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DA 19-0497

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2021 MT 213N

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

RICHARD WARREN DUMAS, III,

 Defendant and Appellant,

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DC 18-196B

Honorable Rienne H. McElyea, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Johnna K. Sutton, Johnna K. Sutton, Law, P.C., Missoula, Montana

For Appellee:

Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Damon Martin, Assistant 

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Greg Sullivan, Bozeman City Attorney, Kyla Murray, Assistant City

Attorney, Bozeman, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: August 4, 2021

 Decided: August 24, 2021

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

08/24/2021

Case Number: DA 19-0497
2

Justice Ingrid Gustafson delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not 

serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this 

Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana 

Reports. 

¶2 Defendant and Appellant Richard Warren Dumas, III (Dumas) appeals his City of 

Bozeman Municipal Court convictions and the Order issued July 5, 2019, by the Eighteenth 

Judicial District Court, Gallatin County, affirming the Municipal Court’s denial of his 

Motion to Dismiss Some Charges for Lack of Sufficient Notice in Charging Documents.

We affirm.

¶3 Dumas was arrested on July 21, 2017, and received a number of misdemeanor 

citations: two citations for criminal trespass to vehicles (“Citation 374” and 

“Citation 182”), two citations for theft (“Citation 375” and “Citation 183”), and a citation 

for criminal possession of dangerous drugs—marijuana (“Citation 181”). On February 16, 

2018, before the Municipal Court, Dumas filed his Motion to Dismiss Some Charges for 

Lack of Sufficient Notice in Charging Documents, arguing his due process rights were 

violated because the citations lacked sufficient notice to allow him to defend the charges 

at trial.

1

 On March 13, 2018, the Municipal Court held hearing on Dumas’s motion where 

 

1

In his motion, Dumas did not seek dismissal of the citation for criminal possession of dangerous 

drugs—marijuana (Citation 181), and that charge is not at issue on this appeal. 
3

legal arguments were presented by both Dumas and the State. Dumas asserted that while 

the citations may have complied with Montana law in form, they provided insufficient facts 

to provide him notice of the allegations and allow him to prepare for trial.2 Contrarily, the 

State argued particulars such as the name of the vehicle owners are not required to be 

provided in charging documents, further information would be obtained through discovery, 

and the citations “pass the requirements for probable cause.” Despite this, Dumas did not 

object or raise any issue disputing the existence of probable cause with regard to any 

citation. The Municipal Court granted Dumas’s motion with regard to Citation 375 and 

denied the motion with regard to the remaining citations (Citations 374, 182, and 183). 

Thereafter, pursuant to a plea agreement, Dumas pled guilty to the remaining theft charge, 

one count of criminal trespass to vehicles,3and criminal possession of dangerous drugs, 

reserving the right to challenge on appeal whether the charging documents provided him 

with sufficient notice to understand and defend against the allegations in Citations 374, 

182, and 183. 

¶4 Dumas appealed to the District Court. On appeal, the District Court reviewed the 

record and then entered its Memorandum and Opinion Order, affirming the Municipal 

Court’s determination that the charging documents were sufficient with regard to 

 

2 Dumas admitted at hearing on his motion that discovery would produce further information such 

as victims’ identities. On appeal, Dumas further asserts he was not provided additional 

information in the course of discovery but neglects to acknowledge that prior to the case 

proceeding to the pretrial discovery phase, he entered into a plea agreement and pleaded guilty to 

the remaining cited offenses. 

3 The State dismissed one charge of criminal trespass to vehicles as part of the plea agreement. 
4

Citation 374—criminal trespass to vehicle, Citation 182—criminal trespass to vehicle, and 

Citation 183—theft. From this, Dumas appeals. 

¶5 On appeal, Dumas asserts the Municipal and District Courts violated his 

constitutional and statutory rights by failing to dismiss the remaining citations as they 

provided insufficient facts to provide him notice of the allegations against him to allow 

him to prepare for trial. Contrarily, the State asserts in accordance with the “common 

understanding rule,” Dumas was properly notified of the charges against him and the 

circumstances that supported them. The State also asserts the Municipal Court implicitly 

determined probable cause existed to proceed with the prosecution of the remaining 

citations. Finally, the State contends Dumas waived any challenge to probable cause by 

his failure to object to any issue regarding probable cause in either the Municipal or District 

Court and he has failed to demonstrate a manifest miscarriage of justice to support plain 

error review. 

¶6 We review a district court’s review of a lower court decision as if the appeal had 

originally been filed with this Court, applying the appropriate standard of review. City of 

Helena v. Heppner, 2015 MT 15, ¶ 9, 378 Mont. 68, 341 P.3d 640. When a question as to 

the sufficiency of the evidence to establish probable cause is raised, the issue is whether 

the alleged facts satisfy the statutory elements of the crime charged; that is, whether there 

is probable cause the accused committed the offense. State v. Giffin, 2021 MT 190, ¶ 11, 

405 Mont. 78, ___ P.3d ___. Accordingly, the question whether the charging document 

supports probable cause to believe an offense has been committed by the accused is a mixed 
5

question of law and fact that we review de novo. Giffin, ¶ 11. De novo review addresses 

both the factual and legal components in a motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause.

Giffin, ¶ 11. 

¶7 The parties agree as to the legal framework applicable here. Article II, Section 24,

of the Montana Constitution and the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

guarantee accused persons certain due process, “including the right to be informed of the 

nature and cause of the accusation.” State v. Black, 270 Mont. 329, 336, 891 P.2d 1162, 

1166 (1995). In practice, this notice is provided to the accused via the charging document 

at the outset of a criminal prosecution. Section 46-11-401(1), MCA, sets forth the statutory 

criteria for the form of charge: 

The charge must be in writing and in the name of the state or the appropriate

county or municipality and must specify the court in which the charge is

filed. The charge must be a plain, concise, and definite statement of the

offense charged, including the name of the offense, whether the offense is a

misdemeanor or felony, the name of the person charged, and the time and

place of the offense as definitely as can be determined. The charge must

state for each count the official or customary citation of the statute, rule,

regulation, or other provision of law that the defendant is alleged to have

violated.

There is no specific statutory requirement an affidavit of probable cause accompany the 

charging document.

4

 To determine the sufficiency of the charging document Montana law 

applies the common understanding rule, which requires the court determine whether upon 

a reading of the document “a person of common understanding” could know what is 

 

4 Generally, though, it is common practice to support the charging document with an affidavit in 

support of it. 
6

intended to be charged. State v. Brogan, 261 Mont. 79, 86, 862 P.2d 19, 23 (1993). “[T]he 

test of the sufficiency of a charging document is whether the defendant is apprised of the 

charges and whether he will be surprised.” Brogan, 261 Mont. at 86, 862 P.2d at 23. 

¶8 From our review of the record, although somewhat truncated and not accompanied 

by a supporting affidavit of probable cause, the charging citations were sufficient to meet 

Dumas’s statutory and constitutional rights to be apprised of the charges against him and 

avoid any surprise. Each citation in writing, designated the appropriate municipality and 

court, identified the name of the offense and the statutory code section of the offense 

violation, the date and time of the offense, the location of the offense, and the conduct 

Dumas was alleged to have engaged in. Dumas’s claim that he was left to guess what he 

was alleged to have done wrong is not persuasive. 

¶9 The language in the charging citations allow a person of common understanding to 

know what is intended to be charged—two misdemeanor criminal trespass to vehicle 

offenses and one misdemeanor theft offense. Specifically, with regard to the criminal 

trespass to property, Citations 374 and 182, a person of common understanding would 

understand Dumas was charged with violating § 45-6-202(1), MCA, which provides a 

“person commits the offense of criminal trespass to vehicles when the person purposely or 

knowingly and without authority enters any vehicle or any part of a vehicle.” Further, a 

person of common understanding would understand Dumas to have, during the early 

morning hour (3:00 a.m. to 3:36 a.m.) on July 21, 2017, entered vehicles located on the 
7

2900 Block of Warbler Way (Citation 182) and at 3177 Warbler Way (Citation 374) 

without authority to do so.5 

¶10 The theft citation, Citation 183, asserted Dumas violated § 45-6-301(1), MCA. 

Section 45-6-301(1), MCA, provides:

A person commits the offense of theft when the person purposely or

knowingly obtains or exerts unauthorized control over property of the owner

and:

(a) has the purpose of depriving the owner of the property;

(b) purposely or knowingly uses, conceals, or abandons the property

in a manner that deprives the owner of the property; or

(c) uses, conceals, or abandons the property knowing that the use,

concealment, or abandonment probably will deprive the owner of the

property.

The citation asserts Dumas violated § 45-6-301(1), MCA, by purposely, knowingly, or 

negligently “obtain[ing] or exert[ing] unauthorized control over property – 1st offense: 

stole prescription pills from vehicle belonging to another” at the “2900 Blk. Warbler Way.” 

A person of common understanding would understand it is asserted Dumas entered a 

vehicle without the authority to do so. A person of common understanding would also 

understand that after unlawfully entering a vehicle located on the 2900 Block of Warbler 

Way, Dumas stole prescription pills belonging to another from the vehicle with either the 

intent to deprive the owner of the pills or the intent to do something with the pills that 

would probably deprive the owner of the pills.

6

 Here, the citations reasonably apprised 

 

5 As the trespass to vehicle charge requires the defendant to have entered the vehicle without 

permission, Dumas’s assertion that the citations were insufficient for failing to assert whether he 

was “authorized to enter the vehicle” defies credibility. 

6 As the theft charge requires exertion over property of another with intent to deprive the owner of 

the property or to use the property in a manner that deprives the owner of the property, Dumas’s
8

Dumas of the charges against him and provided him opportunity to prepare and present his 

defense should he have desired to do so. See State v. Wilson, 2007 MT 327, ¶ 25, 340

Mont. 191, 172 P.3d 1264. There was no surprise, and Dumas has failed to demonstrate

prejudice to his ability to defend against the offenses charged. 

¶11 Dumas now also asserts the Municipal Court violated § 46-11-110, MCA, by failing 

to make a specific determination whether probable cause existed to allow the filing of the 

charges. We are not persuaded by this assertion. To establish probable cause, the State 

need not establish a prima facie case Dumas committed the offenses, but rather needed to 

show only a probability that he did. Giffin, ¶ 15. At hearing on Dumas’s motion to dismiss, 

the Municipal Court heard argument that probable cause was satisfied by the citations 

alone. As previously discussed, Dumas did not object to any deficiencies based on lack of 

probable cause. The Municipal Court granted Dumas’s motion to dismiss with regard to 

Citation 375—theft, but denied it with regard to Citations 374, 182, and 183, determining 

prosecution on these citations could proceed. We agree with the State, this was an implicit 

finding of the overall sufficiency of the charging documents, including that there was 

probable cause to proceed with the prosecution of the remaining cited offenses. Regardless

of any error of the Municipal Court to explicitly find probable cause, Dumas has failed to 

demonstrate the claimed error would result in a manifest miscarriage of justice, leave 

unsettled the fundamental fairness of proceedings, or compromise the integrity of the 

 

assertion “it is not clear . . . whether [the pills] belonged to another . . . or [he] intended to keep”

the items alleged to have been stolen, likewise defies credibility. 
9

judicial process, as required for plain error review. See State v. Reim, 2014 MT 108, ¶ 29, 

374 Mont. 487, 323 P.3d 880. The State asserts Dumas has waived this challenge as he 

failed to assert, via motion or objection, any procedural error at the municipal court level 

regarding probable cause. 

¶12 If addressed at the time, any issue regarding probable cause could have been 

corrected by the Municipal Court. Because Dumas failed to assert any procedural error 

regarding probable cause and then, at his change of plea hearing, admitted to facts 

supporting probable cause when entering his guilty pleas, any error relating to a probable 

cause determination was, at worst, de minimis. 

¶13 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our 

Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the 

Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of 

applicable standards of review.

¶14 Affirmed. 

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

We concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR

/S/ JIM RICE