameter. Volume of 

removal trees <5 inches d.b.h. have been 

considered noncommercial and have not 

been reported on a routine basis. 

Reporting removals in this fashion served 

FIA and its users well for many decades 

when dealing with the traditional timber 

products such as saw logs, veneer logs, 

poles, and other solid-wood forest products. 

However, the traditional fiber products 

industries (pulpwood, composite panel, and 

mulch) along with the emerging bioenergy 

industry have and will dramatically increase 

the utilization of rough and cull trees, tops 

and limbs, a portion of trees <5 inches 

d.b.h., and in some cases, understory 

vegetation. 

The majority of timber bought and sold 

commercially has been scaled by weight at 

the destination mills for many years. The 

forestry community has become familiar 

with weight as a unit of measure for timber 

products and has requested FIA to include 

weight as a reporting unit for removals 

volumes. The cubic foot volumes have 

been converted to green tons throughout 

this section using 69.36 pounds per cubic 

foot for softwoods and 80.10 pounds per 

cubic foot for hardwoods.4

 It is important to 

4Bentley, James W. 2011. [Untitled]. [Unpaged]. 

Unpublished data. On file with: Southern Research 

Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 4700 Old 

Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919.
27

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

keep in mind that this is fresh green weight 

of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood 

immediately after harvest.

This section focuses on total average annual 

removals for all-live tree volume for trees 

≥5 inches d.b.h. expressed in cubic feet 

of solid wood and green tons of wood 

and bark. It also includes an estimate of 

removals of wood volume in cubic feet, 

and wood and bark weight in green tons 

for stumps, tops, and limbs and expressed 

as average annual harvest removals from 

nonmerchantable sources. In addition, an 

estimate of removals for trees <5 inches 

d.b.h. is discussed under the section for 

logging residue and is not included in total 

annual removals. Figure 24 shows the 

total annual removals by the subcategories 

previously discussed. 

Between 1993 and 2008, total removals 

from all sources in east Oklahoma, for 

both softwoods and hardwoods totaled 

161.4 million cubic feet, or 6.0 million tons 

(tables 3 and 4). Softwoods accounted for 

55 percent of total removals, 88.2 million 

cubic feet (3.1 million green tons). Volume 

of removals attributed to the merchantable 

portion of all-live tree removals accounted 

for 128.8 million cubic feet (4.8 million 

green tons), while nonmerchantable sources 

accounted for 32.6 million cubic feet 

(1.2 million green tons).

The following sections present the average 

annual estimates for the merchantable 

and nonmerchantable portions of annual 

roundwood product output (roundwood 

delivered to mills), land use removals, 

and estimates of logging residue, in east 

Oklahoma.

Improvements in harvesting machines cut most trees 

near ground level and increases utilization. (photos by 

Tony Johnson, Southern Research Station)
28

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Table 3—Average annual volume of all-live timber removals by 

removals class, species group, and source, east Oklahoma from 

1993 to 2008

Removals class

and species group

All

sources

Sourcea

Merchantable

Nonmerchantable

thousand cubic feet

Roundwood products

Softwood 74,406 64,528 9,878

Hardwood 40,273 38,259 2,014

Total 114,679 102,787 11,892

Logging residues

Softwood 10,079 3,705 6,374

Hardwood 16,037 6,030 10,007

Total 26,116 9,735 16,381

Land use removals

Softwood 3,724 3,008 716

Hardwood 16,923 13,310 3,613

Total 20,647 16,318 4,329

Total removals

Softwood 88,209 71,241 16,968

Hardwood 73,233 57,599 15,634

Total 161,442 128,840 32,602

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

a All-live removals.

Figure 24—Total harvest merchandizing from the forest to mills by merchantability class and product category, east Oklahoma, 2008 

(mcf = million cubic feet).

Total removals

161.4 mcf

Merchantable

128.8 mcf

Nonmerchantable

32.6 mcf

Logging residue

9.7 mcf

Land use change

16.3 mcf

Product harvest

102.8 mcf

Logging residue

16.4 mcf

Land use change

4.3 mcf

Product harvest

11.9 mcf

Delivered to mills

114.7 mcf

Pulpwood

42.9 mcf

Saw logs

41.7 mcf

Veneer and

composite

11.9 mcf

Other 

miscellaneous

2.9 mcf

Domestic

fuelwood

15.2 mcf
29

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Table 4—Average annual green weight of timber removals by 

removals class, species group, and source, east Oklahoma from 

1993 to 2008

Removals class

and species group

All

sources

Sourcea

Merchantable

Nonmerchantable

green tons

Roundwood products

Softwood 2,580,636 2,238,028 342,608

Hardwood 1,612,869 1,532,213 80,656

Total 4,193,505 3,770,241 423,264

Logging residues

Softwood 349,577 128,501 221,076

Hardwood 642,249 241,492 400,757

Total 991,826 369,993 621,833

Land use removals

Softwood 129,161 104,327 24,834

Hardwood 677,737 533,045 144,692

Total 806,898 637,372 169,526

Total removals

Softwood 3,059,374 2,470,856 588,518

Hardwood 2,932,855 2,306,750 626,105

Total 5,992,229 4,777,606 1,214,623

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

a All-live removals.

Timber Products

Estimates of timber product output (TPO) 

and mill residues were obtained from 

canvasses (questionnaires) sent to all 

major primary wood-using mills in east 

Oklahoma. The canvasses were used 

to determine the types and amount of 

roundwood (i.e., saw logs, pulpwood, 

plywood and veneer, poles, etc.) received 

by each mill, the county of origin, the 

species used, and how the mills disposed of 

the bark and wood residues produced. The 

canvasses were conducted every 3 years 

by personnel from the Southern Research 

Station and Oklahoma Forestry Services. 

These data were used to augment the FIA 

annual inventory of all-live timber removals 

by providing the proportions that are used 

for timber products. Individual TPO studies, 

or industry surveys, are necessary to track 

A load of logs from McCurtain County. (photo by Al Myatt, Oklahoma Forestry Services)
30

trends and capture changes in product 

output levels. Industry surveys conducted 

in 1996, 1999, 2002, and 2005 were used to 

determine average annual product output 

for roundwood and plant byproducts for 

the latest FIA cycle (Howell and Johnson 

1998, Howell and Johnson 2002, Johnson 

and others 2005, Johnson and others 

2008). This means that the average volumes 

reported in this section for individual 

products will not match specific year values 

reported in TPO publications or online 

query tools. 

Volume utilized or delivered for roundwood 

products totaled 114.7 million cubic feet 

(4.2 million green tons), or 71 percent of 

total removals. Nonmerchantable sources 

from all-live removals accounted for 11.9 

million cubic feet (423,300 green tons), or 

10 percent of roundwood product output 

levels. Average annual output of softwood 

roundwood products (including domestic 

fuelwood) totaled 74.4 million cubic feet 

(2.6 million green tons) and accounted for 

65 percent of the total roundwood product 

output. Average annual hardwood output 

totaled 40.3 million cubic feet (1.6 million 

green tons). 

As shown in tables 5 and 6, pulpwood 

was the leading product, accounting 

for 38 percent of total product output. 

Average annual output for pulpwood 

roundwood (softwood and hardwood 

combined) totaled 42.9 million cubic 

feet (1.6 million green tons). Combined 

output of saw logs averaged 41.7 million 

cubic feet (1.5 million green tons) and 

accounted for 36 percent of total product 

output. Volume used for domestic fuelwood 

totaled 15.2 million cubic feet (607,000 

green tons) and accounted for 13 percent 

of total product output. Veneer and 

composite panel production combined 

totaled 11.9 million cubic feet (413,000 

green tons), or 10 percent of total output. 

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Table 5—Average annual timber removals from all 

sources on timberland by product, softwood, and 

hardwood, east Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008

Product

All 

species Softwood Hardwood

thousand cubic feet

Roundwood products

Saw logs 41,705 34,190 7,515 

Veneer logs and bolts 10,323 10,288 35 

Pulpwood 42,937 25,157 17,780 

Composite panels 1,578 1,578 0 

Other 2,934 2,934 0 

Residential fuelwood 15,202 259 14,943 

All products 114,679 74,406 40,273 

Logging residues 26,116 10,079 16,037 

Land use removals 20,647 3,724 16,923 

Total removals 161,442 88,209 73,233 

Table 6—Average annual timber removals from all sources 

on timberland by product, softwood, and hardwood, east 

Oklahoma from 1993 to 2008

Product

All 

species Softwood Hardwood

green tons

Roundwood products

Saw logs 1,486,793 1,185,817 300,976 

Veneer logs and bolts 358,223 356,821 1,402 

Pulpwood 1,584,614 872,525 712,089 

Composite panels 54,730 54,730 0 

Other 101,760 101,760 0 

Residential fuelwood 607,385 8,983 598,402 

All products 4,193,505 2,580,636 1,612,869 

Logging residues 991,826 349,577 642,249 

Land use removals 806,898 129,161 677,737 

Total removals 5,992,229 3,059,374 2,932,855 
31

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Mill Residue

Mill residues are defined as wood material 

generated in the production of timber 

products from roundwood at primary 

manufacturing facilities. This material falls 

into three main categories: 

• Coarse residues, or material, such as 

slabs, edgings, trim, veneer cores and ends, 

which are suitable for chipping, 

• Fine residues, or material, such as 

sawdust, shavings, and veneer residue, 

which are not suitable for chipping, and

• Bark which is used mainly for industrial 

fuel. 

For many years, most mill residue produced 

in east Oklahoma has been utilized either 

for primary products such as pulp or in 

secondary products such as mulch and 

animal bedding, or as fuel at wood product 

mills. 

Table 7 shows the average annual 

disposal and utilization of mill residue. 

Data regarding mill residue production 

Log separation for 

product merchandizing. 

(photo by Tony Johnson, 

Southern Research 

Station)

Logs stacked high at the Huber OSB plant at Broken Bow. (photo by Kurt Atkinson, 

Oklahoma Forestry Services)
32

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Table 7—Average annual disposal of residue at primary wood-using 

plants by product, species group, and type of residue, east Oklahoma 

from 1993 to 2008

Product and

species group

All 

types

Type of residue

Bark Coarse Sawdust Shavings 

thousand cubic feet 

Fiber products

Softwood 13,604 0 13,604 0 0

Hardwood 1,383 0 1,383 0 0

Total 14,987 0 14,987 0 0

Particleboard

Softwood 709 0 379 0 330

Hardwood 0 0 0 0 0

Total 709 0 379 0 330

Charcoal/

chemical wood

Softwood 10 0 10 0 0

Hardwood 0 0 0 0 0

Total 10 0 10 0 0

Sawn products

Softwood 3,644 0 3,644 0 0

Hardwood 2 0 2 0 0

Total 3,646 0 3,646 0 0

Industrial fuel

Softwood 21,686 8,472 255 10,556 2,402

Hardwood 4,184 1,814 1,007 1,364 0

Total 25,870 10,286 1,262 11,920 2,402

Miscellaneous

Softwood 2,983 1,045 4 1 1,935

Hardwood 977 162 317 468 31

Total 3,960 1,206 320 468 1,966

Not used

Softwood 2 0 1 1 0

Hardwood 18 3 10 6 0

Total 20 3 11 6 0

All products

Softwood 42,637 9,517 17,896 10,557 4,667

Hardwood 6,564 1,978 2,717 1,837 31

Total 49,200 11,495 20,613 12,395 4,697

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

and disposal was generated by 

averaging TPO forest industry survey 

years representing the FIA survey 

time period and indicated that 49 

million cubic feet of wood and bark 

residue was generated from primary 

processors. Sawmills and veneer mills 

generated the majority of the mill 

residue produced. Bark accounted for 

11.5 million cubic feet (23 percent), 

coarse residues accounted for 20.6 

million cubic feet (42 percent), and 

sawdust and shavings accounted for 

17.1 million cubic feet (35 percent) of 

mill residue produced. 

With nearly 53 percent (25.9 million 

cubic feet) used for industrial fuel, 

either at pulpmills for boiler fuel or 

at sawmills for dry kiln operations, 

industrial fuel was the largest use of 

mill residue. Bark at 10.3 million cubic 

feet and sawdust at 11.9 million cubic 

feet together accounted for 86 percent 

of mill residue used for fuel. Eightynine percent of the bark residue was 

used for fuel, with the remainder going 

for mulch or miscellaneous products. 

Seventy-three percent of the coarse 

residue, 15.0 million tons, was used for 

pulp or fiber products. 

Land Use Removals

Tables 3 and 4 show that land use 

removals (land clearing or reserved 

forest land) or removal volume 

attributed to land use change 

accounted for 13 percent of total 

removals (20.6 million cubic feet or 

807,000 green tons). The merchantable 

portion of live trees accounted for 

16.3 million cubic feet (637,000 

green tons), compared to 4.3 million 

cubic feet (170,000 green tons) for 

nonmerchantable sources. 
33

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Logging Residue

The merchantable portions of trees cut 

and left onsite are underutilized removals 

by FIA merchantability standards, while 

the nonmerchantable portions of trees 

(part of the 1-foot stump or volume in 

tops <4 inches d.b.h.) used for products 

are considered overutilized removals 

by FIA merchantability standards. With 

this in mind, under- and over-utilization 

factors used to determine average annual 

logging residue estimates used in this 

section were derived from the 2008 east 

Oklahoma harvest and utilization study 

(see footnote 4 on p. 26). Logging residue, 

which traditionally had little marketable 

value, has been considered a possible source 

for bioenergy and other timber products 

during recent years. It is important to keep 

in mind that logging residue, traditionally, 

has had little marketable value. Retrieval 

of logging residue is a matter of economics 

and markets. If markets are available and 

consumers are willing to pay a reasonable 

price, then more total tree volume 

(including what has been left as logging 

residues) may be used for products. 

Most loggers are setup to merchandise the 

main bole of the tree or the merchantable 

portion of trees (from a 1-foot stump to a 

4-inch top d.b.h.). The current conventional 

logging system in east Oklahoma consists 

of a feller buncher, one or two rubbertired grapple skidders, a delimbing gate 

or pull-through delimber at the deck, a 

knuckleboom loader, and tractor-trailers 

to haul the volume harvested. Improved 

mechanization and equipment capabilities 

have dramatically increased productivity 

and utilization across the South. These 

systems are typically capable of producing 

on average about 10 loads per day of treelength wood.5

Woody material typically left on a logging 

site includes:

1. Whole trees, ≥5 inches d.b.h., or portions 

of the merchantable boles of trees severed 

and broken and left during the felling 

operation (merchantable logging residues), 

2. Small trees, <5 inches d.b.h., damaged 

or killed during harvesting operations 

(nonmerchantable logging residues), and 

3. Residual stump portions, tops, and limbs 

or forks not utilized because of insufficient 

size or quality to fit on the trailers 

(nonmerchantable logging residues). 

This wood material is known as 

merchantable and nonmerchantable 

logging residues. 

The merchantable portion of logging residue 

was calculated in a two-stage process. 

First, for those plots that were classified as 

5 Personal communication. 2008. H.M. (Mac) Lupold, 

Lupold Consulting, Inc., 224 Chestnut Ferry Road, 

Camden, SC 29020.

Overlook of the expanse of forest in east Oklahoma. (photo by Linda Doss, 

Oklahoma Forestry Services)
34

timberland during both the previous and 

current inventories, field crews identified 

the volume of whole trees cut and not 

utilized during remeasurement. A removal 

volume was derived for trees that were 

classified in this category. 

Second, underutilization factors derived 

from felled-tree utilization studies were 

applied to the volume classified as utilized 

by field crews for the remainder of the 

merchantable portion of logging residue. 

For example, felled-tree utilization studies 

conducted for east Oklahoma showed 

that only 4 percent of the merchantable 

softwood bole was not utilized for products, 

while 11 percent of the merchantable 

hardwood bole was not utilized. Please keep 

in mind that total removal volume consists 

of volume from the merchantable and 

nonmerchantable portions of removal trees. 

Overutilization factors from the utilization 

studies were used to determine how 

much of the nonmerchantable portion of 

removals was used for timber products. The 

nonmerchantable volume was calculated 

for the land use change removal estimate 

and added to the merchantable volume for 

a total land use change removal volume. 

The volume of nonmerchantable logging 

residues was calculated by subtracting 

the nonmerchantable portion of timber 

products and land use change values from 

total volume of nonmerchantable removals. 

Based on these calculations and the data 

in tables 3, 4, 5, and 6, the annual logging 

residue volume in east Oklahoma from 

1993 to 2008 averaged 26.1 million cubic 

feet per year, or 992,000 green tons, 

or 16 percent of total timber removals. 

Nearly 10.1 million cubic feet (350,000 

green tons), or 39 percent of the logging 

residues generated came from softwoods, 

while 16.0 million cubic feet (642,000 

green tons) came from hardwoods. Logging 

residue from the merchantable portion of 

all-live tree removals totaled 9.7 million 

cubic feet per year (370,000 green tons), 

or >37 percent of total logging residue. 

It is interesting to note that while total 

logging residue accounted for 16 percent of 

total removals, the merchantable portion 

of logging residue for both softwood 

and hardwood combined accounted for 

about 8 percent of total live removals. For 

softwoods, the merchantable portion of 

logging residue accounted for 5 percent of 

the total softwood all-live tree removals 

(71.2 million cubic feet). The merchantable 

portion of hardwood logging residue 

accounted for 10 percent of total all-live 

hardwood removals (57.6 million cubic 

feet). Nonmerchantable sources (such as 

the residual stump, forks, and tops and 

limbs) accounted for 16.4 million cubic 

feet (622,000 green tons), or 63 percent of 

total logging residue. Trees <5 inches d.b.h. 

contributed another 513,000 green tons of 

possible logging residue. 

Over the same time period, the area 

of timber harvested annually in east 

Oklahoma was 101,900 acres: 34,500 acres 

(34 percent) in final harvests, 45,100 acres 

(44 percent) in partial harvests, and 

21,000 acres (21 percent) in commercial 

thinning operations. The removals volume 

attributed to timber products and logging 

residues relate directly to these treated 

acres. Based on these estimates, nearly 

51 tons per acre in the merchantable and 

nonmerchantable portion of trees ≥5 inches 

d.b.h. were removed annually. Of this, 

>41 tons per acre were utilized for products, 

while 9.7 tons per acre were left as logging 

residue after discounting the residual stump 

volume. Adding in 5.0 tons per acre for 

trees <5 inches d.b.h., the total logging 

residue amounted to 14.7 tons per acre. This 

volume would be the equivalent of about 

one-half a tree-length trailer load of wood 

for every acre treated in east Oklahoma.

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues
35

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues

Potential Recoverable 

Logging Residue

Conventional logging operations are 

designed to haul tree length wood that is 

securely placed between the stanchions 

of the trailer for hauling. A more effective 

way to handle the nonmerchantable 

portion of removals trees—rough trees with 

crooked boles, tops, and limbs—is to chip 

this material at the site and transport it in 

chip vans. Some east Oklahoma loggers 

have begun to add whole-tree chippers and 

chip vans to their inventory of equipment. 

Current markets for chipped wood 

captured from logging residue are limited 

to facilities with wood fired boiler systems 

or production of mulch. Where bioenergy 

or mulch markets are available, onsite 

chipping is a cost efficient way of handling 

and transporting rough and rotten trees, the 

nonmerchantable portions of cut trees, and 

small trees <5 inches d.b.h. 

What is a realistic recovery rate of logging 

residue in east Oklahoma? Current 

literature and personal communications 

with loggers and others in the forestry 

field suggest that conventional logging 

operations described above could capture 

about 60 percent of the material currently 

left behind as logging residue. This recovery 

rate excludes residual stump volume and 

would seem to be a realistic goal for possible 

extraction of unused material (Perlack and 

others 2005). 

For this assessment, the total nonmerchantable portion of logging residue 

has been reduced by 64 percent to 222,000 

green tons to account for residual stump 

(132,000 green tons) and tops and limb 

volume (269,000 green tons) that are not 

immediately recoverable (table 8). This 

amount combined with the merchantable 

logging residue of 259,000 green tons leaves 

a total of 481,000 green tons available 

from trees ≥5 inches d.b.h., or 4.7 tons per 

acre. Residual volume following harvest 

operations for trees <5 inches d.b.h. 

account for another 513,000 green tons. 

This report assumes only 20 percent could 

realistically be extracted, or almost 103,000 

green tons for an additional 1.0 ton per acre 

(see footnote 5 on page 33). Combined, 

the average annual recovery of logging 

residue at a 60-percent recovery rate from 

all sources could have amounted to an 

additional 5.7 tons per acre added to the 

product stream.

Utilization of logging residues. 

(photo by Tony Johnson, 

Southern Research Station)
36

Table 8—Average annual volume of logging residue by size class, recovery potential, east Oklahoma from 

1993 to 2008

Logging residue 

in harvested trees 

by size class Total

NonrecoverableTotal 

available

Discounted 

>5” volume

Potentially recoverable 

at 60% recovery ratea

Discounted 

stump 

volume

Discounted 

<5” volume

Base 

total 

volume Total

Total 

volume Total

green

tons

tons/

acre

- - - - - - - - green tons - - - - - - - - - tons/

acre

- - - - green tons - - - - tons/

acre

Merchantable 

volume >5" 369,993 3.6 0 0 369,993 3.6 110,998 258,995 2.5

Nonmerchantable 

volume >5" 621,833 6.1 131,551 0 490,332 4.9 268,518 221,814 2.2

Total 991,826 9.7 131,551 0 860,325 8.5 379,516 480,809 4.7

Nonmerchantable 

volume <5" 513,118 5.0 0 410,494 102,624 1.0 0 102,624 1.0

All classes 1,504,944 14.7 131,551 410,494 962,949 9.5 379,516 583,433 5.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

a This value is calculated from the base total volume of 962,949 tons. 

Summary—Outlook for 

Underutilized Material

Traditional markets for paper and 

construction materials remain the dominant 

wood products industry. However, timber 

removals and utilization continue to change 

as increased demand for wood as a source 

for energy create new market opportunities. 

FIA inventory and TPO survey data indicate 

that a substantial amount of fiber is 

currently underutilized and could be used 

for bioenergy or other timber products if 

effectively captured. Future development of 

facilities that utilize wood for energy may 

provide opportunities to capture logging 

residue and minimize future increases to 

harvest levels. This will require further 

study. 

New markets, such as bioenergy facilities 

that plan to use logging residues as a 

primary source for fuel, must carefully 

assess average annual volume available in a 

procurement area, and consider incentives 

to attract loggers to invest in operations that 

harvest wood residues at minimum costs. 

With proper assessment, investment, and 

operation, industries utilizing logging 

residues could offer opportunities for a 

renewable energy source while creating 

"green" jobs. Loggers could realize 

additional markets for fiber and additional 

sources of income from each logging site. 

And landowners could earn additional 

income with increased utilization from 

harvested acres and, at the same time, lower 

site preparation costs when establishing 

new forests.

Timber Removals, Utilization, and Residues
37

Literature Cited

Bechtold, W.A.; Patterson, P.L., Editors. 

2005. The enhanced forest inventory and 

analysis program—national sampling 

design and estimation procedures. Gen. 

Tech. Rep. SRS–80. Asheville, NC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Southern Research Station. 85 p.

Beers, T.W.; Miller, C.I. 1964. Point 

sampling: research results, theory and 

applications. Resour. Bull. 786. Lafayette, 

IN: Purdue University Agricultural 

Experiment Station. 55 p.

Earles, J.M. 1976. Forest statistics for 

east Oklahoma counties. Resour. Bull. 

SO–62. New Orleans: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Forest Experiment Station. 40 p.

Eldredge, I.F.; Cruikshank, J.W. 1938. 

Forest resources of southeast Oklahoma. 

For. Surv. Rel. 37. New Orleans: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Southern Forest Experiment Station. 

25 p.

Canoeing is one of the many benefits of well-managed timberland. (photo courtesy of Oklahoma Forestry Services)
38

Fenneman, N.M. 1938. Physiography 

of Eastern United States. New York: 

McGraw-Hill. 714 p. [plus maps].

Harper, R.A.; McClure, N.D.; Johnson, T.G. 

[and others]. 2009. Georgia’s forests, 

2004. Resour. Bull. SRS–149. Asheville, 

NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Southern Research 

Station. 78 p.

Hines, F.D.; Bertelson, D.F. 1987. Forest 

statistics for east Oklahoma counties, 

1986. Resour. Bull. SO–121. New 

Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Southern Forest 

Experiment Station. 57 p.

Howell, M.; Johnson, T.G. 1998. 

Oklahoma’s timber industry—an 

assessment of timber product output 

and use, 1996. Resour. Bull. SRS–30. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station. 16 p. 

Howell, M.; Johnson, T.G. 2002. 

Oklahoma’s timber industry—an 

assessment of timber product output 

and use, 1999. Resour. Bull. SRS–82. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station. 28 p. 

Johnson, T.G.; Howell, M.; Bentley, J.W. 

2005. Oklahoma’s timber industry—an 

assessment of timber product output 

and use, 2002. Resour. Bull. SRS–100. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station. 34 p. 

Johnson, T.G.; Howell, M.; Bentley, J.W. 

2008. Oklahoma’s timber industry—an 

assessment of timber product output 

and use, 2005. Resour. Bull. SRS–136. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station. 28 p. 

Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United 

States trees (native and naturalized). 

Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture. 375 p.

McClure, J.P.; Knight, H.A. 1984. Empirical 

yields of timber and forest biomass in the 

southeast. Res. Pap. SE–245. Asheville, 

NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest 

Experiment Station. 75 p.

McClure, J.P.; Saucier, J.R.; Biesterfeldt, 

R.C. 1981. Biomass in southeastern 

forests. Res. Pap. SE–227. Asheville, NC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment 

Station. 38 p.

Miles, P.D. 2010. Forest inventory 

EVALIDator web-application version 

4.01 beta. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern 

Research Station. http://apps.fs.fed.us/

Evalidator/tmattribute.jsp.

Perlack, R.D.; Wright, L.L.; Turhollow, A. 

[and others]. 2005. Biomass as feedstock 

for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: 

the technical feasibility of a billionton annual supply. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 

ORNL/TM-2005/66. 73 p.

Rohlf, F.J.; Sokal, R.R. 1969. Statistical 

tables. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and 

Company. 253 p. 

Rosson, J.F., Jr. 1995. The timberland 

and woodland resources of central and 

west Oklahoma, 1989. Resour. Bull. 

SO–193. New Orleans: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Forest Experiment Station. 35 p.

Literature Cited
39

Rosson, J.F., Jr. 2001. Forest resources 

of east Oklahoma, 1993. Resour. Bull. 

SRS–58, Asheville, NC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station. 75 p.

Rosson, J.F., Jr.; Rose, A.K. 2010. Arkansas’ 

forests, 2005. Resour. Bull. SRS–166. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Research Station. 126 p.

Sternitzke, H.S.; Van Sickle, C.C. 1968. 

East Oklahoma forests. Resour. Bull. 

SO–14. New Orleans: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern 

Forest Experiment Station. 32 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service. 1992. Forest resource inventories: 

an overview. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service, Forest Inventory, Economics, 

and Recreation Research. 39 p. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service. 2004a. Forest inventory and 

analysis national core field guide: field 

data collection procedures for phase 

2 plots. Version 2.0. Washington, DC. 208 

p. Vol. I. Internal report. On file with: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 

Forest Inventory and Analysis, 201 14th 

Street, Washington, DC 20250.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service. 2004b. Forest inventory and 

analysis national core field guide: field 

data collection procedures for phase 3 

plots. Version 2.0. Washington, DC. 164 

p. Vol. II. Internal report. On file with: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 

201 14th Street, Washington, DC 20250. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural 

Resources Conservation Service. 2006. 

The PLANTS database. Baton Rouge, LA: 

National Plant Data Center. http://plants.

usda.gov. [Date accessed: October 17, 

2011].

Van Duesen, P.C.; Dell, T.R.; Thomas, C.E. 

1986. Volume growth estimation from 

permanent horizontal points. Forest 

Science. 32(2): 415–422.

Vigil, J.F.; Pike, R.J.; Howell, D.G. 2000. 

A tapestry of time and terrain: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Investigations 

Series 2720. 1 plate scale 1:2,500,000, 

http://tapestry.usgs.gov/Default.html. 

[Date accessed: October 17, 2011]. 1 

pamphlet, http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/

i2720/ [Date accessed: October 17, 2011].

Literature Cited
40

Glossary

Afforestation—Area of land previously 

classified as nonforest that is converted 

to forest by planting trees or by natural 

reversion to forest.

All-live biomass—Weight of trees which 

includes all trees ≥1.0 inches d.b.h. See 

biomass.

All-live trees—All living trees ≥1.0 inch 

in d.b.h. All tree sizes, tree classes, and both 

commercial and noncommercial species 

are included. Note: live trees include all 

living trees ≥5.0 inches in d.b.h. Also, see 

definitions for live trees, live-tree volume, 

and all-live biomass.

All-live tree volume—Cubic-foot volume 

of all living trees ≥1.0 inch in d.b.h. All 

tree classes, and both commercial and 

noncommercial species are included. Also, 

see definitions for live trees, live-tree 

volume, and all-live biomass.

Average annual mortality—Average 

annual volume of trees ≥5.0 inches d.b.h. 

that died during the intersurvey period.

Average annual removals—Average 

annual volume of trees ≥5.0 inches d.b.h. 

removed from the inventory by harvesting, 

cultural operations (such as timber-stand 

improvement), land clearing, or changes in 

land use during the intersurvey period.

Average net annual growth—Average 

annual net change in volume of trees ≥5.0 

inches d.b.h. (gross growth minus mortality) 

during the intersurvey period.

Basal area—The area in square feet of 

the cross section at breast height of a single 

tree or of all the trees in a stand, usually 

expressed in square feet per acre.

Biomass—The aboveground oven-dry 

weight of solid wood and bark in live trees 

≥1.0-inch d.b.h., from ground level to the 

tip of the tree.

Blind check—A reinstallation of a field 

measurement plot done by a qualified 

inspection crew without production crew 

data on hand for the purpose of obtaining 

a measure of data quality. All plot-level 

information, and at least two subplots are 

fully remeasured.

Bole—That portion of a tree between a 

1-foot stump and a 4-inch top d.o.b. in 

trees ≥5.0 inches d.b.h. Also called the 

merchantable bole or merchantable stem.

Carbon (weight)—For the core tables, 

the weight of carbon in wood is derived 

by multiplying oven-dry weight of wood 

(biomass) by 0.5. See biomass definition.

Census water—Streams, sloughs, 

estuaries, canals, and other moving bodies 

of water ≥200-feet wide, and lakes, 

reservoirs, ponds, and other permanent 

bodies of water ≥4.5 acres in area.

Cold check—An inspection done either 

as part of the training process, or as part of 

the ongoing Quality Control (QC) program. 

Normally the installation crew is not present 

at the time of inspection and the inspector 

has the completed data in-hand at the time 

of inspection. This type of quality control 

measurement is a "blind" measurement in 

that the crews do not know when or which 

of their plots will be remeasured by the 

inspection crew and cannot therefore alter 

their performance because of knowledge 

that the plot is a QA plot.

Commercial species—Tree species 

currently or potentially suitable for 

industrial wood products.

Compacted area—Type of compaction 

measured as part of the soil indicator. 

Examples include the junction areas of skid 

trails, landing areas, work areas, etc.
41

Glossary

Condition class—The attributes used 

to subdivide (called mapping) P2 and P3 

sample plots that straddle more than one 

homogeneous condition. This mapping 

into homogeneous conditions is done in 

two phases: (1) the first map delineation 

identifies if forest or nonforest, and (2) if 

forest, the plot is mapped according to the 

following condition classes when present: 

forest type, stand origin, stand size, owner 

group, reserve status, and stand density.

D.b.h. (diameter at breast height)—

Tree diameter in inches (outside bark) at 

breast height (4.5 feet aboveground).

D.o.b. (diameter outside bark)—Stem 

diameter including bark.

Erosion—The wearing away of the land 

surface by running water, wind, ice, or 

other geological agents.

Forest industry land—See ownership.

Forest land—Land at least 10 percent 

stocked by forest trees of any size, or 

formerly having had such tree cover, and 

not currently developed for nonforest 

use. The minimum area considered for 

classification is 1 acre. Forested strips must 

be at least 120 feet wide.

Forest management type—A classifi-

cation of timberland based on forest type 

and stand origin. 

Planted pine—Stands that (1) have been 

artificially regenerated by planting or 

direct seeding, (2) are classed as a pine or 

other softwood forest type, and (3) have 

at least 10 percent stocking.

Natural pine—Stands that (1) have not 

been artificially regenerated, (2) are 

classed as a pine or other softwood forest 

type, and (3) have at least 10 percent 

stocking.

Oak-pine—Stands that have at least 

10 percent stocking and classed as a 

forest type of oak-pine.

Upland hardwood—Stands that have at 

least 10 percent stocking and classed as 

an oak-hickory or maple-beech-birch 

forest type.

Lowland hardwood—Stands that have at 

least 10 percent stocking with a forest 

type of oak-gum-cypress, elm-ashcottonwood, palm, or other tropical.

Nonstocked stands—Stands <10 percent 

stocked with live trees.

Forest-type group (FTG)—A grouping 

of several detailed forest types. The 

grouping is based on forest types with 

similar physiographic and physiognomic 

characteristics.

Eastern redcedar—Forests in which 

eastern redcedar constitutes a plurality 

of the stocking. (Common associates in 

east Oklahoma, include shortleaf pine, 

loblolly pine, and oaks.) 

Elm-ash-cottonwood—Forests in which 

elm, ash, or cottonwood, singly or in 

combination, constitute a plurality of the 

stocking. (Common associates include 

willow, sycamore, beech, and maple.)

Loblolly-shortleaf pine—Forests in which 

loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, or other 

southern yellow pines, except longleaf 

or slash pine, singly or in combination, 

constitute a plurality of the stocking. 

(Common associates include oak, 

hickory, and gum.)

Oak-gum-cypress—Bottomland forests 

in which tupelo, blackgum, sweetgum, 

oaks, or southern cypress, singly or in 

combination, constitute a plurality of the 

stocking, except where pines account for 

25 to 50 percent of stocking, in which 

case the stand would be classified as 

oak-pine. (Common associates include 

cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, 

and maple.)
42

Oak-hickory—Forests in which upland 

oaks or hickory, singly or in combination, 

constitute a plurality of the stocking, 

except where pines account for 25 to 

50 percent, in which case the stand 

would be classified oak-pine. (Common 

associates include yellow-poplar, elm, 

maple, and black walnut.)

Oak-pine—Forests in which hardwoods 

(usually upland oaks) constitute a 

plurality of the stocking but in which 

pines account for 25 to 50 percent of the 

stocking. (Common associates include 

gum, hickory, and yellow-poplar.)

Growing-stock trees—Living trees of 

commercial species classified as sawtimber, 

poletimber, saplings, and seedlings. Trees 

must contain at least one 12-foot or two 

8-foot logs in the saw-log portion, currently 

or potentially (if too small to qualify), to 

be classed as growing stock. The log(s) 

must meet dimension and merchantability 

standards to qualify. Trees must also have, 

currently or potentially, one-third of the 

gross board-foot volume in sound wood. 

Growing-stock volume—The cubic-foot 

volume of sound wood in growing-stock 

trees at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. from a 1-foot 

stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top d.o.b. of 

the central stem.

Hot check—An inspection normally done 

as part of the training process. The inspector 

is present on the plot with the trainee and 

provides immediate feedback regarding 

data quality. Data errors are corrected. Hot 

checks can be done on training plots or 

production plots. See QA/QC.

Hardwoods—Dicotyledonous trees, 

usually broadleaf and deciduous. 

Soft hardwoods—Hardwood species with 

an average specific gravity of ≤0.50, such 

as gums, yellow-poplar, cottonwoods, red 

maple, basswoods, and willows.

Hard hardwoods—Hardwood species with 

an average specific gravity >0.50 such as 

oaks, hard maples, hickories, and beech.

Hexagonal grid (Hex)—A hexagonal 

grid formed from equilateral triangles 

for the purpose of tessellating the FIA 

inventory sample. Each hexagon in the base 

grid has an area of 5,937 acres (2402.6 ha) 

and contains one (phase 2) inventory plot. 

The base grid can be subdivided into smaller 

hexagons to intensify the sample.

Land area—The area of dry land and land 

temporarily or partly covered by water, such 

as marshes, swamps, and river floodplains 

(omitting tidal flats below mean high tide), 

streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals 

<200-feet wide, and lakes, reservoirs, and 

ponds <4.5 acres in area.

Large-diameter tree—Softwoods ≥9.0 

inches d.b.h. and hardwoods ≥11.0 inches 

d.b.h. These trees were called sawtimber 

trees in prior surveys. See stand-size class. 

Live trees—All living trees ≥5.0 inches in 

d.b.h. All tree classes, and both commercial 

and noncommercial species are included. 

Note: all-live trees include all living trees 

≥1.0 inch in d.b.h. Also, see all-live trees, 

live-tree volume and all-live biomass.

Live-tree volume—Cubic-foot volume 

of all living trees ≥5.0 inches in d.b.h. All 

tree classes, and both commercial and 

noncommercial species are included.

Measurement quality objective 

(MQO)—An estimate of the precision, 

bias, and completeness of data necessary 

to satisfy a prescribed application (e.g., 

Resource Planning Act). Describes the 

established tolerance for each data element. 

MQOs consist of two parts: a statement 

of the tolerance and a percentage of time 

when the collected data are required to 

be within tolerance. Measurement quality 

objectives can only be assigned where 

standard methods of sampling or field 

measurements exist, or where experience 

has established upper or lower bounds on 

precision or bias.

Glossary
43

Medium-diameter tree—Softwoods 5.0 

to 8.9 inches d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 

10.9 inches d.b.h. These trees were called 

poletimber trees in prior surveys. See 

stand-size class.

National forest land—See ownership.

Net annual change—Increase or 

decrease in stand volume of growing stock 

or live trees ≥5.0 inches d.b.h. Net annual 

change is equal to net annual growth minus 

average annual removals.

Net annual growth—Increase in stand 

volume of growing stock or live trees 

≥5.0 inches d.b.h. Net annual growth is 

equal to gross growth minus mortality.

Noncensus water—A nonforest 

classification used by FIA to identify water 

bodies that are 1 to 4.5 acres, or water 

courses 30 to 200 feet in width, sizes that 

are below the thresholds used by the U.S. 

Census.

Noncommercial species—Tree species 

of typically small size, poor form, or inferior 

quality that normally do not develop into 

trees suitable for industrial wood products.

Nonforest land—Land that has never 

supported forests and land formerly forested 

where establishment of trees is precluded by 

development for other uses.

Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF)—

See ownership.

Nonstocked stands—Stands <10 percent 

stocked with live trees. 

Other forest land—Forest land other 

than timberland and productive reserved 

forest land. It includes available and 

reserved forest land which is incapable of 

producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of 

industrial wood under natural conditions, 

because of adverse site conditions such as 

sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high 

elevation, steepness, or rockiness. Called 

woodland or unproductive forest land in 

previous reports.

Other public land—See ownership.

Ownership—The property owned by one 

ownership unit, including all parcels of land 

in the United States.

National forest land—Federal land that 

has been legally designated as national 

forests or purchase units, and other land 

under the administration of the Forest 

Service, including experimental areas and 

Bankhead-Jones Title III land.

Forest industry land—Land owned by 

companies or individuals operating 

primary wood-using plants.

Nonindustrial private forest land—Privately 

owned land excluding forest industry 

land.

Corporate—Owned by corporations, 

including incorporated farm ownerships.

Individual—All lands owned by 

individuals, including farm operators.

Other public—An ownership class that 

includes all public lands except national 

forests.

Miscellaneous Federal land—Federal land 

other than national forests.

State, county, and municipal land—Land 

owned by States, counties, and local 

public agencies or municipalities or 

land leased to these governmental 

units for ≥50 years.

Phase 1 (P1)—Forest Inventory and 

Analysis activities related to remote sensing, 

the primary purpose of which is to label 

plots and obtain stratum weights for 

population estimates.

Glossary
44

Phase 2 (P2)—Forest Inventory and 

Analysis activities conducted on the 

network of ground plots. The primary 

purpose is to obtain field data that enable 

classification and summarization of area, 

tree, and other attributes associated with 

forest land uses.

Phase 3 (P3)—Forest Inventory and 

Analysis activities conducted on a subset of 

Phase 2 plots. Additional attributes related 

to forest health are measured on phase 3 

plots (P3 plots were not measured for this 

cycle).

Plantation or planted stands—Stands 

that currently show evidence of being 

planted or artificially seeded. See stand 

origin.

Plot condition—See condition class.

Poletimber-size trees—Softwoods 5.0 to 

8.9 inches d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 

inches d.b.h. Now called medium-diameter 

tree.

Productive-reserved forest land—

Forest land sufficiently productive to qualify 

as timberland but withdrawn from timber 

utilization through statute or administrative 

regulation.

Quality assurance (QA)—The total 

integrated program for ensuring that the 

uncertainties inherent in Forest Inventory 

and Analysis data are known and do not 

exceed acceptable magnitudes, within a 

stated level of confidence. Quality assurance 

encompasses the plans, specifications, 

and policies affecting the collection, 

processing, and reporting of data. It is the 

system of activities designed to provide 

program managers and project leaders 

with independent assurance that total 

system quality control is being effectively 

implemented.

Quality control (QC)—The routine 

application of prescribed field and 

laboratory procedures (e.g., random check 

cruising, periodic calibration, instrument 

maintenance, use of certified standards, 

etc.) in order to reduce random and 

systematic errors and ensure that data are 

generated within known and acceptable 

performance limits. Quality control also 

ensures the use of qualified personnel; 

reliable equipment and supplies; training 

of personnel; good field and laboratory 

practices; and strict adherence to standard 

operating procedures.

Rotten trees—Live trees of commercial 

species not containing at least one 12-foot 

saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs, 

each ≥8 feet, now or prospectively, 

primarily because of rot or missing sections, 

and with less than one-third of the gross 

board-foot tree volume in sound material.

Rough trees—Live trees of commercial 

species not containing at least one 12-foot 

saw log, or two noncontiguous saw 

logs, each ≥8 feet, now or prospectively, 

primarily because of roughness, poor 

form, splits, and cracks, and with less than 

one-third of the gross board-foot tree 

volume in sound material; and live trees of 

noncommercial species.

Sampling error—The standard error of 

the mean expressed as a percentage. This 

percentage format allows the application 

of confidence intervals to the population 

values (the most common values presented 

in FIA reports). Most FIA sampling errors 

are presented at the 0.6827 level but 

the 0.95 level can easily be obtained by 

multiplying the sampling error by 1.96, 

or higher appropriate t-value if n is <120 

(Rohlf and Sokal 1969). In this report, all 

graphs with confidence interval bars are 

presented at the 0.95 level of confidence; 

the sampling errors in tables B.3 and B.4 are 

presented at the 0.6827 confidence level.

Sapling—Live trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches in 

diameter. Now called small-diameter tree. 

See stand-size class.

Saw log—A log meeting minimum 

standards of diameter, length, and defect, 

including logs at least 8-feet long, sound 

and straight, with a minimum diameter 

inside bark for softwoods of 6 inches 

(8 inches for hardwoods).

Glossary
45

Saw-log portion—The part of the bole 

of sawtimber trees between a 1-foot stump 

and the saw-log top.

Sawtimber-size trees—Softwoods ≥9.0 

inches d.b.h. and hardwoods ≥11.0 inches 

d.b.h. Now called large-diameter trees. 

Sawtimber volume—Growing-stock 

volume in the saw-log portion of sawtimber-size trees in board feet (International 

1⁄4-inch rule). Includes qualifying softwood 

trees ≥9.0 inches in d.b.h. and qualifying 

hardwood trees ≥11.0 inches in d.b.h. See 

volume of sawtimber.

Seedlings—Trees <1.0-inch d.b.h. and 

>1-foot tall for hardwoods, >6 inches tall 

for softwoods, and >0.5 inch in diameter at 

ground level for longleaf pine. Now called 

small-diameter tree. See stand-size class.

Select red oaks—A group of several 

red oak species composed of cherrybark, 

Shumard, and northern red oaks. Other red 

oak species are included in the "other red 

oaks" group.

Select white oaks—A group of several 

white oak species composed of white, 

swamp chestnut, swamp white, chinkapin, 

Durand, and bur oaks. Other white oak 

species are included in the "other white 

oaks" group. 

Site class—A classification of forest land 

in terms of potential capacity to grow crops 

of industrial wood based on fully stocked 

natural stands.

Small-diameter tree—Trees <5.0 

inches in d.b.h. These trees were called 

saplings (trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches in d.b.h.) 

or seedlings (trees <1.0-inch d.b.h. and 

>1-foot tall for hardwoods; >6 inches tall 

for softwoods, and >0.5 inch in d.b.h. at 

ground level for longleaf pine) in prior 

surveys. See stand-size class.

Softwoods—Coniferous trees, usually 

evergreen, having leaves that are needles or 

scale-like.

Yellow pines—Loblolly, longleaf, slash, 

pond, shortleaf, pitch, Virginia, sand, 

spruce, and Table Mountain pines.

Other softwoods—Cypress, eastern 

redcedar, white-cedar, eastern white 

pine, eastern hemlock, spruce, and fir.

Stand age—The average age of dominant 

and codominant trees in the stand. 

Stand origin—A classification of forest 

stands describing their means of origin.

Planted—Planted or artificially seeded. 

Natural—No evidence of artificial 

regeneration.

Stand-size class—A classification of 

forest land based on the diameter-class 

distribution of live trees in the stand. See 

definitions of large tree, medium tree, and 

small trees.

Large-diameter stands—Stands at least 

10 percent stocked with live trees, with 

one-half or more of total stocking in large 

and medium trees, and with large-tree 

stocking at least equal to medium-tree 

stocking. Called sawtimber in previous 

reports.

Medium-diameter stands—Stands at least 

10 percent stocked with live trees, 

with one-half or more of total stocking 

in medium and large trees, and with 

medium-tree stocking exceeding largetree stocking. Called poletimber in 

previous reports.

Small-diameter stands—Stands at least 

10 percent stocked with live trees, in 

which small trees and seedlings account 

for more than one-half of total stocking. 

Called sapling-seedling in previous 

reports.

Nonstocked stands—Stands <10 percent 

stocked with live trees.

Glossary
46

Stocking—The degree of occupancy of 

land by trees. The stocking value is based on 

the basal area or the number of trees in a 

stand as compared to a minimum specified 

stocking standard. Stocking standard used 

by FIA; density of trees and basal area per 

acre required for full stocking:

D.b.h. 

class

Trees per 

acre for full 

stocking Basal area

inches square feet 

per acre

Seedlings 600 —

2 560 —

4 460 —

6 340 67

8 240 84

10 155 85

12 115 90

14 90 96

16 72 101

18 60 106

20 51 111

— = not applicable.

Stocking class—All-live tree stocking 

classes, including seedlings.

Overstocked—Stands with ≥100 percent 

stocking.

Fully stocked—Stands with 60 to 99 

percent stocking.

Medium stocked—Stands with 35 to 59 

percent stocking.

Poorly stocked—Stands with 10 to 34 

percent stocking.

Nonstocked—Stands with 0 to 9 percent 

stocking.

Timberland—Forest land capable of 

producing 20 cubic feet, or more, of 

industrial wood per acre per year and 

not withdrawn from timber utilization. 

Timberland is synonymous with 

"commercial forest land" in earlier reports.

Tree—Woody plant having one erect 

perennial stem or trunk at least 3 inches 

d.b.h., a more or less definitely formed 

crown of foliage, and a height of at least 

13 feet (at maturity).

Tree class—An assessment of the 

general quality of a tree. Three classes are 

recognized: growing stock, rough, and 

rotten. See definitions for these types of 

trees.

Tree grade—A classification of the sawlog portion of sawtimber trees based on: 

(1) the grade of the butt log, or (2) the 

ability to produce at least one 12-foot or 

two 8-foot logs in the upper section of the 

saw-log portion. Tree grade is an indicator 

of quality; grade 1 is the best quality.

Unproductive forest land—See other 

forest land.

Volume of live trees—The cubic-foot 

volume of sound wood in live trees ≥5.0 

inches d.b.h. from a 1-foot stump to a 

minimum 4.0-inch bole top d.o.b. of the 

central stem.

Volume of sawtimber trees (in sawlog portion)—The cubic-foot volume 

(International 1⁄4-inch rule) of sound wood 

in the saw-log portion of sawtimber trees 

(from a 1-foot stump to a log top minimum 

of 7.0 inches d.o.b. for softwoods; from a 

1-foot stump to a log top minimum of 

9.0 inches d.o.b. for hardwoods). Volume is 

the net result after deductions for rot, 

sweep, and other defects that affect use for 

lumber. Sawtimber trees are growing-stock 

trees that meet the minimum size requirements. See definition for growing-stock 

trees.

Woodland—See other forest land.

Glossary
47

Table A.1—Percentage of area by land 

status, east Oklahoma, 2008 

Land status Area

percent

Accessible forest land

Unreserved forest land

Timberland 48.3

Unproductive 5.6

Total 53.9

Reserved forest land

Productive 0.5

Unproductive 0.0

Total 0.5

Total forest land 54.4

Nonforest and other area

Nonforest land 41.1

Water

Noncensus water 0.5

Census water 4.0

Total 45.6

Nonsampled area

Access denied 1.0

Hazardous conditions 0.0

All area 100.0

Total area (thousand acres) 10,450.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to 

totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but 

< 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
48

Table A.1.1—Area by survey unit and land status, east Oklahoma, 2008

Survey unit

Total

area

All

forest

Unreserved Reserved

Nonforest 

land

Census

Total water

TimberlandUnproductive Total ProductiveUnproductive

thousand acres 

Southeast 6,988.6 4,207.0 4,160.5 3,725.1 435.5 46.5 46.5 0.0 2,560.8 220.8

Northeast 3,571.4 1,538.0 1,533.7 1,378.0 155.7 4.3 4.3 0.0 1,830.6 202.9

All units 10,560.0 5,745.0 5,694.2 5,103.1 591.1 50.8 50.8 0.0 4,391.4 423.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.2—Area of forest land by ownership class and land status, east Oklahoma, 2008

Ownership class

All forest

land

Unreserved Reserved

Total

TimberlandUnproductive Total ProductiveUnproductive

thousand acres

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 286.4 263.3 257.5 5.8 23.1 23.1 0.0

Total 286.4 263.3 257.5 5.8 23.1 23.1 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 9.3 9.3 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 246.6 246.6 225.1 21.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Federal 62.2 62.2 62.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 318.1 318.1 296.6 21.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

State and local government

State 176.6 149.0 136.5 12.5 27.7 27.7 0.0

Local 34.2 34.2 27.6 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 210.9 183.2 164.1 19.1 27.7 27.7 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 568.3 568.3 568.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 568.3 568.3 568.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 828.4 828.4 765.7 62.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Conservation/natural

resources organization 11.8 11.8 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/

association/club 136.7 136.7 113.8 22.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Native American 49.9 49.9 49.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Individual 3,334.4 3,334.4 2,875.3 459.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 4,361.3 4,361.3 3,816.5 544.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

All classes 5,745.0 5,694.2 5,103.1 591.1 50.8 50.8 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
49

Table A.3—Area of forest land by forest-type group and site productivity class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All

classes

Site productivity class (cubic feet/acre/year)

0–19 20–49 50–84 85–119 120–164 165–224 225+

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,080.1 0.0 191.5 588.5 216.8 83.3 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 44.4 4.3 27.7 12.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pinyon-juniper 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,125.7 5.6 219.2 600.9 216.8 83.3 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 601.3 59.7 145.0 321.5 47.1 22.2 5.8 0.0

Oak-hickory 3,462.6 525.7 1,778.8 961.2 128.7 41.8 26.4 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 0.0 27.3 55.6 35.8 16.7 6.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.8 0.2 96.6 200.6 56.7 5.8 3.5 6.4

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 4,584.0 585.5 2,047.7 1,547.8 268.3 86.5 41.7 6.4

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 20.1 12.2 0.0 1.4 1.5 0.0

All groups 5,745.0 591.1 2,287.1 2,160.9 485.1 171.2 43.2 6.4

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.3.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and site productivity class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All 

classes

Site productivity class (cubic feet/acre/year)

0–19 20–49 50–84 85–119 120–164 165–224 225+

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,056.7 0.0 191.5 576.9 205.0 83.3 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 40.1 0.0 27.7 12.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,096.8 0.0 219.2 589.3 205.0 83.3 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 530.1 0.0 139.3 315.7 47.1 22.2 5.8 0.0

Oak-hickory 2,921.0 0.0 1,773.0 951.1 128.7 41.8 26.4 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 0.0 27.3 55.6 35.8 16.7 6.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.6 0.0 96.6 200.6 56.7 5.8 3.5 6.4

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,971.0 0.0 2,036.2 1,532.0 268.3 86.5 41.7 6.4

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 20.1 12.2 0.0 1.4 1.5 0.0

All groups 5,103.1 0.0 2,275.5 2,133.5 473.3 171.2 43.2 6.4

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
50

Table A.4—Area of forest land by forest-type group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

federal

State

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,080.1 169.3 45.4 34.9 350.6 479.9

Other eastern softwoods 44.4 1.4 5.8 5.8 0.0 31.4

Pinyon-juniper 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

Total softwoods 1,125.7 170.8 51.1 40.7 350.6 512.5

Hardwood

Oak-pine 601.3 31.7 5.5 24.6 81.2 458.3

Oak-hickory 3,462.6 83.9 164.7 124.0 123.9 2,966.1

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 0.0 40.5 6.2 1.4 93.3

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.8 0.0 54.8 15.4 8.4 291.3

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8

Total hardwoods 4,584.0 115.6 265.5 170.2 214.8 3,817.8

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.9 31.0

All groups 5,745.0 286.4 318.1 210.9 568.3 4,361.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.4.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other

Federal

State

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,056.7 157.7 45.4 23.1 350.6 479.9

Other eastern softwoods 40.1 1.4 5.8 5.8 0.0 27.1

Total softwoods 1,096.8 159.2 51.1 28.9 350.6 507.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 530.1 20.2 5.5 18.8 81.2 404.4

Oak-hickory 2,921.0 78.1 143.2 95.0 123.9 2,480.8

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 0.0 40.5 6.2 1.4 93.3

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.6 0.0 54.8 15.2 8.4 291.3

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8

Total hardwoods 3,971.0 98.3 244.0 135.2 214.8 3,278.6

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.9 31.0

All groups 5,103.1 257.5 296.6 164.1 568.3 3,816.5

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
51

Table A.5—Area of forest land by forest-type group and stand-size class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,080.1 630.9 252.7 196.5 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 44.4 8.5 22.2 13.7 0.0

Pinyon-juniper 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,125.7 639.4 276.1 210.3 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 601.3 194.8 247.8 158.7 0.0

Oak-hickory 3,462.6 1,157.9 1,456.3 848.3 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 80.0 33.4 28.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.8 207.5 91.8 70.5 0.0

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 4.3 4.5 0.0

Total hardwoods 4,584.0 1,640.2 1,833.7 1,110.0 0.0

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.3

All groups 5,745.0 2,279.6 2,109.8 1,320.3 35.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
52

Table A.6—Area of forest land by forest-type group and stand age class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All 

classes

Stand age (years)

1–

20

21–

40

41–

60

61–

80

81–

100

101–

120

121–

140

141–

160

161–

180

181–

200 201+

Nonstocked

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf

pine 1,080.1 341.6 373.0 245.6 98.0 15.9 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 44.4 8.3 17.9 13.9 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pinyon-juniper 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,125.7 349.9 390.9 260.7 102.3 15.9 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 601.3 123.6 118.8 198.1 126.8 28.2 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-hickory 3,462.6 665.6 564.9 1,085.2 920.7 196.4 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 22.2 47.5 40.7 20.8 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.8 98.0 80.3 108.5 70.9 8.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other hardwoods 8.8 4.5 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 4,584.0 914.0 815.8 1,432.5 1,139.3 242.8 28.1 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.3

All groups 5,745.0 1,263.9 1,206.6 1,693.2 1,241.6 258.7 34.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.1

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
53

Table A.6.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and stand age class, east Oklahoma, 2008 

Forest-type group

All 

classes

Stand age (years)

1–

10

11–

20

21–

30

31–

40

41–

50

51–

60

61–

70

71–

80

81–

90

91–

100 101+

Nonstocked

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf

pine 1,056.7 198.8 142.8 277.6 95.4 113.9 131.6 74.6 11.8 4.3 5.8 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 40.1 0.0 8.3 16.4 1.6 1.4 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,096.8 198.8 151.1 294.0 96.9 115.4 144.1 74.6 11.8 4.3 5.8 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 530.1 83.9 33.5 40.6 65.8 92.5 92.1 75.9 28.4 11.6 0.0 5.8 0.0

Oak-hickory 2,921.0 334.7 271.1 242.1 274.4 407.2 499.2 542.5 206.2 108.1 24.1 5.8 5.8

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 11.9 10.4 14.6 32.8 24.7 16.1 11.6 9.3 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.6 40.0 57.8 35.2 45.0 42.0 66.5 63.4 7.4 6.4 1.6 4.1 0.0

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 4.5 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,971.0 470.4 377.3 336.9 418.0 566.4 673.9 693.4 251.3 136.3 25.7 15.7 5.8

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.3

All groups 5,103.1 669.2 528.4 630.8 514.9 681.8 818.0 768.0 263.1 140.6 31.5 15.7 41.1

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
54

Table A.7—Area of forest land by forest-type group and stand 

origin, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group Total

Stand origin

Natural 

stands

Artificial 

regeneration

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,080.1 495.0 585.1

Other eastern softwoods 44.4 44.4 0.0

Pinyon-juniper 1.2 1.2 0.0

Total softwoods 1,125.7 540.7 585.1

Hardwood

Oak-pine 601.3 536.8 64.5

Oak-hickory 3,462.6 3,431.2 31.3

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 141.5 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.8 368.3 1.5

Other hardwoods 8.8 8.8 0.0

Total hardwoods 4,584.0 4,486.6 97.4

Nonstocked 35.3 33.8 1.4

All groups 5,745.0 5,061.1 683.9

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.7.1—Area of timberland by forest-type group and stand 

origin, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group Total

Stand origin

Natural 

stands

Artificial 

regeneration

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,056.7 471.6 585.1

Other eastern softwoods 40.1 40.1 0.0

Total softwoods 1,096.8 511.7 585.1

Hardwood

Oak-pine 530.1 471.8 58.3

Oak-hickory 2,921.0 2,889.6 31.3

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 141.5 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.6 368.1 1.5

Other hardwoods 8.8 8.8 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,971.0 3,879.8 91.2

Nonstocked 35.3 33.8 1.4

All groups 5,103.1 4,425.4 677.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
55

Table A.8—Area of forest land disturbed annuallya by forest-type group and disturbance class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

Disturbance class

Insects Disease Weather Fire

Domestic 

animals

Wild 

animals Human

Other 

natural

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 2.1 0.0 5.5 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 2.1 0.0 5.5 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 0.4 0.8 5.6 4.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0

Oak-hickory 0.0 3.3 43.8 33.1 3.5 0.4 4.7 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.0 0.0 6.1 1.4 0.0 2.2 0.8 0.0

Other hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.4 4.2 59.9 40.0 3.5 3.0 6.4 0.0

Nonstocked 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 2.5 4.2 65.4 49.4 3.5 3.0 7.3 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a The area disturbed annually is based on the forest-type group that was present at the end of the previous survey (the forest-type group 

present before the disturbance occurred).

Table A.8.1—Area of timberland disturbed annuallya by forest-type group and disturbance class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

Disturbance class

Insects Disease Weather Fire

Domestic

animals

Wild

animals Human

Other

natural

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 2.1 0.0 5.5 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 2.1 0.0 5.5 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 0.4 0.8 5.6 4.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0

Oak-hickory 0.0 2.1 35.7 26.3 3.1 0.4 3.9 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.0 0.0 6.1 1.4 0.0 2.2 0.8 0.0

Other hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.4 2.9 51.8 32.8 3.1 3.0 5.6 0.0

Nonstocked 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 2.5 2.9 57.3 41.3 3.1 3.0 6.4 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a The area disturbed annually is based on the forest-type group that was present at the end of the previous survey (the forest-type group 

present before the disturbance occurred).

Appendix A—Core Tables
56

Table A.8.2—Area of forest land treated annuallya by forest-type group and treatment class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

Treatment class

Total 

treated

Cutting

Site 

preparation

Artificial 

regeneration

Natural 

regeneration

Other 

silviculturalFinal 

harvest

Partial 

harvest

Seed-tree/

shelterwood

harvest

Commercial

thinning

Timber

stand 

improvement

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf

pine 46.0 19.2 11.1 0.9 14.5 0.4 14.0 14.0 5.6 0.4

Oher eastern

softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

softwoods 46.0 19.2 11.1 0.9 14.5 0.4 14.0 14.0 5.6 0.4

Hardwood

Oak-pine 20.9 5.6 11.5 0.0 3.4 0.4 2.6 3.9 1.8 1.3

Oak-hickory 35.1 9.8 21.7 0.0 3.6 0.0 3.4 5.1 6.1 2.2

Oak-gumcypress 2.9 0.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ashcottonwood 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other

hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

hardwoods 59.8 16.7 35.7 0.0 7.0 0.4 6.0 9.0 7.8 3.5

Nonstocked 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 105.8 35.8 46.8 0.9 21.4 0.9 20.0 23.0 13.5 3.9

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a The area treated annually is based on the forest-type group that was present at the end of the previous survey (the forest-type group 

present before the treatment occurred).

Appendix A—Core Tables
57

Table A.8.3—Area of timberland treated annuallya by forest-type group and treatment class, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

Treatment class

Total 

treated

Cutting

Site 

preparation

Artificial 

regeneration

Natural 

regeneration

Other 

silviculturalFinal 

harvest

Partial 

harvest

Seed-tree/

shelterwood

harvest

Commercial

thinning

Timber

stand 

improvement

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf

pine 45.1 18.7 11.1 0.9 14.5 0.0 14.0 13.5 5.6 0.4

Oher eastern

softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

softwoods 45.1 18.7 11.1 0.9 14.5 0.0 14.0 13.5 5.6 0.4

Hardwood

Oak-pine 20.5 5.6 11.1 0.0 3.4 0.4 2.6 3.9 1.8 1.3

Oak-hickory 32.4 8.9 20.4 0.0 3.1 0.0 3.0 5.1 4.8 1.7

Oak-gumcypress 2.9 0.9 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ashcottonwood 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other

hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

hardwoods 56.7 15.8 33.9 0.0 6.5 0.4 5.6 9.0 6.5 3.0

Nonstocked 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 101.9 34.5 45.1 0.9 21.0 0.4 19.6 22.5 12.2 3.5

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a The area treated annually is based on the forest-type group that was present at the end of the previous survey (the forest-type group 

present before the treatment occurred).

Appendix A—Core Tables
58

Table A.9—Area of timberland by forest-type group and stand-size class, east 

Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

thousand acres

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,056.7 607.4 252.7 196.5 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 40.1 8.5 17.8 13.7 0.0

Total softwoods 1,096.8 616.0 270.5 210.3 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 530.1 194.8 196.4 138.9 0.0

Oak-hickory 2,921.0 1,064.8 1,092.4 763.7 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 141.5 80.0 33.4 28.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 369.6 207.5 91.8 70.3 0.0

Other hardwoods 8.8 0.0 4.3 4.5 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,971.0 1,547.1 1,418.4 1,005.5 0.0

Nonstocked 35.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.3

All groups 5,103.1 2,163.1 1,688.9 1,215.8 35.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
59

Table A.10—Number of live trees on forest land by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

1.0–

2.9

3.0–

4.9

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–

10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0– 

14.9

15.0– 

16.9

17.0– 

18.9

19.0– 

20.9

21.0– 

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0– 

32.9

33.0– 

36.9 37.0+

million trees

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 446.6 176.5 101.2 56.1 41.6 27.0 21.8 13.4 5.6 2.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 155.5 102.0 30.3 13.1 5.9 2.7 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

softwoods 602.0 278.5 131.5 69.2 47.5 29.7 22.6 13.8 5.8 2.4 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 85.9 36.2 17.9 10.9 7.3 5.7 3.1 2.1 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 40.8 17.5 9.7 4.0 3.4 2.4 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other white oaks 450.2 191.4 90.7 69.2 44.1 23.0 13.5 8.6 5.5 2.5 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0

Other red oaks 336.7 190.0 64.9 28.6 18.2 12.4 8.3 5.5 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0

Hickory 333.3 205.3 63.2 30.6 15.6 8.1 4.7 2.9 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 8.8 6.1 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 69.4 52.2 11.1 3.1 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Beech 2.4 1.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 59.9 36.3 11.9 6.1 2.3 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and

blackgum 43.4 30.8 7.6 1.9 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 83.6 49.3 15.3 7.1 4.8 3.0 1.9 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood

and aspen 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 2.4 1.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 5.7 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 527.4 361.3 100.4 34.0 15.7 7.3 4.2 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 141.0 109.8 21.3 5.6 2.5 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern

noncommercial

hardwoods 186.2 147.5 26.6 6.8 2.7 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Western woodland

hardwoods 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

hardwoods 2,378.4 1,439.2 444.2 209.8 120.4 67.5 40.3 24.7 14.1 8.2 3.9 4.0 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.0

All species 2,980.4 1,717.7 575.8 279.0 167.9 97.2 63.0 38.6 19.9 10.6 4.6 4.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
60

Table A.10.1—Number of live trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

1.0– 

2.9

3.0– 

4.9

5.0– 

6.9

7.0– 

8.9

9.0– 

10.9

11.0– 

12.9

13.0– 

14.9

15.0– 

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0– 

24.9

25.0–

28.9

29.0– 

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

million trees

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 433.2 172.4 96.2 55.1 40.8 26.1 21.5 12.8 5.3 2.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 121.7 80.3 22.6 10.5 4.9 2.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

softwoods 554.9 252.8 118.8 65.6 45.7 28.2 22.1 13.1 5.4 2.2 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 81.9 35.7 16.6 10.2 6.9 5.2 2.8 1.9 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 38.9 17.1 9.2 3.8 3.2 2.0 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other white oaks 339.7 153.5 61.4 48.4 32.4 18.0 11.0 6.8 4.4 2.0 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0

Other red oaks 297.5 167.6 57.6 24.0 16.1 10.9 7.5 5.1 2.9 2.2 1.5 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0

Hickory 290.4 180.7 54.9 25.2 13.2 6.9 4.2 2.6 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 8.7 6.1 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 66.9 51.7 9.3 3.0 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Beech 2.4 1.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 59.9 36.3 11.9 6.1 2.3 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and

blackgum 42.1 30.3 7.2 1.7 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 81.7 48.3 15.3 6.8 4.5 2.9 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood

and aspen 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 2.4 1.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 5.7 1.9 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 475.4 325.5 88.7 31.0 14.6 7.0 4.1 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 138.8 108.0 21.3 5.4 2.3 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern

noncommercial

hardwoods 177.6 140.2 25.6 6.6 2.7 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

hardwoods 2,111.1 1,306.7 382.8 173.9 101.8 58.4 35.8 21.9 12.7 7.6 3.7 3.8 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.0

All species 2,666.0 1,559.4 501.6 239.6 147.5 86.6 57.9 35.0 18.1 9.8 4.4 4.1 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
61

Table A.11—Number of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–

10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0–

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

million trees

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 149.8 47.8 37.2 24.7 20.5 11.9 4.8 2.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 8.6 4.8 2.4 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

softwoods 158.5 52.7 39.6 25.7 20.8 12.1 4.8 2.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 21.1 7.3 5.1 4.0 2.0 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 7.8 2.1 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other white oaks 68.2 25.0 19.3 10.6 6.1 3.6 2.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other red oaks 40.4 10.0 9.6 6.3 5.0 3.5 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Hickory 29.0 11.8 7.7 3.7 2.3 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 8.5 4.1 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and

blackgum 2.3 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 7.7 2.5 1.9 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood

and aspen 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 20.2 8.3 5.1 2.8 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 2.5 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total

hardwoods 211.8 74.1 54.5 32.6 20.5 13.1 7.1 4.3 2.2 2.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0

All species 370.2 126.7 94.2 58.3 41.3 25.2 11.9 6.3 2.8 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
62

Table A.12—Neta volume of live trees on forest land by ownership class and land status, east Oklahoma, 2008

Ownership class

All 

forest 

land

Unreserved Reserved

Total Timberland Unproductive Total Productive Unproductive

million cubic feet

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 523.6 472.6 467.5 5.0 51.1 51.1 0.0

Total 523.6 472.6 467.5 5.0 51.1 51.1 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 18.7 18.7 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 305.7 305.7 292.5 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Federal 70.9 70.9 70.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 395.3 395.3 382.1 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

State and local government

State 220.4 169.6 164.3 5.3 50.9 50.9 0.0

Local 31.0 31.0 27.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 251.4 200.5 191.4 9.1 50.9 50.9 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 558.9 558.9 558.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 558.9 558.9 558.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 760.5 760.5 724.5 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Conservation/natural 

resources organization 12.5 12.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/

association/club 144.5 144.5 129.9 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Native American 56.2 56.2 56.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Individual 2,849.2 2,849.2 2,620.3 228.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 3,822.9 3,822.9 3,543.5 279.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

All classes 5,552.2 5,450.2 5,143.4 306.8 102.0 102.0 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

Appendix A—Core Tables
63

Table A.13—Neta volume of live trees on forest land by forest-type group and standsize class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type groupb

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,367.4 1,117.3 233.3 16.8 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 26.9 7.0 15.4 4.5 0.0

Pinyon-juniper 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,394.6 1,124.3 249.0 21.3 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 626.0 376.8 227.4 21.7 0.0

Oak-hickory 2,834.3 1,615.3 1,103.8 115.2 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 205.5 163.3 36.9 5.3 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 489.0 396.8 83.8 8.4 0.0

Other hardwoods 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 0.0

Total hardwoods 4,157.0 2,552.3 1,454.0 150.7 0.0

Nonstocked 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

All groups 5,552.2 3,676.6 1,702.9 172.0 0.6

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
64

Table A.13.1—Neta volume of live trees on timberland by forest-type group and standsize class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type groupb

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,306.5 1,056.4 233.3 16.8 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 24.7 7.0 13.3 4.5 0.0

Total softwoods 1,331.3 1,063.4 246.5 21.3 0.0

Hardwood

Oak-pine 578.0 376.8 182.4 18.8 0.0

Oak-hickory 2,536.8 1,520.6 909.9 106.3 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 205.5 163.3 36.9 5.3 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 489.0 396.8 83.8 8.4 0.0

Other hardwoods 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,811.5 2,457.5 1,215.1 138.9 0.0

Nonstocked 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

All groups 5,143.4 3,520.9 1,461.6 160.2 0.6

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
65

Table A.14—Neta volume of live trees on forest land by species group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S.

Forest 

Service

Other

Federal

State

and local

government

Forest

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 1,630.8 359.2 71.1 81.3 359.9 759.3

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 89.9 3.6 5.5 4.1 0.9 75.9

Total softwoods 1,720.7 362.8 76.6 85.4 360.8 835.2

Hardwood

Select white oaks 331.1 35.3 10.3 22.5 52.7 210.3

Select red oaks 173.4 17.0 28.4 6.3 18.2 103.5

Other white oaks 1,086.3 43.2 77.0 49.6 20.8 895.6

Other red oaks 854.8 20.8 69.0 28.3 35.9 700.8

Hickory 433.7 23.2 36.3 20.5 27.3 326.5

Hard maple 6.6 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 5.1

Soft maple 76.4 3.1 1.6 16.6 9.5 45.5

Beech 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 93.5 4.7 17.1 0.0 9.1 62.6

Tupelo and blackgum 41.1 5.9 0.3 0.1 2.4 32.4

Ash 176.8 2.5 24.7 7.5 8.4 133.7

Cottonwood and aspen 27.8 0.0 8.8 2.6 0.0 16.5

Basswood 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5

Black walnut 20.2 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 18.4

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 412.4 4.7 37.4 8.0 12.9 349.3

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 45.3 0.1 3.0 2.6 0.2 39.4

Eastern noncommercial

hardwoods 50.5 0.2 3.2 0.1 0.3 46.7

Western woodland

hardwoods 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Total hardwoods 3,831.5 160.9 318.7 166.0 198.1 2,987.7

All species 5,552.2 523.6 395.3 251.4 558.9 3,822.9

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
66

Table A.14.1—Neta volume of live trees on timberland by species group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S.

Forest 

Service

Other

Federal

State

and local

government

Forest

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 1,564.7 329.4 71.1 54.1 359.9 750.1

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 74.3 1.8 4.8 4.1 0.9 62.7

Total softwoods 1,638.9 331.2 75.9 58.2 360.8 812.8

Hardwood

Select white oaks 309.2 29.9 10.3 9.9 52.7 206.4

Select red oaks 162.5 9.0 28.4 5.1 18.2 101.8

Other white oaks 893.9 37.1 69.9 42.8 20.8 723.3

Other red oaks 816.2 20.8 65.8 22.3 35.9 671.3

Hickory 399.0 22.2 34.5 17.0 27.3 298.1

Hard maple 6.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 5.1

Soft maple 75.0 2.5 1.6 16.6 9.5 44.9

Beech 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 92.9 4.1 17.1 0.0 9.1 62.6

Tupelo and blackgum 38.7 3.6 0.3 0.0 2.4 32.4

Ash 169.4 2.2 24.5 7.5 8.4 126.8

Cottonwood and aspen 27.8 0.0 8.8 2.6 0.0 16.5

Basswood 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5

Black walnut 19.9 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 18.1

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 399.4 4.7 37.2 6.1 12.9 338.5

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 44.5 0.0 3.0 2.4 0.2 38.9

Eastern noncommercial

hardwoods 49.3 0.1 3.1 0.1 0.3 45.7

Total hardwoods 3,504.5 136.3 306.1 133.2 198.1 2,730.7

All species 5,143.4 467.5 382.1 191.4 558.9 3,543.5

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
67

Table A.15—Neta volume of live trees on forest land by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–

10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0–

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 1,630.8 109.8 201.1 277.1 361.6 322.7 189.2 99.1 39.2 24.3 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 89.9 24.1 23.6 20.6 9.5 6.9 3.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,720.7 133.9 224.7 297.7 371.1 329.5 192.4 101.2 39.2 24.3 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 331.1 26.4 41.2 59.2 47.2 46.1 39.6 28.4 10.6 25.7 3.8 3.1 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 173.4 10.5 18.2 23.9 19.0 23.1 19.5 15.6 3.9 12.8 2.5 6.0 6.7 11.9

Other white oaks 1,086.3 131.8 191.1 176.4 159.8 143.8 117.8 69.4 28.2 39.3 15.5 4.0 9.3 0.0

Other red oaks 854.8 54.2 82.6 99.0 114.5 107.5 81.0 80.6 65.2 85.7 39.4 24.3 20.6 0.0

Hickory 433.7 51.0 67.1 66.4 64.1 60.9 38.5 37.5 8.0 26.6 7.7 5.8 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 6.6 1.5 0.8 1.9 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 76.4 7.8 5.9 5.4 2.3 4.7 3.0 11.0 2.1 13.4 6.2 14.7 0.0 0.0

Beech 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 93.5 13.6 13.6 15.0 14.2 13.9 6.0 8.4 6.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 41.1 4.2 7.8 5.6 7.1 5.7 3.1 3.3 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 176.8 15.9 25.6 27.7 26.2 22.6 13.8 8.6 11.8 14.3 2.6 7.7 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 27.8 0.5 1.2 2.6 5.6 2.5 3.1 9.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 20.2 1.8 3.0 2.9 3.6 4.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 412.4 68.7 70.8 60.6 53.4 33.3 32.8 20.7 22.6 16.7 6.6 16.5 9.7 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 45.3 10.6 11.1 8.5 5.1 5.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial

hardwoods 50.5 11.0 10.9 8.0 7.4 3.3 1.7 1.0 1.0 2.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Western woodland

hardwoods 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,831.5 409.7 551.1 563.4 532.5 476.8 362.8 295.2 166.9 242.3 90.5 82.0 46.3 11.9

All species 5,552.2 543.6 775.9 861.0 903.6 806.4 555.3 396.4 206.1 266.5 90.5 88.7 46.3 11.9

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
68

Table A.15.1—Neta volume of live trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–

10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0–

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 1,564.7 108.1 197.6 267.5 354.7 308.2 176.6 91.0 36.9 17.4 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 74.3 19.8 19.9 16.7 7.8 4.9 3.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,638.9 127.9 217.4 284.2 362.5 313.1 179.8 93.0 36.9 17.4 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 309.2 24.6 38.7 54.9 42.6 42.8 37.5 27.5 10.6 23.2 3.8 3.1 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 162.5 10.1 17.4 20.4 17.6 20.0 18.4 14.7 3.9 12.8 2.5 6.0 6.7 11.9

Other white oaks 893.9 96.7 147.9 144.5 136.9 118.2 101.3 57.4 25.5 38.6 13.6 4.0 9.3 0.0

Other red oaks 816.2 47.7 76.0 90.7 107.5 102.3 79.8 80.6 65.2 82.1 39.4 24.3 20.6 0.0

Hickory 399.0 43.5 58.6 59.2 59.4 56.2 36.5 37.5 8.0 26.6 7.7 5.8 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 6.1 1.5 0.7 1.9 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 75.0 7.5 5.7 5.0 1.8 4.7 3.0 11.0 2.1 13.4 6.2 14.7 0.0 0.0

Beech 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 92.9 13.6 13.6 15.0 13.6 13.9 6.0 8.4 6.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 38.7 3.7 6.9 5.2 6.5 5.7 3.1 3.3 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 169.4 15.3 24.9 26.9 24.4 21.7 13.1 8.6 10.0 14.3 2.6 7.7 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 27.8 0.5 1.2 2.6 5.6 2.5 3.1 9.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 19.9 1.7 3.0 2.6 3.6 4.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 399.4 63.8 66.8 58.0 51.9 33.3 32.8 20.7 22.6 16.7 6.6 16.5 9.7 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 44.5 10.2 10.8 8.5 5.1 5.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial

hardwoods 49.3 10.7 10.7 7.8 7.4 2.9 1.7 1.0 1.0 2.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,504.5 351.3 483.1 503.0 486.1 433.6 339.1 281.5 162.4 235.4 88.7 82.0 46.3 11.9

All species 5,143.4 479.2 700.5 787.2 848.6 746.7 518.9 374.5 199.4 252.8 88.7 88.7 46.3 11.9

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
69

Table A.16—Neta volume of live trees on forest land by foresttype group and stand origin, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type groupb Total

Stand origin

Natural

stands

Artificial

regeneration

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,367.4 738.2 629.3

Other eastern softwoods 26.9 26.9 0.0

Pinyon-juniper 0.3 0.3 0.0

Total softwoods 1,394.6 765.3 629.3

Hardwood

Oak-pine 626.0 622.1 3.8

Oak-hickory 2,834.3 2,834.2 0.1

Oak-gum-cypress 205.5 205.5 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 489.0 488.9 0.1

Other hardwoods 2.2 2.2 0.0

Total hardwoods 4,157.0 4,153.0 4.0

Nonstocked 0.6 0.6 0.0

All groups 5,552.2 4,918.9 633.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
70

Table A.16.1—Neta volume of live trees on timberland by foresttype group and stand origin, east Oklahoma, 2008

Forest-type groupb Total

Stand origin

Natural

stands

Artificial

regeneration

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 1,306.5 677.3 629.3

Other eastern softwoods 24.7 24.7 0.0

Total softwoods 1,331.3 702.0 629.3

Hardwood

Oak-pine 578.0 575.2 2.8

Oak-hickory 2,536.8 2,536.8 0.1

Oak-gum-cypress 205.5 205.5 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 489.0 488.9 0.1

Other hardwoods 2.2 2.2 0.0

Total hardwoods 3,811.5 3,808.5 2.9

Nonstocked 0.6 0.6 0.0

All groups 5,143.4 4,511.2 632.2

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
71

Table A.17—Neta volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–

10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0–

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 1,476.6 96.8 182.4 256.2 341.4 291.9 165.8 87.0 34.9 13.5 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 33.5 9.7 10.4 8.1 3.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 1,510.1 106.5 192.8 264.4 344.6 293.9 165.8 87.0 34.9 13.5 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 212.9 18.8 30.2 43.4 31.3 32.1 27.3 12.1 7.9 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 127.5 6.2 11.3 15.2 14.6 13.2 14.4 13.7 2.4 9.5 2.5 6.0 6.7 11.9

Other white oaks 520.5 55.9 95.5 91.6 83.6 69.3 58.5 25.7 10.0 20.5 3.1 0.0 6.8 0.0

Other red oaks 582.7 23.8 51.5 60.0 76.3 75.1 59.8 55.8 48.9 76.8 26.4 13.8 14.5 0.0

Hickory 252.4 24.0 36.9 35.1 35.2 40.8 24.6 30.6 1.8 17.5 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 1.6 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 54.5 2.1 2.6 1.7 0.6 2.2 3.0 7.3 2.1 12.0 6.2 14.7 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 74.2 9.9 10.8 12.5 10.4 13.9 4.6 5.6 4.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 23.1 1.9 3.9 2.8 3.0 3.9 1.1 2.1 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 89.9 6.0 11.5 16.0 13.3 9.7 5.5 6.1 5.4 8.8 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 24.8 0.3 0.4 1.6 4.7 2.5 3.1 9.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 10.9 0.7 1.2 1.2 2.1 3.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 193.5 19.4 26.5 25.6 28.1 17.7 12.8 14.5 18.6 5.4 3.6 11.6 9.7 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 20.0 2.2 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 2,188.7 171.4 286.3 312.1 307.1 286.8 217.0 183.1 108.4 162.6 44.8 59.6 37.7 11.9

All species 3,698.8 278.0 479.1 576.5 651.7 580.7 382.8 270.1 143.3 176.0 44.8 66.3 37.7 11.9

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
72

Table A.18—Neta volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S.

Forest

Service

Other

Federal

State

and local

government

Forest

industry

Nonindustrial

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 1,476.6 319.4 68.9 48.9 345.9 693.5

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 33.5 1.4 3.4 1.0 0.3 27.4

Total softwoods 1,510.1 320.8 72.4 49.9 346.2 720.9

Hardwood

Select white oaks 212.9 21.8 4.0 7.0 32.4 147.7

Select red oaks 127.5 7.0 28.1 2.9 16.2 73.4

Other white oaks 520.5 22.2 50.0 25.3 18.4 404.6

Other red oaks 582.7 14.8 50.5 13.5 28.6 475.3

Hickory 252.4 17.5 25.2 10.2 20.7 178.8

Hard maple 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3

Soft maple 54.5 0.5 0.5 14.5 6.2 32.9

Sweetgum 74.2 3.7 16.4 0.0 7.3 46.8

Tupelo and blackgum 23.1 1.7 0.3 0.0 1.0 20.1

Ash 89.9 0.0 16.1 4.8 6.8 62.2

Cottonwood and aspen 24.8 0.0 8.8 2.6 0.0 13.5

Basswood 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 10.9 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.0 9.7

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 193.5 2.7 21.6 1.7 4.9 162.6

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 20.0 0.0 0.8 1.4 0.0 17.8

Total hardwoods 2,188.7 91.9 223.3 84.4 142.6 1,646.5

All species 3,698.8 412.6 295.7 134.3 488.7 2,367.4

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
73

Table A.19—Neta volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

9.0–

10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0–

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

million board feet c

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 5,804.9 950.5 1,549.7 1,501.4 933.2 517.4 217.8 87.7 0.0 47.2 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 59.2 33.3 15.4 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 5,864.1 983.8 1,565.1 1,511.9 933.2 517.4 217.8 87.7 0.0 47.2 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 504.0 0.0 105.0 127.8 121.6 56.8 39.3 53.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 454.1 0.0 49.1 51.3 62.7 65.3 12.0 51.0 13.0 34.8 40.4 74.6

Other white oaks 1,232.8 0.0 306.2 294.3 275.2 128.2 53.0 114.1 18.1 0.0 43.8 0.0

Other red oaks 2,081.8 0.0 264.9 299.6 267.2 266.6 245.8 413.7 150.4 83.2 90.6 0.0

Hickory 689.9 0.0 121.4 165.8 110.6 150.7 9.2 97.0 0.0 35.2 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 270.7 0.0 1.7 9.2 13.6 36.6 11.1 67.8 38.2 92.4 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 183.7 0.0 37.6 59.3 21.8 28.7 24.6 11.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 59.5 0.0 9.2 14.7 4.6 9.7 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 252.1 0.0 43.5 37.9 23.2 28.7 26.2 47.2 0.0 45.4 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 103.8 0.0 16.8 10.3 14.3 48.5 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 28.2 0.0 7.1 12.2 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 558.8 0.0 94.6 69.7 56.5 69.5 91.5 29.8 20.4 67.6 59.3 0.0

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 40.1 0.0 12.4 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 6,461.0 0.0 1,070.9 1,164.2 980.1 889.2 547.8 885.9 255.6 358.6 234.0 74.6

All species 12,325.1 983.8 2,636.0 2,676.1 1,913.3 1,406.6 765.6 973.6 255.6 405.8 234.0 74.6

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

c

International 1⁄4-inch rule.

Appendix A—Core Tables
74

Table A.20—Neta volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species group and ownership group, east 

Oklahoma, 2008

Species groupb

All

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S.

Forest

Service

Other

Federal

State

and local

government

Forest

industry

Nonindustrial

private

million board feet c

Softwood

Loblolly and

shortleaf pines 5,804.9 1,284.0 300.8 234.2 1,307.1 2,678.9

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern

softwoods 59.2 1.5 7.1 3.2 0.0 47.4

Total softwoods 5,864.1 1,285.5 307.9 237.3 1,307.1 2,726.3

Hardwood

Select white oaks 504.0 69.3 11.9 16.2 78.6 327.9

Select red oaks 454.1 16.7 134.6 8.9 67.2 226.8

Other white oaks 1,232.8 39.9 123.5 60.9 60.6 947.9

Other red oaks 2,081.8 61.1 187.9 41.8 83.3 1,707.7

Hickory 689.9 44.7 73.1 20.9 45.1 506.1

Hard maple 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5

Soft maple 270.7 0.0 0.0 90.1 27.1 153.5

Sweetgum 183.7 4.5 30.8 0.0 15.3 133.1

Tupelo and blackgum 59.5 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.5

Ash 252.1 0.0 48.4 20.3 21.5 161.9

Cottonwood and aspen 103.8 0.0 36.7 13.8 0.0 53.3

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 28.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 26.4

Other eastern

soft hardwoods 558.8 2.7 66.9 3.1 5.5 480.6

Other eastern

hard hardwoods 40.1 0.0 1.4 4.0 0.0 34.7

Total hardwoods 6,461.0 241.9 715.3 281.9 404.1 4,817.7

All species 12,325.1 1,527.4 1,023.2 519.2 1,711.2 7,544.1

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Excludes rotten, missing, and form cull defects volume.

b Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

c

International 1⁄4-inch rule.

Appendix A—Core Tables
75

Appendix A—Core Tables

Table A.21—Aboveground dry weight of live trees on forest land by ownership class and land status, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Ownership class

All forest 

land

Unreserved Reserved

Total Timberland

Unproductive TotalProductiveUnproductive

thousand tons

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 13,650.8 12,361.8 12,202.3 159.5 1,289.0 1,289.0 0.0

Total 13,650.8 12,361.8 12,202.3 159.5 1,289.0 1,289.0 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 552.0 552.0 552.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 8,637.5 8,637.5 8,192.6 444.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Federal 1,994.7 1,994.7 1,994.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 11,184.3 11,184.3 10,739.3 444.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

State and local government

State 6,346.6 4,987.8 4,764.9 223.0 1,358.7 1,358.7 0.0

Local 970.6 970.6 829.7 140.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 7,317.2 5,958.4 5,594.6 363.8 1,358.7 1,358.7 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 15,217.6 15,217.6 15,217.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 15,217.6 15,217.6 15,217.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 22,086.7 22,086.7 20,902.9 1,183.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Conservation/natural resources 

organization 392.2 392.2 392.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/ 

association/club 4,227.2 4,227.2 3,717.8 509.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Native American 1,776.7 1,776.7 1,776.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Individual 86,677.5 86,677.5 78,780.5 7,897.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 115,160.3 115,160.3 105,570.1 9,590.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

All classes 162,530.1 159,882.4 149,323.9 10,558.5 2,647.7 2,647.7 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of >0.0 but <0.05.
76

Appendix A—Core Tables

Table A.21.1—Aboveground green weight of live trees on forest land by ownership class and land status, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 

Ownership class

All forest 

land

Unreserved Reserved

Total Timberland

Unproductive Total ProductiveUnproductive

thousand tons

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 27,301.7 24,723.7 24,404.6 319.1 2,578.0 2,578.0 0.0

Total 27,301.7 24,723.7 24,404.6 319.1 2,578.0 2,578.0 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1,104.1 1,104.1 1,104.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 17,275.1 17,275.1 16,385.2 889.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Federal 3,989.4 3,989.4 3,989.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 22,368.5 22,368.5 21,478.6 889.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

State and local government

State 12,693.1 9,975.7 9,529.7 446.0 2,717.4 2,717.4 0.0

Local 1,941.2 1,941.2 1,659.5 281.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 14,634.3 11,916.9 11,189.2 727.7 2,717.4 2,717.4 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 30,435.2 30,435.2 30,435.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 30,435.2 30,435.2 30,435.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 44,173.4 44,173.4 41,805.7 2,367.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Conservation/natural resources 

organization 784.4 784.4 784.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/ 

association/club 8,454.4 8,454.4 7,435.7 1,018.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Native American 3,553.5 3,553.5 3,553.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Individual 173,354.9 173,354.9 157,560.9 15,794.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 230,320.5 230,320.5 211,140.2 19,180.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

All classes 325,060.3 319,764.9 298,647.9 21,117.0 5,295.4 5,295.4 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.
77

Table A.22—Aboveground dry weight of live trees on forest land by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

1.0– 

2.9

3.0–

4.9

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

thousand tons

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pines 38,223.2 495.3 1,573.5 2,742.5 4,589.5 6,084.4 7,884.3 7,001.9 4,131.7 2,177.6 854.4 527.1 0.0 160.9 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern 

softwoods 3,094.9 320.2 460.0 746.6 600.0 479.7 215.1 157.1 70.9 45.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 41,318.1 815.5 2,033.5 3,489.2 5,189.4 6,564.2 8,099.4 7,159.0 4,202.6 2,223.1 854.4 527.1 0.0 160.9 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 9,768.0 147.8 398.3 728.2 1,090.9 1,573.2 1,269.9 1,278.9 1,131.0 818.9 322.5 784.1 109.3 115.1 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 5,414.0 94.1 267.3 289.6 497.1 639.3 524.2 659.6 554.6 447.8 141.6 419.7 106.9 182.4 216.4 373.2

Other white oaks 34,055.2 724.4 1,750.4 3,840.5 5,265.2 4,857.3 4,500.4 4,186.8 3,538.9 2,137.1 909.9 1,262.4 520.1 153.0 408.6 0.0

Other red oaks 28,920.2 845.7 1,485.8 1,958.8 2,666.3 3,037.4 3,387.2 3,223.2 2,440.4 2,466.3 2,135.8 2,682.1 1,231.2 799.7 560.2 0.0

Hickory 14,111.9 796.2 1,433.7 1,521.0 1,770.0 1,736.8 1,697.5 1,627.5 1,038.7 1,067.1 250.0 783.3 218.5 171.7 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 231.1 19.5 26.1 42.0 21.5 53.2 58.1 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 2,396.3 233.0 296.8 207.8 153.9 132.9 55.7 113.9 69.4 256.4 47.9 349.0 151.3 328.3 0.0 0.0

Beech 17.9 7.2 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 2,546.2 126.0 252.3 357.6 307.3 327.9 311.9 308.4 140.3 196.2 173.8 44.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 1,140.5 108.9 157.4 85.0 156.9 116.7 146.4 124.2 70.3 74.9 99.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 4,014.1 157.2 333.5 416.3 566.4 570.0 518.0 426.2 255.5 148.8 214.8 243.8 49.9 113.5 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 598.8 0.0 0.0 10.6 25.2 52.5 118.3 53.2 67.5 214.0 57.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 32.1 8.4 7.9 2.3 3.1 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 681.7 5.2 28.0 51.3 89.9 86.8 113.6 126.7 113.4 0.0 0.0 66.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft 

hardwoods 12,591.7 1,156.7 1,985.5 1,461.9 1,498.1 1,323.6 1,199.9 769.3 763.6 498.3 603.6 445.3 156.1 475.0 254.8 0.0

Other eastern hard 

hardwoods 2,390.2 480.1 549.5 317.9 314.0 238.5 143.1 149.1 0.0 42.5 0.0 67.2 88.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial 

hardwoods 2,276.1 478.3 525.8 338.2 268.4 188.0 164.5 72.4 46.7 29.0 21.5 60.6 82.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Western woodland 

hardwoods 25.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 9.6 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 121,212.1 5,388.8 9,508.9 11,629.0 14,696.4 14,943.8 14,233.1 13,130.0 10,230.3 8,397.5 4,978.9 7,208.9 2,714.4 2,338.7 1,440.1 373.2

All species 162,530.1 6,204.3 11,542.4 15,118.1 19,885.9 21,508.0 22,332.5 20,289.0 14,432.9 10,620.5 5,833.3 7,735.9 2,714.4 2,499.6 1,440.1 373.2

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
78

Table A.22.1—Aboveground dry weight of live trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

1.0–

2.9

3.0–

4.9

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

thousand tons

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pines 36,702.1 486.3 1,498.4 2,703.8 4,509.6 5,877.2 7,735.3 6,688.3 3,857.8 2,001.0 806.0 377.6 0.0 160.9 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern 

softwoods 2,496.6 262.1 331.0 608.2 503.2 386.3 176.6 112.9 70.9 45.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 39,198.7 748.4 1,829.3 3,312.1 5,012.9 6,263.5 7,911.9 6,801.2 3,928.7 2,046.4 806.0 377.6 0.0 160.9 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 9,144.3 144.0 379.6 679.5 1,025.2 1,460.8 1,148.4 1,187.9 1,066.8 791.7 322.5 713.7 109.3 115.1 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 5,108.7 91.1 259.3 277.5 475.2 546.6 489.5 577.2 526.7 425.3 141.6 419.7 106.9 182.4 216.4 373.2

Other white oaks 27,806.7 587.3 1,237.6 2,803.0 4,067.4 3,970.5 3,854.1 3,451.1 3,015.9 1,750.5 822.6 1,233.1 451.7 153.0 408.6 0.0

Other red oaks 27,303.4 757.8 1,341.8 1,677.7 2,409.1 2,737.6 3,150.1 3,060.7 2,400.3 2,466.3 2,135.8 2,575.1 1,231.2 799.7 560.2 0.0

Hickory 12,850.3 697.4 1,241.4 1,286.8 1,544.8 1,544.3 1,567.1 1,500.8 977.2 1,067.1 250.0 783.3 218.5 171.7 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 218.6 19.5 26.1 42.0 18.4 53.2 48.7 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 2,332.8 227.8 271.4 200.5 149.1 124.4 43.4 113.9 69.4 256.4 47.9 349.0 151.3 328.3 0.0 0.0

Beech 17.9 7.2 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 2,533.3 126.0 252.3 357.6 307.3 327.9 299.0 308.4 140.3 196.2 173.8 44.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 1,083.3 106.4 150.7 75.7 139.5 108.6 133.3 124.2 70.3 74.9 99.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 3,862.1 155.7 333.5 399.3 548.8 552.5 481.9 408.4 241.4 148.8 184.5 243.8 49.9 113.5 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 598.8 0.0 0.0 10.6 25.2 52.5 118.3 53.2 67.5 214.0 57.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 32.1 8.4 7.9 2.3 3.1 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 672.3 5.2 28.0 49.4 89.9 79.3 113.6 126.7 113.4 0.0 0.0 66.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft 

hardwoods 11,992.6 1,040.8 1,777.4 1,358.6 1,414.6 1,268.6 1,166.6 769.3 763.6 498.3 603.6 445.3 156.1 475.0 254.8 0.0

Other eastern hard 

hardwoods 2,358.1 471.9 549.5 305.6 302.3 238.5 143.1 149.1 0.0 42.5 0.0 67.2 88.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial 

hardwoods 2,209.9 453.8 513.5 327.6 263.5 182.6 164.5 63.9 46.7 29.0 21.5 60.6 82.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 110,125.2 4,900.3 8,380.6 9,853.6 12,783.4 13,248.0 12,932.0 11,905.4 9,499.5 7,961.1 4,861.3 7,002.1 2,645.9 2,338.7 1,440.1 373.2

All species 149,323.9 5,648.7 10,210.0 13,165.7 17,796.2 19,511.4 20,843.8 18,706.6 13,428.2 10,007.5 5,667.3 7,379.7 2,645.9 2,499.6 1,440.1 373.2

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
79

Table A.22.2—Aboveground green weight of live trees on forest land by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

1.0–

2.9

3.0–

4.9

5.0–

6.9

7.0–

8.9

9.0–10.9

11.0–

12.9

13.0–

14.9

15.0–

16.9

17.0–

18.9

19.0–

20.9

21.0–

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0–

32.9

33.0–

36.9 37.0+

thousand tons

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pines 76,446.4 990.6 3,147.0 5,485.1 9,179.0 12,168.9 15,768.7 14,003.8 8,263.4 4,355.3 1,708.7 1,054.2 0.0 321.8 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern 

softwoods 6,189.8 640.3 919.9 1,493.2 1,199.9 959.5 430.1 314.1 141.8 90.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 82,636.1 1,630.9 4,066.9 6,978.3 10,378.9 13,128.3 16,198.8 14,317.9 8,405.2 4,446.1 1,708.7 1,054.2 0.0 321.8 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 19,536.0 295.5 796.7 1,456.4 2,181.8 3,146.4 2,539.9 2,557.8 2,261.9 1,637.9 644.9 1,568.2 218.5 230.1 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 10,828.0 188.2 534.6 579.2 994.2 1,278.7 1,048.4 1,319.2 1,109.2 895.7 283.2 839.3 213.8 364.9 432.9 746.5

Other white oaks 68,110.5 1,448.8 3,500.8 7,681.0 10,530.5 9,714.6 9,000.8 8,373.6 7,077.8 4,274.3 1,819.9 2,524.8 1,040.3 306.1 817.1 0.0

Other red oaks 57,840.4 1,691.5 2,971.6 3,917.6 5,332.7 6,074.8 6,774.4 6,446.4 4,880.8 4,932.6 4,271.6 5,364.3 2,462.4 1,599.4 1,120.4 0.0

Hickory 28,223.8 1,592.4 2,867.3 3,042.1 3,540.0 3,473.5 3,395.0 3,255.0 2,077.4 2,134.2 499.9 1,566.6 436.9 343.3 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 462.3 39.0 52.2 84.1 43.1 106.5 116.2 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 4,792.7 466.1 593.6 415.6 307.8 265.8 111.4 227.7 138.7 512.9 95.8 698.0 302.7 656.6 0.0 0.0

Beech 35.7 14.4 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 5,092.5 251.9 504.5 715.1 614.6 655.8 623.8 616.9 280.6 392.4 347.7 89.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 2,281.0 217.9 314.8 170.0 313.8 233.5 292.8 248.3 140.6 149.8 199.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 8,028.3 314.4 667.1 832.7 1,132.8 1,140.1 1,036.1 852.4 511.0 297.7 429.7 487.6 99.9 227.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 1,197.7 0.0 0.0 21.2 50.4 105.0 236.6 106.3 135.0 427.9 115.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 64.3 16.8 15.9 4.6 6.2 0.0 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 1,363.3 10.4 56.0 102.7 179.7 173.6 227.1 253.3 226.9 0.0 0.0 133.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft 

hardwoods 25,183.4 2,313.5 3,971.0 2,923.7 2,996.3 2,647.1 2,399.8 1,538.7 1,527.2 996.7 1,207.2 890.6 312.1 950.0 509.6 0.0

Other eastern hard 

hardwoods 4,780.5 960.1 1,099.0 635.7 628.0 477.1 286.3 298.3 0.0 85.0 0.0 134.4 176.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial 

hardwoods 4,552.2 956.7 1,051.5 676.4 536.8 376.0 329.0 144.8 93.5 58.1 43.0 121.1 165.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Western woodland 

hardwoods 51.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 19.2 27.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 242,424.1 10,777.7 19,017.9 23,257.9 29,392.9 29,887.6 28,466.3 26,260.0 20,460.7 16,795.0 9,957.9 14,417.7 5,428.7 4,677.4 2,880.1 746.5

All species 325,060.3 12,408.6 23,084.8 30,236.2 39,771.8 43,016.0 44,665.1 40,578.0 28,865.8 21,241.1 11,666.6 15,471.9 5,428.7 4,999.1 2,880.1 746.5

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
80

Table A.22.3—Aboveground green weight of live trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

1.0– 

2.9

3.0– 

4.9

5.0– 

6.9

7.0– 

8.9

9.0– 10.9

11.0– 

12.9

13.0– 

14.9

15.0– 

16.9

17.0– 

18.9

19.0– 

20.9

21.0– 

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0– 

32.9

33.0– 

36.9 37.0+

thousand tons

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pines 73,404.1 972.6 2,996.7 5,407.7 9,019.2 11,754.5 15,470.5 13,376.6 7,715.6 4,001.9 1,612.0 755.1 0.0 321.8 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern 

softwoods 4,993.3 524.1 662.0 1,216.5 1,006.5 772.5 353.2 225.8 141.8 90.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 78,397.4 1,496.8 3,658.7 6,624.1 10,025.7 12,527.0 15,823.7 13,602.4 7,857.4 4,092.8 1,612.0 755.1 0.0 321.8 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 18,288.6 288.0 759.1 1,359.1 2,050.4 2,921.6 2,296.8 2,375.7 2,133.5 1,583.4 644.9 1,427.4 218.5 230.1 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 10,217.4 182.2 518.7 554.9 950.5 1,093.2 979.0 1,154.3 1,053.5 850.6 283.2 839.3 213.8 364.9 432.9 746.5

Other white oaks 55,613.4 1,174.7 2,475.2 5,606.0 8,134.9 7,941.0 7,708.3 6,902.3 6,031.8 3,501.0 1,645.3 2,466.2 903.4 306.1 817.1 0.0

Other red oaks 54,606.8 1,515.6 2,683.6 3,355.3 4,818.2 5,475.2 6,300.3 6,121.5 4,800.6 4,932.6 4,271.6 5,150.2 2,462.4 1,599.4 1,120.4 0.0

Hickory 25,700.7 1,394.9 2,482.9 2,573.6 3,089.6 3,088.6 3,134.1 3,001.6 1,954.4 2,134.2 499.9 1,566.6 436.9 343.3 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 437.3 39.0 52.2 84.1 36.8 106.5 97.5 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 4,665.5 455.5 542.8 401.0 298.1 248.8 86.7 227.7 138.7 512.9 95.8 698.0 302.7 656.6 0.0 0.0

Beech 35.7 14.4 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 5,066.7 251.9 504.5 715.1 614.6 655.8 598.0 616.9 280.6 392.4 347.7 89.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 2,166.5 212.8 301.4 151.4 279.0 217.1 266.5 248.3 140.6 149.8 199.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 7,724.3 311.3 667.1 798.6 1,097.6 1,105.1 963.8 816.9 482.8 297.7 369.1 487.6 99.9 227.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 1,197.7 0.0 0.0 21.2 50.4 105.0 236.6 106.3 135.0 427.9 115.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 64.3 16.8 15.9 4.6 6.2 0.0 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 1,344.6 10.4 56.0 98.8 179.7 158.6 227.1 253.3 226.9 0.0 0.0 133.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft 

hardwoods 23,985.1 2,081.6 3,554.7 2,717.1 2,829.2 2,537.2 2,333.2 1,538.7 1,527.2 996.7 1,207.2 890.6 312.1 950.0 509.6 0.0

Other eastern hard 

hardwoods 4,716.2 943.7 1,099.0 611.2 604.6 477.1 286.3 298.3 0.0 85.0 0.0 134.4 176.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial 

hardwoods 4,419.8 907.6 1,026.9 655.2 527.0 365.2 329.0 127.8 93.5 58.1 43.0 121.1 165.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 220,250.4 9,800.6 16,761.3 19,707.3 25,566.8 26,495.9 25,863.9 23,810.8 18,999.0 15,922.3 9,722.7 14,004.2 5,291.8 4,677.4 2,880.1 746.5

All species 298,647.9 11,297.3 20,420.0 26,331.4 35,592.5 39,022.9 41,687.7 37,413.2 26,856.4 20,015.0 11,334.6 14,759.3 5,291.8 4,999.1 2,880.1 746.5

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
81

Table A.22.4—Merchantable dry weight of live trees on forest land by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 Species groupa

All 

classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

5.0– 

6.9

7.0– 

8.9

9.0– 10.9

11.0– 

12.9

13.0– 

14.9

15.0– 

16.9

17.0– 

18.9

19.0– 

20.9

21.0– 

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0– 

32.9

33.0– 

36.9 37.0+

thousand tons

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pines 30,945.0 1,987.1 3,785.6 5,233.0 6,889.4 6,167.7 3,626.3 1,905.5 754.5 466.2 0.0 129.6 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern 

softwoods 1,876.0 565.8 494.0 404.6 182.2 131.0 60.3 38.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 32,821.0 2,552.9 4,279.7 5,637.6 7,071.7 6,298.6 3,686.6 1,943.7 754.5 466.2 0.0 129.6 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 7,077.0 491.8 827.3 1,228.3 999.8 1,003.7 883.6 641.6 241.3 595.3 89.0 75.4 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 3,847.7 203.8 373.2 501.4 403.3 504.9 431.2 357.0 89.5 302.8 56.6 149.4 168.5 306.1

Other white oaks 23,272.3 2,538.3 3,904.2 3,694.6 3,418.9 3,174.1 2,655.3 1,588.5 658.1 931.9 373.8 98.7 235.8 0.0

Other red oaks 19,968.0 1,314.3 1,973.7 2,319.8 2,637.7 2,471.9 1,868.3 1,867.0 1,516.5 2,045.6 938.1 574.9 440.2 0.0

Hickory 9,082.9 962.6 1,314.7 1,348.4 1,338.4 1,303.2 839.8 842.8 182.9 623.4 182.8 143.8 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 131.4 25.5 16.0 40.1 41.2 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 1,443.2 142.6 114.3 104.6 45.1 89.9 56.5 211.0 40.3 252.2 115.2 271.4 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 1,736.9 243.1 244.2 271.8 263.1 263.6 114.5 164.1 133.1 39.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 710.3 59.3 124.5 93.9 121.6 103.7 57.8 63.8 85.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 2,876.8 288.7 457.6 474.0 431.1 360.6 216.1 128.8 175.6 206.5 37.5 100.3 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 511.5 7.5 20.1 43.7 101.0 45.7 58.2 185.2 50.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 11.1 1.5 2.5 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 483.0 34.8 64.9 66.6 86.9 100.3 75.0 0.0 0.0 54.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft 

hardwoods 7,405.1 1,005.9 1,173.4 1,061.5 959.9 624.2 622.7 412.7 474.0 350.9 134.2 363.7 222.1 0.0

Other eastern hard 

hardwoods 967.2 204.7 229.7 180.2 113.3 112.1 0.0 27.6 0.0 27.4 72.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial 

hardwoods 899.5 219.1 200.5 141.9 125.4 57.4 35.0 16.4 14.9 41.7 47.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Western woodland 

hardwoods 20.9 0.0 1.9 8.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 80,444.8 7,743.3 11,042.7 11,578.7 11,104.9 10,223.9 7,914.2 6,506.4 3,662.1 5,471.7 2,046.5 1,777.8 1,066.6 306.1

All species 113,265.8 10,296.2 15,322.4 17,216.3 18,176.5 16,522.5 11,600.7 8,450.0 4,416.6 5,937.9 2,046.5 1,907.4 1,066.6 306.1

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
82

Table A.22.5—Merchantable dry weight of live trees on timberland by species group and diameter class, east Oklahoma, 2008 Species groupa All classes

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

5.0– 

6.9

7.0– 

8.9

9.0– 10.9

11.0– 

12.9

13.0– 

14.9

15.0– 

16.9

17.0– 

18.9

19.0– 

20.9

21.0– 

24.9

25.0– 

28.9

29.0– 

32.9

33.0– 

36.9 37.0+

thousand tons

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pines 29,688.1 1,959.0 3,719.8 5,054.2 6,758.7 5,890.5 3,383.9 1,748.3 711.4 332.7 0.0 129.6 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern 

softwoods 1,543.1 460.7 414.4 326.8 149.3 93.5 60.3 38.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 31,231.2 2,419.7 4,134.2 5,380.9 6,907.9 5,984.0 3,444.2 1,786.4 711.4 332.7 0.0 129.6 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 6,613.6 458.1 777.2 1,139.5 903.2 933.1 837.0 621.7 241.3 538.0 89.0 75.4 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 3,615.6 196.0 357.6 428.2 375.3 438.2 408.6 338.7 89.5 302.8 56.6 149.4 168.5 306.1

Other white oaks 19,228.3 1,853.0 3,017.4 3,025.9 2,936.9 2,615.3 2,288.6 1,316.3 595.2 915.4 329.7 98.7 235.8 0.0

Other red oaks 18,959.7 1,130.1 1,784.9 2,101.4 2,461.0 2,347.2 1,836.4 1,867.0 1,516.5 1,962.0 938.1 574.9 440.2 0.0

Hickory 8,376.5 814.2 1,146.9 1,201.8 1,240.9 1,202.0 795.0 842.8 182.9 623.4 182.8 143.8 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 121.6 25.5 13.6 40.1 33.8 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 1,417.7 137.5 110.6 97.6 35.4 89.9 56.5 211.0 40.3 252.2 115.2 271.4 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 1,725.8 243.1 244.2 271.8 252.1 263.6 114.5 164.1 133.1 39.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 672.0 53.1 110.3 87.0 110.5 103.7 57.8 63.8 85.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 2,751.8 276.6 443.5 459.1 401.0 345.2 204.4 128.8 149.0 206.5 37.5 100.3 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 511.5 7.5 20.1 43.7 101.0 45.7 58.2 185.2 50.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 11.1 1.5 2.5 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 475.7 33.4 64.9 60.7 86.9 100.3 75.0 0.0 0.0 54.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft 

hardwoods 7,199.3 934.8 1,108.6 1,017.5 934.1 624.2 622.7 412.7 474.0 350.9 134.2 363.7 222.1 0.0

Other eastern hard 

hardwoods 951.5 196.6 222.0 180.2 113.3 112.1 0.0 27.6 0.0 27.4 72.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial 

hardwoods 877.5 212.0 196.8 137.6 125.4 50.5 35.0 16.4 14.9 41.7 47.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 73,509.1 6,573.1 9,621.2 10,292.1 10,117.7 9,279.5 7,389.6 6,196.0 3,572.5 5,314.4 2,002.5 1,777.8 1,066.6 306.1

All species 104,740.3 8,992.9 13,755.5 15,673.0 17,025.7 15,263.5 10,833.8 7,982.4 4,283.9 5,647.1 2,002.5 1,907.4 1,066.6 306.1

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.aPalm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
83

Table A.23—Total carbona of live trees on forest land by ownership class and land status, 

east Oklahoma, 2008

Ownership class

All forest 

land

Unreserved Reserved

Total

TimberlandUnproductive TotalProductiveUnproductive

thousand tons

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 6,825.4 6,180.9 6,101.2 79.8 644.5 644.5 0.0

Total 6,825.4 6,180.9 6,101.2 79.8 644.5 644.5 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 276.0 276.0 276.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 4,318.8 4,318.8 4,096.3 222.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Federal 997.3 997.3 997.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 5,592.1 5,592.1 5,369.7 222.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

State and local government

State 3,173.3 2,493.9 2,382.4 111.5 679.4 679.4 0.0

Local 485.3 485.3 414.9 70.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 3,658.6 2,979.2 2,797.3 181.9 679.4 679.4 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 7,608.8 7,608.8 7,608.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 7,608.8 7,608.8 7,608.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 11,043.3 11,043.3 10,451.4 591.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Conservation/natural resources 

organization 196.1 196.1 196.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/ 

association/club 2,113.6 2,113.6 1,858.9 254.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Native American 888.4 888.4 888.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Individual 43,338.7 43,338.7 39,390.2 3,948.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 57,580.1 57,580.1 52,785.0 4,795.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

All classes 81,265.1 79,941.2 74,662.0 5,279.3 1,323.8 1,323.8 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

aEstimates of carbon calculated by multiplying aboveground dry tree biomass by 0.5.

Appendix A—Core Tables
84

Table A.24—Average annual net growth of live 

trees by ownership class and land status, east 

Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008)

Ownership class

TimberlandForest 

land

million cubic feet

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 12.5 0.0

Total 12.5 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 0.4 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 6.3 0.0

Other Federal 0.3 0.0

Total 7.0 0.0

State and local government

State 4.0 0.0

Local 1.4 0.0

Total 5.4 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 37.3 0.0

Total 37.3 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 27.8 0.0

Conservation/natural resources 

organization -0.2 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/ 

association/club 5.7 0.0

Native American 0.8 0.0

Individual 79.6 0.0

Total 113.7 0.0

All classes 175.8 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 

survey; therefore, growth, removals, and mortality estimates 

are not available for forest land for this survey. 

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to 

rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
85

Table A.25—Average annual net growth of live trees on forest land by foresttype group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood types

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood types

Oak-pine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-hickory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 survey; therefore, growth, 

removals, and mortality estimates are not available for forest land for this survey. 

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.25.1—Average annual net growth of live trees on timberland by 

forest-type group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008)

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood types

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 65.1 14.5 39.5 11.2 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 1.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.0

Total softwoods 67.1 15.4 40.1 11.6 0.0

Hardwood types

Oak-pine 27.5 4.9 11.1 11.5 0.0

Oak-hickory 70.2 18.9 27.4 23.9 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 6.6 0.7 3.9 1.9 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 4.6 -0.3 3.3 1.6 0.0

Total hardwoods 108.8 24.2 45.7 38.9 0.0

All groups 175.8 39.5 85.7 50.5 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
86

Table A.26—Average annual net growth of live trees on forest land by species group and ownership 

group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other white oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other red oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hickory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All species 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 survey; therefore, growth, removals, and mortality estimates 

are not available for forest land for this survey.

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
87

Table A.26.1—Average annual net growth of live trees on timberland by species group and ownership 

group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 87.6 10.0 0.5 2.3 31.6 43.1

Cypress 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 5.8 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 4.9

Total softwoods 93.5 10.2 1.0 2.5 31.6 48.1

Hardwood

Select white oaks 6.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.2 4.1

Select red oaks 4.9 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.5 2.9

Other white oaks 22.9 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 19.8

Other red oaks 14.1 -0.3 1.9 0.2 1.1 11.2

Hickory 10.6 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.8 8.0

Hard maple 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Soft maple 2.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 1.2

Sweetgum 5.1 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.8 3.0

Tupelo and blackgum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.8

Ash 4.3 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 3.7

Cottonwood and aspen -1.4 0.0 -1.7 0.0 0.0 0.3

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0

Black walnut 1.2 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.0 1.1

Other eastern soft hardwoods 8.3 -0.1 0.8 0.1 0.3 7.2

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.8 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.0 0.7

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 1.6

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 82.4 2.2 6.0 2.9 5.7 65.6

All species 175.8 12.5 7.0 5.4 37.3 113.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
88

Table A.27—Average annual net growth of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and 

ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 83.6 9.7 0.5 2.3 30.7 40.3

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 3.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.9

Total softwoods 87.2 10.0 1.0 2.3 30.7 43.2

Hardwood

Select white oaks 4.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.9 2.8

Select red oaks 3.7 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.2 1.9

Other white oaks 15.6 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 13.1

Other red oaks 13.2 -0.2 1.6 0.3 0.6 10.9

Hickory 6.9 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.7 4.9

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.0

Sweetgum 3.2 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.7 1.5

Tupelo and blackgum 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4

Ash 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9

Cottonwood and aspen -1.6 0.0 -1.7 0.0 0.0 0.1

Basswood -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0

Black walnut 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.7

Other eastern soft hardwoods 2.9 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 3.0

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 52.4 1.2 3.5 2.5 4.0 41.3

All species 139.6 11.2 4.5 4.7 34.7 84.5

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
89

Table A.27.1—Average annual net growth of sawtimber on timberland by species group and ownership 

group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008)

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million board feet b

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 378.1 41.7 5.3 14.1 133.2 183.7

Cypress 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

Other eastern softwoods 3.8 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 3.2

Total softwoods 382.2 41.7 6.1 14.1 133.2 187.1

Hardwood

Select white oaks 14.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 3.0 9.2

Select red oaks 15.5 0.4 2.9 3.1 1.5 7.6

Other white oaks 39.4 1.3 2.5 1.7 0.6 33.2

Other red oaks 57.4 -0.6 6.3 2.1 -1.0 50.7

Hickory 20.4 1.7 3.4 0.2 0.0 15.2

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 5.7 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 3.0

Sweetgum 5.3 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.2 3.7

Tupelo and blackgum 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.2

Ash 7.2 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.4 5.9

Cottonwood and aspen -9.0 0.0 -10.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Basswood -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 0.0

Black walnut 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.6

Other eastern soft hardwoods 7.7 -0.3 0.8 0.7 0.5 6.0

Other eastern hard hardwoods 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 168.8 4.0 8.1 11.8 5.3 139.6

All species 551.0 45.7 14.2 25.9 138.5 326.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

b

 International 1⁄4-inch rule.

Appendix A—Core Tables
90

Table A.28—Average annual mortality of live 

trees by ownership class and land status, east 

Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Ownership class

TimberlandForest 

land

million cubic feet

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 3.8 0.0

Total 3.8 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 0.1 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 6.2 0.0

Other Federal 2.0 0.0

Total 8.3 0.0

State and local government

State 2.6 0.0

Local 0.1 0.0

Total 2.7 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 3.8 0.0

Total 3.8 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 9.2 0.0

Conservation/natural resources 

organization 0.8 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/ 

association/club 2.4 0.0

Native American 0.8 0.0

Individual 41.6 0.0

Total 54.7 0.0

All classes 73.4 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 

survey; therefore, growth, removals, and mortality estimates 

are not available for forest land for this survey. 

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to 

rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
91

Table A.29—Average annual mortality of live trees on forest land by foresttype group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood types

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood types

Oak-pine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-hickory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 survey; therefore, growth, 

removals, and mortality estimates are not available for forest land for this survey. 

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.29.1—Average annual mortality of live trees on timberland by foresttype group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood types

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 11.6 6.4 4.2 1.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 12.0 6.8 4.2 1.0 0.0

Hardwood types

Oak-pine 7.9 2.8 4.2 0.9 0.0

Oak-hickory 39.0 11.9 21.2 6.0 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 7.8 5.9 1.4 0.6 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 6.6 4.1 2.2 0.3 0.0

Total hardwoods 61.4 24.6 29.0 7.8 0.0

All groups 73.4 31.4 33.2 8.8 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
92

Table A.30—Average annual mortality of live trees on forest land by species group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008)

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other white oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other red oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hickory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All species 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 survey; therefore, growth, removals, and mortality estimates 

are not available for forest land for this survey.

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
93

Table A.30.1—Average annual mortality of live trees on timberland by species group and ownership 

group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 12.9 1.6 1.6 0.2 1.7 7.9

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Total softwoods 13.2 1.6 1.6 0.2 1.7 8.2

Hardwood

Select white oaks 2.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.7

Select red oaks 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 2.4

Other white oaks 9.7 0.1 1.2 0.6 0.1 7.8

Other red oaks 21.7 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.8 18.1

Hickory 4.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 3.2

Hard maple 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Soft maple 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6

Sweetgum 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6

Tupelo and blackgum 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Ash 2.8 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 2.0

Cottonwood and aspen 2.8 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.7

Basswood 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Black walnut 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1

Other eastern soft hardwoods 8.8 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 7.2

Other eastern hard hardwoods 2.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.5

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 60.2 2.3 6.7 2.5 2.2 46.5

All species 73.4 3.8 8.3 2.7 3.8 54.7

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
94

Table A.31—Average annual mortality of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and 

ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 11.8 1.4 1.5 0.2 1.6 7.1

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Total softwoods 12.0 1.4 1.5 0.2 1.6 7.3

Hardwood

Select white oaks 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9

Select red oaks 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.4

Other white oaks 4.3 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 3.4

Other red oaks 9.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.7 7.3

Hickory 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.3

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Sweetgum 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3

Tupelo and blackgum 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Ash 1.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.3

Cottonwood and aspen 2.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.4

Basswood 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Black walnut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft hardwoods 4.6 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.0 3.7

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 29.3 1.5 4.2 0.9 1.7 21.0

All species 41.3 2.9 5.7 1.1 3.3 28.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
95

Table A.31.1—Average annual mortality of sawtimber on timberland by species group and ownership 

group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million board feet b

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 32.8 3.3 4.7 0.9 7.0 16.9

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Total softwoods 33.0 3.3 4.7 0.9 7.0 17.2

Hardwood

Select white oaks 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3

Select red oaks 6.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 4.5

Other white oaks 6.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 5.5

Other red oaks 23.3 2.7 0.5 0.0 2.7 17.4

Hickory 3.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.7

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8

Sweetgum 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0

Tupelo and blackgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 5.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 3.6

Cottonwood and aspen 12.7 0.0 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.4

Basswood 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

Black walnut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft hardwoods 12.9 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.0 10.5

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 77.1 3.7 16.5 1.7 5.6 49.6

All species 110.1 7.0 21.2 2.5 12.6 66.8

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

b

 International 1⁄4-inch rule.

Appendix A—Core Tables
96

Table A.32—Average annual removals of live 

trees by ownership class and land status, east 

Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008)

Ownership class

TimberlandForest 

land

million cubic feet

U.S. Forest Service

National forest 3.2 0.0

Total 3.2 0.0

Other Federal

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 0.7 0.0

Dept. of Defense/Dept. of Energy 1.3 0.0

Total 2.0 0.0

State and local government

State 0.3 0.0

Local 0.9 0.0

Total 1.2 0.0

Forest industry

Corporate 30.9 0.0

Total 30.9 0.0

Nonindustrial private

Corporate 22.2 0.0

Unincorporated partnership/ 

association/club 3.5 0.0

Native American 0.1 0.0

Individual 65.6 0.0

Total 91.3 0.0

All classes 128.8 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 

survey; therefore, growth, removals, and mortality estimates 

are not available for forest land for this survey. 

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to 

rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
97

Table A.33.1—Average annual removals of live trees on timberland by foresttype group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood types

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 60.6 30.1 27.6 2.8 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0

Total softwoods 61.7 30.7 27.6 3.4 0.0

Hardwood types

Oak-pine 15.4 4.0 8.6 2.8 0.0

Oak-hickory 43.7 14.1 22.7 6.9 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 5.2 3.5 0.8 0.9 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 2.9 2.0 0.9 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 67.1 23.6 33.1 10.5 0.0

All groups 128.8 54.2 60.7 13.9 0.0

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Table A.33—Average annual removals of live trees on forest land by foresttype group and stand-size class, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Forest-type group

All size 

classes

Stand-size class

Large 

diameter

Medium 

diameter

Small 

diameter

Nonstocked

million cubic feet

Softwood types

Loblolly-shortleaf pine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood types

Oak-pine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-hickory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oak-gum-cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elm-ash-cottonwood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All groups 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 survey; therefore, growth, 

removals, and mortality estimates are not available for forest land for this survey. 

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

Appendix A—Core Tables
98

Table A.34—Average annual removals of live trees on forest land by species group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet 

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cypress 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hardwood

Select white oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Select red oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other white oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other red oaks 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hickory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hard maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soft maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tupelo and blackgum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ash 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cottonwood and aspen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern soft hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

All species 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: The reserved forest land was not sampled in the 1992 survey; therefore, growth, removals, and mortality estimates are not 

available for forest land for this survey.

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a

 Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
99

Table A.34.1—Average annual removals of live trees on timberland by species group and ownership group, 

east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet 

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 69.4 2.2 0.0 0.3 25.2 41.6

Cypress 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Total softwoods 71.2 2.5 0.2 0.3 25.2 42.9

Hardwood

Select white oaks 4.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.4

Select red oaks 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.7

Other white oaks 14.4 0.2 1.2 0.5 1.2 11.3

Other red oaks 15.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.3 13.7

Hickory 7.5 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.1 5.9

Hard maple 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Soft maple 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

Sweetgum 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6

Tupelo and blackgum 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1

Ash 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.6

Cottonwood and aspen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Other eastern soft hardwoods 6.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 5.7

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 57.6 0.7 1.8 0.9 5.7 48.4

All species 128.8 3.2 2.1 1.3 30.9 91.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a

 Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
100

Table A.35—Average annual removals of growing-stock trees on timberland by species group and 

ownership group, east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million cubic feet 

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 66.6 2.0 0.0 0.3 24.1 40.1

Cypress 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Total softwoods 68.3 2.2 0.2 0.3 24.1 41.4

Hardwood

Select white oaks 3.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.6

Select red oaks 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.5

Other white oaks 9.4 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.7 7.3

Other red oaks 8.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 7.9

Hickory 4.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.8 3.1

Hard maple 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Soft maple 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Sweetgum 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6

Tupelo and blackgum 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

Ash 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.0

Cottonwood and aspen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Other eastern soft hardwoods 3.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 3.3

Other eastern hard hardwoods 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 35.2 0.4 1.7 0.3 3.8 29.0

All species 103.5 2.6 1.9 0.7 28.0 70.4

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a

 Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

Appendix A—Core Tables
101

Table 35.1—Average annual removals of sawtimber on timberland by species group and ownership group,

east Oklahoma, 2008 (1993–2008) 

Species groupa

All 

ownerships

Ownership group

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

Federal

State 

and local 

government

Forest 

industry

Nonindustrial 

private

million board feet b

Softwood

Loblolly and shortleaf pines 217.1 7.1 0.0 1.8 75.5 132.8

Cypress 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other eastern softwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total softwoods 217.7 7.1 0.6 1.8 75.5 132.8

Hardwood

Select white oaks 6.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 5.7

Select red oaks 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 7.5

Other white oaks 11.6 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.9 9.1

Other red oaks 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 22.9

Hickory 8.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.3 6.9

Hard maple 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Soft maple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sweetgum 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5

Tupelo and blackgum 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

Ash 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8

Cottonwood and aspen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Basswood 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Black walnut 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

Other eastern soft hardwoods 7.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 6.6

Other eastern hard hardwoods 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5

Eastern noncommercial hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other western hardwoods 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total hardwoods 76.4 0.6 2.2 0.0 7.1 66.5

All species 294.1 7.6 2.8 1.8 82.5 199.3

Numbers in rows and columns may not sum to totals due to rounding.

0.0 = no sample for the cell or a value of > 0.0 but < 0.05.

a

 Palm species have been included (species codes 906 to 915).

b

 International 1⁄4-inch rule.

Appendix A—Core Tables
102

Appendix B—Inventory Methods

Inventory Methods

Inventory design and methods for collecting 

and processing forest resource data have 

changed substantially since the previous 

east Oklahoma survey in 1992 (methods 

for this survey were adapted from Rosson 

and Rose 2010). These changes necessitate 

the use of caution when making rigorous 

comparisons between forest resource 

assessments.

Normally, Forest Inventory and Analysis 

(FIA) reports the inventory year as the 

year in which the majority of the plot 

data collection ended. However, the field 

work for east Oklahoma, cycle 6 ended in 

1992, and the report was titled 1993. For 

consistency with other States reporting FIA 

inventory years, the east Oklahoma 2008 

report will refer to cycle 6 data as 1992.

The current inventory is a two-phase, fixedplot design conducted on an annualized 

basis. Annualized means that a portion of 

the entire sample population (a cycle) is 

collected each year until all plots have been 

measured. Most annualized surveys are 

conducted over a 5-year period. However, 

since the east Oklahoma 2008 inventory 

was a closeout of the old periodic inventory 

and established the new plot design, plot 

collection was accelerated and completed in 

2 years.

Phase 1 (P1) provides the area estimates for 

the inventory. Phase 2 (P2) involves onthe-ground measurements of sample plots 

by field personnel. Phase 3 (P3) is a subset 

of the P2 plot system where additional 

measurements are made by field personnel 

to assess unique forest health indicators, 

many which are not measured on the P2 

plot. Note that P3 plots were not measured 

for this cycle in east Oklahoma. 

Data were processed with the National 

Inventory and Monitoring System version 

4.0 software. 

Sample Design Overview: Annual 

versus Periodic

The current survey's sample design differs 

in several ways from the one employed 

previously. One change involved the switch 

from a periodic survey to an annualized 

survey. Another involved switching 

from a variable-radius sample to a fixedplot sample. These changes, alone or in 

combination, weaken comparisons between 

surveys. The only way to quantify the true 

impact of such changes on trend analysis 

would be to conduct the survey using both 

plot designs simultaneously and compare 

the results of these two independent 

surveys. Neither the time nor money was 

available to do this.

Previous surveys of east Oklahoma 

were periodic; all plots were measured 

in 1 to 2 years, and the time between 

remeasurements ranged between 6 to 

10 years. The current, annual inventory 

design was implemented to provide more 

up-to-date information about forest 

resources and improved comparability 

from State to State across the United 

States. Under the annual inventory system, 

20 percent (1 panel) of the total number 

of plots in a State are measured every 

year over a 5-year period (1 cycle). Each 

panel of plots is selected on a subgrid that 

is slightly offset from the previous panel, 

so that each panel covers essentially the 

same sample area (both spatially and in 

intensity) as the prior panel. In the sixth 

year, the plots that were measured in the 

first panel are remeasured. This marks the 

beginning of the next data-collection cycle. 

After field measurements are completed, 

a cycle of data is available for the 5-year 

report. Because of logistics, economics, and 

sample implementation protocols, the data 

set consists of data that are <1-year old (the 

most recently collected data) as well as data 

up to 5 years old (the data collected at the 

beginning of the cycle).
103

One of the major impacts on data 

interpretation and analysis of switching to 

the annual inventory design is the length 

of time for data collection (5 years versus 

1 or 2 years). Data collected over a longer 

period have a higher probability of sampling 

a specific event, such as a hurricane or 

fire, but with only a small proportion 

of the sample. However, data collected 

over a shorter time span, such as data 

collected in the periodic survey, may miss 

an event entirely until the next periodic 

measurement takes place, at which time all 

the sample plots would reflect the event.

Sample Design Phases

The three phases (P1, P2, and P3) of the 

current sampling method are based on a 

hexagonal-grid design for sample placement 

on the ground; successive phases are 

sampled with less intensity. In general, the 

P1 phase involves area estimation, the P2 

and P3 phases involve placement of sample 

plots on the ground, where measurement 

of variable attributes is made. The grid 

ensures a systematic placement of P2 and 

P3 plots on the ground. There are 16 P2 

hexagons for every P3 hexagon. The P2 

hexagons represent approximately 6,000 

acres compared to 96,000 acres for the P3 

hexagons. To ensure systematic coverage of 

the sample domain (a State), the goal is to 

place one P2 plot in every hexagonal grid 

cell. 

Area, current P1—The new approach in 

the determination of forest area applies 

a stratification technique to improve the 

precision of the estimate, in other words, 

it reduces the variance of the estimate. 

With this method, the placement (on the 

ground) and subsequent classification (by 

land use) of the P2 plot carries much of 

the weight in determining forest area. The 

area of control was the survey unit. The 

Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) of 

the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service Southern Research Station used 

National Land Cover Data (NLCD) for the 

stratification platform. The NLCD data has 

a land classification produced by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, derived from Landsat 

Thematic Mapper data. Using these data, 

FIA protocols identify four strata to improve 

the variance of the area estimate. These 

strata are identified by a pixel classification 

according to four types of placement: 

(1) pixels in forest, (2) pixels in nonforest, 

(3) pixels in nonforest but within a 2-pixel 

width of a forest edge, and (4) pixels in a 

forest area but within a 2-pixel width of a 

forest edge. The estimation of forest area 

is the sum across all strata from respective 

pixel counts (based on placement within the 

above strata) and the mean area from the 

P2 plots. This type of approach places more 

weight on the P2 plot in area determination 

than with previous aerial-photo dot count 

methods. 

Area, previous P1—In the 1992 east 

Oklahoma survey, the estimate of 

timberland area was based on interpreting 

dot-grid counts overlaid on recent aerial 

photographs with each dot classified as 

forest or nonforest. Each dot represented 

about 230 acres. The forest or nonforest 

estimate was then adjusted by ground-truth 

checks at all permanent sample locations. 

Permanent sample locations consisted of 

two types of plots: intensification plots 

(used only as ground truths for forest 

and nonforest classifications) and 3- by 

3-mile plots (plots on a 3- by 3-mile 

square grid) where tree measurements 

and plot characteristics were recorded. 

The proportion of dots classified as forest 

was applied to U.S. Census land area data 

to develop an estimate of forest area in 

individual counties. Appropriate expansion 

factors (the timberland area each plot 

represents) for each forested 3- by 3-mile 

plot were assigned. The expansion factor 

was dependent on the number of forested 

plots in a county, but averaged 5,760 acres 

per plot for the State. For the dot-count 

inventories, the area of control was the 

county (Rosson 2001).

Appendix B—Inventory Methods
104

Appendix B—Inventory Methods

Change in Assessing National 

Forest and Reserved Lands

Current—Under the annual inventory 

system, area estimation of all lands and 

ownerships was based on the probability 

of selection of P2 plot locations. There 

was no enumeration of any ownership 

(no use of known areas of ownership to 

determine area and plot expansion factors). 

As a result, the known forest land area (for 

specific ownerships) does not always agree 

with area estimates based on probability 

of selection. For example, the acreage of 

national forests, published by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service 

for the National Forest System, will not 

agree exactly with the statistical estimate of 

national forest land derived by FIA. These 

numbers may differ substantially for very 

small areas.

Previous—In the 1992 east Oklahoma 

survey, all national forest lands in a county 

were enumerated. Additional plots were 

also added to improve sampling errors. The 

enumerated or known acreage values were 

taken from public agency reports and other 

public domain documents. The enumerated 

national forest area in each county was 

divided by the number of sample locations 

to derive expansion factors. The enumerated 

forest area values were subtracted from the 

total forest area derived for the county from 

P1 estimates, and the remaining forested 

plots were then divided into the remaining 

area to derive the expansion factors for the 

nonenumerated ownerships.

Plot Design

Current P2—Bechtold and Patterson 

(2005) describe the current P2 and P3 

ground plots and explain their use. These 

plots are clusters of four points arranged 

so that one point is central and the other 

three lie 120 feet from it at azimuths of 0, 

120, and 240 degrees (fig. B.1). Each point 

is the center of a circular subplot with a 

fixed 24-foot radius. Trees ≥5.0 inches 

in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) are 

measured in these subplots. Each subplot in 

turn contains a circular 1/300-acre microplot 

with a fixed 6.8-foot radius (fig. B.2). Trees 

1.0 to 4.9 inches in d.b.h. and seedlings 

(<1.0 inch in d.b.h.) are measured on these 

microplots.

Sometimes a plot cluster straddles two or 

more land use or forest condition classes 

(Bechtold and Patterson 2005). There are 

seven condition-class variables that require 

mapping of a unique condition on a plot 

listed in order of priority: 

1. Land use 

2. Reserved status

3. Ownership

4. Forest type

5. Stand size

6. Regeneration status 

7. Stand density

A new condition is defined and mapped 

each time the aerial extent of one of 

these variables is encountered during plot 

measurement. The process of mapping any 

of these conditions on a plot changes the 

plot size for a respective condition, i.e., the 

condition size will be smaller than a full 

plot complement, and this may increase the 

variance of the estimate.

Previous P2—The 1992 inventory of east 

Oklahoma used a prism sampling design. 

At each forested location, a sample plot 

cluster consisting of 10 satellite points 

was installed. This cluster covered about 

1 acre. At each forested sample plot, trees 

≥5.0 inches in d.b.h. were selected with a 

37.5-basal-area-factor prism at each satellite 

point. Therefore, each tree selected with the 

prism represented 3.75 square feet of basal 

area per acre. Trees ≥1.0, but <5.0 inches in 

d.b.h. were tallied on a 1/275-acre circular 

fixed-radius plot (7.1-foot radius) centered 

at the first three satellite points. Forest 

conditions were not mapped on the prism 

10-point cluster. The land use designation 

for the entire plot was based on the land 

use determined at point center of point 1, 

i.e., if the point center fell on forest land, 

the entire plot was classified as forest; if the 

point center fell on a nonforest area, the 

entire plot was classed as nonforest.
105

Figure B.1—Annual inventory fixed-plot design (the P2 plot).

Four subplots, 

120 feet apart Subplot radius 

is 24.0 feet

Figure B.2—Subplot and microplot layout.

Microplot 

center

Microplot is 12 feet and 

90° east of subplot 

center. Radius of 

microplot is 6.8 feet.

Subplot 

center

Radius of subplot 

is 24.0 feet

In situations where point 1 was forested, 

but portions of the 10-point plot cluster 

straddled a forest-nonforest area, points 

that fell in the nonforest area were 

systematically rotated into the forest area by 

means of detailed systematic instructions for 

field crews to ensure that they would rotate 

points in the same manner for any given 

situation.

Volume Estimation

Current—Tree volumes for each individual 

tally tree were derived by a linear regression 

model. The general form of the model 

involves two tree measurements from 

sample trees: d.b.h. and total height. 

This equation estimated gross cubic-foot 

volume from a 1-foot stump to a 4-inch 

upper diameter for each sample tree. 

Separate equation coefficients for 97 species 

or species groupings were utilized. The 

volume in forks in the central bole and the 

volume in limbs outside of the main bole 

were excluded. Net cubic-foot volume was 

derived by subtracting the estimate of rotten 

or missing wood for each sample tree. 

Volume of the saw-log portion (expressed in 

International 1⁄4-inch board feet) of sample 

trees was derived by using board foot-tocubic foot ratio equations. All equations and 

coefficients were developed from standing 

and felled tree volume studies conducted 

by FIA across several Southern States. For 

more detailed and specific information 

regarding volume models and coefficients, 

contact the Southern Research Station, FIA 

work unit.

Previous—Volumes in the 1992 east 

Oklahoma survey were derived from 

measurements of trees on forested sample 

locations. These deterministic volume 

measurements included d.b.h., bark 

thickness, total height, bole length, log 

length, and four upper-stem diameters 

(measured with a pentaprism). Smalian’s 

formula was used to compute volume from 

these measurements. In addition, volume 

equations were developed to estimate 

the volume for trees not surviving the 

measurement period or for past volumes of 

new sample trees.

Appendix B—Inventory Methods
106

It should be noted that a difference in the 

volume estimation methods discussed 

above results in a change between the 

1992 and 2008 surveys that is due, in large 

part, to the procedures used, not to real 

change in the volume. Differentiating the 

real change in the resource from that due 

to computational procedures is difficult 

and results in only an approximation of 

change. A comparison of the two methods 

indicates that the volume equations used 

for the 2008 data results in approximately 

5 percent more volume for the total 

inventory. 

Biomass (and Carbon) Estimation

Current—Tree biomass for each individual 

tally tree was derived by applying models 

and coefficients derived by McClure and 

others (1981) and McClure and Knight 

(1984). The general form of the model 

utilized two tree measurements from 

sample trees: d.b.h. and total height. The 

coefficients derived green weight by means 

of a volume conversion method. The dry 

weight was then derived by multiplying 

the green weight by 0.5. The tree biomass 

model gives the weight of the total tree, 

including wood and bark, from ground 

level; foliage is not included. The model for 

the merchantable stem, including wood and 

bark, gives the weight of the stem from a 

1-foot stump to a 4-inch top. The biomass 

estimates in this report were derived with 

this regional estimator (versus the national 

component ratio method). For more 

detailed and specific information regarding 

biomass models and coefficients, contact the 

Southern Research Station, FIA work unit.

Previous—Tree biomass for each individual 

tally tree was derived by applying 

partitioned models and coefficients by 

Alexander Clark (Research Forester; U.S. 

Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 

Athens, GA). The general form of the 

model utilized two tree measurements from 

sample trees: d.b.h. and total height. The 

coefficients for both dry and green weights 

were applied to the tree data. The tree 

biomass models gave the weight, including 

wood and bark, of all tree components from 

a 1-foot stump; foliage was not included. 

The merchantable stem component, 

including wood and bark, extends from a 

1-foot stump to a 4-inch top. See Rosson 

(2001) for more details of these models.

Growth, Removals, and Mortality 

Estimation

Growth, removals, and mortality (GRM) 

estimates were determined from the 

remeasurement of sample plots measured in 

the 1992 inventory. Several factors impacted 

the GRM estimates, especially if comparing 

these with past surveys of east Oklahoma. 

First, all of the plots from the 1992 survey 

were not remeasured because of logistics, 

economics, and efficiency involving field 

work. Of the 1,763 timberland plots 

measured in 1992, 1,073 were remeasured. 

This weakened reversion and diversion (see 

definitions in glossary) estimates. Second, 

only the first 5 points of each 10-point plot 

were measured (fig. B.3). Third, the Beers 

and Miller (1964) estimator technique 

was used to determine gross growth, net 

growth, removals, mortality, and net change 

of the inventory. Ingrowth was derived 

from new trees on the microplot (fig. B.4). 

This methodology required personnel to 

account only for previously tallied trees. 

The 1992 survey utilized the Van Deusen 

method to derive growth, a method that 

utilized ongrowth and nongrowth trees 

(Van Deusen and others 1986). Because 

of the issues above, GRMs in this report 

were only reported for plots that were 

on timberland in 1992 and were still on 

timberland in 2008. In addition, many of 

the factors discussed weaken comparisons 

with past GRM estimates of east Oklahoma.

Data labels on charts and within the text 

refer to the remeasurement period as 1993 

to 2008. This 16-year period represents the 

beginning year and ending year used to 

calculate the average annual estimates.

Appendix B—Inventory Methods
107

Figure B.3—Configuration of 5-point 

satellite sample unit (used to collect 

remeasurement data for growth, 

removals, and mortality in the 2008 

survey).

66 feet

between

points 1

2

3

4

5

Figure B.4—Configuration of one satellite point.

37.5 BAF for tree tally

≥5.0 inches d.b.h.

Point

center Sample

tree

6.8 foot radius 

microplot for saplings 

and seedlings <5.0 

inches d.b.h.

Changes in Variable Algorithms

The methods used to assess various 

attributes have also changed and this, too, 

impacts trend analysis. Three of the more 

important attributes in the forest survey 

are stocking, forest type, and stand size. In 

the 1992 survey, a stocking algorithm was 

used to determine individual tree stocking 

and this in turn was used as an importance 

value in deriving a forest type and stand 

size for each plot. With the implementation 

of the new fixed plot sample design, the 

stocking algorithm changed, along with 

the forest-type algorithm and stand-size 

algorithm.

Privacy Laws

It is important that forest landowners and 

FIA data users understand the Federal 

statutory requirement that private 

ownership information collected during 

an FIA survey shall not be made available 

for public distribution. In addition, Federal 

law also requires that the exact locations 

of all FIA plots shall not be made public 

and that the ownership of each plot must 

be masked. This report summarizes FIA 

data by ownership class at the unit and 

State levels. Breakout of private ownership 

information within the county level is no 

longer permitted on the FIA database Web 

site. However, public ownership classes may 

be summarized at the county level.

Summary

Users wishing to make rigorous comparisons 

of data among surveys should be aware of 

the significant differences in plot designs 

and variable assessments. Assuming there 

is no bias in plot selection or maintenance 

of plot integrity, the most valuable and 

powerful trend information is obtained 

when the same plots are revisited from 

one survey to the next and measured in 

the same way. This is also the only method 

that yields reliable components of change 

estimation (GRM) especially by specific 

attributes such as species. This approach 

reduces the noise that is present in data 

for natural forest stands and increases the 

level of confidence in assessments of trends. 

However, if sample designs change, there 

can never be a high level of certainty that 

the trends in the data are real and not due 

to procedural changes. Even though both 

designs may be judged statistically valid, 

the naturally occurring noise in the data 

hinders confident and rigorous assessments 

of trend over time. Determining the 

strength of a trend, or determining the 

level of confidence associated with a trend, 

is difficult or impossible when sampling 

methods change over time.

Appendix B—Inventory Methods
108

Data Reliability 

Inventory Quality Assurance and 

Quality Control

The goal of the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture Forest Service forest inventory 

quality assurance (QA) program is to 

provide a framework to assure the 

production of complete, accurate, and 

unbiased forest assessments for given 

standards. To achieve this goal, the Forest 

Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program 

includes data quality documentation in all 

nationally available reports, including State 

reports and national summaries.

This report on east Oklahoma forest 

resources includes a summary of 

P2 variables and measurement quality 

objective (MQO) analyses from FIA blind 

check measurements. Quality assessments 

of the P3 data will be addressed in future 

reports, as these data were not collected 

during this cycle. Quality control (QC) 

procedures include feedback to field staff 

to provide assessment and improvement 

of crew performance. Additionally, data 

quality is assessed and documented using 

performance measurements and postsurvey 

assessments. These assessments are then 

used to identify areas of the data collection 

process that need improvement or refine-

ment to meet quality objectives of the 

program.

Quality Assurance and Quality 

Control Methods

FIA implements QA and QC methods in 

several different ways. These methods 

include nationally standardized field man-

uals, portable data recorders, training and 

certification of field crews, and field audits. 

The portable data recorders help assure that 

specified procedures are followed. The 

minimum national standards for annual 

training of field crews require: (1) a mini-

mum of 40 hours for new employees and 

(2) a minimum of 8 hours for return 

employees. Field crew personnel are 

certified at an in-situ test plot. Each crew is 

required to have at least one certified 

person present on the plot at all times.

Appendix C—Data Reliability

Field Audits

Hot check—A hot check is an inspection 

normally done as part of the training 

process. The inspector is present with crew 

to document crew performance as they 

measure plots. The recommended intensity 

for hot checks is 2 percent of the plots 

installed.

Cold check—A cold check is done at 

regular intervals throughout the field 

season. The crew that installed the plot is 

not present at the time of inspection and 

does not know when or which plots will 

be remeasured. The inspector visits the 

completed plot, evaluates the crew’s data 

collection, and notes corrections where 

necessary. The recommended intensity 

for cold checks is 5 percent of the plots 

installed.

Blind check—A blind check is a 

complete reinstallation measurement of a 

previously completed plot. However, the 

QA crew remeasurement is done without 

the previously recorded data. The first 

measurement of the plot is referred to as 

the field measurement and the second 

measurement as the QA measurement. 

The field crews do not know in advance 

when or which of their plots will be 

measured by a QA crew. This type of 

blind measurement provides a direct, 

unbiased observation of measurement 

precision from two independent crews. 

Plots selected for blind checks are chosen 

to be a representative subsample of all 

plots measured and are randomly selected. 

Blind checks are planned to be within a 

2-week window of the field measurement. 

The recommended intensity for blind 

checks is 3 percent of the plots installed.

Measurement Quality Objectives

Each variable collected by FIA is assigned 

a MQO with desired levels of tolerance for 

data analyses. The MQOs are documented 

in the FIA national field manual (U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Forest Service 

2004a, 2004b). In some instances the MQOs 

were established as a “best guess” of what 

experienced field crews should be able to 
109

achieve with consistency. Tolerances are 

somewhat arbitrary and were based on 

the ability of crews to make repeatable 

measurements or observations within the 

assigned MQO. Evaluation of field crew 

performance is accomplished by calculation 

of the differences between the field crew 

and QA crew data collected on blind check 

plots. Results of these calculations are 

compared to the established MQOs. 

In the analysis of blind check data, an 

observation is within tolerance when the 

difference between the field crew and 

QA crew observations do not exceed the 

assigned tolerance for that variable. For 

many categorical variables, the tolerance is 

"no error" allowed, thus only observations 

that are identical are within the tolerance 

level.

Sampling Error

Sampling error is associated with the 

natural and expected deviation of the 

sample from the true population mean. This 

deviation is susceptible to a mathematical 

evaluation of the probability of error. 

Sampling errors for State totals are based 

on one standard deviation. That is, there 

is a 68.27-percent probability that the 

confidence interval given for each sample 

estimate will cover the true population 

mean (table C.1).

The size of the sampling error generally 

increases as the size of the area examined 

decreases. Also, as area or volume totals 

are stratified by forest type, species, 

diameter class, ownership, or other subunits, the sampling error may increase 

Appendix C—Data Reliability

Table C.1—Statistical reliability for east Oklahoma, 2008

Item

Sampling estimate 

and

condfidence interval

Sampling 

error

percent

Timberland (1,000 acres) 5,103.1 ± 85.2 1.67

All live (million cubic feet)

Inventory 5,143.4 ± 145.6 2.83

Net annual growth 175.8 ± 8.9 5.05

Annual removals 128.8 ± 8.7 6.78

Annual mortality 73.4 ± 4.6 6.24

Growing stock (million cubic feet)

Inventory 3,698.8 ± 130.2 3.52

Net annual growth 139.6 ± 7.9 5.63

Annual removals 103.5 ± 7.6 7.35

Annual mortality 41.3 ± 3.8 9.16

Sawtimber (million board feeta

)

Inventory 12,325.1 ± 586.7 4.76

Net annual growth 551.0 ± 35.8 6.50

Annual removals 294.1 ± 29.0 9.85

Annual mortality 110.1 ± 16.0 14.54

a International 1⁄4-inch rule.
110

and be greatest for the smallest divisions. 

However, there may be instances where 

a smaller component does not have a 

proportionately larger sampling error. This 

can happen when the postdefined strata 

are more homogeneous than the larger 

strata, thereby having a smaller variance. 

For specific postdefined strata the sampling 

error is available from online retrievals 

using the Forest Inventory Data Online at: 

http://199.128.173.26/fido/index.html; 

or using EVALIDator at: http://apps.fs.fed.

us/Evalidator/tmattribute.jsp; or can be 

calculated using the following formula:

√ Xt SEs = SEt

√ Xs

where

SEs = sampling error for subdivision of 

State total

SEt = sampling error for State total

Xs = sum of values for the variable of 

interest (area or volume) for subdivision 

of State

Xt = total area or volume for State

For example, the estimate of sampling error 

for volume of hardwood live-tree volume 

on all private timberland is computed as:

√ 5,143 SEs = 3.96

√ 2,929

Thus, the sampling error is 5.25 percent, 

and the resulting 67-percent confidence 

interval for hardwood live-tree inventory 

volume on all private land on timberland 

is 2,929 million cubic feet ± 153.8 million 

cubic feet. 

Appendix C—Data Reliability

Sampling errors obtained by this method are 

only approximations of reliability because 

this process assumes constant variance 

across all subdivisions of totals.

Timber Product Inventory

Estimates of timber product output (TPO) 

and plant residues were obtained from 

canvasses (questionnaires) sent to all 

primary wood-using mills in the State. The 

canvasses are used to determine the types 

and amount of roundwood—such as saw 

logs, pulpwood, poles, etc., received by each 

mill, the county of origin of the wood, the 

species used, and how the mills disposed of 

bark and wood residues. The canvasses are 

conducted every 2 to 3 years by personnel 

from the Oklahoma Forestry Services and 

the FIA unit of the Southern Research 

Station. These data are used to augment 

FIA’s annual inventory of timber removals 

by providing the product proportions for 

that segment of removals that is used for 

products.

Individual studies are necessary to track 

trends and changes in product output 

levels. Industry surveys conducted in 

1996, 1999, 2002, and 2005 were used to 

determine average annual product output 

for roundwood and plant byproducts. 

Total product output, averaged over the 

survey period, is the sum of the volume 

of roundwood products from all sources 

(growing stock and other sources) and the 

volume of plant byproducts, or the mill 

residues.

The TPO database can be accessed at: http://

srsfia2.fs.fed.us/.
111

Appendix D—Species List

Table D.1—Common name, scientific name, and FIA species code of tree species ≥1.0 and 

≤5.0 inches in d.b.h. occurring in the FIA sample, east Oklahoma, 2008

Common name Scientific name

FIA 

species 

code

Trees 

tallied in 

sample

number

Ashe juniper Juniperus ashei 61 1

Eastern redcedar J. virginiana 68 480

Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 110 310

Loblolly pine P. taeda 131 225

Florida maple Acer barbatum 311 13

Boxelder A. negundo 313 36

Red maple A. rubrum 316 204

Silver maple A. saccharinum 317 1

Sugar maple A. saccharum 318 6

Ailanthus Ailanthus altissima 341 3

Mimosa, silktree Albizia julibrissin 345 6

Serviceberry spp. Amelanchier spp. 356 46

Pawpaw Asimina triloba 367 3

River birch Betula nigra 373 6

Chittamwood, gum bumelia Sideroxylon lanuginosum 381 44

American hornbeam, musclewood Carpinus caroliniana 391 28

Water hickory Carya aquatica 401 6

Bitternut hickory C. cordiformis 402 101

Pignut hickory C. glabra 403 30

Pecan C. illinoinensis 404 25

Shagbark hickory C. ovata 407 10

Black hickory C. texana 408 399

Mockernut hickory C. alba 409 382

Allegheny chinkapin Castanea pumila 422 1

Ozark chinkapin C. pumila var ozarkensis 423 1

Sugarberry Celtis laevigata 461 153

Hackberry C. occidentalis 462 98

Eastern redbud Cercis canadensis 471 82

Flowering dogwood Cornus florida 491 197

Hawthorn spp. Crataegus spp. 500 63

Cockspur hawthorn C. crus-galli 501 3

Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 521 189

American beech Fagus grandifolia 531 14

White ash Fraxinus americana 541 218

Green ash F. pennsylvanica 544 283

Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 552 75

American holly Ilex opaca 591 26

Black walnut Juglans nigra 602 5

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 611 66

Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 641 27

Prairie crab apple Malus ioensis 664 2

Red mulberry Morus rubra 682 21

Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 693 133

continued
112

Appendix D—Species List

Table D.1—Common name, scientific name, and FIA species code of tree species ≥1.0 and 

≤5.0 inches in d.b.h. occurring in the FIA sample, east Oklahoma, 2008 (continued)

Common name Scientific name

FIA 

species 

code

Trees 

tallied in 

sample

number

Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 701 149

Water-elm, planertree Planera aquatica 722 2

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 731 5

Pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica 761 2

Black cherry P. serotina 762 211

American plum P. americana 766 16

White oak Quercus alba 802 168

Southern red oak Q. falcata 812 115

Cherrybark oak Q. pagoda 813 11

Overcup oak Q. lyrata 822 6

Bur oak Q. macrocarpa 823 6

Blackjack oak Q. marilandica 824 321

Swamp chestnut oak Q. michauxii 825 7

Chinkapin oak Q. muehlenbergii 826 40

Water oak Q. nigra 827 206

Texas red oak Q. texana 828 2

Pin oak Q. palustris 830 11

Willow oak Q. phellos 831 18

Chestnut oak Q. prinus 832 3

Northern red oak Q. rubra 833 118

Shumard oak Q. shumardii 834 32

Post oak Q. stellata 835 750

Black oak Q. velutina 837 338

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 901 40

Western soapberry Sapindus saponaria var drummondii 919 3

Black willow Salix nigra 922 14

Sassafras Sassafras albidum 931 138

Winged elm Ulmus alata 971 1,157

American elm U. americana 972 61

Cedar elm U. crassifolia 973 19

Slippery elm U. rubra 975 65

September elm U. serotina 976 8

Other or unknown live tree Tree unknown 999 2

FIA = Forest Inventory and Analysis.

There were 8,066 trees tallied in this size class. Nomenclature follows Little (1979) and USDA Natural 

Resources Conservation Service (2006).

Harper, Richard A.; Johnson, Tony G. 2012. Forest Resources of East Oklahoma, 

2008. Resour. Bull. SRS–187. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service, Southern Research Station. 112 p.

The Forest Inventory and Analysis Program conducted the seventh survey of east 

Oklahoma forests. This was the establishment of the annual plot methodology and 

closeout of the prism remeasurement plots. Forest land area remained stable at 

5.7 million acres and covered almost 57 percent of the land area. About 5.1 million acres 

of forest land was considered timberland and 86 percent of the timberland area was 

privately owned. Forest industry ownership, with 578,000 acres declined 45 percent and 

corporate ownership increased 557,000 acres. Softwood and hardwood inventory volume 

on timberland were at an alltime high with 1.6 and 3.5 billion cubic feet, respectively. 

Planted pine inventory volume increased 85 percent since 1992 and totaled 630 million 

cubic feet. Both softwood and hardwood total inventory increased to an alltime high 

suggesting a sustainable wood supply. Average annual net growth exceeds removals for 

softwood by 31 percent and hardwood by 43 percent. About 103,900 acres experienced 

some type of harvesting each year for this survey period (1993–2008). Estimated logging 

residues for the survey period averaged 14.7 green tons per acre with a potential recovery 

rate of 5.8 green tons per acre.

Keywords: Annual inventory, disturbance, FIA, forest products, logging residues and 

availability, ownership, timber product output, tree planting.

The Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is dedicated to the principle 

of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, 

water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the 

States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National 

Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a 

growing Nation.

The USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national 

origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, 

sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s 

income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) 

Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information 

(Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and 

TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence 

Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250–9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA 

is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

March 2012

Southern Research Station

200 W.T. Weaver Blvd.

Asheville, NC 28804

DEPAR TMENT OF AGRICU L TURE
Turner Falls. (photo courtesy of Oklahoma Forestry Services)

 Forest Resources of East Oklahoma, 2008 March 2012