UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Harold L. Ickes, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. C. Mendenhall, Director

Water-Supply Paper 658

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE

UNITED STATES, 1932

W. D. COLLINS, 

AND E.

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1934

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. ------ Price 15 cents

CONTENTS

Introduction__________________________________________________ 1

Analyses of water from public supplies________ __ _________________ 3

Sources of analyses_____________________________________________ 3

Applicability of analyses_______-_______________________------__-_ 3

Expression of results_______________________ __________________ 5

Constituents given in table of analyses__________________________ 5

Total dissolved solids___-_________________________________ 5

Silica-.---___________________________ ____________________ 5

Iron (iron and aluminum oxides)______________________________ 6

Calcium and magnesium____________________________-__--____ 7

Sodium and potassium_____________________________________ 7

Bicarbonate.______________________________________________ 7

Sulphate____________________________-___ .__ 8

Chloride. _____________________________________ 8

Nitrate._________________________________________ ____ 9

Constituents and characteristics not given in table of analyses ______ 9

Color___________________________________________ 9

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)____________________ _______ 9

Suspended matter (turbidity)_________________-_____________ 10

Manganese____________________________________ _ ________ 1O

Free acid_____________________________________________ 10

Fluoride_________________________________________________ 11

Zinc________________________________________ 11

Residual chemicals from treatment__-________-__- _ ______ 11

Hardness______________________________________________________ 11

Distribution of hard water__________________________-___ ___ ____ 12

Sources of public supplies___________-__-_________________________ 19

Natural surface water_________________________________ _____ 2O

Treated surface water______ _________________________ ________ 21

Ground water.____________ ___________________________________ 21

Treatment of water for public supplies_______________ _______ _ 21

Filtration (rapid sand filtration)_____________________ ______ 22

Sedimentation. _______________________________ _______ 23.

Coagulation.____________________________________ _____ _ 23

Mixing and settling basins and filters-______________ _____ _ 24

Chlorination__________________________________________ 24

Adjustment of pH_________________________________________ 25

Manganese removal_____-_____-____________- __ ___ 25

Prevention of tastes and odors____-_-_______-_-____________ 26

Filtration without coagulation (slow sand filtration)_________________ 27

Natural purification.__________________________________________ 27

Municipal softening.________________________________________ 28

Iron removal.____________________________________________ SO
IV CONTENTS

Page

Industrial treatment of water from public supplies______--_----__-_--___ 31

Boiler feed water_____-_______-_________-_----___--_----____ 31

Scale, corrosion, embrittlement, and foaming___________________ 31

Softening_________________________________ 32

Internal treatment._________________-__----______-_--____ 32

Water for industrial processes________________-__-.______----__._ 34

Domestic treatment of water from public supplies.______________________ 35

Domestic softening____________________________________________ 35

Prevention of corrosion______________-____-___-_____-__-___---__- 36

Analyses of public supplies_____________----__-__-----_--_--------_-_- 37

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

PLATE 1. Weighted average hardness, by States, of water furnished in 

1932 by public supply systems in over 600 cities in the United 

States..____________________________--_-. 12 

FIGURE 1. Number of persons using water of certain degrees of hardness 

from large public supply systems in over 600 cities in the 

United States..._____-_________________ ... 19
THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE UNITED STATES, 1932

By W. D. COLLINS, W. L. LAMAB, and E. W. LOHE

INTRODUCTION

Information relating to the chemical characteristics of water 

supplies is essential to the location of most industrial plants. It 

is also an aid in the distribution of many commodities. In certain 

areas there is no demand for water-softening equipment; in many 

places there is little need for materials and appliances to combat 

corrosion of pipes. Selection of steam-boiler-plant equipment or 

water-softening equipment will be influenced by the chemical character of the water to be used or treated. Some of the needs for information about the chemical character of water are best served by 

general or average data covering considerable areas or large groups 

of consumers. For other needs such general information is of little 

value, and it is necessary to learn the composition of particular 

supplies.

A large amount of information as to the chemical character of 

water from individual sources and indications of the character of the 

water likely to be obtained in certain areas may be found in watersupply papers of the United States Geological Survey and in other 

publications. These publications are listed in two reports * which 

indicate the kind and number of analyses that have been published 

for the different States.

A report 2 published in 1923 gave analyses showing the composition 

of the public water supplies of the larger cities in all the States. Data 

were given for 307 places with 37 percent of the total population of 

the United States. The present report follows the general plan of the 

previous report but gives data for 670 places with 46 percent of the 

total population of the United States. The report includes every 

water-supply system serving an area that had in 1930 a population

1 Collins, W. D., and Howard, C. S., Index of analyses of natural waters in the United States: U.S. 

Qeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 560-C, 1925; Index of analyses of natural waters in the United States, 

1926 to 1931: U.S.Qeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 659-C, 1932.

8 Collins, W. D., The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States: U.S. Qeol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 496,1923.
2 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

of 20,000 or more. Several cities with less than 20,000 inhabitants 

are also included in order that the different States may be more adequately and uniformly represented. At least five cities in every State 

are included.

The essential part of this report is the table of analyses on pages 

38-135 (table 5). Next, perhaps, in value is the general discussion 

of hardness, including the very generalized map showing hardness 

(pi. 1). Even the detailed data in the main table must be generalized 

to a certain extent, because the water supply of a place may be 

derived from a source that varies in composition from time to time, or 

from several sources that differ in composition and furnish varying 

proportions of the total supply. An attempt is made to give in the 

descriptive matter relating to each supply statements and additional 

data that indicate how well the analyses represent the composition 

of the water at all times and that also give a better basis than the 

mineral analyses alone for an opinion as to the probable corrosiveness 

of the waters. The rest of the text of the report is devoted mainly to 

explanation of terms used in the table and brief discussions of features 

of water supply and utilization that will aid in the use of the information in the table.

Although the table of analyses relates to public water supplies as 

delivered to consumers, it can be made to yield much additional information. For many of the places the data indicate the probable 

chemical character of a private supply that might be developed for a 

manufacturing plant located in or near the city. For nearly all the 

supplies which are softened the table shows also the composition of 

the untreated water.

The table of analyses and descriptions was prepared chiefly by 

W. L. Lamar. Most of the analyses made for this report and most of 

the calculations for the minor tables were made by E. W. Lohr. The 

body of the text was prepared by W. D. Collins.

For most of the places mentioned in the table of analyses the 

descriptions were furnished by water-works officials, and the material 

given in the table was checked by them after it was prepared for 

publication. Most of the figures showing the range in composition 

of variable supplies and some of the complete analyses were furnished 

by individual water departments. Nearly all the samples analyzed 

by the United States Geological Survey were collected and sent to 

Washington by the water departments. Many State departments of 

health furnished descriptions, analyses, and other assistance, as indicated in the notes preceding the descriptions of the supplies of the 

States. Descriptions and analyses were furnished by officials of companies that control the operation of several plants in one or more 

States.
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

SOURCE OF ANALYSES

More than half the analyses in this report were made during its 

preparation either by the United States Geological Survey or by other 

laboratories, as listed in table 1. For the individual analyses the names 

of the analysts and the laboratories where the work was done are 

 given with the analyses in table 5.

TABLE 1. Sources of analyses used in this report

Source

United States Geological Survey water-resources laboratory:

Analyses

357

77

188

192

88

0

902

Places

269

55

143

137

64

2

670

Population

in thousands

19, 306

3,192

9,876

21, 875

2,309

138

56, 696

APPLICABILITY OF ANALYSES

The analyses in this report were made by methods in general use.3 

The results have been examined carefully for possible inaccuracies. 

.Any failure of the table of analyses to give reliable information as to 

the chemical character of the water supplies at all times is due to

 difficulties of sampling rather than to errors in analysis.

In general the samples were as representative as could be obtained. 

IFor supplies obtained from very large reservoirs or lakes a single 

sample is representative of the character of the water throughout the 

year. For other sources and for many treated waters a single sample 

is not sufficient. A river water may have at different times 25 to 50 

percent more or less than its average hardness and content of dissolved 

.solids. In order to know the composition of the water throughout 

the year it is necessary to take samples frequently for analysis. For

 questions like the determination of the total use of soap throughout 

the year an average analysis is entirely satisfactory. In making 

plans for softening, information as to the maximum hardness is 

needed. For some other purposes it is desirable to know the minimum concentration and hardness.

Comparatively few water-works laboratories are in a position to 

iurnish complete analyses of the water at many different periods 

throughout the year. Perhaps the most common of the more 

thorough methods is the analysis of monthly composites of daily 

:samples. This gives some indication of the limits in composition but

s Collins, W. D., Notes on practical water analysis: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 596-H, 1928. 

Am. Public Health Assoc., Standard methods for the examination of water and sewage, 7th ed., 1932. 

Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists, Official and tentative methods of analysis, 3d ed., ch. 77, pp. 403-430,1931.
4 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATE& SUPPLIES, 1932

obviously does not give the extremes. Many water-works laboratories, especially where water is treated, make daily determinations of 

alkalinity, hardness, and pH. Some laboratories make other determinations daily. Where these are available they serve to indicate the 

extremes. For many of the supplies for which such data are available 

single analyses have been made of samples collected when the hardness 

was about the average for the year. It has been assumed that these 

analyses of single samples generally represent the average compositioD 

of the water and the relative concentration of the different constituents at times of greater or less hardness.

For a number of supplies from sources that vary considerably in 

composition it seemed best to use analyses of composites of daily 

samples of the river waters made by the United States Geological 

Survey in a series of studies conducted from 1905 to 1912. At most 

places these river waters are filtered for use as public supplies. It is 

known that the filtration generally affects the mineral content of the 

water, and notes are given in the table of analyses to indicate the 

probable differences between the composition of the water delivered to 

consumers and that shown by the analyses of the untreated waters.

Several cities taking water from rivers had no complete analyses of 

the mineral content. For these places it seemed better to use the 

results of comprehensive analyses of water obtained from the same 

river for some other city rather than attempt to show the character 

of the water by 1 or 2 single analyses.

It is believed that for the cities supplied from surface sources for 

which analyses are given the composition of the dissolved mineral 

matter in the water is well represented by the analyses if consideration 

is given not only to the complete mineral analyses but also to the 

figures that show the range of some of the constituents and to the 

statements that are made as to the relation between the analyses and 

the probable character of the water.

A supply from a single source of ground water is likely to be uniform in composition throughout the year and can be represented by a 

single analysis. Many public supplies of ground water, however, are 

obtained from several wells or groups of wells which furnish waters 

that differ considerably in composition. The wells may be so located 

that different parts of the city receive different kinds of water. Some 

points may receive one kind of water or another, according to the 

pumpage from different sources and the draft on the mains between 

the sources and the points considered. For some supplies of this type 

the analysis given in table 5 is that of a single tap sample, which is 

bound to be within the range of composition of the various waters but 

does not necessarily represent closely the water used by any large 

number of consumers. For other supplies analyses are given for 

several sources, with estimates of the percentage of the total supply
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 5

represented by each analysis. It is obvious that these conditions 

make it necessary to consider the descriptions of the sources in 

connection with the use of the analyses of ground-water supplies.

EXPRESSION OF RESULTS

In accordance with the long established practice of the United 

States Geological Survey the analyses in this report are given in parts 

per million of the different constituents. The Geological Survey has 

never favored the expression of analyses in hypothetical combinations. 

In recent publications the general chemical character of waters for 

which analyses are given has been shown by diagrams.4 In some 

reports calculations of certain properties of the waters have been 

made by formulas developed by Stabler 5 and by Palmer. 6

CONSTITUENTS GIVEN IN TABLE OF ANALYSES

The complete analyses in the table include results for total dissolved 

solids, silica, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, and total hardness (calculated). 

Each of these determinations is discussed in succeeding paragraphs 

with reference to its reliability and its significance.

Total dissolved solids.7 The results given under "Total dissolved 

solids" show approximately the total quantity of dissolved mineral 

matter in each water analyzed. The quantity of total solids is determined by evaporating a given quantity of water and weighing the 

residue after it has been dried at some definite temperature. Results 

for total solids were not reported in some analyses that were obtained 

from outside laboratories, but if enough other determinations were 

reported the quantity of total solids was calculated as the sum of the 

constituents, the bicarbonate being calculated as carbonate. If silica 

was not determined it was assumed to be from 5 to 20 parts per million, 

according to the quantity of total solids.

Silica. Silica is dissolved from practically all rocks. Its state in 

natural water is not definitely known, but in reports of analyses it is 

assumed to be in the colloidal state, taking no part in the equilibrium 

between the acids and the bases.

A survey of the analyses in this report shows that most of the 

waters examined contained less than 30 parts per million of silica. In 

several analyses of untreated river water made by the United States 

Geological Survey the quantity of silica is greater than it should be,

4 Collins, W. D., Graphic representation of water analyses: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 15, p. 394,1923.

8 Stabler, Herman, The mineral analysis of water for industrial purposes and its interpretation by the 

engineer: Eng. News, vol. 60, p. 335,1908; Some stream waters of the western United States, with chapters 

on sediment carried by the Kio Grande and the industrial application of water analyses: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 274, pp. 165-181,1911.

8 Palmer, Chase, The geochemical interpretation of water analyses: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 479, 31 pp., 

1911.

7 Howard, C. S., Determination of total dissolved solids in water analysis: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, 

Anal, ed., vol. 5, pp. 4-6, 1933.
6 INDUSTKIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER .SUPPLIES, 1932

because the result reported includes silica from finely divided suspended matter that was not removed by laboratory filtration of the 

sample before analysis. When waters carrying this finely divided 

material are coagulated and filtered for public supplies all the insoluble 

matter is removed. Some silica that is not visible is alsa removed by 

the treatment, so that the silica in a filtered public supply is generally 

appreciably less than the quantity found in the water before filtration. 

The silica in most filtered waters is below 10 parts per million, and in 

some it is less than 5.

The silica in water contributes to the formation of boiler scale and 

sometimes helps to cement the other materials into a hard scale. Silica 

is especially troublesome in some waters that carry considerable quantities of sodium bicarbonate and are low in calcium and magnesium, 

which together are the chief causes of most boiler scales. Very hard 

and tightly adherent scale consisting largely of silica is sometimes 

found in boilers using such waters. Waters of this type are, however, 

not common among the public supplies of the larger cities. On the 

whole, silica is of comparatively little importance in the public supplies included in this report.

Iron (iron and aluminum oxides}. Iron is dissolved from practically 

all rocks and is frequently dissolved from iron pipes in sufficient 

quantity to be objectionable.

Iron is reported in all the analyses made by the United States 

Geological Survey and in most of the others. The figures given under 

the heading "Iron" in some analyses represent the quantity of iron 

and aluminum oxides, as is indicated by a footnote. These results da 

not show the minimum limit of the iron, but they do show its maximum 

limit, for the iron cannot be more than 0.7 times the quantity of 

oxides.

Few surface waters contain in solution as much as 1 part per million 

of iron. In most of them the quantity is less than 0.1 part. Many 

ground waters contain several parts per million of iron, which must be 

removed in order to make the \yaters satisfactory for domestic and 

industrial use. Only a few of the cities' considered in this report are1 

supplied from sources that furnish water carrying excessive quantities, 

of iron, but the use of such sources is not uncommon in smaller citiesWater that contains much iron is objectionable on account of its 

appearance after exposure to the air and on account of stains it makes, 

on white porcelain or enameled ware and fixtures and on clothing or-' 

other fabrics washed in it. Excessive iron may interfere with the* 

efficient operation of exchange-silicate water softeners.

Iron is almost completely removed by filtration as practiced at. 

water-purification plants, but the treatment sometimes leaves the 

water in such condition that it can ^^ does dissolve iron from pipes,
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES /

particularly hot-water pipes. (See p. 36.) Some natural waters also, 

have this property.

Aluminum is found in only negligible quantities in natural waters? 

used for large public supplies.

Calcium and magnesium. Though calcium and magnesium havesomewhat different properties their effects upon the industrial uses 

of water are so much alike that they cannot well be discussed separately. They cause hardness in water (see p. 11) and together with the 

acid radicles in equilibrium with them make up from 60 to 90 percent 

of the dissolved mineral matter of hard waters. Calcium and magnesium are also the predominating basic radicles in many soft waters.

The general industrial value of waters used for public supplies 

is more affected by calcium and magnesium than by any other constituents. Their main effects are discussed under "Hardness'* 

(p. 11) and under "Industrial treatment of water" (p. 31).

Sodium and potassium. The sodium and potassium in the water of 

most public supplies have little effect on the industrial use of the 

water. Natural waters that contain only 3 or 4 parts per million 

of the two together are likely to contain about equal quantities of 

sodium and potassium. As the total quantity of these constituents 

increases, the proportion of potassium becomes less. In waters 

carrying from 30 to 50 parts per million of the two the quantity of 

potassium may be from one fourth to one tenth the quantity of 

sodium; waters carrying more sodium may contain even smaller 

proportions of potassium.

A calculated quantity of sodium and potassium is given in some 

analyses the quantity of sodium that is needed, in addition to the 

calcium and magnesium, to balance the acid radicles bicarbonate, 

sulphate, chloride, and nitrate. The quantity thus calculated is 

affected by any errors in the determination of the individual constituents. The calculation sometimes leads to a negative quantity 

for sodium, especially if no nitrate is reported in the analysis. In a 

few such analyses the sodium and potassium have been reported as 

less than 5 parts per million.

Bicarbonate. The carbon dioxide in most natural waters is present 

as bicarbonate (HCO3 ) and free carbon dioxide (CO2 ). A few natural 

waters contain the carbonate radicle (CO3 ). The small quantities of 

carbonate reported for some samples may result from the action of 

the sample on the bottles.8 Many waters that have been treated 

with lime contain carbonate or even hydroxide. Some analyses as 

originally reported showed the composition of the residue on evaporation and therefore gave carbonate instead of bicarbonate. Bicarbonate and carbonate are often reported as alkalinity, which is expressed 

as calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ).

8 Collins, W. D., and Riflenburg, H. B., Contamination of water samples with material dissolved from 

glass containers: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 15, pp. 48-49, 1923.
8 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WJSTER SUPPLIES, 1932

For uniformity and simplicity all results of determinations of 

alkalinity, whether expressed in terms of bicarbonate (HCO3 ), carbonate (CO3 ), or equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are given in the 

table of analyses as bicarbonate (HCO3). If the carbonate in a 

water was over 5 parts per million, the quantity is indicated in a 

footnote.

For many of the supplies that vary in composition with the seasons, 

results are given in the descriptive matter for alkalinity as determined 

in the laboratories of the filtration plants. Reports from the filtration plants generally give alkalinity as CaCO3, which includes both 

carbonate and bicarbonate. One part of alkalinity as CaCO3 corresponds to 1.22 parts of bicarbonate (HCO3 ).

Bicarbonate is the chief acid radicle in nearly all the waters used for 

public supplies. Its relations to hardness and to water softening are 

discussed on pages 11 and 28.

Sulphate. Sulphate is found in all the waters for which analyses 

are given in table 5, but it is a minor constituent of many of the 

bicarbonate waters used for public supplies. Water that has dissolved 

gypsum may carry as much sulphate as bicarbonate or even more. 

Some surface waters that have received acid drainage from mines 

may have much more sulphate than bicarbonate. Water from arid 

or semiarid regions is likely to carry comparatively large quantities 

of sodium sulphate, but not many waters of this character are used 

for public supplies.

Sulphate in hard water affects the formation of boiler scale and 

may influence the choice of the method of treatment for boiler feed 

water. The use of aluminum sulphate as a coagulant in the treatment 

of water for public supplies increases the sulphate content and 

decreases the bicarbonate, as is noted in the table wherever it has been 

necessary to use analyses of the raw water to represent a supply 

which is filtered.

Chloride. Uncontaminated surface waters usually contain only 

a few parts per million of chloride. Streams in arid or semiarid 

regions may have several hundred parts per million of sodium chloride 

that has been leached from the soil, especially where they receive 

return drainage from irrigated lands. 9 Sewage may increase the 

chloride content of a river water by 10 parts per million; drainage 

from oil wells or other deep wells and wastes from industrial establishments may add large quantities of chloride. Nevertheless, most 

of the public supplies from surface sources for which analyses are 

given in this report have less than 25 parts per million of chloride. 

Ground-water supplies may have over 100 parts per million of 

chloride. The larger quantities of chloride may affect the industrial

« Scofleld, C. S., Stream pollution by irrigation residues: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 24, pp. 1223-1224, 

1932.
ANALYSES OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 9

use of water by increasing tbe corre&iveness of waters that contain 

large quantities of calcium and magnesium.

Nitrate. THe effect on industrial use produced by the nitrate in 

water from the large public supplies is practically negligible. A few 

waters contain enough nitrate to affect the calculated quantity of 

sodium or to increase the apparent error in an analysis in which 

sodium is determined and nitrate is not reported.

CONSTITUENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS NOT GIVEN IN TABLE

OF ANALYSES

In connection with the purification of waters, many laboratories 

make regular determinations of color, odor, and hydrogen-ion concentration as pH. Results for odor are not given in this report, 

because there is very little regularity about the occurrence of odors 

in public supplies, and the subject of prevention and removal of 

odors is at present engaging so much attention that figures relating 

to the odors found in 1932 would be of little value in any other year. 

In the descriptive material results are given for color and pH of supplies for which they were obtained.

Color. In water analysis the term "color" refers to the appearance of water that is free from suspended matter. Many turbid 

waters that appear yellow, red, or brown are practically colorless 

after the suspended matter is removed. The natural color of waters 

is caused almost wholly by organic matter extracted from decomposing leaves and from other natural materials in or on the ground. 

Color is regularly expressed in units of the platinum-cobalt standard 

proposed by Hazen 10 in 1892. One unit in this scale corresponds to 

the color produced by 1 milligram of platinum per liter when dissolved as platinic chloride with the addition of enough cobalt chloride 

to give a color matching the shade of the natural water. This has 

been the commonly adopted standard in the United States for many 

years, and any published figures for color are understood to represent 

units of the platinum-cobalt scale. In most of the public supplies 

described in this report the color is quite negligible. A number of 

the impounded supplies that are not filtered or are filtered without 

coagulation are appreciably coloreoTwhen served to consumers.

Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH). The hydrogen-ion concentration u is of interest and importance with reference to the corrosiveness of waters as delivered to mains and to consumers. In waterworks practice hydrogen-ion concentration is always expressed in 

Sorensen's unit as pH. The pH of a water is the negative exponent

10 Hazen, Alien, A new color standard for natural waters: Am. Chem. Jour., vol. 12, pp. 427-428,1892.

» Clark, W. M., The determination of hydrogen ions, Williams & Wilkins Co., 1928. LaMotte, F. S., 

Kenny, W. R., and Reed, A. B., pH and its practical application, Williams & Wilkins Co., 1932. Acree, 

S. F., and Fawcett, E. H., The problem of dilution in colorimetric H-ion measurements, II, Use of isohydric indicators and superpure water for accurate measurement of hydrogen-ion concentration and salt 

errors: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, Anal, ed., vol. 2, pp. 78-85,1930.
10 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

of the concentration of hydrogen-ions in grams per liter. Thus, a 

low value of pH means a high concentration of hydrogen-ions, or 

acidity, and a high value of pH indicates a low concentration of 

hydrogen-ions. A neutral water has a pH of 7.0. As the determination of pH must be made almost as soon as samples are collected, 

'very few results are available except those obtained at water works. 

On account of the importance of this characteristic as regards corrosion, it is customary at many plants to give a final treatment for 

adjustment of the pH. An effort was made to obtain information 

on this point, and wherever such information was obtained, the fact 

that the water is treated for the adjustment of the pH is given in 

the descriptive material in the table of analyses, and the figure is 

given to which it is intended to adjust the pH or the range within 

which the pH is supposed to be kept.

Suspended matter (turbidity). Practically all the public supplies as 

served to consumers are free from noticeable suspended matter or 

turbidity. A few supplies contain enough iron to give an appreciable 

precipitate when they are exposed to the air, and a very few are occasionally turbid from the ordinary suspended matter of streams. 

Although determinations of turbidity of the filtered water are regularly made at most of the large filtration plants, the turbidity is 

rarely perceptible to the consumer, and therefore no results for suspended matter or turbidity are given in this report. This is a serious 

omission from analyses which are given to show the composition of 

some of the surface streams before they are treated. The quantity 

of suspended matter is much more variable than the quantity of dissolved mineral matter and must be taken into account in any plans 

for utilization of the unfiltered waters.

Manganese. Manganese has not been determined regularly in 

water analyses and is not given in the table of analytical data. In 

recent years trouble with manganese in public water supplies and 

treatment for its removal have become more common, as indicated in 

the discussion on page 25. If manganese was reported in an analysis 

given in the table the quantity is indicated in a footnote.

Free acid. Acid drainage from $oal mines is discharged into many 

streams, especially in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. At times 

the only effect may be a decrease in alkalinity of the water. At other 

times the river water may be acid. In any event this acid drainage 12 

must be taken into account if the water is filtered. A few supplies 

from sources that are slightly acid are used for public supplies without treatment. The quantities of free acid in these supplies are 

indicated in footnotes in the table of analyses.

» Drake, C. F., Effect of add mine drainage on river water supply: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

vol. 23, pp. 1474-1483, 1931-
HARDNESS 11

Fluoride. Attention has been given recently to the presence of 

fluoride 13 in natural and treated waters, but the quantity found in 

most large supplies is probably negligible.

Zinc. A large part of the zinc found in tap waters probably results 

from the solution by the water of the zinc coating on galvanized pipe, 

but it is likely that zinc is much more widely distributed in natural 

waters 14 than is commonly realized.

Residual chemicals from treatment. Small quantities of aluminum 15 

or copper 16 may at times be found in treated waters, but the quantities are normally too small to have any effect on the industrial use

of the waters.

HARDNESS

Hardness is the characteristic of water that receives the most 

attention with reference to industrial use. It is usually recognized 

by the increased quantity of soap required to produce lather and by 

the deposits of insoluble salts formed when a hard water is heated or 

evaporated.

Hardness is caused almost entirely by calcium and magnesium. 

Other constituents, such as iron, aluminum, strontium, barium, zinc, 

or free acid, also cause hardness, but in the water of public supplies 

as delivered to the mains these constituents are not usually present 

in quantities large enough to have any appreciable effect. Occasionally the hardness is increased by zinc that has been dissolved 

from new galvanized pipes. Hardness is reported as the amount of 

calcium carbonate equivalent to all the calcium, magnesium, and 

other constituents that cause hardness.

The hardness caused by the calcium and magnesium equivalent to 

the bicarbonate in a water is called "carbonate hardness" and the 

remainder "noncarbonate hardness." These terms are respectively 

roughly equivalent to the old terms "temporary hardness" and 

"permanent hardness", which were based on the fact that when 

hard water is boiled the bicarbonate is decomposed and most of the 

calcium corresponding to the bicarbonate is precipitated as calcium 

carbonate. The consumption of soap by water of a given hardness 

is normally the same whether the hardness is caused by calcium or

13 Churchill, H. V., Occurrence of fluorides in some waters of the United States: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 996-998, 1931. Smith, M. C., Lantz, E. M., and Smith, H. V., The cause of mottled 

enamel, a defect of human teeth: Arizona Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 32, 1931. Smith, H. V. 

and M. C., Mottled enamel in Arizona and its correlation with the concentration of fluorides in water 

supply: Arizona Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 43,1932.

14 Bartow, Edward, and Weigle, O. M., Zinc in water supplies: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 24, pp. 

463-465, 1932. Palmer, R. M., A study of zinc content of certain waters and its relation to United States 

Public Health Service standards [abstract]: Am. Jour. Public Health, vol. 23, p. 158, 1933. Drinker, 

C. K., and Fairhall, L. T., Zinc in relation to general and industrial hygiene: Public Health Repts., vol. 

48, pp. 955-961, 1933.

15 Kellogg, J. W., Residual alum in North Carolina filtered waters: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

vol. 23, pp. 92-102, 1931.

"Hale, F. E., and Muer, H. F., Copper in the distribution system following watershed treatment: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 15, pp. 650-653, 1926.
12 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

by magnesium and is the same for carbonate as for noncarbonate 

hardness. The character of scale formed in steam boilers is affected 

by the relation of the carbonate to the-noncarbonate hardness; the 

addition of chemicals for softening is governed by the ratio of carbonate to noncarbonate hardness and of magnesium to calcium.

In a large proportion of the waters of moderate mineral content 

for which analyses are given in table 5 the calcium, magnesium, and 

bicarbonate account for nearly all the dissolved mineral matter, and 

therefore the hardness as calcium carbonate is nearly the same as 

the dissolved solids. In water of low mineral content the other 

constituents such as silica, sulphate, chloride, sodium, and potassium 

may amount to more than the calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. 

Water that carries large quantities of sodium and sulphate or chloride will also have higher total solids than hardness. The proportional difference between hardness and total solids may be greater 

for the sodium bicarbonate waters,17 which appear to have been 

softened naturally and sometimes have almost no calcium or 

magnesium.

Although it is possible to determine the hardness of water with a 

standard soap solution, the calculation of hardness from the quantities of calcium and magnesium as determined is generally considered more reliable. Results for hardness in the analyses in table 

5 are calculated if the calcium and magnesium were determined. 

Nearly all the results for hardness in the table that are designated 

"determined" were determined by the soap method. The results 

given in the descriptive material in the table to show the range in 

hardness of supplies from surface sources are practically all determinations made in the water-works laboratories by the soap method. 

Comparison of many of these results with those obtained by calculation from the calcium and magnesium in comparable samples 

shows a general tendency for the results of soap determinations 

obtained in the water-works laboratories to be lower than the results 

obtained by calculation. The results for any one laboratory, however, are probably consistent and give reliable indications of the 

range in hardness.

DISTRIBUTION OF HARD WATER

The data on hardness of the water of the larger public supplies in 

the United States as given in the table of analyses and descriptions 

have been summarized in different ways in tables 2 and 3 and in 

plate 1. Misleading and erroneous conclusions and inferences may 

easily be obtained from these summaries unless the nature of the base 

data is kept in mind. The data relate only to the larger public water

17 Collins, W. D., and Howard, C. S., Natural sodium bicarbonate waters in the United States: Ind. 

and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 19, pp. 623-624, 1927.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 658 PLATE 1

<6^V*Y^

>r\\\\N ..V-tK

^^X \X x>l\^> '

\\\x>xx/^._--

PARTS PER 

MILLION

Location of cities considered

WEIGHTED AVERAGE HARDNESS, BY STATES, OF WATER FURNISHED IN 1932 BY PUBLIC SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN OVER 600 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

DISTRIBUTION OF HARD WATER 13

supplies in each State and include the supplies of only 46.2 percent of 

the total population of the United States. The percentage included 

for several of the States is much smaller. The averages shown in 

table 3 and plate 1 are averages of results that for some States cover 

large ranges of hardness. For some of the States the ranges are not 

very large.

In the preparation of these summaries the hardness of a supply 

was taken as the average for the year. Limiting the consideration to 

these average results covers up many extremes of hardness experienced at certain times. For many of the places with varying hardness 

the average figure used was that given in the descriptive matter 

rather than the hardness shown in a single analysis. The latter 

might represent a sample known to be collected at a time when the 

hardness was not close to the average. For a place supplied from 

two or more sources that serve different parts of the community the 

population was divided into groups representing as well as could be 

ascertained the average number of consumers served from each 

source for the whole year, and each group was assigned to its own 

supply for tabulation and calculation. If information was not 

obtained as to the relative quantities used from the different sources 

the average of the hardnesses was used for the total population of 

the place. For a few places using both ground water and surface 

water the division of the population between the two had to be 

estimated. On this basis all the consumers whose supplies are represented in the table of analyses have been divided into groups served 

with waters in different ranges of hardness as shown in table 2.

TABLE 2. Number of persons, in thousands, using water of different degrees of 

hardness from large public supplies in the United States

Hardness in parts 

per million

1 to 10..... ...........

11 to 20__._ .. .......

21 to 30,.. ............

31 to 40... ......._....

41 to 50..... ..........

51 to 60..... ..........

61 to 80... ____________

81 to 100... .... _---__

101 to 120 

121 to 140 

141 to 160 

161 to 180 

181 to200 

201 to 250 .......

Surface 

water

932

8,797

2,407

1,314

1,639

3,968

4,288

6,532

5,592

7,101

739

1,222

154

1,517

Ground 

water

242

164

139

410

183

177

1,348

305

471

561

486

585

978

Total

1,174

8,961

2,546

1,724

1,822

4,145

5,636

6,837

6,063

7,662

1,225

739

2,495

Hardness in parts 

per million

251 to 300 .... ...

351 to 400 

401 to 450... .. --------

451 to 500 ..........

551 to 600 

601 to 650 

651 to 700 ..... __ -

751 to 800. - -

Surface 

water

1,043

44

0

33

0

0

0

14

0

0

0

47, 336

Ground 

water

694

872

600

333

22

195

81

22

6

0

16

9,360

Total

1,737

916

600

366

22

195

81

36

6

0

16

56,696

Table 2 is reasonably accurate for the average use of water by 

consumers included but is decidedly inaccurate as an indication of the 

relative use of hard and soft waters by the total population of the 

United States. It can be noted from the table of analyses and table 3 

that table 2 includes much higher percentages of the total population

17693 34
14 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

for the States where supplies are generally soft than for the States 

where the supplies are generally hard. Table 2 indicates that in 

 general the harder supplies are ground water and the softer supplies 

are surface water. The proportions of users of surface water and 

ground water for the total population of the United States are very 

different from the ratio shown for the inhabitants of the larger cities. 

Some of the larger supplies included in this report are softened, and 

this makes the proportional number of users of the softer waters 

greater than if the results related to natural waters. Table 2 should 

not mislead anyone who will keep in mind that it applies only to the 

users of water from the public supplies included in the table of analyses. 

A different summary of the data for hardness in the table of analyses 

lias been prepared by calculating weighted averages for the hardness 

of surface-water supplies, of ground-water supplies, and of both 

from the analyses for each State. These calculated weighted averages 

are given in table 3.

TABLE 3.- -Weighted average hardness of water from large public supplies in each 

State

State

Florida ____________ _

Illinois: 

Supplied from Lake MichiNot supplied from Lake

Whole State..-.-- __ ...__

Mississippi. __ __ __ ____

New Mexico-- ------- -_ _ __

Surface supplies

Average hardness as 

CaCOs 

(parts 

per million)

53

133

128 

122 

24 

48 

90 

81 

18 

74

125

142 

127 

199 

160 

187 

105 

65 

15 

53 

19 

114 

154 

52 

133 

94 

251 

83 

11 

53 

62

Population 

served

Thousands

472

155 

2,537 

418 

1,144 

107 

503 

158 

509 

35

3,791

514 

4,305 

962 

249 

299 

606 

536 

251 

959 

2,825 

2,437 

858 

82 

1,698 

121 

214 

14 

146 

2,116 

17

Percentage 

of total population of 

State

17.8

8.4 

44.7 

40.3 

71.2 

44.7 

100.0 

10.8 

17.5 

7.8

49.7

6.7 

56.4 

29.7 

10.1 

15.9 

23.2 

25.5 

31.5 

58.7 

66.5 

50.3 

33.5 

4.1 

46.8 

22.5 

15.5 

16.0 

31.4 

52.4 

4.1

Ground supplies

Average hardness as 

CaCOs 

(parts 

per million)

50 

207 

44 

150

85

173 

116 

99

345 

345 

361 

347 

401

43

21 

47 

303 

290 

27 

276 

234 

150 

187 

35 

128 

259

Population 

served

Thousands

136 

106 

66 

871

16

415 

157 

31

454 

454 

359 

415 

201

84

11 

295 

335 

139 

137 

15 

3 

132 

20 

72 

680 

46

Percentage 

of total population of 

State

5.2 

24.3 

3.5 

15.3

7.0

28.2 

5.4 

6.9

6.0 

6.0 

11.1 

16.8 

10.7

4.0

0.7 

6.9 

6.9 

5.4 

6.8 

0.4 

0.5 

9.6 

21.8 

15.5 

16.8 

10.8

All supplies

Average hardness as 

CaCOa 

(parts 

per million)

52 

207 

106 

133 

122 

24 

53 

90 

148 

41 

85

125

237 

148 

243 

277 

274 

105 

62 

15 

53 

21 

137 

173 

36 

134 

98 

213 

143 

19 

71 

205

Population 

served

Thousands

608 

106 

221 

3,408 

418 

1,144 

123 

503 

573 

666 

66

3,791

968 

4,759 

1,321 

664 

500 

606 

620 

251 

970 

3,120 

2,772 

997 

219 

1,713 

124 

346 

34 

218 

2,796 

63

Percentage 

of total population of 

State

23.0 

24.3 

11.9 

60.0 

40.3 

71.2 

51.7 

100.0 

39.0 

22.9 

14.7

49.7

12.7 

62.4 

40.8 

26.9 

26.6 

23.2 

29.5 

31.5 

59.4 

73.4 

57.2 

38.9 

10.9 

47.2 

23.0 

25.1 

37.8 

46.9 

69.2 

14.9
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD WATER 15

TABLE 3. Weighted average hardness of water from large public supplies in each

State Continued

State

New York:

Whole State 

Ohio.. ... . .. ._ ._ .

Texas..- _____ _ .............

Utah...........................

Surface supplies

Average hardness as 

CaCOs 

(parts 

per million)

29 

88 

47 

25 

153 

125 

139 

10 

78 

28 

22 

239 

82 

127 

170 

63 

43 

22 

71 

129 

106

85

Population 

served

Thousands

5,972 

2,515 

8,487 

504 

57 

3,054 

465 

343 

5,109 

600 

192 

32 

391 

769 

123 

69 

592 

618 

288 

875 

37

47, 338

Percentage 

of total population of 

State

47.4 

20.0 

67.4 

15.9 

8.3 

45.9 

19.4 

36.0 

53.0 

87.4 

11.0 

4.6 

15.0 

13.2 

24.3 

19.3 

24.4 

39.5 

16.7 

29.8 

16.3

38.6

Ground supplies

Average hardness as 

CaCOs 

(parts 

per million)

108 

174 

117 

95 

262 

333 

246 

29 

203 

24 

34 

478 

44 

143 

174

164 

112 

172 

247 

224

191

Population 

. served

Thousands

958 

161 

1,119 

23 

24 

617 

89 

53 

220 

15 

32 

60 

313 

821 

87

68 

164 

78 

354

25

9,358

Percentage 

of total population of 

State

7.6 

1.3 

8.9 

.7 

3.6 

9.3 

3.7 

5.6 

2.3 

2.1 

1.9 

8.7 

11.9 

14.1 

17.1

2.8 

10.5 

4.5 

12.0 

11.2

7.6

All supplies

Average hardness as 

CaCOs 

(parts 

per million)

40 

93 

55 

28 

185 

160 

156 

13 

83 

27 

22 

395 

65 

135 

171 

63 

56 

41 

93 

163 

154

102

Population 

served

Thousands

6,930 

2,676 

9,606 

527 

81 

3,671 

554 

396 

5,329 

615 

224 

92 

704 

1,590 

210 

69 

660 

782 

366 

1,229 

62

56, 696

Percentage 

of total population of 

State

55.0 

21.3 

76.3 

16.6 

11.9 

55.2 

23.1 

41.6 

55.3 

89.5 

12.9 

13.3 

26.9 

27.3 

41.4 

19.3 

27.2 

50.0 

21.2 

41.8 

27.5

46.2

To calculate the weighted average hardness of the surface-water 

supplies of a State the average hardness of each supply was multiplied 

by the number of consumers and the sum of these products was 

divided by the sum of the numbers of consumers to give the average. 

The same was done for the ground-water supplies. The totals of the 

products for surface water and for ground water were added and this 

sum divided by the total number of consumers to obtain the weighted 

average hardness of all supplies of a State. A place with more than 

one source of supply was treated the same as for table 2.

In a very general way the average-hardness figures for most of the 

States are representative of general conditions in the States. In some 

States the range of hardness for the supplies considered is only moderate; in other States the range is large. Of the places included in 

the table of analyses, no supply with a hardness of over 60 parts per 

million is shown for the States of Connecticut, Maine, Oregon, and 

Hhode Island. The range in hardness of the supplies reported in the 

table for Florida is from 7 to 520 parts per million; for Oklahoma the 

range is from 35 to 626. Averages for these two States are very 

inadequate for almost any purpose except perhaps for calculating the 

average amount of soap used by the consumers included in the report.
16 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

For Illinois and New York the State averages are each divided into 

two parts. The hardness of the water from Lake Michigan is much 

less than the hardness of practically all the other supplies in Illinois. 

About 50 percent of the total population of the State is supplied from 

Lake Michigan, and only about 13 percent use the other supplies 

listed in this report. The weighted average hardness for all the places 

in Illinois included in this report is 148, which is near the 125 for Lake 

Michigan. If the other 37 percent of the total population could be 

represented, it is quite certain that the average for the whole State 

would not be so near the average for Lake Michigan. The weighted 

average for the places not supplied from Lake Michigan is much 

nearer the probable average for the consumers not included in the 

report than is the weighted average given for the whole State.

Conditions in New York State are somewhat similar, but the difference in hardness between the supply of New York City and those of 

the other places is much less than the difference in Illinois. Picking 

out individual supplies from-several other States would produce slight 

modifications of averages, but in no other State with a large population 

is the weighted average for the whole State so much influenced by a 

single supply or source.

An indication of the effect on the weighted average hardness resulting from addition or elimination of places is obtained by comparing 

the results in table 3 with the similar table in Water-Supply Paper 

496, which was issued in 1923. The weighted average hardness for 

the United States in Water-Supply Paper 496 was 99; in the table for 

1932 it is 102. Failure to note how the tables were prepared might 

lead to the conclusion that the hardness of the large public supplies 

in the United States had increased during the past 10 years. The 

simple explanation is that the increase in the number of places from 

307 to 670 consisted in the addition of smaller places, which are 

likely to have harder water supplies, and in the addition of proportionally more places in the States where water is generally hard than 

in the States where soft water is available.

The weighted average hardness for the surface-water supplies is 

85 in both reports. In the earlier report the cities supplied with 

surface water had 33 percent of the total population of the United 

States; in table 3 the percentage is 38. The weighted average hardness of the ground-water supplies in the earlier report was 225 and in 

this report is 191, but the proportion of the total population of the 

United States in the cities using the ground-water supplies considered 

has increased from 4 percent in Water-Supply Paper 496 to 7.6 percent 

in the present report. This added weight for the ground-water supplies increases the average hardness for all supplies, even though the 

average hardness of the ground-water supplies in this report is less 

than in the former report. The weighted average hardness for all
DISTRIBUTION OF HARD WAfER 17

the supplies in this report that were also included in Water-Supply 

Paper 496 is 97, a decrease of 2 parts per million. The average for 

surface-water supplies for the same places decreased from 85 to 84 

and for ground-water supplies from 225 to 182. These figures show 

that the additional places included in this report have supplies that 

are harder than the supplies of the places that are included in both 

reports.

The results in table 3 are still further summarized in plate 1, which 

shows the States shaded to correspond to four ranges of average hardness. The map is accurate for the weighted average hardnesses of 

the supplies of the places included but should not be expected to 

show accurately the general hardness of water in different areas. It 

is with the object of making the shadings more representative of the 

general hardness that small parts of Illinois and New York corresponding to the supplies of Chicago and New York City are shaded 

according to the hardness of these single supplies, the rest of each 

State being shaded according to the weighted hardness for the other 

supplies. The fact that the shadings are drawn according to State 

averages, except as noted for Illinois and New York, makes abrupt 

changes at State boundaries, which obviously do not exist. Still the 

shadings indicate in a very general way the areas where soft water 

or hard water is likely to be used.

The public supplies of the larger places in the States in the first 

group those that are unshaded on the map (hardness 1 to 60) 

are generally considered soft, although the averages for the States 

may include some individual supplies whose hardness is beyond the 

upper limit indicated. In ordinary household use hardness below 

60 parts per million is scarcety noticed. For supplies with hardness 

nearly up to 60 softening is profitable for laundries, for many steamboiler plants, and for a few other industrial uses.

The States in the second group, shown by the lightest shading on 

the map, are those for which the weighted average hardness for the 

larger public supplies is from 61 to 120 parts per million. These 

States include some supplies whose hardness is outside these limits, 

but for most of the supplies the hardness is within the limits. Those 

who are accustomed to really soft water will notice the hardness of 

supplies in this range, especially in the upper part. To those who 

have regularly used water with hardness of several hundred parts per 

million the hardest of this group will seem soft. Where municipal 

supplies are softened it is customary to bring the hardness down well 

below the upper limit of this group. Softening is not now practiced 

for any municipal supply whose natural hardness is within the limit 

of this group. Household water softeners have been installed by 

some users of supplies with hardness near the upper limit for this 

group. Softening of any supply in this group is likely to be profitable
18 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

for a laundry, and softening or treatment within the boiler is necessary 

for a steam-boiler plant.

The third group, shown by the medium shading, includes the 

States for which the weighted average of the hardness of water of 

the larger public supplies falls between 121 and 180. Some individual 

supplies in nearly all these States fall outside the limit, but the 

hardness of most of the supplies is within the range indicated. Nearly 

everyone notices hardness in this range, yet many supplies, especially 

those nearer the lower limit, cause little complaint when used without 

softening. Household softening is commonly found desirable by 

those using supplies that fall within this range of hardness. Any 

industrial plant in which hardness is detrimental will soften water 

whose hardness falls within the range for this group. Municipal 

softening may be profitable. It is now being considered in connection with plans for the filtration of some supplies whose hardness is 

near the lower limit for the group. Some of the States in this group 

would be in the fourth group if it were not that some of their larger 

supplies are softened and some of the supplies come from lakes or 

rivers that furnish water much softer than is generally available in 

the State.

The States in the fourth group cover the widest range in hardness, 

but there is little reason for making more than one group for States 

in which the weighted average hardness is more than 180 parts per 

million. All nine States in this group have one or more supplies with 

hardness below 180, eight have supplies in the group with hardness 

from 61 to 120, and two have supplies in the group with hardness less 

than 61. In the range above 180, eight of the States have supplies 

with hardness over 300 and six have one or more supplies with hardness over 500. Still, about half the consumers in four of these six 

States and about three quarters in two of the States use water with 

hardness between 200 and 350. Water with hardness greater than 

180 parts per million is considered really hard. Most plans for new 

plants for the purification of water whose hardness is much over 180 

include provision for immediate or future softening. It is necessary 

to soften such water for laundry use or for use in steam boilers. Some 

of the supplies of very hard water in this group would be unsatisfactory for some uses even after softening.

Although the shadings on the map are based on the data in the 

table of analyses, the map does not give at a glance an accurate 

impression of the relative use of soft and hard water in the places 

included in this report. Figure 1, with its table, summarizes th& 

data of table 2 in the hardness groups represented on the map. This 

brings out the preponderance of users of the softer waters from thepublic supplies included in this report. It also shows that in the 

higher ranges of hardness ground water is used by larger percentages.
SOURCES OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES IVf

of the total than in the lower ranges of hardness. Because the areaa 

where soft water is used are better represented in this report, as 

shown by the percentages in table 3, it may be that the map even 

with its limitations indicates the extent of the total use of hard water 

better than the results in the tables, which relate only to the places 

included in the report.

 «i-v it_j 121-180 jow loU T

*HARDNES5 IN PARTS PER MILLJON

FIGURE 1. Number of persons using water of certain degrees of hardness from large public supply systems1 

in over 600 cities in the United States. Heavy shading indicates ground water; light'shading, surface 

water.

Population (thousands)

Kange 01 naraness iparts per muiion;

1-60

61-120, ._ ............. ..... .... ........-.- . .... ...

121-180... ..__---. _ . _____ .... . ____ .. .

Surface

19, 057

16, 413

9,062

47, 336

Ground

1,315

2,123

1,517

4,405

9,360

Total

20, 372

18,636-

10, 579

7,209'

56,696'

SOURCES OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES

Table 4, which shows by groups the sources and general methods 

of treatment of the larger public water supplies in 1932, is compiled 

from the data in table 5.
20 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 4. Source and treatment of the public water supplies of the larger cities in

the United States in 198®

Source and treatment

Surface water: 

No treatment other than chlorination ___________ < ___

Coagulation without filtration __________________

Filtration after coagulation. ___________________

Filtration and softening.... ___________________

Total surface supplies ______________________

Wells less than 100 feet deep, infiltration galleries, and springs: 

No treatment other than chlorination ______________

Iron removal... __________________________

Total shallow ground supplies _________________

Wells 100 feet or more deep: 

No treatment other than chlorination ______________

Iron removal. ___________________________

Softening ___ . __ _____________________

Total deep ground supplies ___________________

Total ground supplies _____________________

Total supplies __________________________

Number of 

places

160 

6 

11 

241 

32

450

64 

13 

3

80

119 

16 

5

140

220

670

Population served

Thousands

21, 932 

126 

2,216 

19, 695 

3,752

47, 721

2,223 

391 

203

2,817

5,473 

575 

110

6,158

8,975

56, 696

Percentage 

of total 

population 

of United

States

17.9 

.1 

1.8 

16.0 

3.1

38.9

1.8 

.3 

.2

2.3

4.5 

.4 

.1

5.0 

7.3

46.2

NATURAL SURFACE WATER

About 40 percent of the population of the cities given in this 

report used for public supplies in 1932 surface water with no treatment other than chlorination. Practically all these supplies are taken 

from large lakes or from impounding reservoirs on small streams.

Some of the waters that are used without filtration are collected 

from areas underlain by comparatively insoluble rocks and therefore 

carry very little dissolved mineral matter. They are soft; some 

have very little color and others are highly colored. The freedom 

from hardness is an advantage for some industrial uses, such as 

laundering or dyeing. Before the introduction of softening with 

exchange silicates (see p. 32) these naturally soft waters determined 

the location of manufacturing plants that required water softer than 

could be obtained by the softening processes then in use.

The very soft waters are likely to be corrosive and may take up 

from mains and service pipes undesirable quantities of iron or even 

dangerous quantities of lead where lead pipe is in use. The waters 

that are not so corrosive may be unsatisfactory on account of their 

hardness.

There is a general tendency toward more exacting requirements, 

such as freedom from turbidity, color, hardness, and corrosiveness 

in the water of public supplies, which can be satisfied only by filtra-
TREATMENT OP WATER FOR PUBLIC SUPPLIES 21

tion of many supplies that are now served in their natural condition 

except for chlorination.

TREATED SURFACE WATER

In 1932 about 45 percent of the inhabitants of the larger cities in 

the United States were supplied with surface water that received 

treatment in addition to chlorinafcion, 35 percent used water that had 

been filtered through rapid sand filters, 4 percent used water that had 

been less elaborately treated, and 6 percent used water softened in 

connection with standard rapid sand filtration. The use of filtered 

surface water for public supplies seems likely to increase, even if a 

few more cities obtain new or additional supplies from distant mountain streams that require no purification other than chlorination. 

It is generally recognized that filtration would be desirable for the 

supplies of several large cities that now use untreated surface water.

GROUND WATER

Ground water probably furnishes the domestic water supply for 

nearly half the population of the United States. Well water is used 

by most of the 43.8 percent of the population that live in rural 

districts and by a large proportion of those who live in places of 

2,500 to 20,000 inhabitants. At most places the ground water is 

generally clearer and cooler than the surface water and more uniform in 

composition throughout the year. The most common objectionable 

characteristics of ground waters are hardness and excessive iron. Some 

carry objectionable quantities of hydrogen sulphide, and many of the 

shallow sources are exposed to dangerous pollution. The deeper 

well waters are more generally safe for use without purification.

The weighted average hardness of the ground-water supplies 

included in this report is shown in table 3 to be 191 parts per million, 

against a weighted average hardness of 85 for the surface-water 

supplies. It is obvious that these figures do not mean that all ground 

water is harder than any surface water. In regions where the surface 

water is very soft, the ground water is likely to be much softer than 

the surface water of regions where water is relatively hard. In 

general, however, at any place ground water is likely to be decidedly 

harder than surface water.

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR PUBLIC SUPPLIES

The general subject of public water supplies and their purification 

is discussed comprehensively in several books of technical 18 or 

popular character. 19 Other well-known books are devoted to special

18 Am. Water Works Assoc., Water-works practice, 1926. Ellms, J. W., Water purification, 2d ed., McQraw-Hill Book Co., 1928. Flinn, A. D., Weston, B. 8., and Bogert, Lathrop, Water-works handbook of 

design, construction, and operation, 3d ed., McQraw-Hill Book Co., 1927. Turneaure, F. E., and Russell, 

H. L., Public water supplies, 3d ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1924.

» Holway, Hope, The story of water supply, Harper & Brothers, 1929.
22 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

features such as the chemistry of water treatment,20 the microscopy 

of drinking water,21 and the control of the operation of nitration 

plants.22 Current changes and improvements in processes are 

usually described in journals published by the American Water 

Works Association and the New England Water Works Association 

and also in journals devoted to general, sanitary, or municipal 

engineering.

The discussion in this report is given merely to explain terms used 

in the table of analyses and to indicate some of the unavoidable 

limitations of the data in the table. The brief descriptions accompanying the analyses in table 5 are intended to indicate the extent 

to which the analyses represent the composition of the water at all 

times. Detailed data on the design and actual operation in 1932 of 

45 large rapid sand filtration plants in the United States and 3 in 

Canada were collected by Hardin,23 with reference to the design of a 

new plant. Less detailed descriptions 2* have been collected for 

practically all the purification plants in the United States. A com 

pilation of water-supply statistics for several thousand supplies in the 

United States 25 gives concise data on type of source, kind of treatment, pumping equipment, distribution systems, rates of consumption, and other features.

FILTRATION (RAPID SAND FILTRATION)

It is seen from table 4 that of the 670 supplies for which data are 

given in table 5 the supplies for 273 places, with 21,911,000 consumers, 

are treated by rapid sand filtration; 160 supplies, with 21,932,000 

consumers, receive no treatment other than chlorination; and only 

11, with 2,216,000 consumers, are treated by slow sand filtration. 

Therefore the term "filtered" without qualification is used in the 

table of analyses to indicate that a supply has been treated by rapid 

sand filtration. Minor modifications are not noted, but additions 

to or departures from standard practice that may affect the industrial use of the treated water are indicated.

The essential features of rapid sand nitration are the addition of a 

coagulant, generally aluminum sulphate, which is commonly called 

"filter alum" or "alum," a period of settling for elimination of most

80 Buswell, A. M., The chemistry of water and sewage treatment: Am. Chem. Soc. Mon. 38, Chemical 

Catalog Co., 1928.

21 Whipple, G. C., The microscopy of drinking water, 4th ed., revised by G.M. Fair and M. C. Whipple, 

John Wiley & Sons, 1927.

22 Hopkins, E. S., Water purification control, Williams & Wilkins Co., 1932.

23 Hardin, E. A., Design and operation data on large rapid sand filtration plants in the United States and 

Canada: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 1190-1207, 1932.

24 Streeter, H. W., Report of the committee on water purification and treatment of the conference of State 

sanitary engineers, in Census of municipal water-purification plants in the United States, 1930-31, pp. 

25-146, American Water Works Assoc., 1933.

85 Kendall, T. R., and Sloan, E. L., Water-supply statistics of American municipalities, 2ded., American 

City Magazine, 1929.
TREATMENT OF WATER FOR PUBLIC SUPPLIES 23

of the floe formed by the coagulation, and filtration through sand 

at a rate many times as rapid as the rate used in filtration without 

coagulation. The filter effluent is regularly given a small dose of 

chlorine gas.

Coagulants other than alum may be used, and with many waters 

it is necessary to add lime or soda ash with the coagulant to produce 

a floe, but these variations are not noted in the table. Softening and 

final treatment for the adjustment of pH are mentioned.

Sedimentation. At many plants the water passes through fairly 

large settling basins or is held in a reservoir to permit the removal 

by sedimentation of a considerable proportion of the suspended 

matter. The sediment from a very turbid water may completely 

fill a small reservoir in 10 or 12 years.26 Where sedimentation basins 

of moderate size are used with very turbid waters provision may be 

made for the continuous removal of the material that has settled.27

Coagulation. The most widely used coagulant has always been 

aluminum sulphate, which is commonly referred to as "filter alum " or 

"alum." At most plants the filter alum is purchased. At some the 

coagulant is manufactured from bauxite and sulphuric acid.28 Iron 

sulphate (copperas) has been used as a coagulant at some plants. It 

will not normally react with the water but requires the addition of 

lime to produce a floe. Chlorinated copperas 29 and ferric chloride 30 

have also been used as coagulants, and at some plants sodium aluminate 31 is used in addition to alum.

Coagulation with alum increases the sulphate, decreases the alkalinity, and tends to make the water more corrosive. In the early 

filtration plants the addition of alum was based largely on the turbidity, and sometimes excessive quantities were used. Later the 

quantity of alum used was based on the alkalinity of the water, and 

when the alkalinity was not sufficient for the alum needed to give a 

satisfactory floe the alkalinity was increased by the addition of lime 

or soda ash. The additional lime might cause the finished water to 

be harder than the untreated water, or the addition could be made in 

such quantity as to reduce the total hardness. Better results followed 

the adoption of the practice of regulating the addition of the coagulant

28 Taylor, T. TL, Reservoir loses 84 percent of storage capacity in nine years: Eng. News Record, vol. 91, 

pp. 380-382, 1923. Meeker, R. I., Silting of reservoirs: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans., vol. 93, pp. 1731- 

1733, 1929.

27 Morrill, A. B., Sedimentation-basin research and design: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, 

pp. 1442-1458, 1932.

28 Hoover, C. P., Process of purifying water: U.S. patent 1,197,123,1916. Lauter, C. J., Manufacture of 

aluminum sulphate at the Dalecarlia filter plant, Washington, D.C.: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 25, 

pp. 953-958, 1933.

29 Hedgepeth, L. L., Olsen, N. C., and Olsen, W. C., Chlorinated copperas a new coagulant: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 20, pp. 467-472, 1928. Hopkins, E. S., and Whitmore, E. R.( Study of the floe 

produced by chlorinated copperas: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 22, pp. 79-81, 1930.

so Craig, E. C., Bean, E. L., and Sawyer, R. W., Iron and lime in removal of manganese: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 1762-1766, 1932.

31 Ripple, O. J., Turre, C. J., and Christman, C. H., The use of liquid sodium aluminate in the clarification of the Denver water supply: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 748-752,1928.
24 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

by the hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) of the water.32 The pH that 

will insure the best coagulation differs from one plant to another and 

at any plant may change from day to day.

It is now a common practice to determine experimentally the proper 

dosage of alum. Samples of the raw water in beakers are treated 

with different quantities of alum and stirred mechanically. From 

observation of floe formation in the beakers the operator determines 

the proper quantity of coagulant to add to the raw water for filtration. The quantity that gives the most satisfactory coagulation in 

the plant may not be in exactly the same proportion as the quantity 

that gives the best result in the beakers, because the mixing and 

temperature in the plant and in the beakers may not correspond 

exactly.

Mixing and settling basins and filters. The design and operation of 

mixing devices and settling basins 33 and the operation of the filters, 

particularly as to washing,34 are of the greatest importance for the 

effective operation of a plant, but they have little effect on the industrial utility of the finished water.

Chlorination. Practically every filter effluent is chlorinated before 

delivery to the mains. The small quantity of chlorine added is almost 

always regulated with reference to the residual free chlorine, which is 

commonly only a few tenths of a part per million. This excess is 

generally determined by comparison with standards using the orthotolidine reagent, which was introduced by E. B. Phelps in 1909 and 

has been carefully studied with reference to its accuracy and reliability.35 Incorrect and misleading results may be obtained when 

manganese is present in the water 36 or when the test is applied without correction to swimming-pool water which is treated with chlorine 

and ammonia and is recirculated.37

11 Wagner, A., and Enslow, L. H., Applied hydrogen-ion concentration a study of its merits in practical 

filter-plant operation: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 9, pp. 373-391, 1922. Baylis, J. R., The use of 

acids with alum in water purification and the importance of hydrogen-ion concentration: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 20, pp. 365-392, 1923.

as Willcomb, G. E., Floe formation and mixing basin practice: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, 

pp. 1416-1437,1932. Smith, M. C., Improved coagulation at the Richmond, Va., filter plant: Idem, vol. 

25, pp. 254-259, 1933. Black, A. P., Rice, Owen, and Bartow, Edward, Formation of fioc by aluminum 

sulphate: Idem, pp. 811-815, 1933. Nolte, A. G., and Kramer, W. A., Coagulation with aluminum sulphate: Idem, pp. 1263-1278, 1933; Floe formation studies in water purification: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, 

vol. 25, pp. 1110-1112, 1933.

84 Hulbert, Roberts, and Herring, F. W., Studies on the washing of rapid sand filters: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., vol. 21, pp. 1445-1487, 1929; discussion by F. W. Herring, J. R. Baylis, Wynkoop Kiersted, 

H. E. Jordan, E. S. Chase, W. W. DeBerard, C. P. Hoover, W. C. Him, G. G. Dixon, William Gore, 

M. G. Mansfield, J. F. Laboon, W. C. Lawrence, Abel Wolman, and S. T. Powell, pp. 1487-1513. 

Lawrence, W. C., Further experience with high rate of filter wash: Idem, vol. 24, pp. 1358-1361, 1932. 

Hulbert, Roberts, and Feben, Douglas, Hydraulics of rapid filter sand: Idem, vol. 25, pp. 19-45, 1933.

35 Ellms, J. W., and Hauser, S. J., Orthotolidine as a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of small 

quantities of free chlorine: Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 5, pp. 915-917, 1030, 1913; The effect of 

ferric salts and nitrites on the orthotolidine and starch iodide tests for free chlorine: Idem, vol. 6, pp. 

553-554, 1914.

36 Baylis, J. R., Manganese in Baltimore water supply: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 12, pp. 

211-232, 1924. Hopkins, E. S., Manganese interference in the o-tolidene test for available chlorine: Ind. 

and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 19, pp. 744-746, 1927.

37 Jenne, L. L., and Welsford, H. R., Precautions needed in the ammonia-chlorine treatment of swimming 

pools: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 32-34, 1931.
TREATMENT OF WATEK FOR PUBLIC SUPPLIES 25

Apparatus has been developed M for automatically regulating the 

dosage of chlorine according to the residual chlorine indicated by the 

orthotolidine test.

Chlorination as normally practiced has no effect on the industrial 

value of the water except as it may affect the taste or odor. (See 

p. 26.)

Adjustment of pH. For most waters the best floe is obtained by 

coagulation at a value of pH at which the water would actively attack 

iron pipes. Mains may be protected from this attack by different 

kinds of lining,39 so that they will not lose carrying capacity from the 

accumulation of the products of corrosion 40 and will not give up large 

amounts of iron to be carried in solution by the water, but the corrosive 

water may still attack household water lines. It is therefore becoming 

increasingly common to give a final treatment, usually with lime, to 

bring the pH and calcium content of the water within a range that 

will insure freedom from corrosion of the mains and service lines.41 

In the table of analyses adjustment of pH is noted wherever an affirmative reply was received to a direct question as to final adjustment of 

pH. Results furnished by the filtration-plant laboratories are given 

to indicate the probable range in pH. At some plants an automatic 

recorder ^ shows continuously the pH of the filter effluent and serves 

as an accurate guide for the addition of lime.

Manganese removal. Manganese in water may be exceedingly 

troublesome in laundry work or in textile plants. In the regular 

course of filtration when alum is used as a coagulant the manganese 

is likely to be carried through the plant into the mains, although it 

has been known to accumulate in the filter beds, to be later taken 

up and carried into the mains.43 If the water receives final treatment 

to increase the pH the manganese will slowly separate after the water 

leaves the plant. This trouble is being prevented at some plants M 

by using as a coagulant an iron salt that gives a good floe with lime 

at a pH that causes precipitation of the manganese.

«8 Cutler, J. W., and Green, F. W., Operating experiences with a new automatic residual chlorine recorder 

and controller: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 22, pp. 755-766, 1930. Harrington, J. H., Photoelectric control of chlorine feed: Idem, vol. 23, pp. 736-739,1931.

» Stokes, D. B., and Reddick, H. Q., Linings for cast-iron pipe: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, 

pp. 1582-1589, 1932.

4° Redington, H. R., Birkinbine, J. L. W., and Speller, F. N., Corrosion of water mains: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 23, pp. 1649-1693, 1931.

41 Baylis, J. R., Prevention of corrosion and "red water": Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 15, pp. 

598-633,1926. Hopkins, E. S., Reduction of corrosion in water pipe: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 25, 

p. 1050,1933. Cox, C. R., The removal of aggressive carbon dioxide by contact beds of limestone or marble: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 25, pp. 1505-1522, 1933.

« Lauter, C. J., Manufacture of aluminum sulphate at the Dalecarlia filter plant, Washington, D.C.: 

Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 25, pp. 953-958, 1933.

43 Janzig, A. C., and Montank, I. A., High manganese effluent from idle filters: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., vol. 21, 1319-1328, 1929.

44 Craig, E. C., Bean, E. L., and Sawyer, R. W., Iron and lime in removal of manganese: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 1762-1766,1932.
26 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

Undesirably large quantities of manganese are often found in 

ground water 45 as well as in surface waters.46

Prevention of tastes and odors. The most noticeable effect of tastes 

and odors in water supplies is in domestic use. Industrial use is not 

so seriously affected except in the food industries. Two classes of 

odors that have received the most attention are the natural odors 

produced by organisms,47 largely microscopic, and the disagreeable 

odors resulting from the chlorination of waters that contain wastes 

from coke ovens, gas works, and similar plants. Quantities of these 

wastes so small as to give no perceptible taste or odor in the untreated water may produce very offensive tastes or odors when the 

water is chlorinated.

Reviews by Baylis 48 and by Gibbons 49 describe different methods 

used for the elimination of tastes and odors and list a number of 

articles on the subject published up to 1932. The obvious and simple 

method of aeration 50 is sufficient for some needs,51 although it is far 

from a panacea.52 Carbon in different forms has been used widely.63 

At a number of plants finely divided activated carbon 54 is applied at 

about the time of coagulation and removed in part with the floe that 

separates in the settling basins and in part with the floe that settles 

on the filters, to be removed by the back washing of the filters. At 

one plant 55 bleaching clay of the type used for the purification of oils 

was found effective in removing odors.

The use of copper sulphate 56 to prevent odors caused by microscopic organisms is a common practice. When treatment with copper 

sulphate is applied after a growth has become sufficient to cause an

45 Western, R. S., Manganese in water, its occurrence and removal: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 

23, pp. 1272-1282, 1931.

48 Baylis, J. R., Manganese in Baltimore water supply: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 12, pp. 

211-232, 1924. Frisk, P. W., The elimination of manganese in reservoirs: Idem, vol. 24, pp. 425-435, 1932. 

Hopkins, E. S., and McCall, G. B., Seasonal manganese in a public water supply: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 24, pp. 106-108, 1932. Boynton, Perkins, and Carpenter, L. V., Manganese and its relations to 

filters: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 1341-1348,1932. Hale, F. E., Manganese in the Croton 

water of New York City: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 20, pp. 661-670, 1928. Zapffe, Carl, The 

history of manganese in water supplies and methods for its removal: Idem, vol. 25, pp. 655-676, 1933.

« WMpple, G. C., The microscopy of drinking water, 4th ed., revised by G. M. Fair and M. C. Whipple, 

John Wiley & Sons, 1927.

« Baylis, J. R., Taste and odor elimination: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 635-656, 1932.

49 Gibbons, M. M., Elimination of tastes and odors of industrial origin from public water supplies: Ind. 

and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 24, pp. 977-982, 1932.

80 Langlier, W. F., The theory and practice of aeration: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 

62^72, 1932.

« Thuma, R. A., Aeration with compressed air for removing odors: Idem, pp. 682-691.

62 Hale, F. E., Present status of aeration: Idem, pp. 1401-1415.

83 Baylis, J. R., The use of charcoal and activated carbon in water treatment: Water Works and Sewerage, vol. 78, pp. 287-292, 320-324, 357-362, 1931; vol. 79, pp. 14-18, 1932.

M Spalding, G. R., Activated char as a deodorant in water purification: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

-vol. 22, pp. 646-648, 1930; Experience with activated carbon: Idem, vol. 24, pp. 1394-1400, 1932.

" Norcom, G. D., Bleaching clay in water purification: Water Works and Sewerage, vol. 80, pp. 53-54, 

1933.

56 Moore, G. T., and Kellerman, K. F., A method of destroying or preventing the growth of algae and 

certain pathogenic bacteria in water supplies: U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 64,1904; Copper 

as an algicide and disinfectant in water supplies: U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 76, 1905.
TREATMENT OF WATER FOR PUBLIC SUPPLIES 27

appreciable odor, the first effect may be a great increase in the odor 

on account of the sudden destruction of large numbers of organisms.

Heavy prechlorination 57 has sometimes been used for prevention 

of tastes due to so-called "phenolic compounds." This heavy treatment has usually been followed by dechlorination either with sulphur dioxide or with thiosulphate. The use of ammonia in connection 

with chlorine has been found effective in some plants 58 in preventing 

these tastes.

Tastes and odors are so irregular in occurrence at any plant, and 

methods for their prevention or elimination are being so rapidly developed that no information could be given in the table of analyses 

with any assurance that the statement about a particular supply 

would be true by the time it was printed.

FILTRATION WITHOUT COAGULATION (SLOW SAND FILTRATION)

The earlier water-filtration plants consisted of sand filters and 

nothing more. The water with no preliminary treatment other than 

plain sedimentation without coagulation was allowed to filter through 

beds of sand at a rate much slower than is used for the rapid sand filter. 

These slow sand filters serve reasonably well for clear waters with little 

color. They may be operated without chemical control and with 

much less expert attention than is required for a rapid sand filter. 

They require much larger filtering areas and therefore involve a 

greater cost of installation. Partly because of the cost, but more 

because of their lack of adaptability to different modifications of 

treatment, very few slow sand filters have been constructed in recent 

years, and several of the older plants have been modified to permit 

some use of features of rapid sand filtration. For industrial users the 

slow sand filter had some advantages over the rapid filter as first 

developed. The dissolved mineral constituents in the water served 

to consumers were the same as in the raw water, whereas in the water 

from rapid filters some of the carbonate hardness had been changed 

to noncarbonate hardness, and the water was likely to be corrosive. 

The present increasing attention to softening and to the prevention 

of corrosion is enabling the rapid sand filtration plant to deliver 

water that is much better than the natural water as regards hardness 

and corrosiveness.

NATURAL PURIFICATION

It has long been recognized that storage in a large open reservoir 

will greatly improve the sanitary quality of water, and many supplies 

at one time depended on this method for the purification of water

87 Howard, N. J., Progress in superchlorination treatment for taste prevention at Toronto, Ontario: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 23, pp. 378-395, 1931.

68 Berliner, J. F. T., The chemistry of ehloramines: Am. Water Works Assoe. Jour., vol. 23, pp. 1261- 

1271, 1931. Oerstein, H. H., The bactericidal efficiency of the ammonia-chlorine treatment: Idem, pp. 

1334-1352. Lawrence, W. C., The ammonia-chlorine treatment at Cleveland: Idem, pp. 1382-1387.
28 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

that was exposed to slight contamination at rare intervals. The 

water was at the same time improved for industrial use by the removal of suspended matter and some color. However, even with the 

most careful control of conditions in the areas tributary to the reservoirs it is no longer customary to rely on the natural purification of 

surface waters, and impounded supplies are regularly chlorinated 

before distribution. Some of the supplies from large lakes or from 

impounding reservoirs that receive no treatment other than chlorination are not considered wholly satisfactory, and plans for their 

filtration are being considered.

MUNICIPAL SOFTENING

It is commonly recognized that the use of hard water from a public 

supply involves a cost to the community that is greater than the cost 

of softening the whole supply. A discussion of this question published 

several years ago s9 was based on considerations of the quantity of 

soap used in an average household and the cost of softening the 

amount of water that would probably be softened by soap in the course 

of a day. A more recent study 60 has shown the actual differences 

in the money spent for soap in communities using waters of different 

degrees of hardness, with comparisons of conditions before and after 

softening for one city and for one institution. The results, based on 

the total retail sales of soap in the communities, furnish some definite 

data as to the cost to the communities of the use of waters with 

different degrees of hardness.

The partial softening of public water supplies has been practiced 

for many years, but it is only comparatively recently that many 

supplies have been softened. An early instance was the softening 

at the St. Louis Chain of Rocks plant in 1904.61 Reduction of hardness has been practiced at St. Louis ever since with modification of 

the treatment from time to time.

Many of the processes used in water softening in connection with 

the filtration of surface waters have been developed or tested at 

the water-purification plant in Columbus, Ohio.62 From studies at 

Columbus and at other plants a general plan of treatment has been 

evolved which is followed at most municipal softening plants.

Lime is used to remove the carbonate hardness so far as possible 

under the conditions of precipitation and filtration. Soda ash may 

be used with the lime in order to reduce the noncarbonate hardness.

« Whipple, G. C., The value of pure water, pp. 24-28, John Wiley & Sons, 1907.

60 Hudson, H. W., Quality of water and soap consumption: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 25, 

pp. 645^65.4, 1833.

« Graf, A. V., Municipal water softening at St. Louis: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 758-759,1928.

62 Hoover, C. P., Use of lime in water softening and water purification: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 19, 

pp. 567-570, 1927; Recarbonation of softened water: Idem, pp. 784-786, 1927; Developments in water 

softening: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 20, pp. 642-652. 1928; Present status of municipal water 

«oftenJBg: Idem, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 181-191, 1933.
TREATMENT OP WATER FOR PUBLIC SUPPLIES 29

The excess lime treatment 63 serves to reduce the magnesium and also 

the residual hardness more than is possible by the use of smaller 

quantities of lime as originally practiced. Recarbonation of the 

softened water is necessary to prevent deposits of calcium carbonate 

in the distribution system, and where the excess lime treatment is 

used it is customary to carbonate after precipitation of the magnesium 

in order to precipitate some of the calcium present as excess calcium 

hydroxide. A second carbonation stabilizes the water for distribution.

An exchange silicate 64 may be used instead of soda ash for reduction of the noncarbonate hardness, but this practice is not common 

for plants that combine softening with rapid sand filtration of a 

surface water under constant chemical control.

For the softening of a ground water the exchange-silicate softener 

has in its favor the fact that it requires less careful control of its 

operation than is required for a lime-soda softener. It also provides 

more flexibility of operation without expert chemical supervision. 

Part of the supply can be completely softened and mixed with different proportions of unsoftened water to give without further reaction 

an effluent of any determined hardness. This can also be accomplished by operating softening units after they cease delivering completely softened water.65

Removal of the noncarbonate hardness by lime reduces the total 

quantity of dissolved mineral matter in the water. The total quantity is altered very little by treatment with an exchange silicate, which 

merely exchanges sodium for the calcium and magnesium originally 

in the water. Soda ash used for removal of noncarbonate hardness 

makes little change in the total mineral content.

When the softening of municipal supplies was first introduced the 

commonly accepted standard was a residual hardness of about 100 

parts per million. Most consumers, especially if they had been using 

water with hardness of several hundred parts per million, were very 

well pleased with water of this hardness, but after continued use of 

the softened water they were inclined to complain when the hardness 

rose to 110 or 120. With better regulation of the different steps of 

the process the present tendency is to reduce the hardness below 

80 parts per million, but only a few large plants in 1932 were furnishing 

water of such hardness.

The extent to which softening is practiced for the larger supplies 

and the field for development in softening may be learned from table 4 

and figure 1. Table 4 shows softening of 32 supplies of surface water

" Hoover, C. P., and Montgomery, J. M., Keduction of carbonate hardness by lime softening to the 

theoretical limit: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 21, pp. 1218-1224, 1929.

M Hoover, C. P., Hansley, V. L., and Sheely, C. Q., Zeolite softening of lime-treated water at Columbus, 

Ohio, water softening and purification works: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 1102-1105, 1928.

M Campbell, J. T., and Davis, D. E., Softening municipal supplies by zeolite: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., vol. 21, pp. 1035-1053, 1929.

17693 34 3
30 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

serving 3,752,000 consumers and 8 supplies of ground water serving 

313,000 consumers. Figure 1 shows 2,804,000 consumers using surface water and 4,405,000 consumers using ground water with hardness 

over 180 parts per million. In the range of hardness from 121 to 180 

parts per million, in which the need for softening is less acute, there 

are 9,062,000 users of surface water and 1,517,000 users of ground 

water. These figures relate only to the 670 places considered in this 

report. As has been indicated, the supplies for which analyses are 

given are on the whole probably decidedly softer than the supplies, 

public and private, not here included.

Municipal softening is not sufficient for the more exacting industrial demands. It may, however, make a decided saving in costs of 

installation and operation of an industrial softening plant, because of 

the decrease from the hardness of the raw water and also because a 

municipally softened surface water is likely to be less variable in 

hardness than the untreated water.

IRON REMOVAL

Iron in surface-water supplies rarely demands attention. Unfiltered waters from large reservoirs usually have very little iron in 

solution, and in the regular treatment of waters that are filtered the 

iron is removed without special attention. Some of these waters may 

dissolve iron from mains and service pipes.

Many ground waters contain considerable quantities of iron that 

is held in solution, usually as iron bicarbonate under the reducing 

conditions that prevail in the ground. When these waters are exposed to the air the iron is oxidized, some of the carbon dioxide is 

lost, and the iron separates as a reddish flocculent precipitate of hydrated iron oxide. The occurrence of iron in ground water is decidedly 

erratic and difficult to predict. Wells of about the same depth that 

are fairly near one another may differ widely in their content of iron.

The general principle of the removal of iron is simple enough. 

As a rule it is only necessary to secure fairly complete mixing of air 

and water and then allow opportunitj^ for settling of the precipitated 

iron. The clear water may be drawn off for use, or the iron may be 

removed by filtration. The details of carrying out the process on a 

fairly large scale in such a way as to make certain that the sanitary 

quality of the water is not affected may require careful planning.66

In some supplies a considerable amount of manganese occurs with 

the iron. Where it is necessary to remove manganese also the process 

is likely to be somewhat more complicated and to require more careful 

regulation.67 If the water is softened the manganese and iron are 

removed in the softening process.

68 Cunningham, F. G., and Donaldson, Wellington, The Memphis water supply: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 1539-1550, 1932.

67 Weston, U.S., Manganese in water, its occurrence and removal: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 23, 

pp. 1272-1282, 1931.
INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932 31

INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC

SUPPLIES

Because water from public supplies is used for many purposes for 

which, its chemical character is of no importance, the treatment of a 

public supply is commonly planned to give maximum returns for the 

expenditures, mainly with reference to domestic use. Consequently 

the water delivered to consumers is far from satisfactory for many 

industrial uses, even though it may be quite satisfactory to the average domestic consumer. The additional treatment of the water by 

the industrial user may range from almost nothing to complete 

rapid sand filtration, including softening and adjustment of pH.

BOILER FEED WATER

Of all the industrial uses of water from public supplies the use in 

steam boilers to furnish power or heat is the commonest, and the 

treatment of water for use in boilers has received more attention 

than any other phase of the treatment of water for industrial use.

Methods and apparatus for the treatment of boiler-feed water are 

described in detail in books,68 in articles in current engineering and 

chemical journals, and in printed matter distributed by the manufacturers of materials and equipment for the treatment of boiler-feed 

water.

Scale, corrosion, embrittlement, and foaming. Boiler scale has attracted more attention for a longer time than any other trouble 

caused by feed water. In general, scale consists of deposits of calcium 

and magnesium carbonate or sulphate with smaller or larger quantities of silica and iron. Scale from a water low in sulphate is likely 

to be comparatively soft and easily removed. If the sulphate, and 

therefore the noncarbonate hardness, is high the scale is likely to be 

hard and adherent. 69

Water with noncarbonate hardness caused by chlorides and nitrates 

of calcium and magnesium or water containing free acid would corrode 

a boiler, but such water is not often served for public supplies or used 

in a boiler without treatment. Purification of feed water and the use 

of a large proportion of condensed steam in the make-up may result 

in corrosion unless the gases are removed.70

In recent years attention has been directed to a type of failure of 

boilers that has been attributed to embrittlement of the boiler plate.71 

This failure has been associated with the use of waters that originallycarried considerable quantities of sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate or else contained these compounds as a result of treatment of

68 Powell, S. T., Boiler feed water purification, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1927. Cochrane Corporation, 

Finding and stopping waste in modern boiler rooms, pp. 645-780, 1928.

M Partridge, E. P., Formation and properties of boiler scale: Michigan Univ. Eng. Research Bull. 15,1930.

 McDermet, J. R., Degasiflcation of boiler-feed water: Mech. Eng., vol. 44, pp. 648-650,1922.

71 Parr, S. W., The embrittling action of sodium hydroxide on soft steel: Illinois Univ. Eng. Exper. Sta. 

Bull. 94, 1917.
32 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

waters that originally had large quantities of calcium or magnesium 

bicarbonate. Straub 72 gives a summary of a 5-year investigation of 

the characteristics and cause of this.type of failure and of ways of 

preventing it.

For a long time the foaming and priming of boiler waters has been 

a serious problem, especially in locomotive boilers. It has been attributed in a general way to excessive concentration of soluble salts 

together with the presence of finely divided solid particles in the 

water, and the standard method for its prevention has been by blowing off to reduce the concentration of soluble salts and by adding 

"antifoaming" compounds to the water in the boiler. Foulk and his 

coworkers at the Ohio State University are reporting progress in the 

study of the causes and mechanism of foaming and its prevention.73

Softening. Treatment with lime and soda ash, with or without 

filtration, was for many years the only method used to soften water 

for boiler feed. The practical limit of residual hardness for softening 

hi the cold was about 50 parts per million and by the hot process 

about 25 parts per million. The development of the exchangesilicate (zeolite) softener made it possible to reduce the hardness practically to zero. Either method greatly reduced or eliminated the formation of scale in a boiler. The choice between the two, with the 

possibility of a combination of lime and exchange-silicate treatment, 

has depended on the character of the water to be softened, the required daily or hourly output, and the kind of attention that could 

be given to the plant. The exchange silicate requires clear water and 

therefore would not normally be chosen for the treatment of a turbid 

surface water.

In general the exchange-silicate softener requires less skilled attention than the lime-soda softener. Within its limit of total and hourly 

capacity the exchange silicate will soften almost any water likely to 

be served for a public supply, regardless of its hardness. The addition of chemicals to the lime-soda softener must be governed by the 

hardness of the water and will need frequent adjustment to avoid 

overtreatment or undertreatment of a supply from a source that may 

have at one time twice the hardness found at some other time. The 

size of the lime-soda softener is governed by the capacity required 

and is independent of the hardness of the water. The size of an 

exchange-silicate softener to furnish water at a given daily or hourly 

rate depends directly on the hardness.

Internal treatment. When the lime-soda process was the only 

method of water softening it was not generally practicable for small

72 Straub, F. G., Embrittlement in boilers: Illinois Univ. Eng. Exper. Sta. Bull. 216,1930.

78 Foulk, C. W., and Miller, J. N., Experimental evidence in support of the balanced-layer theory of 

liquid-film formation: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 1283-1288,1931. Foulk, C. W., and Hansley, 

V. L., Solid matter in boiler-water foaming: Idem, vol. 24, pp. 277-281,1932. Foulk, C. W., and Groves, 

Kermit, Foaming and priming in boiler water peculiar behavior in an experimental boDer: Idem, vol. 26, 

pp. 800-803, 1933.
INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 33

boiler plants to install softeners, and boiler compounds were widely 

used. Some of these were effective, and some were valueless or even 

harmful. In general they were prescribed and used without much 

reference to the composition of the water. There was a common saying that a boiler should not be used as a vessel for chemical reactions, 

but the scale-forming substances should be removed before the water 

entered the boiler.

Some of those who advocated the use of internal treatment adapted 

to each water and boiler plant realized the inadequacy of the limesoda process as the sole treatment for a boiler-feed water and appreciated some of the advantages of internal treatment that are now 

generally recognized.74

Studies of a specific problem of boiler operation by the United 

States Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh 75 led to the adoption of principles and practices relating to the internal treatment of boiler water 

that are now widely recognized and followed. The comparatively 

recent great increase in working pressures for steam boilers has made 

necessary new equipment for providing the proper conditions within 

the boiler.78 These changes have stimulated studies of reactions within the boiler 77 and of methods for the analysis of water for boilers.78 

Some of the investigations to which reference is made in this discussion have been sponsored by a Joint Research Committee on Boiler 

Feed Water Studies 79 under the chairmanship of S. T. Powell, which 

represents several technical societies and is carrying on an extensive 

program of research on boiler-water problems.

Thus there has developed from the boiler-compound business and 

the old water-softening business the present practice with reference 

to boiler-feed water, which involves treatment outside the boiler to 

remove scale-forming and corrosive constituents and treatment 

within the boiler to insure freedom from scale, corrosion, or foaming. 

The choice of the best equipment and methods for a particular 

installation involves consideration of such information as is given in 

the table of analyses and descriptions in this report in connection with 

the type of boiler and operating requirements.

74 French, D. K., Internal treatment of boiler water proper and improper: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, 

vol. 15, pp. 1239-1243,1923.

» Hall, R. E., A system of boiler-water treatment based on chemical equilibrium: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 17, pp. 283-290,1925; Boiler-water conditioning with special reference to high operating pressure 

and corrosion: Mechanical Engineering, vol. 48, pp. 317-325,1926.

78 Yoder, J. D., Improved equipment for the treatment of feed water for modern steam boilers: Ind. and 

Eng. Chemistry, vol. 21, pp. 829-834,1929.

" Straub, F. Q., Behavior of calcium salts at boiler temperatures: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 24, pp. 

1174-1178,1932; Solubility of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate at temperatures between 182° and 316° 

C.: Idem, pp. 914-917.

78 Partridge, E. P., and Schroeder, W. C., Determination of hydroxide and carbonate in boiler waters: 

Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, Anal, ed., vol. 4, pp. 271-278,1932. Straub, F. Q., Determination of alkalinity 

in boiler waters: Idem, pp. 290-294. Rummel, J. K., Control tests for the treatment of feed and boiler 

water: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 24, pp. 2004-2024,1932.

7« Powell, S. T., Progress report of the Boiler Feed Water Studies Committee, year 1932: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., vol. 25, pp. 279-281,1933.
34 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932 

WATER FOB INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

The most common improvement of water from public supplies for 

use in manufacturing processes is softening. This may be accomplished in the same way as for boiler use, but the requirements of some 

processes may demand more care than is necessary in softening water 

for boiler feed.

The most exacting requirements for process water are probably in 

the production of textiles or fine paper, where the very large quantities 

of water used for a given quantity of product makes it possible for 

exceedingly small quantities of impurities to cause serious damage to 

the product. Color, iron, or manganese, and suspended matter may 

do the most harm in washing processes. Hardness is detrimental in 

the washing and dyeing of textiles. Softening by exchange silicates 

is a widely practiced treatment of water for laundries. It has been 

found profitable in laundries to soften waters that before treatment 

would be considered soft by ordinary standards.

Nearly all of the purification of water for industrial use is directed 

to the removal of calcium and magnesium and leaves the sodium 

either unchanged in quantity or, more generally, considerably increased. For processes like ice manufacture, in which sodium salts 

are about as troublesome as calcium salts, it has been customary 

either to remove only the calcium present as bicarbonate or to use 

distilled water. Distillation is still the most widely used method of 

obtaining water free from sodium salts, although other methods have 

been described. The removal of sodium bicarbonate has been 

accomplished 80 by treating the water with a magnesium exchange 

silicate, which replaces the sodium by magnesium. This is now 

precipitated by lime, which itself remains as carbonate in the precipitate. The exchange silicate is regenerated by a solution of magnesium chloride. The process of electroosmosis 81 removes continuously any soluble salts of calcium, magnesium, or sodium that may 

be in a water. The apparatus may be adjusted to give different 

degrees of purification as desired.

Water for the preparation of food products is often treated with 

ozone,82 which has the advantage over some other treatments of not 

adding any taste or odor to the water and of assisting in the removal 

of tastes and odors that may be in the water. Use is also being made 

of activated carbon 83 to remove tastes and odors from water used in

8° Burks, Dana, Jr., Treatment of water for ice manufacture: Illinois Univ. Eng. Exper. Sta. Bull. 219, 

1930; The treatment of water for ice manufacture, II: Idem, Bull. 253,1933.

8i Behrman, A. S., Water purification by electroosmosis: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 19, pp. 1229- 

1230, 1927. Bartow, Edward, and Perisho, F. W., Relative concentrations of negative ions in different 

parts of an electroosmosis apparatus: Idem, vol. 23, pp. 1305-1309, 1931. Bartow, Edward, and Fry, 

M. A., Removal of positive ions by electrobsmose apparatus: Idem, vol. 25, pp. 336-338,1933.

88 Sharp, Jonathan, Purifying water for food manufacture by ozone and "electrolytic" filtration: Food 

Industries, vol. 1, pp. 625-627, 1929.

«3 Behrman, A. S., Activated carbon in industrial-water purification: Water Works and Sewerage, vol. 

80, pp. 55-59, 1933.
DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES 35

the preparation of food products. The activated carbon has appeared 

to increase greatly the action of water on metallic equipment,84 but 

this has been corrected by suitable coatings on the metal.

DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF WATER FROM PUBLIC

SUPPLIES

With increasing attention to the treatment of water for public 

supplies the time may come when there will be no occasion for treatment in the home of water served for the public supply. At the 

time of the preparation of this report, however, a considerable number 

of supplies can profitably be improved for home use.

It is not likely that any supply described in this report is unsafe 

for drinking. It is not at present feasible to do much in the home to 

improve the taste or odor of water from a public supply which is 

unsatisfactory in these respects. The practical and widely used 

treatments of water from public supplies to improve them for 

domestic use are softening and the prevention of corrosion.

DOMESTIC SOFTENING

Hardness of water is objectionable in the home mainly in connection 

with the use of soap, although some very hard waters give trouble 

from scale in appliances where the water is heated, especially in tanks 

or other arrangements for furnishing a supply of hot water for household use. Because of its simplicity and comparatively low cost of 

installation and operation the exchange-silicate softener is widely 

adopted for domestic use in places where the public water supply is 

hard, and many users consider it worth while further to soften waters 

from public supplies that are already softened in connection with their 

purification. The commercial exchange-silicate softeners completely 

remove the hardness of water and require almost no attention except 

regeneration of the active material with a solution of common salt 

about once a week. The size of softener must be adjusted to the rate 

of use and the hardness of the water in order to give the most satisfaction. Because the softening action is merely an exchange of 

calcium and magnesium for sodium, the taste of the water is not 

affected.

Somewhat crude softening of water has been practiced for many 

years by the addition of chemicals before using soap with the water. 

The softening of water with these chemicals has two advantages. It 

is cheaper to soften with the other chemicals than it is to soften with 

soap, and the softened water is more satisfactory for use, especially 

in laundry work. The precipitate that is formed by the chemicals is 

granular and much less troublesome than the heavy curds formed when 

soap is used. The chemicals used in the past for softening water in

M Behrman, A. S., and Gustafson, H., Behavior of activated carbon with metallic water-purification 

equipment: Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 25, pp. 59-60,1933.
36 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

the home were chiefly ammonia, borax, and sodium carbonate in the 

form of washing soda. More recently there has been a decided 

increase in the use of trisodium phosphate for cleaning and for water 

softening. Large quantities of this chemical are sold in packages 

under various trade names. These chemicals that are used for treatnig water in the home and that are also used to some extent in the 

manufacture of soap are discussed in considerable detail by Smither.85

PREVENTION OP CORROSION

The effects of the corrosive action of waters on household plumbing 

are the appearance of "red water" caused by the separation of dissolved iron when the water is exposed to the air, stoppage of pipes by 

accumulation of products of corrosion, and leaks that may develop in 

the pipes. "Red water" may be caused by iron that is in solution in 

the water when it is delivered to the mains. This occurs most frequently in ground waters. The trouble may be caused by iron which 

has been dissolved from the mains. "Red water" in the home from 

either of these causes cannot be remedied except by the addition of 

chemicals and a somewhat complicated system of filtration.

A considerable part of the trouble from "red water", however, 

occurs only in hot-water lines. The water is not sufficiently corrosive 

to dissolve troublesome quantities of iron from the mains or from coldwater pipes, but when the temperature is raised the corrosive activity 

of the water is greatly increased, and enough iron is dissolved from 

pipes to be objectionable. This difficulty can be prevented by the 

deposition of a coating of silicate on the inside of the iron pipes exposed to corrosion.86 Fairly simple automatic equipment for treating 

hot-water supplies is sold by plumbing-supply houses, just as the 

household softeners are. The application of the silicate coating to 

cold-water lines is not so simple, but installations of this kind have 

been made successfully.

Prevention of "red water" resulting wholly from corrosion of household plumbing is generally possible by the use of either brass or copper 

pipes. A few waters very high in carbon dioxide seem to have a 

solvent action on copper pipe and dissolve a small amount of copper, 

which is objectionable. Brass pipe that contains fairly high percentages of zinc may be attacked severely by water that would corrode 

iron pipes. The water may come through the pipes without any color, 

because the dissolved zinc does not make a colored precipitate after 

it separates. In time, however, the zinc may be dissolved at many 

places in the pipe, leaving a skeleton of copper which is porous, so 

that the pipes develop many small leaks. It is reported that some

» Smither, F. W., Washing, cleaning, and polishing materials: U.S. Bur. Standards Circ. 383, 47pp., 

1930.

16 Speller, F. N., Film protection as a factor in corrosion: Am. Electrochem. Soc. Trans., vol. 46, pp. 

225-237, 1924.
ANALYSES 37

success has been obtained in treating brass pipes with silicate for 

prevention of this action. Brass that is low in zinc appears to withstand the corrosive action of water much better than ordinary yellow 

brass, which is comparatively high in zinc. Corrosion has been prevented in some buildings by permitting the water to attack sheets of 

iron in a suitable container until the oxygen necessary for corrosion is 

exhausted.87

It is difficult to set any definite limits by which to judge the probable corrosiveness of the waters for which analyses are given in the 

table. In general the more corrosive waters are those that are low 

in calcium carbonate and low in pH. The hard waters with fairly 

high alkalinity are generally the less corrosive.

ANALYSES OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES

In the following table are given in detail the data upon which this 

report is based. The population of each city according to the 1930 

census is given in parentheses after the name. Ownership of the 

supply is indicated as "municipal" or by the name of a water district 

or a private water company. Brief mention of the source or sources is 

followed by notes on the treatment. "Filtered" means the usual 

rapid sand filtration described on pages 22-27. Chlorination is 

not mentioned. The other types of treatment are discussed on pages 

27-37. The headings of the columns of analytical results and 

the analytical terms used in the descriptive material are discussed on 

pages 5-12. The date given for an analysis is usually the date of 

collection of the sample.

w West, Percy, Prevention of corrosion of metals by water in a closed system: Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chemistry, vol. 14, pp. 601-607.1922.
38 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the

No. Description

12

15

18

[The information and cooperation necessary for the inclusion of some of the places was obtained 

through the assistance of H. G. Menke, assistant sanitary engineer of the Alabama Board of 

Health]

Anniston (22,345); Alabama Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Blue Mountain and Oxford. Total population 

supplied about 24,700. Cold Water Spring. Analyzed by Southern Testing Laboratories, Inc., 

Birmingham, Apr. 29,1925.

Bessemer (20,721); Alabama Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Water purchased from Birmingham Water Works Co. (See 

Birmingham.)

Birmingham (259,678); Birmingham Water Works Co. (controlled by American Water Works & 

Electric Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Bessemer, Fairfield, Homewood, 

and Tarrant City. Total population supplied about 305,000. Cahaba River in conjunction with 

Lake Purdy, reserve supply from Fivemile Creek; filtered. The reserve supply from Fivemile 

Creek is harder and has a higher mineral content than the Cahaba River-Lake Purdy supply. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lohr. A, Sample of about average hardness, May 18, 1932; B, sample of 

about maximum hardness, October 1931. The composition of the water varies throughout the 

year. Daily determinations for the period May 1, 1930, to Aug. 31, 1931: Alkalinity 26 to 99, 

average 59; hardness 34 to 107, average 69; pH 6.8 to 7.6, average 7.2.

Decatur (15,593); Alabama Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Tennessee River; filtered. Analyzed in the Picard Laboratories, Birmingham, Feb. 4, 1927.

Dothan (16,046); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 4 to 6), 325, 332, and 326 feet deep, respectively; 3 wells 

(nos. 1 to 3) held in reserve as an emergency supply, 625, 626, and 640 feet deep. All wells except 

no. 6, which is pumped directly into the mains, are pumped to a 1,000,000-gallon reservoir. The 

water from the deeper wells has a much higher mineral content than that shown by the analysis. 

Analysis of a sample from wells 4, 5, and 6, representing the usual supply, by L. A. Shinn, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Apr. 7, 1931.

Fairfield (11,059); supplied by Birmingham Water Works Co. (See Birmingham).... ___.. _.

Florence (11,729); municipal; creek; filtered. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Apr. 15, 1931.

Gadsden (24,042); municipal. Supplies also Alabama City and Attalla. Total population supplied about 37,000. Coosa River; filtered; adjustment of pH. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Apr. 

20, 1932. Daily determinations on the treated water for the year 1931: Alkalinity 23 to 70, average 35; pH 7.1 to 7.4.

Huntsville (11,554); municipal; Big Spring. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological 

Survey, July 15,1929.

Mobile (68,202); municipal; creeks impounded. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 21, 1922. A, Spring Hill Creek; B, Bienville Creek.

Montgomery (66,079); municipal; 26 wells about 200 to 700 feet deep penetrating 3 different waterbearing strata at about 200, 400, and 600 feet; 1 well 60 to 80 feet deep (about 20 percent of supply). Water is obtained in about equal amounts from the 200 and 600 foot strata. The 400-foot 

stratum furnishes only a small proportion of the supply. Analyzed by Southern Testing Laboratory, Birmingham, December 1930. A, Water from 60 to 80 foot stratum; B, water from 200- 

foot stratum; C, water from 600-foot stratum.

Phenix City (13,862); municipal; Chattahoochee River; filtered. The mineral content of the 

water is low, and the range in concentration not great, so that a single analysis may safely be 

used to represent the composition of the water throughout the year. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 14,1931. An average of analyses of the river water at West Point, 

Ga., for 1906-7 is similar to the analysis made in 1931.

Selma (18,012); municipal; 5 wells 450 feet deep; aerated, filtered without coagulation. Analyzed 

by Picard Laboratories, Birmingham, Sept. 24, 1929. "

Tuscaloosa (20,659); municipal; Yellow Creek, impounded; filtered, final adjustment of pH to 

about 7.8 by application of lime. The impounding reservoir is so large and the mineral content 

of the water so low that the single analysis may be considered representative of the composition 

of the water regularly furnished to consumers. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 18, 

1932.

ARIZONA

Bisbee (8,023); Arizona Edison Co.; well (mine shaft) 200 feet deep with two drifts or tunnels,

about 500 feet each, running north and south from the bottom. The well is in Naco, and the

water is pumped to a reservoir near the well. Analysis dated Aug. 5, 1926, furnished by the

Arizona Edison Co. 

Douglas (9,828); municipal; 3 wells 325 feet deep, 3 miles west of city. Analysis of tap sample by

El Paso Testing Laboratories, El Paso, Tex., April 1930. 

Globe (7,157); municipal (water purchased from Old Dominion Mining Co.); Old Dominion

mine shaft 850 feet deep, supplied to a reservoir. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr,

Aug. 3, 1932. 

Phoenix (48,118); municipal; wells averaging 80 feet deep and an infiltration gallery adjacent to

Verde River. Analysis of sample from reservoir by University of Arizona, December 1931.
ANALYSES 

larger cities of the United States, 1932

39

Analyses (parts per million)

A.-.,...

B---..._

A.......

B .

A.......

B---....

C. ...

Total 

dissolved 

solids

136

140 

124

"128 

40

46 

68

139

22 

20 

 50 

"182 

°282

51

 107 

33

"240

846 

609

424

Silica 

(SiOj)

2.5

7.8 

5.8

9.9 

7.6

4.9 

8.1

15

6.0 

5.8 

14 

19 

14

12

11 

5.9

20

6.9 

29

Iron 

(Fe)

">0.20

.07 

.01

.34 

.02

.01 

.01

.06

.16 

.11 

*>.50 

".40 

&.40

.02

2.0 

.42

Trace

>3.5 

.04

Calcium 

(Ca)

22

17 

33

30 

4.8

11 

15

39

1.6 

.9 

1.9 

8.9 

1.3

6.6

27 

5.9

68

9.2 

106

53

Magnesium 

(Mg)

13

5.9 

6.0

2.3 

.9

. 7 

4.1

5.5

.4 

.4 

1.0 

1.1 

.3

1.1

4.4 

.8

4.0

3.3 

26

19

Sodium

(Na)

3

19 

4.1

5. 

4.2

1.5 

2.0

1.4

1.9 

1.9

1 

3.9

2 

1.7

1

2i 

48

3

Potassium 

(K)

5

1.3 

1.2

5 

.6

.8 

.9

.6

.3 

.3 

1

>7 

10

1.2

.7 

.6

3

!3 

3.5

7

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

43

54 

120

69 

12

25 

56

129

2.4 

2.4 

20 

147 

264

20

101 

13

227

191 

229

236

Sulphate 

(S04)

70

61 

15

27 

1.7

11 

10

5.3

1.1 

1.4 

2.5 

6.7 

22

10

3.1 

9.3

10

173 

224

55

Chloride 

(Cl)

5.5

2.0 

2.0

8.4 

6.0

1.2 

1.6

1.7

4.5 

3.2 

8.9 

20 

12

2.5

4.2 

1.6

13

222 

30

26

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.45 

.40

4.4

1.6

.64

7.3

.16 

.14

.50

.20

11

Total 

hardness as 

CaC03 »

108

67 

107

84 

16

30

54

120

6 

4 

9 

27 

4

21

86 

18

186

37 

372

210

No.

1

2 

3

4 

5

6

7

8

9 

10 

11

12

13 

14

15

16

17

18

Calculated. Iron and aluminum oxides.
40 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

19

22

23

24

25

28

31

ARIZONA continued

Tucson (32,506); municipal; South Side plant consisting of 11 wells 165 to 476 feet deep (about 85

E

ercent); North Side plant consisting of 4 wells 500 feet deep (about 15 percent). Analyzed by 

mith-Emery Co., Los Angeles, Calif., September 1931. A, South Side group; B, North Side 

Reservoir.

ARKANSAS

[Some of the information given below was obtained from Dr. Harrison Hale, of the University 

of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark., and analyses for three of the places were taken from his report 

entitled "City water supplies of Arkansas" (Arkansas Univ. Bull., vol. 20, no. 18,100 pp., 1926). 

The report gives descriptions and analyses for 82 public supplies in 1926]

Blytheville (10,098); Associated Utilities, Inc.; 3 wells 1,400 feet deep; coke and rapid sand filtration without coagulation. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 12, 1931.

El Dorado (16,421); Arkansas Power & Light Co.; 4 wells 650 to 700 feet deep. Analyzed by Elmer 

Haynes and Newell Gibson, June 1925 (Arkansas Univ. Bull., vol. 20, no. 18, p. 31, 1926).

Fort Smith (31,429); municipal; Poteau and Arkansas Rivers; filtered. Analyzed by E. W. 

Lohr, Nov. 12,1931. The analysis represents a concentration less than the average. The intake 

is located in Poteau River near the junction with the Arkansas. At times it receives backwater 

from the Arkansas. The composition of the water is variable, and the mineral content of the 

Arkansas is high. (For analysis, see Little Rock.) During a period in 1930 when the intake 

was receiving backwater the water delivered to consumers reached a maximum chloride of 369 

and a maximum hardness of 294. Daily determinations for 1929 show the following range in 

concentration of the treated water: Hardness 50 to 240, average 89; chloride 5 to 236, average 15.

Hot Springs (20,238); Hot Springs Water Co.; 3 impounded lakes, auxiliary supply from mountain 

streams; filtered. Analyzed by Ford Loudermilk and Elmer Haynes, April 1925 (Arkansas 

Univ. Bull., vol. 20, no. 18, p. 51, 1926).

Jonesboro (10,326); municipal; wells 129 to 223 feet deep in 3 groups. Analysis of sample from a 

well 129 feet deep at plant 2 by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Jan. 2, 1931. Partial 

analyses of samples collected Jan. 3, 1931, from each of the other groups of wells indicate that 

the analysis given represents fairly well the composition of the water delivered to consumers.

Little Rock (81,679); Arkansaw Water Co.; (controlled by American Water Works & Electric 

Co., 50 Broad Street, New York, N.Y.) Supplies also North Little Rock. Total population 

supplied about 101,000. Arkansas River, wells (used to reduce the chloride content of the water 

during periods of low flow by dilution of the river water with well water); filtered. The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron, the bicarbonate may also be reduced, and the 

sulphate is increased, but the analysis indicates the general character of the river water. Average 

of 22 analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water from Arkansas River near Little Rock 

by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 49, 1909). Daily determinations for the 5-year period 1926-30 show the following range in composition of the treated 

water: Alkalinity 30 to 340, average 101; hardness 56 to 334, average 169; chloride 30 to 400, 

average 193.

North Little Rock (19,418); supplied by Arkansaw Water Go. (See Little Rock)

Pine Bluff (20,760); Arkansas Power & Light Co.; wells 900 feet deep; aerated, treated with lime. 

Analyzed by Elmer Haynes, June 1925 (Arkansas Univ. Bull., vol. 20, no. 18, p. 73,1926).

Texarkana (10,764 [total population of Texarkana, Ark., and Texarkana, Tex., 27,366]); Texarkana 

Water Corporation (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 60 Broad Street, New 

York, N.Y.). Arkansas station supplied by 24 wells 30 to 40 feet deep, Bringle station supplied 

by 14 wells approximately 30 feet deep and by Clear Creek impounded. The chemical character of the ground water and the impounded surface water at this station is about the same. At 

the Arkansas station the water is aerated and treated with lime; the pH is adjusted to maintain 

an alkalinity to phenolphthalein. At the Bringle station the ground water is aerated and the 

surface water is coagulated with alum, all the water is treated with lime and filtered, and the 

pH is adjusted to maintain an alkalinity to phenolphthalein. The two stations furnish about 

equal quantities of water. During winter the Arkansas station furnishes the larger proportion 

of water; in summer this proportion is reversed. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Mar. 12,1931. A, Arkansas station; B, Bringle station.

Alameda (35,033); East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland).. . . 

Alhambra (29,472); municipal; wells. Analyzed by P. M. Gardner, Los Angeles County Health 

Department, Los Angeles, Apr. 20, 1931. A, Reservoir 5, Kewen Canyon Raymond Basin 

Supply (upper basin) fed by wells 6 and 25, 300 and 209 feet deep; B, Garfield Reservoir (lower 

basin) fed by Garfield, Langden, and Graves wells, 561, 801, and 505 feet deep. 

Bakersfield (26,015); California Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also about 1,700 consumers outside of city 

limits. Total population supplied about 27,700. 22 wells 52 to 59 feet deep, 6 wells 66 to 72 feet, 

2 wells 96 to 120 feet, 7 wells 155 to 204 feet, 3 wells 300 to 385 feet, and 1 well 643 feet. Analyzed 

by P. Villarruz, California Water Service Co., Stockton, Apr. 22, 1931. A, West Bakersfield 

tap (about 60 percent of supply); B, East Bakersfield tap (about 40 percent of supply).
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

41

Analyses (parts per million)

A ... .

B_ 

A.V. 

A . 

B--_..-

AB__ 

AB.. -

Total dissolved 

solids

"468 

"237

117 

274 

109

40 

146

630

122

171 

102

232 

271

"184 

295

Silica 

(SiOj)

27 

14

11 

13 

6.2

5.2 

24

28

22

39 

1.7

24 

32

21 

23

Iron 

(Fe)

!>5. 1

*3.6

.01 

».45 

.01

"1.8 

.06

.82

i>3.3

.05 

.02

.08 

.05

.01 

.02

Calcium 

(Ca)

74 

36

9.2

4.7 

21

8.4 

21

55

14

17 

23

42 

34

24 

54

Magnesium 

(Mg)

14 

4.5

3.1 

Trace 

3.6

1.4 

9.4

13

1.6

3.9 

3.0

13 

8.6

4.8 

5.1

Sodium 

(Na)

6 

4

26

< :

5.7

«:

13

i

19

5.2

°

Potassium 

(K)

r

2

3.4 

07 

2.6

2 

.9

4

17

2.0 

1.6

17 

41

32 

35

Bicarbonate 

HCO3)

275 

166

103 

233 

40

27 

99

148

40

50 

52

165 

158

120 

103

Sulphate 

(S04)

124 

43

13 

6.9 

39

4.5 

17

93

37

5.8 

23

32 

29

29 

93

Chloride 

(Cl)

21 . 

12

2.0

32 

6.8

3.3

18

203

4.5

32 

8.0

19 

35

14 

36

Nitrate 

(NO3)

0.50

.94

1.0 

2.0

15 

3.2

Total I hardness as 

CaCOs"

242 

108

36 

12 

67

27 

91

191

42

58 

70

158 

120

80 

156

2$ 

27

30-

3L

° Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.
42 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

32

Description

35

36

37

38

39

40

CALIFORNIA continued

Belvedere District (65,000 consumers); California Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water 

Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). This district is outside of and adjacent 

to the city limits of Los Angeles. 11 wells 126 to 450 feet deep, 5 wells 530 to 1,250 feet deep. 

Analyzed by P. Villarruz, California Water Service Co., Stockton, Apr. 22, 1931. The analyses 

are representative of the quality of the water in different sections of the distributing system.

Berkeley (82,109); East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland)...____________.

Contra Costa District (20,000 consumers); California Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal 

Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). This district includes Bay 

Point, Concord, Crockett, Martinez, Port Costa, Walnut Creek, and intervening territory. 

kSacramento River impounded in Chenery Reservoir (aerated, filtered), 5 wells 93 to 99 feet deep 

at Bay Point, 17 wells 160 to 498 feet deep at Galindo, 4 wells 158 to 480 feet deep at Fenway, 

3 wells 78 to 207 feet deep at Hollar Field, 1 well 314 feet deep at Pacheco, 2 wells 75 to 98 feet 

deep at Moore Ranch, 13 wells 114 to 610 feet deep at Government Ranch. Chenery Reservoir 

is filled by pumping from Sacramento River during winter, when the water is fresh. The reservoir furnishes about 75 percent of the total supply. Analyzed by P. Villarruz, California Water 

Service Co., Stockton. A, Chenery Reservoir (treated water), Feb. 4,1931; B, mixed well water 

from Galindo pumping station, Feb. 14, 1931.

Fresno (52,513); municipal; 53 wells 75 to 310 feet deep at 30 pumping stations in different parts of 

the city. Analyzed by K. W. Brown, California Water Service Co., Stockton. A, Station 

16, Sept. 19, 1927; B, station 17, Sept. 21, 1927; C, station 21, Sept. 21, 1927; D, station 28, Oct. 

12, 1927. The analyses are representative of the quality of the water in different sections of the 

distributing system.

Glendale (62,736); municipal; wells. The maximum and minimum analyses do not represent the 

absolute extremes in concentration of the waters from all the wells but give the range in concentration of the water from the wells that regularly furnish the supply. The water delivered 

to consumers will generally be between the limits indicated by the analyses, the concentration 

depending on how the wells are pumped. Analyses for May 1930 on 10 of the wells show the 

following range in concentration: Alkalinity 107 to 175, hardness 102 to 215, chloride 10 to 115. 

Analyzed by Biological Laboratory, Department of Public Service, Los Angeles, May 1930.

Huntingdon Park (24,591); municipal; 7 wells 556, 556, 900, 1,246, 1,014, 1,136, and 1,500 feet deep. 

Analysis of sample from the 1,500-foot well by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 5, 

1930. Partial analyses for Nov. 3, 4, and 5,1930, indicate that the composition of the water from 

each of the wells is about the same and that the analysis represents reasonably well the water 

delivered to consumers.

Long Beach (142,032); municipal; 33 wells as follows: Development group, 6 wells (nos. 3 to 8), 

650 to 1,016 feet deep; Citizens group, 7 wells (nos. 1 to 7), 420 to 1,422 feet deep; Alamitos group, 

7 wells (nos. 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12), 273 to 1,184 feet deep; North Long Beach group, 4 wells (nos. 

1 to 4), 200 to 1,000 feet deep; Commission group, 6 wells (nos. 1 to 6), 324 to 1,668 feet deep; Wise 

Ranch group, 2 wells (nos. 1 and 2), 1,086 and 1,041 feet deep; and Wilson Ranch well (no. 1), 

1,690 feet deep. There is considerable difference in the composition of the water from the individual wells. Analyzed by City of Long Beach Engineering Laboratory. A, Development 

well 7, 650 feet deep, Nov. 17,1931; B, citizens well 6, 1,422 feet deep, Nov. 9,1931; C, Alamitos 

well 11, 500 feet deep, Oct. 26,1931; D, North Long Beach well 4, Dec. 1,1932; E, Commission 

well 6, 986 feet deep, May 18,1932; F, Wilson Ranch well 1,1,690 feet deep, May 27, 1932.

Los Angeles (1,238,048); municipal; Owens River about 200,000,000 gallons a day during peak loads, 

tunnels beneath Los Angeles River about 50,000,000 gallons a day. During periods of drought, 

when the surface flow of Owens River is less than the demand, the supply is supplemented by a 

series of some 200 wells in Owens Valley. These wells are relatively shallow and represent the 

underground contribution to Owens River. The distributing system is interconnected; the 

western and southern sections of the city receive water from Owens River; the northern section 

of the city and Boyle Heights receive water from the Los Angeles River supply; the central and 

eastern parts of the city receive the mixed water. The annual average hardness of the Los 

Angeles River supply is reported to be 200 to 210; that of the Owens River supply is reported 

to be 135 to 150. Analyses furnished by Carl Wilson, Bureau of Water Works and Supply. A, 

Owens River supply; B, Los Angeles River supply.

Oakland (284,063); East Bay Municipal Utility District, which includes also Alameda, Albany, 

Berkeley, El Cerrito, Emeryville, Piedmont, Richmond, and San Leandro. Total population 

supplied about 456,900. Pardee Reservoir impounding Mokelunme River, San Pablo Reservoir, 

Upper San Leandro Reservoir, and Chabot Reservoir; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH 

to 7.2-8.2. San Pablo plant furnishes about 80 percent of the supply. The mineral content of 

Mokelumne River is so low and the impounding reservoir so large that the composition of the 

water from this source is practically uniform throughout the year. Water from this supply is 

diverted into the local storage reservoirs, which also receive the run-off from the surrounding 

drainage areas. This local water is more concentrated and considerably harder than the Mokelumne River water, and the composition of the water delivered to consumers varies from year 

to year according to amount of local run-off. The analyses represent a period of very little local 

run-off. The approximate hardness of the local water is as follows: San Pablo 176, Upper San 

Leandro 170, Chabot 195. Analyzed by East Bay Municipal Utility District, July 1931. A, Pardee Reservoir; B, San Pablo Reservoir; C, Upper San Leandro Reservoir; D, Chabot Reservoir.
ANALYSES 

of the United States, 1932 Continued

43

Analyses (parts per million)

A.. ..

S. ......

A. ......

B.......

c.......

D. ......

Max-..- 

Min __

j^

13--.-..-

C......

D.......

E. ......

F. ......

j^

B.- -

A.. ._

B.. -

C......

D- -

Total dissolved 

solids

300 

365 

390

293 

544

227 

154 

285 

193

466 

189

366

"222 

"173 

"187 

"233 

"243 "369

"302 "421

"62 

"86 

"68 

"117

Silica 

(Si02)

32 

33 

30

2.9 

30

77 

63 

82 

75

23

6.0 

4.0 

2.8 

5.0 

11 

8.0

10 

17 

8.3 

4.8

Iron 

(Fe)

0.03 

.08 

.08

.02 

.03

.02 

.01 

.02 

.05

.02

'2.5 

'1.2 

'1.8 

'.5 

'2.0 '.2

.04 

.0

'1.8 

'5.3 

'1.8 

'1.7

Calcium 

(Cat

35 

53 

64

26 

58

21 

11 

28 

15

64 

41

65

11 

11 

10 

40 

50 

8.5

27 

75

8.5 

14 

14

28

Magnesium 

(Mg)

15 

19 

19

20 

40

13 

7 

10 

9

6 

0

17

1.3

.1 

.6 

5.4 

7.7 

1.7

12 

21

2.1 

5.1 

3.6

7.8

Sodium 

(Na)

a

« 

37

7 

5 

6 

4 

3 

14

7 

4

7. 

2. 

2 

2.

Potassium 

(K)

46 

46 

41

56 

!2

51 

15 

40 

19

7 

22

3.2

7 

9 

5 

3 

0 

2

4 

6

7 

3 

7 

0

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

188 

251 

215

137 

339

158 

93 

187 

112

202 

131

236

194 

147 

161 

194 

221 

363

215 

223

31

46

46 

86

Sulphate 

(S04)

43 

58 

74

40 

70

5 

5 

9 

9

102 

18

87

.8 

Trace 

5.4 

19 

18 

1.7

39 

130

10 

11

8.2 

18

Chloride 

(Cl)

35 

32 

53

81 

97

12 

6 

24 

11

57 

17

23

28 

25 

22 

25 

15 

28

44 

39

7.0 

9.0 

7.0 

12

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.10

Total hardness as 

CaCO3 °

149 

210 

238

147 

309

106 

56 

111

74

185 

102

232

33 

28 

27 

122 

157 

28

117 

274

30 

56 

50 

102

No.

32

33 

34

35 

36

37 

38

39 

40

« Calculated. ' Iron and aluminum oxides.
44 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

42

45

48

49

50

CALIFORNIA continued

Pasadena (76,086); municipal; wells, impounded surface streams, infiltration galleries, and a spring. 

Pine Canyon Reservoir on San Gabriel River, now under construction, is to be used as the main 

source of supply. It is expected to be ready for service in 1934. The other sources will be used for 

auxiliary supplies when needed. A, Villa well, July 1, 1930; B, Atlanta well, Sept. 22, 1930; C, 

Garfield well, Aug. 25,1930; D, Arroyo Seco (mountain stream), Oct. 27, 1930. Analyses A to D 

by F. E. Marks, city chemist, Pasadena. E, Average of analyses of composites of daily samples 

of water from San Gabriel River near Azusa by U.S. Geological Survey, 1907-8 (Water-Supply 

Paper 237, p. 99, 1910).

Pomona (20,804); municipal; 7 wells (nos. 1 to 3, 5, 7 to 9) 834, 1,200, 676, 498, 734, 900, and 600 feet 

deep; reserve supply from tunnel with wells. All the wells are reported to furnish water of about 

the same composition. Analysis of a tap sample by L. V. Wilcox, Rubidoux Laboratory, U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Riverside, Oct. 17,1930.

Richmond (20,093); East Bay Municipal Utility District. (See Oakland).....__...... _......

Riverside (29,696); municipal; 39 wells in San Bernardino artesian basin, emergency supply from 2 

wells in Riverside. The wells range from 350 to 1,200 feet deep. All wells in the artesian basin are 

reported to furnish water of about the same composition. Analyzed by Edward S. Babcock & 

Sons, June 3,1927.

Sacramento (93,750); municipal; Sacramento River just below mouth of American River; aerated, 

filtered. At times irrigation drainage imparts a decided odor to the raw water. Average of 

analyses by Sacramento Water Department. A, Average for year 1929; B, average for year 1930; 

C, average for year 1931. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water. Daily 

determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 8 to 94, hardness 14 to 100, chloride 3 to 36. Daily 

determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 10 to 178, hardness 18 to 198, chloride 4 to 99, pH 6.3 

to 7.2, average 6.9.

San Bernardino (37,481); municipal; Devil Canyon Creek, Lytle Creek, wells. Analyzed by C. E, 

Griffin, San Bernardino Valley Junior College, July and August 1926. A, Lytle Creek; B, Newmark well; C, sample marked "Perris Hill."

San Diego (147,995); municipal; reservoirs (filtered), wells (treated with lime and filtered without 

other coagulation). Analyses of samples of the raw water by Carl Wilson, Los Angeles Bureau 

of Water Works and Supply.

A 

B 

C

San Dieguito and Hodges 

San Diego River wells. ..

Source

Percent 

of total 

supply

56 

15 

29

Date of 

collection

July 10,1929 

Nov. 1, 1928 

Do.

San Francisco (634,394); municipal; Hetch Hetchy supply from Tuolumne River impounded, 

Spring Valley supply. The Spring Valley water is derived from various sources and mixed in 

varying proportions throughout the year; the composition of the water varies accordingly. The 

Hetch Hetchy water will be mixed with the Spring Valley water at Crystal Springs Reservoir. 

A, Hetch Hetchy supply, Dec. 1,1930; B, tap sample from Spring Valley supply, Oct. 2,1930; C, 

sample marked "Univ. Mound." (Spring Valley supply), May 20,1931; D, Lake Honda (Spring 

Valley supply), May 20, 1931. A analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey; B to D 

analyzed by C. L. Cook, San Francisco Department of Public Works.

San Jose (57,651); San Jose Water Works (private company). Supplies also Los Gatos, Willow 

Glen, and an unincorporated population. Total population supplied about 100,000. Impounding 

reservoirs on Los Gatos Creek and its tributaries, wells, and a small additional supply from an 

impounding reservoir on Saratoga Creek and from a reservoir supplied by Aguaje del Monte 

Spring. Analyzed by California Board of Health. A, Los Gatos Creek, March 1929; B, Beardsley Gulch, March 1929; C, well M at main station yard, Apr. 4,1919. Partial analyses of samples 

collected June 9,1931, indicate that the waters are similar in general character and in hardness.

Santa Ana (30,322); municipal; wells.

Source

Well? . ............. .... . ..... ... . ..........

Well 8 . ... .. _ ...............................

Well 11 _ ... .....

Well 12..................... .. ........... ........

Well 13...... -.- ...-.-_-._... ........ .............. ......

Well 14.................:.................... ...................

Well 15........... ........... . . ._ _ _

Well 16.... ................ . . . ..

Depth 

(feet)

960

150

1,100

466

950

1,050

978

Percent 

of supply

3-11

0-10

2-4

1-8

2-7

44-93

4-30

Average 

percent of supply

9

2

3

2

4

58

20

2

Analyzed by Smith-Emery Co., Los Angeles. A, Well 14, Apr. 7,1932; B, well 15 (well of maximum 

total solids and hardness), Apr. 7,1932; C, well 11 (well of minimum total solids and hardness), 

Apr. 11, 1932.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

45

Analyses (parts per million)

A. 

B--..-

C.. -

D. ...

E. ...

A.... 

BC.. -

A.......

B. ......

C_ 

A..- 

B_ 

C. 

A .

B.......

C.. ..

D. ...

A. 

B_ 

C- .

A. 

B_ ...

C _ 

Total dissolved 

solids

225 

-249 

» 172 

316 

208

-180

"233

104

110 

149

208 

220 

200 

303 

«383 

d 771

17 

-248 

304 

213

"315 

"300 

300

"331 

"392 "306

Silica 

(SiOj)

33

31 

28 

33 

21

25

24 

24 

26

15 

16 

19

2.4

5.2 

8.0 

12 

16

9.9 

11 

11

Iron 

(Fe)

'5.8 

&2.4 

» 2.0 

»3.6 

.16

.05 

.03 

.03

i>9 

HI "7 

.07 

.28

.02 

M.3 

"2.5 

"2.0

Trace 

Trace 

.0

.0 

.0 

.0

Calcium 

(Ca)

32 

40 

34 

43

45

25

26

12 

11 

16

41 

50 

25 

38 

29 

77

1.9 

53 

51 

33

50

55 

44

64 

77 

54

Magnesium 

(Mg)

7.5 

9.8 

8.6 

15 

12

4.4

4

5.3 

5.3

7.7

5.1 

8.1 

4.6 

10 

19 

28

.4 

9.1 

22 

18

24 

18 

16

3.9 

7.4 

3.1

Sodium 

(Na)

1 

3 

1 

3 

1

8. 

1 

1

1 

1 

3 

5 

6 

11

1.2 

2 

1 

2

2 

2 

3

5 

5

5

Potassium 

(K)

4

2

7 

3

8

2

8

6

1 

6

7 

9 

5 

3 

8 

7

0.5

4 

8

9

5 

4 

9

I

5 

4

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

115 

214 

108 

227 

183

146

134

60 

60 

80

178 

218 

132 

202 

207 

183

7.0 

192 

215 

156

234 

230

262

232 

256 

226

Sulphate 

(BOO

31 

14 

15 

25 

32

22

36

23 

21 

27

18 

13 

31 

19 

16 

168

2.0 

34 

42 

27

66 

56 

20

53

72 

49

Chloride 

(Cl)

14 

14 

14 

17 

4.3

5.3

28

13

17 

28

8 

8 

11 

48 

80 

168

.8 

21 

31 

34

14 

13

16

32 

41 

21

Nitrate 

(N03)

1.1

Trace 

Trace

.10

1.8 

.81

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

111 

140 

120 

169 

162

81

81

52 

49 

72

123 

158 

81 

136 

150 

307

6.4 

170 

218 

156

223

211 

176

176 

223 

148

No. 

41

42

43

44

45

46 

47

48

49 

50

» Calculated. »Iron and aluminum oxides. Includes 0.3 part of manganese. 

d Includes large amount of iron and manganese which is removed by the treatment.

17693 34 1
46 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

61

54

56

57

58

59

60

Description

62

63

CALIFORNIA continued

Santa Barbara (33,613); municipal; Santa Ynez Eiver impounded, auxiliary supply from wells 

in the city, used in times of drought. The water from the wells is aerated when used. Analysis 

of sample from Santa Ynez River supply by J. A. Dodge, Nov. 29,1927. A partial analysis of 

a sample collected in February 1929 is similar to the analysis given.

Santa Monica (37,146); municipal; 8 wells 380 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by Smith-Emery 

Co., Los Angeles, Calif., July 30,1930.

Stockton (47,963); California Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.); station 1, 9 wells 647 to 1,148 feet deep; station 2, 3 wells 875 to 

961 feet deep; station 4,1 well 535 feet deep; emergency supply from station 3, 2 wells 459 and 491 

feet deep, and station 5,1 well 210 feet deep. Analyzed by California Water Service Co., Stockton. 

A, Distribution tap, Apr. 17,1931; B, station 1, Feb. 8,1929; C, station 2, Feb. 8,1929; D, station 

4, Feb. 9,1929. A analyzed by P. Villarruz; B, C, and D analyzed by 0. C. Blumberg.

Boulder (11,223); municipal; two chains of lakes consisting of Silver, Island, Goose, and Albion 

Lakes. The water is supplied to the city from Silver Lake. Analysis of tap sample by C. F. 

Poe, University of Colorado, Jan. 15, 1931. The total capacity of the impounding lakes is so 

large and the mineral content of the water so low that the analysis represents reasonably well the 

composition of the water regularly delivered to consumers.

Colorado Springs (33,237); municipal; impounding reservoirs 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, Lake Moraine. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 14, 1932. Monthly averages of regular determinations for the 

year 1930: Hardness 21 to 42, average 25; chloride 0.4 to 1.6, average 0.9.

Denver (287,861); municipal; Antero Reservoir, Lake Cheesman, Platte Canyon Reservoir, and 

Marston Lake impounding South Platte River and its tributaries, with infiltration galleries near 

the river and near Cherry Creek. Rapid sand filtration plants with daily capacities of 

20,000,000, 25,000,000, and 64,000,000 gallons; a slow sand filtration plant with daily capacity 

of 30,000,000 gallons; infiltration galleries near the river have a total capacity of about 4,000,000 

gallons a day, and on Cherry Creek 4,500,000 gallons a day. Water aerated before filtration. 

The pH based on daily determinations of the water taken from a tap in laboratory ranged from 

7.1 to 7.8 for the year 1931. Analyzed by G. J. Turre, Denver Water Department. A, Samples 

taken monthly from tap in laboratory during 1931; B, sample from Cherry Creek, Mar. 18,1931.

Fort Collins (11,489); municipal; Cache la Poudre River; filtered. Analysis of tap sample by 

W. L. Lamar, June 29,1932. The composition of the water varies throughout the year, and the 

analysis given probably represents a concentration less than the average. Biweekly determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 8 to 40, average 24.

Greeley (12,203); municipal; Cache la Poudre River; slow sand filtration. Analysis of tap sample 

by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 20, 1932. The analysis given probably represents a concentration greater 

than the average.

Pueblo (50,096); municipal; Arkansas River; filtered. There are two water districts in Pueblo, 

each supplied by its own system. The two systems are very similar, and the water is taken 

from the same source at practically the same location. Analyses furnished by Pueblo Water 

Works. A, Sample dated March 1925; B, sample collected Nov. 7,1921; C, sample dated June 

1919. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water. Regular determinations 

for the year 1931: Alkalinity 75 to 181, average 148; hardness 91 to 394, average 279.

Trinidad (11,732); municipal; North Lake. Analyzed by F. C. Miller, Trinidad Water Works, 

June 1931.

CONNECTICUT

[Descriptive material relating to the supplies and the results for color were furnished by W. J. 

Scott, director, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Connecticut Department of Health]

Ansonia (19,898); Ansonia Water Co. Supplies also a small section of Derby and Seymour. Total 

population supplied about 21,000. Peat Swamp (aerated), Middle, Quillinan, and Bungay 

Reservoirs, Fountain Lake. Peat Swamp Reservoir is the principal source of supply. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, July 31,1931. Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 5 to 40, 

average 21.

Bridgeport (146,716); Bridgeport Hydraulic Co. Supplies also Fairfield town, Shelton, Stratford 

town, part of Trumbull town (Long Hill and Nichols), and Westport town. Total population 

supplied about 185,000. Hemlocks, Easton, and Trap Falls Reservoirs. Analyzed by F. C. 

Barrows, Bridgeport Hydraulic Co., Sept. 15, 1931. The mineral content of the water is fairly 

uniform throughout the year. Regular determinations for a period of a year or longer: Alkalinity 8 to 12, average 10 (1930); hardness 15 to 23, average 20 (1926-30); color 20 to 30, average 23 

(1930); pH 6.1 to 7.5, average 6.5 (1930).

Bristol (28,451); municipal; impounding reservoirs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 on Poland River and its tributaries, infiltration gallery (10 by 12 by 12 feet deep) along Poland Brook. The water is distributed from reservoir 1. Analysis of sample from reservoir 1 by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 10, 1931. 

Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 10 to 40, average 22.

Danbury (22,261); municipal; West Lake, East Lake, Padanaram Reservoir, Upper and Lower 

Kohanza Reservoirs, auxiliary supply from Parks Pond. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. 

Lohr, Aug. 12, 1931. Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 15 to 50, average 25.
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

47

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

D. ......

fAv... 

A{Max._ 

iMinB. ......

A. .-

B. ......

C. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

"660

«610

380 

290 

220 

201

24

 34

«202 

"239 

"157 

» 274

42

93

»555 

447 

191

"78

42 

56

26 

45

Silica 

(Si02)

1.0

34

57 

60 

55 

55

3.8

9.1

7.0

7.7 

8.5 

8.7

6.4

17

30 

11 

15

1.6

8.3 

12

4.0

6.5

Iron 

(Fe)

0.41

*1.4

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04

i>1.6

4.1

.11 

.05 

.21 

1-1.8

.21

.01

'1.5 

i>1.5 

1-2.1

'.04

.04 

.3

.38 

.44

Calcium

(Ca)

136

87

21 

11 

13 

15

3.9

5.7

32 

38 

24 

54

5.2

17

45 

56 

28

17

5.5 

5.5

3.1

6.9

Magnesium

(Mg)

20

33

9.9 

5.8 

8.1 

7.1

.4

.8

10 

12 

8.1 

9.1

.9

4.9

29 

23

8.2

1.2

1.4 

.2

1.1 

2.1

Sodium

(Na)

67

7

o

2.7

23

28 

18 

31

1.9

7.9

8 

4 

1

1

2.8 

2.9

2.5 

2.9

Potassium 

(K)

Trace

2

)6 

75 

42 

34

!.4

1.3

2.4 

3.0 

2.0 

3.5

.8

1.5

9 

4 

1

3

1.2 

1.1

.7 

.8

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

357

293

202 

198 

161 

149

17

17

103 

132 

76 

203

12

78

134 

105 

56

90

11 

"8.3

10 

20

Sulphate

(S04)

246

184

4.9 

4.7 

6.5 

7.5

1.5

4.0

43 

51 

32 

46

11

8.4

271 

209 

68

.2

12

10

6.3 

11

Chloride 

(Cl)

14

54

93 

33

13

8

2.4

.4

31 

32 

24 

18

1.0

3.0

24 

15 

9.1

1.0

3.5

3.5

1.8 

2.0

Nitrate 

(N03)

Trace

0.40

.43 

.3 

.2 

1.8

.15

.40

race 

Trace 

Trace

.0

.10

.1

.40 

.40

Total hardness as 

CaC03 «

422

353

93

51 

66 

67

11

18

121 

144 

93 

172

17

63

231 

234 

104

47

19 

15

12 

26

No.

51

52 

53

54

55 

56

57

58 

59

60

61 

62

63 

64

Calculated. »Iron and aluminum oxides. Includes 2.2 parts of fluoride.
48 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

65

66

67

Description

70

CONNECTICUT continued

Greenwich town (33,112); Greenwich Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 

100 William St., New York, N.Y.); Putnam and Bockwood Lakes fed by adjacent streams and 

by pumping from Mianus River; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. 

Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 12,1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931: 

Alkalinity (daily tests) 10 to 23, average 17; hardness (biweekly tests) 31 to 46, average 38; pH 

(daily tests) 7.5 to 8.8, average 8.1.

Hartford (164,072); Metropolitan District of Hartford County, which includes towns of Bloomfield, 

part of Newington, West Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor. Total population supplied 

about 208,000. Nepaug Reservoir, reserve supply from West Hartford system consisting of impounding reservoirs 2, 3, 5, and 6; aeration, slow sand filtration. The water may be supplied 

from one or both systems. Analysis of tap sample from Nepaug Reservoir by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 

2,1932. Weekly reports for the year 1931: Alkalinity 8 to 28, average 19; hardness 10 to 36, average 18; color 6 to 23, average 10; pH 6.5 to 6.8, average 6.7.

Meriden (38,481); municipal; Broad Brook (about 50 percent of supply) Merimere, Hallmere, 

Kenmere, and Elmere Reservoirs. The water furnished by the Broad Brook Reservoir is aerated and filtered. Analysis of tap sample from the Broad Brook Reservoir by E. W. Lohr, 

Aug. 7, 1931. A partial analysis of tap sample collected at the same time from Meriden Reservoir agreed closely with the analysis given. Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 0 to 20, 

average 10.

Middletown (24,554); municipal; Mount Higby Reservoir, reserve supply from Laurel Brook 

Reservoir. Analysis of tap sample from Mount Higby Reservoir by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 6, 1931. 

The average of monthly determinations of color in 1931 was 23.

New Britain (68,128); municipal; Wolcott, Shuttle Meadow, and Whigville Reservoirs, Whites 

Bridge driven-well system (about 50 feet deep). Supplies also part of Berlin town (Kensington 

and Worthington fire districts), East Berlin, and part of Newington town (first fire district). 

Total population supplied about 73,000. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Nov. 24,1931. A, Whigville 

Reservoir; B, Whites Bridge well supply. A partial analysis of a sample representing the mixed 

water from Wolcott and Shuttle Meadow Reservoirs collected Nov. 24, 1931, indicates a concentration greater than that shown by analysis A and less than that shown by analysis B. 

Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 0 to 25, average 12.

New Haven (162,655); New Haven Water Co. Supplies also towns of Branford, Cheshire, East 

Haven, Hamden, Milford, North Haven, and West Haven. Total population supplied about 

242,000. Lake Whitney (slow sand filtration, about 20 percent of supply), Lake Saltonstall, 

Lake Wintergreen, Maltby Lakes (3), Lake Dawson, Lake Prospect, Lake Gaillard, Twin 

Lakes, and Beaver Brook Lake. Analyzed by U.S. Geological Survey. Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 0 to 35, average 18.

A

B

0

Source Date of 

collection

Nov. 29, 1921

Aug. 25,1931

__ do ____

Analyst

Margaret D. Foster.

E. W. Lohr.

Do.

72

73

74

0 Composition of water checked by partial analysis, Aug. 25,1931.

New London (29,640); municipal; Barnes Brook Reservoir, Bogue Brook Reservoir, Lake Konomoc. All water is fed to Lake Konomoc and is furnished to consumers from this source. The 

composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. Analysis of tap sample by E. 

W. Lohr, Aug. 7, 1931. Results based on different numbers of determinations over a period of 

a year: Alkalinity 8 to 19 (1930); hardness 8 to 21 (1930); color 15 to 55, average 23 (1931).

Norwalk (36,019). First taxing district: Silvermine River impounded in Scott, Brown, and Grupe 

Reservoirs. All water is fed to Grupe Reservoir and is furnished to consumers from this source. 

A, Analysis of sample from Grupe Reservoir by E. W. Lohr, Nov. 5,1931. Monthly determinations for 1931: Color 25 to 60, average 33.

Second taxing district: City Lake; aeration, slow sand filtration. B, Analysis of tap sample 

by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 29,1931. Monthly determinations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 11 to 27, 

average 18; color 0 to 20, average 12; pH 6.3 to 6.7, average 6.5.

Norwich (23,021); municipal; Meadow Brook, Fairview, Stony Brook, and Deep River Reservoirs. 

Analysis of tap sample from Fairview and Stony Brook Reservoirs by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 11,1931. 

A partial analysis of a sample collected Aug. 11,1931, from Deep River Reservoir agrees with the 

analysis given.

Stamford (46,346); Stamford Water Co.; supplies also Darien town, Noroton, Springdale, and 

Tokeneke. Total population supplied about 54,000. Mill River and tributaries impounded in 

Mead Pond, Trinity Lake, Laurel Reservoir, and North Stamford Reservoir. Water from all 

sources is distributed from the North Stamford Reservoir. Analysis of tap sample by Newlands 

Sanitary Laboratory, Hartford, Jan. 19,1931. The chemical content of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. Monthly determinations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 14 to 28, average 

22; color 5 to 35, average 20; pH 6.5 to 7.1, average 6.7.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

49

Analyses (parts per million)

A-.-__-.

B.......

A.......

B.......

C.......

A.......

B.......

Total dissolved 

solids

72 

33

68

45

26 

60

94 

42 

66

41

48 

44

34 

 52

Silica 

(SiOj)

3.5 

6.3

4.8

5.7

7.7 

13

6.7 

6.7 

2.2

10

4.3 

4.1

7.8 

6.5

Iron 

(Fe)

0.01 

.19

.06

.02

.17 

.01

.06

.22 

.12

.11

.17 

.02

.20 

<-.20

Calcium 

(Ca)

13 

4.3

13

5.8

2.6 

9.4

22 

6.2 

12

4.2

6.6 

7.1

3.4 

9.1

Magnesium 

(Mg)

2.9 

1.5

2.3

2.0

1.0 

2.1

3.3

1.7 

4.5

1.1

2.5 

2.5

1.0 

2.4

Sodium

(Na)

4.1

2.5

3.9

2.8

2.4 

4.1

4.0 

2.9 

4.0

3.8

3.0 

3.0

3.1 

3

Potassium 

(K)

1.6 

1.0

.7

.5

.9

.8

1.8 

.8 

1.2

.8

.9 

1.4

.8 

6

Bicarbonate 

(HCO3)

21 

15

32

15

11 

25

62 

19 

46

12

21 

23

8.0 

22

Sulphate

(S04)

30

8.0

19

12

3.9 

13

13 

9.7 

13

6.9

10 

11

7.6 

15

Chloride 

(Cl)

4.8 

1.6

3.2

3.0

2.8 

4.1

7.6 

3.0 

3.8

4.2

3.4

2.8

4.5 

4.6

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.10 

.40

.50

.30

.0 

2.6

1.6 

.30 

.40

.20

.20 

.50

.20

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

44 

17

42

23

11 

32

69 

22 

48

15

27 

28

13 

33

No.

65 

66

67

68 

69

70

71

72

73

74

 Calculated. 6 Iron and aluminum oxides
50 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

75

76

79

80

83

Description

84

85

CONNECTICUT continued

Torrington (26,040); Tprrington Water Co.; North Pond, Whist Pond, Lake Hatchaloosie, Marshall Lake. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 11, 1931. Monthly determinations 

for 1931: Color 5 to 40, average 19.

Waterbury (99,902); municipal; low service supplied by Morris and Wigwam impounding reservoirs, high service supplied by East Mountain and Prospect impounding reservoirs and by 

pumping from low service. Low service furnishes the greater proportion of water, which is 

distributed from Wigwam Reservoir. The mineral content of the water from both systems is 

very low and fairly uniform throughout the year. Analysis of low-service tap sample by E. W. 

Lohr, Aug. 10, 1931. Ten samples collected from low service during 1930 show the following 

range in composition of the water: Alkalinity 12 to 17, average 15; chloride 2.4 to 3.8, average 3.0; 

color vuiui 5 u to LU 15, j.u, average avciagc 10; xu, pH p.n. 6.4 u.? to tu 6.8, u.o, average aveiagc 6.6. u.u.

West Hartford town (24,941); Metropolitan district of Hartford County. (See Hartford)...

West Haven town (25,808); supplied by New Haven Water Co. (See New Haven)

DELAWARE

[Descriptions of several of the supplies in Delaware were furnished by R. C. Beckett, State sanitary 

engineer, who collected most of the samples that were analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey]

Dover (4,800); municipal; 1 well 200 feet deep, auxiliary supply from 4 wells about 207 feet deep 

and 1 dug well 22 feet deep and 12 feet in diameter. Analysis of sample from the 200-foot well by 

W. L. Lamar, Apr. 27, 1931.

Milford (3,719); municipal; 2 wells 228 feet deep, auxiliary supply from 1 well 228 feet deep. The 

water is distributed from a reservoir. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 

13 1931

Newark (3,899); municipal; 4 wells 63, 63, 72, and 67 feet deep. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Apr. 23, 1931.

New Castle (4,131); municipal; dug wells 24 feet deep and 14 feet in diameter, infiltration gallery 

300 feet long and 24 feet deep connected to one of the dug wells; aerated. The water is distributed 

from a standpipe and a reservoir. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 23, 

1931.

Wilmington (106,597); municipal; Brandywine Creek; slow sand and rapid sand nitration. The 

slow sand filters supply the high service, and the rapid sand niters supply the low service. During periods of high flow in Brandywine Creek water is pumped from this spurce to Hoopes 

Reservoir (capacity 2,000,000,000 gallons). The water is held in storage at this reservoir until 

periods of low flow in Brandywine Creek, when it is pumped to the filter plants to augment the 

depleted creek supply. Analysis of tap sample (effluent from slow sand filters) by E. W. Lohr, May 

16,1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Slow sand filters, alkalinity 17 to 66, average 

46; chloride 6 to 28, average 15; pH 7.1 to 8.1, average 7.4. Rapid sand niters, alkalinity 8 to 61, 

average 34; chloride 6 to 28, average 15; pH 6.1 to 7.1, average 6.7.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

[The descriptions and the analyses were furnished by C. J. Lauter, chief chemist, Washington

filtration plants]

Washington (486,869); U.S. War Department filtration plants operated by civilian staff of the 

U.S. Engineer Office, distribution system owned and operated by the District of Columbia. 

Supplies also a large number of small unincorporated communities in Arlington County, Va. 

Total population supplied about 503,000. Potomac River. Dalecarlia filtration plant (60 

percent of supply); filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime to give 1 to 2 parts free 

COa in effluent. McMillan filtration plant (40 percent of supply); slow sand niters. Coagulation with alum is necessary for the McMillan plant on an average of about 100 days during the 

year. A small amount 9f lime is used occasionally at this plant to increase the pH value. Analyses of monthly composites of daily samples by G. E. Harrington, Dalecarlia filtration plant, 

1931. A, Average for Dalecarlia plant; B, sample of maximum hardness for Dalecarlia plant, 

November; C, sample of minimum hardness for Dalecarlia plant, May; D, average for McMillan 

plant. Daily determinations for the year 1931: Dalecarlia plant, alkalinity 26 to 118; hardness 

54 to 128; pH 7.3 to 8.4, average 7.7. McMillan plant, alkalinity 24 to 120; hardness 45 to 131; 

pH 6.5 to 7.8, average 7.3.

FLORIDA

[Descriptions of most of the supplies were furnished by E. L. Filby, former chief engineer of the 

Florida Board of Health, Mr. Filby also collected or arranged for the collection of most of the 

samples that were analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey]

Daytona Beach (16,598); municipal; mainland plant supplied by 10 wells 162 to 252 feet deep 

(aerated, softened, settled), Seabreeze plant supplied by 7 wells 160 to 250 feet deep (aerated, 

softened, pressure filters). Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 28, 1930. 

A, Treated sample of the mixed water from both plants; B, raw water from mainland plant; C, raw 

water from Seabreeze plant.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

51

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B. ......

C...... .

D.......

A.-...-

B. ......

C. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

51 

38

200 

220

80 

146

79

«130 

«175 

«110 «119

365 

584 

617

Silica 

(Si08)

3.0

5.5

49 

54

8.5 

14

11

7.0

9.8 

6.6 

8.5

18 

23 

21

Iron 

(Fe)

0.17 

.33

.49 

.01

.02 

.03

.01

»2.7 

»3.2 

62.4 

62.4

.02 

.27 

.02

Calcium 

(Ca)

7.2

5.7

35 

46

6.2

11

12

34 

41 

23 

31

24 

106 

98

Magnesium 

(Mg)

3.2 

1.6

5.4 

4.0

4.6 

8.1

4.4

1.9 

2.6 

1.2 

2.1

17 

20 

25

Sodium

(Na)

2.5 

2.4

14 

11

8.7 

18

5.6

»( 

»1( 

«1(

a

62 

62 

73

Potassium 

(K)

1.0

1.2

2.9

2.8

1.4 

1.2

2.0

.8 

> 

) 

>.7

2.6 

2.5 

2.6

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

36 

14

165 

194

7.0 

20

40

79 

129 

45

78

m

366 

337

Sulphate 

(S0«)

7.7 

10

6.3 

3.0

3.6 

40

16

34 

33 

39 

26

14 

10

18

Chloride 

(Cl)

1.2 

2.9

2.8 

2.5

13 

27

5.9

5.2 

5.6 

5.2 

5.2

134 

132 

160

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.20 

.50

.15 

.10

35 

15

4.5

2.1 

.20 

.20

Total hardness as 

CaCO3 °

31 

21

110

131

34 

61

48

93 

113 

62 

86

130

347 

348

No.

75

76

77 

78

79 

80

81

82

83. 

84

85

Calculated. 6 iron and aluminum oxides. / Includes equivalent of 13 parts of carbonate (COs).
52 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

87

88

90

91

94

97

FLORIDA continued

Gainesville (10,465); municipal; Boulware Spring, 2 wells 367 and 405 feet deep. Boulware Spring 

furnishes about half the total supply. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Aug. 10,1923. A, Boulware Spring; B, well supply. Partial analyses of samples from both wells 

taken Oct. 31,1930, indicate that the composition of the well water has not changed since 1923.

Jacksonville (129,549); municipal; Springfield Park Reservoir supplied by 12 wells 1,000 to 1,250 feet 

deep, MacDuff Avenue Reservoir supplied by 4 wells about 1,000 feet deep; aerated. Analyzed 

by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 2, 1930. A, Springfield Park Reservoir before 

aeration; B, MacDuff Avenue Reservoir before aeration.

Key West (12,831). A system of mains supplies water of high salt content for fire protection and 

similar uses from a well 2,600 feet deep. In addition there are 60 auxiliary deep wells distributed 

throughout the city but not connected to the mains. The water from these wells is also high in 

salt content and is used for fire protection. There is no public supply of drinking water. The 

residents depend upon raki-water cisterns. The water from these individual supplies is used 

for drinking and bathing. Private shallow wells furnish very hard water that is used for bathing, 

watering yards, and similar uses. The Florida East Coast Railway Co. transports softened 

water from a railway supply at Homestead. This water is furnished to the Florida East Coast 

Railway, Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., and Florida East Coast hotel property. 

Analysis of the softened water furnished by the Florida East Coast Railway Co.

Lakeland (18,554); municipal; 2 wells 741 and 1,201 feet deep; water from 741-foot well is aerated. 

Analysis of water from 741-foot well by C. S. Howard, U.S. Geological Survey, Aug. 23, 1923 

(Water-Supply Paper 596, p. 227,1928). Partial analyses of samples from each well taken Oct. 23, 

1930, indicate that the composition of the water is the same as shown by the analysis of the 741-foot 

well for August 1923.

Miami (110,637); municipal, Hialeah plant distributing system owned by Miami Water Co. Sup« 

plies also Coral Gables, Hialeah, and Miami Beach. Total population supplied about 125,000. 

Hialeah plant supplied by 11 wells 62 to 120 feet deep (aerated, softened with lime, recarbonated, 

filtered). Coconut Grove plant supplied by 2 wells 59 feet deep (aerated, softened with lime, 

settled). The Hialeah plant furnishes about 97 percent of the total supply. The Coconut Grove 

plant furnishes only a small section of Miami known as Coconut Grove. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, 

U.S. Geological Survey. A, Softened water from Hialeah plant, Oct. 9,1930; B, raw water from 

Hialeah plant, Oct. 9,1930; C, softened water from Coconut Grove plant, Feb. 11,1931; D, raw 

water from well 2 at Coconut Grove plant, Feb. 11,1931. Partial analyses of samples collected 

May 17,1930, from each of the wells at the Hialeah plant indicate that the wells all furnish water 

of about the same composition. A partial analyis of a sample collected Feb. 11,1931, from well 1 

at the Coconut Grove plant agrees with the analysis for well 2 at that plant.

Orlando (27,330); municipal; Lake Underbill, Lake Ivanhoe; aerated, filtered. Each lake is used 

about half the time. The change from one lake to the other is made by gradually mixing increasing amounts of water from the lake coming into service with decreasing amounts from the lake 

going out of service. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey. A, Lake Underbill, 

Feb. 17,1931; B, Lake Ivanhoe, Jan. 22,1931.

Pensacola (31,579); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 3, 4, and 5), about 240 feet deep. Analysis of sample 

from well 4 by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 21,1932.

St. Augustine (12,111); municipal; 3 wells 300 feet deep. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Jan. 21,1931. The water is reported to contain hydrogen sulphide.

St. Petersburg (40,425); municipal distributing system; water furnished by Pinellas Water Co., 

11 wells (nos. 1-9,11-12) 296 to 354 feet deep, Lake Rogers. The wells furnish a large proportion 

of the total supply. Lake water is added to the well water in different amounts with the intention 

of keeping the hardness of the water delivered to the city mains below 160. Wells 1, 2, and 12 

and Lake Rogers were in service when the samples were collected. Analyzed by 8. K. Love, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 14, 1932. A, Well 1; B, well 2; C, well 12; D, Lake Rogers. 48 

analyses of samples collected during 1930,1931, and 1932 from wells 1 to 9 and 12, indicate that the 

composition of the water from each of these wells is about the same. These analyses show the 

following ranges in the hardness of the well water: No. 1,179 to 188; no. 2,176 to 192; no. 3, 200 to 

210; no. 4,193 to 237; no. 5,178 to 205; no. 6,197 to 200; no. 7,199; no. 8,196 to 231; no. 9, 196 to 199; 

no. 12,164 to 189. 3 analyses of samples collected from Lake Rogers during 1931 and 1932 indicate 

a range in hardness from 14 to 24.

Sanford (10,100); municipal; 7 wells 100 to 140 feet deep. The water is distributed from a reservoir. 

Analysis of sample from the reservoir by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 24,1930.

Tallahassee (10,700); municipal; 2 wells about 235 feet deep. Both wells furnish water of about the 

same composition. Analysis of sample from well 5 by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 3,1931.

Tampa (101,161); municipal; Hillsborough River; filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 7.7 by 

addition of lime. The treatment is varied according to the color and hardness of the water. 

When the hardness is much above 100 it is reduced to about this figure. Analysis of about an 

average sample by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, June 29, 1927 (Water-Supply 

Paper 596, p. 217,1928). Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity 

39 to 74, average 56; hardness 70 to 116, average 101; color 10 to 17, average 13; pH 7.6 to 7.9, average 

7.7. For the same year the color of the raw water based on monthly averages of daily determinations ranged from 23 to 148.

West Palm Beach (26,610); West Palm Beach Water Co.; Clear Lake, Lake Mangonea; aerated, 

filtered, aerated, final adjustment of pH to about 9.5 by addition of hydrated lime. Analysis of 

tap sample from pumping station by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 10,1930.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

53

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B-. ..

A.......

B-... 

A. ......

B. ......

C.......

D.......

A.......

B-......

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

D.......

Total dissolved 

solids

94 

273

398 

388

«135

199

191 

373 

134 

297

47 

90

27 

947

213 

"207 

"219 

40

459

148 

149

91

Silica 

(Si02)

6.4 

24

25 

21

13

24

9.0 

10 

6.6 

4.2

2.4 

1.3

7.5 

28 

13

.9

12 

16 

7.3

1.4

Iron 

(Fe)

0.06 

.07

.03 

.02

6 2. 2

.08

.02 

.83 

.02 

.04

.10 

.01

.01 

.08

.03 

.04 

.12 

.03

.23 

.01 

.03

.04

Calcium 

(Ca)

17

57

68 

65

15

41

35 

102 

23 

86

5.6 

16

1.1

116

65 

67 

70 

3.8

52 

36 

32

15

Magnesium 

(Mg)

11 

20

26 

26

.5

15

4.8 

7.5 

2.9 

3.8

2.5 

4.7

1.0 

56

4.1 

3.0 

3.3 

1.1

17 

9.6 

5.5

2.2

Sodium

(Na)

2. 

6.

15 

11

28

8.

12 

12 

19 

19

5.7 

8.0

4.1 

105

7.4 «5 

"6 

6.1

80 

4.4 

7.3

7.2

Potassium 

(K)

8 

3

4.3 

4.3

0

1.5 

1.4 

1.8 

4.6

1.7 

2.4

.4 

4.4

.9 

4 

7 

.6

3.7 

.7 

1.0

1.0

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

89 

218

176 

152

( )

199

47 

286 

56 

255

10 

45

3.01

175

218 

217 

229 

8.0

152 

145 

70

14

Sulphate 

(S04)

2.4 

43

142 

156

6.9

2.8

61 

47 

17 

20

15 

20

3.0

291

1.1 

.7 

.9 

4.2

32 

4.1 

45

32

Chloride

(Cl)

8.8 

9.6

17 

12

20

7.0

20 

19 

35 

35

8.0 

13

6.1 

225

10 

9.0 

10 

11

160 

5.5 

10

12

Nitrate 

(N03)

5.4 

Trace

.10 

.05

1.2

4.51 

4.1 

.0 

.0

.0 

.20

3.2 

.10

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05

1.0 

3.2 

.10

1.2

Total 

hardness as 

CaC03 «

88 

224

277 

269

40

164

107 

286 

69 

231

24 

59

7 

520

179 

180 

189 

14

200 

129 

103

47

No.

86

87 

88

89 

90

91

92 

93 

94

95 

96 

97

98

 Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.

»33 parts of carbonate (COs) and 3.6 parts of hydroxide (OH).
54 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

[Descriptions of several of the supplies and some of the analytical data in the descriptive text below 

were furnished by W. H. Weir, assistant director, Division of Sanitary Engineering, Georgia 

Board of Health]

Albany (14,507); municipal; 5 wells (nos. 1 to 5), 800, 800, 900, 460, and 800 feet deep. Well 5 furnishes about 65 percent and well 1 about 30 percent of the total supply. Wells 2,3, and 4 furnish 

the auxiliary supply. Analyzed by the McOandless Laboratory, Atlanta, Ga., May 2, 1928. 

A, Well 5: B, well 1.

Athens (18,192); municipal; Sandy Creek; filtered. The mineral content of the water is so low 

that a single analysis represents reasonably well the composition of the water. Analyzed by 

L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 14, 1931.

Atlanta (270,366); municipal; Chattahoochee River; filtered, adjustment of pH to about 7.4-7.6 

by addition of lime. Analysis of a monthly composite sample by Paul Weir, Atlanta Water 

Works, February 1932. The single analysis represents reasonably well the composition of the 

water regularly delivered to consumers. Daily determinations on the filtered water for the year 

1931: Alkalinity 8.5 to 15, average 12; hardness 9.5 to 16, average 14; pH 7.1 to 7.6, average 7.4.

Augusta (60,342); municipal; Savannah River; filtered. The coagulation and filtration reduce 

the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased and the sulphate is increased. Average 

of analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water from Savannah River near Augusta by 

the U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 99, 1909). There is some variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. Daily determinations on the filtered 

water for the year 1932: Alkalinity 4 to 8, average 5.8; pH 5.8 to 6.8, average 6.3.

Brunswick (14,022); Peoples Water Service Co.; 1 well 1,027 feet deep (60 percent of supply); 4 

wells 750 feet deep. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 13,1931. A, Well 1, 

Grant and F Sts. (1,027 feet deep); B, well 2, Norwich and F Sts. (750 feet deep).

Columbus (43,131); municipal; Chattahoochee River; filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 

7.8 by addition of hydrated lime. Analyzed by A. J. SmaJshaf, Columbus Water Works, Mar. 

11, 1931. The mineral content is low, and the range in concentration is not great, so that the 

analysis may safely be taken to represent the mineral content of the water delivered to consumers 

at any time. Regular determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity 11 to 19, average 15; hardness 

15 to 18.

Decatur (13,276); municipal; Burnt Fork Creek, reserve supply from Peachtree Creek; filtered. 

The mineral content of the water is so low that the single analysis may be taken as reasonably 

representative of the composition of the water regularly delivered to consumers. Analysis of 

tap sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, May 18,1931.

Griffin (10,321); municipal; Flint River; filtered, final adjustment of pH. The coagulation and 

nitration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased and the sulphate is increased. 

Average of analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water from Flint River near Albany, 

by U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 23,1906, to May 12,1907 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 62,1909). 

There is some variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. Daily determinations 

on the filtered water for the year 1931: Alkalinity 5 to 22, average 15; pH 7.3 to 8.4, average 8.1.

LaGrange (20,131); municipal; Long Cane Creek (about 85 percent of supply); filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of soda ash. Well 370 feet deep (about 15 per cent of snpply). The 

water from the well is supplied direct to the mains. Analyzed by B. W. Lohr, June 23, 1932. 

A, Long Cane Creek supply (filtered); B, well supply.

Maeon (53,829); municipal; Ocmulgee River; filtered. The composition of the water is reasonably 

uniform, although there is some variation. A, Single analysis of treated water by Morris-Flinn 

Co., Macon, March 1931; B, average of analyses of raw water by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 

(Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 86, 1909).

Rome (21,843); municipal; Oostanaula River; filtered. The coagulation and nitration reduce the 

silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. Analyses of 

composites of daily samples of raw water from Oostanaula River near Rome by U.S. Geological 

Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 87,1909). A, Average, 1906-7; B, composite sample 

of maximum total solids, July 8-17, 1907; C, composite sample of minimum total solids, Mar. 

5-14, 1907. Daily determinations on the filtered water for the year 1931: Alkalinity 10 to 65, 

average 40; pH 6.6 to 7.6, average 7.3.

Savannah (85,024); municipal; 7 wells 540 to 600 feet deep, 1 well 1,300 feet deep, emergency supply 

from a group of 8 wells. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 9, 1931. A, Well 21, 550 feet deep; B, well 13,1,300 feet deep; C, reservoir fed by group of 8 wells (emergency 

supply).

Thomasville (11,733); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 1 to 3), 500, 300, and 550 feet deep; softened, filtered. 

The water is softened to a hardness around 75. The main supply is obtained from well 3. Analyzed by L. B. Lockhart, Law & Co., Inc., Atlanta, Mar. 13,1932. A, Softened water; B, raw 

water from well 3.

Valdosta (13,482); municipal; 1 well 408 feet deep, emergency supply from 1 well 500 feet deep. 

Analysis of tap sample from 408-foot well by B. W. Lohr, Aug. 11,1932. Waycross (15,510); municipal; 1 well 686 feet deep (about 95 percent of supply), 2 wells about 700 

feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by Dearborn Chemical Co., Chicago, 111., Apr. 22, 1927.
ANALYSES 

<cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

55

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B..__.._

Av__..._

A.......

B. ......

Av......

A.......

B. ...__.

A. ......

B. ......

A. ......

B. ......

C. ......

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

A. ......

B. ......

Total 

dissolved 

solids

 173 

»220

36 

*26

60

312 

270

43

39 

67

80 

137

49 

69

82 

122 

47

180 

216 

177

173 

276

132

318

Silica 

(SiOj)

18 

11

11 

9.0

23

37 

25

10

12 

24

19 

43

6.4 

26

24 

39 

16

56 

51 

53

11 

22

15 

21

Iron 

(Fe)

fO.70 »1.7

.02 

.12

.44

.02 

.02

.1

.02 

.86

.76 

.01

1.8 

.9

.7 

.8 

.9

.04 

.04 

.02

.07 

.07

.06 

'1.2

Calcium 

(Ca)

24 

28

3.5 

3.6

5.7

56 

34

4.2

3.8 

8.8

11 

19

4.0 

6.3

12 

13 

7.6

30 

26 

28

16 

44

30 

44

Magnesium 

(Mg)

4.6

3.8

1.7 

1.3

.8

17 

22

1.0

1.5 

1.4

2.5 

11

1.4 

1.2

2.6 

3.9 

Trace

11 

12 

9.0

6.6

21

4.2 

12

Sodium

(Na)

30 

46

2.2 

2

1

15 

19

7 

3.1

7.5 

3.9

5. 

8.

9. 

12

4.3

25 

7.5

2.7 

3

Potassium 

(K)

1.8 

1.8

1.2

7

2

2.2 

2.1

0

1.1

7

1.3

1.0

3 

3

2

2.0 

2.3 

3.0

28 

11

.6

9

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

156 

182

14 

12

30

146 

138

18

17 

31

46 

109

17 

28

53 

78 

24

139 

143 

133

39 

158

78 

175

Sulphate 

(800

11 

11

6.5 

-6.6

6.0

96 

80

10

5.7 

'.6

11 

3.3

7.2 

4.9

4.1

5.5

7.2 

17 

8.9

78 

70

24

59

Chloride 

(Cl)

5.2 

10

2.0 

2.0

2.1

16 

16

2.5

2.0 

2.8

2.2 

2.8

4.0 

2.8

1.8 

2.0 

.2.0

6.0 

21 

6.0

10 

12

4.5 

28

Nitrate 

(NOs)

17 

1.2

.86

.6

.05 

.0

.2

.80 

6

.30 

2.0

.7

.4 

.4 

.4

.10 

.10 

.0

.10 

Trace.

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

79 

86

16 

14

18

210 

175

15

16 

28

38 

93

16 

21

41 

48 

19

120 

114 

107

67 

196

92 

159

No.

99

100 

101

102

103 

104

105 

106

107 

108 

109

110 

111

112 

113

Calculated. »Iron and aluminum oxides, * Includes 0.04 part of manganese. Estimated.
56 INDUSTKIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATEE SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

[Descriptions and analyses for four of the supplies were furnished by W. V. Leonard, State chemist and sanitary engineer, Idaho Department of Public Welfare]

Boise (21,544); Boise Water Corporation; dug well 30 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter near Boise 

River (75 percent of supply), reservoir fed by artesian wells about 600 feet deep (25 per cent of 

supply). Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 26,1933. A, Dug well; B, artesian wells.

Idaho Falls (9,429); municipal; 2 wells about 180 feet deep supplying mains directly. Analysis of 

tap sample by A. W. Klotz, Idaho Department of Public Welfare, April 1931.

Lewiston (9,403); municipal; Clearwater River. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, July 22,1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 20 to 44, average 32; pH 7.2. to 8.5, average 7.4.

Pocatello (16,471); municipal; Mink Creek augmented in summer by wells 160 feet deep. Analysis 

of tap sample from creek supply by A. W. Klotz, Idaho Department of Public Welfare, April 

1931.

Twin Falls (8,787); municipal; Snake River water from High Line Canal; filtered. The composition of the water varies throughout the year, Analysis of tap sample by A. W. Klotz, Idaho 

Department of Public Welfare, April 1931.

[Most of the descriptions and analyses were furnished by A. M. Buswell, director, Illinois State

Water Survey]

Alton (30,151); Alton Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 Broad 

St., New York, N.Y.); Mississippi River; filtered. Daily determinations on the filtered water 

for the year 1931: Alkalinity 123 to 212, average 158; hardness 122 to 282, average 176. (For average of analyses of raw water from Mississippi River near Quincy, see Quincy, analysis C.)

Aurora (46,589); 7 wells (nos. 6 to 12) 2,200, 2,262, 2,280, 2,285, 2,280, 2,240, and 2,230 feet deep. 

Analyzed by E. L. Pearson, Illinois State Water Survey, Nov. 22, 1930. A, Well 12; B, well 8 

(maximum total solids); C, well 6 (minimum total solids).

Belleville (28,425); supplied by East St. Louis & Interurban Water Co. (See East St. Louis)..._

Berwyn (47,027); municipal; Chicago supply. (See Chicago)____________________

Bloomington (30,930); municipal; impounding reservoir; softened with excess lime, recarbonated, 

filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 9.1. Analyzed by Q. E. Symons, Illinois State Water 

Survey, July 27,1932. The analysis probably represents about an average concentration. Regular determinations on monthly composites of the treated water for the year 1930-31: Hardness 

55 to 93, average 82. For the same period the raw water had an average hardness of 231.

Champaign (20,348); Illinois Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Urbana. Total population supplied about 

33,400. 38 wells, as follows: East plant group, 18 wells 157 to 177 feet deep; School House group, 

8 wells 169 to 173 feet deep; West plant group, 6 wells 163 to 169 feet deep; West Bradley well, 

200 feet deep; and East Bradley group, 5 wells 202 to 212 feet deep; aerated, filtered without coagulation. Analysis of raw water from well 40 by O. W. Rees, Illinois State Water Survey, Dec. 5, 

1927. Other available results indicate that the analysis represents the average composition of 

the water.

Chicago (3,376,438); municipal. Supplies also Berwyn, Blue Island, Broadview, Burnham, Calumet City, Calumet Park, Cicero, Dolton, East Hazel Crest, Elmwood Park, Evergreen Park, 

Forest Park, Forest View, Harvey, Markham, Niles, Niles Center, North Riverside, Oak Park, 

Park Ridge, Posen, Phoenix, Riverdale, River Forest, Specialville, Stickney, Summit, Tessville, 

and Westchester. Total population supplied about 3,679,000. Lake Michigan. The composition 

of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. The pH ranges from about 7.8 to 8.2, with an 

average about 8.0. Analyzed by Chicago Water Department, Mar. 6,1928. Plans are now being 

developed for the filtration of the water. It is proposed to construct several filter plants.

Chicago Heights (22,321); municipal; 5 wells about 200 feet deep; 1 well 1,832 feet deep used as an 

auxiliary supply. Analysis of water from 200-foot well by Illinois State Water Survey, June 23, 

1920. Analyses of samples collected from the auxiliary well Nov. 3, 1930, indicate that its water 

is of the same general type, but about 10 percent softer.

Cicero (66,602); municipal; Chicago supply. (See Chicago)..

Danville (36,765); Inter-State Water Co. Supplies also Westville. Total population supplied 

about 40,700. Impounding reservoirs on North Fork of Vermilion River; aerated at times, filtered. 

Analyzed by G. E. Symons, Illinois State Water Survey, Nov. 6,1931. The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. Daily determinations of alkalinity of the treated water for 

the 2-year period 1929-30, 70 to 300, average 178.

Decatur (57,510); municipal; impounding reservoir on Sangamon River; softened, filtered, final 

adjustment of pH to about 8.5. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. 

Analyzed by Q. E. Symons, Illinois State Water Survey, July 25,1932.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

57

Analyses (parts per million)

A.... 

B__.. 

A. 

B. 

C.. -

Total 

dissolved 

solids

95

183

«319 

57 

«152

«233

517 

821 

369

108 

367

157 

818

290 

145

Silica 

(Si02)

18 

32

14 

10 

29

32

8 

20

8

6.0 

.19

6.4 

18

8 

5

Iron 

(Fe)

0.02 

.42

.08 

»2

.8 

1.4 

Trace

.0 

(*)

.2 

.4

.0 

.0

Calcium 

(Ca)

18 

35

42 

9.4 

22

39

70 

117

55

11 

60

34 

136

57 . 

17

Magnesium 

(Mg)

3.5 

4.5

14 

1.3 

6.9

1.7

30 

59 

20

12 

36

9.7 

66

25 

18

Sodium.

(Na)

8.8 

14

< £ 

2.6 

«1

"3

8 

8

fi

2 

28

5 

3

7 

7.

Potassium 

(K)

1.9 

2.9

7 

.9

7

9

5 

0 

9

8 

2.7

1 

}

0

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

74 

106

254 

26 

123

160

325 

405 

315

'54 

456

146

473

215 

«88

Sulphate 

(SOO

12 

39

44 

14 

6.8

5.8

36 

146 

41

36 

.4

IS. 

255

64 

39

Chloride 

(Cl)

2.0 

4.0

23 

1.4 

8

37

130

155 

32

5.0 

3.0

4.5 

7.0

5.0

4

Nitrate 

(NO,)

1.9 

1.0

.14

1.8 

9.4 

1.2

.4 

.9

1.4

1.8 

2.4

Total 

hardness as 

CaCOs"

59 

106

162 

29 

83

104

298 

534 

220

77 

298

125 

611

245 

116

No.

114

115 

116 

117

118

119

120

121 

122 

123

124 

125

126

127

128

129

0 Calculated. * Average iron for 1932 in effluent 0.02 part.

* Iron and aluminum oxides. ' Includes equivalent of 8 parts of carbonate (CO,).

i Includes equivalent of 16 parts of carbonate (CO,).
58 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the largerDescription

130

131

ILLIN Ois continued

East St. Louis (74,347); East St. Louis & Interurban Water Co. (controlled by American Water 

Works & Electric Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Belleville, Brooklyn, 

Dupo, Fairmount City, Granite City, Lovejoy, Madison, Nameoki, National City, O'Fallon, 

Swansea, and Venice. Total population supplied about 153,000. Mississippi River; filtered. 

The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may also be slightly 

reduced, and the sulphate is increased. With these exceptions the analysis probably represents 

reasonably well the average C9mposition of the water delivered to consumers. Average of analyses 

of raw water from Mississippi River at Chester made by U.S. Geological Survey in 1906-7 (WaterSupply Paper 239, p. 83,1910). Daily determinations for the 2-year period 1929-30: Alkalinity 

84 to 192, average 136; hardness 118 to 258, average 172.

Elgin (35,929); municipal; wells. Analyzed by Illinois State Water Survey______ .......

A

B

C

D

K

Source

Shuler St. well. ______________ . _____

North State St. well.. __ .------...--.._ _ ....

Depth 

(feet)

1,960

675

1,940

53

36-46

41

53

33

Capacity 

(million 

gallons 

per day)

4.1

.9

.9

.6

.3

.3

.1

Date of , 

collection

Jan. 18, 1933

Oct. 5, 1931

Aug. 13,1930

Jan. 18, 1933

132

133

134

135

136

Evanston (63,338); municipal. Supplies also Wilmette. Total population supplied about 78,600.

Lake Michigan; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year.

The filtered water had an average alkalinity of 111 for 1928 and 1929. Analyzed by C. R. Breden,

Illinois State Water Survey, Oct. 28, 1930. 

Freeport (22,045); Illinois Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation,

27 William St., New York, N.Y.); 3 wells (nos. 2, 3, and 4), 303, 503, and 100 feet deep; aerated,

filtered. The analyses represent samples of aerated water not coagulated or filtered. Analyzed

by C. R. Breden, Illinois State Water Survey, Apr. 17,1931. A, Well 2, B, well 4. 

Galesburg (28,830); municipal; 2 wells (nos. 1 and 2), 2,414 and 2,408 feet deep. Analyzed by O. W.

Rees, Illinois State Water Survey. A, Potsdam well 1, Aug. 9,1932; B, Potsdam well 2, Mar. 23,

1929.

Granite City (25,130); supplied by East St. Louis & Interurban Water Co. (See East St. Louis).. 

Joliet (42,993); municipal; 11 wells 1,547 to 1,785 feet deep. Analyzed by E. L. Pearson, Illinois

State Water Survey, Dec. 17, 1930.

A

B

0

Source Depth 

(feet)

1,685

1,565

1,565

Approximate percentage of

supply

21

23

28

Approximate 

concentration

137 Kankakee (20,620); Kankakee Water Co.; Kankakee River; softened with lime and soda ash, recarbonated, filtered. The water is regularly softened to a hardness less than 80. The composition of the raw water varies throughout the year, and the analysis probably shows more than the 

average mineral content of the filtered water. Analysis of tap sample by C. R. Breden, Illinois 

State Water Survey, Jan. 21, 1932.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

Analyses (parts per million)

Av ...

A.... 

B..._ 

C.. ..

D

E._ ..

A.. ..

BA.... 

BA.... 

B. ......

C.......

Total 

dissolved 

solids

269

310 

329 

346 

638 

466

168

474 

"436

1,030 

1,073

507 

613 

486

287

Silica 

(SiOa)

22

9 

9 

16 

14 

17

3.7

15 

14

12 

12

24 

11 

11

11

Iron 

(Fe)

0.39

.0 

Trace 

.0 

.0 

1.0

.0

.6 

2.6

Trace 

.1

.2 

Trace 

.2

.0

Calcium 

(Ca)

44

61 

49 

41 

114 

95

33

93 

83

53 

57

79 

94 

62

14

Magnesium 

(Mg)

16

24 

24 

20 

60 

46

7.9

50 

49

24 

27

26 

39 

21

10

Sodium

(Na)

2

:

4 

6 

1

15

6. 

1.

27 

281

5 

^

S 

42

Potassium 

(K)

1

8 

 8 

5 

4 

4.1

3

4 

6

-

9 

6 

1

26

1

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

174

356 

395 

371 

437 

398

132

415 

383

300 

276

332 

359 

339

» 66

Sulphate 

(800

56 

10

15 

153 

90

20

58

58

314 

344

117 

175 

89

140

Chloride 

(Cl)

9.8

7.0 

3 

5.0 

25 

9.0

5.0

28 

11

175 

210

30 

27 

36

3.0

Nitrate 

(NOS)

2.7

.4 

.4 

.3 

11 

4.1

1.1

13 

1.5

1.7 

.4

1.5 

1.5 

.9

16

Total 

hardness as 

CaCO3 «

176

251 

221 

184 

531 

426

115

438 

408

231 

253

304 

395 

241

76

1

No. 

130

131

132 

133

134

135 

136

137

1 Calculated. »> Includes 0.7 part of manganese. 

1 Includes equivalent of 10 parts of carbonate (COs).
60 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

138

Description

ILLINOIS continued 

Maywood (25,829); municipal; wells. Analyzed by Illinois State Water SurveySource Depth 

(feet)

Approximate percentage of 

supply

Date of 

collection Analyst

Well 6. 

Well 3. 

Well 5. 

Well 4.

2,090

1,600

2,076

2,048

49

27

24

Auxiliary.

Oct. 11,1928 

July 8,1931 

Oct. 11,1928 

.....do.. ..

O. W. Rees. 

O. R. Breden. 

O. W. Rees. 

Do.

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

Moline (32,236); municipal; Mississippi River; filtered. The coagulation and filtration reduce the 

silica and iron, the bicarbonate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. Average of analyses of composites of daily samples 

by U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 1 to July 31,1907 (Water-Supply Paper 239, p. 81,1910).

Oak Park (63,982); municipal; Chicago supply. (See Chicago)________________ .

Peoria (104,969); Peoria Water Works Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 100 

William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Bartonville and Peoria Heights. Total pppulaton 

supplied about 110,000. 9 wells 45 to 95 feet deep. The Main well and wells 7,8, and 9 furnish about 

95 percent of the total supply. A, Analysis of tap sample (Main well and wells 7 and 8 in service) 

by Illinois State Water Survey, Dec. 1, 1924 (Illinois State Water Survey Bull. 21, p. 612,1925); 

B, well 7, May 12,1931; O, well 8, June 23,1931; D, well 9, May 12,1931. B, O, and D analyzed 

by C. R. Breden, Illinois State Water Survey.

Quincy (39,241); municipal; Mississippi River; softened with lime, recarbonated, filtered. A, 

Softened water; B, raw water; O, average of analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water 

from the Mississippi Eiver near Quincy by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 

239, p. 82,1910). A and B analyzed by O. R. Breden, Illinois State Water Survey, Jan. 25,1932. 

The composition of the water varies throughout the year. Regular determinations for year 1932: 

Softened water, alkalinity 20 to 160, average 44; hardness 36 to 138, average 71; pH 7.2 to 9.6, average 

9.1. Raw water, alkalinity 85 to 191, average 141; hardness 92 to 220, average 157.

Rockford (85,864); municipal; 9 wells 1,600 feet deep. The wells all furnish water of about the same 

general character. The analyses represent approximately an average concentration, the most 

concentrated water, and the least concentrated. Analyzed by E. L. Pearson, Illinois State 

Water Survey, June 20,1930. A, Well 5; B, well 4; O, well 1.

Rock Island (37,953); municipal; Mississippi River; filtered. Analysis of tap sample by J. G. Weart, 

Illinois Department of Public Health, Dec. 30,1929. The composition of the water varies throughout the year, and the analysis probably represents about a maximum concentration. (For analysis 

of the river water see Moline.)

Springfield (71,864); municipal; Sangamon River (80 percent of supply), wells and infiltration galleries along Sangamon River (20 percent of supply); softened with lime, recarbonated, filtered, 

final adjustment of pH to about 9.0. Analyses of 3 composites of daily samples by C. H. Spaulding, Water Department, Mar. 1 to Aug. 31,1932. A, Softened water; B, raw water; C, Sangamon 

River water. Regular determinations on the treated water for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 

(based on monthly averages) 27 to 55, average 40; hardness 73 to 122, average 99; pH 8.4 to 9.7, 

average 9.0. For the same period the raw water had an average hardness of 255.

Waukegan (33,499); municipal; Lake Michigan; filtered. Analyzed by Illinois State Water Survey, 

Nov. 18,1930. Monthly average of regular determinations on the filtered water for the year 1929: 

Alkalinity 106 to 118, pH 7.2 to 7.7.

INDIANA

[Descriptive material for all the supplies was furnished by Elliott Parks, director of laboratories, 

Department of Sanitary Engineering, Indiana Board of Health]

Anderson (39,804); municipal; White River (filtered); 5 deep wells. There is some variation in the 

composition of the river water. Analysis of treated water from White River by Margaret D. 

Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 27,1922.

Bloomington (18,227); municipal; Grifiy Creek reservoir (coagulated, filtered), "Old Plant" reservoir (coagulated, settled). Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 28, 1931. A, Grifiy Creek reservoir; 

B, "Old Plant" reservoir. Average of several determinations of hardness: Grifiy Creek reservoir 

131, "Old Plant" reservoir 166.

East Chicago (54,784); municipal; Lake Michigan; filtered; analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Sept. 28,1931. 

The composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year.

Elkhart (32,949); municipal; 4 dug wells 28 to 32 feet deep and 28 to 41 feet in diameter, 5 driven wells 

about 55 feet deep. Analyzed by Indiana Board of Health.

Evansville (102,249); municipal; Ohio River; filtered. Analysis of about an average sample by 

E. W. Lohr, July 6,1931. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. Regular 

determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 32 to 82, average 55; hardness 78 to 214, average 144.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

61

Analyses (parts per million)

B._ -

C.... 

D ... .

A\r

A.. -

B.. ..

C......_

D .

A. 

B . ...

O .

A.. ..

B..... ..

C.. ..

A.-.. 

B. ......

C--.-.-

A--. .

B. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

983 

577 

822 

684

179

456 

457 

«408 

453

138 

262 

203

352 

420 

280

216

176 

«318 

288

151

348 

149

141

254 

221

Silica 

(SiOs)

9.4 

8 

13 

12

16

13 

15 

14 

17

9.3 

18 

18

12 

12

12

9.2 

10 

14

3.4

7.0

3.7

4.5 

15 

4.0

Iron 

(Fe)

0.2

.4 

.8 

.0

.39

.1 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

Trace 

.46

.0 

.2 

Trace

.3

.0

.1 

.0

.17 

.01

.04 

.1 

.03

Calcium 

(Ca)

96 

79 

102 

80

33

87 

88 

72 

97

23

47 

36

66 

70

51

42

17 

57 

58

33

72

37 "35

34 

55 

39

Magnesium 

(Mg)

27 

29 

46 

30

13

41 

43 

37 

46

5.0 

20 

16

39 

43 

36

19

16 

27 

24

11

29 

6.8

11 

21 

9.1

Sodium 

(Na)

183 

8 

84 

108

1

26 

1

2

:

10 

8.2 

1

4!

7.

: i i

11

5.1 

3.1

3.0

4 

12

Potassium 

(K)

18 

) 

10 

17

3

3.8 

3

7 

1

3.9 

4.9 

1

7 

4 

1

11

4 

5 

2

7.9

2.0

2.1

1.1 

3

2.5

Bicarbonate 

HC03)

334 

341 

317 

344

152

420 

439 

432 

439

" 61 

206 

175

346 

361

344

195

50 

240 

210

116

262

98 

131

131 

249 

56

Sulphate 

(S04)

121 

153 

253 

165

24

52 

38

5.4 

45

43 

36 

25

29 

42 

6.4

32

66 

60 

49

18

72

41 '16

19 

20

85

Chloride 

(Cl)

280 

53 

70

82

3.7

21 

16 

23

14

9.0 

7.0

4.4

8.0 

15 

3.0

9

10 

9

8

4.0

20

3.0 

3.0

4.1 

6.0

18

Nitrate 

(NOs)

0.2 

.9 

1.2

.4

1.8

4.2 

4.4 

.0 

1.3

3.3 

11 

2.2

3.1 

5.3 

1.5

1.3

44 

11 

11

.5

11 

.82

.50 

1.0 

1.6

Total hardness as 

CaCOa"

351 

316 

444 

323

136

386 

396 

332 

431

78 

200 

156

325 

351 

275

183

108 

253 

243

128

299 

120

130 

224 

135

No.

138

139

140 

141

142

143

144 

145

146

147 

148

149 

150 

151

 Calculated.

«Includes 0.2 part of manganese.

»Includes equivalent of 15 parts of carbonate (COi).

17693 34 5

«Includes 0.9 part of manganese. 

' By turbidity.
62 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

152

153

154

155

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

INDIANA continued

Fort Wayne (114,946); municipal; St. Joseph River impounded: softened with lime, recarbonated, 

filtered. This source and the treatment are now under development and will be in service in 

1934. The composition of the river water varies throughout the year. Analyses made in connection with the study of plans'for the system indicate an average total hardness of about 275, of 

which the noncarbonate hardness is 75. It is expected that the softening plant will reduce the 

total hardness to about 100 without reduction of the noncarbonate hardness.

Gary (100,426); Gary Heat, Light & Water Co.; Lake Michigan. The chemical composition of the 

water is fairly uniform and is practically the same as at Hammond. (For analysis see Hammond.)

Hammond (64,560); municipal; Lake Michigan. Analyzed by E. M. Partridge, Paige & Jones 

Chemical Co., Hammond, Aug. 14,1930. The composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. At times when the lake is stirred up the suspended matter reaches a maximum of 

of about 500 to 700 parts.

Indianapolis (364,161); Indianapolis Water Co.; White River impounded, slow sand filtration 

(about 80 percent); wells (about 20 percent). There is some variation in the composition of the 

river water throughout the year. The average concentration of the river water has been about 

the same for a number of years. The pH of the filtered water is reported to range from 6.8 to 7.8, 

and the pH of the well water around 7.2. Analyzed by Indianapolis Water Co. A, Average 

based on monthly composites of daily samples of the filtered water, 1928; B, average based on 

monthly composites of daily samples from Fall Creek station wells over a period of 2 years.

Kokomo (32,843); Kokomo Water Works Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric 

Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); 11 wells 130 to 500 feet deep; iron removal. Analysis of tap 

sample by Indiana Board of Health, Dec. 22,1930. The supply is obtained from 2 groups of wells 

which furnish waters that differ in composition, but the analysis may be taken to represent the 

general character of the water delivered to consumers.

LaFayette (26,240); municipal; 14 wells 100 feet deep. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Nov. 24, 1930.

Logansport (18,508); municipal; Eel River; filtered. Analyzed by Indiana Board of Health, January 1931. The chemical composition -of the water varies throughout the year. Daily determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity 50 to 270, average 169.

Marion (24,496); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 3 to 5) 139 feet deep, emergency supply from 14 wells; 

aerated, softened with lime, recarbonated, settled. Well 3 furnishes about 80 percent of the 

total supply. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 4, 1931. A, Softened 

water from tap in City Hall; B, raw water from well 3.

Michigan City (26,735); municipal; Lake Michigan. The chemical composition of the water is 

fairly uniform throughout the year and is practically the same as at Hammond. (For analysis 

see Hammond.)

Mishawaka (28,630); municipal; 30 wells 80 to 100 feet deep, 7 wells 290 to 315 feet deep. Analyzed 

by Dearborn Chemical Co.. Chicago, 111., July 1915. A, Analysis representative of the 30 relatively shallow wells; B, analysis representative of the 7 deep wells.

Muncie (46,548); Muncie Water Works Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); White River (about 90 percent), wells (about 10 percent); filtered. The alkalinity of the treated water is reported to range from 80 to 300, with an average of 

about 250. The average of analyses of monthly composite samples given for the filtered water at 

Indianapolis may be taken as fairly representative of the average composition of the water at 

Muncie. (See Indianapolis, analysis A.)

New Albany (25,819); Interstate Public Service Co., Ohio River; filtered. Analyses of the water 

furnished to consumers at Cincinnati, Ohio, may be taken as representative of the mineral content at New Albany. Analyzed by Cincinnati Water Works. Average of monthly composites, 

1928-32. For additional analyses see Cincinnati, Ohio.

Richmond (32,493); Richmond Water Works Corporation (controlled by American Water Works 

& Electric Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); infiltration galleries,spring, 1 dug well ISfeetdeep, 

4 wells about 25 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 

29, 1930.

South Bend (104,193); municipal; 118 wells 85 to 175 feet deep. Analyzed by Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame.

A

B

0

T)

F,

Station

North...... - _ __ -_.

South..-.-----..- . _ .... _ ....... _ ...

Number of 

wells

52

27

35

3

1

Range 

in depth 

(feet)

100-150

125-175

100-150

85

206

Percent 

of supply 

(1931)

45

38

8

8

1

Date of 

analysis

May 6, 1930

Do.

Do.

Do.

May , 1932

Terre Haute (62,810); Terre Haute Water Works Corporation (controlled by American Water 

Works & Electric Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Wabash River, filtered. Analyses 

furnished by Terre Haute Water Works Corporation; based on monthly composites of daily 

samples collected during 1920. Averages of daily determinations on the treated water during 

the year 1929: Alkalinity 167, hardness 231, chloride 13.
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

63

Analyses (parts per million)

A-. -.

B-- 

A.. _ ..

B-_ ..

A.. ..

B--- 

Av 

A .

B__ 

C -_-

D .

EAv 

Max.... 

Min ..

Total dissolved 

solids

153

351 

361

932

484 

 416

362 

610

"420 "308

207 

337

353 

644 

548 

341 

271

383 

440 

284

Silica 

(SiOs)

7.9

6.8 

14

13

24 

14

12 

16

7.2 

3.5

15

3.9 

12 

9.6 

1.5

2.8

11 

18 

4

Iron 

(Fe)

&3.4

.48 

1.2

.0

.10 

.3

.08 

.02

U.6 '1.7

.05 

.10

M.4 

"2.4 

»2. 1 

"7.0 

& 4.0

*>. 29 

"2.0 

& Trace

Calcium 

(Ca)

31

71

74

196

98 

104

47 

135

82 

62

34 

84

107 

139 

109 

84 

56

70

87 

44

Magnesium

(Mg)

.......

13

25 

32

6.7

33 

6.3

32 

42

29 

26

"6.1 

32

25 

50 

37 

24 

27

26 

38 

18

Sodium

(Na)

6. 

1

« 

30

19 

19

a

3.0

6 

5 

22 

4 

11

6. 

9. 

4.

Potassium

(K)

5

) 

5

07

4.7 

J9

2.0 

1.8

4 

3

L5 

2.1

.7 

.5

.3

9 

4

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

145

260 

380

351

366 

334

100

444

300 

356

45 

336

289 

349 

337 

284 

307

221 

290 

141

Sulphate

(S04)

18

65 

29

412

88 

70

141 

123

106 

1.1

72 

52

57 

255 

167 

73 

12

85 

99 

71

Chloride 

(Cl)

5.9

11 

6.5

22

21 

16

42 

40

7.1 

14

22 

4.0

10 

8.5 

35 

6.7 

7.3

12 

15 

8

Nitrate 

(NOj)

2.8 

.3

.1

20 

.3

.50 

.30

11 

.0

4.9

Total hardness as 

CaCOs 0

131

280 

316

517

380 

286

249 

510

324 

262

 110 

341

370 

553 

424 

308 

251

280 

341 

184

No.

152

153

154

155

156

157 

158

159

160 

161 

162

163 

164

165

166

: Calculated. Iron and aluminum oxides. 1 Determined.
64 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

Description

176

177

178

179

180

181

Burlington (26,755); Citizens' Water Co.; Mississippi Eiver; filtered, final treatment with lime 

to control pH. The composition of the water varies considerably throughout the year. The 

treatment undoubtedly removes more silica and slightly more iron than the laboratory filtration 

of the samples analyzed in 1907. The snlphate is increased. Average of analyses of composite 

samples of raw water from Mississippi Eiver at Moline, 111., by U.S. Geological Survey, February 

to July 1907 (Water-Supply Paper 239, p. 81,1910).

Cedar Rapids (56,097); municipal; Cedar Eiver; aerated, softened with lime, recarbonated, filtered. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, July 5, 1932. A, Softened water; B, raw water. There is 

considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. Eegular determinations for the year 1931: Softened water, alkalinity 31 to 71, average 41; hardness 56 to 101, average 

72; pH 8.5 to 8.7, average 8.6. Raw water, alkalinity 101 to 235, average 138; hardness 117 to 266, 

average 173.

Clinton (25,726); Clinton Water Works Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). 5 wells 1,240 to 2,101 feet deep. Analysis of a sample from well 

6, 2,101 feet deep, by E. W. Lohr, May 28, 1932.

Council Bluffs (42,048); municipal; Missouri River; coagulated, settled, aerated. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. The coagulation reduces the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. 

Analyses of composite samples of raw water from Missouri River near Florence, Nebr., by U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 78,1909). A, Average of analyses of composite samples, 1906-7; B, composite sample of maximum concentration, Dec. 14-23, 1906; C, 

composite sample of minimum concentration, Aug. 24 to Sept. 3,1907.

Davenport (60,751); Davenport Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); Mississippi River; filtered. The composition of the water is 

not very different from that at Burlington. (See Burlington.)

Des Moines (142,559); municipal; infiltration galleries. Average of 4 analyses made by M. K. 

Tenny, Des Moines Water Works, Mar. 7, June 1, Sept. 1, Dec. 1,1932.

Dubuque (41,679); municipal; 5 wells averaging about 1,450 feet deep, springs. The wells furnish 

about 80 percent of the total supply. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 

22, 1930. A, Wells; B, springs.

Fort Dodge (21,895); municipal; 5 wells 1,400, 215, 1,436, 260, and 512 feet deep; iron removal. 

Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 4,1931.

Iowa City (15,340); municipal; Iowa Eiver; filtered. There is also a filtration plant on Iowa 

River at the State University. The municipal filtration plant pumps about 1,300,000 gallons a 

day, and the University plant about 600,000 gallons a day. The two plants furnish a total population of about 20,000. The coagulation and filtration of the water reduce the silica and iron; 

the bicarbonate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. Analyses of composites of 

daily samples of raw water by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 66, 

1909). A, Average; B, composite of maximum total solids and hardness, Oct. 17-26, 1906; C, 

composite of minimum total solids and hardness, Jan. 16-28, 1907. Eegular determinations on 

the filtered water for the year 1932: Municipal plant, alkalinity 36 to 298, average 162. University plant, alkalinity 44 to 302, average 160; pH 6.8 to 8.1.

Keokuk (15,106); Keokuk Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 

Broad St., New York, N.Y.); Mississippi River; filtered. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year. The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate 

may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. Average of analyses of raw water from the 

Mississippi near Quincy, HI., by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 239, p. 

82, 1910). Marshalltown (17,373); municipal; group of 9 wells 100 feet deep, 1 well 50 feet deep, 1 well 223 

feet deep; iron removal. It is proposed to soften the supply. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. 

Lohr, Nov. 25, 1932.

Mason City (23,304); municipal; Swells, 1,200 feet deep. Analysis furnished by Mason City Water 

Department, dated 1923 or 1924.

Muscatine (16,778); municipal; 15 wells 50 feet deep. All wells are connected to a common suction line. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Apr. 26,1932.

Ottumwa (28,075); municipal; Des Moines River; filtered. It is proposed to soften the supply. 

Analyses of composite samples of raw water from Des Moines River at Keosauqua by U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 61,1909).

Sioux City (79,183); municipal; 8 wells 305, 302, 343, 349, 323, 267, 377, and 419 feet deep. All water 

supplied to reservoirs. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, Apr. 30, 1931. 18 analyses for Nov. 18 and 

19, 1930, and Apr. 16, 1926, show variation in composition of the water from the different wells, 

but the analysis may be taken to represent reasonably well about the average composition of 

the water delivered to consumers.

Waterloo (46,191); municipal; main supply from 1 well 85 feet deep; auxiliary supply from 4 wells 

1,400 feet deep. A, Analysis of sample from main supply by H. C. Maffitt, consulting chemist, 

July 28,1929; B, analysis of sample from auxiliary supply by D. L. Maffitt, Des Moines municipal water plant, Jan. 5, 1926.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

65

Analyses (parts per million)

Av 

A. 

B.__ 

A.......

B-_.- 

C..-_- .

(Av.)--

B-.-.._ _

A. 

B.___._-

O.. ..

Av. -

Av-. 

Max. ... 

Min _ ..

A.......

B-... 

Total dissolved 

solids

179

154 

299

382

454 

663 

300

362

291 

460

573

247 

"327 

134

203

467

«429 

204

312 

492 

207 

792

223 

480

Silica 

(SiOn)

16

8.3 

17

12

31 

25 

25

14

26 

16

17

19 

36

18

18

19

2.4 

15

22 

18 

29 

17

13 

1.0

Iron 

(Fe)

0.39

.01 

.02

.21

.44 

.10 

.38

»3.5

.10 

.10

.02

.25 

Trace

.7

.46

.02

'3.0 

.01

.36 

.10 

1.2

.72

" 2.1 

"2. 2

Calcium 

(Ca)

33

28 

65

64

65 

102 

46

75

59

87

118

49 

64 

21

36

95

74 

42

58 

100 

30 

152

58 

72

Magnesium 

(Mg)

13

4.3 

18

30

20 

38 

14

29

37 

50

40

17 

26 

7.5

16

31

31

15

21 

38 

10 

41

16 

35

Sodium 

(Na)

1

6.0 

5.9

31

4

5 

3

2

4.0

7.1

32

1 

1

1

15

4 

5.1

1 

2 

1 

39

Potassium 

(K)

3

2.3 

2.1

8.1

9

8 

6

0

3.3

2.7

4.5

4

3 

9.8

1

2.7

4 

1.4

7 

7 

1 

8.3

12 

52

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

152

36 

231

335

203 

337 

146

255

'330 

"387

472

210 

283 

83

175

306

402 

165

216 

412 

99 

386

207 

349

Sulphate

(S04)

24

53 

38

50

168 

237 

96

98

22 

104

139

36 

44 

30

25

133

68 

25

71 

107 

52 

298

25 

12S

Chloride 

(Cl)

3.7

6.0 

5.2

28

8.9 

12

8.8

6.0

5.0 

8.0

5.0

3.6 

3.9 

2.7

4.4

3.9

7.0 

4.5

4.8 

8.1 

4.0 

9.7

4.4

9.2

Nitrate 

(NOs)

1.8

13 

13

.60

1.8 

1.0 

.9

1.5

.10 

.56

2.7

2.8 

.5 

1.7

2.2 

2.8

12

3.3 

2.6 

3.9 

1.5

15 

4.4

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

136

88 

236

283

244 

411 

172

306

299

422

459

192 

267 

83

156

365

312 

166

231 

406 

116

548

211 

324

No.

167 

168

169 

170

171 

172

*m

174 

175

176

177

178 

1179

180

181

182

" Calculated.

6 Iron and aluminum oxides.

1 Includes equivalent of 9 parts of carbonate (COa). 

" Includes equivalent of 18 parts of carbonate (COa).
66 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

[Complete descriptions and the analyses were furnished by Selma Gottlieb, chemist, Kansas

Board of Health]

Arkansas City (13,946); municipal; wells into Arkansas River underflow about 50 feet deep. 

Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, March 1931. A, Well 1; B, well 2; C, well 3; D, well 4.

Atchison (13,024); Atchison Water Co. Missouri River; coagulated; settled. Analysis of treated 

water by Selma Gottlieb, Mar. 1, 1932. Weekly determinations for the year 1932: Alkalinity 

96 to 230, average 148. Analyses of raw water from Missouri River near Kansas City indicate 

the range in composition and general character of the water. (See Kansas City, analyses B.)

Coffeyville (16,198); municipal; Verdigris River; filtered. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, June 8, 

1931. The river receives highly mineralized water from oil wells. Weekly determinations 

for the year 1932: Alkalinity 58 to 236, average 151; chloride 54 to 211, average 117. Daily determinations of pH for the year 1930: 6.8 to 8.2, average around 7.2.

Emporia (14,067); municipal; Neosho Eiver; filtered. A, Analysis of filtered water by Selma 

Gottlieb, June 6, 1932; B, average of analyses of raw water by University of Kansas, 1906-7 

(Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 327,1911). There is considerable variation in the composition of the 

water throughout the year. Weekly determinations of alkalinity on the filtered water for the 

year 1932: 110 to 284, average 207. Daily determinations of pH for the year 1930: 7.4 to 8.6, 

average 7.9.

Fort Scott (10,763); municipal; Marmaton River; coagulated, settled, adjustment of pH to around 

7.2 when it falls below 7.0. A, Analysis of treated water by Selma Gottlieb, June 7, 1932; 

B, average of analyses of raw water by University of Kansas, 1907-8 (Water-Supply Paper 273, 

p. 268, 1911). The composition of the water varies considerably throughout the year. Weekly 

determinations of alkalinity on the treated water for the year 1932: 58 to 192, average 131. 

Daily determinations of pH on the treated water for the year 1930: 6.6 to 8.2, average 7.3.

Hutchinson (27,085); United Power & Light Corporation; wells in Arkansas River underflow, 

about 70 feet deep, at 7 pumping stations. The relative proportions of water pumped from 

the different stations varies from year to year. Water from South station is considerably 

harder and more concentrated. Water from Lorraine Street station is practically the same 

as at the Northeast station. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, May 1931.

A 

B 

C 

D 

E

Station

Cleveland Street. ___ .. ______________________

Lorraine Street ___ __ _ . .. ____ .. __ __ ___ --

South..........................................................

Percent of total supply

1928

18 

6 

11 

41 

1 

22 

1

1929

22 

6 

45 

13

12 

2

1930

38 

22 

19 

12 

6 

2 

1

Independence (12,782); municipal; Verdigris River; filtered. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, 

May 31, 1932. The river receives highly mineralized water from oil wells. Weekly determinations for the year 1932: Alkalinity 38 to 144, average 87; chloride 51 to 193, average 112.

Kansas City (121,857); municipal; Missouri River; filtered. A, Analysis of filtered water by 

Selma Gottlieb, May 1930; B, analyses of raw water from Missouri River near Kansas City 

by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 79, 1909). Analyses of the 

raw water indicate the range in composition and general character of the water. Weekly 

determinations of alkalinity on the filtered water for the year 1932: 90 to 246, average 151. Daily 

determinations of pH on the filtered water for the year 1930: 7.4 to 8.0, average 7.7.

Lawrence (13,726); municipal; Kansas River; softened with lime, recarbonated, filtered. A, 

Analysis of a single sample of the softened water by Selma Gottlieb, May 1931; B, average of 

analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water from Kansas River near Holliday, by 

University of Kansas, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 243, 1911). The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. Regular determinations on the treated water for the year 

1931-32: Alkalinity 34 to 96, average 58; average hardness 104; chloride 15 to 127, average 52; average 

pH8.3.

Leavenworth (17,466); municipal; Missouri River; coagulated, settled. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, June 1930. Weekly determinations for the year 1932: Alkalinity 90 to 244, average 150; 

chloride 7 to 36, average 18. Analyses of raw water from Missouri River near Kansas City 

indicate the range in composition and general character of the water. (See Kansas City, 

analyses B.)
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

67

Analyses (parts per million)

A... .

B-_ ..

C.__._-

D_._- 

A... .

BA.. 

B-- -

A.......

B_ 

C---.._

D .

E- ...

A. 

fAv_- 

B.^Max. 

iMin.

A--.-.._

B. ...

Total dissolved 

solids

1,592 

854 

1.812 

1.827 

391

440

286 

267

284 

267

561 

729 

805 

S91 

782

483

44S 

426 

S79 

291

234 

"403

395

Silica 

(SiOi)

13 

16 

13 

11 

14

7

9 

23

7 

14

11 

12 

12 

9 

12

9

9 

37 

41 

21

10 

29

9

Iron 

(Fe)

0.1 

.0 

.0 

.0

.05

1.8

1.1

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

Trace. 

.73 

.08 

.28

.2 

1.0

.0

Calcium 

(Ca)

144 

136 

160 

158 

55

72

69 

67

73 

81

85 

110 

109 

90 

108

56

56 

62 

90 

44

27 

73

53

Magnesium

(Mg)

40 

24 

48 

48 

18

13

13 

13

9 

8.7

17 

22 

19 

16 

21

16

17 

18 

30 

14

10 

16

15

Sodium

(Na)

«'

a 

a!j

« 1

Potassium 

(K)

;57 

122 

!97 

104 

45

56

»3 

25

 1 

23

83 

96 

26 

78 

37

55

53 

44 

55 

25

28 

51

53

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

249 

356 

237 

237 

175

171

200 

255

165 

251

253 

251 

242 

228 

327

109

"177 

202 

326 

136

37 

261

166

Sulphate 

(SO*)

359 

148 

489 

476 

131

55

43 

27

75 

35

83 

142 

111 

95 

150

54

154 

135 

176 

95

91 

61

147

Chloride 

(Cl)

510 

171 

535 

550 

19

110

7 

7.3

6 

5.2

111 

137 

217 

114 

153

125

15 

13 

23 

7.0

31 

41

12

Nitrate 

(N03)

4 

18 

3 

3

7

3

4 

3.5

1

1.9

11 

31 

7 

18 

18

3

0 

2.2 

2.2 

.9

2 

2.3

2

Total 

hardness as 

CaCO3 «

524 

438 

597 

592 

211

233

226 

221

219 

238

282 

365 

350 

291 

356

206

210 

229 

348 

167

108 

248

194

No.

183 

184 

185 

186

187 

188

189 

190

191 

192

1 Calculated. 1 Includes equivalent of 7 parts of carbonate (COs).
68 INDUSTKIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATEK SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

Description

KANSAS continued

Newton (11,034); municipal; wells 130 feet deep. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, May 1930..........

Parsons (14,903); municipal; main supply from Labette Creek, auxiliary supply from Neosho River; 

filtered. A, Tap sample of filtered water, July 1930; B, tap sample of filtered water, Aug. 4,1930; 

C, average of analyses of raw water from Neosho River near Oswego by University of Kansas, 

1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 330,1911). A and B analyzed by Selma Gottlieb. The composition of the water varies considerably throughout the year. Weekly determinations on the 

filtered water for the year 1932: Alkalinity 28 to 204, average 121.

Pittsburg (18,145); municipal; wells 1,300 to 1,500 feet deep. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, September 1929.

Salina (20,155); municipal; wells 60 to 70 feet deep. Analyzed by Selma Gottlieb, November 1930...

Topeka (64,120); municipal; Kansas River; softened with lime, recarbonated, filtered. A, Analysis 

of a single sample of the softened water by Selma Gottlieb, May 1931; B, average of analyses of 

composites of daily samples of raw water from Kansas River near Holliday by University of Kansas, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 273, p. 243,1911). Regular determinations for the year 1931-32: 

Softened water, alkalinity 28 to 95, average 49; hardness 56 to 116, average 92; chloride 37 to 140, 

average 69. Raw water, alkalinity 100 to 296, average 200; hardness 154 to 309, average 241.

Wichita (111,110); Wichita Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 

Broad St., New York, N.Y.); wells in Arkansas River underflow, about 50 feet deep. Analyzed 

by Selma Gottlieb, Nov. 16,1932.

KENTUCKY

[Descriptive material for the supplies was furnished by F. C. Dugan, director, Bureau of Sanitary 

Engineering, Kentucky Board of Health]

Ashland (29,074); municipal; Ohio River, filtered. Analyses of treated water at Cincinnati, Ohio, 

may be taken to represent the chemical character of the water at Ashland. Analyzed by Cincinnati Water Works. A, Average of monthly composites, 1928-32; B, average of monthly composites, 1930; C, average of monthly composites, 1928; D, monthly composite, December 1930; 

E, monthly composite, April 1932.

Covington (65,252); municipal. Supplies also Erlanger, Fort Thomas, Ludlow, Park Hills, South 

Fort Mitchell, and a few smaller communities. Total population supplied about 85,000. Ohio 

River; filtered. The composition of the water is practically the same as that of the Ohio River 

supply of Cincinnati, Ohio. (For analyses see Ashland.)

Fort Thomas (10,008); supplied by Covington. (See Covington and Ashland)_.. __......

Frankfort (11,626); Frankfort Water Co.; Kentucky River; filtered. The coagulation and the 

filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarb9nate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. There is some variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. Average 

of analyses of composites of daily samples of the raw water by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 

(Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 69, 1909).

Henderson (11,668); municipal; Ohio River; filtered. The composition of the water varies throughout the year and is practically the same as at Evansville, Ind. Analysis of a nearly average tap 

sample of the filtered water from the Ohio River supply at Evansville by E. W. Lohr, July 6,1931.

Hopkinsville (10,746); Hopkinsville Water Co.; West Branch of Little River; coagulated, settled. 

The river is impounded in a 50,000,000-gallon reservoir and in addition has two natural lakes on 

its headwaters, making a total storage capacity for the entire system of about 700,000,000 gallons. 

Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 14,1931.

Lexington (45,736); Lexington Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 100 

William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also about 10,000 consumers in the suburban area 

adjacent to the city of Lexington. Total population supplied about 56,000. 4 lakes, auxiliary 

supply from Kentucky River; filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime. During the year 

1931 the river was used 24 hours a day Jan. 1 to Apr. 8 and 10 hours a day May 20 to Oct. 8. Pumping from the river during the latter period was done at night. Analysis of tap sample from lake 

supply by E. W. Lohr, May 4, 1932. Daily determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 20 to 

111, average 54; pH 6.4 to 8.4, average 7.1. The hardness based on monthly determinations 

for the year 1931-32 ranged from 74 to 138 with an average of 105.

Louisville (307,745); Louisville Water Co. (municipal); Ohio River; filtered. Analyses of the 

filtered water at Cincinnati, Ohio, may be considered fairly representative of the composition of 

the water at Louisville. (For analyses see Ashland.) Regular determinations for the year 1931: 

Alkalinity (daily tests) 14 to 82, average 43; hardness (determined on monthly composites of daily 

samples) 69 to 142, average 104; pH (daily tests) 6.5 to 8.5, average 7.3.

Middlesboro (10,350); Kentucky Utilities Co.; Yellow Creek impounded in Fern Lake (artificial). 

Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, May 9,1931.

Newport (29,744); municipal. Supplies also Bellevue, Dayton, and Southgate. Total population supplied about 50,000. Ohio River; filtered. The composition of the water is practically 

the same as that of the Ohio River supply of Cincinnati, Ohio. (For analyses see Ashland.)

Paducah (33,541); municipal; Ohio River; filtered. Analyzed by Dearborn Chemical Co., Chicago, 

111., Sept. 26,1931.
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

69

Analyses (parts per million)

A.. 

B.......

C.. -

A.... 

B_ 

A. 

B... .

C... .

D....

E... _

Av......

Total 

dissolved 

solids

291 

306 

329 

304

539

761 

245 "403

"1,499

207 

258 

172 

407 

133

104

221 

117

130

22

110

Silica 

(SiOj)

20 

5 

4 

20

9

25 

9 

29

14

16

4.0 

4.1

1.2

4.5

4.8

Iron 

(Fe)

0.0 

Trace

1.6

Trace

Trace 

.0 

1.0

,15

.05 

.05 

.05 

.03 

.05

.49

.03 

.04

.03

.26

'.79

Calcium 

(Ca)

58 

37 

62 

71

70

172 

41 

73

117

34 

42 

30 

60 

21

21

39 

26

36

1.2

25

Magnesium

(Mg)

10 

11 

14 

15

33

32 

4 

16

29

-6.1 

"6.1 

«5.3 

a 12 

"3.8

3.7

9.1 

3.8

3.9

1.0

4.0

Sodium 

(Na)

"3

6

12 

6.5

2.2

1.2

8.

Potassium 

(K)

22 

58 

18 

27

30

22 

25 

51

T4

15 

22 

12 

42 

13

8

2.5 

1.3

1.8

.9

0

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

235 

193 

185 

223

328

433 

34 

261

244

45 

52 

43 

52 

29

78

56 

51

96

6.0

77

Sulphate 

(S04)

28 

53 

63 

65

86

191 

101 

61

234

72 

86 

63 

144 

53

8.3

85 

40

23

3.8

15

Chloride 

(Cl)

9 

37 

24 

9.7

89

38 

27 

41

552

22 

32 

16 

70 

12

2.0

18 

3.0

3.2

.7

12

Nitrate 

(N03)

0 

0 

2 

3.0

0

0 

2 

2.3

2

2.5

1.6 

4.0

4.6

.64

Total 

hardness as 

CaCOs"

186 

138 

212 

239

310

561 

119 

248

411

 110 

 130 

 97 

 200 68

68

135 

81

106

7

79

No.

193 

194

195

196 

197

193

199

200

201 

202

203 

204

205

206

207 

208

209

 Calculated. Determined.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.

1 Includes 1.0 part of fluoride.
70 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

Description

[Descriptive material was furnished by J. H. O'Neill, sanitary engineer, Louisiana Board of Health]

Alexandria (23,025); municipal; 9 wells 500 to 1,227 feet deep supplied to a reservoir. Analyzed by 

W. L. Lamar, May 20,1931. A, Reservoir; B, Monroe St. well, 750 feet deep (most concentrated 

water); C, St. Ann St. well, 750 feet deep (least concentrated water). Partial analyses of samples 

collected Nov. 24 and Apr. 16,1931, from each of the wells indicate that all the wells furnish sodium 

bicarbonate water. Analysis A probably represents about the average concentration of the 

water regularly delivered to consumers.

Baton Rouge (30,729); Baton Rouge Water Works Co.; Lula Ave. station supplied by 5 wells 

(nos. 1 to 5) 1,600 feet deep and 1 well (no. 6) 2,100 feet deep, Lafayette St. station supplied by 4 

wells (nos. 4 to 7) 2,100 feet deep, reserve supply from 3 wells (nos. 8 to 10) at the Lafayette Street 

station 900, 900, and 350 feet deep. Analyzed by H. S. Haller, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 25, 

1931. A, Lula Ave. station; B, Lafayette St. station (wells 4 to 7). Partial analyses of samples 

collected Nov. 5, 1930, from the individual wells used for the regular supply indicate that the 

analyses given represent the composition of the water delivered to consumers.

Lafayette (14,635); municipal; 1 well 158 feet deep known as Filtration Plant well; aeration, lime 

added for iron removal, filtration without other coagulation. Auxiliary supply from Hopkins 

St. well, 164 feet deep, connected to filtration plant and also directly to city reservoir, and from 

Simcoe St. well, 226 feet deep, connected directly to city reservoir. Analysis of tap sample by 

W. L. Lamar, July 27,1932 (Filtration Plant well in service).

Lake Charles (15,791); Gulf States Utilities Co.; 9 wells (nos. 1 to 9), 650,650, 680, 680, 680, 680, 700, 

525, 700 feet deep; filtered. Well 9 is of sufficient capacity to furnish the total supply. Analyzed 

by Fort Worth Laboratories, Fort Worth, Tex., Feb. 13,1929.

New Orleans (458,762); municipal; Mississippi River; softened with lime, filtered. Analyzed by 

A. A. Hirsch, Sewage and Water Board of New Orleans, 1931. The samples were composited 

over a period of a year. A, Treated water; B, raw water. Daily determinations on the treated 

water for the year 1930: Alkalinity 21 to 56, average 34. Daily determinations on the raw water 

for the year 1930: Alkalinity 55 to 156, average 103.

Shreveport (76,655); municipal; Cross Lake; filtered, aerated, adjustment of pH by addition of 

hydrated lime at McNeil St. station. Analysis of tap sample by H. H. Pier, Department of 

Water and Sewerage, Jan. 24,1933. Average results for the year 1932: Alkalinity 36, hardness 36, 

chloride 21, color 8.0, pH 8.0.

MAINE

[Descriptive material for all the supplies and the results for color given below were furnished by 

Elmer W. Campbell, director, Division of Sanitary Engineering, Maine Board of Health]

Auburn (18,571); Auburn Water District; Lake Auburn. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, June 22,1931. 

Color of semiannual samples in 1931 was 0 and 5.

Augusta (17,198); Augusta Water District; Carleton Pond, Lake Cobbosseecontee. Analysis of 

sample from Carleton Pond by E. W. Lohr, July 14,1931. A partial analysis of a sample collected 

July 15,1931, from Lake Cobbosseecontee indicates that the composition of the water is practically 

the same as that of Carleton Pond. Color of semiannual samples in 1931 was 15.

Bangor (28,749); municipal; Penobscot River; aerated, filtered, regulation of pH to around 6.3 by 

addition of soda ash. Average, of several concordant analyses by James M. Caird, Troy, N.Y., 

1929. The quality of the water is affected by sulphite waste. An average of analyses for the 

10-year period 1919-28 is very similar to the analysis given. The composition of the water is 

fairly uniform throughout the year. Regular determinations for the year 1931. Alkalinity 3 to 

14, average 7.5; hardness (monthly averages) 29 to 36; pH (monthly averages) 6.0 to 6.6, average 

6.3; color 5 to 40, average 12. For the same period the color of the raw water ranged from 43 to 135 

with an average of 61.

Biddeford (17,633); Biddeford & Saco Water Co. Supplies also Old Orchard, Saco, and part of 

Scarboro. Total population supplied about 27,000 in winter and about 50,000 in summer. Saco 

River; filtered. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Dee. 3, 1930. The mineral 

content of the water is low and the range in concentration not great, so that the analysis may 

safely be considered as representative of the water regularly delivered to consumers. Color of 

semiannual samples in 1931 was 5 and 20.

Lewiston (34,948); Lewiston Water District; Lake Auburn. The water is practically the same as 

at Auburn. (See Auburn.)

Portland (70,810); Portland Water District, which includes Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland, Falmouth, Gorham, Higgins Beach, Prout's Neck, part of Scarboro, South Portland, Westbrook, 

and Windham. Total population supplied about 103,000. Lake Sebago. Analyzed by James 

M. Caird, Troy, N.Y. (23d Ann. Rept. of Portland Water District, p. 40, 1929). Color of semiannual samples in 1931 was 5 and 15.

South Portland (13,840); supplied by Portland Water District. (See Portland)._________..

Waterville (15,454); Kennebec WT ater District, which includes Benton, part of Fairfield, Vassalboro, and Winslow. Total population supplied about 21,700. China Lake. Analyzed by 

H. S. Haller, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 27,1931. Color of semiannual samples in 1931 was 10.

Westbrook (10,807); supplied by Portland Water District. (See Portland)...._........... . 
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

71

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B. ......

C.......

A. ......

B.......

A.-. 

B. .....

Av . 

Total dissolved 

solids

26S 

849 

225

210 

260

184

366

158 

221

65

28 

31

68 

36

22

35

Silica 

(Si02)

50 

40 

52

39 

24

40

37

7.8 

5.6

3.2

2.0 

3.8

1.8 

6.6

2.0

2.3

Iron 

(Fe)

0.07

.25 

.08

.02 

.02

.16 

.1

Trace

.04 

.01

.11 

.01

.05

.02

Calcium 

(Ca)

1.2 

4.6 

.4

.6 

1.0

36

31

17 

36

8.4

5.0 

5.0

6.6 

3.0

2.8

6.4

Magnesium 

(Mg)

0.5 

.7 

.4

.2 

.1

6.6

7.6

7.1 

10

1.1

.6 

1.0

.8 

1.2

1.3

1.1

Sodium

(Na)

100 

322 

67

70 

67

10 

6

O

2.3 

2.4

1.8

1

2.0

Potassium 

(K)

1.1 

4.8 

1.0

2.4 

3.0

1.5

7

23

18

14

.8 

.8

.6 

1.0

2

1.3

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

'236

'787 

160

»177 

 246

"146

181

45 

116

24

17 

15

5.5 

1.0

3.4

20

Sulphate 

(S04)

3.7 

1.4 

4.7

11 

11

8.8

5.3

43 

42

5.4

5.0

5.8

24 

13

6.8

6.4

Chloride 

(Cl)

20 

70 

13

4.5 

6.1

6.0

72

28 

28

20

1.9 

1.4

5.3 

1.8

1.5

2.2

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.71 

3.5 

1.2

.10 

.20

1.2 

.0

Trace

.10 

.50

.02 

.10

.66

.10

Total hardness as 

CaCOs5 

15 

3

3 

3

117

109

72 

138

26

16 

17

21 

12

12

21

No.

210 

211

212

213 

214

215

216 

217

218

219

220 

221

222 

223

224

° C alculated. * Includes equivalent of 56 parts of carbonated C Os),

' Includes equivalent of 8 parts of carbonate (C Os). »Includes equivalent of 11 parts of carbonate( COj),

" Includes equivalent of 10 parts of carbonate (C Os). «Includes equivalent of 36 parts of carbonate (C Oj),
72 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

225

Description

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

MARYLAND

Annapolis (12,531); municipal; small streams impounded into reservoirs having a total capacity of 

about 80,000,000 gallons, auxiliary supply from 2 wells (nos. 1 and 2), 257 and 246 feet deep; filtered, 

final adjustment of pH by addition of hydrated lime. The surface water is used regularly, and 

the wells are used only when there is a shortage of surface water or when there is considerable 

trouble with tastes and odors in the surface water. The well water, when used, is mixed with 

the surface water before filtration in proportions depending upon conditions. Analyzed by 

E. W. Lohr, Apr. 25,1932. A, Keservoir supply (filtered); B, well 1 (raw water); C, well 2 (raw 

water).

Baltimore (804,874); municipal; Gunpowder Kiver impounded; filtered, final adjustment of pH 

to about 7.8 by addition of lime to the filtered water. Analyses of monthly composites of samples 

taken every 2 hours by Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply, 1931. Daily determinations for the 

same year: Alkalinity 21 to 48, average 35; manganese 0.00 to 0.76, average 0.07; color 2 to 8, 

average 4.

Cumberland (37,747); municipal; Evitts Creek impounded; filtered. Analyzed by U.S. Geological 

Survey. A, Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 18, 1933; B, analysis of tap sample by 

L. A. Shinn, Jan. 20, 1931.

Frederick (14,434); municipal; Tuscarora and Fishing Creeks, auxiliary supply from Linganore 

Creek (filtered). The auxiliary supply is used to supplement the regular supply during the 

period of peak load in summer. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey. A, Tap 

sample from Tuscarora and Fishing Creeks, Apr. 15,1931; B, sample of raw water from Linganore 

Creek, Apr. 19, 1931.

Hagerstown (30,861); municipal. Supplies also Funkstown, Smithsburg, and Williamsport. 

Total population supplied about 34,000. Potomac Kiver (filtered, final adjustment of pH to 

about 7.3-8.2 by addition of lime); mountain supply consisting of Haven Bock and Warner 

Hollow Creeks. Potomac Kiver furnishes about 70 percent of the total supply. The river and 

mountain streams furnish different sections cf the city. These two systems are interconnected, 

and consumers are furnished with river, mountain streams, or the mixed water. The composition of the river water varies, but the composition of the mountain-stream water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. The pH of the mountain-stream water is reported to range from about 

6.7 to 7.1. The average of analyses of monthly composites of daily samples of the filtered water 

from the Dalecarlia filter plant, Washington, D.C., may be considered fairly representative of 

the Potomac Kiver supply at Hagerstown. A, Potomac River (filtered), analyzed in laboratory 

of Dalecarlia filter plant, Washington, D.C., 1931; B, mountain supply, analyzed by E. W. Lohr, 

July 18, 1931.

Hyattsville (4,264); Washington Suburban Sanitary District, which includes also Bethesda, 

Bladensburg, Brentwood, Capit9l Heights, Chevy Chase, College Park, Colmar Manor, Cottage 

City, Edmonston. Fairmount Heights, Kensington, Mount Rainier, North Brentwood, Riverdale, 

Silver Spring, Takoma Park, and a number of smaller communities. The district does not recognize any corporate town boundaries. It comprises about 102 square miles of suburban Washington in Maryland. Total population served about 55,000. Northwest Branch of Anacostia 

River; filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. In times of drought the supply is 

supplemented by filtered water from the Potomac River supply of Washington, D.C. There 

are two filtration plants, one at Burnt Mills (capacity, 3,500,000 gallons) and the other at Hyattsville (capacity, 1,000,000 gallons). Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Apr. 18,1932. Daily 

determinations for the year 1931: Burnt Mills plant, alkalinity 13 to 76, average 32; hardness 

20 to 44, average 32; pH 6.2 to 8.6, average 7.3. Hyattsville plant, alkalinity 11 to 57, average 29; 

hardness 23 to 67, average 33; pH 6.0 to 8.4, average 7.4.

Salisbury (10,997); municipal; 5 wells 58,57,43,48, and 60 feet deep, fed to reservoir; aerated through 

coke and treated with lime to raise the pH to about 8.0. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, June 11,1931.

MASSACHUSETTS

[Descriptions of the supplies were obtained from reports of H. W. Clark, director and chief chemist, 

Division of Water and Sewage Laboratories, published in annual reports of the Massachusetts 

Department of Public Health. The analyses are from the report for the year ending Nov. 30, 

1931]

Arlington town (36,094); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)__ _.. .

Attleborp (21,769); municipal; wells about 25 to 40 feet deep, infiltration gallery. Sample for 

analysis collected Feb. 25,1931.

Belmont town (21,748); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)..... __-. ..

Beverly (25,086); municipal; Wenham Lake, Longham Reservoir, Ipswich River. Sample for 

analysis collected Feb. 17,1931. Averages for the year 1931: Wenham Lake, hardness 31, chloride 

9.6; Longham Reservoir, hardness 26, chloride 11; Ipswich River, hardness 62, chloride 8.3.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

73

Analyses (parts per million)

A. 

B.. 

C__ ..

Av.- 

Max--.- 

Min 

A... .

B.. ..

A. ...

B--- .

A... .

B. 

Total dissolved 

solids

--SI 

"66 

<"-62

"70 

"77 

"63

94 

129

15

78

"130 

55

60

71

52

88

Silica 

(SiO»)

12 

16 

13

4.8 

3.4 

6.1

3.3

5.8

2.6 

3.8

7.0 

12

12 

21

4.5

4.3

Iron 

(Fe)

0.05 

26 

11

.04 

.06 

.04

.14 

.02

.01 

.14

"2.7 

.33

.02 

.01

.04

.22

Calcium 

(Ca)

7.6 

9.9 

10

15 

17 

12

25 

36

1.1 

15

34 

6.2

8.6 

6.2

13

14

Magnesium 

(Mg)

1.6 

4.2 

2.6

4.0 

4.1 

3.6

3. 6 

5.9

.7 

4.2

1.9 

2.5

2.3 

1.4

1.9

3.0

Sodium 

(Na)

2.1 

2.3 

2.1

2.

2.

2.

1.5 

1.7

1.1

4.8

M 

2.3

4.4 

7.5

3.4

6.8

Potassium 

(K)

1.8 

2.6 

1.9

6 

9 

3

1.9 

1.3

1.1 

1.4

8 

1.1

1.5 

1.7

.8

1.2

Bicarbonate 

(HCO3)

12 

44 

28

52 

61 

45

82 

101

4.0 

53

79 

18

23

24

16

26

Sulphate

(S04)

17 

11 

17

12 

13 

11

11 

24

3.2

8.2

34

7.4

15 

3.3

16

22

Chloride

(Cl)

3.0 

2.0 

2.0

5.5 

6.0 

5.0

1.5 

3.0

1.5 

3.5

5.2 

5.9

4.8 

6.3

5.5

11

Nitrate

(N03)

0.0 

.0 

.0

.4 

.2

.4

1.6 

2.2

.10 

10

.69 

1.6

11

.33

.66

Total hardness as 

CaCOs26 

42 

36

54 

59 

45

77 

114

6 

55

93 

26

31 

21

40

47

No.

225

226

227 

228

229 

230

231

232 

233

234 

235

a Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxide.

Includes less than 0.01 part of manganese. 

Includes 0.02 part of manganese.
74 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

MASSACHUSETTS continued

Boston (781,188); Metropolitan Water District, which includes Arlington town, Belmont town, 

Chelsea, Everett, Lexington town, Maiden, Medford, Melrose, Milton town, Nahant town, 

Quincy, Revere, Somerville, Stoneham town, Swampscott town, Watertown town, and Winthrop town. Total population supplied about 1,385,000. Brookline (47,490) and Newton 

(65,276) are included in the Metropolitan Water District but used little water from the Metropolitan supply in 1932. Nashua River impounded in Wachusett Reservoir, which also receives 

water from the Ware River Basin and will later receive water from the Swift River Basin, Sudbury Reservoirs, and Lake Cochituate. The Wachusett Reservoir supplies the greater portion 

of the water. The mineral content of the water is low, and the range in concentration is not 

great, so that the single analysis given may be taken as reasonably representative of the composition of the water regularly delivered to consumers. Sample for analysis collected Feb. 13, 

1930.

Brockton (63,797); municipal; Silver Lake, emergency supply from Avon Reservoir. Sample for 

analysis collected Jan. 14,1931. Average for the year 1931: Hardness 6, chloride 5.8.

Brookline town (47,490); municipal; wells about 25 to 40 feet deep, filtration gallery; slow sand 

filtration, aeration, coke filtration. Sample for analysis collected in 1931.

Cambridge (113,643); municipal; Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook Reservoirs, auxiliary supply 

from Fresh Pond; filtered, aerated, final adjustment of pH to about 8.3 by addition of lime. The 

water from Hobbs Brook Reservoir passes into Stony Brook Reservoir. Sample for analysis 

collected Jan. 5, 1931. Determinations on the treated water for the year 1932: Alkalinity (daily 

tests) 16 to 36, average 24; hardness (occasional tests) 38 to 58, average 47; pH (daily tests) 7.1 

to 8.8, average 8.6.

Chelsea (45,816); Metropolitan Water Water District. (See Boston)....__..-----..-.---.._...

Chicopee (43,930); municipal; Morton Brook and Cooley Brook Reservoirs. Sample for analysis 

collected Jan. 13,1931. Averages for the two sources for the year 1931: Hardness 18 to 20, chloride 

2.3 to 3.2.

Everett (48,424); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)....._...._....... . ..

Fall River (115,274); municipal; North Watuppa Lake. Sample for analysis collected Jan. 16, 

1931. Average for the year 1931: Hardness 10, chloride 5.3.

Fitchburg (40,692); municipal; Ashby, Scott, Falulah, and Lovell Reservoirs, Meetinghouse 

Pond, Wachusett Lake. Sample for analysis collected Dec. 19, 1930. Averages for different 

sources for the year 1931: Hardness 8 to 11, chloride 2.0 to 2.2.

Framingham town (22,210); municipal; Sudbury Aqueduct of Metropolitan Water District, 

emergency supply from filter galleries along Farm Pond. Sample for analysis collected Dec. 19, 

1930.

Gloucester (24,204); municipal; Wallace Brook, Haskell Brook, Dikes Brook, and Babson Reservoirs. Sample for analysis collected Jan. 27, 1931.

Haverhill (48,710); municipal; Round, Johnsons, and Chadwick Ponds, Kenoza and Crystal 

Lakes, Millvale Reservoir, emergency supply from Lake Saltonstall. Sample for analysis collected Jan 22, 1931. Averages for different sources for the year 1931: Hardness 14 to 33, chloride 

3.8 to 6.7.

Holyoke (56,537); municipal; High Service, Lower Whiting Street, Upper Whiting Street, Manham, and White Reservoirs, Ashley Ponds. Sample for analysis collected Jan. 23,1931. Averages for different sources for the year 1931; Hardness 14 to 30, chloride 1.5 to 2.4.

Lawrence (85,068); municipal; Merrimack River; slow sand filters. Sample for analysis collected Nov. 28,1931. Average for the year 1931: Hardness 21, chloride 5.9.

Leominster (21,810); municipal; Haynes, Morse, Distributing, Fall Brook, and No Town Reservoirs. Sample for analysis collected Jan. 23, 1931.

Lowell (100,234); municipal; wells about 25 to 40 feet deep; aeration, coke filtration, modified slow 

sand filtration. Sample of raw water for analysis collected Feb. 24, 1931. For the year 1931 an 

average iron content of 4.6 in the raw water was reduced to 0.34 in the filtered water.

Lynn (102,320); municipal; Hawkes, Breeds, Walden, and Birch Ponds, Ipswich River. Sample 

for analysis collected Jan. 30,1931. Averages for different sources for the year 1931: Hardness 22 

to 37, chloride 7.4 to 8.4.

Maiden (58,036); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)...............__.-.-------......

Medford (59,714); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)._. ........---.---.___._..

Melrose (23,170); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)_____________________.

Methuen town (21,069); municipal; tubular wells at Harris Brook about 25 to 40 feet deep, tubular 

wells at Pine Island about 25 to 40 feet deep, dug wells. Samples for analysis collected Oct. 28,1931. 

Averages for the year 1931: Harris Brook tubular wells, hardness 32, chloride 5.7; Pine Island tubular wells, hardness 53, chloride 10.

New Bedford (112,597); municipal; Great Quittacas and Little Quittacas Ponds. Sample for 

analysis collected Feb. 2, 1931. Averages for the two sources for the year 1931: Hardness 10, 

chloride 5.0 to 5.1.

Newton (65,276); municipal; wells about 25 to 40 feet deep, infiltration gallery. Sample for analysis collected Feb. 18,1931.

North Adams (21,621); municipal; Notch Brook, Mount Williams, Broad Brook, and James 

Brook Reservoirs, emergency supply from wells. Sample for analysis collected Nov. 27,1931.

Northampton (24,381); municipal; Mountain St. and Avery Brook Reservoirs. Sample for 

analysis collected Feb. 9, 1931. Averages for different sources for the year 1931: Hardness 21, 

chloride 1.2 to 1.7.

Peabody (21,345); municipal; Spring Pond, Suntaug Lake, Tapley Brook Reservoir, emergency 

supply from Ipswich River and Cedar Pond. Sample for analysis collected Feb. 13,1931. Averages for two sources for the year 1931: Hardness 25 to 26; chloride 8.1 to 8.3.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

75

Analyses (parts per million)

Total dissolved 

solids

43

36 

120

91

48

40 

35

40

60

58

48

* 55 

60 

124

76

86

43

108 

42 

50

81

Silica 

(SiOs)

2.1

3

0 

. o

12

5.8

9.4

1.7 

3.6

2.4

2.8 

.8

6.1

6.3

7.2 

11

4.3

12

2.2

11 

4.6 

6.5

6.8

Iron 

(Fe)

0.12

.07 

.04 

.12

.10

.14 

.20

.20

.38 

.09

.09

.57 

.18 

4.2

.34

.65

.11

.16 

.05 

.10

.20

Calcium 

(Ca)

4.4

2.1 

24 

15

6.4

3.0 

3.0

4.7

2.7 

9.8

6.8

6.0

4.8 

12

8.7

16

3.4

12

6.9 

9.4

8.1

Magnesinm 

(Mg)

1.0

.9 

3.4 

2.5

.9

.7 

.6

.4

1.3 

1.4

1.4

.9 

.8 

1.2

3.3

1.1

1.1

2.8 

1.2 

1.2

3.2

Sodium

(Na)

3.

4.1

8.8 

5.5

2.7

4.0 

2.1

3.5

5.7 

3.5

1.8

4.1 

2.9 

5.7

5.2

4.4

4.2

6.2 

1.3

1.7

5.0

Potassium 

(K)

9

1.2 

1.9 

1.8

.6

.8 

.8

1.0

2.7 

1.7

.5

2.4

.7 

2.5

1.0

2.4

1.0

1.2 

.8 

.9

2.3

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

16

8.5 

46 

22

18

8.5 

9.8

15

7.3 

21

22

18 

9.8 

43

20

30

12

27 

23

27

17

Sulphate 

(S04)

9.8

6.5 

29 

26

6.0

11 

9.2

9.6

10 

11

7.6

10 

13 

8.3

16

9.9

10

18 

7.2 

6.9

16

Chloride 

(01)

3.2

7.4 

10 

7.4

3.2

6.4 

2.0

3.0

12 

5.6

2.7

6.6 

2.5

8.7

8.1

7.0

6.2

9.2 

1.2 

2.4

10

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.31

.0 

.66 

1.1

2.5

.0 

.09

.09

1.1 

.09

.09

1.1 

.13

.97

.13

1.6

.0

.97 

.0 

.09

1.2

Total hardness as 

CaCOa"

15

9 

74 

48

20

10 

10

13

12 

30

23

19

15 

35

35

45

13

41 

22 

28

33

No. 

236

237 

238 

239

240 

241

242 

243

244 

245

246 

247

248

249 

250 

251

252

253

254 

255 

256

257

258 

259 

260

261

1 Calculated.
76 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

281

282

283

284

285

Description

MASSACHUSETTS continued

Pittsfleld (49,677); municipal; Ashley, Sackett, Hathaway, Mill Brook, and Farnham Reservoirs, 

Ashley Lake, emergency supply from Onqta Lake. Sample for analysis collected Feb. 5, 1931. 

Averages for the year 1932: Ashley Reservoir, hardness 45, chloride 1.4; Sackett Reservoir, hardness 51, chloride 1.2; Hathaway Reservoir, hardness 67, chloride 1.3; Mill Brook Reservoir, hardness 17, chloride 1.2; Farnham Reservoir, hardness 16, chloride 1.2; Ashley Lake, hardness 40, 

chloride 1.2.

Quincy (71,983); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)-.... .

Revere (35,680); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)..... ..... .

Salem (43,353); municipal; Wenham Lake, Longham Reservoir, Ipswich River. (For analysis 

see Beverly.)

Somerville (103,908); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston).__________________.

Springfield (149,900); municipal; impounding reservoirs on Westfield Little River; aerated, 

filtered. Sample for analysis collected Nov. 30, 1931.

Taunton (37,355); municipal; Assawompsett and Elders Ponds. Sample for analysis collected 

Oct. 26, 1931. Averages for the two sources for the year 1931: Hardness 7 to 8, chloride 4.9 to 5.0.

Waltham (39,247); municipal; wells about 25 to 40 feet deep. Sample for analysis collected Feb. 24, 

1931.

Watertown town (34,913); Metropolitan Water District. (See Boston)...... ...._ .

Weymouth town (20,882); municipal; Great Pond. Sample for analysis collected Feb. 13, 1931. 

Average for the year 1931: Hardness 11, chloride 5.3.

Worcester (195,311); municipal; several impounding reservoirs. Sample for analysis collected Oct. 

26,1931. Averages for different sources for the year 1931: Hardness 10 to 28, chloride 2.1 to 2.9.

MICHIGAN

[Descriptions of the system and nearly all the analyses were furnished by Edward D. Rich, 

director, Bureau of Engineering, Michigan Department of Health]

Ann Arbor (26,944); municipal; 3 wells 175 feet deep. Analyzed by A. Exworthy, Michigan Department of Health, 1930.

Battle Creek (43,573); municipal; 24 wells 84 to 140 feet deep; iron removal for Goguac Lake wells. 

Analyzed by E. F. Eldridge, Michigan Department of Health, 1927.

Bay City (47,355); municipal. Supplies also Essexville. Total population supplied about 49,000. 

Saginaw Bay; softened with lime and soda ash at times, filtered, adjustment of pH. The treatment is designed to soften the water to an average hardness around 110. When a shift in the 

wind brings the Saginaw River water to the intake the supply is softened to a hardness of about 

110. Analysis of tap sample by A. Exworthy, Michigan Department of Health, Nov. 4, 1931. 

Daily determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 63 to 102, average 91; hardness 76 to 143, average 

101; pH 7.7 to 8.0, average 7.8.

Dearborn (50,358); municipal; Detroit supply. (See Detroit)-.... _________.

Detroit (1,568,662); municipal. Supplies also Alien Park, Dearborn, part of East Detroit, Ecorse, 

Ferndale, part of Garden City, Grosse Pointe Park, part of Grosse Pointe Shores, Hamtramck, 

Huntingdon Woods, small part of Inkster, Lincoln Park, Lochmoor, Melvindale, part of Oak 

Park, River Rouge, Riverview, part of Roseville, part of Royal Oak (see Royal Oak), unincorporated part of Royal Oak township, St. Glair Shores, and also about 9,000 consumers in the unincorporated parts of townships in Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne Counties. Total population 

supplied about 1,798,000. Detroit River; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. Average of analyses of monthly composite samples by W. M. Wallace, Detroit Water Department, 1931-32. The pH of the treated water determined on the 

monthly composite samples was from 7.1 to 7.6 with an average of 7.4 for the year.

Ferndale (20,855); supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit)..---------.-. . ..._.__..._..

Flint (156,492); municipal; Flint River; filtered. Average of analyses of monthly composite samples by S. J. Shank, Water Department, 1931-32. Daily determinations for the year 1931-32: 

Alkalinity 117 to 230; average pH. 7.7.

Grand Rapids (168,592); municipal; Grand River; softened, recarbonated, filtered. Analyzed by 

A. Exworthy, Michigan Department of Health, 1927. Daily determinations for the year 1930-31: 

Alkalinity 24 to 105, average 58; hardness 85 to 158, average 118; pH 7.6 to 8.9, average 8.6.

Hamtramck (56,268); supplied by Detroit. (See Detroit)

Highland Park (52,959); municipal; Lake St. Clair; filtered. Analyzed by E. F. Eldridge, Michigan Department of Health, 1926. Daily determinations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 74 to 83, 

average 78; hardness 91 to 103, average 93; pH 7.1 to 7.7, average 7.4.

Jackson (55,187); municipal; wells 350 to 400 feet deep. Analyzed by A. Exworthy, Michigan Department of Health, 1931.

Kalamazoo (54,786); municipal; 12 wells 130 to 160 feet deep, emergency supply from 6 wells. Analyzed by A. Exworthy, Michigan Department of Health, 1930. A, Central station (about 80 percent of supply); B, Born St. station (about 10 percent of supply); C, Balch St. station (about 10 

percent of supply).

Lansing (78,397); municipal; 55 wel s 393 to 425 feet deep, in groups at various points. Analyzed by 

A. Exworthy, Michigan Department of Health, 1930. A, East-side wells (about 55 percent of 

supply); B, west-side wells (about 31 percent of supply); C, north-side wells (about 8 percent of 

supply); D, south-side wells (about 6 percent of supply).
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

77

Analyses (parts per million)

AT

A v

AB.. -

A. __ -

B.. -

D ....

Total dissolved 

solids

66

42 

32 

96

56 

30

370 

274 

158

119

358 

156

115

434

476 

398 

342

394 

"341 

296 

386

Silica 

(SiOj)

3.4

3.6 

1.6 

8.4

4.7 

2.4

12 

2.4 

I.ft

2.7

6.8 

4

7.2

8.8

14 

12 

12

9.6 

10 

25 

14

Iron 

(Fe)

0.13

.12 

.17 

.03

.30 

.11

.68 

.97 

Trace

.03

.0 

.32

.0

3.7

.57 

1.1 

1.0

.91 

.74 

.85 

.63

Calcium 

(Ca)

16

5.2 

2.0 

19

3.4 

3.4

91 

64 

36

27

70 

23

28

74

102

88 

74

108 

76 

69 

93

Magnesium 

(Mg)

4.7

1.2 

.9 

3.5

1.5 

.6

27 

15 

11

7.2

30 

16

7.7

23

36 

30

27

32 

27 

22 

34

Sodium 

(Na)

1.0

2.0 

3.9 

4.3

3.2 

3.3

1 

(' 

6.

«S

<

5*

IS

IS

s

-17°e («

Potassium 

(K)

0.6

1.0 

.9 

3.1

1.2 

1.0

5 

9

.2

.2

.0

.5 

0

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

49

12 

7.3 

29

7.3 

8.5

385 

251 

126

92

248 

»81

105

<"340

362 

334 

315

392 

364 

322 

402

Sulphate 

(S0t)

10

11 

7.6 

25

14 

8.1

30 

14 

20

19

94 

56

13

37

104 

71 

35

49 

14 

4.3 

26

Chloride 

(Cl)

2.4

1.5 

4.5 

8.2

6.1 

1.9

16 

Trace 

16

6.2

12 

9.5

6.0

62

16 

14 

13

16 

17 

5.0 

11

Nitrate 

(NOs)

0.09

.15 

.09 

2.1

.09 

.0

Total hardness as 

CaCOa"

59

18 

9 

62

15 

11

338 

222 

135

97

298 

123

102

279

403 

343 

296

401 

301 

263 

372

No.

262

263 

264 

265

266 

267

268 

269

270 

271

272

273 

274 

275

276

277

278 

279

280

281

282

283 

284

285

Calculated.

Includes equivalent of 11 parts of carbonate (COs). 

Less than 5 parts. 

t Includes equivalent of 6 parts of carbonate (COs).

17693 34 6
78 INDUSTRIAL UTILITYJ)F PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

Description

293

294

295

296

297

300

301

302

303

304

MICHIGAN continued

Monroe (18,110); municipal; Lake Erie; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. Analyzed by Michigan Department of Health, Oct. 27, 1924.

Muskegon (41,390); municipal; Lake Michigan. The composition of the water is influenced to some 

extent by Muskegon River. Analyzed by E. F. Eldridge, Michigan Department of Health, 1927.

Pontiac (64,928); municipal; wells 170 to 260 feet deep. Analyzed by M. Bidwell, Michigan Department of Health, 1929.

Port Huron (31,361); municipal; St. Clair River. Analyzed by E. F. Eldridge, Michigan Department of Health, 1927.

Royal Oak (22,904); municipal; 3 wells 134 to 230 feet deep (about 50 percent of supply). The other 

50 percent of the supply is furnished by Detroit. Analysis of tap sample by A. Exworthy, 

Michigan Department of Health, 1930. The analysis represents the mixed water as delivered to 

consumers.

Saginaw (80,715); municipal; Saginaw River; softened, recarbonated, filtered. Analyzed by J. C. 

Richardson, Saginaw Water Department, 1931. Daily determinations for the year 1930-31 on the 

treated water: Alkalinity 15 to 41, average 27; hardness 87 to 114, average 100; pH 8.1 to 9.6, averWyandotte (28,368); municipal; Detroit River; filtered. Analysis of composite sample by H. W. 

Ward, Water Department, September 1932. The composition of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. Daily determinations for the year 1930-31: pH 7.4 to 7.8, average 7.6.

[Descriptions of the supplies were furnished by H. A. Whittaker, director, Division of Sanitation, 

Minnesota Board of Health, whose representative collected the samples that were analyzed by 

the U.S. Geological Survey]

Albert Lea (10,169); municipal; 1 well 305 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Nov. 19, 1930.

Austin (12,276); municipal; Sargent Springs. Analysis of tap sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 19, 1930.

Brainerd (10,221); municipal; small reservoir fed by 8 wells 70 to 105 feed deep (33 percent), and by 2 

wells 22 and 28 feet deep and 40 feet in diameter (67 percent); iron and manganese removal. The 

28-foot well has 8-inch pipes driven for 50 feet from the bottom of the well. The raw water contains objectionable amounts of iron and manganese. The wells furnish water of about the same 

composition. Analysis of tap sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 12,1930.

Duluth (101,463); municipal; Lake Superior. The composition of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 10,1930.

Faribault (12,767); municipal; 3 wells 1,000, 750, and 1,385 feet deep, emergency supply consists of 1 

dug well 21 feet deep and 18 feet in diameter and 1 dug well 21 feet deep and 22 feet in diameter. 

Analysis of tap sample representing main supply by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 

19, 1930.

Hibbing (15,666); municipal; mine shaft 340 feet deep (67 percent), 8 wells 88 to 138 feet deep (33 

percent). Analyzed by U.S. Geological Survey. A, Analysis of sample from mine shaft by E. W. 

Lohr, Jan. 23, 1933; B, analysis of sample from wells 88 to 138 feet deep by L. A. Shinn, Nov. 1,

1930.

Mankato (14,038); municipal; 4 wells 60 feet deep, auxiliary supply from 2 wells 320 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample from 60-foot wells by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Dec. 19, 1930. A 

partial analysis of a sample collected at the same time from one of the 320-foot wells indicates water 

of the same general character as shown by the analysis for the 60-foot wells.

Minneapolis (464,356); municipal; Mississippi River; filtered. Average of analyses of monthly 

composites of daily samples by Minneapolis Water Department, 1931. The analyses of the 

monthly composite samples show the following range in concentration of the water for the year 

1931; Alkalinity 57 to 199, hardness 142 to 207, sulphate 12 to 79. The pH of the treated water 

determined 4 times a month during the year 1931 was 6.0 to 7.5, average 6.9.

Rochester (20,621); municipal; group of 3 dug wells 40 feet deep and 18 to 22 feet in diameter, group 

of 5 drilled wells 415 feet deep, group of 4 drilled wells 50 feet deep, and 1 well 500 feet deep. The 

groups of wells furnish about equal quantities of water. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Dec. 17,1930. A, Group of wells 415 feet deep; B, group of wells 50 feet deep. A partial 

analysis of a sample collected on the same date from the 500-foot well indicates that the composition 

of the water from this well can be represented fairly well by analysis B.

St. Cloud (21,000); municipal; Mississippi River; aerated, filtered. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 12,1930. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. 

Regular determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity 72 to 194; pH 6.8 to 8.0, average 7.1.

St. Paul (271,606); municipal; chain of 4 lakes maintained at normal level by pumpage from 

Mississippi River, emergency supply from a second chain of lakes and also 40 wells; aerated, 

filtered. Average of monthly composites of daily samples by R. A. Thuma, water department,

1931. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 128 to 158, hardness 151 to 175, pH 

6.9 to 7.1. South St. Paul (10,009); municipal; 2 wells (nos. 1 and 2) 982 feet deep. Well 2 furnishes about 66 

percent of the total supply. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 4, 1933. A, Well 1; B, well 2.
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1933 Continued

79

Analyses (parts per million)

A. ......

B..._...

Av... 

A.. _ ..

B. ......

Av. ....

A.. .... 

,! B......

Total disolved 

solids

"146 

172 

346 

104 

"336

263 

106

404 

244 

252

44 

372

150

258

519 

ao 210

267 

346

188 

187

442 

245

Silica 

(SiOj)

8.0 

10 

11 

4.8 

6.4

5.0 

2.1

28 

15 

19

3.7 

13

14 

25

28 

9.7

20 

16

4.2 

1.7

18 

7.6

Iron 

(Fe)

Trace 

0.34

.78 

Trace 

.28

.0

».8

.12 

.08 

.08

.08 

.08

.04 

.08

.02 

.07

.02 

.06

.04 

.04

.02 

.49

Calcium 

(Ca)

32 

40 

66 

28 

22

23

21

98 

59 

62

16 

92

26 

51

94 

44

71 

83

38 

36

91 

56

Magnesium 

(Mg)

10 

13 

26 

7.5 

6.3

12 

9.1

33

21 

14

3.8 

30

13 

23

34

15

18 

22

17 

17

32 

20

Sodium

(Na)

5. 

1 

2 

1 

34

2. 

1 

103

5( 

6.

10 

3.4

4.7

.9

7.2

6.0 

5.6

21 

4

3.8 

11

3.9

1

26

7.4

Potassium 

(K)

5 

5

9

3.5 

2.2 

2.6

1.0 

3.8

2.1 

2.4

4.4 

0

1.6 

3.8

2.7 

2

3.0

5.8

Bicarbonate 

HCO3)

107 

148 

349 

105 

196

"43 

92

464 

273 

241

53

385

98 

218

314 

167

248 

"304

183 

177

351 

2fi4

Sulphate 

(S04)

23 

20 

6.8 

14 

12

82 

15

23

14 

25

3.3 

35

32 

46

156 

36

22 

41

23 

19

37 

8.6

Chloride 

(Cl)

15 

8 

37 

5.5 

90

70 

6.5

1.0 

1.0 

2.0

2.0 

3.0

11 

1.1

4.0 

3.8

5.0 

21

1.0

4.5

48 

9.0

Nitrate 

(N03)

3. 6 

3.3 

1.0

1.0

14

.10 

.50

1.6 

.20

22 

9.1

.10 

.25

18 

.0

Total hardness as 

CaCCV

121 

153 

272 

101 

81

107 

90

380 

234 

212

56 

353

118 

222

374 

172

251 

298

165 

160

359 

222

No.

286 

287 

288 

289 

290

291 

292

293 

294 

295

296 

297

298 

299 

300

301

302 

303

304

Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides. 

Includes equivalent of 10 parts of carbonate (COs). 

Includes less than 0.01 part of manganese. 

Includes equivalent of 12 parts of carbonate (COs).
80 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

Description

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

MINNESOTA continued

Virginia (11,963); municipal; 2 wells 273 feet deep (owned by Oliver Iron Mining Co.), reserve supply 

from 4 wells 750, 450, 450, and 400 feet deep; coagulated, settled. Analysis of tap sample by L. A. 

Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 12, 1930.

Winona (20,850); municipal; 6 wells about 500 feet deep, supplying a reservoir. Analysis of tap 

sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Dec. 17, 1930.

MISSISSIPPI

[Most of the analyses were furnished by W. F. Hand, State chemist. Several of these were made 

especially for this report. Some of the descriptive material was furnished by H. A. Kroeze, director, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Mississippi Board of Health]

Biloxi (14,850): municipal; station 1,1 well 1,219 feet deep and 3 wells about 900 feet deep; station 2, 

2 wells 1,178 and about 900 feet deep. All the water flows to small reserv9irs and is pumped 

directly from the reservoirs to the mains. Analyzed by W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, July 28,1932.

Clarksdale (10,043); municipal; main well (no. 1) 870 feet deep supplied to mains, reserve well 

(no. 2) supplied to mains or storage reservoir, 3 wells about 1,380 feet deep supplied to a reservoir 

but furnish only a very small proportion of the total supply. Analyzed by W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory. A, Well 1, Apr. 23, 1930; B, well 2, Apr. 23, 1930; C, well 

1,380 feet deep, January 1915.

Columbus (10,743); municipal; Luxapalila Creek; filtered. Analyzed by W. F. Hand, Mississippi 

State Chemical Laborat9ry, Sept. 9, 1932.

Greenville (14,807); municipal; 5 wells (nos. 1 to 5) about 520 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by 

W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, July 29, 1932.

Greenwood (11,123); municipal; 5 wells 730 to 760 feet deep, 1 well 1,590 feet deep. A, Analysis of 

sample from 760-foot well by W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, May 25,1932; 

B, analysis of sample from 1,590 foot well by Dearborn Chemical Co., Chicago, 111., Sept. 6,1928.

Gulfport (12,547); municipal; wells probably 500 to 1,300 feet deep. Analyzed by W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Apr. 24,1930.

Jackson (48,282); municipal; Pearl River; filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 7.4-7.6 by addition of hydrated lime. A, Sample of treated water of about average composition, analyzed by 

W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Sept. 18, 1929; B, analyses of raw water 

from Pearl River near Jackson by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 

89,1909). The analyses of the raw water indicate the range in composition and general character 

of the water.

Laurel (18,017); municipal; 7 wells 400 feet deep, 1 well 220 feet deep. Analysis of sample from 

Layne well 2, 400 feet deep, by W. F. Hand, Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Oct. 13, 

1930.

McComb (10,057); municipal; 2 wells about 90 feet deep. Analyzed by W. F. Hand, Mississippi 

State Chemical Laboratory, May 3,1929.

Meridian (31,954); municipal; springs impounded; filtered. Analyzed by W. F. Hand, Mississippi 

State Chemical Laboratory, Oct. 4, 1930.

Natchez (13,422); municipal; Riverside plant supplied by 5 wells (nos. 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) about 275 to 

315 feet deep, Briel Avenue plant supplied by 1 well (no. 1) 417 feet deep. All the wells are near 

Mississippi River. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 21, 1931. Partial analyses of 

samples collected Aug. 21 and 22,1931, from each of the wells indicate that the composition of the 

water from the individual wells is about the same.

Vicksburg (22,943); municipal; Mississippi River; filtered. Analyses of samples of treated water 

collected at different river stages. A, Gage height 20.0 feet, Mar. 9,1931; B, gage height 5.9 feet, 

Feb. 7, 1931; C, gage height 30.8 feet, Apr. 22, 1931. Analyzed by U.S. Geological Survey. A 

and B analyzed by L. A. Shinn, C analyzed by W. L. Lamar.

MISSOUBI

[Descriptions of most of the supplies and a number of the analyses were furnished by W. Scott 

Johnson, chief public health engineer, Missouri Board of Health]

Cape Girardeau (16,227); Missouri Utilities Co.; Mississippi River; filtered. The composition of 

the water varies throughout the year. The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; 

the bicarbonate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. Average of analyses of raw 

water from Mississippi River near Chester, 111., by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply 

Paper 239, p. 83, 1910).

Columbia (14,967); municipal; 6 wells 850 to 1,200 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by H. W. 

Mundt, Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, June 10,1930.

Hannib&l (22,761); municipal; Mississippi River; filtered. The coagulation and filtration reduce 

the silica and iron, the bicarbonate may be reduced, and the sulphate is increased. Average of 

analyses of composite samples of raw water from Mississippi River near Quincy, 111., by U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 239, p. 82, 1910). Regular determinations on 

weekly composite samples for the year 1932: Alkalinity 80 to 202, average 146; hardness 113 to 

284, average 180; sulphate 25 to 48, average 37.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

81

Analyses (parts per million)

A... .

B.......

C.. 

A. 

B.....__

A. 

(Av_- 

B^Max.

[Min.

A.......

B. ......

C-_ -

Av......

Av. ..

.^

Total dissolved 

solids

201 

543

444

424 

378 

474

30

283

211 

1,138

310

60 

59 

76 

36

150

50

25 

358

222 

278 

236

269

411 

203

Silica 

(SiOj)

12 

19

27

25 

34

78

2.2 

10

13 

11

18

3.9

18 

20 

14

50

8.3 

3.4 

51

6.8 

6.6 

14

22

13

18

Iron 

(Fe)

0.12

.15

.17

4.5

2.8 

2.6

.76 

.61

1.4 '1.2

2.1

1.2 

.37 

Trace 

.20

.17

.04 

.5 

1.1

.01 

.02 

.04

.39

.25 

.46

Calcium 

(Oa)

43 

98

2.1

12

5.7 

.6

1.9

.7

.9

8.8

1.4

5.2 

7.1 

9.7 

4.4

2.7

5.7 

1.6 

40

40

48 

45

44

63 

36

Magnesium 

(Mg)

18 

40

0.2

5.2 

2.8 

.6

.7 

.2

.2 

2.9

.4

1.3 

1.1 

1.6 

Trace

.9

"1.9 

.7 

15

8.8 

14 

6.7

16

29 

16

Sodium

(Na)

7.1 

80

1(

1 1< 

1(

1(

i 4<

1

8 

8 

1

3

8 

3. 

63

18 

26 

14

2

4 

1

Potassium 

(K)

2.7 

9.0

i7

3 

LI 

58

4.5 

19

!3

 S

6

7 

9 

3

3

4 

0 

9.9

2.2

2.4 

2.4

1

6 

I

Bicarbonate 

(H003)

177 

349

272

346 

366 

354

4.9

271

»215 

589

278

16 

32 

56 

12

81

16 

7.1 

339

80 

132 

80

174

"355 

175

Sulphate 

(S04)

23

112

2.7

4.9 

1.2 

2.5

13

.4

6.2 

6.5

10

14 

6.4 

6.2

13

9.5 

6.5 

14

75 

74 

69

56

35 

25

Chloride 

(01)

18 

40

114

64 

26 

52

4.5 

24

8.0

367

8.0 

3.4 

3.2 

4.0

7.0

10 

4.4 

4.7

25 

35 

22

9.8

29 

4.4

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.50

25

1.3

.0

.0 

Trace

13

.0

.7 

.5 

.2

.0

.0 

.0 

3.0

4.2 

2.5 

3.1

2.7

4.3 

2.2

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

181 

409

6

51 

26 

4

8 

3

3

34

5

18 

22 

31 

11

10

 22

7 

162

136 

177 

140

176

276 

156

No.

305 

306

307 

308

309 

310 

311

312 

313

314

315 

316 

317

318

319

320 

321

° Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.

» Includes equivalent of 10 parts of carbonate (COs).

 Determined.

« Includes equivalent of 12 parts of carbonate (COs).
82 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

MISSOURI continued

Independence (15,296); supplied by Kansas City. (See Kansas City)__... .. ._--

Jeflerson City (21,596); Capital City Water Co.; Missouri River; softened with lime, recarbonated, 

filtered. Analysis of tap sample by R. T. Rolufs, Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, Apr. 

25,1932. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. 

The treatment is designed to soften the water delivered to consumers to a hardness between 100 

and 120. Daily determinations on the treated water for the period Jan. 2 to Apr. 22, 1932: Alkalinity 40 to 65, hardness 88 to 141. Daily determinations on the raw water for the same period: 

Alkalinity 88 to 246, hardness 136 to 306.

Joplin (33,454); Joplin Water Works Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 

Broad St., New York, N.Y.); Shoal Creek; filtered. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Mar. 10,1922. Analytical data for the year 1931 indicate that the composition 

of the water varies throughout the year and that the average concentration of the water is probably somewhat less than is shown by the analysis.

Kansas City (399,746); municipal. Supplies also Independence, Lees Summit, and Sugar Creek. 

Total population supplied about 418,700. Missouri River; filtered. The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. The pH of the filtered water for the year 1930-31 ranged from 

7.6 to 8.2, with an average of 7.9. Analyses of monthly composites by Kansas City Water Department, 1930-31.

Maplewood (12,657); supplied by St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City) .

Moberly (13,772); municipal; 3 impounding reservoirs; filtered, adjustment of pH to 7.6-8.4 at 1 

plant. Analyses of tap samples by Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. A, July 22, 1929; 

B, May 24, 1930; O, Feb. 3, 1931. A and B analyzed by H. W. Mundt; C analyzed by R. T. 

Rolufs. Regular determinations for a year on the filtered water: Alkalinity 70 to 110, hardness 

120 to 210, pH (average) 8.2.

St. Charles (10,491); municipal; Missouri River; coagulated, settled. The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. Analyzed by H. W. Mundt, Missouri Bureau of Geology 

and Mines. A, Tap sample, July 29, 1929; B, tap sample, July 15, 1930. (See also analysis D 

for St. Louis.)

St. Joseph (80,935); St. Joseph Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York. N.Y.); Missouri River; filtered. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year but is probably not very different from that of the water at Kansas City. 

(For analyses see Kansas City.)

St. Louis (821,980); municipal. Chain of Rocks plant supplied by Mississippi River (about 60 

percent), Howard Bend plant supplied by Missouri River (about 40 percent); softened with lime, 

recarbonated at Howard Bend plant, filtered. Average of analyses by St. Louis "W ater Department, 1931-32. A, Mississippi River (softened water); B, Mississippi River (raw water); C, 

Missouri River (softened water); D, Missouri River (raw water). The composition of the water 

varies throughout the year. Regular determinations on the effluents for the year 1931-32: Chain 

of Rocks plant, alkalinity 22 to 59, hardness 52 to 114, pH 8.0 to 9.7, average 9.1; Howard Bend 

plant, alkalinity 24 to 67, hardness 51 to 117, pH 7.8 to 9.8, average 8.9.

Sedalia (20,806); Sedalia Water Co.; Spring Fork Lake, emergency supply from Lake Tebo; filtered. 

Analysis of tap sample by R. T. Rolufs, Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, May 4, 1932. 

Other analvses made in 1929, 1930, and 1931 are similar. Daily determinations for the year 

1931-32: Alkalinity 40 to 50, average 45; hardness 55 to 75, average 65; pH 7.6 to 8.2, average 7.9.

Springfield (57,527); 527); Springfield City Water Co.; McDaniel Lake, reserve supply from Valley and 

"Ritter Reservoirs, Fulbright Spring, and 3 wells 1,300 to 1,500 feet deep; filtered, adjustment of 

pH to 7-8. Analysis of tap sample from McDaniel Lake by E. W. Lohr, June 18, 1932. Daily 

determinations for the period Sept. 1, 1931, to Feb. 29, 1932: Alkalinity 102 to 186, average 129; 

pH 7.1 to 7.7, average 7.4.

University City (25,809); St. Louis County Water Co. Supplies also Clayton, Ferguson, Glendale, Maplewood, Richmond Heights, Shrewsbury, Webster Groves, and an unincorporated 

population. Total population supplied about 180,000. Missouri River; softened with lime, 

recarbonated, filtered. The composition of the water can probably be represented fairly well 

by the average of analyses for the Missouri River supply at St. Louis. (See analyses C and D 

for St. Louis). Daily determinations on the treated water for the year 1932: Hardness 80 to 186, 

average 111; pH 7.5 to 9.9, average 8.8.

Webster Groves (16,487); supplied by St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City)........

[Descriptions and analyses for 4 supplies were furnished by H. B. Foote, director, Division of 

Water and Sewage, Montana Department of Public Health]

Anaconda (12,494); Anaconda Copper Mining Co.; Silver Lake 60 percent, Lake Hearst 40 percent. 

Analyzed by W. M. Cobleigh, Montana State College, Oct. 20, 1921. A, Silver Lake; B, Lake 

Hearst.

Billings (16,380); municipal; Yellowstone River; filtered. Single analysis of the raw water by 

J. W. Forbes for Montana Board of Health, Mar. 21, 1930. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year, and the analysis probably represents a concentration higher than the average. Regular determinations on the treated water for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 49 to 170, 

average 125.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

83

Analyses (parts per million)

Av----..

Max..-- 

Min.-..

A. ......

B.._..._

0.......

A.....

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

0.......

D. ......

A.......

B... .

Total dissolved 

solids

301

175

"422 

"534 

"355

182 

253 

240

"314 "370

228 

310 

222 

307

118 

123

140

55

305

Silica 

(SiOs)

4.4

8.6

13 

16 

10

7.6 

2.8 

3.6

9.6

8.8

8.0 

14 

9.7 

12

2.4 

5.3

------

Iron 

(Fe)

0.07

.12

'3.1 

'2.0 

6 4.0

.20 

.05

.20

» 2.5 

>> 1.7 

< 2.5 

< 1.5

.20 

.12

Trace 

Trace

.6

Calcium 

(Ca)

42

49

62 

82 

50

44 

55 

51

59 

63

21 

47 

21 

48

17 

33

30 

9.4

48

Magnesium 

(Mg)

0

5.6

16 

24 

12

5.9 

9.3

5.7

11 

12

7.5 

10 

8.0 

12

P. 9 

5.9

7.0 

3.0

27

Sodium

(Na)

L

4.1

I

e

4

3 

] 

]

f 

4

;

4 

3

;

7 

2.1

1 

2.

1 

24

!

Potassium 

(K)

4

1.3

4 

2 

2

9 

1

8

7 

0

6 

0 

8 

9

9 

1.5

4 

3

1

Bicarbonate 

(HC03

57

149

187 

262 

146

64 

93 

»124

111 

109

"48 

153 "51 

158

58 

114

149 

30

159

Sulphate 

(SO*)

124

20

164 

195 

129

80 

107 

71

143 

179

94 

91 

94 

88

31

10

9.0 

15

134

Chloride 

(Cl)

14

3.0

18 

24 

16

2.1 

3.9

4.5

8.5 

12

18 

18 

18 

18

2.3 

3.2

1.0 

Trace

8.0

Nitrate 

(NOj)

2.5 

6.4

1.3 

.84 

2.1

1.4 

1.8

4.9 

4.6 

3.5 

3.9

1.5 

2.9

::::::

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

105

145

221 

303 

174

134 

176 

151

193 

207

83 

158 

85 

169

71 

107

104 

36

231

No.

322 

323

324 

325

326

327

328 

329 

330

331 

332

333 

334

335 

336

° Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.

» Includes equivalent of 11 parts of carbonate (CDs).

« Includes equivalent of 12 parts of carbonate (CDs).
84 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

337

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

MONTANA continued

Butte (39,532); Butte Water Co.; Big Hole River (50 percent), impounding reservoir on Basin 

Creek (35 percent), Moulton supply from impounding reservoir on headwaters of Yankee 

Doodle Creek (15 percent). There is some variation in the composition of the water throughout 

the year. Analyzed by Montana Board of Health, Feb. 18,1932. A, Big Hole River; B, Basin 

Creek; C, Moulton supply.

Great Falls (28,822); municipal; Missouri River; filtered. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year. The average pH for the filtered water for the year 1931-32 was 7.6. A, 

Analyzed by Montana Board of Health, Sept. 29, 1931; B, analyzed by W. M. Cobleigh, Montana State College, Aug. 28,1920.

Helena (11,803); municipal; Tenmile Creek and tributaries 66 percent, Bed Rock well 14 percent, 

Eureka well 11 percent, Hale Reservoir 9 percent, Woolstan well (rarely used). Analyzed for 

Montana Board of Health, 1930. A, Tenmile Creek; B, Bed Rock well; C, Eureka well; D, 

Hale Reservoir.

Missoula (14,657); Montana Power Co.; Rattlesnake Creek. Analyzed by J. W. Forbes for Montana Board of Health, Feb. 18, 1932.

NEBRASKA

[Descriptive material for the supplies was furnished by L. O. Vpse, director of laboratories, Bureau 

of Health, Nebraska Department of Public Welfare]

Fremont (11,407); municipal; 20 wells about 70 feet deep. Analyzed by Dearborn Chemical Co., 

Chicago, 111., 1930.

Grand Island (18,041); municipal; 7 wells 70,101, 72,88,89, 72, and 91 feet deep. Analyzed by E. W. 

Lohr, May 20, 1931.

Hastings (15,490); municipal; 5 wells 184 to 192 feet deep. Analyzed by Dearborn Chemical Co., 

Chicago, 111. Sample collected about June 1930.

Lincoln (75,933); municipal; 5 wells known as Ashland wells (nos. 1 to 5) 50 to 86 feet deep, supplemented occasionally by wells 175 to 200 feet deep at A St. Reservoir. Analyzed by C. J. Frankforter, University of Nebraska. A, Average for 5 Ashland wells, February 1932; B, Ashland well 

2 (Ashland well of maximum concentration), February 1932; C, Ashland well 5 (Ashland well of 

minimum concentration), February 1932; D, A St. Reservoir, September 9,1930.

Norfolk (10,717); municipal; 2 wells 100 and 130 feet deep. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, May 1931...

Omaha (214,006); municipal; Missouri River at Florence; filtered. Analyzed by Water Department, 1931. A, Average; B, month of maximum hardness (January); C, month of minimum 

hardness (July).

NEVADA

[Descriptions of the supplies and analyses were furnished by S. C. Dinsmore, State food and drug

commissioner]

Elko (3,217); municipal; 4 wells (nos. 1, 5, 9, and 10) 30, 160, 157, and 397 feet deep. Well 10 is reported to furnish harder water than the other wells. Analysis of tap sample by W. B. Adams, 

Division of Food and Drug Control, Reno, August 1928.

Ely (3,045); Ely Water Co.; deep-seated springs fed to a small reservoir, auxiliary supply from 

springs in bottom of Georgetown Ranch Reservoir. Analyzed by W. B. Adams, Division of 

Food and Drug Control, Reno. A, Deep-seated springs, May 1929; B, Georgetown Ranch Reservoir, July 1931.

Las Vegas (5,165); Las Vegas Land & Water Co. (controlled by Union Pacific System, Omaha, 

Nebr.); 1 well 635 feet deep. Analyzed by W. M. Barr, Union Pacific- System, Jan. 26, 1928.

Reno (18,529); Sierra Pacific Power Co. (under executive management of Stone & Webster Service 

Corporation, 90 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Sparks. Total population supplied 

about 23,000. Truckee River and Hunter Creek impounded, 2 wells (nos. 1 and 2) 590 and 400 

feet deep. The water is a mixture of varying proportions from each of the sources, and the composition of the water furnished consumers varies accordingly. Analyzed by W. B. Adams, 

Division of Food and Drug Control, Reno. A, Tiuckee River, July 1930; B, Hunter Creek, 

July 1930; C, well 1, June 1930; D, well 2, January 1931.

Sparks (4,508); Sierra Pacific Power Co. (See Reno)______. .__-_________ .

NEW HAMPSHIRE

[Descriptive material relating to the supplies was furnished by C. D. Howard, director of division 

of chemistry and sanitation, New Hampshire Board of Health, who also furnished the analytical 

results in the descriptive text below]

Berlin (20,018); municipal; Upper Ammonoosuc River (about 60 percent), group of four small reservoirs (about 40 percent). Analysis of tap sample from Upper Ammonoosuc River by E. W. 

Lohr, Jan. 22,1932. A partial analysis of a tap sample from the reservoir supply collected at the 

same time shows about the same composition. Examination of occasional spot samples during 

the year 1930-31: Hardness 14 to 19; color 20 to 45, average 30.

Concord (25,228); municipal; Penacook Lake, 150 driven wells 37Ji feet deep. Analysis of water 

from Penacook Lake by W. L. Lamar, May 13,1931. A partial analysis of a sample collected the 

same day from the driven wells indicates that the analysis given represents the composition of the 

water delivered regularly to consumers. Examination of occasional spot samples during the year 

1930-31: Hardness 14 to 18; color 0 to 10, average 7.
ANALYSES 

eities of the United States, 1932 Continued

85

Analyses (parts per million)

B. ......

C. ......

A.. ..

B.. ..

A.......

B. ......

0. ...

D. ......

A---.._.

B-- ..

C-- -

D-. ...

A.- .

B_ 

C-- 

A-- ..

B. ......

A.. ..

B.......

C- ...

D.......

Total dissolved 

solids

136 

116 

122

276 

.193

91 

276 

288 

243 

60

355 

261 

278

» 230 

"280 

= 190 o224

316 

"484 

"559 "334

730

210 

321

276

84 

118 

302 

647

27 

28

Silica 

(Si02)

6.8 

7.6 

38

30 

27 

15 

26 

9.0

18 

33 

21

34 

35 

35 

32

33 

12 

14 

12

80

16 

25

14

21

33 

43

47

7.5 

2.0

Iron 

(Fe)

0.0 

.0 

.0

.0 

Trace

Trace 

Trace 

Trace 

Trace 

.0

'1.2 

.02 

1-6.2

12.9 

&1.4 

*2.8 *2.2

.75 

*3.6 

*2.9 

<>2.2

Trace

Trace 

Trace

*6.3

*.8 

*.3 

Trace 

Trace

.05 

.05

Calcium 

(Ca)

19 

17 

18

22 

37

8.0 

62 

55 

51 

3.0

77 

47 

32

54 

60 

44 

51

77 

66 

82 

44

54

48 

69

47

13 

19 

54 

42

2.6 

3.0

Magnesium 

(Mg)

5.4 

4.0 

1.0

15 

14

3.0 

22 

20 

13 

4.0

3.8 

8.1 

6.8

.1 

Trace 

Trace

7.8

15 

21 

33 

12

11

18 

21

26

4 

3 

13 

13

.8 

1.0

Sodium

(Na)

 ' 

°:

° '

°2

1 

I 

1 

I

»]

3 

15 

5

1 

2 

1 

1

13

6

5 

5

" 

B

1.4 

2.7

Potassium 

(K)

1 

6 

9

1 

6

1 

0 

0 

4 

6

2 

8.5

5

7 

9 

3 

1

6.9 

5 

9 

0

04

12

17

11

3 

5 

17 

51

.4 

.8

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

104 

76 

64

177 

137

27 

275 

256 

194 

37

205 

135 

209

115 

107 

111 

163

293 

192 

259 

130

532

236 

268

231

52 

34 

151 

195

7.0 

9.0

Sulphate 

(SOi)

26 

28 

36

57 

33

29 

29 

36 

42 

27

67 

31 

36

53 

85 

29 

23

39 

206 

224 

138

119

18 

45

35

11 

40 

73 

269

5.3 

7.2

Chloride 

(Cl)

2.0 

1.0 

1.0

16 

6.3

1.0 

5.0 

6.0 

5.0 

.0

21 

16 

11

12 

17 

11 

17

3.1

16 

17 

12

45

4 

20

15

2.5

1.5 

18 

33

.5 

1.8

Nitrate 

(N03)

13

31 

5.1

.12 

.0 

.38 

.0

.10

2

1.0

0 

0 

0

.50 

.05

Total 

hardness as 

CaCCV

70 

59 

49

116 

150

32 

245 

220 

181 

24

208 

151 

108

135 

150 

110 

159

254 

251 

340 

159

180

194 

259

224

49 

60 

188 

158

10 

12

No.

337

338 

339 

340

341 

342 

343 

344

345 

346

347

*1 

348

-m 

349

350 

351

352 

353

1 Calculated. * Iron and aluminum oxides.
86 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

NEW HAMPSHIRE continued

Dover (13,573); municipal; Layne well, 85 feet deep (about 80 percent), Hussey Springs (about 20 

percent), emergency supply from Willands Pond; aeration, slow sand filtration. Analysis of 

sample from well supply by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 13, 1931. All sources of supply furnish water of 

low mineral content.

Keene (13,794); municipal; Echo Lake; slow sand filtration. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 1, 1930. The mineral content of the water is fairly uniform throughout the 

year. Examination of occasional spot samples during the year 1930-31: Color 5 to 15, average 12.

Laconia (12,471); Laconia Water Co.; Lake Paugus. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 14,1931. Examination of occasional spot samples during the year 1930-31: Color 8 to 10, average 9.

Manchester (76,834); municipal; Lake Massabesic. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological 

Survey, Oct. 20, 1930. Examination of occasional spot samples during the year 1930-31: Color 

15 to 25, average 20.

Nashua (31,463); Pennichuck Water Works; 15 wells (nos. 1 to 15) 16 to 38 feet deep. The wells are 

close to one another except no. 15, which is only about 200 feet away. Analysis of sample from 

well 13 by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Oct. 10, 1930. Partial analyses of samples collected Oct. 10, 1930, from wells 2 and 15 indicate that the analysis given represents reasonably 

well the composition of the water delivered to consumers. Examination of occasional spot 

samples during the year 1930-31: Hardness 18 to 31; color 5 to 15, average 7.

Portsmouth (14,495); municipal; driven, drilled, and Layne wells, emergency supply from Peyerly 

Brook. At times water from Peverly Brook, which is rather highly colored, is fed to the drivenwell tract to supplement the ground water. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 25, 

1931. Examination of occasional spot samples during the year 1930-31: Color 0 to 15, average 7.

Rochester (10,209); municipal; reservoir (pond 1) supplied by Round Pond (pond 2) and brooks. 

Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 15, 1930. A, Pond 1; B, pond 2. The 

mineral content of the water delivered to consumers is fairly uniform throughout the year. Examination of occasional spot samples during the year 1930-31: Color 20 to 35, average 27.

NEW JERSEY

[Descriptive material was furnished by J. Lynn Mahafley, director of health, New Jersey Board

of Health]

Atlantic City (66,198); municipal; 1 well (no. 1) 675 feet deep, 10 wells (nos. 2-5, 7, 9-13) 100 and 200 

feet deep, Doughty Pond. The water from wells 1, 3, 4, and 13 is aerated. Consumers receive 

the mixed water. In 1931 the wells furnished 3,183,668,000 gallons and Doughty Pond furnished 

1,669,738,000 gallons. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 17, 1932. A, Tap sample (wells 1, 2, 3, 4, 

and 13 and Doughty Pond in service); B, composite sample from wells 1, 2, 3, 4, and 13; C, 

Doughty Pond. Daily determinations for the year 1931-32: Color 5 to 42, average 15; pH 5.3 to 

6.3, average 6.0. Samples collected during the later part of 1932 from each of the sources of supply 

show, with the exception of well 4, a range in chloride from 2.5 to 12. For well 4 the chloride 

was 40.

Bayonne (88,979); water purchased from North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See 

Newark, 6.)

Belleville (26,974); supplied by Newark. (See Newark, a)__._- - .

Bloomfield (38,077); supplied by Newark. (See Newark, a)_ -------- -.

Camden (118,700):

Municipal. Supplies all but the llth and 12th wards. Total population supplied about 

95,400. Morris station, 9 wells (nos. 1 to 9) 105 to 143 feet deep (about 49 percent), city wells (nos. 

1 to 8) 116 to 182 feet deep (about 23 percent), Delair station, 3 wells (nos. 1 to 3) 129 to 144 feet 

deep (about 16 percent), Puchack Run station, 5 wells (nos. 1 to 5) 138 to 185 feet deep (about 12 

percent). The wells belonging to the Morris station are in the same well field, and all discharge 

into a collecting basin. The city wells are in different parts of Camden and are pumped intermitl.fntly and direct to the mains. The wells at Delhair and Puchack Run stations are near 

together in their respective well fields. At each of these stations the water is pumped to a common supply line. Analyzed by K. T. Williams, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 21, 1932. A, 

Morris station well 6-N, 133 feet deep; B, city well 5,174 feet deep; C, city well 8,177 feet deep; D, 

Delair Station well 1,139 feet deep; E, Puchack Run station well 1,138 feet deep. Analyses were 

also made on samples collected Nov. 21, 1932, from each of the other wells. The wells at the 

Morris station furnish waters that differ in composition but are similar in general character; the 

hardness ranged from 33 to 84, with an average of 51. The composition of the mixed water 

pumped to the city will change as different wells are used. Waters from the 3 wells at the 

Delair station ranged in hardness from 56 to 88, with an average 9f 70, and are similar in general 

character. The waters from the 5 wells at the Puchack Run station are even more closely alike; 

their hardness ranged from 22 to 39, with an average of 30. The waters from the city wells differ 

widely in chemical character and in hardness; the hardness ranged from 40 to 194, with an average of 107. Each city well when in use affects the composition of the water used in its immediate 

neighborhood. Some of the city wells furnish water softer than that otherwise delivered near 

them; others furnish much harder water than is otherwise available. The weighted average 

hardness for all the water furnished by the municipal system was 64. Iron for the different wells 

ranged from 0.04 to 5.4, average 0.78, except for Morris station well 4, in which the iron was 15. 

Manganese ranged from 0.0 to 4.6, average 0.61, except for Morris station well 4, in which the 

manganese was 5.6.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

87

Analyses (parts per million)

A..,.. -

B- ...

A.......

B... .

C_ --_

A.......

B. ......

C-.. .

D. 

E. ......

F. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

37

25

22 

51

42

139

42 

18

49 

70 

23

70 

215 

"224 

"117 

71 

125

Silica 

(SiOi)

12

3.5

.9

22

9.5

13

14

1.6

8.9 

5.9 

2.1

3.8 

9.4 

4.4 

5.6 

7.3 

9.5

Iron 

(Fe)

0.17

.01

.27 

.04

.01

.02

.25 

.01

.62 

.56 

.07

.39 

.45 

.53 

.28 

.66 

.03

Calcium 

(Ca)

3.7

2.4

3.4 

2.6

7.0

31

3.9 

2.0

2.0 

3.4 

.6

10 

19 

35 

14 

6.4 

9.0

Magnesium 

(Mg)

0.9

1.4

.7 

1.2

1.2

6.3

1.3 

.9

1.6 

2.5 

.8

4.6 

9.6 

15 

7.6 

3.0 

4.8

Sodium

(Na)

2.9

1.8

1.7 

2.3

2.5

5.9

1.8 

1.7

7.5 

11 

3.3

5.0 

31 

24 

12 

6.8 

16

Potassium 

(K)

1.6

1.0

.8 

.6

1.0

2.1

.9 

1.0

1.4 

1.8 

.8

1.8 

2.7 

5.0 

2.0 

1.6 

2.6

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

16

6.0

10 

9.0

23

 

99

14 

7.0

5.0 

11 

1.0

32 

32 

168 

61 

6.0 

3.0

Sulphate 

(S04)

5.0

8.8

4.7 

6.5

8.1

24

5.6 

4.4

6.6 

8.6 

3.2

18 

77 

27 

27 

10 

32

Chloride 

(Cl)

2.1

1.6

1.5 

3.0

1.9

5.5

2.2 

1.9

12 

15 

6.1

7.0 

26 

29 

7.0 

12 

17

Nitrate 

(NOs)

0.54

.20

.05 

.10

.10

3.9

.20 

.10

3.0 

5.0 

.10

2.9 

18 

4.4 

12 

16 

32

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

13

12

11 

11

22

103

15 

9

12 

19 

5

44 

87 

149 

66 

28 

42

No.

354

355

356 

357

358

359 

360

361

362

363 

364 

365

« Calculated.

«Includes 0.3 part of manganese.

tf Includes 1.0 part of manganese.
88 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

Description

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

NEW JERSEY continued

Camden Continued.

New Jersey Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 100 William St., New 

York, N.Y.), Camden division. Supplies llth and 12th wards in Camden and small part of 

Pensauken township. Total population supplied about 24,000. Main station, 24 wells of which 

23 are 102 to 184 feet deep and 1 is 52 feet deep, 1 well (no. 27) 135 feet deep. The water from the 

wells at the main station is discharged into a common suction line and then fed to a receiving 

basin. Well 27 is isolated and is pumped direct to the mains. This well is not used in winter. 

F, Analysis of tap sample from main station by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 22,1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931-32: Main station, alkalinity 2 to 15, average 6; hardness 40 to 63, average 

49; chloride 13 to 22, average 18. Well 27, alkalinity 19 to 32, average 25; hardness 34 to 54, average 

42; chloride 5 to 17, average 11.

Clifton (46,875); water purchased from North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See 

Newark, 6.)

East Orange (68,020); municipal; 40 wells 115 to 260 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by Margaret 

D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 23,1922. Determinations for the 10-year period 1922-31: 

Alkalinity 75 to 96, average 86; hardness 86 to 132, average 111.

Elizabeth (114,589); distributing syttem owned by the city:

Elizabethtown Water Co., Consolidated (about 57 percent of supply). Supplies also Hillside 

and Union townships. Total population supplied about 91,000. Wells as follows: Hummpcks 

group, 20 wells 90 to 500 feet deep; Springfield group, 22 wells 90 to 500 feet deep. Analysis of 

tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 22,1932. Weekly determinations for the year 1931: Hummocks 

wells, alkalinity 118 to 134, average 130; hardness 210 to 240, average 228; pH 7.6 to 7.7; Springfield 

wells, alkalinity 105 to 117, average 110; hardness 192 to 216, average 200; pH 7.3 to 7.5.

North Jersey District Water Supply Commission (about 38 percent of supply). (See Newark, 

b.) 

Plainfield-Union Water Co. (about 5 percent of supply). (See Plainfleld.)

Garfleld (29,739); municipal; 15 wells at East Paterson plant, 10 wells at reserve station in Garfleld, 

all 290 to 400 feet deep. The water is supplied to a reservoir. Analysis of sample from East 

Paterson plant, by E. W. Lohr, May 4, 1932.

Hackensack (24,568); Hackensack Water Co. Supplies also Alpine, Bergenfleld, Bogota, Carlstadt, Cliflside Park, Closter, Cresskill, Demarest, Dumont, East Rutherford, Edgewater, 

Emerson, Englewood, Englewood Cliffs, Fairview, Fort Lee, Guttenberg, Harrington Park, 

Hasbrouck Heights, Haworth, Hillsdale, Leonia, Little Ferry, Lodi, Lodi township, Maywood, 

Midland Park, Moonachie, New Milford, North Bergen township, Northvale, Norwood, Oradell, 

Palisades Park, Paramus, Ridgefleld, Ridgefleld Park, Riverside, part of Rivervale township, 

Rutherford, part of Rochelle Park township, Secaucus, Teaneck township, Tenafiy, Union City, 

Washington township, Westwood, West New York, Weehawken township, and Wood-Ridge. 

Total population supplied about 414,000. Hackensack River (impounded) at Milford; filtered, 

adjustment of pH during summer by addition of hydrated lime. Analyzed by G. R. Spalding, 

Hackensack Water Co. A, Average of weekly analyses for 1931; B, average of weekly analyses 

for the month of maximum hardness, September 1931; C, average of weekly analyses for the 

month of minimum hardness, April 1931. Monthly averages of weekly determinations for the 

year 1932: Manganese, trace; pH 6.8 to 8.0, average 7.5.

Haddon Heights (5,394); New Jersey Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 

100 William St., New York, N.Y.), Haddon Heights division. Supplies also Audubon, Barrington, Bellmawr, small part of Delaware township, Haddonfield, part of Haddon township, Mount Ephraim, Oaklyn, and Runnemede. Total population supplied about 30,000. 

Main supply from 3 wells (nos. 5, 8, and 10) 264, 240, and 279 feet deep; aerated, filtered without 

coagulation. Auxiliary supply from 1 well (no. 6) 230 feet deep; aerated, filtered without coagulation. Emergency supply for Runnemede from 1 well (no. 7) 316 feet deep. Wells 5, 8, and 10 

are near together and are pumped to 1 filtration plant. Analysis of tap sample (wells 5, 8, 

and 10 in service) by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 19, 1932. Regular determinations on the main supply 

for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 74 to 87, average 81; hardness 86 to 123, average 93; pH 6.8 to 7.6, 

average 7.3.

Hoboken (59,261); supplied by Jersey City. (See Jersey City)_____________________

Irvington (56,733); Commonwealth Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric 

Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also New Providence, Short Hills, Summit, 

West Orange, and the following townships: Part of Hillside, Livingston, Maplewood, Milburn. 

New Providence, Passaic, part of Springfield, and part of Union. Total population supplied 

about 131,000. Twenty-three wells 80 to 380 feet deep, Canoe Brook impounded (filtered). 

Water furnished to consumers from the Canoe Brook station is a mixture of about 26 percent 

filtered water from Canoe Brook and about 74 percent well water from Canoe Brook well field. 

The water is supplied to the distribution system from 3 stations, which are interconnected. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lohr. Daily determinations on the water delivered to consumers from the 

Canoe Brook station for the year 1931: Alkalinity 30 to 96, average 60; hardness 75 to 197, 

average 148.
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

89

Analyses (parts per million)

A.. __

B. ......

C. ......

A.. ..

B--.. 

0...... .

Total dissolved 

solids

153 

283

211

124 

132 

104

130

241 

249 

118

Silica 

(SiOs)

24 

23

18

6.3 

2.7

5.8

9.8

16 

24 

28

Iron 

(Fe)

0.06 

.01

.01

Trace 

Trace 

Trace

.06

.02 

.01 

.01

Calcium 

(Ca)

29 

70

37

24 

29 

18

26

37 

53 

20

Magnesium 

(Mg)

9.6 

9.1

12

5.1 

5.7 

4.0

5.8

14 

12 

5.9

Sodium

(Na)

5.0

9.7

8.3 

»i

a' 

°£

5.7

17 

10 

6.0

Potassium 

(K)

1.2 

1.3

1.1

.3 

.6

.7

8.0

1.0 

.8 

.5

Bicarbonate 

(HCOa)

112 

168

90

59 

80 

34

98

82 

153 

73

Sulphate 

(BOO

20 

62

62

34 

31 

35

27

101 

52 

19

Chloride 

(Cl)

4.7 

9.4

7.6

10 

9.9 

12

1.6

7.9 

12 

4.0

Nitrate 

(NOi)

3.6 

15

14

1.4 

.66 

1.5

.63

1.4 

9.8 

1.6

Total hardness as 

CaCOs0

112 

212

142

81 

96 

61

88

150 

182

74

No.

366

367

368

369 

370

371

372 

373

; Calculated.
90 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

373

Description

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

NEW JERSEY continued

Irvington Continued.

A

B

r,

Source

Approximate percentage of

total supply

65

20

15

Date of 

collection

Feb. 26,1932

Feb. 17,1932

Do.

Jersey City (316,715); municipal. Supplies also Hoboken, Lyndhurst township, North Arlington, and Union township. Total population supplied about 404,000. Rockaway River impounded in Boonton Reservoir and Split Rock Pond. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 7, 1922. Weekly determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 

21 to 40, average 29.

Kearney (40,716); supplied by North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See 

Newark, 6.)

Linden (21,206); Elizabethtown Water Co., Consolidated. Supplies also Clark township, part of 

Dunellen, and a small part of two other places. Total population supplied about 24,000. Millstone and Raritan Rivers at their junction; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 8.5. 

Analysis of tap sample from Millstone River by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 22,1932. Daily determinations 

for the year 1931: Alkalinity 16 to 36, average 24; hardness 61 to 70, average 65; pH 7.8 to 8.8, average 8.2. The Plainfield-Union Water Co. supplies about 1,000 people in Linden. (See Plainfield.)

Maplewood township (21,321); supplied by Commonwealth Water Co. (See Irvington)_......

Montclair (42,017); supplied by North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See Newark, 6).

Newark (442,337); distributing system owned by the city:

(a) Pequannock supply (municipal), furnishes also Belleville, Bloomfield, Nutley, and Wayne 

township. Total population supplied about 400,000. Pequannock River impounded. The 

Pequannock collection system consists of 4 impounding reservoirs and several large ponds with 

a total storage capacity of 11,000,000,000 gallons, all feeding into Pequannock River. A, Average 

of analyses of monthly samples by J. F. Bauermann, Newark Water Laboratory, 1929. Monthly 

determinations for the year 1929: Color 18 to 28, average 23; pH 6.7 to 7.0, average 6.9.

(6) North Jersey District Water Supply Commission, furnishes Bayonne, Cedar Grove township, Clifton, part of Elizabeth (about 38 percent of supply), Glen Ridge, Harrison, Kearney, 

Little Falls township, Montclair, part of Newark (estimated about 15,000,000 gallons a day), 

Paterson, Passaic, Prospect Park, Totawa, and West Paterson. Total population supplied about 

645,000. Wanaque River impounded in Wanaque Reservoir; aerated at times, final adjustment 

of pH to about 9.0 by addition of lime. The reservoir has a storage capacity of 29,000,000,000 

gallons. The estimated total yield is 100,000,000 gallons a day, which is allotted as follows: 

Newark 44,500,000 (including Bloomfield's allotment), Paterson 20,000,000, Kearney 12,000,000, 

Passaic 11,000,000, Clifton 6,750,000, Montclair 5,000,000, and Glen Ridge 750,000. B, Single 

analysis by A. E. Grifiin, North Jersey District Water Supply Commission, Feb. 24,1932.

New Brunswick (34,555); municipal; Lawrence Brook; aerated, filtered, adjustment of pH by 

addition of lime. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 16, 1932. Daily determinations for the year 

1931: Alkalinity 10 to 58, average 22; color 0 to 30, average 5; pH 7.1 to 9.4, average 8.3. For the 

same period the color of the raw water ranged from 2 to 90, with an average of 40.

North Bergen township (40,714); supplied by Hackensack Water Co. (See Hackensack) .

Nutley (20,572); supplied by Newark. (See Newark, o)... --. - ......---..- - -. ..

Orange (35,399); municipal; West Branch of Rahway River (about 75 percent), 3 wells (about 25 

percent) 49, 117, and 365 feet deep; filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of soda ash. The 

49 and 117 foot wells are operated about 8 months and the 365-foot well about 2 months of the year. 

The river and well waters are mixed before treatment, and the filtered water is supplied to a 

distributing reservoir. Analysis furnished by Orange Water Department, dated Oct. 15, 1929. 

Regular determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 20 to 75, average 50; pH 6.2 to 7.8, average 7.0.

Passaic (62,959); water purchased from North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See 

Newark, 6.)

Paterson (138,513); Passaic Valley Water Commission. Domestic system supplied from Wanaque 

Reservoir of North Jersey District Water Supply Commission. (See Newark, 6). Industrial 

system supplied by Passaic River at Little Falls; filtered. A, Analysis of tap sample from the 

domestic supply by A. E. Grifiin, North Jersey District Water Supply Commission, Feb. 24, 

1932; B, average of analyses of monthly samples from the industrial supply by F. W. Green, 

Passaic Valley Water Commission, 1932. Ranges in concentration of the monthly samples from 

industrial supply: Alkalinity 9 to 47; hardness 47 to 104; sulphate 32 to 50; pH 5.9 to 7.2, average 6.5.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

91

Analyses (parts per million)

AB.......

A...... 

B......

Total disolved 

solids

81

113

50 

"50

88

112

m 50 

113

i

Silica 

(Si08)

6.5

13

4.8 

4.9

8.3

5.9

4.9 

3.2

Iron 

(Fe)

0.08

.02

.19 

.04

.17

*.§

.04 

.07

Calcium 

(Ca)

13

17

7.7 

9.8

12

19

9.8 

21

Magnesium 

(Mg)

5.6

5.3

2.4 

6.2

3.3

2.9

6.2

5.7

Sodium

(Na)

3.6

7.7

"2 

(«

5.2

1

(

]

Potassium 

(K)

1.0

1.9

.3 

«>

2.1

 ) 

0

BiearDonate 

HC03)

40

26

20 

30

10

44

30

35

Sulphate 

(BOO

22

43

12 

11

36

36

11 

38

Chloride 

(Cl)

5.1

7.8

3.4 

3.1

7.8

11

3.1 

5.9

Nitrate 

(NOj)

1.1

4.3

.48 

.05

1.6

Trace

.05 

1.5

Total hardness as 

CaCO3 «

55

64

29 

50

44

59

50

76

No.

374

375 

376

377 

378 

379

380

381 

382 

383

384 

3S5

Calculated.

Iron and aluminum oxides.

«« Less than 5 parts.

»»Includes 0.1 part of manganese.
92 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

386

387

388

390

391

392

394

395

Description

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

NEW JEBSEY continued

Perth Amboy (43,516); municipal; Runyon pumping station supplied by 80 wells 80 feet deep, 1 

well 50 feet deep, and 1 well (used as an emergency supply) 350 feet deep; Deep Run pumping 

station supplied by 20 wells 45 feet deep; South River pumping station supplied by 7 wells 50 

feet deep; treatment with lime, filtered without other coagulation, adjustment of pH to a minimum of not less than 7.6. All the water is treated at the iron-removal plant at Runyon. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 24,1932.

Plainfield (34,422); Plainfield-Union Water Co. Supplies also part of Clark township, Cranford, 

part of Elizabeth (about 5 percent), Fanwood, Garwood, Kenilworth, small part of Linden (about 

1,000 consumers), part of Mountainside, North Plainfield, part of Piscataway township, Rosefle, 

Roselle Park, Scotch Plains, South Plainfield, Watchung, and Westfield. Total population 

supplied about 115,000. 16 wells 250 to 500 feet deep. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 15, 1932.

Trenton (123,358); municipal. Supplies also part of Ewing, Hamilton, and Lawrence townships. 

Total population supplied about 145,000. Delaware River; filtered. The treatment decreases 

the silica and bicarbonate and increases the sulphate. Average of analyses of composites of daily 

samples of raw water from Delaware River at Lambertville by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 

(Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 60,1909). The composition of the water varies throughout the year. 

Daily determinations on the filtered water for the year 1931: Alkalinity 4 to 60, average 31; pH 

4.9 to 7.3, average 6.7.

Union City (58,659); supplied by Hackensack Water Co. (See Hackensack)........_______.

West New York (37,107); supplied by Hackensack Water Co. (See Hackensack)-________.

West Orange (24,327); supplied by Commonwealth Water Co. (See Irvington). _______.

NEW MEXICO

[Descriptions of the supplies were furnished by Paul S. Fox, chief, Division of Sanitary Engineering and Sanitation, New Mexico Bureau of Public Health, who also made arrangements for collection of the samples that were analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey]

Albuquerque (28,570); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 1 to 3) 426, 448, and 551 feet deep; filtered without 

coagulation. It is proposed to drill 2 more wells about 550 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample 

(wells 1 and 2 in service) by M. P. Beam, Van Atta Laboratories, Sept. 12, 1932.

Clovis (3,027); New Mexico Utilities Co.; 3 wells 340 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. 

Lohr, Dec. 9, 1931.

Raton (6,090); municipal; impounding reservoir on Chicorico Creek; filtered. The composition 

of the water varies throughout the year. The alkalinity of the treated water is reported to range 

from about 30 to 100 with an average around 50. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Dec. 

12, 1931.

Roswell (11,173); municipal; 6 wells (nos. 1 to 8) 318, 319, 309, 321, 400, and 250 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Dec. 26,1931. Partial analyses of samples collected on the same 

date from each of the wells indicate that the analysis given represents reasonably well the composition of the water delivered to consumers.

Santa Fe (11,176); New Mexico Power Co.; impounding reservoirs on Santa Fe Creek. Analyzed 

by E. W. Lohr, Dec. 7, 1931.

NEW YORK

[Descriptive material was furnished by C. A. Holmquist, director, Division of Sanitation, New 

York Department of Health, whose assistance made it possible to obtain the data necessary for 

the inclusion of several of the places]

Albany (127,412); municipal; Hannacrois Creek impounded; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of 

pH to about 8.5 by addition of lime. Analysis of tap sample by G. E. Willcomb, Albany Department of Public Works, 1932.

Amsterdam (34,817); municipal; Hans Creek impounded in Glen Wild Reservoirs. Analysis of 

tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 4, 1932.

Auburn (36,652); municipal; Owasco Lake; slow sand filtration. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Sept. 

14, 1931. The composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. Regular determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity (weekly) 93 to 100, average 96; hardness (monthly) 100 

to 130, average 113; average chloride 1.3.

Binghamton (76,682); municipal; Susquehanna River (filtered), small and variable amounts of 

well water. A, Analysis of about an average sample of the filtered water by B. E. Nelson and 

A. G. Lauder, Water Department, Aug. 12, 1931; B, average of analyses of raw water from Susquehanna River at West Pittston, Pa., by U.S. Geological Survey in 1906-7 (Water-Supply 

Paper 236, p. 102, 1909).

Buffalo (573,076); municipal; Lake Erie; filtered. An analysis of the filtered water at Erie, Pa., 

by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 18, 1931, may be taken to represent the composition of the water at Buffalo. Monthly averages of regular determinations for the year 1927-28: 

Alkalinity 85 to 98, chloride 12 to 14.

Cheektowaga v^-UOCHUUWClga town UUW 1A (20,849); V.^UjtrliVj supplied DU^'^-UICU by uy Western YV C3UC11A New i.^ CW York A VIJV Water TYabCI Co. V^U. (See V^*313 Lackawanna) -LjO,UIX£li W OilLUa/ * ----.

Cohoes (23,226); municipal; Mohawk River; filtered. Analysis of a sample from filtered-water 

basin by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 27, 1932. The analysis given probably represents about a maximum 

concentration. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 35 to 72, average 57; hardness 68 to 103. average 88; pH 8.9 to 7.5, average 7.1.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 19S2 Continued

93

Analyses (parts per million)

(Av) .

A. ......

B.......

Total dissolved 

solids

77

273 

70

"491

270 

129

948 

68

83

33

131

100 

90

147

135

Silica 

(SIOj)

4.2

22 

9.0

74

37 

16

14 

10

1.6

5.4 

8.7

5.3 

10

1.0

1.8

Iron 

(Fe)

0.61

.01 

.07

&35

.01 

.24

1.8 

.29

.12

.19 

.02

.07 

.12

.01

.11

Calcium 

(Ca)

19

68 

12

31

30 

24

155 

13

19

3.5

35

23 

18

34

33

Magnesium 

(Mg)

1.7

7.7 

3.3

19

21

7.8

46 

3.1

5.0

1.0 

7.2

2.7 

3.4

8.0

5.G

Sodium

(Na)

2.8

10

5

<

34 

7.6

78 

3.5

1.

.9 

2.0

4.6 

6

5.7

5.4

Potassium 

(K)

1.1

.8 

4

6

5.7 

1.3

2.6 

.9

2

.6 

1.3

1.9 

3

1.1

1.6

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

36

170 

46

180

234 

108

210

52

40

3.0 

120

67 

63

109

98

Sulphate 

(S04)

23

57 

12

130

24 

17

389 

7.2

27

8.9 

17

8.7 

14

19

27

Chloride 

(Cl)

5.5

9.2 

2.9

17

10 

2.4

117 

1.2

1.9

1.5 

1.8

5.7 

4.2

14

5.9

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.40

14

1.1

8.8 

.64

3.4 

.10

.08

.20 

1.1

1.3 

1.5

1.0

2.0

Total hardness as 

CaC03 «

54

202 

44

155

161 

92

576 

45

68

13

117

69 

59

118

105

No.

386

387 

388

389 

390 

391

392

393 

394

395 

396

397

398 

399

400

401

402 

403

1 Calculated. b Iron and aluminum oxides.

17693 34 7
94 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

Description

NEW YORK continued

Eastchester town (20,340); supplied by New Rochelle Water Co. (See New Rochelle and analysis A 

for New York City.)

Elmira (47,397); municipal; Supplies also Elmira Heights and Southport town. Total population supplied about 58,000. Chemung River (66 percent), impounding reservoir on Hoftman 

Creek (34 percent); filtered, aerated. Only one source is used at a time. Analyzed by E. W. 

Lohr. A, Cheiuung River supply, June 15, 1932; B, reservoir supply, June 17, 1932. The composition of the water varies throughout the year, and the analyses given probably represent a 

concentration higher than the average.

Ithaca (20,708); municipal; Sixmile Creek impounded in two small reservoirs: filtered. Analysis 

of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 9, 1932. There is considerable variation in the composition 

of the water throughout the year. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 24 to 

126, average 91; pH 6 to 8, average 7.1.

Jamestown (45,155); municipal; 9 wells about 130 feet deep and 10 wells about 220 feet deep. All 

water is obtained from the same gravel strata. Analysis of sample from the shallow wells by 

E. W. Lohr, July 31, 1931.

Kingston (28,088); municipal; Cooper Lake, emergency supply from Sawkill Creek; pressure filtration, aeration, final adjustment of pH at times to over 7.3 by addition of lime. Analysis of tap 

sample from Cooper Lake by E. W. Lohr, Apr. 26, 1932. The mineral content of the water is 

fairly uniform throughout the year. Daily determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 7 to 11, 

chloride 1.5 to 2.0, color 0 to 10.

Lackawanna (23,948); Western New York Water Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N. Y.). Supplies also the following towns: Small part of Alien, 

Amherst, Cheektowaga, part of Clarence, small part of Hamburg, most of Lancaster, Tonawanda, 

and West Seneca. Total population supplied about 120,000. Lake Erie; filtered. The cormosition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. Analyzed by N. S. Chamberlin, 

Federal Water Service Corporation, Mar. 1, 1932.

Lockport (23,160); municipal; Niagara River; filtered. The water is practically the same as that 

used at Niagara Falls. (For analysis see Niagara Falls.)

Mamaroneck (11,766); Westchester Joint Water Works No. 1. Supplies alsoHarrison town, unincorporated part of Mamaroneck town, and Pelham. Total population supplied about 28,000. 

Mamaroneck River supplemented by about 1,000,000 gallons a day from Kensico Reservoir 

(Catskill supply) of the New York City water-supply system; filtered. The supplementary 

supply is discharged into Mamaroneck River at its upper reaches. Analyzed by Westchester 

Joint Water Works No. 1, April 1932. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. 

Daily determinations for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 16 to 73, hardness 35 to 100, pH 6.7 to 8.1.

Mount Vernon (61,499) supplied from the New York City Catskill Aqueduct. (See N ew York City, 

analysis A.)

Newburgh (31,275); municipal; Silver and Patton Brooks impounded, filtered. Analyzed by J. F. 

Kingsley, Newburgh Board of Health, 1930.

New Kochelle (54,000); New Rochelle Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 

100 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Eastchester town, North Pelham, and Pelham 

Manor. Total population supplied about 84,000. Practically all the water is obtained from the 

Catskill Aqueduct of the New York City supply. An impounding reservoir on Hutchinson 

River is used for an emergency supply. The water from Hutchinson River is more concentrated 

and harder than the Catskill water. (See New York City, analysis A.)

New York (6,930,446); municipal (94 percent of supply) and private companies (6 percent):

Source

Catskill supply.

Croton supply______________.

Long Island supply (ground and surface sources).

Well supply for Richmond______.

Well supply furnished by private companies.

Quantities supplied in 1930 (million gallons a day)

Total

258.8

78.9

5.9 

64.5

To sections of city

Manhattan and Bronx 306, Brooklyn 190,

Queens 66, Richmond 26. 

Manhattan and Bronx. 

Brooklyn 67, Queens 12.

Richmond.

Brooklyn 27, Queens 38.

Municipal. Supplies about 6,570,000 consumers in New York City, also Eastchester town, 

Mount Kisco, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle, North Tarrytown, Ossining, part of White Plains, 

part of Yonkers, and several water districts and small communities. These outside consumers 

were furnished an average of about 21,400,000 gallons a day in 1930, of which 90 percent was from 

the Catskill system. Catskill supply impounded surface water, aerated; Croton supply impounded surface water, aerated (some water from the Croton supply is carried to the city in the 

Catskill Aqueduct); Ridgewood supply of impounded surface water and a larger quantity of
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

95

Analyses (parts per million)

A. ......

B--...__

A... .

B........

C.......

D _ .

E.. ..

F .....

G.......

H...-._

I - .

J .....

K.......

Total dissolved 

solids

163 

105

133

133 

30

156

174

«81

31 

73 

134 

258 

111 

364 

358 

135 

304 

385 

56

Silica 

(SiOa)

2.2

2.7

4.9

12 

3.8

5.7

4.5

2.4 

6.2 

12

16 

19

Iron

(Fe)

0.02 

.02

.04

.02 

.02

Trace

.10

»2.7

.14

.20 

.77 

.30

.09

.11

.15 

Trace 

.65

.10

.10

Calcitm 

I "-a)

34 

19

35

31

4.5

35

14

5.8 

13 

17

51 

26

Magnesium 

(Mg)

8.2 

5.1

6.4

6.2 

1.0

8.1

2.1

1.4 

4.5 

6.6

11

7.8

Sodium 

(Na)

7.6 

4.6

3.0

5.0 

3.3

1

1.7 

3.3 

14

Potassium 

(K)

2.0 

1.7

1.5

.8 

.5

9

1)

.7 

1.3 

2.1

«46 

 14

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

99 

51

117

106 

10

106

68

44

14 

42 

38 

115 

32 

150 

122 

144 

52 

96 

9 8

Sulphate 

(S04)

37 

30

21

21 

11

27

19

9.7 

17 

32

45 

1.9

Chloride 

(01)

12 

6.2

2.0

3.0

1.5

12

9.8

7.3

2.0 

4.0 

21 

33 

15 

22 

75 

5.0 

33 

20 

4.6

Nitrate 

(N03)

1.4 

.88

.50

.20 

.60

1.4

5,8

.54 

1.3 

10 

7.0 

7.2 

29 

26 

.06 

25 

57 

4.3

Total hardness as 

CaCOjo

119 

68

114

103 

15

121

 70

44

20 

51 

70 

 165 54 

 268 

173 

97 

 149 

 217 17

No.

404 

40$

400

407 

408

409

410 

411

412 

413 

414

415

 Calculated.

' Iron and aluminum oxides.

 Determined.
96 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

415

Description

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

NEW YORK continued

New York, etc. Continued.

ground water from Long Island pumped to the Ridgewood Reservoir; many wells and groups 

of wells are pumped directly into the distribution system. A, Catskill supply; B, Croton supply; 

C, Ridgewood supply (46,100,000 gallons a day); D, Forest Hills steam pumping station no. 3 

(2,800,000 gallons a day); E, Douglaston steam pumping station no. 8 (5,600,000 gallons a day). 

A to C analyzed by E. W. Lohr, June 27 and 29, 1932; D and E, average of monthly analyses by 

New York City Bureau of Water Supply, 1931. Regular determinations for the year 1931: 

Catskill supply, alkalinity 8 to 15, average 11; hardness 16 to 30, average 25; pH 6.7 to 7.0, average 

6.9. Croton supply, alkalinity 28 to 35, average 32; hardness 40 to 53, average 47; pH 6.7 to 7.3, 

average 7.0. Ridgewood supply, alkalinity 8 to 31, average 19; hardness 31 to 70, average 47; 

pH 6.1 to 6.7, average 6.4. Range in hardness of the well supplies in Brooklyn, Queens, and 

Richmond 23 to 234.

New York Water Service Corporation (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 

William St., New York, N.Y). Supplies about 224,000 consumers in the Flatbush area of 

Brooklyn. Wells as follows: Steam station group, 83 wells 80 to 150 feet deep, 20 individual 

electric wells 90 to 418 feet deep. F, Electric well 12,103 feet deep; G, electric well 24,287 feet deep, 

Sept. 29, 1931; H, tap at 265 Ocean Ave., Feb. 1,1932. F, Average of monthly analyses by New 

York City Bureau of Water Supply, 1931; G and H analyzed by N. S. Chamberlin, Federal 

Water Service Corporation. The hardness of the well supplies, based on averages of monthly 

analyses for the year 1931, ranged from 63 to 409.

Jamaica Water Supply Co. Supplies about 84,000 consumers. Wells about 90 to 630 feet deep. 

Average of monthly analyses by New York City Bureau of Water Supply, 1931. I, Steam pumping station 2; J, electric well 3, about 97 feet deep; K, electric well 15, about 400 feet deep. The 

hardness of the well supplies, based on averages of monthly analyses for the year 1931, ranged 

from 13 to 217.

Niagara Falls (75,460); municipal; Niagara River, filtered. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Nov. 6,1931-.

Olean (21,790); municipal; Olean Creek; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of 

lime. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, June 10, 1931. Daily determinations for the year 

1931: Alkalinity 13 to 93, average 59; pH 6.6 to 7.3, average 7.0.

Oswego (22,652); municipal; Lake Ontario. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 1, 1932..

Port Chester (22,662); Port Chester Water Works (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 

100 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also parts of Harrison and Rye towns. Total 

population supplied about 33,000. Putnam and Rockwood Lakes fed by adjacent streams and 

by pumping from Mianus River; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. 

The raw water is pumped to the filtration plant from Putnam Lake. The lakes and filtration 

plant are in the town of Greenwich, Conn. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 12, 

1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931; Alkalinity (daily tests) 10 to 23, average 17; 

hardness (biweekly tests) 31 to 46, average 38; pH (daily tests) 7.5 to 8.8, average 8.1.

Poughkeepsie (40,288); municipal; Hudson River; slow sand filtration preceded by coagulation, 

sedimentation, preliminary filtration, and aeration, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. 

The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased, and 

the sulphate is increased. Average of analyses of raw water from Hudson River at Hudson by 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 64, 1909). The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. Regular determinations on the treated water for the year 

1931: Alkalinity 24 to 51, average 38; hardness 39 to 73, average 62.

Rochester (328,132):

Municipal. Supplies about 288,000 consumers in Rochester. Hemlock Lake (augmented by 

Canadice Lake). The water from Canadice Lake is discharged into Hemlock Lake, from which 

consumers are supplied. Averages of analyses by Walter Fischer, Rochester Department of 

Public Works, February, May, August, October 1932. A, Hemlock Lake; B, Canadice Lake. 

Rochester and Lake Ontario Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies about 40,000 consumers in Rochester and 

also the towns of Brighton, Gates, Greece, Irondequoit, part of Penfield, part of Perinton, and 

Pittsford. Total population supplied about 94,000. Lake Ontario; pressure filtration. The 

composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. Analyzed by N. S. Chamberlin, Federal Water Service Corporation, September 11, 1931. C. Lake Ontario (filtered).

Rome (23,338); municipal; Fish Creek. Analysis of tap sample by W. L. Lamar July 1,1932.

Schenectady (95,692); municipal; 3 dug wells; analyzed by G. E. Willcomb, Albany Department 

of Public works, Jan. 5, 1931. Examination of 12 samples collected at 15-day intervals between 

May 21 and Nov. 6, 1931, gave the following results: Alkalinity 121 to 139, average 127; hardness 

164 to 186, average 177; pH 7.4.

Syracuse (209,326); municipal; Skaneateles Lake. The composition of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Apr. 27, 1932.

Tonawanda town (25,006); supplied by Western New York Water Co. (See Lackawanna) .

Troy (72,763); municipal; 3 distinct systems as follows: Lower service furnished by Tomhannock 

Reservoir (83 percent), high service furnished by Brunswick and Vanderheyden Reservoirs (15 

percent), upper high service furnished by Martin-Dunham Reservoir (2 percent). Analysis of 

tap sample from Tomhannock Reservoir by E. W. Lohr, May 31, 1932. Results for the year 

1931, based on examination of the waters at least twice each week: Tomhannock supply, alkalinity 20 to 28, average 25; hardness 36 to 42; color 10 to 18, average 14. Brunswick and Vanderheyden supply, alkalinity 15 to 30, average 22; hardness 34 to 44, average 39; color 12 to 20, average 15. Martin-Dunham supply, alkalinity 4.0 to 8.0, average 5.4; hardness 31 to 33; color 15 to 

28, average 21.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

97

Analyses (parts per million)

Av ...

A.... 

B._ ...

C........

Total dissolved 

solids

165 

92

159 

72

108

94 

74 

166

54 

219

126

50

Silica 

(SiO»)

12 

4.0

6.4 

3.5

11

2.0 

1.7 

2.3

5.3 

6.2

6.0

4.7

Iron 

(Fe)

0.02 

.01

.42 

.01

.15

'2.1 

'2.1 

.0

.07 

.05

.02

.15

Calcium 

(Ca)

36 

21

37 

13

21

19 

11 

33

10 

51

34

9.4

Magnesium 

(Mg)

8.1 

3.4

8.4 

2.9

3.8

6.7 

6.5 

5.6

3.1 

16

6.8

2.0

Sodium

(Na)

6.5 

4.4

6.4 

4.1

7.

5. 

4.

1.7

7.

2.0

2.6

Potassium 

(K)

1.2 

1.3

1.2 

1.6

9

4 

8 

12

.2 

8

1.0

1.0

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

119 

56

114 

21

73

62 

30 

109

41 

128

116

23

Sulphate

(SOi)

22 

25

22 

30

16

22 

17 

25

5.4 

62

15

14

Chloride 

(Cl)

13 

2.9

13

4.8

4.0

5.4 

4.4 

12

1.6

12

1.6

2.2

Nitrate

(N03)

0.10 

.75

.84 

.10

.8

.37 

.34 

Trace

.79 

.10

1.5

.9

Total 

hardness as 

CaCO3 "

123 

66

127 

44

68

75 

54 

105

38 

193

113

32

NO.

416 

417

418 

419

420 

421

422 

423

424

«*H 

425 

426

1 Calculated. * Iron and aluminum oxides.
98 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

427

Description

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

NEW YORK continued

Utica (101,740); Consolidated Water Co. of Utica, N.Y. Supplies also New Hartford, New York 

Mills, Oriskany, Whitesboro, and Yorkville. Total population supplied about 116,000. West 

Canada Creek (north supply, about 90 percent), 4 impounding reservoirs (south supply). The 

composition of the water from the north supply is fairly uniform throughout the year; the south 

supply varies. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, May 8,1922; analysis 

B (reservoir 4 of south supply) probably represents about a minimum concentration. Daily 

determinations for the year 1930:

Source

North supply.... 

South supply._

Percent 

of

supply

Alkalinity

Aver24

Maximum

34

Minimum

20

Hardness

Aver32

Maximum

33

Mini-'

PH

Aver- Maximum

Minimum

Watertown (32,205); municipal; Black River; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH to 7.8-8.4 

by addition of soda ash. Analysis of tap sample by W. L. Lamar, July 8, 1932.

White Plains (35,830); municipal distribution system:

Municipal; 2 impounding reservoirs, 5 dug wells averaging 22 feet deep. The municipal system 

furnishes about 1,500,000 gallons a day.

New York Water Service Corporation (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.); 19 wells 58 to 154 feet deep, furnishing about 1,000,000 gallons 

a day. About 2,000,000 gallons a day is obtained from the Catskill supply of New York City. 

The water from the New York Water Service Corporation wells is mixed with the Catskill water 

as it passes through the pumping station, and the resulting supply represents about 1 part well 

water and 2 parts Catskill water. Analysis of the mixed water from the New York Water Service Corporation wells by N. S. Chamberlin, Federal Water Service Corporation, Apr. 19, 1932. 

(For analysis of the Catskill water see New York City, analysis A.)

Yonkers (134,646); municipal; Sawmill River, 60 percent (slow sand filtration); Grassy Sprain 

Reservoir supplied by Sprain Brook and Grassy Sprain Brook, 20 percent; Catskill water purchased from New York City, 20 percent. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 3, 1931. A, Sawmill 

River; B, Grassy Sprain Reservoir. (For analysis of Catskill supply, see New York City, analysis A.)

NOETH CAROLINA

[Descriptions of most of the supplies and many of the analytical results given in the text below 

were furnished by H. E. Miller, chief engineer, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering and Inspection 

of the North Carolina Board of Health. Several analyses were furnished by Thorndike Saville 

and by Charles E. Ray, Jr., successively chief engineers, Division of Water Resources and 

Engineering of the North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, whose 

interest and assistance made possible the inclusion of several of the cities]

Asheville (50,193); municipal; impounding reservoir supplied by mountain streams. Analyzed by 

Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 18, 1922. An analysis of a sample collected 

Sept. 15, 1928, and a partial analysis of one collected Sept. 22, 1931, show the composition of the 

water to be practically the same as is indicated by the analysis made in 1922.

Charlotte (82,675); municipal; Catawba River, impounded; filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 17, 1931. Monthly 

averages of daily determinations for the year 1929: Hardness 17 to 27, average 23; pH 7.3 to 7.7, 

average 7.5.

Durham (52,037); municipal; Flat River impounded in Lake Michie (capacity 5,000,000,000 gallons); filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, May 22, 1931.

Fayetteville (13,049); municipal; small stream; filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 9.6 by addition of lime. Analysis of tap sample by L. L. Hedgepeth, North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, June 29, 1929.

Gastonia (17,093); municipal; Long Creek impounded; filtered, adjustment of pH to about 8.0-8.2 

by addition of lime. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, May 26, 1931. Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 16 to 25, average 22; pH 7.8 to 8.4, average 8.1.

Goldsboro (14,985); municipal; Little River; filtered, adjustment of pH to 7.8-8.8 by addition of 

lime. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Sept. 18, 1931.

Greensboro (53,569); municipal; Reedy Fork Creek, impounded; filtered, adjustment of pH by 

addition of lime. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, May 25, 1931. Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 19 to 26, average 22; hardness 26 to 32, average 28; pH 7.0 

to 8.0, average 7.5.

High Point (36,745); municipal; Deep River impounded; filtered, adjustment of pH by addition 

of lime. Analyzed by E. E. Randolph, North Carolina State College, July 27, 1927 (North 

Carolina Dept. Conservation and Development Econ. Paper 61, p. 36, 1927). Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 6.2 to 28, average 14; pH 7.1 to 8.0, 

average 7.6.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

99

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B. ......

A. ......

BTotal dissolved 

solids

50

78

71 

326

234 

108

19

48

64 

123

55

83 

56

60

Silica

(Si08)

5.2 

3.6

3.2 

22

9.9 

8.5

7.8 

14

13 

22

14

16 

13

11

Iron 

(Fe)

0.26 

.11

.10 

.0

.01 

.02

.05 

.01

.02

.15

.05

.03 

.02

.3

Calcium 

(Ca)

8.8 

15

14 

64

42 

16

.8 

7.1

11 

30

8.6

15 

7.6

6.6

Magnesium 

(Mg)

2.2 

5.4

1.7 

21

15 

6.2

.6 

1.2

1.6 

.3

1.8

1.0 

2.1

2.1

Sodium 

(Na)

1.3 

1.7

4.1

11 

5.6

1.8 

2.6

4.2 

12

3.8

4.3 

3.9

2.5

Potassium 

(K)

0.2

.6

1.0

12

3.6 

2.3

.5 

.9

.9 

1.7

1.0

1.4

1.5

1.1

Bicarbonate 

(HCOa)

23 

46

34 

200

146 

62

7.3

25

28 

"30

30

22 

21

25

Sulphate 

(S04)

11 

23

22 

72

46 

28

1.7 

7.0

15 

26

11

28 

17

6.4

Chloride 

(Cl)

0.7 

1.2

2.6 

14

14 

5.8

.7 

2.0

3.3 

12

1.8

4.0

1.7

4

Nitrate 

(NOs)

1.0 

1.1

.28 

18

4.1 

1.5

Trace 

.50

.20 

.27

.50

.30 

.50

.2

Total 

hardness as 

CaCOs"

31 

60

42 

246

166 

65

4

23

34 

76

29

42 

28

25

No.

427

428 

429

430

431 

432

433 

434

435

436 

437

438

' Calculated. 1 Includes equivalent of 12 parts of carbonate (COs).
100 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OP PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

449

450

451

452

453

454

NOETH CAEOLINA continued

Kinston (11,362); municipal; 8 wells, 362, 190, 190, 300, 300, 562, 562, and 170 feet deep. The large 

362-foot well furnishes about 80 percent of the total supply. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. 

Lohr, Sept. 16, 1931. Partial analyses for the same date made on representative samples from 

the wells indicate that the analysis given represents reasonably well the composition of the water 

delivered regularly to consumers. Well 3, 170 feet deep (about 8 percent of total supply), furnishes water that is considerably harder than the water from the other wells.

New Bern (11,981); municipal; 5 wells about 100 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, 

Jan. 17, 1933.

Raleigh (37,379); municipal; Walnut Creek impounded; filtered, aerated, adjustment of pH by 

addition of lime. Analyzed by E. E. Randolph, North Carolina State College, Dec. 10, 1928. 

Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 14 to 28, average 19; 

hardness 19 to 30, average 24; pH 6.9 to 8.8, average 8.3.

Rocky Mount (21,412); municipal; Tar River; pressure filtration, adjustment of pH to 6.6-7 by 

addition of lime. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, May 22, 1931.

Salisbury (16,951); municipal; North Fork of Yadkin River impounded (intake at junction of 

North Fork of Yadkin River and South River to form Yakdin River); filtered. Analyzed by 

L. L. Hedgepeth, North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, Mar. 5,1929. 

Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 9 to 17, average 12; pH 

6.8 to 7.2, average 7.1.

Wilmington (32,270); municipal; Cape Fear River; filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, May 26, 1931. Monthly averages of daily determinations for the 

year 1929: Alkalinity 19 to 24, average 21; pH 7.2 to 7.7, average 7.5.

Winston-Salem (75,274); municipal; Salem Lake (artificial); filtered, aerated, adjustment of pH 

by addition of lime. Analyzed by North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, July 1928.

NOETH DAKOTA

Bismarck (11,090); municipal; Missouri River; partial softening with lime, filtered. Analyzed 

by E. M. Stanton, Bismarck, Mar. 28, 1932. The composition of the raw water varies considerably throughout the year. Daily determinations on the treated water for the year 1930-31: 

Alkalinity 30 to 130, average 75; hardness 90 to 270, average 172. The turbidity of the raw water 

is reported to range from 20 to 24,000.

Fargo (28,619); municipal; Red River; softened, filtered. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, July 28, 1932. 

A, Softened water; B, raw water. The pH of the filtered water is maintained at 8.6-9.8. The 

composition of the raw water varies throughout the year. Daily determinations for the year 

1931: Softened water, alkalinity 92 to 230, average 139; raw water, alkalinity 172 to 385, average 

236.

Grand Forks (17,112); municipal; Red Lake River; aerated, softened with lime, recarbonated, 

filtered, adjustment of pH to about 8.0-8.6. The composition of the water varies throughout the 

year. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 10,1932. A, Softened water; B, raw water.

Jamestown (8,187); municipal; 5 drilled wells 80 to 90 feet deep, 1 dug well 37 feet deep and 25 feet 

in diameter, all in the same well field. The wells are reported to furnish water of about the 

same general composition. Analysis furnished by the city of Jamestown, dated Dec. 6, 1929.

Minot (16,099); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 1 to 3) 132, 132, and 158 feet deep. For most of the year 

well 1 furnishes about 75 percent and well 3 about 25 percent of the total supply. During summer well 1 furnishes about 50 percent, well 2 about 25 percent, and well 3 about 25 percent. 

Analyzed by G. A. Abbott, University of North Dakota, Jan. 15, 1932. A, Well 1; B, well 2; 

0, well 3.

OHIO

[Descriptions of the supplies and analyses for several were furnished by F. H. Waring, chief engineer, Ohio Department of Health, who also assisted in obtaining the information necessary for 

the inclusion of some of the places]

Akron (255,040); municipal; Cuyahoga River impounded; filtered. Average of analyses of monthly 

composite samples over a period of 5 years by J. S. Gettrust, Akron Water Works, 1926-30. 

Regular determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity 25 to 112, hardness 64 to 152, sulphate 33 

to 50, pH 6.9 to 8.0, with a 5-year average of 7.6.

Alliance (23,047); municipal; Mahoning River impounded; filtered. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. Industrial wastes affect the quality 

of the water. Regular determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity (daily records) 10 to 164, 

average 76; hardness (monthly averages) 100 to 258, average 165; pH (monthly averages) 6.4 to 

7.2, average 6.8. It was not possible to arrange for the collection of samples for analysis.

Ashtabula (23,301); Ashtabula Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); Lake Erie; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly 

uniform throughout the year and is practically the same as at Cleveland. (For analysis see 

Cleveland.)

Barberton (23,934); municipal; Wolf Creek impounded, aerated, filtered. The composition of 

the water varies throughout the year. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 18,1932.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

101

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B.._ .

A.......

B.......

A.......

B. ......

C.._ .

Av......

Total dissolved 

solids

140

308 

"43

71

41

59 

57

"251

314 

415

136 

327

780

657 

924 

1,555

131

192

Silica 

(SiOs)

16

10 

14

16 

8.7

8.4 

10

4.9

11 

13

11 

18

21

2.1

Iron

(Fe)

0.01

.11 

.32

.04 

.05

.02 

Trace

Trace

.14 

.23

.01 

.43

1.9

1.0 

2.0 

2.3

.02

.02

Calcium 

(Ca)

3.3

61 

6.1

4.2 

3.1

10 

8.9

42

19

48

18 

62

94

37 

75 

93

"31

46

Magnesium 

(Mg)

2.8

3.6

1.2

1.6 

.2

1.3

.4

15

37 

39

5.1 

29

31

18 

31 

28

5.6

10

Sodium

(Na)

38

36 

1.8

11 

3.8

3.7 

4.

29 

32

15 

12

«: 

 >:

°5 

a '.

<".

4.3

Potassium 

(K)

9.1

1.8 

1.0

.9 

.6

.9 

3

20

7.2 

7.3

4.6 

4.9

38

82 

48 

73

.9

2.1

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

121

120 

19

26 

15

22

27

105

**151 

266

'68 

304

434

536 

704 

982

81

130

Sulphate 

(S04)

4.0

35 

4.1

17 

8.6

17 

8.0

109

121 

115

38 

33

241

17 

96 

143

38

52

Chloride 

(Cl)

7.5

80

4.5

4.0 

9.0

3.5

2.5

8.0

13 

14

7.0 

5.9

40

76 

124 

300

3.6

4.8

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.20

.60

.4

.20 

.05

.50

.48 

.20

1.0 

6.6

.15

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

20

167 

20

17 

9

30

24

166

199 

280

66 

274

362

166 

315 

347

 100

156

No.

439

440 

441

442 

443

444 

445

446 

447

448 

449 

450

451 

452

453

451

 Calculated. 

1 Determined.

1 Includes equivalent of 9 parts of carbonate (COj). 

** Includes equivalent of 20 parts of carbonate (COs).
102 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

OHIO continued

Canton (104,906); municipal; wells. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, June 1, 1931. A, Tap at City 

Hall; B, Ninth St. station; C, Harrisburg station.

Station

Ninth St. (B)_. 

Harrisburg (C). 

Avondale.......

Number 

of wells

Depth 

(feet)

150 (av.)

11(MOO

385

Approximate percentage 

of total 

supply

Cincinnati (451,160); municipal; Ohio River; filtered; final adjustment of pH to 8.2-8.5 by addition of lime. Analyses of monthly composites by Cincinnati Water Works. A, Average of 

monthly composites, 1928-32; B, average of monthly composites, 1930; C, average of monthly 

composites, 1928; D, monthly composite, December 1930; E, monthly composite, April 1932. 

Weekly figures for nitrate gave averages of 2.8 for 1920 and 1.9 for 1921.

Cleveland (900,429); municipal. Supplies also Cleveland Heights, East Cleveland, Lakewood, 

North Olmsted, Shaker Heights, and about 118,000 additional consumers in the adjacent suburban area. Total population supplied about 1,200,000. Lake Erie; filtered. Average of 

analyses by Cleveland Water Works, 1930. Regular determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity 70 to 95, hardness 102 to 124, sulphate 21 to 38, pH 7.1 to 7.9, average 7.5.

Cleveland Heights (50,945); supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland)- .. 

Columbus (290,564); municipal; Scioto River impounded: softened with lime and soda ash, recarbonated, filtered. Analysis of about an average sample by C. P. Hoover, Water Softening & 

Purification Works, 1931. Daily determinations on the treated water for the year 1930: Alkalinity 19 to 69, average 36; hardness 59 to 108, average 85. Daily determinations on the raw water 

for the year 1930: Alkalinity 56 to 215, average 171; hardness 72 to 355, average 268.

Dayton (200,982); municipal; wells 30 to 60 feet deep in Mad River Valley. Average of analyses of 

bimonthly samples by Water Works Laboratory, 1932.

East Cleveland (39,667); supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland).. .. - 

East Liverpool (23,329); municipal; Ohio River; filtered. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year and is about the same as at Steubenville. (For analysis, see Steubenville.)

Elyria (25,633); municipal; Lake Erie; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year. Analyzed by N. J. Humason, Apr. 29, 1931.

Hamilton (52,176); municipal; 5 wells about 110 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample from wells 1 and 

2 by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 7, 1932.

Lakewood (70,509); supplied by Cleveland. (See Cleveland)____... . __..... . .

Lima (42,287); municipal; Ottawa River impounded; filtered. Emergency supply from wells. 

Analyzed by E. E. Smith, 2d, Lima Water Department. Regular determinations for the year 

1932: Alkalinity 99 to 143, hardness 198 to 252, pH 6.9 to 7.3, average 7.1.

Lorain (44,512); municipal; Lake Erie; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly uniform 

throughout the year and is practically the same as at Elyria and Cleveland. (For analyses, see 

Elyria and Cleveland.)

Mansfield (33,525); municipal; 14 wells 100 to 250 feet deep, 6 of the wells in the city, the remainder 

in the surrounding territory within 5 miles of the city; 2 of the wells are pumped direct to the 

mains; the rest are pumped to 2 reservoirs. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr. A, North Main St. Reservoir; B, well 105 feet deep at Hershey unit; C, Maxwell well; D, well 132 feet deep at Hedges 

station. A to C collected May 4,1932; D collected May 5,1932. Marion (31,084); Marion Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 100 William 

St., New York, N.Y.); 13 wells 115 to 225 feet deep in a 56-acre well field; aerated, softened with 

lime and soda ash, recarbonated, settled. The softening is carried out to produce an effluent having a hardness of about 204. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water from 

the different wells. The alkalinity of the raw water from the different wells is reported to range 

from about 250 to 325, the hardness from about 700 to 1,000, and the sulphate from about 400 to 

1,000. Some of the individual wells are reported to vary considerably in noncarbonate hardness 

from day to day and even from hour to hour. The wells are put into service in accordance with 

their hardness, the softest wells being used first. Owing to decrease in industrial consumption 

and to other economies, only the three softest wells were in service when the samples for which 

the analyses are given were collected. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Apr. 6, 1932. A, Softened 

water; B, raw water.

Massillon (26,400); Ohio Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N. Y.); well 1,177.5 feet deep, emergency supply from 12 wells; aerated, 

softened with lime and soda ash, recarbonated, filtered. An additional emergency supply is 

obtained from a well 180 feet deep which is pumped directly to the mains. Analyses of monthly 

composite samples by E. W. Lohr, May 1932. A, Softened water; B, raw water.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 19S2 Continued

103

Analyses (parts per million)

A..._ 

B .. 

C... .

A.......

B-._ .

C. ......

D ....

E. ......

Av....__

Av......

Av......

A.......

B..... .

C. ......

D. ......

A.......

B. ......

A...

B.....

Total dissolved 

solids

426 

666 

405

207 

258 

172 

407 

133 

159

245 

-416

171 

421

324

497 

277 

218 

147

720 

1,018

264 

469

Silica 

(SiOs)

12 

14 

12

3.1

10

3.0 

16

15 

15 

11 

2.6

6.2 

16

8.2 

15

Iron

(Fe)

0.08 

1.6

.02

.05 

.05 

.05 

.03 

.05 

.24

.0

.8

.2 

2.6

.12

.17 

.25 

.02 

.40

.02 

4.3

.01 

1.1

Calcium 

(Ca)

100 

148 

96

34 

42 

30 

60 

21 

34

19 

90

32 

100

60

99 

63 

53 

24

70 

209

18 

92

Magnesium 

(Mg)

22 

32 

21

-6.1 

-6.1 

"5.3 

-12 

"3.8 

8.6

9 

35

8.6 

35

19

34 

20 

16 

15

9.0 

60

8.3 

28

Sodium 

(Na)

10 

16 

7.0

«:

4

7.

5.2

19 

7.2 

2.8 

7.9

132 

16

55 

19

Potassium 

(K)

3.2 

4.8 

2.2

15 

22 

12 

42 

13 

.5

2 

3

=

0 

1.8

32

2.4 

1.8 

1.6 

1.7

2.6 

3.2

1.9 

2.0

Bicarbonate 

(HCO,)

298 

363 

278

45 

52 

43 

52 

29 

104

»44 

339

105 

376

134

318 

227 

206 '127

44 

380

"32 

258

Sulphate 

(S0<)

99 

195 

97

72 

86 

63 

144 

53 

29

120 

83

33

76

144

142 

54 

27 

13

446 

445

107 

102

Chloride 

(Cl)

7.8 

25 

6.0

22 

32 

16 

70 

12 

15

12 

9.6

16 

6.5

27

9.4 

3.8 

1.6 

17

4.5 

4.0

47 

49

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.30 

.20 

.10

10 

13

.10

2.3

1.8 

3.7 

.10

.10 

.30

.10 

.20

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

340 

501 

326

 110 

 130 

 97 

 200 68 

120

84 

368

115 

394

228

387 

240 

198 

122

212 

768

79 

345

No. 

455

456

457

458 

459

i

m

460

461 

462

463 

464

465 

466

467

468

469 

470

 Calculated. n Includes equivalent of 10 parts of carbonate (COi). 

1 Includes equivalent of 8 parts of carbonate (CO3). Determined.
104 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OP PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

487

489

490

491

Description

OHIO continued

Middletown (29,992); municipal; wells 1 and 3 and 14 6-inch wells, about 49 feet deep; well 2, 180 

feet deep. Wells 1 and 3 and the 6-inch wells draw water from the same formation. Well 2 draws 

from a second water-bearing formation and is sealed off entirely from the upper formation; this 

well normally furnishes approximately 40 percent of the total supply. Analyzed by W. L. 

Lamar, July 25, 1932. A, Well 1; B, well 2.

Newark (30,596); municipal; Licking River; softened, filtered. The composition of the raw water 

varies throughout the year. Average of analyses of catch samples by C. T. Kaiser, Newark Water 

Department.

Norwood (33,411); municipal; 15 wells 270 to 400 feet deep. A analyzed by Ohio Department of 

Health, March 1931; B, analysis furnished by Norwood Department of Health.

Portsmouth (42,560); municipal; Ohio River; filtered. Analyses of the treated water at Cincinnati represent reasonably well the mineral content of the water at Portsmouth. (For analyses, 

see Cincinnati.)

Sandusky (24,622); municipal; Sandusky Bay; softened with lime and soda ash, recarbonated, 

filtered. The pH of the eflluent is reported to average around 8.8. The water is softened to a 

hardness around 85. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 11,1932. A. Softened water; B, raw water.

Springfield (68,743); municipal; infiltration gallery in valley of Buck Creek. Analyzed by Arthur 

D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 7, 1930.

Steubenville (35,422); municipal; Ohio River; filtered. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year and is probably similar to that of the water furnished to consumers at 

Wheeling, W.Va. Analysis of a sample of the filtered water at Wheeling by W. L. Lamar, July 

19, 1932.

Toledo (290,718); municipal; Maumee River; filtered. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, 

May 8, 1932. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the 

year. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Hardness 193 to 270, average 239; chloride 20 

to 36, average 27; pH 7.3 to 8.2, average 7.8.

Warren (41,062); municipal; Mahoning River; filtered. Analysis of monthly composite sample 

by P. J. O'Connor, Warren Water Works, October to November 1928. There is considerable 

variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. The raw water is acid at times, 

owing to discharge of industrial wastes. Regular determinations for the year 1929: Alkalinity 

10 to 87, hardness 83 to 181, pH (1930 figures) 6.8 to 8.5, average 7.4.

Youngstown (170,002); Mahoning Valley Sanitary District, which includes also Niles. Total 

population supplied about 186,000. Meander Creek Reservoir impounding Meander Creek; 

softened with lime and soda ash, recarbonated, filtered. The pH of the filtered water is around 9. 

Analyzed by W. I. Van Arnum, Mahoning Valley Sanitary District, Feb. 17,1933. A, Softened 

water; B, raw water.

Zanesville (36,440) municipal; 16 wells 150 feet deep along Muskingum River. Analysis of tap 

sample by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 9,1932.

OKLAHOMA

[Some descriptive material was furnished by H. J. Darcey, State sanitary engineer, who arranged 

for the collection of some of the samples that were analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey]

Ada (11,261); municipal; Byrds Mill Spring. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, May 10, 1931

Ardmore (15,741); municipal; City Lake, Hickory Creek Reservoir. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn,

October 1930. 

Bartlesville (14,763); Bartlesville Water Co.; Caney River impounded; aerated, filtered. There

is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. The alkalinity

of the water is reported to range from 100 to 200 and the hardness from 50 to 500 and 600. Analysis

of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 5,1932. 

Chickasha (14,099); municipal; Washita River; filtered. The composition of the water varies

throughout the year. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 5, 1932. 

Enid (26,339); municipal; wells 45 to 60 feet deep. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn. U.S. Geological

Survey, October 1930. 

Lawton (12,121); municipal; Lake Lawtonka; filtered. There is some variation in the composition

of the water throughout the year. Analyzed by C. A. Kinser, U.S. Geological Survey, Sept.

3 1931 

McAlester (11,804); municipal; Lakes McAlester, Talawanda, and no. 2; filtered. Lake McAlester

impounds 4,500,000,000 gallons. Analysis of tap sample from Lake McAlester by E. W. Lohr,

Aug. 10,1931. Muskogee (32,026); municipal; Grand River; coagulation without filtration. Analyzed by E. W.

Lohr, July 14, 1931. 

Oklahoma City (185,389); municipal; North Canadian River impounded in reservoir; aerated,

softened, recarbonated, filtered. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 20,

1931. The analysis probably represents a hardness greater than the average. Monthly averages of regular determinations for the year 1929-30: Alkalinity 29 to 62, average 39; hardness 88

to 171, average 121. Okmulgee (17,097); municipal; Salt Creek impounded in Lake Okmulgee; aerated, filtered. The

pH of the filtered water is reported to average around 7.2. Analyzed by Okmulgee Chemical &

Clinical Laboratory, Jan. 16,1929.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

105

Analyses (parts per million)

A........

B . . .

A ......

B- . 

A.... 

B.......

A -

B.. ..

Total 

dissolved 

solids

351 

355

185

424 

«389

137 

230

323 

188

346 

251

178 

232

618

351 

139

521

967 

292 

153

69

192 

578

212

Silica 

(SiO,)

9.6 

16

4.0

18

6.6

9.8

12 

6.0

2.4

.2

1.4 

2.4

12

20 

8.8

6.0

12 

11 

1.8

4.6

5.4 

12

3.0

Iron 

(Fe)

0.05 

2.3

.0 

1.0

.11 

.52

.06 

.17 

.0

.04 

< !. 1

.33

.07 

.01

.04

.09 

.02 

.06

.09

.02 

.02

'.80

Calcium 

(Ca)

86

79

17

84

26 

49

68 

30

70 

41

18 

36

104

78 

36

89

170 

59 

38

8.1

44 

27

21

Magnesium 

(Mg)

26 

33

9.0

26

5.1 

12

26 

6.6

19 

14

8.7 

14

16

37

5.9

16

49

9.7 

6.7

3.5

6.0 

22

5.8

Sodium

(Na)

5.0

9.8

1

24

6.8

3 

13

12 

1

2 

1

70

4.6 

4.8

77

51 

31 

10

5.8

14 

131

4

Potassium 

(K)

2.4 

2.0

11

6

2.2 

2.2

6 

2.5

2.8

8

5 

5

3.1

1.1 

2.2

2.2

3.3 

1.8 

3.8

2.4

2.5 

3.8

2

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

322 

396

10

413 

278

dd52 

132

289 

8.0

164 

29

i 35 

90

164

413 

127

226

228 

223 

141

22

124 

i 46

78

Sulphate 

(S04)

49 

15

78

38 

83

73 

58

36 

105

105 

137

86 

81

96

7.7 

11

41

471 

19 

15

26

37 

152

12

Chloride 

(Cl)

7.0 

9.0

9

15 

25

10

9.9

5.0 

13

16 

9.0

7.5 

7.0

180

5.8 

3.0

153

38 

26 

8.0

3.4

19 

180

65

Nitrate 

(N03)

11 

.37

11

9.8

2.3 

10

.50

2.3 

2.2

2.0

.20 

21 

1.0

1.4

.0 

1.0

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

322 

333

79

 376 

S17

86 

172

277 

102

253 

160

81 

147

326

347 

114

288

626 

187 

122

35

135 

158

76

No.

471

472

473 

474

475

476 

477

478 

479

480

481

482 

483

484

485

488 

487

488

489 

490

491

« Calculated.

»Iron and aluminum oxides.

i Includes equivalent of 16 parts of carbonate (COs).

«Determined.

« Includes equivalent of 6 parts of carbonate (COs).
106 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

492

493

494

495

496

497

Description

500

501

502

503

504

605

OKLAHOMA continued

Ponea City (16,136); municipal; wells 40 feet deep in Arkansas River bottom. Analyzed by Kansas City Testing Laboratory, Inc. Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 30, 1932.

Sapulpa (10,533); municipal; Rock Creek impounded in reservoir; filtered. Quality of water is 

reported to be affected by oil wells Analyzed by W L. Lamar, May 25, 1931.

Seminole (11,459); municipal; 7 wells (nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10), 620, 584, 595, 610, 600, 620, and 605 

feet deep. The wells are located within a radius of about a quarter of a mile. Analysis of a sample from well 7 by E. W Lohr, Feb. 16, 1931

Shawnee (23,283); municipal; 21 wells, known as West Wells, about 48 feet deep; 3 wells at West 

Highway station about 50 feet deep. Analyzed by L. K. Cecil, International Filter Co., Chicago, 111., Mar. 13, 1931. A, West Wells; B, wells at West Highway station.

Tulsa (141,258); municipal; Spavinaw Lake; aerated, filtered. Analyzed by A. B. Jewell, Tulsa 

Water Department, Sept. 10, 1930.

Wewoka (10,401); municipal; Lake Wewoka; aerated, filtered. The average alkalinity is reported 

to be about 45, and the average hardness about 85. The pH, based on daily determinations, 

ranged from 6.6 to 7.4 with an average of 7.0 The analysis probably represents a minimum 

concentration. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Feb 29, 1932.

Astoria (10,343); municipal; Bear Creek (mountain stream). Analysis of tap sample by E. W. 

Lohr, June 17, 1932.

Eugene (18,901); municipal; McKenzie River; filtered only during periods of high river stage, 

when the water is rather turbid. The mineral content of the water is low, and the range in 

concentration not great. A, Average of analyses of raw water from McKenzie River near 

Springfield by U.S. Geological Survey in 1911-12 (Water-Supply Paper 363, p. 92, 1914); B, 

analysis of the filtered water by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 1, 1931.

Klamath Falls (16,093); California-Oregon Power Co.; 8 wells (nos. 1-8) near together, 90, 90, 190, 

93, 75,147, 370, and 845 feet deep. Analysis of sample from well 8 by W. F. Langelier, University 

of California, Mar. 3,1930.

Marshfleld and North Bend District (12,000 consumers); Oregon-Washington Water Service Co. 

(controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies Marshfield, North Bend, and the suburban area in the vicinity of these two communities. 

Pony Creek; filtered. Analysis of tap sample by P. Villarruz, California Water Service Co., 

Stockton, Calif., Apr. 21, 1931.

Medford (11,007); municipal; Big Butte Springs. Analyzed by O. F. Stafford, University of Oregon, June 20, 1925.

Portland (301,815); municipal; Bull Run River and Lake. A, Analysis of tap sample by E. W. 

Lazell, Chemical & Physical Laboratories, Portland, July 1, 1930; B, analyses of water from 

Bull Run River near Bull Run by U.S. Geological Survey, 1911-12 (Water-Supply Paper 363, 

p. 86, 1914).

Salem (26,266); Oregon-Washington Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service 

Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Infiltration galleries along Willamette River. 

Analyzed by P. Villarruz, California Water Service Co., Stockton, Calif., July 25, 1930. The 

mineral content of the water is fairly low, and the range in concentration not great. An average 

of analyses of water from the Willamette at Salem for 1911-12 is about the same as the analysis 

given.

PENNSYLVANIA

Aliquippa (27,116); Woodlawn Water Co. (85 percent of total supply) and municipal (15 percent 

of total supply); wells.

A

B

f!

Source

22 river wells (Woodlawn Water 

Co.).

Gravel-packed well (Woodlawn 

Water Co.).

Approximate 

depth 

(feet)

40

90 

30

Percent 

of total 

supply

78

7 

15

Date of collection 

(1931)

April.... 

-do.. 

Analyst

Aliquippa Works of 

Jones & Laughlin 

Steel Corporation. 

Do.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

107

Anatyses (parts per million)

A.... 

B. ......

A. ___

B.. ..

A. 

[Av_-. 

B{Max. 

iMin..

A.......

B. ...

C... .

Total dissolved 

solids

1,005 

330 

259

 550 99

 98 

112

70

50 

44

 155 

78

 61

25 

30 

41 

21 

52

505 

1,028 

605

Silica 

(SiO,)

8.5 

17 

10

26 

26

4.0 

5.9

26

17 

14

46 

10

28

3.9 

9.0 

13 

6.3 

16

8.0 

15 

15

Iron 

(Fe)

0.1 

.38 

.03

.91 

.07

.1 

.11

.16

.06 

.02

.0 

.10

63.2

'.13 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.05

"1.4 

"1.5 

.08

Calcium 

(Ca)

143 

27 

5.7

109 

12

30 

18

5.4

4.4

4.6

10 

12

6.8

2.0 

2.7 

4.7 

1.7 

5.0

102 

210 

123

Magnesium

(Mg)

20 

9.3 

1.6

37 

6.4

1.3

4.8

2.7

1.1 

1.5

4

1.9

2.8

.7 

.5 

1.7 

.04 

2.3

9.8 

33 

20

Sodium

(Na)

li 

69 

89

4 

7.

4. 

8.9

5.6

4.1 

2.3

2 

< !

(° 

2 9

s!i

6 

2 

»£

3 

5 

24

Potassium 

(K)

7 

3.9 

1.5

2 

3

7 

2.3

1.6

1.2 

.8

3 

.4

')

.9 

.5 

4 

9 

.8

7 

0 

2.9

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

306 

dd 44

'202

511 

63

93 

26

30

24 

10

117 

24

21

13 

12 

20 

9.8 

32

105 

222 

117

Sulphate 

(S04)

133 

33 

44

56 

6.8

7.5 

41

4.1

3.8 

13

0

18

6.3

3.1 

4.6 

1.7 

2.7

238 

503 

304

Chloride . 

(Cl)

276 

134 

5.8

28 

9.7

4.5 

15

6.8

1.3

1.2

8 

14

3.5

2.4 

1.3 

1.3 

.8 

4.0

30 

45 

21

Nitrate 

(NO,)

0.0 

1.8 

.96

Trace 

1.1

.10

.18 

.10

.3

.31 

Trace 

.08

2.4

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

440 

106

21

424 

56

80 

65

25

16 

18

41 

38

28

8 

9 

19 

4 

22

295 

660 

390

No.

492 

493 

494

495

498 

497

498 

499

500 

501

502 

503

504 

505

« Calculated.

»Iron and aluminum oxides.

' Includes equivalent of 9 parts of carbonate (CO3).

«« Less than 5 parts.

*d Includes equivalent of 6 parts of carbonate (COs).
108 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

606

507

508

509

510

Description

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

PENNSYLVANIA continued

Allentown (92,563); municipal; Schantz and Crystal Springs, Little Lehigh Creek (filtered). The 

springs furnish about 70 percent of the supply. There is some variation in the composition of 

the water throughout the year, but the analysis given may be taken to represent reasonably 

well the composition of the water delivered to consumers. Analysis of tap sample by H. J. 

Krum, City Water Bureau, Jan. 28, 1931.

Altoona (82,054); municipal; 8 impounding reservoirs. Industrial wastes affect the composition 

of the water. During 1932 some of the industrial wastes formerly received by the system were 

eliminated. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 21, 1931. A, Kittanning Point Reservoir; B, Allegheny Reservoir. A partial analysis of a tap sample collected Oct. 22, 1931, from Juniata Reservoir is similar to the analysis given for the Allegheny Reservoir.

Ambridge (20,227); municipal; 30 wells 35 to 40 feet deep along Ohio River. There are two groups 

of wells, one above a creek at the point where it enters Ohio River and the other below it. In 

general more water is obtained from the upper group, the water from which is harder but lower 

in iron than that obtained from the lower group. The composition of the water delivered to 

consumers varies with the seasons and in accordance with the quantities pumped from each 

group of wells. It is proposed to soften the supply. Analyzed by J. J. Boyle, Ambridge Water 

Commission, Oct. 6, 1930. A, Upper group; B, lower group.

Bethlehem (57,892); municipal; Lehigh River, about 6,300,000 gallons a day (filtered); 3 wells 

(nos. 1 to 3) 600, 800, and 1,200 feet deep, about 1,000,000 gallons a day. The river and wells 

furnish different sections of the city, but as the entire distributing system is interconnected 

consumers may receive river water, well water, or mixed water. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, 

Nov. 18,1931. A, Lehigh River (filtered water); B, wells 1 and 3. The analysis for Lehigh River 

probably represents a concentration greater than the average. Frequent determinations on the 

filtered river water for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 4.0 to 79, average 31; pH 6.1 to 7.3, average 

6.7. The pH of the well water averages about 7.5.

Butler (23,568); Butler Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 Broad 

St., New York, N.Y.). Connoquenessing Creek impounded in Boydstown Reservoir and Lake 

Oneida, Thorn Run impounded in Thorn Run Reservoir; filtered, adjustment of pH. Analysis 

of tap sample (90 percent Lake Oneida, 10 percent Thorn Run Reservoir) by E. W. Lohr, Dec. 

31,1931. The Lake Oneida system is the main source and normally furnishes around 90 percent 

of the supply. If necessary the total supply may be obtained from one system. The composition 

of the water is affected by irregular drainage from oil wells. Yearly averages of chlorides for the 

period 1923 to 1929 ranged from 74 for 1927 to 178 for 1925, with an average of 101 for the 7-year 

period. Regular determinations for 1S29: Hardness 31 to 87, average 61; chloride 30 to 138, averCarbondale (20,061); Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water 

Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also part of Carbondale and 

Fell townships, Jermyn, and Mayfield. Total population supplied about 30,000. Brownell 

Reservoir (about 70 percent), Crystal Lake (about 30 percent). Analysis of sample from Brownell 

supply by G. R. Taylor, Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co., Mar. 14,1931.

Chester (59,164); Chester Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 

27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Aston township, Lower Chichester township, 

Marcus Hook, Nether Providence township, Parkside, Trainer, Upland, and Upper Chichester 

township. Total population supplied about 80,000. Delaware River; aerated, filtered, final 

adjustment of pH by addition of lime. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 5,1931. During the fall 

of 1930 there was contamination with sea water due to extremely low fresh-water run-off. The 

peak of this period was reached in November, with average total solids of 1,042 and an average 

chloride of 465. Monthly averages of regular determinations for the 2-year period 1928-29: Hardness 43 to 96, average 75; chloride 7.9 to 16, average 10; pH (for the 2-year period 1929-30) 7.3 to 

8.6, average 7.6.

Dunmore (22,627); Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co.; Scranton supply. (See Scranton)...

Duquesne (21,396); municipal; 19 wells about 100 to 130 feet deep along Monongahela River; lime 

added for iron removal, filtered without other coagulation. Analyzed by E. C. Trax, McKeesport, Dec. 6,1927. The raw water is very high in iron. There is some variation in the composition of the water. The alkalinity of the treated water has ranged from 15 to 35 but is usually 

within the range 17 to 25. The pH is reported to range generally from 8.0 to 8.5.

Easton (34,468); Lehigh Water Co. Supplies also part of Wilson. Total population supplied 

about 42,000. Delaware River above mouth of Lehigh River. Water is taken directly from a 

filtering crib in the river. A, Tap sample, May 12,1932; B, tap sample, Nov. 2,1931; C, average 

of analyses of composite samples of raw water from Delaware River at Lambertville, N.J., by 

U.S. Geological Survey 1908-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 60, 1909). A and B analyzed by 

J. H. Wilson, Lafayette College.

Erie (115,967); municipal; Lake Erie; filtered. The chemical composition of the water is fairly 

constant. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 18, 1931.

Harrisburg (80,339); municipal: Susquehanna River; filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 

6.9-7.2 by addition of soda ash. Analysis of tap sample by G. N. Book, Bureau of Water and 

Lighting, Aug. 6,1931. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity (daily tests) 14 to 

42, average 24; hardness (weekly tests) 40 to 80, average 58; pH (daily tests) 6.9 to 7.2, average 7.0.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

109

Analyses (parts per million)

A... _

BB.- ..

A-... 

B-......

A.. -

B- -.

C. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

277

190 

33

» 602 

*t 448

204 

266

192

"54 

150

"366

49 

69 

70

147 

-96

Silica 

(SiOj)

7.5

11 

5.0

15 

12

7.0 

8.4

4.8

9.1 

8.9

14

0.7 

2.0 

9.0

1.0 

5.4

Iron 

(Fe)

"1.1

1.4 

.24

.07 

.35

.09 

.02

.02

.05 

.02

.1

"1.3 

'.8 

.07

.01 

'1.4

Calcium 

(Ca)

40

24 

5.4

120

81

30 

52

23

6.5 

26

60

8.7 

14 

12

34 

15

Magnesium

(Mg)

20

8.0 

1.5

31

16

15 

26-

4.5

2.3

5.4

13

2.9 

5.1 

3.3

8.0 

4.2

Sodium

(Na)

2.2

1.5

1 

2

14 

3.7

30

8.6

2.7 

3.4 

5.

5.7 

1

Potassium 

(K)

.5

2.0 

1.1

8 

6

2.7 

1.9

1.8

7 

2.6

33

0.9 

1.0

4

1.1 

1

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

187

0

14

88 

93

81 

202

18

8.1 

53

21

-29 

-53 

46

109 

«46

Sulphate 

(S04)

22

"114 

9.9

314 

190

66 

64

28

24 

47

198

12 

14 

12

19 

24

Chloride 

(Cl)

15

2.2 

2.2

45 

35

16 

7.2

70

3.0 

9.8

35

3.2 

4.5 

2.9

14

11

Nitrate

(N03)

4

.25 

.40

7.8 

1.2

2.8

2.6

2.7

0.36 

.28 

1.1

1.0 

1.0

Total hardness as 

CaCOs182

93 

20

427 

268

136 

237

76

26 

87

203

34 

56

44

118 

55

No.

506 

507 

508

509 

510

511 

512

513 

514

515

516

517

0 Calculated.

6 Iron and aluminum oxides.

" Includes equivalent of 29 parts of free sulphuric acid (HaSOO.

a Includes 3.6 parts of manganese.

** Includes 4.0 parts of manganese.

17693 34 8
110 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

Description

529

530

531

532

PENNSYLVANIA continued

Haverford township (21,362); supplied by Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. (See Upper Darby 

township.)

Hazleton (36,765); Wyoming Valley Water Supply Co.; supplies also West Hazleton. Total 

population supplied about 44,100. Impounded mountain streams and springs as follows: Hudsondale supply (46 percent), Dreck Creek (28 percent), Wolffs and Barnes Runs (22 percent), 

Mount Pleasant supply (3.5 percent), and Harleigh Springs (0.5 percent). The mineral content 

of the different sources of supply is so low and the range in concentration throughout the year so 

small that a single analysis may be taken to represent the composition of the water. Analysis of 

tap sample by W. L. Lamar, May 11,1931.

Homestead (20,141); supplied by city of Pittsburgh. (See Pittsburgh municipal) .______...

Johnstown (66,993); Johnstown Water Co.; mountain streams impounded. Average analyses of 

monthly composite samples by C. M. Ogborn, Johnstown Water Co., 1929. Range in concentration of the monthly composite samples: Alkalinity 5 to 10, hardness 11 to 18, chloride 2.0 to 2.5.

Kingston (21,600); Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co.; Wilkes-Barre supply. (See WilkesBarre.)

Lancaster (59.949); municipal; Conestoga Creek; aerated at times, filtered. There is considerable 

variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. The coagulation and filtration 

reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. 

Analysis of a fairly representative sample of raw water by E. W. Lohr, Nov. 25,1931.

Lebanon (25,561); municipal; Poplar Eun (about two thirds of supply), 5 springs (about one 

third), auxiliary supply from Hammer Creek. The water is fed to two small reservoirs and is 

furnished to consumers from reservoir 1. There is some variation in the composition of the 

water throughout the year. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 2,1932.

Lower Merion township (35,166); supplied by Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. (See Upper 

Darby township.)

McKeesport (54,632); municipal; Monongahela River; softened at times, filtered, final adjustment 

of pH by addition of lime or lime and soda ash. Analysis furnished by E. C. Trax, McKeesport 

Water Department. There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water 

throughout the year. A greater part of the time the raw water is acid from industrial wastes, 

principally drainage from bituminous-coal mines. Daily determinations on the treated water 

for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 9 to 25, average 15; hardness 45 to 195, average 107; pH 7.2 to 9.7, 

average 8.7. Range in hardness of the raw water for different years: 1929. 40 to 280; 1930, 55 to 

440; 1931, 40 to 315.

McKees Rocks (18,116); Pittsburgh Suburban Water Service Co (controlled by Federal Water 

Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Avalon, Bellevue, Ben 

Avon, Ben Avon Heights, Etnsworth, Neville township, Ross township, most of Stowe township, and West View. Total population supplied about 66,000. 46 wells 30 to 35 feet deep, near 

together; softened with zeolite; pressure filtration. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 28, 1932. 

A, Softened water; B, raw water. Daily determinations on the treated water for the year 1931: 

Hardness 70 to 240, average 124; manganese (weekly tests) 0.1 to 1.0, average 0.8; pH 6.3 to 7.5, 

average 7.3. Daily determinations on the raw water for the year 1931: Hardness 275 to 420, 

average 311; manganese (average of weekly tests) 1.2; pH 6.3 to 7.5, average 7.4.

Monessen (20,268); Tri-Cities Water Co. Supplies also Charleroi, Donora, North Charleroi, and 

parts of adjacent townships and small boroughs. Total population supplied about 50,000. 

Monongahela River; hydrated lime 100 percent of the year, alum 10 percent of the year, and 

iron sulphate 2 percent of the year, filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime to produce a 

phenolphthalein alkalinity of around 5 parts per million in the final effluent. Analysis of a 

single tap sample by E. C. Trax, McKeesport Water Department, Sept. 10, 1928. There is 

considerable variation in the composition of the water, and the analysis cannot be taken as 

representative of the composition of the water delivered to consumers at all times. Industrial 

wastes affect the quality of the water. The river water is acid most of the time.

Nanticoke (26,043); Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co.; Wilkes-Barre supply. (See 

Wilkes-Barre.)

New Castle (48,674); New Castle Water Co.-(controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York, N. Y.). Shenango River; aerated, filtered, adjustment of pH to about 

7.6 by addition of lime. Pymatuning Dam is now under construction. This dam will be located 

on Shenango River about 34 miles north of New Castle and will impound 65,600,000,000 gallons. 

Analysis of tap sample by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Apr. 28,1922. Regular 

determinations for the year 1930: Alkalinity (weekly averages) 11 to 68, average 32; hardness 

47 to 200, average 119; chloride l to 49, average 27; pH 7.2 to 8.4.

Norristown <35,853); Norristown Water Co.; Schuylkill River; aerated, filtered, adjustment of 

pH to about 7.6 by addition of lime. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Mar. 9, 1932.

Philadelphia (1,950.961); municipal. Torresdale plant supplied by Delaware River (55 percent); 

slow sand filtration. Queen Lane, Belmont, and Upper Roxborough plants supplied by 

Schuylkill River (45 percent); slow and rapid sand filtration. Lime is added most of the time at 

the Belmont rapid sand nitration -plant to adjust the pH; the average in 1931 was 7.2. The 

average pH at the Queen Lane rapid sand filtration plant in 1931 was 6.9. Analyzed by U.S. 

Geological Survey. A, Torresdale, Sept. 29, 1930; B, Belmont, Sept. 29, 1930; C, Torresdale, 

May 12,1931; D, Belmont, May 12.1931. A and B analyzed by L. A. Shinn, C and D by W. L. 

Lamar. Results of monthly composites for the year 1931: Torresdale plant, alkalinity 13 to 43, 

average 29; hardness 38 to 80, average 64. Belmont plant, alkalinity 31 to 78, average 48; hardness 115 to 172, average 131.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

Ill

Analyses (parts per million)

A.... 

B_ ...

A.. .....

B. ......

C. ......

D ....

Total dissolvec 

solids

23

35

184 

96

232

373 

397

244

136

189

99 

266 

63 

194

Silica 

(SiOj)

2.6

3.2

7.8 

16

3.0

13 

13

5.2

3.8

6.4

2.4 

12 

4.2

7.7

Iron 

(Pe,

0.11

.20

.35 

.15

.0

.02 

.48

.1

.17

.01

.01 

.01 

.07 

.04

("alcium 

(Ca)

2.6

3.7

45 

20

39

43

81

32

27

33

17 

43 

9.8 

30

Magnesium 

(Mg)

0.7

1.0

12

5.7

7.2

6.8 

12

7.4

6.1

11

6.4 

15 

3.4 

11

Sodium 

(Na)

1.1

a

4.9 

2.4

70 

26

4.2

7.3

6.6 

16 

3.1 

8.5

Potassium 

(K)

0.6

.2

2.2

1.1

...... 

23

4.5 

5.7

18

1.5

1.8

2.1 

2.6 

1.2 

1.5

Bicarbonate 

(HCOi

4.0

9.1

176

72

20

141 

146

13

32

55

54

88 

22 

37

Sulphate 

(S04)

(5.4

9.3

15 

12

134

133 

144

117

65

85

25 

105 

21 

87

Chloride 

(Cl)

1.3

2.2

5.8 

2.5

14

29 

28

11

5.1

5.5

10 

17 

4.0 

9.0

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.78

4.9 

2.9

.5

3.2 

4.0

4.9

1.4

4.2

4.5 

7.7 

2.0 

3.2

Total hardness as 

CaCCV

9

13

162 

73

127

135 

252

110

93

128

69 

169 

38 

120

No.

518 

519

520

521

522 

523

524

525 

526

527 

528

529 

530

531 

532

1 Calculated.
112 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

533

Description

534

535

536

537

538

PENNSYLVANIA continued

Pittsburgh (669,817):

Municipal. Supplies also Blawnqx, Homestead, and part of O'Hara, Reserve, and Shaler 

townships. Total population supplied about 600,000. Allegheny River; slow sand filtration; 

adjustment of pH by addition of soda ash during periods of low river alkalinity. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water. Industrial wastes affect the quality of the 

water. A, Analyses of weekly composite samples by Pittsburgh Water Department, 1929.

South Pittsburgh Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 Broad 

St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies wards 28 to 32 and parts of wards 16, 18, 19, and 20 in Pittsburgh, also Baldwin township, Bethel township, Brentwood, Bridgeville, Carnegie, Castle 

Shannon, Collier township, Crafton, Dormont, Greentree, Heidelberg, Ingram, Jefferson township, Mifflin township, Mount Lebanon township, Mount Oliver, Munhall, Robinson township, 

Rosslyn Farms, Scott township, Snowden township, South Fayette township, Thornburg, 

Upper St. Glair township, and West Homestead. Total population supplied about 225,000. 

Mpnongahela River; aerated, softened with lime and soda ash, recarbonated, filtered, final 

adjustment of pH to about 8.0 by addition of lime or soda ash. There is considerable variation 

in the composition of the water. Industrial wastes entering the river change the character of 

the river water from alkaline to acid. The hardness of the river water may vary from 35 to 550. 

The water delivered to consumers is softened to 100 and is adjusted in alkalinity. Analyzed by 

E. W. Lohr. B, Softened water, Nov. 20, 1931; C, raw water, Nov. 21, 1931.

Pennsylvania Water Co. Supplies part of ward 13 of Pittsburgh and also ward 4 of Braddock, 

Braddock township, Chalfont, East McKeesport, East Pittsburgh, Forest Hills, Edgewood, 

North Braddock, North Versailles township, Fatten township, Penn township, Piteairn, 

Rankin, Swissvale, Trafford, Turtle Creek, Wilkins township, Wilkinsburg, and Wilmerding. 

Total population supplied about 160,000. Allegheny River; filtered. The pH of the filtered 

water is reported to be around 6.6. (For analyses see A.)

Pottsville (24,300); Pottsville Water Co. Supplies also about 23,200 consumers in the surrounding 

area. Total population supplied about 47,500. Impounding reservoirs on small surface streams. 

Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 5,1931.

Reading (111,1711; municipal; 4 impounding reservoirs, Maiden Creek (65 percent), Antietam 

(18 percent), Bemharts (14 percent), and Egelmans (3 percent); slow sand nitration. It is 

necessary to treat the water from Maiden Creek with alum several times during the year. Each 

source supplies a different section of the city. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey. 

A, Maiden Creek, Mar. 25,1931; B, Antietam, Mar. 17,1931; C, Bernharts, Mar. 17, 1931. The 

water from Egelmans is similar to the water from the Antietam supply. Regular determinations 

on monthly samples for the year 1930:

Source

Maiden Creek... 

Bernharts.---._. 

Antietam.-......

F.gelmans . .._.

Alkalinity

Av. Max. Min

110

70

37

25

Hardness

Av. Max. Min

121

75

39

Av. Max. Min

7.3 

7.3 

7.0 

6.7

7.6 

7.6 

7.1 

7.0

7.0 

7.0 

6.8 

6.6

Scranton (143,433); Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service 

Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Dunmore and Blakley, Dickson 

City, Olyphant. Throop, and Winton boroughs, which have their own supplies but are furnished 

principally with water from the Scranton system. Total population supplied about 214,000. 

Reservoirs impounding about 6,000,000,000 gallons, about 9 percent of supply filtered. The 

system of reservoirs is interconnected. One reservoir may be fed to another or by-passed in 

accordance with conditions. Dunmore is supplied from Dunmore Reservoir 1. Analyzed by 

G. R. Taylor, Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co. A, Reservoir 7 supply (about 45 percent), May 31, 1931; B, Lake Scranton supply (about 18 percent), Apr. 29, 1930; C, Dunmore 

Reservoir 1 supply (about 13 percent), February 1930; D, William Bridge Reservoir supply 

(about 11 percent), March 1930; E, Providence Reservoir filtered supply (about 9 percent), 

Feb. 9,1931. Daily determinations on the filtered water for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 4 to 25, 

average 15; pH 6.2 to 7.3, average 6.8.

Shamokin (20,274); Roaring Creek Water Co.; impounding reservoir on South Branch of Roaring 

Creek. Analyzed by Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Hazelton, June 24, 1932.

Sharon (25,908); Shenango Valley Water Co.; supplies also Farrell and Wheatland, Pa., and 

Masury, Ohio. Total population supplied about 43,000. Shenango River; filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of soda ash. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, July 28, 1931. The analysis 

probably represents a concentration higher than the average. Daily determinations for the 

year 1932: Alkalinity 15 to 110, average 65: hardness 35 to 130, average 90; color 0 to 15, average 

8; pH 6.8 to 7.6, average 7.1.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

113

Analyses (parts per million)

(Av.__ 

A<Max__ 

IMin.. 

B. ...

C-..____

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

A.......

B.____

C.-..

D.......

E.....

Total 

dissolved 

solids

»»150 

"360 "63 

371 

352

31

98 

69

78

"39 

"47 

"34 

44 "85

32 

179

Silica 

(SiOi)

3.9 

4.4 

5.0 

5.3 

9.8

5.1

6.6 

15 

13

1.6 

4.2 

3.2 

5.7 

4.3

15 

4.9

Iron

(Fe)

0.2 

.1 

.3 

.01 

7.9

.56

.04 

.05 

.02

.2 

.01 

.05 

.10 

.07

"1.9 

.01

Calcium 

(Ca)

28 

64 

15 

28 

38

3.6

21 

8.3 

12

6.1 

7.9 

4.0 

4.4 

13

2.1 

36

Magnesium 

(Mg)

4.9 

12 

1.3 

7.4 

12

1.4

5.7 

3.2 

6.1

1.0 

3.6 

"3.9 

3.2 

8.4

1.3 

7.9

Sodium 

(Na)

13 

26 

4 

73 

26

3.0

3.3 

3.5 

3.3

< ; (< 

C

(< 

«:

8.5

Potassium 

(K)

7 

2.2 

2.2

.8

2.0 

1.6 

1.2

.5 ')

1

 0

.2 

2.4

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

7.8 

2.4 

9.8 

24 

0

13

57 

27 

55

16 

7.8 

6.1 

6.1 

13

12 

98

Sulphate 

(SCO

68 

173 

26 

221

mm 231

6.6

16 

11

14 

24 

18 

16 

50

4.3 

49

Chloride

(Cl)

13 

32 

8 

10 

9.0

1.2

3.2 

2.2 

2.4

2.4 

3.0 

2.0 

2.0 

3.0

.8 

7.8

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.65 

.80 

.70 

2.6 

.30

.20

14 

3.9 

3.9

1.0

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

90 

209 

43 

100

144

15

76 

34 

55

19 

35 26 

24 

67

11 

122

j

No.

533

534 

535

536

537

538

1 Calculated. . T ,--. . <"> Less than 5 parts.

iron and aluminum oxides. »»Includes 0.1 part of manganese,

"includes 0.7 part of manganese. » Manganese 0.0.

* determined. mm includes equivalent of 57 parts of free sulphuric acid (H2SO«).
114 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

539

540

Description

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

PENNSYLVANIA CODtinUUd

Shenandoah (21,782); municipal; Davis, Sand, Ulshaeffer, and Spiese Runs, impounded. Analyzed 

by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 24,1931.

Upper Darby township (46,626); Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. Supplies also Aldan, Bryn 

Athyn, Clifton Heights, Collingdale, Colwyn, Conshohocken, Darby, East Lansdowne, Eddystone, Folcroft, Glenolden, Jenkintown, Lansdowne, Millbourne, Morton, Narbeth, Norwood, 

Prospect Park, Ridley Park, Rockledge, Rutledge, Sharon Hill, Swarthmore, West Conshohocken, Yeadon, and the following townships: Abington, Cheltenham, Darby, Easttown, 

East Whiteland, Haverford, Lower Merion, Lower Moreland, Marple, Newtown, Plymouth, 

Radnor, Ridley, Schuylkill, Springfield (Montgomery County), Springfield (Delaware County), 

Tinicum, Tredyffrin, Upper Dublin, Upper Merion, Upper Moreland, Whitemarsh, and 

Willistown. The Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. supplies the suburban territory adjacent 

to the city of Philadelphia, comprising an area of about 300 square miles. Total population 

supplied about 315,000. Pickering Creek impounded, 9,450,000 gallons a day; Crum Creek 

impounded, 7,450,000 gallons a day; Neshaminy Creek, 2,550,000 gallons a day; Pennyrack 

Creek, 850,000 gallons a day; filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime at times. There 

is a filtration plant at each of the four sources. The system is interconnected. The western 

portion of the territory receives its supply from Pickering Creek, the southern portion from 

Crum Creek, and the northern portion from Neshaminy and Pennypack Creeks. Analyzed by 

E. W. Lohr. A, Pickering Creek at Phoenixville, Aug. 29, 1932; B, Crum Creek at Media, 

Aug. 29, 1932; C, Neshaminy Creek at Neshaminy, Aug. 30, 1932; D, Pennypack Creek at 

Bethayres, Aug. 30,1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Pickering Creek, alkalinity 

20 to 35, average 27; Crum Creek, alkalinity 18 to 30, average 24; Neshaminy Creek, alkalinity 

18 to 41, average 26; Pennypack Creek, alkalinity 25 to 36, average 30.

Washington (24,545); Citizens Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 100 

William St., New York, N.Y.); reservoir 3, reservoir 4, Chartiers Creek (pumped to the reservoirs); filtered. It is proposed to soften the supply. Analysis of tap sample by E. C. Trax, 

McKeesport Water Department, Jan. 17,1927. Regular determinations on the filtered water for 

the year 1931: Alkalinity 40 to 130, average 96; hardness 98 to 191, average 162; chloride 21 to 60, 

'average 48; iron 0.0 to 0.38, average 0.04.

Wilkes-Barre (86,626); Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water 

Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Ashley, Avoca, Courtdale, Dupont, Duryea, EdwardsviUe, Exeter, Fairview, Forty Fort, Hanover township, Hughestown, Jenkins township, Kingston, part of Kingston township, Laflin, Larksville, Laurel Run, 

Luzerne, Lackawanna township, Moosic, Nanticoke, Newport township, Old Forge, Pittston, 

Pittston township, Plains township, Plymouth, Plymouth township, Pringle, about 3,000 people 

in Scranton, Sugar Notch, Swoyersville, Taylor, Warrior Run, West Pittston, West Wyoming, 

Wilkes-Barre township, Wyoming, and Yatesville. Total population supplied about 370,000. 

13 separate S9urces embracing 36 reservoirs having a total storage capacity of about 11,000,000,000 

gallons, furnished from springs and mountain streams. The Huntsville supply alone is filtered. 

Analyzed by Scranton-Spring Brook Water Service Co. A, Huntsville Reservoir, June 3, 1930; 

B, Pikes Creek Reservoir, Feb. 4, 1932; C, Mill Creek, Apr. 4, 1932. Regular determinations 

for the mixed water: Alkalinity 7 to 17, hardness 13 to 31. The pH is reported to range trom 

6.2 to 7.0.

Wilkinsburg (29,639); supplied by Pennsylvania Water Co. (See Pittsburgh)....._............

Williamsport (45,729); Williamsport Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 

100 William St., New York, N.Y.); Mosquito Creek supplied to 21,000,000-gallon reservoir (57 

percent), Hagerman Run supplied to 6,600,000 gallon reservoir (14 percent), 8 wells averaging 

28 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter (29 percent). Analysis of sample from Mosquito Creek 

by W. L. Lamar, May 8, 1931. Partial analyses of samples collected Mar. 23 and May 8, 1931, 

from the two surface supplies are similar to the analysis given. Partial analyses of samples collected on the same dates from the well supply indicate that the water from the wells is harder 

than the water from the surface supplies.

York (55,254); York Wrater Co.; Codorus Creek impounded; filtered, aerated, adjustment of pH 

to 6.9-7.1 by addition of soda ash. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 10, 

1931.

RHODE ISLAND

[Descriptive material relating to the supplies and the analytical results in the descriptive text below 

were furnished by C. L. Pool, chief engineer and chemist, Rhode Island Public Health Commission]

Bristol town (11,953); Bristol & Warren Water Works (controlled by Community Water Service 

Co., 100 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also Barrington and Warren towns. Total 

population supplied about 25,000. Impounding reservoirs on Kickemuit and Palmer Rivers; 

filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 7.6 by additional of hydrated lime. Analysis of composite sample by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, May 28 to June 12,1925. Monthly 

determinations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 9 to 28, average 16; hardness 20 to 71, average 41; 

pH 7.2 to 8.2, average 7.6. For the year 1930 an average color of 42 in the raw water was reduced 

to 10 in the filtered water.

Central Falls (25,898); municipal; Pawtucket supply. (See Pawtucket)...___.________ 

Cranston (42,911). Providence supplies about 41,600 consumers in Cranston. (See Providence) _ 

Pawtuxet Valley Water Co. supplies about 1,311 consumers in Cranston. (See West Warwick 

town.)
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

115

Analyses (parts per million)

A. ......

B. ......

C. ......

D- ...

A.......

B. ......

C.......

Total dissolved 

solids

35

97 

88 

119 

114

272

«36 

41 

30

23

62

73

Silica 

(SiOj)

4.1

12 

5.6 

4.5 

9.0

5.4

3.5 

1.7 

2.1

4.7 

3.6

.9

Iron

(Fe)

0.06

.01 

.05 

.02 

.01

.2

.16 

.16 

.04

.04 

.01

.10

Calcium 

(Ca)

3.8

18 

15 

19 

15

56

5.9 

5.4 

4.7

3.5

8.4

12

Magnesium 

(Mg)

1.5

4.2 

5.1 

5.5 

5.1

7.0

i.3

1.2 

1.0

1.0

2.4

2.0

Sodium 

(Na)

1.8

5.0 

4.2 

12 

13

2 

1. 

2

1.7

6.6

5.9

Potassium 

(K)

0.9

2.0 

2.4 

2.8 

2.8

10

9 

8 

2

.6 

1.8

.6

Bicarbonate 

(HCO,)

6.0

43 

40 

57 

42

129

11 

11 

6.7

12 

29

15

Sulphate 

(S04)

11

26 

24 

30 

29

37

14 

10 

12

4.8 

14

24

Chloride 

(Cl)

1.5

6.2 

6.8 

15 

15

32

2.4 

2.6 

1.5

.9 

4.0

8.2

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.20

.86 

2.9 

.40 

4.8

1.3

.0 

.25 

.11

.26 

7.5

.15

Total hardness as 

CaCOj16

62 

58 

70 

58

169

20 

18 

16

13 

31

38

No.

539 

540

541 

542

543 

544

545

546

547 

548

Calculated.
116 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

549

650

551

552

553

554

556

557

558

RHODE ISLAND continued

East Providence town (27,000 consumers):

Municipal; supplies about 17,000 consumers in the town of East Providence. Tenmile River; 

filtered, adjustment of pH to about 6.9 by addition of soda ash. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Sept. 

9, 1931. Monthly determinations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 11 to 27, average 17; hardness 

23 to 43, average 34; color 0 to 27, average 13; pH 6.8 to 7.2, average 6.9.

Pawtucket supplies about 10,000 consumers in the Watchemoket district of East Providence. 

(See Pawtucket.)

Newport (27,612); Newport Water Corporation. Supplies also part of Middletown town. Total 

population supplied about 28,600. Eastons North and Eastons South Ponds, auxiliary supply 

from Nelsons, Gardner, St. Marys, and Sissons Ponds; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH 

to about 8.3 by addition of lime. Analysis of composite sample by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Dec. 20, 1924, to Jan. 20,1925. Monthly determinations for the year 1930-31: 

Alkalinity 8 to 23, average 15; hardness 22 to 61, average 42; color 7 to 16, average 12.

Pawtucket (77,149); municipal. Supplies also Central Falls, part of Cumberland town (Ashton, 

Berkley, Lonsdale, and Valley Falls), part of East Providence town (Watchemoket district), 

and a small part of North Providence town. Total population supplied about 130,000. Abbott 

Run impounded in Diamond Hill and Arnolds Mill Reservoirs. Analyzed by Margaret D. 

Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Jan. 8, 1924. Monthly determinations for the year 1930-31: 

Alkalinity 4 to 13, average 9; hardness 16 to 38, average 24; color 10 to 58, average 23; pH 6.8 to 7.1, 

average 6.9.

Providence (252,981); municipal. Supplies also most of Cranston and part of Johnston, North 

Providence, and Warwick towns. Total population supplied about 314,000. Scituate Reservoir, filtered. Addition of ferric iron coagulant followed by aeration, adjustment of pH by addition of lime, filtration, and aeration. Analyzed by E. L. Bean, Providence Water Works, 

August 1932.

Warwick town (15,800 consumers):

Providence supplies about 12,000 consumers in Warwick. (See Providence.) 

East Greenwich Water Supply Co. (controlled by New England Water, Light & Power Associates, 833 Hospital Trust Building, Providence) supplies about 3,800 consumers. 1 dug well 

along Hunts River, auxiliary supply from Hunts River (pressure filtration). The system is 

interconnected with those of the Warwick & Coventry Water Co. and Pawtuxet Valley Water 

Co. for use in emergency only. A, Average of analyses of unfiltered water from the well supply 

by Rhode Island Public Health Commission, 1932; B, analysis of filtered water from the Hunts 

River supply by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 26,1924. Regular determinations for the well supply for 1932: Color 0 to 10, average 1; pH 5.4 to 6.8, average 6.2.

Westerly town (10,997); municipal; pumping station 1 supplied by 85 driven wells about 29 to 66 

feet deep, pumping station 2 supplied by 48 driven wells about 41 to 66 feet deep. The water is 

pumped directly to the mains. The pH, based on four determinations, for the year 1930 ranged 

from 6.2 to 6.6. A, Analysis of sample from pumping station 1 by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Mar. 19,1924; B, analysis of sample from pumping station 2 by E. W. Lohr, 

Jan. 14, 1932.

555 West Warwick town (17,696); Warwick & Coventry Water Co. and Pawtuxet Valley Water Co. 

(both controlled by New England Water, Light & Power Associates, 833 Hospital Trust Building, Providence). Supplies also part of Coventry town (Anthony, Arkwright, Harris, Phenix, 

Quidnick, and Washington), part of Cranston (Fiskeville and Oaklawn), and part of Scituate 

town (Hope). Total population supplied about 30,000. Carrs Pond, Upper and Lower Reservoirs. The system is interconnected, and consumers receive water from both sources. Analyzed 

by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey. A, Carrs Pond, May 14, 1924; B, reservoir 

supply, Dec. 10, 1924. Partial analyses of samples collected Aug. 11, 1931, from both sources of 

supply agree with the analyses given. Regular determinations on samples collected at different 

sampling stations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity 2 to 11; hardness 8 to 23; color 8 to 65; pH 6.4 

to 6.9.

Woonsocket (49,376); municipal. Supplies also part of Bellingham and Blackstone towns, Mass., 

and part of North Smithfield town (Union Village and Waterford), R.I. Total population 

supplied about 56,000. Crook Fall Brook impounded in North Smithfield Reservoir. Analyzed 

by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Jan. 7,1924. Monthly determinations for the 

year 1930-31: Alkalinity 1 to 8, average 4; hardness 10 to 40, average 18; color 15 to 72, average 39; 

pH 6.2 to 6.9, average 6.5.

SOUTH CAKOLINA

[Descriptive material was furnished by A. E. Legare, sanitary engineer, South Carolina Board

of Health]

Anderson (14,383); Southern Public Utilities Co. Baileys Creek, Rocky River; filtered. Baileys 

Creek furnishes about 75 percent of the total supply. The composition of the water varies throughout the year. Analysis of a tap sample by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 25,1930.

Charleston (62,265); municipal; impounding reservoir on Goose Creek; filtered, aerated, final adjustment of pH by addition of caustic soda. Analyzed by Parker Laboratory, Dec. 16,1929. Daily 

determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 19 to 34, average 25; hardness 16 to 29, average 22; 

color 10 to 30, average 21; pH 8.1 to 9.2, average 9.0. For the same period the color of the raw water 

based on weekly determinations ranged from 70 to 160.
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

117

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B. ......

A--.__,.

B...__-_

A._...-

B-.__.._

Total dissolved 

solids

93

79 

42

42

56 

73

20 

33

36

47 

67

Silica 

(SiOj)

5.7

1.4 

5.0

11

7.9

13 

16

3.0 

6.0

5.2

16 

2.6

Iron 

(Fe)

0.05

.06 

.10

.05

.04

.02

.71

.49 

.37

.23

.02 

.06

Calcium 

(Ca)

8.5

9.2 

6.0

12

2.4

5.4 

7.4

1.6 

3.3

3.3

3.8 

4.0

Magnesium 

(Mg)

2.0

4.1 

1.6

.5

1.2

2.2 

2.6

.7 

1.2

1.2

2.0

.7

Sodium 

(Na)

17

8.9 

2.8

('

6.5

5.7

7.7

2.1 

3.4

2.0

3.1 

19

Potassium 

(K)

1.9

1.0 

.6

 )

.7

1.0 

1.5

.4 

.8

1.0

1.3 

.3

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

27

8.5 

11

17

11 

10

23 

23

3.7 

9.8

4.4

18 

21

Sulphate

(S04)

30

29 

13

12

12

7.2 

9.1

5.8 

6.9

9.5

7.3 

16

Chloride 

(Cl)

9.5

15 

3.7

4.4

7 

3.7

5.5 

8.6

2.6 

3.7

2.9

3.0 

15

Nitrate 

(NOs)

2.9

1.8 

.67

.53

1.1

4.0 

8.4

.0 

.38

.71

.50 

.0

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

29

40 

22

32

 19 

11

23 

29

6 

13

13

18 

13

No.

549

550

551

552 

553

554

555

556

557 

558

Calculated. 

Determined.

o Less than 0.01 part of manganese. 

 * Less than 5 parts.
118 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

SOUTH CAROLINA continued 

559

560

561

562

563

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

Columbia (51,581); municipal; Congaree River; filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. 

The intake is a quarter of a mile below junction of Broad and Saluda Rivers. Analysis of tap 

sample by E. W. Lohr, June 9,1932. Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1932: 

Alkalinity 11 to 24, average 18; pH 7.0 to 8.3, average 7.6.

Florence (14,774); municipal; 3 wells (nos. 6, 7, and 8), 475, 550, and 500 feet deep. Analyzed by 

E. W. Lohr, June 4, 1932.

Greenville (29,154); municipal; South Saluda River impounded in Table Rock Lake. The impounding reservoir is so large and the mineral content of the water so low that a single analysis 

may be safely assumed to represent the composition of the water throughout the year. Analyzed 

by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 25,1931.

Greenwood (11,020); municipal; Rocky Creek (50 percent) and 6 wells (50 percent). The creek water 

is filtered. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, June 2,1932. A, Rocky Creek (filtered); B, 300-foot well.

Spartanburg (28,723); municipal; impounding reservoir on South Pacolet River; filtered. Analyzed 

by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 11,1930.

Sumter (11,780); municipal; 13 wells 45 to 67 feet deep connected to a common suction line and supplied direct to mains, 2 wells about 430 feet deep pumped to a receiving basin, 2 wells 418 and 711 

feet deep supplied to a steel tank. All wells are in the same well field. Analysis of tap sample by 

E. W. Lohr, Aug. 4, 1932.

SOUTH DAKOTA

[Descriptions of all the supplies and several analyses were furnished by W. W. Towne, director, 

Division of Sanitary Engineering, South Dakota Board of Health]

Aberdeen (16,465); municipal; 6 wells 1,300 feet deep, fed to reservoirs. Analyzed by International 

Filter Co., Chicago, 111., Jan. 23, 1931. Several other analyses made at an earlier date indicate 

that the analysis given represents reasonably well the composition of the water regularly delivered 

to consumers.

Huron (10,946); municipal; James River; aerated, filtered. There is considerable variation in the 

composition of the water throughout the year and from year to year. The alkalinity is reported 

to range from about 60 to 450 and hardness from about 200 to 850. A, Analysis of tap sample by 

C. B. Stone, South Dakota State Chemical Laboratory, Dec. 8, 1925; B, analysis of tap sample 

by E. W. Lohr, May 11,1932.

Mitchell (10,942); municipal; Lake Mitchell impounding Firesteel Creek; coagulated and softened 

with sodium aluminate and lime, filtered. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 9,1932. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the year. The 

hardness of the raw water is reported to range from about 170 to 430. Monthly averages of determinations on the treated water for the period January to August 1932: Hardness 137 to 310.

Rapid City (10,404); municipal; 2 springs. Analyzed by Charles Bentley, South Dakota School of 

Mines, May 20, 1921.

Sioux Falls ^33,362); municipal; 9 dug wells 27 to 45 feet deep, 18 to 50 feet in diameter; aerated, 

filtered without coagulation. Analysis of sample from the clear-water reservoir by K. C. Beeson, 

State Chemical Laboratory, Jan. 7,1930. Several analyses of the raw and treated water indicate 

that the analysis represents reasonably well the composition of the water regularly delivered to 

consumers.

Watertown (10,214); municipal; Lake Kampeska; aerated, filtered. Analysis of tap sample by G. G. 

Frary, State Chemical Laboratory, December 1925

TENNESSEE

[Descriptive material for some of the places and assistance in obtaining information were furnished by A. E. Clark, associate sanitary engineer, Tennessee Department of Public Health]

Bristol (12,005); municipal; Henry Preston Spring; softened with lime, filtered. Analyzed by 

E. W. Lohr, Jan. 19, 1932. The raw water has a hardness of over 200 and is softened by lime to 

about 80. Monthly averages of regular determinations on the treated water for the year 1930: 

Alkalinity 58 to 94, average 86.

Chattanooga (119,798); City Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 

Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Tennessee River; filtered. There is some variation in the composition of the water. A, Sample of the filtered water analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, May 22, 1922; B, average of analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water 

from Tennessee River near Knoxville by U.S. Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 

236, p. 105, 1909).

Jackson (22,172); municipal; 6 wells (nos. 1-2, 4, 6-8) about 150 feet deep. Analysis of tap sample 

by E. W. Lohr, May 1,1932. Wells 1 and 6 were not in operation when the sample was collected.

Johnson City (25,080); municipal; springs supplied to reservoir. Analysis of tap sample by L. A. 

Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Jan. 26,1931.

Kingsport (11,914); municipal; impounding reservoir on Bays Mountain; South Fork of Holston 

River; aerated, filtered. The water from both sources is filtered through the same plant. The 

supply is mainly from the reservoir. Part of the time water from the two sources is used and part 

of the time the river water alone. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr. A, Reservoir supply, Mar. 21,1932; 

B, river supply, Mar. 28, 1932.
ANALYSES 

<ntiea of the United States, 1932 Continued

119

Analyses (parts per million)

A. ......

B-.__...

A---...-

B..._...

A. ......

B.......

A.......

B.......

Total dissolved 

solids

58

75 

19

95 

141 

53

38

«1, 969

1,033 

486

408

 214 

515

310

94

76 

122

129 

67

42 

109

Silica 

(SiOj)

13

22 

6.4

31

39 

16

11

12

11 

4.2

32

12 

26

4.0

15

7.3

25

16 

11

3.9 

5.7

Iron

(Fe)

0.14

1.0 

.06

.08 

.01 

.18

.40

2.0

" 1.8 

.06

.01

1.1 

.1

» 1.8

.01

Trace 

 .54

.17 

.01

.01 

.01

Calcium 

(Ca)

8.1

4.5 

1.9

9.5 

20 

6.7

3.1

218

88 

53

56

43 

106

55

16

17 

22

14 

13

9.7 

25

Magnesium 

(Mg)

1.8

2.2 

.6

2.5 

2.6 

1.6

1.1

62

47 

21

1.4

21 

35

29

11

3.3 

4.3

5.5 

7.4

.6 

5.2

Sodium 

(Na)

4.5

10

.7

6.5 

9.1 

2.3

3.0

3]

1<

74

48

3. 

6.

]

.9

8.'

14 

1.0

1.0 

2.4

Potassium 

(K)

1.6

3.6 

.5

1.6 

2.0

1.4

1.9

9

7 

8.8

13

8 

0

3

1.2

1 

2

2.5 

.9

.9 

1.4

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

24

24 

7.0

22

54 

25

13

168

350

177

(«»)

202 

326

264

<M90

57 

86

26 

70

9.0 

68

Sulphate 

(SO)

13

9.8 

1.8

27 

33 

6.2

6.0

1,199

393

181

192

31

159

52

5.3

11 

6.4

31 

5.0

20 

29

Chloride 

(Cl)

3.6

13 

1.0

2.9 

2.6 

1.6

3.4

74

104 

42

16

2.0 

6.3

5.0

1.0

4.4 

9.6

20 

.2

1.2 

1.6

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.40

.10 

.10

.10 

.66 

.10

.90

.20 

.10

5.2

.56 

.8

11 

.80

.10 

2.6

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

28

20

7

34 

61 

23

12

799

413 

219

146

194 

408

256

85

56 

73

58 

63

27 

84

No.

559

560 

561

562

563 

564

565 

566

567

568 

569

570

571 

572

573 

574 

575

« Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.

dd Includes equivalent of 6 parts of carbonate (COs). 

»« Carbonate (COj) 12, hydroxide (OH) 11.
120 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

576

577

678

Description

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

TENNESSEE continued

Knoxville (105,802); municipal; Tennessee River; filtered, adjustment of pH by application of 

hydrated lime. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 28, 1932. Daily determinations for 

the year 1931: Alkalinity 34 to 74, average 56; hardness 68 to 172, average 98; pH 6.6 to 8.2, 

average 7.3.

Memphis (253,143); municipal; Parkway and Sheahan plants supplied by wells around 500 and 

1,400 feet deep; aerated over trays filled with coke, filtered without coagulation. Analysis of tap 

sample from the Parkway plant by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, July 26, 1928 

(Water-Supply Paper 638, p. 34,1932).

Nashville (153,866); municipal; Cumberland River; filtered. The coagulation and filtration reduce 

the silica and iron, the bicarbonate may be slightly reduced, and the sulphate is increased. Average of analyses of composite samples of raw water from Cumberland River near Nashville by U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1906-7 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 57,1909). There is some variation in the 

composition of the water throughout the year. Range in concentration of the composite samples 

of river water: Alkalinity 60 to 97, hardness 65 to 101, chloride 1.0 to 4.8.

[Descriptive material and some analyses were furnished by V. M. Ehlers, chief sanitary engineer, 

Texas Department of Health]

Abilene (23,175); municipal; Lake Abilene, auxiliary supply from Lake Kirby and from wells, 

softened with lime, coagulated, regulation of pH to around 10.0. Although Lake Kirby is used 

only in midsummer, nevertheless this source furnishes about 25 percent of the total yearly supply, 

as it is used at a time of maximum consumption. The water from this .source is treated at a 

separate plant known as the Kirby plant. The composition of the water from Lake Kirby is 

reported to be about the same as that from Lake Abilene. The water from the wells is pumped 

into Lake Abilene. The wells are used only a few weeks during the year. The mineral content 

of the well water is reported to be considerably higher than that of the lake water. Analysis of 

tap sample from Lake Abilene by E. W. Lohr, Feb. 5, 1932. Determinations for the year 1931: 

Alkalinity 26 to 74, hardness 36 to 108.

Amarillo (43,132); municipal; group of 10 wells about 200 feet deep, group of 5 wells about 275 feet 

deep. Analyzed by Jack Wyatt, city chemist, Mar. 15, 1932. A, 200-foot well group (Ward 

site); B, 275-foot well group (McDonald site).

Austin (53,120); municipal; Colorado River in Texas; softened with lime and soda ash, filtered. 

A, Analysis of tap sample of the softened water by E. W. Lohr, Sept. 24, 1932; B, average of 

analyses of composites of daily samples of the raw water by U .8. Geological Survey, 1905-6 (WaterSupply Paper 236, p. 56). There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water 

throughout the year. Regular determinations on samples collected at 2-hour intervals for the 

year 1931: Softened water, alkalinity 26 to 70, average 51; hardness 44 to 104, average 81; pH (based 

on daily tests) 9.0 to 9.5. Raw water, alkalinity 72 to 214, average 170; hardness 65 to 230, average 184. The turbidity of the raw water is reported to range from 20 to 18,000.

Beaumont (57,732); municipal; Neches River; filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime. 

Analysis of composite sample by E. W. Lohr, May 1 to Aug. 20, 1932. Regular determinations 

for the year 1931: Alkalinity 10 to 36, average 22; hardness 33 to 52, average 41; pH 6.4 to 7.4, 

average 7.0.

Brownsville (22,021); municipal; Rio Grande; filtered. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year. A, Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Jan. 12, 1932; B, average of 

analyses of raw water from the Rio Grande at Laredo by U.S. Geological Survey, 1905-6 (WaterSupply Paper 236, p. 96, 1909).

Corpus Christi (27,741); municipal; Nueces River; aerated, filtered. The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. Analysis of a sample of the raw water furnished by the Water 

Department.

Dallas (260,475); municipal; Garza and Bachman Lakes (aerated, softened, filtered), 6 wells 2,140 

to 2,772 feet deep, reserve system consisting of White Rock Lake and small filtration plant. 

The wells supply a section of the city known as Oak Cliff and furnish about 25 percent of the 

total supply. The pH of the filtered water is reported to range from 8.4 to 9.0. There is some 

variation in the composition of the water. Analyzed by L. C. Billings, Dallas Water Department, February 1932. A, Sample of filtered water from surface supply; B, sample of water 

from Oak Cliff well 35, 2,500 feet deep; C, sample of water from Oak Cliff well 38, 2,140 feet 

deep.

El Paso (102,421); municipal; 11 wells (nos. 1 to 11) 860, 700, 860, 882, 834, 490, 525, 715, 795, 660, and 

735 feet deep. Each well can furnish 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 gallons a day. The average daily 

consumption for the year 1931 was 8,000,000 gallons. Analyses of samples collected in 1930 and 

1931 from each of the wells show a considerable range between extremes in hardness and total 

dissolved solids, but omitting the extremes the hardness ranged from 139 to 179 and the total 

dissolved solids from 428 to 659. Analyzed by R. M. Maese, El Paso Testing Laboratories. 

A, Well 11 (about average), Sept. 3, 1931; B, well 6 (maximum total solids and hardness), Aug. 

8, 1930; C, well 7 (minimum total solids), Aug. 8, 1930; D, well 9 (minimum hardness), Aug. 

24, 1932.
ANALYSES 

 cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

121

Analyses (parts per million)

Av_- 

A. _

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

A.. _ ..

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

C.......

A.......

B. ......

O. ......

D.-._._

Total dissolved 

solids

156 

87 

119

92

514 

324

159 

321

113

682 

791

-380

135 

1,008 

1,119

480 

732 

385 

608

Silica 

(SiOa)

7.6 

16 

20

8.6

30 

23

14 

18

12

9.8 

29

25

3.0 

19 

15

8.7 

12 

9.1 

21

Iron 

(Fe)

0.02 

.08 

.42

.01

Trace 

Trace

.02 <>3.1

.06

.16 *3.6

6 2.0 

<>7.0

ns

&3.8 

6 4. 5 

»4.3 

»5.5

Calcium 

(Oa)

32 

8.6 

26

8.9

68 

35

13 

52

13

77 

104

67

21 

20 

14

55 

116 

55 

29

Magnesium 

(Mg)

5.5 

4.2 

3.6

8.8

33

25

8.8 

17

3.5

24 

23

4.0

4.0 

2.0 

3.0

7.0 

10 

7.9 

5.5

Sodium 

(Na)

9.0 

15 

9.

8.4

7 

3

24

44

17

116 

112

6

34 

36

8 

9 

5 

16

Potassium 

(K)

1.1 

1.2 

6

4.2

4

6

3.4

5.1

2.0

3.9 

6.6

5

16

[4 

7

3

7 

1 

1

Bicarbonate 

(HO 03)

74 

80 

92

0.57

465 

270

"48 

195

36

134

178

224

53 

501 

451

203 

237 

155 

194

Sulphate 

(SOi)

27 

4.4 

14

22

63 

63

43 

42

20

211 

228

34

44 

233 

382

69 

196 

72 

63

Chloride 

(Cl)

23 

1.8 

2.1

6.8

20 

12

25 

59

25

154 

164

75

14 

115 

88

84 

100 

58 

157

Nitrate 

(NOi)

2.0 

.07 

1.2

.40

4.7

.10 

1.5

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

103 

39 

80

58

305 

190

69 

200

47

291 

354

184

69 

58

47

166 

331 

170 

95

No.

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

588

 Calculated.

6 Iron and aluminum oxides.

" Includes equivalent of 18 parts of carbonate (CO3).

« Includes equivalent of 19 parts of carbonate (COs).
122 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

TEXAS continued

587 Fort Worth (163,447); municipal; Lake Worth impounding West Fork of Trinity River; aerated, 

filtered, slight alkalinity to phenolphthalein maintained in effluent. Analysis of about an average sample by W. S. Mahlie, City Water Department, May 25, 1932. The composition of the 

water varies throughout the year. The alkalinity for the year 1930-31 based on determinations 

made 3 times daily ranged from 38 to 145 with an average of 117. The pH is reported to range 

from 8.0 to 8.3.

Galveston (52,938) municipal; 7 wells at Alta Loma (nos. 1-7) 840,855,866,828,888,888, and 843 feet 

deep. The water from the wells is fed to a common supply line. Analysis of tap sample by Felix 

Paquin, Galveston Laboratories, Oct. 7, 1930. The different wells furnish water of practically 

the same composition. Analyses of tap samples collected in 1928 and 1929 and analyses of samples 

from the individual wells collected in 1916 are about the same as the analysis given. 

Houston (292,352); municipal; 39 wells 200 to 1,700 feet deep at the following pumping plants: 

Central (30 percent), Scott St. (21 percent), South End (17 percent), Heights (15 percent), Magnolia Park (5 percent), West End (5 percent), East End (4 percent), and North Side (3 percent). The plants furnish different sections of the city. The system is partly interconnected. 

All the wells are not in service at one time. The wells furnish waters of different composition, 

and the quality of water delivered from a pumping plant is dependent upon the wells in service. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, May 9, 1932. A, Central plant (4 wells in service); B, South End 

plant (sample collected from reservoir); C, Magnolia Park plant (1 well in service); D, West 

End plant (2 wells in service); E, East End plant (1 well). Partial analyses of samples from 

the Scott St. plant (wells 3 and 4 in service) and Heights plant (wells 4 and 5 in service) are 

similar to analysis A for the Central plant, and a partial analysis of a sample from the North 

Side plant is reasonably similar to analysis E for the East End plant. All samples were collected 

May 9, 1932.

590 Laredo (32,618); Central Power & Light Co., Rio Grande; aerated, filtered. The composition of 

the water varies throughout the year. A, Analysis of sample of the filtered water by E. J. Umbenhauer, Central Power & Light Co., Jan. 5, 1931; B, average of analyses of the raw water by 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1905-6 (Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 96,1909).

591 Lubbock (20,520); municipal; 6 wells 97, 147, 98, 141, 140, and 145 feet deep. Analysis of sample 

from the 140-foot well by E. W. Lohr, July 2,1931.

592 Port Arthur (50,902); municipal: Neches River; filtered, adjustment of pH by addition of lime or 

soda ash. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, Apr. 11,1931. Regular determinations for the year 1930: 

Alkalinity 22 to 45, average 30; hardness 49 to 56, average 53; pH 7.4 to 8.2, average 7.9.

593 San Angelo (25,308); West Texas Utilities Co.; South Concho River; aerated, filtered. Analyzed 

by R. H. Lash, Fort Worth Laboratories, Fort Worth, April 1931. There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. Monthly averages of daily determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 154 to 210, average 185. The hardness is reported to range 

from about 120 to 400.

594 San Antonio (231,542); municipal; Market St. station supplied by 14 wells 900 feet deep, Brackenridge Park station supplied by 10 wells 825 feet deep, Mission Park station supplied by 8 wells 

1,300 feet deep (used only during peak load in summer). The Market St. station furnishes 

regularly about 60 percent of the total supply. This proportion is slightly decreased when the 

Mission Park station is used. Analysis of sample from Market St. station by L. A. Shinn, U.S. 

Geological Survey, Apr. 18, 1931. Partial analyses of samples collected at the same time from 

other stations are similar to the analysis given, although the sulphate and chloride are higher for 

the Mission Park station.

595 Texarkana (16,602 (total population of Texarkana, Tex., and Texarkana, Ark., 27,366)). Texarkana Water Corporation (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 50 Broad St., 

New York, N.Y.). Arkansas station supplied by 24 wells 30 to 40 feet deep, Bringle station supplied by 14 wells about 30 feet deep and by Clear Creek impounded. The chemical character 

of the ground water and the impounded surface water at this station is about the same. At the 

Arkansas station the water is aerated and treated with lime; the pH is adjusted to maintain an 

alkalinity to phenolphthalein. At the Bringle station the ground water is aerated and the surface water is coagulated with alum, all the water is treated with lime and filtered, and the pH is 

adjusted to maintain an alkalinity to phenolphthalein. The two stations furnish about equal 

quantities of water. During the whiter the Arkansas station furnishes the larger proportion of 

water; in summer this proportion is reversed. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 12, 1931. A, Arkansas station; B, Bringle station.

Tyler (17,113); municipal; Indian Creek impounded in Lake Bellwood; filtered, adjustment of pH. 

Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, May 18,1932.

597 Waco (52,848); municipal; Bosque River impounded in Lake Waco; filtered. Analyzed by R. H. 

Adams, Baylor University, Apr. 22,1930. The alkalinity is determined daily and ranges between 

80 and 185, with an average around 140. The pH is reported to range from 7.2 to 7.6.

598 Wichita Falls (43,690); municipal; Lake Wichita (artificial), emergency supply from Lake Kemp; 

filtered. Analysis furnished by the water department, dated July 1925. The quality of the 

water is affected by hard irrigation water and by highly mineralized water from 9!! wells. There 

is considerable variation in the composition of the water. Regular determinations for the year 

1932: Alkalinity 45 to 55, average 50; hardness 205 to 376, average 269.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1982 Continued

123

Analyses (parts per million)

A... .

B...__-

C.- . .

D - 

E. ...

A.. ..

B..-..-

A.. . .

B. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

262

"825

362 

303 

281 

"314 "397

"696 

791

641 

168

"396 

238

171 

102

71 

288

"908

Silica 

(SiOj)

4.8

24

20 

22 

23

15

29

59 

11

7.2 

9.8

39 

1.7

9.7 

2.6

26

Iron 

(Fe)

0.1

» 1.0

.17 

.39 

.16

Trace »3.6

.03 

.05

'4.5 

.02

.05 

.02

.13 

'.2

'2.8

Calcium 

(Ca)

51

18

22 

27 

34 45

 2

39 

104

.50 

14

.51 

1)2

17 

23

11 

45

89

Magnesium 

(Mg)

9.0

5.5

5.8 

7.2 

7.5

23 

23

58 

3.5

18 

16

3.9 

3.0

2.0 

5.3

23

Sodium 

(Na)

2

2!

108 

76 

59 "5 

"1

15 

112

79 

31

7 

8.4

19 

5.2

5.7 

3

1

Potassium 

(K)

6

9

1.9 

1.9 

2.1 

3

75

13 

6.6

10 

1.6

) 

1.0

2.0 

1.6

2.0 

1

i2

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

157

363

301 

256 

239 

260 

'402

168 

178

328 

35

229 

244

50 

52

27 

166

94

Sulphate 

(BOO

35

Trace

7.8 

14 

16

r!2

'1

180 

228

143 

42

58 

14

5.8 

23

13

15

239

Chloride 

(Cl)

39

299

48 

32 

26 

50 

38

183 

164

81 

30

75 

10

32

8.0

9.8 

25

290

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.1

.0 

.10 

.20 

.20 

.0

2.8 

.0

3.6

15 

3.2

.20

Total hardness as 

CaCO3 »

164

68

79 

97 

116 

 182 

 4

317 

354

363 

49

201 

221

58 

70

36 

134

317

No.

587

588 

589

590

591 

592

593 

594

595

596 

597

598

* Calculated.

6 Iron and aluminum oxides.

i Includes equivalent of 16 parts of carbonate (COa).

' By turbidity.

* Determined.
124 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

[Descriptions and analyses for four places were furnished by 0. O. Pickel, sanitary engineer, Utah

Board of Health]

Logan (9,979); municipal; Devitt Springs fed to small reservoirs. Analysis of tap sample by M. E. 

Christensen, assistant State chemist, Nov. 18, 1931.

Murray (5,172); municipal: McGee Spring supplying a small reservoir in Union, 21 wells 44 to 290 

feet deep supplying a small reservoir on Vine St. Valves are placed so that water from the wells 

may be supplied to the reservoir in Union and conversely so that water from the Union Reservoir 

may be turned into the system served by the wells. Analyzed by Herman Harms, State chemist, 

Nov. 12. 1931.

Ogden (40,272); municipal; 51 wells 100 to 520 feet deep (about 95 percent of supply), auxiliary supply 

from Wheeler Canyon Creek, Coldwater Canyon Creek, and Warmwater Canyon Creek. The 

water is fed to 2 distribution reservoirs and is supplied to the city from these reservoirs. Analysis 

of tap sample by M. E. Christensen, assistant State chemist, Nov. 19, 1931.

Provo (14,766); municipal; springs in Provo Canyon. The water is supplied to a small reservoir. 

Analysis of tap sample by M. E. Christensen, assistant State chemist, July 13, 1928.

Salt Lake City (140,267); municipal; Cottonwood Creek 37 percent, Parleys Creek impounded in 

Mountain Dell Reservoir 21 percent, City Creek 21 percent, Little Cottonwood Creek 5 percent, 

Mill Creek 4 percent, Emigration Springs 4 percent, 95 wells, 70 to 440 feet deep, 8 percent. There 

are 7 groups of wells, all belonging to the same artesian basin. The water from each group of wells 

is fed to a collecting basin and then discharged into a central supply line. All the water from the 

streams is fed through gravity-flow conduits to distributing reservoirs. The water from the 

streams, with the exception of City Creek, is mixed to some extent before entering the system. 

The water from City Creek comes to the consumers unmixed and furnishes the North Bench and 

the north industrial sections of the city. The composition of the water from the streams varies 

throughout the year, and several partial analyses show a considerable range in the mineral content of the water from the different wells. A, Cottonwood Creek, Apr 1, 1932; B, Cottonwood 

Creek, June 21, 1932; C, Parleys Creek, Apr. 1, 1932; D, Parleys Creek, June 22, 1932; E, City 

Creek, July 13,1928; F, Little Cottonwood Creek, Apr. 1, 1932; G, Emigration Springs, June 22, 

1032; H, composite sample from all wells, May 18,1932. A to D and F to H analyzed by E. W. 

Lohr E analyzed by M. E. Christensen, assistant State chemist.

[Descriptive material relating to the supplies was furnished by C. P. Moat, chemist, Vermont 

Department of Public Health, who also furnished the analytical results in the descriptive text below]

Barre (11,307); municipal; brooks and springs. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 7,1931. 4 samples of 

the Orange supply and 5 samples of the Bolster supply collected during 1930 show the range in 

composition indicated below.

\

B

Source

Approximate percentage 

of total

supply

60

35

3

2

Total 

hardness

50 to 80

100 to 163

Color

20 to 50

5 to 25

Burlington (24,789); municipal; Lake Champlain; filtered. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 20, 

1931. The composition of the water is practically uniform throughout the year. 4 samples collected during 1930 show a range in hardness from 57 to 62 with an average of 60.

Montpelier (7,837); municipal; Berlin Pond. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 21,1931. The mineral 

content of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. 4 samples collected during the year 

1930-31 show the following range in composition of the water: Hardness 73 to 87, average 80; color 

9 to 20; average 13.

Rutland (17,315); municipal; Mendon Brook. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 19,1931. The mineral content of the water is fairly uniform throughout the year. 6 samples collected during 1930 

show the following range in composition of the water. Hardness 36 to 51, average 42; color 7 to 20, 

average 10.

St. Albans (8,020); municipal; 2 impounding reservoirs, emergency supply from Silver Lake. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 13,1931. The mineral content of the water is fairly uniform throughout 

the year. 7 samples collected during 1930 show the following range in composition of the water: 

Hardness 35 to 50, average 43; color 10 to 25, average 18.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

125

Analyses (parts per million)

A--- -

B. ......

C. ...

D. 

E.-----

F.-- 

G. ...

H. . -

A. ......

B. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

183 

214

181 

174

94

252 

240

599 

310

96 

152.

71 

96

56 

69

Silica 

(SiO»)

1.2 

14

6.2

4.7

9.0

16 

4.5

17

17

7-. 9 

6.0

4.0 

6.6

8.1 

7.0

Iron

(Fe)

'0.8 

'1.4

'1.1 

Trace

.11

.07 

.0

.02 

.02

.02 

.01

.02 

.23

.02 

.18

Calcium 

(Ca)

41 

39

40

37

'30 

19 

87 

68 

53 

43 

122 

58

26 

48

16

28

12 

15

Magnesium 

(Mg)

15 

14

9.2

12

17 

6.4 

18 

8.6 

16 

8.7 

34 

20

2.1 

4.8

3.8 

3.4

4.1

2.9

Sodium 

(Na)

4 

1

8

5 

2.5

a ' 9.8' 

{

19

18

1.8

1.9-

2.4

1.4

1.5 

2.1

Potassium 

(K)

5 

0

Q

17 

.7 

.6 

1.4 

). 1 

«) 

2.1 

2.6

1.4

.9

1.2 

.8

.7 

1.2

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

188 

153

155

152

"126 

75 

236 

228 

221 

80 

325 

197

86 

157

50 

93

50

54

Sulphate 

(80«)

7.5 

30

10

16

70 

16 

71 

23 

14 

59 

185 

62

6.5 

9.1

15 

5.6

5.0 

9.1

Chloride

(Cl)

7.0 

14

14

8.0

4.2 

1.9 

22 

11 

14 

2.5 

21 

25

.2

.8

1.8 

.8

1.1 

1.0

Nitrate 

(NO,)

0

Trace

0

.20 

.30 

.64 

.41

.20 

1.4 

3.2

.57 

.50

.50 

.50

.60 

.50

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

164 

155

138

142

145

74 

291 

205 

198 

143 

444 

227

74 

140

56 

84

47 

49

No.

599 

600

601

602 

603

604

605 

606

607

608

0 Calculated.

' Iron and aluminum oxides.

' By turbidity.

17693 34 9

' Less than 5 parts.

id Includes equivalent of 6 parts of carbonate (CO,).
126 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5.- Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

[Descriptions of the supplies were furnished by Richard Messer, chief engineer, Virginia Department of Health]

Alexandria (24,149); Alexandria Water Co. (controlled by American Water Works & Electric Co., 

50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); canal fed by Barcroft Impounding Reservoir and Cameron Run; 

filtered, final adjustment of pH to around 8.3-8.5 by addition of lime. Analyzed by H. S. Haller, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 28, 1931.

Charlottesville (15,245); municipal; Moormans River; aerated, filtered, aerated. The mineral content of the water is low and the range in concentration not great, so that the single analysis may 

be considered reasonably representative of water delivered to consumers throughout the year. 

Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, June 2,1932.

Danville (22,247); municipal; Dan River; aerated, filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 8.0 by 

addition of lime. The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may 

be decreased, and the sulphate is increased. Average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily 

samples of raw water from the Dan River at South Boston by U.S. Geological Survey, 1929-30 

(Virginia Comm. Conservation and Development, Div. Water Resources and Power, Bull. 3, 

p. 129, 1932). Range in concentration of the composite samples of river water: Alkalinity 16 to 

30, hardness 15 to 29, chloride 1.6 to 3.0. The average alkalinity of the filtered water for the year 

1929-30 was 18.

Hopewell (11,327); Old Dominion Water Corporation; Appomattox and James Rivers; filtered, final 

adjustment of pH by addition of lime. The intake is in Appomattox River near the junction with 

James River. During flood tide water from James River reaches the intake, and during ebb 

tide water is mostly from Appomattox River. For the year 1929-30 the average alkalinity of the 

filtered water was 30. (See Petersburg for analyses of Appomattox River; see Richmond for 

analysis of James River.)

Lynchburg (40,661); municipal; impounding reservoir on Pedlar River, reserve supply from James 

River; aeration, pressure filtration. A, Analysis of sample of filtered water from Pedlar River by 

Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 25,1928; B, average of analyses of 10-day 

composites of daily samples of raw water from James River at Salt Creek,1930-31 (VirginiaComm. 

Conservation and Development, Div. Water Resources and Power, Bull. 3, p. 101,1932). Regular determinations for the year 1930-31: Alkalinity (monthly averages) 9 to 20, average 13; pH 

6.0 to 6.7, average 6.4.

Newport News (34,417); municipal. Supplies also Hampton and Phoebus. Total population 

supplied 44,000. Lee Hall Reservoir, reserve supply from impounding reservoir on Skiffs Creek 

and from Harwoods Mill Reservoir; filtered, final adjustment of pH to about 7.6 by addition of 

soda ash. To utilize the two reserve supplies it is necessary to pump the water to the Lee Hall 

Reservoir. Analysis of tap sample by Maud Mason Obst, Newport News Water Works Commission, May 21, 1932. Average of regular determinations for the year 1929-30: Alkalinity 70, 

pH 7.0.

Norfolk (129,710); municipal; Moores Bridges plant supplied by Lakes Wright, Little Creek, 

Smith, Lawson, and North Landing; Lake Prince plant supplied by Lake Prince Impounding 

Reservoir; filtered, final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. The two systems impound 

6,500,000,000 gallons. Analysis of sample representing the combined supply by R. W. Fitzgerald, Norfolk City Water Department, Nov. 1, 1929. Average of regular determinations for 

the year 1929-30: Moores Bridges plant, alkalinity 37, pH 8.3; Lake Prince plant, alkalinity 31, 

pH 8.3.

Petersburg (28,564); municipal; principally from power canal fed by Appomattox River; filtered. 

The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be decreased, and 

the sulphate is increased. Average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples by U. S. 

Geological Survey, 1929-30 (Virginia Comm. Conservation and Development, Div. Water 

Resources and Power, Bull. 3, p. 109, 1932). Range in concentration of the 10-day composite 

samples of river water: Alkalinity 18 to 40, hardness 20 to 35, chloride 1.8 to 40. The average 

alkalinity of the filtered water for the year 1929-30 was 20.

Portsmouth (45,704); municipal. Supplies also Suffolk and some additional consumers in Norfolk 

and Nansemond Counties. Total population supplied about 65,000. Lake Kilby supplemented 

when necessary by Lake Gaboon; filtered. Analyzed by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological 

Survey, May 3,1922. Daily determinations for the year 1932: Alkalinity 2.0 to 8.0, average 3.8.

Richmond (182,929); municipal; James River; filtered, aerated; final adjustment of pH by addition of lime. The coagulation and filtration reduce the silica and iron; the bicarbonate may be 

decreased, and the sulphate is increased. Analyses of 10-day composite samples of raw water from 

James River at Cartersville by U.S. Geological Survey, 1929-30 (Virginia Comm. Conservation 

and Development, Div. Water Resources and Power, Bull. 3, p. 107,1932). A, Average, 1929-30; 

B, sample of maximum hardness, Sept. 21-30,1929; C, sample of minimum hardness, Apr. 21-30, 

1929.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

127

Analyses (parts per million)

Av.._...

A.......

B.......

Av.._ 

A.......

B.._ _

C. ......

Total dissolved 

solids

60 

27 

52

a 41

185 

147

98 

63

43

85 

128 

65

Silica 

(SiOj)

12 

10 

15

7.1 

8.1

1.2 

4.5 

19

3.2

12

14 

10

Iron 

(Fe)

0.03 

.01 

.27

f>.9 

.09

&1.4 

.18 

.35

.22

.25 

.33 

.03

Calcium 

(Ca)

7.9 

2.9 

5.0

2.5 

35

32 

18 

6.2

3.6

16 

22 

11

Magnesium 

(Mg)

2.1 

1.5 

2.3

.4 

7.8

2.3 

2.0

2.7

1.2

3.9 

6.3 

2.9

Sodium 

(Na)

3.4 

2.1 

4.0

7.7 

12

1 

1 

4.5

3.9

3.7 

6.6 

3.3

Potassium 

(K)

2.1

.7 

1.2

.9 

1.6

2 

3 

1.2

.7

1.3 

1.8 

.9

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

17 

16 

27

8.3 

125

80 

43 

34

2.4

60 

86 

46

Sulphate

(S04)

16 

2.3 

4.3

15 

33

26 

19 

4.4

12

9.7 

15 

6.0

Chloride 

(Cl)

4.9 

1.0 

2.4

1.9

7.8

16 

15

2.7

5.1

2.5 

4.5 

2.0

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.49 

.20 

.44

.6 

.22

.06 

.26

Trace

.18 

.10 

.20

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

28 

13 

22

8 

120

89 

53 

26

14

56 

81 

39

No.

609 

610 

611

612 

613

614 

615 

616

617 

618

Calculated.

Iron and aluminum oxides.
128 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

VIRGINIA continued

Roanoke (69,206); Roanoke Water Works Co. (controlled by Consumers Water Co. of Maine, 

Portland, Maine). Supplies also Vinton. Total population supplied about 73,000. Crystal 

Spring, 5,000,000 gallons daily; Falling Creek impounded, 2,000,000 gallons daily capacity (aeration in summer, pressure filtration); Muse and House Springs, 1,500,000 gallons daily; River 

Spring, 500,000 gallons daily; Smith Spring, 300,000 gallons daily. A new source known as 

Carvins Cove is under development. This source alone will make available about 10,000,000 

gallons daily for Roanoke and its environs. A, Fire hydrant halfway between Albemarle and 

Walnut Aves. on Third St. SE., Aug. 27, 1917; B, fire hydrant at junction of Campbell and 

Norfolk Aves., Aug., 27,1917; C, Carvins Cove, July 8, 1932. A and B analyzed by J. A. Gibboney, Roanoke; C analyzed by E. W. Lohr. Determinations based on 11 samples collected 

from each of the following sources during the year 1931: Crystal Spring, alkalinity 122 to 125; 

hardness 138 to 177, average 145; pH 7.6 to 7.9, average 7.8. Falling Creek (filtered), alkalinity 

8 to 17, average 12; hardness 23 to 28, average 24; pH 6.5 to 7.0, average 6.8. Muse Spring, alkalinity 105 to 113, average 103; hardness 120 to 130, average 125; pH 7.2 to 7.7, average 7.5. River 

Spring, alkalinity 109 to 112; hardness 134 to 164, average 154; pH 7.6 to 7.7. Smith Spring, alkalinity 159 to 161; hardness 216 to 223, average 220; pH 7.3 to 7.6, average 7.4. Carvins Cove, alkalinity 16 to 25, average 21; hardness 20 to 39, average 28.

Staunton (11,990); municipal, impounding reservoir on North River (tributary of Shenandoah 

River); adjustment of pH to about 9.6-10.0 by addition of lime. Analysis of tap sample by 

E. W. Lohr, July 28, 1932.

Suffolk (10,271); supplied by Portsmouth. (See Portsmouth)..________.__________.

Winchester (10,855); municipal; Old Town and Rouss Springs, emergency supply from Shawnee 

Spring. Analysed by H. S. Haller, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 19, 1931, A, Old Town 

Spring; B, Rouss and Shawnee Springs.

WASHINGTON

Aberdeen (21,723); municipal; domestic system supp'iei by Wishkah River, impounded; industrial system supplied by Wynooshee River. Tne industrial system furnishes water to industrial 

plants using large quantities of wate-. Analyzed by Laucks Laboratories, Inc., Seattle, Wash. 

A, Wishkah R.ver, Mar. 28, 1928; B,Wynoochee River, June 2, 1928. The analyses are reported 

to represent about average conditions.

Bellingham (30,823); municipal; Lake Whatcom, Lake Padden. The water is distributee} to 

consumers from both lakes. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov.y28,T 1932. 

A, Lake Whatcom; B, Lake Padden.

Bremerton (10,170); municipal; Go st, Anderson, and Charleston Creeks. Consumers receive 

the mixed water. The e is some variation in the composition of the delivered water. Analyzed 

by R. E. Canfield, Puget Sound Navy Yard, Sept. 15, 1932. A, Tap sample; B, Gorst Creek; 

C, Anderson Creek; D, Cha-leston Creek.

Evere'.t (30,567); municipal; Sultan River. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 19, 1932. The mineral 

content of the water is so low and the range in concentration so small that the analysis given may 

be considered represer t tive of the composition of the water regularly delivered to consumers.

Hoquiam (12, 66); muni.ip.l; Little Hoquiam River, East Fork of Hoiuiam River, Davis Creek. 

Analysis of tap simple from Davis Crejk by E. W. Lohr, Juns 1,1932. Partial analyses of samples taken S^pt. 10 and Oct. 1,1927, indicate that all the sou ces furnish water of about the same 

composition.

Longview (10,652); Washington Gas & Electric Co.; 3 wells (nos. 1, 5, and 6) 248, 232, and 252 feet 

deep; aerated, filtered without coagulation. Well 5 furnishes about 70 percent of the total supply. 

Analyzed by E. W. Lazell, 537 Railway Exchange Building, Portland, Oreg., June 19, 1923. 

Samples taken twice a year for the period 1924 to 1929 show the following range in concentration of the filtered water: Alkalinity 170 to 189, ave a^e 177; hardness 160 to 180, average 170; pH 

average 7.0 with practically no variation.

Olympia (11,733); municipal; 28 wells averaging 130 feet deep, 9 wells 144 to 296 feet .deep, springs, 

c-eek fed by springs, all in Moxlie Cieek Basin. Analyzed by T. G. Thompson, University of 

Washington, Oct. 5, 1928. A, Well 1-J, 162 feet; B, well 2-J, 144 feet deep.

Seattle (365,583); municipal; Cedar River and Cedar Lake. The mineral content of the water is 

low at all times; the composition of the water is reasonably uniform throughout the year, although 

there is some variation. The pH of the water is reported to be usually 7.0 or 7.1. A, Single analysis by Seattle Department of Health and Sanitation, Jan. 1,1933; B, average of a series of analyses 

of water from Cedar River at Ravensdale by U.S. Geological Survey, 1910-11 (Water-Supply 

Paper 339, p. 44,1914).

Spokane (115,514); municipal; 5 wells (nos. 1 to 5), 40.6, 41.4, 43.7, 50.4, and 51.0 feet deep. The 

wells furnish water of about the same composition. Analyzed by Quintard Johnson, Water 

Department, November 1931.

Tacoma (106,817); municipal; Green River (about 90 percent), South Tacoma wells (about 10 

percent). The well water is used in emergency and to supplement the surface water during the 

sprinkling season in summer. The composition of the river water is reasonably uniform throughout the year. It is reported that all the South Tacoma wells furnish water of about the same 

chemical quality. A, Single analysis of water from Green River by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 27, 1931; 

B, average of analyses of water from Green River at Hot Springs by U.S. Geological Survey, 

1910-11 (Water-Supply Paper 339, p. 46, 1914); C, analysis of water from South Tacoma well 

1-A by E. W. Lohr, Oct. 27, 1931.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

129

Analyses (parts per million)

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

A.......

B__-._.

A.. ..

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

D. ......

A. ......

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

A.......

B. ......

C. ......

Total 

dissolve( 

solids

 139

a 41

30 

44

279 

308

 44 

 63

52 

32

 68 

 67 

«M 

94 

23

52

256

161 

166

46 

49

 168

39

55 

76

Silica

(Si02)

11 

16 

6.3

9.4

11 

14

6.0 

6.0

6.7 

2.9

21 

19 

15 

23 

5.8

18 

56

45 

51

6.4 

13

13

14 

17 

25

Iron

(Fe)

">1.6 

'2.4 

.44

.34

.04

.04

»2.0 

»2.0

.16 

.19

.1 

.1 

.0 

1.0 

.07

.22 

.0

»1.0 

U.6

>.90 

.02

Trace

.05 

.04 

.29

Calcium

(Ca)

24

2.8 

6.5

9.1

75

84

7.1 

11

4.8 

4.5

7.8 

9.4 

7.1 

14 

4.1

5.1 

52

15

15

5.8 

6.7

31

5.0 

6.0

7.9

Magnesium 

(Mg)

16 

2.3

1.7

1.2

19 

19

3.0 

3.6

1.6

1.4

2.8 

2.8 

2.0 

3.8

.7

2.5 

10

9.3

9.7

1.5 

1.4

11

1.2 

1.3

4.4

Sodium

(Na)

3 

2 

1.6

1.4

2,1 

12

1

4

6.0 

3.3

4 

4 

2. 

5 

1.4

4.6 

8

»ll 

«S

«:

3

:

2.7 

5. 

4.1

Potassium

(K)

.8 

.6 

1.0

1.0

2.0

7.1

.9

7

.7 

.7

2 

0 

9 

5 

.6

.4 

2

)

.7

.2 

.6

.6 

6 

1.4

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

145 

17 

22

/35

300 

315

30

48

17 

19

50 

49 

39 

68 

15

30

208

97 

101

26

28

174

21

28 

38

Sulphate 

(S04 )

4.8 

2.4 

5.4

2.8

13 

34

48 

2.4

8.8 

3.9

1.8 

1.7 

1.7 

2.4 

3.2

1.6 

3.6

12

7.4

2.0 

5.7

17

3.2 

5.9 

4.9

Chloride 

(Cl)

6.0 

4.0 

.9

1.2

2.6 

6.1

4.0 

10

5.8 

3.0

4.0 

5.0 

4.5 

5.0 

.9

5.2 

13

3.9 

4.1

1.5 

1.2

2.4

1.6 

1.3 

4.0

Nitrate 

(NOs)

0.68 

.10

2,3 

11

.60 

.20

.44 

.44 

.44 

.44 

.10

.10

.0 

.20

.20 

.13 

5.3

Total 

hardness as 

CaCOa"

126 

16 

23

28

265

288

30 

42

19 

17

31 

35 

26 

51 

13

23

171

76

77

21 

23

123

17 

20

38

No. 

619

620

621 

622

623

624 

625

626

627

628

629 

630

631 

632

0 Calculated.

* Iron and aluminum oxides.

f Includes equivalent of 13 parts of carbonate (C Os).
130 INDUSTRIAL UTTLITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No.

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

Description

WASHINGTON continued

Vancouver (15,766); Oregon-Washington Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service 

Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Springs (50 percent), 3 wells 157 to 165 feet deep 

(50 percent). Analyzed by P. Villarruz, California Water Service Co., Stockton, Calif., Apr. 21, 

1931. A, Springs; B, well 165 feet deep at station 1; C, well 157 feet deep at station 2.

Walla Walla (15,976); municipal; Mill Creek. The pH is reported to be around 7.4. Analyzed 

by E. W. Lohr, Nov. 25,1931.

Wenatchee (11,627); municipal; Columbia River; filtered. The composition of the water is fairly 

uniform tLroughout the year, although there is some variation. A, Analysis of tap sample by 

E. W. Lohr, Nov. 16, 1931; B, average of analyses of composites of daily samples of raw water 

from Columbia River at Pasco by U.S. Geological Survey, 1910-11 (Water-Supply Paper 339, 

p. 85, 1914).

Yakima (22,101); municipal; infiltration from Naches River. Analysis furnished by Water 

Department.

WEST VIRGINIA

[Descriptions of the supplies and the analytical results in the descriptive text below were furnished 

by E. S. Tisdale, director, Division of Sanitary Engineering, West Virginia Department of Health, 

who also arranged for the collection of samples from 6 supplies]

Bluefield (19,339); West Virginia Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.); Ada Spring (about 90 percent), Horton Impounding 

Reservoir (about 10 percent), emergency supply from Bailey and Beaver Pond Springs; filtered. 

Analysis of tap sample by W. L. Lamar, May 2,1931.

Charleston (60,408); West Virginia Water Service Co. (controlled by Federal Water Service Corporation, 27 William St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also South Charleston. Total population supplied about 66,300. Elk River about 1 mile above mouth (pool formed by Government 

navigation dam in Kanawha River), emergency intake in Kanawha River; filtered, adjustment of 

pH. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, June 7, 1932. The composition of the water varies 

throughout the year. Daily reports of tests for the year 1931: Alkalinity 12 to 40, average 22; 

hardness 14 to 60, average 34; pH 8.0 to 9.6, average 9.0.

Clarksburg (28,866); municipal. Supplies also Nutter Fort. Total population supplied about 

31,000. West Fork River (4 dams in river to increase storage capacity); filtered. Analysis of 

tap sample by W. L. Lamar, July 8,1932. Regular determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 

11 to 48, average 23; hardness 28 to 392, average 84.

Fairmont (23,159); municipal. Supplies also Barracksville and Rivesville. Total population 

supplied about 26,000. Tygarts Valley River above junction with West Fork River to form 

Monongahela River (lock in Monongahela River causes pool in river at intake); filtered. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, July 19, 1932. Daily determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 9 to 

42, average 19; hardness 18 to 155, average 39; pH 6.9 to 8.5, average 7.7.

Huntington (75,572); Huntington Water Corporation (controlled by American Water Works & 

Electric Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.); Ohio River (pool formed by Government navigation dam) above mouth of Guyandotte River; filtered. Analyzed by F. R. Perrin, South 

Pittsburgh Water Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., June 10, 1931. There is considerable variation in the 

composition of the water throughout the year. Daily determinations for the year 1931; Alkalinity 6 to 25, average 14.

Martinsburg (14,857); municipal; Old Kilmer Springs (4 springs) supplied to reservoirs. Ana- ' - ----- - - t ...... *_o^> ^ 193Q *

itrolled by American Water Works & Electric 

Iso area surrounding Morgantown. Total population supplied about 20,000. Monongahela River (pool formed by Government navigation 

dam), about 50 percent of supply, filtered. Tibbs Run impounded in Tibbs Run Reservoir, 

about 50 percent of supply. During 1932 the proportion of the river water used ranged from 1 

percent for April to 89 percent for August. The greatest use of the river water is at a time when 

the hardness is around a maximum. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr. A, Monongahela River (filtered), July 28, 1932; B, Tibbs Run Reservoir, Oct. 21, 1932. Daily determinations on the filtered river water for the year 1932: Alkalinity 9 to 15, average 10; hardness 50 to 210, average 

125.

Moundsville (14,411); Moundsville Water Co. (controlled by Community Water Service Co., 

100 William St., New York, N.Y.); wells along Ohio River 68 feet deep; final adjustment of pH 

to around 7.5-7.7 by addition of lime. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Sept. 20, 1932.

Parkersburg (29,623); municipal; 18 wells averaging 50 feet deep; aerated, settled. Analyzed in 

laboratory of Morris Knowles, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 30, 1929.

Wheeling (61,659); municipal. Supplies also Benwood and McMechen. Total population supplied about 69,000. Ohio River above lock 12; filtered. Analyzed by W. L. Lamar, July 19, 

1932. Daily determinations for the year 1931: Alkalinity 8 to 32, average 13; hardness 61 to 229, 

average 125; pH 6.8 to 7.6, average 7.2. Average hardness for 1926, 90; for 1927, 88; for 1928, 95; 

for 1929, 90; for 1930,150 (drought).

lyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 22, 

Morgantown (16,186); Morgantown Water Co. (controlle 

Co., 50 Broad St., New York, N.Y.). Supplies also area surrounding Morgantown. Total pop
ANALYSES

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

131

Analyses (parts per million)

A. 

B. ......

C.......

A .

B. ......

A. ......

B. ......

Total 

dissolved 

solids

115 

140 

125

69

75 

83

o 7l

118 

51

118 

62

272

205 

21

330

230 

188

Silica 

(Si02)

53 

47 

53

34

5.3

7.7

17

13 

3.2

5.2 

4.0

7.8

3.5

2.4

15

18 

6.0

Iron 

(Fe)

0.01 

.02 

.02

.11

.01 

.04

*1.7

.05 

.04

.12 

.03

0.8

.08

.03 

1.0

.22

Trace 

.06

Calcium 

(Ca)

14 

22 

16

6.6

19

18

8.8

33 

10

23

6.5

29

76

38

1.7

74

48 

30

Magnesium 

(Mg)

6.8 

4.7 

5.1

2.7

4.5 

4.5

.4

4.2 

1.7

3.4 

1.8

3.1

16

6.8 

.9

9.0

7.9 

6.6

Sodium 

(Na)

"C 

»8 

»£

2.4

2.1

6

1

1.5 

3.7

5.6 

9.1

2.0

12 

1.6

15

«;

13

Potassium 

(K)

.8 

.6 

.2

1.8

.9 

.0

2

.8 

1.2

1.1 

1.3

2.5

2.3 

.9

1.7

.3

2.5

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

66 

103

75

38

65 

73

50

113 

26

31

16

27

282

14 

0

134

83 

8.0

Sulphate 

(SOO

6.1 

4.2 

6.3

2.2

13 

11

3.7

6.3 

11

47 

29

13

124 

»>J>5.6

115

58 

105

Chloride 

(Cl)

3.0 

3.0 

3.0

.4

.8

.7

3.0

1.4

6.5

7.0 

1.8

17

4.0

5.2 

6.2

16

28 

13

Nitrate 

(N03)

0.10

.20 

.14

Trace

3.0 

.30

4.7 

1.8

22

1.4 

.0

8.4

.25 

2.3

Total hardness as 

CaCOa"

63 

74 

61

28

66 

63

24

100 

32

71

24

85

256

123 

8

222

152 

102

No.

633

634 

635

636

637 

638

639 

640

641

642 

643

644

645

£M 

646

Calculated.

Iron and aluminum oxides. 

j> Includes equivalent of 4.8 parts of free sulphuric acid (HaSOi).
132 INDUSTEIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATEK SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the larger

No. Description

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

657

658

659

660

661

662

[Descriptive material* a_nd assistance.in obtaining,needed.information were furnished by L. F. 

Warrick, State sanitary engineer,"Wisconsin "Board of Health]

Appleton (25,267); municipal; Fox River; aerated, filtered. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, 

June 17, 1932. There is some variation in the composition of the water throughout the year. 

Regular determinations for the year 1931-32: Alkalinity 110 to 142, average 120; pH 7.0 to 7.4.

Beloit (23,611); Wisconsin Power & Light Co.; East Side pumping station with 13 wells averaging 130 feet deep, Electric Plant pumping station with 4 wells averaging 120 feet deep, East Side 

well 969 feet deep, West Side well 1,230 feet deep. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, June 14,1932. A, 

East Side pumping station; B, West Side well. Partial analyses of samples collected at the same 

time from the Electric Plant pumping station and from the East Side well indicate that the 

analyses given are representative of the composition of the water at Beloit.

Eau Claire (26,287); municipal; 8 wells 40 to 100 feet deep in a well field adjacent to Chippewa 

River. The wells discharge into a low-service reservoir. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, 

July 25,1932. Partial analyses of samples collected in June and July 1932 from each of the wells 

show, with the exception of well 6, the following range in composition of the waters from the different wells: Alkalinity 52 to 102 hardness 57 to 102, iron 0.0 to 5.0, manganese 0.5 to 3.3. The 

partial analysis from well 6 (65 feet deep) gave alkalinity 94, hardness 96, iron 6.1, manganese 10. 

Water from this well was not included in the tap sample for which the analysis is given.

Fond du Lac (26,449); municipal; 8 wells 480 to 900 feet deep supplied to a reservoir. Analysis of 

sample from the reservoir by E. W. Lohr, June 27,1932.

Green Bay (37,415); municipal; wells 837 to 966 feet deep. Analysis of sample from 930-foot well 

by Margaret D. Foster, U.S. Geological Survey, Mar. 30,1922. Partial analyses of samples collected Nov. 24, 1930, from an 865-foot well and a 966-foot well resemble in a general way the analysis made in-1922. The results obtained in 1922 are about an- average of those for the two samples 

collected: fa 1930.

Janesville (21,628); municipal; 2 wells about 1,100 feet deep, 1 well 25 feet deep and 30 feet in diameter. The shallow well furnishes approximately 75 percent of the total supply. Analyzed by 

Dearborn Chemical Co., Chicago, 111., Dec. 12,1928. Partial analyses of samples collected Dec. 

1, 1930, indicate that both the shallow and deep wells furnish water of about the same composition.

Kenosha (50,262); municipal; Lake Michigan; filtered. The chemical composition of the water is 

fairly constant and is practically the same as that of the supply for Racine. (For analysis see 

Racine.)

LaCrosse (39,614); municipal; 6 groups of wells (4 wells to the group) 115 to 120 feet deep. Analyzed 

by H. S. Haller, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 24,1931. A, Group l; B, group 3. Partial analyses 

of samples collected at the same time from the other groups of wells are similar to the analyses 

given.

Madison (57,899); municipal; group of 11 wells 499 to 737 feet deep and 4 unit wells 737 to 840 feet 

deep. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr, Aug. 17, 1931. A, Sample from group wells 1, 4 to 6, 8 to 11, 

505 to 737 feet deep; B, group well 10, 723 feet deep; C, unit well 3, 753 feet deep.

Manitowoc (22,963); municipal; 2 wells (nos. 0 and 2) 35 and 55 feet deep, 3 wells (nos. 1, 3, and 4) 

51 to 65 feet deep. Wells 0 and 2 furnish about 85 percent of the total supply. Analyzed by 

L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 6,1931. A, Wells 0 and 2; B, wells 1, 3, and 4.

Milwaukee (578,249); municipal; supplies also Fox Point, Shorewood, West Allis, West Milwaukee, 

Whitefish Bay, and a number of consumers in the nearby towns. Total population supplied 

about 652,000. Lake Michigan. The composition of the water is fairly uniform throughout the 

year. Average of analyses by N. A. Thomas, Milwaukee Water Department, 1932.

Oshkosh (40,108); municipal; Lake Winnebago; filtered. Analyzed by R. A. Maddock, 1921......

Racine (67,542); municipal; Lake Michigan; filtered. Analysis of a monthly composite sample of 

raw water by H. S. Haller, U.S. Geological Survey, Jan. 1-31,1931. Monthly averages of daily 

determinations on the filtered water for the year 1930: Alkalinity 105 to 122, pH 7.5 to 7.6.

Sheboygan (39,251); municipal; Lake Michigan; filtered. The chemical composition of the water 

is fairly.>cGnstaiit and is practically the same as that of the supply for Racine. (For analysis see 

Racine.)

Superior (36,113); Superior Water, Light & Power Co.; wells 14 to 40 feet deep; slow sand filtration. 

Analysis furnished by Superior, Water, Light & Power Co., September 1921. A partial analysis 

made in June, 1930, resembles the analysis given.

Waukesha (17,176); municipal; wells. Analyzed by E. W. Lohr.._ -.-.... 

Station

No. 2.

No.

Number 

of wells

Depth

(feet)

Percent 

of supply

1,783

1,630

1,500

Date of 

collection

Jan. 23,1933

May 14,1932

Do.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

133

Analyses (parts per million)

A.. -

B.-.._.

A. ...

B. ......

A.......

B-._..,_

C. ......

A ..

B.......

Av......

A. ......

B. ......

C... ..

Total 

dissolved 

solids

206

364 

291

-120

459 

287

"352

280 

292

339 

631 

306 

173 

461

139

-186 

161

61

«=346 

" 323 "539

Silica 

(SiOj)

3.7

18 

12

24

23 

14

6.4

21 

22

16 

17 

23 

9.4 

19

7.8

12

1.2

8.8 

11 

18

Iron 

(Fe)

0.02 

.02

1.3

.19 

.08

M.2

.06

.12

.02 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.04

.05

"3.6 

.04

.14

.21 

.34 

.02

Calcium 

(Ca)

36

72 

59

21

67 

46

70

64 

62

64 

112 

58 

39 

88

34

32 

34

14

63 

65 

95

Magnesium 

(Mg)

18

33 

34

9.2

34 

20

34

25 

30

43 

69 

39 

13

37

10

17

11

3.7

25 

29

47

Sodium

(Na)

4.0

5.1 

2.4

2.4

33 

31

1

2.4

2.2

7.0 

18 

4.3 

5.3 

11

4.

1 

4.2

2.

9.8 

6.7 

26

Potassium 

(K)

1.4

1.9 

1.9

1.1

3.7 

4.0

?

2.8 

1.7

1.9 

1.9 

1.7 

.8 

2.1

9

6 

2.2

9

3.8 

3.7 

4.6

Bicarbonate 

(HC03)

144

297 

336

106

240 

218

380

288 

321

355 

478 

362 

155 

292

138

148 

139

62

265 

332 

386

Sulphate 

(800

46

47 

11

3.5

114 

55

6.1

25 

19

35 

126 

8.7 

25 

133

16

31 

21

2.8

75 

36 

117

Chloride 

(Cl)

4.6

7.2 

1.4

2.0

46 

16

21

2.1 

2.2

8.8 

42 

1.0 

4.0 

13

6.6

7.2 

3.6

1.1

5.8 

4.1 

24

Nitrate 

(NO))

0.20

22 

1.4

.84

.30 

Trace

4.4

.10

.84

.4 

1.0 

.30 

.80 

4.9

.09

.90

.22

.0 

.10 

20

Total 

hard- 

.ness as 

CaCOs164

315

287

90

307 

197

314

262

278

336 

563 

305 

151 

372

126

149 

130

50

" 283 

" 296 

" 432

No.

647 

648

649

650 

651

652

653 

654

655 

656 

657

658 

659

660 

661 

662

" Calculated.

6 Iron and aluminum oxides.

m Includes 0.7 part of manganese.

««Includes 20 parts of strontium.

Includes CaCOs equivalent to strontium. 

' Includes 13 parts of strontium. 

1 Includes 2 parts of strontium.
134 INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, 1932

TABLE 5. Public water supplies of the large

No.

663

664

Description

665

667

670

WISCONSIN continued

Wausau (23,758); municipal; Central station, 13 wells 60 to 135 feet deep and 1 well 36 feet deep and 

30 feet in diameter (aerated, filtered); West St. station, 1 well 73 feet deep. The Central station 

furnishes about 85 percent of the total supply. Analyzed by L. A. Shinn, U.S. Geological Survey. 

A, Central station (filtered water), Feb. 24,1931; B, West St. station (raw water), Feb. 6,1931.

Wauwatosa (21,194); municipal; 5 wells 1,692,1,703,1,804,1,714, and 1,660 feet deep. The 1,660-foot 

well includes also connections with a plugged well 1,357 feet deep. Analyzed m Stephl Laboratories, Milwaukee, Aug. 14,1930.

Source

Well of average concentration.... 

Well of maximum concentrationWell of minimum concentration..

Depth

1,703

1,804

1,660

Year 

drilled

1924

1927

1930

Percent 

of total 

supply

West Allis (34,671) municipal; Milwaukee supply. (See Milwaukee).

[Descriptive material was furnished by W. H. Hassed, State health officer]

Casper (16,619); municipal; infiltration gallery on North Platte River, a small portion of the supply

is also obtained from Elkhorn Creek. The composition of the water varies throughout the year.

Analysis of a sample from North Platte River by E. A. Swedenborg, U.S. Geological Survey,

Feb. 9,1928. 

Cheyenne (17,361); municipal; Crystal and Granite Springs, North Crow, South Crow, and Upper

North Crow Lakes; aerated, filtered. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, Nov. 30, 1931. 

Laramie (8,609); municipal and Union Pacific Railroad Co.; City, Pope, and Soldier Springs.

Analyzed by W. M. Barr, Union Pacific System, Omaha, Nebr., July 10,1930. 

Rock Springs (8,440); Green River Water Works Co. (controlled by Union Pacific Railroad Co.,

Omaha, Nebr.). Supplies also town of Green River. Total population supplied about 11,000.

Green River; coagulated when muddy, filtered. Analyzed by W. M. Barr, Union Pacific

System, Omaha, Nebr. A, Sample collected Sept. 11, 1926; B, sample collected Feb. 1, 1931.

The analyses probably represent extremes in mineral content. 

Sheridan (8,536); municipal; Big Goose Creek. Analysis of tap sample by E. W. Lohr, June 14,

1932.
ANALYSES 

cities of the United States, 1932 Continued

135

Analyses (parts per million)

A.. ..

B..._ 

A.......

B... . 

G.......

A. ......

B.. ....

Total dissolved 

solids

197 

121

«754 

«837 

a 422

375

107 

"228

»334 '533

28

Silica 

(SiOj)

9.6 

12

6

11 

6.0

22 

12

6.9

Iron 

(Fe)

0.01 

.02

.12 

.10 

.05

.15 

»2.0

'6.0 "1.5

.09

Calcium 

(Ca)

47 

15

194 

248 

77

64

24

53

46 

68

4.0

Magnesium 

(Mg)

7.1 

5.9

27 

19 

38

18

4.1

18

15 

25

1.0

Sodium 

(Na)

4.7 

5.5

9 

8 

11

4.6 

7

4 

7

1.5

Potassium 

(K)

1.3 

1.0

2 

3

!0

2.1 

5

0

4

.7

Bicarbonate 

(HCOs)

99 

20

254 

236 

276

145

96 

239

146

198

16

Sulphate 

(S04)

61 

12

379 

426 

137

132

7.9 

14

120 

238

2.8

Chloride 

(Cl)

4.0 

8.0

14 

13 

17

15

1.6 

5.0

12 

17

.2

Nitrate 

(N03)

4.8 

43

.10 

5.0

.58 

Trace

.10

Total hardness as 

CaCOs"

147 

62

596 

698 

348

234

77 

206

176 

272

14

No.

663 

664

665

666

667 

668 

669

670

Calculated. * Iron and aluminum oxides.

o