### In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

____________________ No. 22-2944
L AURA M ULLEN , individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, P laintiff -Appellee ,

v.

R ICKY B UTLER , et al. , Defendants -Appellants

.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court f or the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division

. No. 18

- cv

- 1465 — Matthew F. Kennelly , Judge

.

___________________
A RGUED O CTOBER 26, 2023

— D ECIDED F EBRUARY 5, 2024

____________________

Before F LAUM , B RENNAN , and K IRSCH , Circuit Judges

. B RENNAN , Circuit Judge

. Laura Mullen ’s daughters played for a youth volleyball club . She filed a class action suit against the club , GLV, Inc., and its owners , Ricky and Cheryl Butler (collectively “the Butlers”). Mullen claimed the Butlers fraudulently concealed previous claims of sexual abuse. The district court granted summary judgment to the Butlers

. The2 No. 22-2944

court also imposed Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 sanctions against the Butlers and their lawyer, but it declined to sanction Mullen.
The club and its owners appeal the sanctions

. Because t he district court provided factual and legal support for its decisions , w e conclude that court did not abuse its discretion or commit clear error

. So, w e affirm

. I. Background
A. The Underlying Dispute In 1995, the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (“DCFS”) and USA Volleyball, a governing body, both found that Ricky Butler “had sexual intercourse with at least three underage girls he was training” in the 1980s. I n2018, USA Volleyball completed its investigation of the allegations and banned Ricky Butler from participating in thesport for life. Ricky Butler has admitted that he had sexual relationships with some of his accusers, but he denies that the

women were underage and denies the allegation s of rape and abuse. A month after USA Volleyball entered its ban , Laura Mullen filed a class action suit against the Butlers. Between 2012 and 2017, Laura Mullen’s two daughters participated in volleyball programs through GLV Inc . In 2018, Mullen alleged the Butlers fraudulently concealed claims of sexual abuse made against Ricky Butler

. Mullen claimed thathad she and members of a class known about those allegations, they would not have participated in any GLV

associated volleyball programs. The district court granted the Butlers summary judgment on all claims against Mullen. The
court found that there was sufficient publicly ava ilable information about Ricky’s past behavior . So, Mullen could notNo. 22-2944 3

justifiably rely on the Butlers ’ concealment of information , and she had not been deceived or injured. The merits of this case have been adjudicated. This appeal is limited to the district court’s two sanctions decisions.

B. Improper Activity Alleged During the Class Notice Period Mullen moved for sanctions against the Butlers and their attorney , Danielle D’Ambrose , for improperly interfering with the class notice process under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 (d)

. To support her motion , Mullen pointed to the Butlers’ numerous communications with potential class members and D’Ambrose’s statements to the district court during two status hearings. T he Butlers later filed their own motion for sanctions against Mullen.

1. Approval of Class Notice and Initial Communications

T he c ourt approved a class notice in February 2019

. The notice included a brief description of the case, informed class members about their options to either stay in the suit or opt out of the class, and it explained the legal implications of thos e options

. It also advised class members that they could opt out only via mail by April 19, 2019. Neither party’s members nor attorneys could communicate with putative class members. See F ED

. R. C IV

. P. 23 and ABA M ODEL R ULE OF P ROFESSIONAL C ONDUCT 4.2.

T he class administrator published the URL address of the class website and distributed class notices via email on March 19, 2019 . That same day, Cheryl Butler emailed GLV ’ s employees alerting them that GLV was “ starting to get phone calls ” about the class action. In the email, s he instructed that “ [o] pt4 No. 22-2944

out is crucial! ” and included an excerpt of the opt

- out details from the class notice. Over the course of the following week , the Butlers communicated with potential class members at least ten times. On March 20, 2019, Troy Gilb, GLV ’ s Vice President of Operations (and one of the recipients of Cheryl ’ s email), sent amass email to class members describing the suit and implications of opting out. Gilb told the recipients it was “ important that you understand you are now a part of the lawsuit as a member of the class. ” He explained , “ you can choose [to] do nothing and you will remain as a member of the class and a plaintiff in the lawsuit against Sports Performance/GLV Inc. and Rick & Cheryl Butler. ” Further, “ [i]f you choose not to bepart of the lawsuit ..., you must send a letter to the class administrator before April 19th, 2019.” Several class members replied to Gilb’s email. One stated he had already opted out, to which Gilb responded: “ Thank you very much for the show of support!! We all know what is going on with the lawsuit and I hope that with enough voices of support that this whole thing will be thrown out! We aredoing all we can to fight this and we have great defense council [sic ] on our side! ” Gilb forwarded his mass email to class members and his communications with this specific class member to D ’ Ambrose as part of a lo nger email string.
One recipient of the class administrator’s notice emailed Gilb to ask about the lawsuit and whether it would affect the club the following year. He responded , “Yes, I am aware of the lawsuit. For next year our plan is to continue doing what we are doing.” He added, “I f there is a groundswell of parents that opt out of the lawsuit, which I think will happen, then it most likely will get dismissed. If you have any questionsNo. 22-2944 5

please let me know.” In response to another member’s email, Gilb replied: “Everyone knows what this lawsuit is about and

... there are a lot of parents opting out. I hope that ... all the opt outs will have a positive impact on the judge.” Meanwhile, Cheryl Butler was also communicating with class members about the suit. In response to a text message asking about opting out, Cheryl directed the class member to a Facebook page, “Parents against the Sports Performance Class Action Lawsuit .” There, class member s could find a printable letter “ to make [opting out] easy.” Cheryl also emailed one class member expressing her displeasure about the requirement that class members submit opt

- outs by mail rather than email. Replying to another class memb er’s inquiry about the suit, Cheryl wrote: “ [S] everal alumni and currentparents are trying to help us in anyway [sic] possible in regards [sic] to this.” In a ddition, Cheryl sent text s and email s thanking class members who expressed their intentions to opt out but who had not yet done so. Ricky Butler also communicated with class members during this time. After the class notice was issued, some class members began emailing others to encourage them to opt out. A class member forwarded one email to Cheryl and Ricky Butler , seeking their opinion of the email’s author and whether they recommended acting on the advice to opt out. To this, Ricky Butler responded that the email ’ s author “[i]s a great friend!”

2. The First Stat u s Hearing and Further Communications On March 27, 2019, Mullen and class counsel notified the district court that they suspected the Butlers were improperly6 No. 22-2944

communicating with class members and encouraging them to opt out. The court held a status hearing and asked D ’ Ambrose whether the Butlers were communicating with class members “in a way other than the only way that it’s appropriate to do that, which is through the notice.” D ’ Ambrose responded with an unequivocal denial: Ever since we became involved in the case, I have not seen one bit

— they are

— [the defendants] are very careful about talking about anything. They received e

- mails from class members regarding the opt

- outs, regarding their opinions on the lawsuit, and every e- mail I ’ ve seen them respond with is, I ’ m very sorry, I

can ’ t talk about this right now, you know, thank you, something along those lines. Despite this response , the Butlers and D’Ambrose continued to communicate with class members about the suit. For example, GLV’s office administrator emailed two class members with instructions for opting out of the class. Cheryl Butler responded to a class member’s inquiry about opting out , stating, “If you opt out then you would not be suing Rick, myself and Sports Performance.” And , after receiving what appears to be a forwarded April 11 email conversation, D ’ Ambrose directly contacted a class member invo lved in the exchange.

3. The Second Status Hearing and a Concession Before the next status hearing, Mullen submitted copies of several of the Butlers ’ email and text exchanges described above, including the mass email Gilb forwarded to D ’ Ambrose on March 21 , 2019 . At the hearing, the district court reminded D ’ Ambrose of her statement at the first statusNo. 22-2944 7

hearing

— that the Mullens had received emails from class members about the lawsuit and that the Butlers had not discussed the suit with them.
The district court asked D’Ambrose if she wanted to correct that statement. D’Ambrose then acknowledged her receipt of a copy of Gilb’s mass email to class members, and she conceded the email was an inappropriate communication.D’Ambrose explained her contrary statement at the first hearing by asserting that she had received Gilb’s mass email as part of an email conversation with more than one message and that she “did not see” his improper message. Mullen moved for sanctions against the Butlers and D’Ambrose for improperly interfering with the class notice process. T he Butlers later moved f or sanctions against Mullen.

C. Sanctions Imposed a gainst the Butlers and T heir Attorney In its March 13, 2020 o pinion and o rder, t he district court gave reasons for and impos ed monetary sanctions against the Butlers as well as non

- monetary sanctions against D’Ambrose

. 1. Monetary Sanctions against the Butler s
T he court concluded that the Butlers’ communications with class members during the notice period were potentially coercive and therefore undermined the process set forth in Rule 23. Finding that the Butlers intentionally interfered with the class notice and opt

- out process, the court granted Mullen’s motion for sanctions . Mullen was “entitled to recoverfrom the defendants their reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses ,” the court ruled. In addition, “because the defendants conducted a campaign to interfere with the processes of the8 No. 22-2944

Court,” GLV, Inc., Ricky Butler, and Cheryl Butler were each “assessed a civil sanction of $5,000, payable to the Clerk, as a penalty for their misconduct.” Much later, a fter review ing the parties’ joint October 12, 2022 status report concerning reasonable time reductions and appropriate hourly rates for Mullen’s attorneys , t he court awarded final attorneys ’ fees and costs “ in favor of plaintiff and against defendants GLV, Inc., Ricky Butler, and Cheryl Butler in the total amount of $20,998.10.”

2. Non

- Monetary Sanctions against D’Ambrose
The district court ruled that D’Ambrose’s April 11, 2019email to a class member violated Model Rule 4.2, which prohibits attorneys from directly contacting parties they know are represented by counsel. T he court also found that D’Ambrose ’s statement to the court at the first status hearing violated Model Rule 3.3, which prohibits attorneys from knowingly making false statements to the c ourt. “D’Ambrose’scharacterization of the defendants’ statements to class members contained a significant falsehood ,” the court stated

. It f urther found that “D’Ambrose took deliberate action to avoid confirming a high probability of wrongdoing” which “amounts to willful blindness” that was “quite serious” and “prejudiced the class.” Under this reasoning and “d ue to D’Ambrose’s relative lack of practice experience,” the district court impose d a non

- monetary sanction

. The court “reprimand[ed] D’Ambrose for her false statement to the Court ” and directed her to complete twice the required amount of professional responsibility hours for her next continuing legal education cycle imposed by the state bar

.No. 22-2944 9

D. Sanctions Denied a gainst Mullen In June 2020, t he Butlers moved for imposition of sanctions against Mullen and her attorneys under Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and the c ourt’s inherent power. The district court condensed the Butlers’ assertions in their 49- page motion into several categories in support of their request : First, per the district court, the Butlers claimed that “Mullen and her counsel included all sorts of irrelevant and extraneous material in her complaint in an effort to prejudice and embarrass the defendants.” The Butlers included Mullen’s use of the term “rape” in this category. The district court did not agree that “inclusion of these accusations was irrelevant and extraneous to the lawsuit.” It concluded that Mullen used the term “rape” in an “accurate and widely (though perhaps not universally) accepted” fashion. Therefore, “there w as no violation of Rule 11 or section 1927 here and no sanctionable misconduct.” Second, according to the district court, the Butlers alleged inconsistencies between Mullen’s actions before the lawsuit and the accusations in her complaint. This included “ a number of false factual assertions and irrelevant allegations.” One example , to the district court, was that the Butlers looked at “Mullen’s enrollment of one of her daughters in a program associated with the Butlers and GLV in 2018, after the lawsuit was filed.” The district court held that although it “ overruled Mullen’s contention that knowing some facts about Rick’s sexual misconduct was way different from knowing all the facts, the argument was a colorable one.” So , “ruling against Mullen on the merits doesn’t, as defendants contend[,] ‘prove that10 No. 22-2944

Mullen and her attorneys intended to commit a fraud upon the C ourt’” deserving of sanctions. Third, the district court noted the Butlers ’ argument that Mullen and her counsel did not have a proper basis for suing them. The Butlers believed that Mullen wanted to “force the defendants out of business.” The district court ruled that “Mullen had a facially viable lawsuit for damages.” Further,the Butlers had “not shown that Mullen filed suit for an improper purpose within the meaning of Rule 11 ... .” Nor had they shown that Mullen “ would not have pursued the lawsuit if the goal she could achieve was wi nning the case and an award of damages.” Thus , there “was no violation of Rule 11.” Fourth, the Butlers asserted Mullen’s presentation of evidence was sanctionable. According to the district court, t he y believe d that Mullen and her attorneys “ misrepresented []material about the DCFS proceedings.” The district court explained that although the DCFS proceedings we re not a matter of public record, they we re still relevant to the case at hand. The court held that “claims of inaccuracy are not a basis to impose sanctions upon Mullen or her attorneys.” Finally, the district court had “also considered the defendants’ other claims regarding allegations by Mullen that they contend were false” and it did “not find them to be a basis for imposing sanctions under any of the legal authorities the defendants cite.” After considering th e se and the Butlers’ other contentions, the court denied the ir motion for sanctions in full.

II. Discussion
District courts have broad discretion to fashion sanctions against litigants. Greyer v. Ill

. Dep’t of Corr. , 933 F.3d 871, 877No. 22-2944 11

(7th Cir. 2019). Therefore, we review their factual findings for clear error and their choice of which sanctions to impose for an abuse of discretion. Id. “[C]aution and restraint” must be used when a d istrict court exercise s its inherent power

. Salmeron v. Enter. Recovery Sys., Inc. , 579 F.3d 787, 793 (7th Cir. 2009). A ppellate review of the court’s choice of sanction is deferential , though

. Id. ; see REXA, Inc. v. Chester , 42 F.4th 652, 671 (7th Cir. 2022).
We reverse a district court’s imposition of sanctions only if one or more of the following is true: “‘ (1) the record contains no evidence upon which the court could have rationally basedits decision; (2) the decision is based on an erroneous conclusion of law; (3) the decision is based on clearly erroneous factual findings; or (4) the decision clearly app ears arbitrary. ’ ” Salmeron , 579 F.3d at 793 ( quoting Judson Atkinson Candies, Inc. v. Latini

- Hohberger Dhimantec , 529 F.3d 371, 386 (7th Cir. 2008)); see REXA , 42 F.4th at 671.
A. Monetary Sanctions against the Butlers

T he Butlers willfully communicated with class members in a manner that was “potentially coercive and therefore undermined the notice process set forth in Rule 23 ,” so the district court sanctioned them. C lass actions present “ ‘opportunities for abuse as well as problems for courts and counsel in the management of cases. ’” Williams v. Chartwell Fin. Servs., Ltd. , 204 F.3d 748, 759 (7th Cir. 2000) (quoting Gulf Oil Co. v. Bernard , 452 U.S. 89, 100 (1981)). A district court thus has both

“‘ the duty and the broad authority to exercise control over a class action and to enter appropriate orders governing the conduct of counsel and parties.’” Id. T he district c ourt may prohibit a party from communicating directly with class members to solicit them to opt out of the class. 2 M C L AUGHLIN12 No. 22-2944

ON C LASS A CTIONS , Status of Communications with Class Members § 11:1 (20th ed. 2023). On appeal , t he Butlers challenge th is sanctions order

. Their claims include that the district court got the facts wrong , and that the monetary sanctions

— both Mullen’s attorneys ’ fees and the court’s civil penalty

— were too high

. 1. Factual Findings The Butlers argue the district court erroneously ruled that the ir communications with class members abused and undermined the purposes of Rule 23. They claim th os e communications were not misleading or coercive and that there is no evidence a class member’s decision to opt out of the class was unduly influenced or based upon anything but the member’s own free will. The y further submit that they did not intend to interfere with class members’ decision s to participate in the litigation. Rather, the ir communications were in response to class members who initiated contact wi th the Butlers and unequivocally expressed an intent to opt out of the class action. T he Butlers claim it was illogical for the district court to rely

on a business relationship between the m and the class members to find that the communications could have been coercive. In denying the se claims , the district court pointed to record evidence that the Butlers acted affirmative ly with the intent to interfere with class members’ decisions to participate in the litigation. The district court found that Cheryl’s email, stating that “ [o] pt out is crucial!”, was a “ clear direction

... toher employees to respond to class members’ inquiries by emphasizing and focusing on opting out, not by directing them to the class notice. ”No. 22-2944 13

Further, when the district court asked D’Ambrose for an acceptable theory as to why Gilb reached out to class members, she could not provide one . Instead, she said, “I don’t believe it was appropriate.” The district court found that Gilb ’s mass email to individuals who would “probably be receiving a notice” indicate d that he wanted to connect with class members just as they were learning about the suit via the class notice, or even before that. And Gilb’s use of his own language

— rather than the complete language of the class notice

— to describe the suit indicate d an intention to influence class members’ opinions. “[Gilb] attempted to catch people early in theirthinking about the case and provide his own take on the implications of joining the class or opting out. ” Notably , the district court relied on a statement in the Butlers’ own brief to support its finding that the Butlers’ communications with class members had significant coercive potential based on class members’ business relationship with them. Our court has not spoken on this proposition, but a nother circuit has: “[I]f the class and the class opponent are involved in an ongoing business relationship, communications from the class opponent to the class may be coercive.” Kleiner v. First Nat. Bank of Atlanta , 751 F.2d 1193, 1202 (11th Cir. 1985) ; see also Piekarski v. Amedisys Illinois, LLC , 4 F. Supp. 3d 952, 955 (N.D. Ill. 2013); Reid v. Unilever U.S., Inc. , 964 F. Supp. 2d 893, 927 (N.D. Ill. 2013). The Butlers list other examples of where they believe the district court’s factual findings were clearly erroneous, but the record also supports those findings

. We decline to address their arguments in detail. See United States v. Cunningham , 429 F.3d 673, 678 (7th Cir. 2005) (courts need not address all arguments made by litigants)

. In the end, the Butlers disagree with14 No. 22-2944

the district court’s factual findings
, but they fail to show an abuse of discretion.

2. Nature and Amount of Sanctions
E ven if the district court’s finding of sanctionable conduct is not vacated, the Butlers assert that the monetary sanctions imposed against the m are excessive. To them, Mullen’s attorneys ’ fees and the court’s civil penalty were too high. Attorneys ’ Fees. T he Butlers see an insufficient causal connection between their sanctionable conduct and the attorneys ’ fees awarded to Mullen. W hether an award is appropriately connected to the sanctionable conduct is a but

- for test: “The complaining party may recover only the portion of his fees that he would not have paid but for the misconduct.” Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Haeger , 581 U.S. 101 , 109 (2017) (cleaned up) . I f a party’s attorneys would have conducted “similar fact

gathering activities

— taken many of the same depositions, produced and reviewed many of the same documents,” and undertaken similar discovery absent the opposing party’s misconduct, then it is not app ropriate to award attorney s’ fees incurred in conducting thos e activities. Fox v. Vice , 563 U.S. 826, 839 (2011). But “[u]nder Goodyear , calibrating the sanction to the badfaith conduct only requires ‘rough justice’ and not accountant

- like precision.” Fuery v. City of Chicago , 900 F.3d 450, 469(7th Cir. 2018). Here, “the district court assessed the total effect of the misconduct on the integrity of the proceedings .” Id. It issued a sanction which would “ maintain

... the integrity of the trial process,” and compensate for the time that Mullen and her counsel spent responding to the misconduct. Id. As the district court explained, this time was “reasonably spentNo. 22-2944 15

to ferret out what had occurred” and was caused by the Butlers’ misconduct. Once misconduct became clear, the court found it necessary to conduct further investigation to discover its nature and extent. Without the Butlers’ misconduct, such further investi gation would not have occurred. The Butlers say the district court did not properly connect their sanctioned misconduct with the attorneys ’ fees awarded

. B ut t he court carefully examin ed the billing records submitted by Mullen’s counsel, discuss ed each allowed cost, and cut out fees and expenses not caused by the Butlers’ misconduct. Civil Penalty. T he Butlers insist that the district court cannot enter a civil penalty , such as a fine
, without a criminal trial. A fine is punitive , they contend, because it goes beyond any fees or damage incurred but for the misconduct. But t his assertion misreads Goodyear , which limits courts’ inherent authority to award attorneys’ fees as a sanction beyond what isnecessary to compensate the other party. 581 U.S. at 108. Under Goodyear , a “fee award may go no further than to redress the wronged party for losses sustain ed; it may not impose an additional amount as punishment for the sanctioned party’s misbehavior.” Id. (quotations omitted).

But Goodyear did not overrule the long

- standing rule that courts can impose modest civil monetary sanctions, payable to the clerk, to curb abuses of the litigation process. See Fuery , 900 F.3d at 468−69 (expressing doubt that “the Goodyear requirement to calibrate the sanction to the bad

- faith acts also applies to sanctions other than an award of attorneys’ fees”); Int’l Union, United Mine Workers of Am. v. Bagwell , 512 U.S. 821, 833 (1994) (explaining that sanctions employed “to penalize a party’s failure to comply with the rules of conduct governing the litigation process

... never have been considered16 No. 22-2944

criminal”). Even after Goodyear , this court routinely leviesmodest fines against both attorneys and litigants for unacceptable litigation conduct. See, e.g. , Camacho

- Valdez v. Garland , 30 F.4th 675, 679 (7th Cir. 2022)

. The district court was well within its authority to do the same here.
Bad Faith

. T he Butlers argue that they did not act in bad faith and their actions had no tangible impact on the litigation. T he sanctions , they say, are therefore not proportionate to the gravity of their offense. To the contrary, the district court made a detailed record with factual and legal support for its de cisions on these points. See Section I .B. T he Butlers simply disagree with the district court’s factual findings. The court explained that the Butlers could not speak with potential class members and gave them an opportunity at the first status hearing to rectify their actions. Both t he attorneys ’ fees and civil penalt y were chosen in accord with the principles set forth in Goodyear and Fuery

. The attorneys ’ fees were properly calibrated to maintain the integrity of the trial process and to compensate Mullen and her counsel for the ir time spent dealing with the misconduct. And the civil penalty aligned with our precedent. The district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing monetary sanction s against the Butlers.

B. Non

- Monetary Sanctions against Butlers’ Counsel
The Butlers contend that sanctions against D’Ambrose are not appropriate because she acted in good faith , and she did not knowingly or intentionally violate the rules of ethics. Yet,

we do not have jurisdiction to address this issue. A district court’s sanctions order can be appealed only by the person with “the obligation imposed by the previous order.” FeldmanNo. 22-2944 17

v. Olin Corp. , 692 F.3d 748, 759 (7th Cir. 2012). A party cannot appeal a sanction against the party’s attorney. Id.
D’Ambrose herself did not file a notice of appeal

. Under F ederal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c)( 7), an appeal should not be dismissed “ for failure to name a party whose intent to appeal is otherwise clear from the notice ” of appeal

. But here, D’Ambrose’s “ intent to appeal is not clear from the notice of appeal

— indeed is not so much as hinted at in it.” Reed v. Great Lakes Co s. , 330 F.3d 931, 933 (7th Cir. 2003). Further, when discussing this issue in their reply brief and at oral argument, the Butlers do not argue that D’Ambrose intended to appeal the sanctions against her. Instead, the Butlers reiterate that theyare appealing the district court’s order that the Butlers pay attorneys ’ fees.

C. Denial of Sanctions against MullenThe Butlers offer a series of arguments as to why the district court abused its discretion by refusing to impose sanctions against Mullen and her counsel. They cite three sources of authority for those sanctions : Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and the district court’s inherent power. Rule 11 (b) requires attorneys to certify “ ‘to the best of[their] knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances’ ” that their filings have “ adequate foundation in fact and law and lack an ‘improper purpose.’” Royce v. Michael R. Needle P.C. , 950 F.3d 939, 957 (7th Cir. 2020) ( quoting F ED

. R. C IV

. P. 11) . Section 1927 permits courts to levy sanctions against an attorney

— not a party

— if the attorney has “ acted in an objectively unreasonable manner by engaging in a serious and studied disregard18 No. 22-2944

for the orderly process of justice ” or where a claim is “ without a plausible legal or factual basis and lacking in justification.” Lightspeed Media Corp. v. Smith , 761 F.3d 699, 708 (7th Cir. 2014) (quotations omitted)

. And to sanction a party under its inherent authority, a court must find that the party “willfully abused the judicial process or otherwise conducted litigation in bad faith. ” Fuery , 900 F.3d at 463.
The Butlers’ arguments fall into two groups: four addressed by the district court and two additional contentions

. Use of the Term “Rape.” The Butlers argue that the district court abused its discretion by declining to impose sanctions for Mullen’s use of the term “rape.” They claim Mullenshould be sanctioned because Ricky Butler’s past sexual relationships were not legally defined as rape i n the State of Illinois in the 1980s. When denying sanctions against Mullen, t he district court was not required to base its decision on the technical meaning of th at term decades ago. As th at court explained, Mullen’s use of “rape” to describe Ricky Butler’s sexual relationships with the girls he coached comports with “an accurate and widely (though perhaps not universally) accepted use of the term.” Mullen produced declarations under penalty of perjury from several women describing Butler’s conduct in terms that could be considered rape. And t he Butlers did not explain why Mullen should not have describe d Ricky Butler’s past conduct as rape. Alleged Inconsistencies. Recall , the Butlers assert ed that Mullen’s actions before and after filing her complaint were inconsistent. After Mullen’s lawsuit was filed, she enrolled one of her children in a program associated with the But l ers andNo. 22-2944 19

GLV. This show s, the Butlers contend, that Mullen was lying when she claimed to rely on the Butlers’ disclosures , which they submit should have resulted in sanctions

. The district c ourt found Mullen’s actions to be a “relevant point on the issu [es] of reliance and causation.” But it concluded that “Mullen had an at

- least

- colorable argument that this was not inconsistent with her central allegations.” Although the program used GLV’s facilities, it was not run by the Butlers. So , enrollment in the program did not undermine Mullen’s position that, had she known about the claims of sexual abuse made against Ricky Butler , she would not have participated in any GLV

- associated volleyball programs. Mullen therefore was not sanctioned on these facts.
The Butlers disagree that Mullen’s argument was colorable, but they fail to explain how that disagreement rises to reversible error. Instead, the Butlers merely repeat their view of the facts , which the district court already addressed and rejected. T he district court’s explanation of why it denied sanctions on this basis was logical and reasonable. A Proper Basis for Bringing Mullen’s Suit. To the Butlers, Mullen brought the suit for reasons beyond just obtaining monetary damages. They object to the district court ’s decision to the contrary. As the district court observed, Mullen may have had m any purposes for pursuing th is case . But if her claims are supported by a good

- faith belief in their merits, a parallel reason does not violate Rule 11. Monetary recovery does not need to be the sole

— or even primary

— goal of filing a lawsuit. See, e.g. , City of Riverside v. Rivera , 477 U.S. 561, 57 5 (1986) (“Congress expressly recognized that a plaintiff who obtains relief20 No. 22-2944

in a civil rights lawsuit does so not for himself alone but alsoas a private attorney general, vindicating a policy that Congress considered of the highest importance.”); Clark v. TAP Pharm. Prod., Inc. , 343 Ill. App. 3d 538, 552 (2003) (“The consumer class action provides restitution to the injured and deterrence to the wrongdoer; thus, the ends of equity and justice are attained.”). Mullen sued under the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act, which allows recovery of punitive damages for the specific purpose of “punish[ing] the wrongdoer.” Martin v. Heinold Commodities, Inc. , 163 Ill. 2d 33, 81 –82 (1994); see also Saccameno v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n , 943 F.3d 1071, 1086 (7th Cir. 2019) (explaining that “punitive damages are retributive in nature”). It is not improper to bring a lawsuit that seeks relief of the type contemplated by a statute for the reasons contemplated by the
statute. We review t he district court’s order with deferen ce. T he Butlers have not shown clear error in t he district court ’s conclusion that Mullen had a proper basis to sue

. Presentation of Evidence. The Butlers claim Mullen should have been sanctioned for her allegedly inaccurate presentation of the DCFS investigation evidence . The y offer a lengthy discussion of documents related to th at investigation , and they contend that because of Mullen’s purportedly inaccurate submission, the district court considered inadmissible evidence and drew improper conclusions at summary judgment.

T he district court found the opposite

— that Mullen’s characterization of the nature and import of the DCFS proceedings “was supported by evidence in the record.” Further, the agency’s findings were relevant, even if, as the Butlers contend, the DCFS proceedings are not a matter of public record. And upon being alerted to the alleged misrepresentations, theNo. 22-2944 21

court reaffirmed that it agreed with Mullen. T he court “dealtat length with the defendants’ claims of inaccurate characterization in its ruling on the motion for reconsideration, ... andit overruled those claims.” There is no basis to disturb the district court’s de cision that Mullen did not make any statements about the DCFS proceedings that merited sanctions. On appeal , the Butlers submit two additional contentions that the district court abused its discretion in denying their motion for sanctions against Mullen

. First, the Butlers say the district court failed to explain why it denied a number of viable arguments . A district courtabuses its discretion when it “denies sanctions with no explanation, or with an explanation that is so conclusory that the appellate court cannot review the substance of its decision.” Feldman , 692 F.3d at 759 ; see also LaSalle Nat’l Bank of Chicago v. Cnty. o f DuPage , 10 F.3d 1333, 1338 (7th Cir. 1993)

. But t hat is not the case here. The district court provided dozens of pages of factual andlegal analysis and addressed many of Mullen’s and the Butlers’ primary arguments. T o deny a motion for sanctions, district courts do not need to address and explain why they have rejected every argument and every fact raised by the moving party. See Tobey v. Chibucos , 890 F.3d 634, 655 (7th Cir. 2018) (affirming one

- page order denying sanctions where the district court “cited the correct standard for deciding the question and provided a sufficient e xplanation to allow for meaningful appellate review”); Concepcion v. United States , 142 S. Ct. 2389, 2404 (2022) (“Of course, a district court is not required to be persuaded by every argument parties make, and it may, in its discretion, dismiss arguments that it does not find compelling without a detailed explanation.”).22 No. 22-2944

On appeal, we will “uphold any exercise of the [district] court’s discretion that could be considered reasonable[.]” Tobey , 890 F.3d at 655. T he district court discussed several of the Butlers’ arguments in detail and rejected them. The district court did not err by following this c ourt’s direction that “arguments clearly without merit can, and for the sake of judicial economy should, be passed over in silence.” Cunningham , 429 F.3d at 678. Second, the Butlers contend “[e]ach misrepresentation advanced by Mullen and her attorneys added to the abuse of the judicial process.” To the Butlers, here the “whole of abusive action is greater than the sum of the parts of which it is made ”and “these incremental abuses chip away at the fair administration of justice ... .” Fuery , 900 F.3d at 455. So, the district court should have sanctioned Mullen’s alleged misconduct

. But the sum of the Butlers’ arguments is as unpersuasive

as are the parts. The few cases the y cite for this point speak togeneral standards of review and broad understandings of judicial power and its limits. N one contain similar fact patterns that would counsel ruling in their favor. Even in aggregate, the Butlers’ arguments fail to show an abuse of discretion for refusing to sanction Mullen and her counsel.
III. Conclusion
The district court did not abuse its discretion or clearly err in sanctioning the Butlers and their attorney or in declining to sanction Mullen.
For these reasons , we A FFIRM the district court in full.