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COMPETITION AND BANKRUPTCY IN THE AIRLINE 

INDUSTRY: THE PROPOSED MERGER OF AMERICAN AIRLINES AND US AIRWAYS 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON 

REGULATORY REFORM, 

COMMERCIAL AND ANTITRUST LAW 

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

FEBRUARY 26, 2013 

Serial No. 113–22 

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary 

( 

Available via the World Wide Web: http://judiciary.house.gov 
(II) 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia, Chairman 

F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., 

Wisconsin 

HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina 

LAMAR SMITH, Texas 

STEVE CHABOT, Ohio 

SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama 

DARRELL E. ISSA, California 

J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia 

STEVE KING, Iowa 

TRENT FRANKS, Arizona 

LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas 

JIM JORDAN, Ohio 

TED POE, Texas 

JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah 

TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania 

TREY GOWDY, South Carolina 

MARK AMODEI, Nevada 

RAU ́ L LABRADOR, Idaho 

BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas 

GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina 

DOUG COLLINS, Georgia 

RON DeSANTIS, FLORIDA 

KEITH ROTHFUS, Pennsylvania 

JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan 

JERROLD NADLER, New York 

ROBERT C. ‘‘BOBBY’’ SCOTT, Virginia 

MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina 

ZOE LOFGREN, California 

SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas 

STEVE COHEN, Tennessee 

HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., 

Georgia 

PEDRO R. PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico 

JUDY CHU, California 

TED DEUTCH, Florida 

LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois 

KAREN BASS, California 

CEDRIC RICHMOND, Louisiana 

SUZAN DelBENE, Washington 

JOE GARCIA, Florida 

HAKEEM JEFFRIES, New York 

SHELLEY HUSBAND, Chief of Staff & General Counsel 

PERRY APELBAUM, Minority Staff Director & Chief Counsel 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULATORY REFORM, COMMERCIAL AND ANTITRUST LAW

SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama, Chairman 

BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas, Vice-Chairman 

DARRELL E. ISSA, California 

TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania 

GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina 

DOUG COLLINS, Georgia 

KEITH ROTHFUS, Pennsylvania 

STEVE COHEN, Tennessee 

HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., 

Georgia 

SUZAN DelBENE, Washington 

JOE GARCIA, Florida 

HAKEEM JEFFRIES, New York 

DANIEL FLORES, Chief Counsel 

JAMES PARK, Minority Counsel 
(III) 

C O N T E N T S 

FEBRUARY 26, 2013 

Page 

OPENING STATEMENTS 

The Honorable Spencer Bachus, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Alabama, and Chairman, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law ........................................................................................ 1 

The Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the 

State of Michigan, Ranking Member, Committee on the Judiciary, and 

Member, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust 

Law ........................................................................................................................ 2 

The Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ................................. 5 

The Honorable Steve Cohen, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Tennessee, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, 

Commercial and Antitrust Law .......................................................................... 7 

WITNESSES 

Gary F. Kennedy, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, American Airlines 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 23 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 25 

Stephen L. Johnson, Executive Vice President, Corporate and Government 

Affairs, US Airways, Inc. 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 27 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 30 

Kevin Mitchell, Chairman, Business Travel Coalition (BTC) 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 43 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 46 

Christopher L. Sagers, James A. Thomas Distinguished Professor of Law, 

Cleveland State University 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 100 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 102 

Clifford Winston, Senior Fellow, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings 

Institution 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 111 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 113 

LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee 

on the Judiciary ................................................................................................... 3 

Material submitted by the Honorable Steve Cohen, a Representative in Congress from the State of Tennessee, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee 

on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law ................................... 8 

Additional Material submitted by the Honorable Steve Cohen, a Representative in Congress from the State of Tennessee, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law ................. 16 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Henry C. ‘‘Hank’’ Johnson, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the State of Georgia, and Member, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law ................. 21 
Page

IV 

APPENDIX 

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD

Material submitted by the Honorable Steve Cohen, a Representative in Congress from the State of Tennessee, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee 

on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law ................................... 146 

Prepared Statement of Paul Hudson, President, Flyersrights.org, and Executive Director, Aviation Consumer Action Project .............................................. 199 

Response to Questions for the Record from Stephen L. Johnson, Executive 

Vice President, Corporate and Government Affairs, US Airways, Inc. ........... 222 

Response to Questions for the Record from Gary F. Kennedy, Senior Vice 

President, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, American Airlines ....................................................................................................................... 225 

Response to Questions for the Record from Christopher L. Sagers, James 

A. Thomas Distinguished Professor of Law, Cleveland State University ....... 227 
(1) 

COMPETITION AND BANKRUPTCY IN THE 

AIRLINE INDUSTRY: THE PROPOSED MERGER OF AMERICAN AIRLINES AND US AIRWAYS 

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2013 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULATORY REFORM, 

COMMERCIAL AND ANTITRUST LAW

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, 

Washington, DC. 

The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:02 a.m., in room 

2141, Rayburn Office Building, the Honorable Spencer Bachus 

(Chairman of the Subcommittee) presiding. 

Present: Representatives Bachus, Goodlatte, Farenthold, Marino, 

Holding, Collins, Rothfus, Cohen, Conyers, Johnson, Delbene, Garcia, and Jeffries. 

Staff present: (Majority) John Hilton, Counsel; Ashley Lewis, 

Clerk; (Minority) Perry Apelbaum, Staff Director & Chief Counsel; 

James Park, Minority Counsel; Veronica Eligan, Professional Staff 

Member. 

Mr. BACHUS. Good morning. The Judiciary Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law is in session. 

By way of introduction, this is the first hearing of the year for 

the Subcommittee. Chairman Goodlatte has given me the great 

privilege of Chairing this Subcommittee. And under its antitrust 

jurisdiction, the Judiciary Committee has the duty to examine the 

competitive impacts of significant transactions on the marketplace. 

It is responsibility that I take very seriously from the standpoint 

of consumer choice and the functioning of free markets. 

Today’s hearing is specifically to examine the proposed merger 

between American Airlines and US Airways. The resulting airline 

with a 24 percent market share would become the largest of what 

might be called the four legacy U.S. carriers. The Department of 

Justice will conduct a detailed review of the proposed merger under 

the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act. There will be several other layers of 

scrutiny both here and in the U.S. and in Europe. 

This hearing is intended to provide information to the public, not 

to state a Subcommittee policy position, although I think there obviously will be independent—I mean, each Member will have independent opinions, and obviously are free to state those. 
2 

The airline has been in a state of near constant change and innovation since Federal deregulation in 1978. We have a marketplace 

or we have a marketplace in which familiar names that most of us 

grew up with, like Pan Am, TWA if you traveled overseas, or in the 

south, Eastern, and Republic, and Southern no longer exist. They 

have either merged, bankrupted, or gone out of existence. But we 

have also seen the emergence of new carriers with different business models, like Southwest and Virgin. 

The embracing of electronic technology has created online booking and instant price comparison tools that have greatly benefitted 

travel by expanding choice. That is the competitive free enterprise 

system at work and is the cornerstone of our economy. However, 

there are questions that naturally arise during airline mergers and 

issues that have confronted some of the mergers. And today’s hearing offers an appropriate forum to address those. 

The issue that many consumers would be interested in knowing 

about, to the extent it can be answered, is the potential impact on 

their cost of flying. Service routes are also a concern as are the levels of service that will be offered post-merger at the current hubs 

of American and US Airways. From a broad competitive perspective, there is the issue of airline market share at individual airports and the overall market share held by major carriers and the 

prospects and implications of future consolidation. 

Our goal today is to facilitate discussion just as consumers are 

served by clear and transparent pricing, so when they shop online 

for a plane ticket they are served by good information by comparing different points of views. 

We welcome all our witnesses and look forward to your testimony. 

I now recognize the Ranking Member for his opening statement. 

Mr. CONYERS. Thank you. 

Mr. BACHUS. Either one, whatever. 

Mr. COHEN. I yield to Mr. Conyers. I always yield to Mr. Conyers. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Mr. COHEN. An honor to serve with Mr. Conyers. He is Mr. Rosa 

Parks. 

Mr. BACHUS. I have served with him, too, and I would recognize 

him first. 

Mr. CONYERS. Well, I thank you both for your generosity. We 

come here today looking at a very important part of the economic 

system that has guided this country. And I have always worried 

during previous airline mergers, and without prejudging the merits 

of the ones that brings us here today. 

We should recall that both parties to this merger bear a high 

burden in demonstrating that further consolidation in the airline 

industry is warranted. One of the arguments advanced in favor of 

some past mergers—Delta, Northwest, United, Continental—was 

the claim that there was too much capacity in the industry, which 

led to excessively low fares that prevented carriers, particularly socalled legacy carriers with their higher costs, from earning a sufficient income. 

We ought to consider whether this is still the case. While American is in bankruptcy—pardon me—it is poised to successfully reor-
3 

ganize with billions of dollars in cash and reduce costs as a result 

of reorganization. Moreover, US Airways posted record profits. 

These facts suggest that both airlines are, in fact, perfectly capable 

of surviving, even thriving, as stand-alone companies. 

Industry consolidation may benefit the airlines that remain by 

giving them power to raise fares and fees, but it comes with costs 

to the consumer. And as has been noted, it may result in higher 

fares, fewer consumer choices, particularly in hubs and city fares 

where two carriers overlap. In retrospective studies of the effects 

of Delta, Northwest, United, Continental mergers, it suggests that, 

in fact, fares did rise on some routes where the two merger partners used to compete. 

Given the size of the big three, legacy airlines that would remain 

after the merger, it is not entirely unreasonable to suggest that 

they would have even greater power to tacitly agree to raise prices, 

undermining price competition and harming consumers in the process. Indeed, if American and US Airways were to merge, more than 

70 percent, and by some estimates as high as 86 percent, of the domestic airline industry would be controlled by just four airlines. I 

fear that the flying public will see relatively few benefits while 

bearing much of the costs of this potential merger. 

Another related issue is whether the low-cost carriers can continue to provide effective competitive pressure on what will be the 

big three legacy airlines should this merger occur. One of the arguments I hear most often in the prior airline consolidations was that 

the industry would remain very competitive after consolidation because the competition against large carriers, which were able to 

offer lower fares because of their lower operating costs. 

But of the LLCs, however, only Southwest is large enough to 

compete nationwide against the large legacy carriers. And there is 

reason to wonder whether Southwest will continue to play the traditional role of an LLC in competing on ticket prices given that it 

is now part of the big airline club. 

And finally, we must consider what impact this will have on 

workers at the two carriers. In stark contrast to previous airline 

mergers, the unions representing American and US Airways, with 

the exception of the machinists, have come out in public support 

of this merger. And the machinists have said that they could support it, but only after US Airways renews its contract with their 

own members first. Indeed, America’s unions have been instrumental in pushing for this merger. 

And so I will submit the rest of my statement, Mr. Chairman, 

and thank you for your generosity. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Conyers follows:] 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Michigan, Ranking Member, Committee on 

the Judiciary, and Member, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law 

This first hearing of the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and 

Antitrust Law in the 113th Congress is as good a time as any to remind ourselves 

that the main purpose of antitrust law is to ensure that business does not behave 

in ways that injures markets, and, ultimately, consumers. 

In the context of mergers, this means that any transaction that would result in 

a firm having market power—that is, the ability to raise prices or otherwise harm 

consumers without losing their business—is contrary to basic antitrust policy. 
4 

So it is hardly a radical notion that we ought to be suspicious when there has 

been a rapid succession of mergers in a given industry. 

In my view, the very fact that many industries end up being dominated by just 

a handful of very large firms should disturb us, as basic economics and common 

sense should tell us that a few dominant firms will raise prices on consumers and 

offer them suboptimal products or services in exchange. 

Yet, over the last generation, we have seen a wave of mergers in industry after 

industry, including among large, direct competitors. Just a few examples include the 

Whirlpool-Maytag, AT&T-BellSouth, AOL-Time Warner, and JPMorganChaseBankOne. In the banking industry alone there have been 47 mergers since 2001. 

And during this time, merger review and antitrust enforcement did not, in my 

view, account sufficiently for consumers’ interests. 

This hands-off approach to antitrust merger enforcement reflected the view that 

corporate power should trump other interests, including the public interest. For a 

long time, the trend in antitrust law was against the American consumer. 

While I am hopeful that the nearly blind acceptance of the validity of mergers is 

coming to an end, I briefly review this history of mergers and antitrust because I 

wanted to place our consideration of the proposed merger of American Airlines and 

US Airways in proper context. 

Nearly five years ago, I chaired a hearing on the then-proposed merger of Delta 

Air Lines and Northwest Airlines before what was then the Task Force on Competition Policy and Antitrust Laws. 

I noted during that hearing that the deal raised several potential concerns, including that in the wake of several airline mergers up to that time, consumers had been 

prejudiced as delays increased, service declined, and fares rose. 

I also expressed concern that should the Delta-Northwest transaction be approved, it would spark a cascade of other mergers, such as between United Airlines 

and Continental Airlines and between American Airlines and US Airways, leading 

potentially to an unwarranted level of concentration in the airline industry. 

It appears that I was right to worry. In fact, two years after that hearing, United 

and Continental did merge, and today we have for our consideration the proposed 

merger of American Airlines and US Airways. 

While I do not wish to pre-judge the merits of an American-US Airways merger, 

there are several issues that the Department of Justice and other regulators should 

keep in mind when reviewing this deal. 

To begin with, the parties to the merger bear a high burden in demonstrating 

that further consolidation in the airline industry is warranted. 

One of the arguments advanced in favor of the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers was the claim that there was too much capacity in the industry, 

which led to excessively low fares that prevented carriers—and particularly the socalled ‘‘legacy’’ carriers, with their higher costs—from earning a sufficient income. 

We ought to consider, however, whether this is still the case. While American is 

in bankruptcy, it is poised to successfully reorganize, with billions of dollars in cash 

and reduced costs as a result of its reorganization. Moreover, US Airways posted 

record profits last year. 

These facts suggest that both airlines are, in fact, perfectly capable of surviving, 

and even thriving, as standalone companies. 

Industry consolidation may benefit the airlines that remain by giving them the 

power to raise fares or fees, but it comes with costs to the consumer. 

As I noted with the Delta-Northwest merger, an American-US Airways merger 

may result in higher fares and fewer consumer choices, particularly in hubs and 

city-pairs where the two carriers overlap. 

And retrospective studies of the effects of the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers suggest that, in fact, fares did rise on some routes where the two 

merger partners used to compete. 

Given the size of the ‘‘Big Three’’ legacy airlines that would remain after the 

merger, it is not entirely unreasonable to think that they would have even greater 

power to tacitly agree to raise prices, undermining price competition, and harming 

consumers in the process. 

Indeed, if American and US Airways were to merge, more than 70%—and, by 

some estimates, as much as 86%—of the domestic airline industry would be controlled by just four airlines. 

I fear that the flying public will see relatively few benefits while bearing much 

of the costs of this potential merger. 

Another related issue to consider is whether the low-cost carriers, or LCC’s, can 

continue to provide effective competitive pressure on what will be the ‘‘Big Three’’ 

legacy airlines should this merger occur. 
5 

One of the arguments that I often heard in prior hearings on airline industry consolidation was that the industry would remain very competitive after consolidation 

because of the competition against large carriers from LCC’s, which were able to 

offer lower fares because of their lower operating costs. 

Of the LCC’s, however, only Southwest is large enough to compete nationwide 

against the large legacy carriers. 

And there is reason to wonder whether Southwest will continue to play the traditional role of an LCC in competing on ticket prices, given that it is now part of the 

big-airline club. 

Finally, we must consider what impact will this merger will have on workers at 

the two carriers. 

In stark contrast to previous airline mergers, the unions representing American 

Airlines and US Airways employees, with the exception of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, have come out in public support of this 

merger, and the Machinists have said they could support it, but only after US Airways renews its contract with their members first. Indeed, American’s unions have 

been instrumental in pushing for this merger. 

The view of these unions is that a merger will strengthen the future prospects 

for employees, both in terms of increased compensation and long-term job security. 

Nevertheless, it is difficult to ignore the possibility that at some point jobs may 

inevitably be lost as a result of the merger. After all, one of the rationales for merging is to cut inefficiencies and duplication, which usually translates into job losses. 

Nonetheless, I do accord great weight to the word of those who actually do the 

work that makes both of these companies run. So I thank the unions for making 

their views known to us as we review this merger. 

I hope that we can have a fruitful hearing so as to assess the benefits and the 

costs of this merger. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. The Chairman of the full Committee, 

Mr. Goodlatte. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to thank you 

for holding this hearing, and on an issue that is of great importance to me and to my constituents. 

In a free market economy like ours, companies are generally free 

to organize themselves and their assets as they see fit, including 

by merger. There is nothing wrong per se with mergers, even if 

they form large companies. The preservation of free and fair competition, however, is critical to a free market. Competition spurs innovation and ensures that the market allocates resources efficiently. 

It benefits consumers and fosters economic growth. Because a 

free market cannot flourish without competition, a merger that decreases competition can undermine a free market. Thus, antitrust 

laws set important limits on companies, freedom to merge with one 

another. 

Specifically, Section 7 of the Clayton Act prohibits mergers that 

substantiate lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. This 

is meant to strike a balance between companies’ freedom to organize their affairs while preserving the competition that is essential 

to a healthy market. 

Recently, two of the four legacy carriers in the U.S. airline industry, American Airlines, which has been in Chapter 11 bankruptcy 

since late 2011, and U.S. Airways announced plans to merge. The 

resulting entity would be called American Airlines, but would be 

led by U.S. Air’s chief executive officer. 

Pursuant to the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, the Department of Justice must review this proposed merger to determine if it is anticompetitive. This is a highly technical inquiry, and the Department 
6 

should be guided purely by the facts and the law, not by politics 

or ideology. 

The basic question the Department should seek to answer is, how 

this merger’s impact on competition would affect consumer welfare. 

Congress has an oversight responsibility to ensure that the Department of Justice conducts its merger reviews in a thorough, fair, 

and reasonably prompt fashion. The Department should ask whether the merger would enable American to raise ticket prices or raise 

other ancillary fees or reduce services on particular routes, especially routes currently served by both airlines. It should ask whether there is sufficient competition on these routes, such as from lowcost carriers, to keep a post-merger American Airlines in competitive check. It also should ask whether post-merger a new carrier 

would move into a route served by American and begin to compete. 

To put it mildly, the airline industry has changed a great deal 

since it was deregulated in 1978. New airlines with new business 

models have sprung up to serve consumers. Other airlines have 

gone bankrupt. Some of the latter have returned from bankruptcy. 

Others have merged, and others have failed all together. 

In the last 5 years, the House Judiciary Committee has held 

hearings on two major airline mergers: Delta-Northwest in 2008 

and United-Continental in 2010. Five major airlines—United, 

Delta, American, US Air, and Southwest—now control an estimated 80 percent of the domestic market. If this merger goes 

through, that number will decline to 4. Should this be the last 

merger in the airline industry so far and no farther? Would allowing this merger finally strike the right balance between competition and the cyclical bankruptcies that have occurred in the industry recently? 

A major concern any time there is fluctuation in the airline industry is how smaller airports, which depend heavily on routes to 

and from larger hubs, would be affected. For travelers leaving from 

my district, the airport in Charlotte, North Carolina is a major hub 

destination, and US Air has invested heavily in Charlotte. 

Would American maintain or even expand this and other hubs 

post-merger? It is by no means clear that this merger would have 

all or any of the negative effects that an airline merger can 

produce. American and US Air maintain that their routes are mostly complementary, not overlapping, and that the merger will enhance competition by giving the current 4th and 5th largest airlines a stronger position from which to compete with the other 3. 

Congress has no formal role in the Department of Justice’s merger review process. Congressional hearings, however, provide important public venues to ask, debate, and identify possible answers to 

these questions which are of great importance. Rather than rushing to judgment, my hope is that everyone involved will take care 

to evaluate the evidence and do what is best for competition and 

consumers. 

I look forward to the testimony of the witnesses, debate among 

the Members of the Subcommittee, and, in the end, a wise decision 

by the Department of Justice that ensures a competitive future for 

the airline industry and protects the welfare of American travelers. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 
7 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. At this time, Mr. Cohen, the Subcommittee Ranking Member, is recognized. 

Mr. COHEN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. This is the first hearing 

of the newly renamed Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law. We used to call it CAL. I call it 

RRCAL. 

I thank Chairman Bachus for choosing the topic of this merger 

between American and US Airways for our first hearing, and I 

want to say I look forward to what I hope and know will be a productive working relationship in the 113th Congress. The third Saturday in October is not the only time Alabama and Tennessee get 

together. 

As an initial matter, I note that unlike with previous mergers, 

the unions representing workers at both these airlines have expressed strong support for the merger, and that is encouraging. 

Some news accounts suggest that the unions at American were particularly instrumental in agreeing to this move. Mr. Chairman, I 

would ask unanimous consent that the final joint release, dated 

February 14, from the different unions be entered into the record. 

Mr. BACHUS. Without objection. 

Mr. COHEN. I also ask unanimous consent that the letter from 

Laura Glading, president of the Association of Professional Flight 

Attendants, and the statement from Captain Coffman, Chairman of 

the Allied Pilots Association, expressing support for the merger, 

both be entered into the record. 

Mr. BACHUS. Without objection. 

[The information referred to follows:] 
8 

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 

TWU Contact: 

Jamie Horwitz: (202) 549-4921 

APA Contact: 

Scott Shankland (817) 302-2269/(817) 690-5078 

David Dominy (817) 302-2269/(817) 307-5301 

USAPA Contact: 

James Ray: (980) 875-7642 

APFA Contact: 

Leslie Mayo: (858) 859-2732 

Anthony DeMaio: (202) 292-3355 

AFA Contact: 

Corey Caldwell: (202) 434-0586 

UNIONS REPRESENTING 60,000 AIRLINE EMPLOYEES UNITE IN THEIR STRONG 

SUPPORT OF MERGER BETWEEN AMERICAN AIRLINES AND US AIRWAYS 

Transport Workers Union (TWU), Allied Pilots Association (APA), US Airline Pilots Association 

(USAPA), Association of Professional Flight Attendants (APFA), Association of Flight Attendants 

(AFA) Working Together in the Creation of a Premier Global Carrier 

Sets Historic Precedent for Labor-Management Partnership within the Airline Industry 

Merger Will Provide a Path for Competitive Compensation and Benefits 

DALLAS, TX • February 14, 2013 - Leaders from five major unions representing more than 

60,000 American Airlines and US Airways employees today voiced their strong support for the 

merger of AMR Corporation (OTCOB: AAMRO), the parent company of American Airlines, Inc., 

and US Airways Group, Inc. (NYSE: LeC). The merger of American Airlines and US Airways 

was announced today, 

·more· 
9 

James C. Little, International President, TWU, said, "Our members have made major sacrifices 

over the past year. We are pleased that today American Airlines and US Airways have reached 

a positive step toward building a stronger, more secure and more competitive airline. This 

should benefit both travelers and workers. Much more work needs to take place before all of the 

parts that will make up a New American Airlines are assembled, but the airline we're building 

should be better than the old American and US Airways." 

Keith Wilson, President of the Allied Pilots Association at American Airlines said' 'We are 

excited with today's announcement, which we believe is the right path forward for American 

Airlines and its employees. This combination paves the way for a new, more competitive 

American Airlines and a brighter future for the dedicated employees of the combined company. 

We recognized the value of merging at the very beginning, and worked for the past year to help 

bring this deal to fruition. Employees of the new American Airlines will enjoy competitive 

compensation and benefits, and will be part of a stronger airline which will create greater 

opportunities over the long term." 

Captain Gary Hummel, PreSident, USAPA, said, "This merger came about due to the 

cooperative efforts of both management and labor. As pilots, we are proud to be a pari of the 

New American Airlines and look forward to working with our colleagues at the 

Allied Pilots Association, building our new company into a financially strong, premier global 

carrier." 

Laura Glading, APFA President said "It's been a long, tough road but the result is well worth it. 

Today's announcement proves that everyone benefits when labor has a seat at the table. The 

new American will provide job security and fair compensation for all employees and another 

great option for the flying public. Flight attendants are eager to help build a strong and 

competitive airline and bring American back to prominence." 

Deborah Volpe and Roger Holmin, Presidents of the Association of Flight Attendants - CWA at 

US Airways said: "Flight Attendants are ready to participate in the benefits that will be generated 

by the strong network combination of American Airlines and US Airways. We are proud to be a 

part of the frontline that makes our airline a success and we look forward to the new 

opportunities we will generate by working alongside our counterparts at American." 

Association of Professional Flight Attendants (APFA) 

Founded in 1977, the Association of Professional Flight Attendants (APFA) is the largest 

independent Flight Attendant union in the nation. It represents the 16,000 Flight Attendants at 

American Airlines. APFA Members live in almost every state of the nation and serve millions of 

Americans as they travel the nation and the world. Laura Glading is serving in her second fouryear tenm as president of the union. For more information visit apfa.arg. 

Association of Flight Attendants-Communications Workers of America, AFL-CIO (AFA) 

The Association of Flight Attendants is the world's largest Flight Attendant union. Focused 100 

percent on Flight Attendant issues, AFA has been the leader in advancing the Flight Attendant 

profession for 67 years. Serving as the voice for Flight Attendants in the workplace, in the 

aviation industry, in the media and on Capitol Hill, AFA has transformed the Flight Attendant 

profession by raising wages, benefits and working conditions. Nearly 60,000 Flight Attendants 

come together to form AFA, part of the 700,OOO-member strong Communications Workers of 

America (CWA), AFL-CIO. 

-more-
10 

Associetion of Professional Flight Attendants 

Proudly Hl'presClrtling IIoCl Flight 1'," ndQ"rs of Americon Airlinl'.5 

otfk:e of the Presklftfll 

Februmy 21, 2013 

The !lonorablo Bob Ooodtalte 

2309 Rayburn HouscOffioc Building 

Wuh[QgIOn, IX: 20515 

On February 14, 2013, ibe management of American Airlines WId US Airways announced their 

[mention 10 merge the twO companies to fann the world's largest llirline. Employees ofbotb 

airlines weleomed !be news with groat excitement. All the president of the A.'I5OCiBtlon of 

Profes~ional Flight Attendants. repn::senting over 16,000 flight Ill!endants 8\ American, I can sa)' 

that oW" workgroup is very mueh looking fo",,·ard to Ihe day our opernlillns are combined. The 

merger is good new~ not only for employees, but also for the company, its investors, the 

commercial aviation industry, and the flying public. 

At this time last year, American's three mBjorunions rtpreseIItlng !light artcndants (APFA), 

ground workers (1WU), WId pilots (APA) were locked in tense conlr.lCt negotiations with our 

billlkrupt ClIlTie:r. Under Seclion 1113 orthe U.S. Bankruptcy code, the debtor may throw out its 

labor agreements lind impose new ot)ntracts as B part ofdte resuucturing process. Am<'liCWl had 

proposed furloughing over 2,000 flight a"endants, slashing our pay and benefits, terminating OUt 

pensions, and stripping away most of the protective provisions in our contracl As AmerlCWl's 

uniolts desperately negotiated against such deep cuts, we were approached by the management 

team of US Airways with a strategie altematlve to American's standalone plan ofrtorgani2.atlon. 

We lisll:ncd to what they had to l\8.y lind we liked whal we heard. 

US Airways' plan to merge its uperations with American's cn:tIies a much more robust network. 

The combined company will allow American to once again compete nationwidc. Addiriolllllly, 

the new American will strengthen setVice to Europe and Soulh Amcrica. With a fleet, product, 

and network thlll rivalthust ofOelta IUId United, American will break the duopoly eum:ntly 

controlling oW" industry Bnd give consumers another strong option for airlJllve] within the United 

St8tes and beyond. 

tOCU w.~ EWe .. BIW . • f"uIPs; ~N 76040 Tel: (BH/SlMJI06 . F';u, (1117)54C-2077 
11 

TheHonombJe Bob GQodlatte 

February 21, 2013 

Page 2 

American's labor uninn~ immediately recognized the v~Jue in the merger plWl, As a vi abl e third 

option for business and leisure travel, American will generate the revenUe3 neces&llry to suslain 

industry-rate conlrllcts for the employees of both carriers, Moreover, nOI a single flight lIuendant 

will be furloughed as a result of the merger, The unionized emplo)'oes at AmericWl want our 

company to sucoeed, 'That is why wc!uppon the merger IIl!d why we wort;:ed together 10 eff~ 

it, 

llIroughout ourCQmpany's bankruptcy and while we pursued the US Airways pla.n in panieular, 

the employees al American Airlines had a strong ally in the federal govCfTlmeoL The Pension 

Benefit Guaranty Corporation, under Ihe strong Wld visionary leader!ihip ofDir«:tor Josh 

Gotbaum, fought to protect American's workers and America's taxpayers. As. member of the 

lDlSCCured creditors' committee,!he PBGe worked alongside American's labor unions \(Il'IlSute 

that the company's costly pension liubilities would not bcoome the government's burden. 

Furthmnore, the PBGe sUlffundcrstood that the merger would provide long·term stability to 

employees' jobs, compensation, and benefit!! Wld were instnlmcnt.al in bringing that plan to 

fruition, The APFA is extremely grateful for their COmmitlnenl and persevei'A!'!cc, 

While we know the path forward will be challenging. APPA believes the benefits the new 

American will provide to the mvellng public, our cOlleagues, and our membership are wdl 

worth the tremendous effort that ml'rging th.:se two earners will ~uire, I hope that you can 

slmre in our enthusiasm IUId optimism for the fulwll of our C(Impany and ollr CIU'e<.'TS. Thank yOu 

for your suppan Wld we look forwanl to seeing )'Ou on board, 

Siffl!efely, 

;I~I[~ 1..8Ul1l Gillding 

President, APFA 
12 

Statement for Ihe Hearing Record 

Captain Robert Coffman, Chaimlan. Allied Pilou Association GovenHnelH AtTairs Coml1litt~ 

u.s. House of Repre~enlatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Regulatory 

Rerom,. Commercial and Antitll.lSI Law 

Bearing: 'Competition lind fhnkll.lptcy in the Airline Industry. The l'roposed Merger of 

Am,)rican AirlinL'S and US Airways" 

Febnlary26,2013 

On behalf oflhe 10,000 American Airlines pilots reprt:.sCnted by theAllicd Pilots Association 

IAPA). we want to Illank Chairman Bachus. Rankins Member Cohen and the O1her rnenlbers of" 

tile Sllboommitll'e on Regula!Ory Reform, Commercial and Anlitrusl l aw 1"01" Ihe opportunity to 

present wriueIll¢stimony on the proposed merger of American Airlines and US Airways 

APA Strongly upports the proposed merger. Well before American Airlines declared Cilapler II 

bankruptcy 011 Nov. 29, 2011 , we understood that our airline J](:,,-dl"d to m8ke significant changC!i 

10 become more conlpetitive. To protect our pilms' interests during the Chapter 11 process, we 

assembled a team of highly capable outside advisers, induding financial and restrucnlring 

e",pem from Lu.ard and one of lhe "atiOll's most e)( perienced airline ballkruptcy anomeys. APA 

tltt::ll proceeded to negoliate a coudiliollallabor agrct:ment with US Airways, as did our fellow 

front·lille employees repre~l1Ied by the Associatioll of Professional Flight Auendnnls and 

TranspO!1 Workers Union. These.OOIlditional labor agreemellls miligated concerns abollt " Jabor 

risk" and helped generate momentum for the proposed merger 

As oneof nine members of the Un5e(."Ured Creditors' Comminee, AI'A has remained dosely 

involved throughout American Airlines" ongoing reslrocruring, We represent an educated and 

engaged membership thaI is pa.ssionate about helping 10 ensure American ;\inines survives 

and thrives, 

With the mergers ofDelta·NOI1hwest and United·Continental, Americao Airlines ha~ been 

relegated 10 B distant third in terms orrevenlle generation and the breadth of our network. One of 

the adverse-consequences of this marginalization has be~~lthe defe<:tion of high·value corporate 

customers from American Airlines to our larger nClwork-carrier ~omp<!litors. For those 

conSUtnL'fS and companies nel'ding an anay of travel options, their choi~ hftve effectively beell 

narrowcd 10 Delta and Uniled. 

The most e)!pcdicnt way to address American Airlines' rellcnueund network shortfalls is to 

merge w,th another carrier, and US .Airways ' 5 the most logical merger panner. The two airlines 

overlap on onl y 12 ~ity pairs that we respcctil"cly serve. By combining the two Cllrriers, the new 

American Airlines would serve 336 destinations in S6 countries, giving the travelinJ! public 

access to a third comprehen;;i\'~ globnl network comparmble to what Di~lta and United 

already operate 

-------
13 

The past 100pius years have been extremely challenging tor our industry, The Sept. 11. 2001 

terrorist anacks alld other ~oge",)Us shockS lriIDlered a series ofballkruptC)' reorganilalions that 

wen' devastating for employee, and other stakeholders, We now fa~e the prospect of relative 

stability thanks 10 conSOlidation, with the combination of American Airlines and US Airways 

representing what industry analysts characterize as "the last big merger" that would complete the 

industry"s restructuring. AmOllg th~ benefIciaries ora more stable industry Ihe many emp oy~'es, 

C{)mn11mit;e~ ~nd businesses Ihat depend on reliable air carrier !>erviee. Accurding to Airlines for 

Am~ric!l, for I'veI)' 100 airline jobs, anOlb~'f 360 additional jobs are supported. By approving Ihe 

merger of Aml'lican Airlines and US Airway&. the United St~les Department or lu5bce would 

help 10 ensure Ihal our country"s commercial aviation system continues on it~ path to greater 

stability fOTthe b .. nt'fit of all conc~med, 

Critics of the proposed m('fger cite the potential for higher ticket prices. A December 20 12 ~tud)' 

by PricewaterhOl.seCoopers titled" Airline me!::il-merger impact on the U.S, domestic airline 

industry" illustra.1es that such concem~" while understandable, are unfound~ . A~cordios to thi, 

study, 3vera:;;e U.S, domestic airfares ha~e nOl increas..-'d signir,cantly in the past seven years 

~pil" industry consol;d tion . From 2008 throogh y"ar_end 2011 , rar« in~reased by 1.7 per~...,. 

annually- lesS than the inflation rate for tha! period, which spans the global iinancial cri~is and 

wbsequent re-=<)very. 

Conversely, if American Airline!; and US ,\irways are prohibitl.'d from merging, APA is 

concerned about the ramifications for the many hard-working men and WQmen across our natiOH 

who~ lil'elihoods depend Upo'l H stable, prosperous airli 'le industry, 

Chainnan Bachus. Ranking Member-Coben and members of the colltm;lIee. tbank you 3!!11in for 

tbe opporttmity 10 submit written testimony. 

-------
14 

Mr. COHEN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I understand why labor 

supports this proposed merger. Employees of both carriers are 

poised to get a better deal than they would otherwise, which is 

more than I can say unfortunately for the employees of the former 

Northwest Airlines, many of whom were my constituents in Memphis. 

As we consider the merits of this merger, we ought to look back, 

though, what the similar effects of mergers that are similar in the 

recent past to see how it benefits consumers and what happens. 

And while I respect the views of labor in support of this merger 

and recognize that no two mergers of airlines or any other entities 

are necessarily alike, the merger of Northwest and Delta has indelibly been shaped by an image of airline mergers. 

Prior to the merger, Northwest operated a significant hub in 

Memphis, and for this reason and given Memphis’ proximity to Delta’s hub and headquarters in Atlanta, I expressed concern about 

the potential cost of the merger to consumers and employees in my 

home district. 

In this very room in 2008, Richard Anderson, Delta’s CEO, said 

about the future of the Memphis hub, it will be additional. It will 

be more business for Memphis, not less. I expressed concern to him 

about reduced service or even outright elimination of the hub, and 

asked him about continuation of the Memphis-Amsterdam international flight, of which we had great pride. At that hearing, Mr. 

Anderson in this room testified there would be no hub closures, and 

he said the merger would maintain international flights to Amsterdam. He went further to say we could expect more international 

flights from Memphis and suggested Memphis to Paris was going 

to happen, and he said there would be more flights. This will enhance the status of traffic and service at the Memphis International Airport. He said it would add, not delay—not take away 

from Memphis International Airport. 

He said he knew Memphis from when he was at Northwest, and 

he loved the ribs, he loved the city, he knew how great the airport 

was, how well-managed it was, how the time on the tarmac and 

taking off was less, that they saved oil, and it was the best connections they could possibly have. Those facts were true. His response 

was not. 

I asked US Air and American to look at Mr. Anderson’s statement and understand that Memphis International Airport is a 

place they should be. And when other airlines did not come to 

Memphis, US Airways did. They added additional flights from 

Memphis to Washington at better prices, and I appreciate that. We 

like that competition, and US Airways did something other airlines 

did not. 

When Frontier Airlines thought about coming into Memphis, 

Northwest cut their prices. That eliminated the opportunity for 

Frontier to come in. Later People Express expressed an interest in 

coming into Memphis. And because Delta had such a dominant 

market share, People Express did not. 

The opportunity in Memphis is there. Before the merger, there 

were 240 flights a day out of Memphis International Airport. As of 

this December, there 40 percent of that service, or simply 96 

flights, not 240. It would not surprise me to see further cuts. And 
15 

on Saturdays it looks like Dodge City. So ribs are plentiful. There 

is opportunity for US Airways to come into Memphis and to fly 

these routes, US Airways/American, and to serve Memphis. 

Delta has used its base in Memphis to keep carriers out and not 

have real competition. Memphis consumers pay higher prices than 

almost any airport in the country, and this has cost businesses to 

not choose Memphis as a place where they want to come because 

they do not get the service. Federal Express needs the service and 

supplies it. Federal Express takes some of their product and puts 

it all in the airlines, which can help your airlines serve Memphis. 

Call Fred Smith, Mr. Johnson. He will tell you, come to Memphis, and so do I. 

So there are plenty of reasons why when we look at this merger, 

and I understand wonderful things about—I have heard about Mr. 

Johnson and Mr. Kennedy, and we need to look at it differently. 

We have heard from Richard Anderson. We do not want a repeat 

performance. But the basis upon which he made his untrue statements are still valid. Memphis International Airport is a fine airport, great service, great weather, great opportunities to save on 

fuel, and a great city to serve. 

I appreciate your being here. I appreciate Mr. Bachus scheduling 

this hearing. I look forward to the testimony, and I look forward 

to US Airways and American serving Memphis, America’s great 

city, and Memphis International Airport, the great airport that it 

is. 

Thank you, Mr. Bachus. And I will also give you a statement and 

ask unanimous consent to enter a statement from Mr. McGhee and 

Mr. Slover of the Consumer Union expressing concerns about this 

merger. 

Mr. BACHUS. Without objection. 

[The information referred to follows:] 
16 

. 

STATEMENT OF 

WILLIAM J. McGEE 

GEORGE P. SLOVER 

CONSUMERS UNION 

BEFORE THE 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULATORY REFORM, 

COMMERCIAL AND ANTITRUST LA W 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ON 

COMPETITION AND BANKRUPTCY IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: 

THE PROPOSED MERGER OF AMERICAN AIRLINES 

AND US AIRWA VS 

FEBRUARY 26,2013 
17 

Chairman Bachus, Ranking Member Cohen, and Members of the Subcommittee: 

Consumers Union, the nonprofit publisher of Consumer Reports, commends the 

Subcommittee for holding this important hearing, and we appreciate the opportunity to 

present our views. 

We are well aware that the airline industry has been under considerable financial 

stress in recent years, leading to a number of reorganizations under the bankruptcy laws. 

And we know that the urge to merge can be powerfully seductive even under the best of 

circumstances. 

But we have seen growing consolidation in the airline industry in recent years 

bring substantial harm to consumers, communities, and the economy. We are concerned 

that the proposed merger between American Airlines and US Airways has the potential to 

further deprive air travelers of healthy, robust competition, and to further deprive 

communities of being part of a vibrant air transportation network. We believe the 

proposed merger warrants a careful and thorough investigation by the Antitrust Division 

and the Department of Transportation. 

This merger was formally announced just two short weeks ago, on Valentine's 

Day, and the full review of its implications is just getting underway. But the potential 

harms to the public that could result from allowing this corporate courtship to be 

consummated are clear enough already. 

These two airlines are singing a song we've heard sung many times before. For 

the fifth time in the past decade, executives from one legacy network airline are 

attempting to acquire the assets of a second. Each time, the airlines promise that air 

travelers will benefit from a stronger airline with a wider reach, more detennined and 

able than ever to compete vigorously. 

That's what American and US Airways are saying now. And that's what we 

heard from United and Continental when they merged, from Delta and Northwest when 

they merged, from US Airways and America West when they merged, and from 

American and TWA when they merged - or technically, when American acquired 

TWA's assets in bankruptcy. 

That's what we always hear. But what we have found, once the merger goes 

through and the dust settles, is not greater choice and better value for consumers. Instead 

we find ilights reduced, and hubs downgraded or abandoned, as the new combined airline 

sees less need to provide those greater choices in flights and routes once they have less 

competition to worry about. 

The bottom line changes for the merged airline, and not necessarily in ways that 

translate into good news for the rest of us. Consumers lose choices, workers lose jobs, 

and communities lose business activity and the associated tax base and job opportunities. 

The interests of consumers and communities get overlooked in favor of the interests of 

the senior executives and major investors of the two airlines. 
18 

Two decades ago, there were 11 legacy network airlines in the United States. If 

this pending merger is approved, the country will be served by only three full-service 

airlines - four if you include Southwest - along with Alaska Airlines, and a handful of 

smaller low-cost and regional airlines who have themselves been merging. Analysts 

estimate that American, United, Delta, and Southwest combined will comprise 87% of 

the domestic market, 1 a concentration never before seen in the modern era of American 

commercial aviation 

Consumers Union urges that this latest proposed merger be viewed against this 

backdrop of ever-increasing consolidation and the hann left in its wake. In this regard, 

we are concerned that the Antitrust Division and the Department of Transportation may 

have been examining these mergers with too narrow a focus, to the exclusion of 

important dynamic and macro effects. 

We agree that the Antitrust Division's customary market-by-market scrutiny is 

critical to identifying specific city-to-city routes that are likely to suffer an immediate 

reduction in competitive choice for travelers. But isolated market-by-market divestitures, 

even assuming they succeed in keeping viable competition in the specific routes involved 

in the short-term, do not in our view adequately take into account the larger 

anticompetitive dynamics that come into playas the number of competing airline 

networks is reduced below a critical threshold. We hope the government's review will 

pay heed to these macro effects as well. The individual trees are important, but they 

cannot thrive in the absence of a healthy forest. 

The following are some of the key issues of concern, similar to issues we have raised 

regarding previous airline mergers, that we believe need to be part of a full and thorough 

review of this proposed merger: 

• FEWER FLIGHTS, FEWER CHOICES. 

Historically, we have not seen a merger among major carriers that has not led to 

reductions in service. In fact, the primary motivation driving an airline merger, aside 

from the prospect of increased profits from reduced competitive pressure, is typically the 

elimination of what become unprofitable redundancies after the merger, but are 

competitive niches before the merger, when the two carriers are still competing. After 

American acquired TWA in 2001, for example, the merged airline's daily departures out 

of TWA's former hub in St. Louis plunged from nearly 500 down to just 36-

undoubtedly adding to the merged airline's profits, but at the expense of a drastic 

reduction in fiying choices for consumers, and a diminished convenience as a business 

home or destination of the city once celebrated as the Gateway to the West. Similarly, 

here we can expect fewer flights, and fewer non-stop routes. 

1 USAToday.com, Feb. 14, 2013: (www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights!2013/02/13/americanusairways-merge/1916961) 

2 
19 

• HIGHER FARES. 

It is a tundamental and widely accepted economic principle, demonstrated by 

experience, that a reduction in competition leads to a reduction in output and an increase 

in price. And the airline industry is no exception. We can expect fewer promotional fare 

sales, and fewer rebellions against fare increases and new fees. As the Government 

Accountability Otlice put it in a July 2008 report on airline mergers, "Mergers and 

acquisitions can also be used to generate greater revenues through increased market share 

and fares on some routes."2 Again, good for airline profits, but not so good for airline 

consumers. 

• LOWER QUALITY OF SERVICE. 

The more concentrated the airline industry becomes, the less incentive the airlines 

have to compete on customer satisfaction, including comfort, on-time t1ight performance, 

baggage handling, and cont1ict resolution. In addition, the synergies that the merging 

carriers so confidently predict often fail to fully materialize. Merging firms are prone to 

underestimate the difficulty of merging two workforces operating under two distinct 

corporate cultures. Blending these two airline carriers, whose workforces are probably 

still adjusting to the previous mergers in their respective employers undertook not so long 

ago, could be especially challenging. 

• DEVALUED FREQUENT FLYER BENEFITS. 

Airline frequent t1yer programs originally were labeled "loyalty programs." But as 

the competition among airlines decreases, so does the need for them to worry about 

customer loyalty. This has spurred airlines to rewrite their frequent t1yer program rules 

to lower the currency value of miles traveled, to put expiration dates on accumulated 

miles, and to add redemption fees. For members of American's AAdvantage and US 

Airways's Dividend Miles programs, the merger will not only mean even less 

competition; it will also mean an increased pool of frequent t1yers with fewer open seats 

and upgrades to go around. 

• HIGHER BARRIERS TO ENTRY. 

As the DOT has noted, in what they have termed the "Southwest effect," Southwest 

and other low-cost carriers have provided a vital service to consumers by increasing 

competition and reducing fares in dozens of American cities. But an industry comprising 

only a "Big Three" oligopoly operating out of fortress hubs will make it much more 

difficult for new low-cost airlines to enter and compete etTectively. 

"'Potential Mergers and Acquisitions Driven by Financial and Competitive Pressures." GAO-OS-S45, July 

31. 2008 

3 
20 

Mr. COHEN. Thank you, sir, and I yield back the balance of my 

time. It does not exist, but that is traditional to yield it back. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. BACHUS. I guess let the record show that Mr. Cohen does not 

want you to merge with Delta Airlines. [Laughter.] 

Our first witness is—well, without objections, other Members’ 

opening statements will be made a part of the record. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Johnson follows:] 
21 

CflnRrL'$SllIIrn Uenry C "Jlnn/':" JtJimm n. Jr. 

Judiciary Hearing un US Airways-American Airtine:; Mer!l\'r 

STATEMENT 

As tbe former Chairman oftbe Subco;mminee on Courts and Competition PoUcy. I have lonl!; 

supponed competition_consumer wei fare. and workerf rights. 

Th" proposed merger betwet:n US Ainvays ~nd Amencan Airtines wuuld go 1'1 long way in 

normaiizin!! the salaries and wl)fking .::ondition5 of many pilots, 3l1endams. and ground workers, 

Our l"<:onomy coniinues t() recover. butlhal recovCI)' has not been nearly swift enflUgh for many 

American W()r\(eN who have ~ fro;\e!l or below-market pay, furloughs, Of have lo~ttheir job 

allogether. This hardship is paniculally felt by young workers and the long-term unemployed 

who hB\'!' not realized new opp()nunities. 

This hearing is an opponunity to examine how this merger helps airline employees., whether it 

promotes consumers' inlere<;ts, and whcther it raises concerns about job loss 

This inquiry is especially limely as th,: deadline for preveming sequestration looms. If tllis booy 

does not address sequestratiOfl, American workers wil l face yet another hurdle In providing for 

their families and realizing the Ameri.=an dream. 

~I ouse Republicans have ushered in a mindless fQnn of llosleTity Ihltakes a meat-c ea~er 

approach to euning programs. regardl ess ofthc wisdom of doing so or Ihe long-term costs Ihal 

these CUts would creale. 

Indeed. the only plan that House Republicans have advanced is one thaI would not Slcm job los~, 

bUI onc Ihal would CUI the programs that help tile unemployed, the-sick, and Ihe poor 

SeqlleSlralion Ihreatens to forestall eeonomie recovery, amplifying the effecls of the recession on 

!IO many Americans. 

I approach this hearing with Ihese concerns in mind, and 110Qk forward to the testimony of 

today"s ",itnesses to address how the merger will affeci workers Although Ihis airline merger is 

lmlike those examin!ld by previous hearings in this regard, I continue to encournge dlC 

Depanment of JUSlice to consider the impact oflhi~ merger on employees and Amcricanjobs. 

Bnd how best 10 serVe the American public. 
22 

Mr. BACHUS. And at this time, I will introduce the witnesses. 

Gary Kennedy, representing US Air—no, American. You are 

going to go first, yeah, that is right. As senior vice president, general counsel, and chief compliance officer to American Airlines, Mr. 

Kennedy directs all of American’s legal affairs worldwide. Mr. Kennedy also directs American’s corporate compliance program and 

oversees corporate governance matters. 

Before joining American Airlines in 1984, he practiced law in 

Salt Lake City. Mr. Kennedy is a magna cum laude graduate of the 

University of Utah, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. 

He received his JD from the University of Utah School of Law. 

And we look forward to your testimony, Mr. Kennedy. And as I 

have told you privately before the hearing started, I have seen tremendous improvement in US Airway’s operations, and the staff, 

and the service. And it has been a real transformation, and I compliment you and the management team at US Airways. And actually, you are American and I’m complimenting you. I should have 

been complimenting Mr. Johnson, right, so I apologize for that. 

And now I will get to Mr. Johnson and compliment you. Mr. 

Johnson, executive vice president of corporate and government affairs at US Airways, where he oversees corporate, legal, and regulatory affairs. 

Prior to joining US Airways in 2009, Mr. Johnson was a partner 

of Indigo Partners, LLC, a private equity firm specializing in acquisitions and strategic investments in the airline and aerospace industries. Mr. Johnson also served as executive vice president with 

American West Corporation prior to its merger with US Airways. 

He earned his MBA and JD from the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and his BA in economics from Cal State University in 

Sacramento. 

Thank you, Mr. Johnson, for testifying. And what I said to Mr. 

Kennedy about US Airways, obviously applies to you. And I did tell 

both of you all, and I was thinking the testimony was going to be 

flipped, but it really is a well-managed airline. And I do not travel 

American, so I really do not have that many occasions to travel on 

American. But when I did, they were very professional. 

Our third witness is Mr. Kevin Mitchell with the Business Travel 

Coalition. He is chairman and founder of the coalition where he advocates for the corporate travel community in North America, Europe, and Asia. He has over 40 years’ experience in restaurant, hospitality, sports management, business aviation, and business travel 

industries. 

Before joining or founding BTC, Mr. Mitchell served as vice 

president of CIGNA Corporation. And he received his BA in international relations from St. Joseph’s University in Philadelphia in 

1980. 

We thank you for testifying. 

Our fourth witness, Professor Sagers, Christopher L. Sagers, professor of law at Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in Cleveland, 

Ohio, where he specializes in administrative law, antitrust law and 

economics, and business regulation. 

Before joining the academy, Professor Sagers was in private 

practice in Washington, D.C., at the law firm of Arnold & Porter 

and Shea & Gardner. He earned his JD cum laude from the Uni-
23 

versity of Michigan School of Law and his masters of public policy 

from the University of Michigan. 

We thank you for testifying, Professor Sagers. 

Our last witness is Dr. Clifton—it is Clifford, is it not? Clifford 

Winston, Ph.D., at The Brookings Institution. He is senior fellow 

in economic studies there. His research focuses on analysis of industrial organization, regulation, and transportation. He was the 

co-editor of the annual micro-economic edition of Brookings’ paper 

on economic activity, and has authorized numerous books and articles. Before coming to Brookings, Dr. Winston was an associate 

professor at MIT. 

Dr. Winston received his AB and Ph.D. from the University of 

California-Berkeley, and his masters from the London School of Economics. 

Thank you for testifying. 

And, Mr. Kennedy, you will go first with your public statement. 

Each of the witnesses’ written statements will be entered into the 

record in its entirety. And I ask each witness to summarize his testimony in 5 minutes or less. 

To help you stay within that time, there is a timing light on your 

table, and when the light switches from green to yellow, you will 

have 1 minute to conclude your testimony. When the light turns 

red, it signals the witness’ 5 minutes have expired. But I am actually more lenient than most people, so if you need to go on another 

minute, that is fine with me. 

I now recognize Mr. Kennedy for 5 minutes. 

TESTIMONY OF GARY F. KENNEDY, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, 

GENERAL COUNSEL AND CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER, 

AMERICAN AIRLINES 

Mr. KENNEDY. Chairman Bachus, Ranking Member Cohen, and 

Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to 

testify today. 

My name is Gary Kennedy, and I am the senior vice president, 

general counsel, and chief compliance officer for American Airlines. 

I have been intimately involved in both the Chapter 11 restructuring of our company and the proposed merger between American 

and US Airways. 

As the Committee knows well, the airline industry has experience severe economic turbulence over the past decade. The 

shockwaves from the events of 9/11 created enormous difficulty in 

the aviation industry, and all U.S. carriers grappled with ways to 

survive in the wake of the emotional and economic upheaval created by those terrible events. 

In 2003, US Airways was on the brink of filing for bankruptcy 

protection, but thanks to the willingness of our organized labor representatives to take the steps necessary at that time to reduce 

costs, we avoided a chapter 11 filing. For the next 8 years, we 

struggled to find a way to financial stability. Despite our best efforts, our losses continued to mount, reaching $12 billion over the 

previous 10 years. In November 2011, our board came to the painful conclusion that time had run out. The only viable path forward 

was to restructure our business under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. 
24 

There is no easy to describe how difficult our bankruptcy reorganization has been for the company and our employees. Beginning 

at the top of the organization, we reduced our senior management 

ranks by 35 percent. We then moved through the balance of the organization making necessary changes, including the reduction of 15 

percent of total management staff. 

Meanwhile, we began renegotiating certain of our secured obligations, our leases, and our contracts with vendors. We also negotiated new long-term contracts with each of our organized labor 

groups. These new contracts include productivity improvements 

and changes to health and retirement benefits. At the same time, 

we increased pay for our employees and mitigated job losses by offering retirement incentives. 

One of the most important objectives we achieved was to freeze 

rather than terminate our employee pension plans. As a result, we 

now expect to fulfill those obligations rather than unload them on 

the PBGC as other airlines have done. 

Of course all that we accomplished was done in the context of our 

Chapter 11 case and in consultation with the official Unsecured 

Creditors Committee appointed by the United States Trustee. By 

mid-summer last year, we made sufficient progress that we decided, in conjunction with the Creditors Commission, to embark on 

a formal process to consider a merger with US Airways. 

It was clear from the outset of our review that a merger with US 

Airways could create significant value for our stakeholders and 

bring substantial benefits to the traveling public. We have conservatively estimated that by 2015, revenue and cost synergies will outweigh cost dyssynergies by over $1 billion. This combination will 

make our company a much stronger competitor against the other 

large airlines. 

We are under no illusions that mergers are easy or seamless. We 

have agreed from the outside to do everything in our power to 

learn both from the success and the mistakes of those who have 

gone before us. Many of the most important decisions have already 

been made. The combined company will use the great American 

Airlines brand, the company will remain headquartered in DallasFort Worth area, and all hubs in both systems will continue to be 

hubs in the new American. 

Our CEO, Tom Horton, and US Airways CEO, Doug Parker, will 

jointly lead both the transition team and the New American as it 

emerges from bankruptcy. Mr. Parker will be CEO of the new company, and Mr. Horton will be chairman of the board. 

Now, I understand and recognize that many Members of Congress are skeptical of promises made in these situations, and also 

concerned about industry concentration. As to the former, we do 

not intend to make commitments that we cannot keep. And as to 

the latter, it is clear that this merger does not create a high degree 

of concentration. 

Above all, however, I would urge you to consider the facts with 

which I began my testimony. Nothing has been more damaging for 

the airline industry, our employees, our customers, and our shareholders than the years of economic turmoil we have experienced. 

This transaction is unique in that it is endorsed by all of our 

labor unions and embraced by management and the boards of both 
25 

companies. We know we have a solemn obligation to implement 

this transaction with great care and thought, and we are eager to 

do so. 

Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Kennedy follows:] 

Prepared Statement of Gary F. Kennedy, Senior Vice President, 

General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, American Airlines, Inc. 

Chairman Bachus, Ranking Member Cohen and Members of the Subcommittee, 

thank you for the opportunity to testify today about the issues of airline competition, bankruptcy, and the proposed merger of American Airlines and US Airways. 

We appreciate the manner in which this hearing is structured as all of these issues 

are inter-related. 

As General Counsel of American Airlines, I have been intimately involved in both 

the Chapter 11 restructuring of the company and the proposed merger between 

American and US Airways. I would like to give you a sense of how we arrived at 

this point from American’s point of view and why this transaction is so critical to 

the customers, employees and communities of both companies. I believe Mr. Johnson 

from US Airways will address what both companies hope to achieve going forward. 

As this Committee knows well, the airline industry has experienced severe economic turbulence over the past decade. The shock waves from the events of 9/11 created enormous difficulty in the aviation industry and all US carriers grappled with 

ways to survive in the wake of the emotional and economic upheaval created by 

those terrible events. This was followed by the unprecedented run-up of jet fuel 

prices in the summer of 2008 and the financial collapse of the economy that further 

strained our industry as corporations cut travel budgets, and discretionary spending 

on non-essential items plummeted. The consequences were significant. During this 

period, there were a series of airline bankruptcies, severe cuts in capital expenditures, the furlough of thousands of employees, the loss of air service to many communities, and three major commercial air carrier mergers. 

For most of the past decade, American Airlines took a different path than many 

of our competitors. In 2003, we were on the brink of filing for bankruptcy protection, 

but thanks to the willingness of our organized labor representatives to take the 

steps necessary at that time to reduce costs, we avoided a Chapter 11 filing. For 

the next eight years, as our major competitors reduced costs through their own 

Chapter 11 cases and created larger and more attractive networks through consolidation, we struggled to find a path to financial stability, while maintaining a generous package of benefits for our workers and quality service for our customers. 

As we worked hard to avoid a bankruptcy filing, our largest competitors were embarked on a different course and new entrants were poised to take advantage of the 

turmoil being experienced by the legacy carriers. In 2001, American was the largest 

airline in the world. With the mergers of Delta and Northwest, United and Continental, and Southwest and AirTran, American became the fourth largest carrier domestically and dropped to the third largest carrier globally. At the same time, low 

cost carriers, old and new, continued to grow and enter more markets. Today, the 

vast majority of our passengers are flying on routes with competition from one or 

more low cost carriers, and that number is expected to increase. That will certainly 

be the case in the Dallas/Fort Worth region and elsewhere when the Wright Amendment perimeter rule is lifted next year. 

In addition to the changes occurring on the domestic front, the configuration of 

international global airline alliances was also changing. Although the joint business 

venture among British Airways, Iberia, and American was finally approved after 13 

years, we had fallen far behind our US competitors, all of which enjoyed the benefit 

of a much earlier approval of their joint ventures. In short, on a competitive and 

financial basis we continued to lag far behind the rest of the industry. 

American did not stand idly by during these years. We undertook a variety of 

steps to position ourselves for long-term success. We strengthened our network by 

focusing on markets with the greatest concentration of business travelers, and we 

fortified our alliances with the best international partners. We signed a historic and 

transformational aircraft purchase agreement for 550 new aircraft, one that promised to give us one of the most modern and fuel efficient fleets in the industry. And, 

we began investing again in our products, services and technology to create a worldclass travel experience. Despite our efforts and the substantial progress we made 

to succeed in the long term, our losses continued to mount, reaching $12 billion over 

the previous 10 years. And, there was no end in sight. 
26 

In November 2011, our Board came to the painful conclusion that time had run 

out. The only viable path forward was to restructure our business under Chapter 

11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Of course, in the months and years leading up to our 

Chapter 11 filing, we gave strong consideration to possible merger partners. Given 

our weak financial condition at the onset of our restructuring and the fact that we 

had yet to establish a track record of financial improvement and value creation, we 

determined that we must first get our own house in order before we could properly 

evaluate a potential merger with another airline. Indeed, until we had a line of 

sight to a far more stable financial structure, both in terms of revenues and costs, 

we believed we would not be negotiating from a position of strength and, as such, 

would be more challenged in fulfilling our duty to maximize value for our owners. 

On the day we filed for relief under Chapter 11, we had a change in leadership. 

Our new CEO, Tom Horton, asked everyone at the company to work hard to achieve 

a successful restructuring, while continuing to run a top notch airline with great 

service to our customers. He reminded us that with a strong balance sheet, a competitive cost structure and restructured contracts that allowed us to compete on a 

level playing field, we could then appropriately consider a range of strategic options. 

There is no easy way to describe how difficult our bankruptcy reorganization has 

been for the company and our employees. Beginning at the top of the organization, 

we reduced our senior management ranks by 35 percent. We then moved through 

the balance of the organization making necessary changes, including the reduction 

of 15% of total management staff. Meanwhile, we began renegotiating certain of our 

secured obligations, our leases, and our contracts with vendors. We eliminated significant expenses and tightened our belts in every department of the company. Most 

importantly, we entered into intense negotiations with our labor unions in an effort 

to improve productivity and reduce overall costs. While this was a long and difficult 

process, we achieved new long term contracts with each of our organized labor 

groups. These new contracts include productivity improvements and changes to 

health and retirement benefits that put American on a level playing field with the 

legacy carriers. At the same time, we increased pay for our employees and mitigated 

job losses by offering retirement incentives. One of the most important objectives we 

achieved was to freeze, rather than terminate, our employee pension plans. As a result, we now expect to fulfill those obligations, rather than unload them on the 

PBGC, as other airlines have done. 

Of course, all of what we have accomplished was done in the context of our Chapter 11 case and in consultation with the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors 

appointed by the US Trustee. 

As we worked our way through our Chapter 11 case, we were approached by US 

Airways early last year with a merger proposal. At that time, we declined to engage 

in discussions with them. Instead, we continued to work on our reorganization. As 

we did, a number of positive developments quickly emerged. First, we began to see 

encouraging financial and operational results. Operating costs were down and, just 

as importantly, revenues began to rise—topping the US industry in year-over-year 

unit revenue improvement for six straight months—and our operational performance began to improve to the best levels in many years. By mid-summer we had 

enough certainty around our standalone plan and our improving financial position 

that we decided, in conjunction with the Creditors Committee, to embark on a formal process to consider strategic alternatives. 

As part of this process, we entered into a non-disclosure agreement with US Airways that allowed both companies to share information and engage in a detailed 

analysis of the potential benefits of a combination. The Creditors Committee, 

through its financial and legal advisors, actively participated in this undertaking. 

Later in the process, an Ad Hoc Committee, consisting of substantial holders of our 

unsecured debt, also reviewed the proposed combination in significant detail. It is 

fair to say that multiple parties scrutinized and evaluated this proposed transaction. 

Ultimately, we agreed to a structure with American stakeholders owning 72% of the 

combined companies. 

It was clear from the outset of our review that a merger with US Airways could 

create significant value for our stakeholders and bring substantial benefits to the 

traveling public. We have conservatively estimated that by 2015 revenue and cost 

synergies will outweigh cost dis-synergies by over $1 billion. The majority of these 

revenue synergies are derived by combining two complementary networks that will 

offer consumers more service at more times to more places. And because this will 

be a merger of complementary networks, these benefits come with virtually no loss 

of competition. Of the more than 900 domestic routes flown by the two carriers, 

there are only 12 overlaps. This is one reason we are convinced that this merger 

is consistent with good public policy. The combination will make our company a 

much stronger competitor against the other large airlines. Consumers will have 
27 

three strong, healthy global network carriers from which to choose, as well as a 

number of low cost carriers, including Southwest, JetBlue and Virgin America. The 

new American will have the financial strength to invest the resources needed to improve the customer experience, including new aircraft, cutting edge products and 

services, and the technology and tools designed to help our employees deliver superior service to our customers. 

The combined airline will offer new routings for our passengers in thousands of 

additional markets. For American, the greatest benefit derives from two principal 

components. First, US Airways offers a substantial network in the Eastern section 

of the country. This will complement our strong operations in the Southeast, Midwest, and West Coast. Second, US Airways offers an impressive network in small 

and medium size communities. We view these as great assets that will provide us 

the opportunity to reach many communities that our customers are not able to access today. Like US Airways, we value service to small and medium size communities and have consistently looked for additional markets that can enhance our entire network. 

We are under no illusions that mergers are easy or seamless. We have agreed 

from the outset to do everything in our power to learn from both the successes and 

mistakes of those who have gone before us. Many of the most important decisions 

have already been made. The combined company will build on the great American 

Airlines brand and our AAdvantage loyalty program. The company will remain 

headquartered in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, and all hubs in both systems will continue to be hubs in the new American. 

Our CEO, Tom Horton, and US Airways’ CEO, Doug Parker, will jointly lead both 

the transition team and the new American as it emerges from bankruptcy. Mr. 

Parker will be CEO of the new company and Mr. Horton will be Chairman of the 

Board. I can personally attest that despite the difficult path that got us here today, 

the spirit of cooperation and determination in both companies is extraordinary. 

For reasons that Steve Johnson will outline in greater detail, we believe this 

transaction will be good not only for our two airlines and employees, but also good 

for competition and the travelling public. 

I know that many Members of Congress are skeptical of promises made in these 

situations and also concerned about industry concentration. As to the former, we do 

not intend to make commitments that we cannot keep. And as to the latter, it is 

clear that this merger does not create a high degree of concentration. Above all, 

however, I would urge you to consider the facts with which I began my testimony. 

Nothing has been more damaging for the airline industry, our employees, our customers, and our shareholders than the years of economic turmoil we have experienced. 

This transaction will give us the opportunity to become a stronger competitor, one 

with a degree of financial stability that we have not experienced in many years. We 

will be a company that is better positioned to deliver for customers and its people. 

This transaction is unique in that it is endorsed by all of our labor unions and embraced by the management and boards of both companies. We know we have a solemn obligation to implement the transaction with great care and thought. We are 

eager to do so. 

Thank you again for the opportunity to testify today. 

Mr. BACHUS. Mr. Johnson. 

TESTIMONY OF STEPHEN L. JOHNSON, EXECUTIVE VICE 

PRESIDENT, CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS, US 

AIRWAYS, INC. 

Mr. JOHNSON. Thank you, Chairman Bachus, and Ranking Member Cohen, Chairman Goodlatte, and Ranking Member Conyers. 

And thanks to the entire Committee for having us here today. It 

is an honor to testify before the Subcommittee about the merger of 

American Airlines and US Airways. 

The creation of the New American Airlines will be good for competition, good for consumers, and good for choice. Expanding our 

network for the benefit of our customers, our employees, our shareholders, and our communities is the motivation for bringing these 

companies together. 
28 

Integration of the complementary networks of American Airlines 

and US Airways will enhance competition in an already highly 

competitive marketplace. It will also deliver significant benefits to 

each of those constituencies. Our customers and communities will 

benefit from more and better service. Our employees will receive 

improved pay, better benefits, and greatly enhanced job security. 

And, Mr. Chairman, I would like to acknowledge the fact that 

there is about 30 of Gary’s and my colleagues here in the room 

with us today who came to join us for the hearing, and thank them 

personally for joining us. 

Our shareholders will benefit from improved financial stability 

and from $1 billion of synergies created by the merger. And we are 

proud that the combination has unprecedented support from our 

100,000 employees, the financial markets, and the communities we 

serve. 

The US Airways team has been a leader in delivering exceptional 

customer service, but we have long recognized that we could do 

more. Airline passengers have made it clear that what they want 

are broader networks capable of taking them wherever they want 

to travel whenever they want to go. By combining the systems of 

American and US Airways, the New American Airlines will build 

the network our passengers want, one that will compete vigorously 

with the networks of Delta and Northwest, and with low-cost carriers like Jet Blue and Southwest. 

The passenger benefits of the New American Airlines stem from 

the complementary nature of our operation. By combining these operations, we add origins, destinations, and hubs to a network with 

very little duplication. Indeed, out of the nearly 900 domestic 

routes we will serve, American Airlines and US Airways have only 

12 nonstop overlaps. 

Also US Airways has historically provided extensive air service 

to small- and medium-sized communities, and this merger will 

allow us to extend that focus to the American Airlines system. 

Combining these networks also will create new, exciting international opportunities. We will provide thousands of passengers 

better alternatives with over 1,300 new routes worldwide. In addition, our customers will have the potential to access 130—sorry, 

have the potential to access over 130 cities around the globe served 

by American, but not yet served by US Airways, and 62 cities 

served by US Airways but not yet served by American. 

And by adding US Airways to the oneworld global alliance, we 

will increase competition on international routes by creating attractive opportunities for additional international service to oneworld 

customers and to US Airways hubs. 

Domestic markets will become even more competitive. Although 

it will be the largest airline in the U.S., the New American Airlines 

will have less than 25 percent of domestic available seat miles, and 

will compete against the nationwide networks of Delta with 21 percent and United and Southwest, each with 19 percent. The New 

American Airlines will also compete against Southwest’s significantly lower cost structure and a host of smaller, but fast-growing, 

lower-cost airlines, including Jet Blue, Spirit, Allegiant, and Virginia America. 
29 

Also important, as we increasingly think about competing in a 

global airline business, the combination of American and US Airways will create a third U.S. airline that can compete successfully 

with major international airlines in key markets around the world. 

The New American Airlines will be a financially stronger company. The US Airways business has been consistently profitable, 

and the successful restructuring of American will return that business to profitability. And as a result of the combination, we expect 

to generate over $1 billion in net synergies as we increase revenues 

from new passengers taking advantage of our broader network and 

improved service, and reduce costs from scale and the elimination 

of duplicative systems in management. 

That improved financial performance will provide American’s 

bankruptcy creditors with an enhanced opportunity for a full recovery, a result unheard of in airline bankruptcies. And it will create 

more financial stability in the extremely cyclical airline industry. 

That financial stability also will provide very significant benefits 

to our employees, including better pay and benefits, greatly improved job security, and better opportunity for advancement. Thus, 

it is not surprising that the merger has generated unprecedented 

support from employees of both companies, their labor unions, and 

from the communities in which they live. 

Antitrust review of these issues is important, and we are already 

working with the Justice Department to demonstrate the competitive benefits of this merger. We appreciate the opportunity to address these issues with the Subcommittee today and commit to 

working with you in your oversight capacity. 

We announced the merger only 12 days ago, so there are many 

issues yet to be resolved, but I will do my best to answer any questions you may have today. Thank you very much. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Johnson follows:] 
30 

STATEMENT OF STEPHEN L. JOHNSON 

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, 

CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS OF US AIRWAYS, INC. 

BEFORE THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARV 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULA TORV REFORM, COMMERCIAL AND ANTITRUST LAW 

COMPETITION AND BANKRUPTCY IN THE AIRLINE INDUr;TRY: 

THE PROPOSED MERGER OF AMERICANAIRLINESAND US AIRWAYS 

FEBRUARY 26, 2013 
31 

Good morning, Chainnan Bachus, Ranking Member Cohen, and members of the 

Subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity today to discuss the proposed merger between 

American Airlines and US Airways, which we are confident will create the world's best airline. 

My name is Stephen L. Johnson and I am Executive Vice President, Corporate and Government 

Affairs at US Airways. Our 32,000 employees operate over 3,000 flights per day that connect 

about 80 million passengers annually to more than 200 communities throughout the United 

States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Central and South 

America. US Airways operates hubs in Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 

Phoenix, Arizona; and here in Washington, DC. 

Through the tireless efforts of our employees, US Airways has built a record of 

operational excellence serving our customers with superior on-time perfonnance, completion 

rates and baggage handling. But for some time our customers have been telling us they want 

more: a broader network that can take them to more places, more efficiently. In response to that 

demand, America West Airlines merged with US Airways in 2005 and US Airways attempted to 

merge with Delta in 2007 and then United in 2010. In response to demand from their customers, 

Delta eventually merged with Northwest and United merged with Continental to create larger, 

more ubiquitous networks for the benefit of passengers, thereby creating a significant advantage 

versus the smaller networks of American and US Airways. Southwest responded to the same 

consumer demand when it acquired AirTran. All three transactions were cleared by the Justice 

Department because those combinations created substantial passenger benefits with minimal 

competitive overlap. 

The combination of the complementary operations of American Airlines and US Airniays 

will create a world-class global network otTering consumers more choices to t1 y where they 

want, when they want, than either of us can offer separately. By providing our customers with a 

broader network, more choices and better service, the combination of American and US Airways 

will give passengers a stronger competitive alternative to Delta/Northwest and 

United/Continental and allow us to compete successfully with low cost airlines like 

Southwest/AirTran, JetBlue and others. We expect to maintain all of our existing hubs and 
32 

service destinations enabling the New American Airlines to offer more than 6,700 flights daily 

and provide consumers access to 336 destinations in 56 countries. The combination will 

generate substantial net synergies and establish the financial foundation for a more stable 

company and better opportunities for our 100,000 employees. 

Support for this combination from our customers, our employees, and the communities 

we serve is unprecedented. We are particularly gratitied by the outpouring of support from our 

employees and the labor unions at both American Airlines and US Airways who recognize what 

the New American Airlines means for the futures of employees and their families. Several of the 

unions have submitted statements for the record in this hearing and I encourage the 

Subcommittee to look carefully at what they have to say. Importantly, support for the merger 

also comes from the Unsecured Creditors Committee in the American Airlines bankruptcy 

proceeding, which includes the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGCl, labor interests 

and other unsecured creditors. 

The Transaction Puts the Combined Company on the Path to Success 

As Mr. Kennedy explained in his testimony, the combined company will operate under 

the iconic American Airlines brand and will maintain its headquarters in Dallas-Fort Worth with 

a significant corporate and operational presence in Phoenix. Ownership will be split 72%128% 

between current American stakeholders and US Airways shareholders. The board of directors 

will be drawn from the creditor representatives and the current boards of American and US 

Airways. Tom Horton, the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of American, will stay 

on as Chairman of the combined company through the first annual meeting of shareholders. 

Doug Parker, the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of US Airways, will serve as 

Chief Executive Otl'icer and as a member of the Board of Directors. Mr. Parker will assume the 

additional position of Chairman of the Board following the conclusion of Mr. Horton's service. 

The remainder of the executive team will be drawn from the best of both teams. 

The merger remains subject to regulatory review and approval of the court overseeing the 

American bankruptcy proceeding. We expect to able to complete this process in the third quarter 

2 
33 

of this year. When we do, it will be the culmination of one of the most successful bankruptcy 

reorganizations in history, one that has secured better pay for our employees, an enhanced 

opportunity for full recovery for American creditors, and a distribution to American equity 

holders. 

The New American Airlines Will Benefit Consumers 

More than ever, consumers want the ability to reach a broad range of destinations, 

whenever they want, on one airline system. Because of the limited size and scope of their 

respective networks, neither American Airlines nor US Airways is able to respond fully to that 

demand and both operate at a competitive disadvantage to the larger networks of Delta Air Lines 

and United Airlines. The merger will join two highly complementary networks across the globe, 

filling critical competitive service gaps for each airline, and create a better and more competitive 

alternative to Delta and United. 

A broader airline network is better for passengers because it gives them more choices, a 

wider variety of services, and more competition on more routes. The network is able to provide 

these choices and services because it aggregates demand that independently cannot support 

profitable air service but collectively can do so. To illustrate this point, consider a world in 

which an airline operates only aircraft of 50 seats. If an origin city had 50 people who wanted to 

travel but among them wanted to go to five different cities, it is unlikely they could be served by 

the airline absent extraordinarily high prices because airlines cannot operate flights profitably 

where 80% of their seats are empty. But if this airline built a network with a hub serving the 

origin city and four other cities with comparable demand, as well as the five cities to which those 

originating passengers want to travel, the airline could fly full planes and expect to earn a 

reasonable return in doing so. Adding more origins, destinations, and hubs has an exponential 

effect on the number of possible routings served by a network, the number of passengers that can 

be served, and the ways that they can be served. It is these benefits which we seek to provide to 

passengers by combining the complementary networks and nine hubs of American and US 

Airways. 
34 

Figure I; Tile Domesti c Nttwor ks of Ameri(an Airlines and liS Airwa}'s arc Highly 

Complementary, Resulting in Impro\·td CO\'erage Tllroughout the U.s. 

American Ai rlines .- u·s AIRWAYS 

System wide. American Airlines serves 130 cities not served by US Airways, 48 of wllich 

arc within the United Stales. Similarly, US Airways seryes 62 cities not served by American 

Airlines, 48 of which are within the United States, By linking these destinations tllrough our Ilub 

airports, the New American Airlines will give passengers new and improved online connecting 

options 10 get to tile places they want 10 go. when they want to go. The result will be an airline 

that will have the most service aeross tile Eastern and Central regions of the United Stales, and 

an expanded presence and Slronger network in tilt WeSltm United States. 
35 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

•• 

FigUft 2: Th~ Merger Enllhlfs New Domestic Routings 

New online routings between medil.Hn/small cities in the 

f>lldwest and East through complementary hubs 

New profitable (oure oppofWmllc$. eXIst 

In connecting exlsling spoJles to new hubs 

• 

US Airways has hislorically provided C.>:lellsive air service to small and medium 

communities and the merger will allow us to extend that focus to the American Airlines system 

Many of the new online conn~tion$ created by the merger of American and US Airways involve 

smaller comnll'nilies. The brOader network created by the merger will give us the ability 10 

bring heightened levels of service 10 those communities Ihat neilher of us could aflord 10 provide 

on our own, The number of passengers benefitting from this combination will grow 

exponentially as larger com munities re<::eive new online connecting ~ervice. To illustrate the 

effect of the superior combined IlClvrork. even if you focus only on airpons with more than 50 

depRltures per week, the merger wi!! create over 1.300 new online connecting routes benefitting 

millions ofpassengcrs. 

; 
36 

Figurr 3: Thr Merger Will llnJl~rt e\'rr~1 N~\\' Cilie5 

Examples of New Domesdc: Online Roules 

US....." AA-Served Ai 

Asheville NC 

Au usla, GA 

flY"tte~llkI NC 

hCk$onvill .. NC 

NewBern NC 

N.w on NewsJWiliiamsbuf VA 

Roanoke VA 

Tri.eili..,. Re iona1 TN 

Wilmin ton NC 

Yuma. AZ 

Ced.lIr RI idsJIowl Cit . LA 

Color.lllo S rin s. CO 

hrgo ND 

Jackson WY 

La CrosSOJ WI 

Madison Dan. Count WI 

Ra ill Cit Re ional SD 

Rochest .. r MN 

SiOUJ fills so 

Wausau Central . WI 

'rho:: combination of American Airlines and US Airways is also e~pl.'C ~d to of ~r se,, i~ 

to 21 destinations in Europe and the Middle Ea.-t, d~n its oo~erage tl'lroughout Latin America, 

providjng "xlensiy" Rccess between th~ US Ai"vays network: and Central and South Americi, 

and create a foundatiOlJ for e~panded traospacitic S(.'1V!Cl" 

, 
37 

Figure 4: US Airways and Ameriun lIan' COlIIlJlementary huernHtional Hight Networlis 

The new network will also enhance oneworld as a competitive alternative to other 

international airline alliances. By adding lIS Airv"ays and its depth of service 10 Ihe oneworld 

alliance, internalional travelers will have more options For e>;ample, by adding US Airways' 

hubs al Philadelphia and Charlone to oncworld, the alliance will have a=s for Ihe f,rsttime to 

connecting hubs in the Nonheaslern and Southeastern United States, smail and medium siZlxl 

communities in Ihe Eastern United States will have access to the oneworid network, and East 

Coasl passengers served by US Airways and Ihe oneworld carriers will have greatc!" 

opportunities for transatlantic travel. The combination of American and US Airways \\ill also 

provide the foundation for increased transpacific service and a more effective and competitive 

pannership with the Pacific region orleworld panners. The merger, therefore, will enable 

oneworld to become a stronger global competitor against the larger Star and SkyTeam alliances. 

7 
38 

I'igll~ S: A Slnmgfr o llf .... orld t:llhl"'C~S Competition ~mong Ih ~ Largest Airline 

,\ltianct' 

BEFORE AFTER US la wool" ASM SIl .. ~ US 10 Woold ASt.I Slla.e 

The Merger Will Generalt Signifi cant Syuergif$ Lellding 10 Im,lro,'coJ Financial 

Stllbilit)' 

The New American Airlines will be a financially Slr,;lIIger and I11Mc stable company The 

US Airways busirtes, has beert consisle11lly profitable apd the successful resnucmrin)! of 

American will return Ihal busincs5 to profitability. 

Additionally. B5 R resull Or tile combination. we expect to generale over SI billion in l1el 

synergies IS we increase revenues from new passengers taking adl'aJuage of our broader network 

and improved service. and reduce COSIS from scale and the elimination of duplicative systems 

and management The broader nelwor\<'S improved schedule and connecti vity, alort)! with the 

redeploymcllI of h~ combined nc..t 10 belter malch capacity to customer demand. will generale 

approximately $900 million in annual networ~ revenue Jynergies ~ passengers take advantag~ 

of the improved ~ervice ofTering of Ihe New American Airli!les. The eombinMion will also 

gcnClllle appro.~ imD!d y SS50 million in all!lual C0:51 synergies from scale improvcmellls Dnd the 

elimination ofduplicativc systems and manageml'nl This improved finanCial pt.'fformance will 

enable the combined company to impkment initiati ves that will improve tTavelL-r.;' experience 

8 
39 

and comfort, such as American Airlines' landmark agreements with Airbus and Boeing for the 

purchase of more than 600 new aircraft. 

The merger will require one-time transition-related costs of $1.2 billion, which will be 

spread over the next three years, and include costs for integrating our respective information 

technology platforms; harmonizing the interiors of our aircraft, livery, airports, and lounges; and 

obtaining a single operating certificate. These onetime costs are further evidence of our 

commitment to building the premier airline network in the world. 

The Merger Provides Financial Security for Employees 

As Mr. Kennedy described in more detail in his testimony, rising costs of fuel, the 

lingering effects of terrorist attacks, and the recent economic recession have created economic 

challenges for all airlines, which the industry's employees have been forced to weather as well. 

Unfortunately, the employees of American and US Airways have not been spared. Through it 

all, our employees' dedication to service has not wavered, and we are proud of their etTorts to 

provide safe, reliable, on-time air service to the traveling public. 

The merger would not be possible without the hard work of our employees and we would 

not be here today without our employees' and their unions' support for the merger. The financial 

stability of the combined company will also provide very significant benefits to our employees 

including better pay and benefits and a path to compensation that is equal to that of their 

counterparts at Delta and United; more jobs and greatly improved job security; and better 

opportunities for advancement. 

9 
40 

The New American Airlines Will Enhance, Not Limit, Competition 

Competition in the Airline Industry is Intense 

Competition in the airline industry has never been more intense. Through recent 

mergers, United/Continental, DeltaINorthwest and SouthwestiAirTran have developed and 

expanded their networks in a quest to deliver passengers what they want. Because of the 

network effect I described earlier, they provide more choices and better service for passengers 

today than they did before their mergers. 

Although it will become the largest airline in the United States, the New American 

Airlines will have only 23 percent of domestic available seats miles (an industry measure of 

capacity). Put another way, over 75 percent of the domestic airline capacity is outside of our 

control. We will compete against the nationwide networks of Delta with 20 percent share, 

United with 18 percent and Southwest with 18 percent. Each of these carriers has a head start 

over us in building a better network and each comes to passengers with different legacy 

investments, different strengths and different service offerings. Our success will be measured by 

passengers who move off their system on to ours as we offer more options and better service. 

But we fully expect those airlines will continue to improve their service and try to retain those 

customers. That is what competition is about. 

10 
41 

Figure 6: ~ti ual Shares or Domestic " 'rliul'S by ,\ Si\b 

c.riITfs, ......... , ,,, ..... ,"'" 

D~113 1,88 U'.t4 10 ~'lb 

U,,;\ed 2,592,5H 18,8'10 

South_51 1,5';4,98l lU~ 

IIm •• ican 2·919,6GII ~ - ~ • 0 

Jel81ue 701,80& 5,1' - AlMulllrlf ...... Sn.g9~ 39');, 

F.onti~ . ,on ~ 

Vi',;nAme,;Y 146,2&5 1.8 ... 

~aw3i; a"Ai'li ...... 211, 70 1 l SI\, 

Spl,l! 200, 165 1,S'-

AII~~;~'11 116.8H ' ''' Ott"" 82..189 (j,6':'1 

Total 13.796,47(1 100.0% 

US/M 1,119.JDfi n ,,. 

The New American Airlint's win also compete against a host of smaller. but lower cost 

airlines, including JetBlue., Spirit, Alaska. Frontier, Allegiant and Virgin Amcrica Low COSI 

C3lriers (LeCs). whether nat;onal in $Cope like Soothwl'S1 Of mOlt' regional in scope like JetBlull 

and others. have continued to reline their business mlXle1s and e:-;en signiiicallt competiti ve 

pressure LCCs have also diversified their services to attract corporate travelers. offering 

preferred boarding and seating. Southwest, ror example, has grown rapidly from a regional 

player to become the third largest carrier in the US, It employs about 46,000 employees aod 

openues more than 3,S00 nightS dally on R fleet of nearly 700 aircraft. which serve more Ihan 

100 million CUSIOI1\C1S annually Through its acquisilion of AirTrau, it has exlended its 

competition wilh the network carriers by now offering service 10 many Caribbean and Latin 

American countries; Sot'lt"vcst has become aJormidable force in the industry. and other LeCs 

nre emulating lheir practiCe!; with :.uCCe5S 

Theje forces are here 10 stay and ensure that rur travel will rernain competitive 

" 
42 

The Transaction Will NO! Advel'j('ly Impact Compelitio~ 

The merger will bCllcr position the combined airline tQ compelI' in !hi' dynamic, 

mar\;~place, but nO! m the expense of competition The New American Airlines is xpect~ 10 

otTer more than 6,100 nights daily to more than 330 destinations in over 50 countries. Across 

this vaS! array of I"QUles Bnd cqmbinations, US Ainvays and American Airlines overlap on only 

12 non-stop airpon-to-airport routes or 11 non-stop citY'!(H:ity ,oules With Ihc c~piration n~t 

ycar of the Wright Amendment. which currently limits !lying out of Dalla~ Love Field, nonstop 

competition from LCC~ and other airlines ~ already present or will soon be added ()11 all airporl 

pair overlaps 

The limited number of these overlaps compares favorably wilh the three most recent 

large airline mcrgers-Oelta/Nonhwesl (2()()8~ United/Contincntal (2010) and 

Southwe~tlAirTran (201 1)-cach of 'Ihich was cleared afler Justice Dt-panment antjlru~1 review 

" 

Figure 7: Ctln1pariSO Ii of Domn l;{" O,'eri a ll.l in R«tnl Airline Merger'S 

MUJllre 1)1!'I .. /Norihw~!iI 

(20081 

II 

13 

o..erl.p. ,.~ "" J . tOO""'rir> ""'_ ... ~OIlG""'. 

nil roiGonlin~nlBI 

(20101 

\3 

14 

12 

SOlllh.n$ti 

AirTrnn (lOll ) 

2J 
43 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Mr. Mitchell. 

TESTIMONY OF KEVIN MITCHELL, CHAIRMAN, 

BUSINESS TRAVEL COALITION (BTC) 

Mr. MITCHELL. Thank you. Mr. Chairman and Members of the 

Committee, this morning I am going to explain one threat to price 

transparency that would be enabled by this merger that has been 

agreed to by airlines, but has not yet caught the eye of the public. 
44 

I am also presenting this testimony this morning on behalf of the 

American Antitrust Institute. 

In 2008, I warned this and other Committees in testimony of the 

dangers of the then proposed Delta/Northwest merger and what 

those dangers would hold for consumers. And I remember well that 

Northwest CEO, Doug Steenland, testified that Committee Members should not be concerned because the market disciplining effect 

of third party distributors, such as Expedia, is so pervasive and so 

important that they create this transparency, he said, that will 

keep prices low. He used this transparency, in fact, to justify the 

merger, and he was right back then about the effects of transparency. 

Today, however, airlines, including American and US Airways, 

have agreed on a brazen new worldwide business model for how to 

price and sell tickets. It is designed to destroy price transparency, 

which is the very antidote to consolidation needed to ensure a 

healthy marketplace. The model is called new distribution capability, or NDC, and the airlines trade group, IATA, is spearheading 

implementation. 

NDC is designed to terminate, by agreement among competitors, 

the current transparent model for the pricing of tickets where fares 

are published and publicly available for comparison shopping and 

purchase by all consumers on a non-discriminatory basis. 

What problem are the airlines endeavoring to solve? IATA has 

decried publicly the commoditization of airline services caused by 

low fare search capabilities of the very online travel agencies that 

Mr. Steenland lauded. For example, Tony Tyler, Director General 

of IATA, stated in a press interview remarkably, and I quote, 

‘‘We’ve done a great job of improving efficiency and bringing down 

costs, but we’ve handed that benefit straight to our customers. As 

soon as someone has got a cost advantage, instead of charging the 

same price and making a bit of profit, they use it to undercut their 

competitors and hand the value straight to passengers or cargo 

shippers, and you’ve got to ask why,’’ says Tyler. ‘‘I think one of 

the reasons is the way we sell our product. It forces us to 

commoditize ourselves,’’ end quote. 

How does an NDC work? A binding resolution codifies that airlines have agreed that they have the right to demand from consumers, before they would be privileged to receive a fair quote, personal information, including name, age, nationality, contact details, 

frequent flyer numbers of all carriers, whether the purpose of the 

trip is business or leisure, prior shopping purchase and travel history, and of all things, marital status 

Why is this program so toxic? Air fares would no longer be publicly filed and available on a non-discriminatory basis for consumers to anonymously comparison shop and purchase through 

travel agencies. Instead, each price would be unique depending on 

the profile of the consumer. This personal information can be used 

to extract higher prices from less price sensitive travelers, such as 

business travelers. 

In contrast, today when a consumer wants to travel from A to 

B, she can go to a travel agency that has the fares and schedules. 

All options in the marketplace are returned so she could easily 

compare prices without having to divulge personal information. It 
45 

is this very price visibility that has checked the power of airlines 

to raise fares lest they lose out to competitors offering a better 

deal. 

Price transparency is even more important today because when 

Steenland testified there were six network carriers, then there 

were five, then there were four. Now we are heading to 33. By 

eliminating transparencies, airlines will have created by concerted 

actions a new system of completely opaque pricing, and with it the 

ability to raise all fares across all systems. 

The nexus between NDC and this merger, this merger eliminates 

US Airways, a maverick on airline distribution issues. It will be far 

easier to coordinate expressly or tacitly among three network competitors, and far easier to impose this model, especially given the 

clout that the New American Airlines would have as the biggest 

carrier on the planet. 

The lack of transparency created by NDC further cements the 

dominance of these mega carriers. And once NDC is established 

here in the world’s largest market, it is going to be lights out, game 

over for consumers. 

Two remedies. DoT has the authority to approve NDC. Given its 

anti-competitive effects and unprecedented invasion of privacy, DoT 

should reject it without condition. 

Number two, DoJ. They should serve IATA and its members who 

have been spearheading the NDC scheme with a CID to discover 

the purpose and objectives of NDC and the process by which horizontal competitors reached a binding agreement on how they would 

price and sell tickets. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I would just like to add that the 

American Antitrust Institute is looking at the competitive effects of 

NDC itself. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Mitchell follows:] 
46 

Testimony of Kevin Mitchell 

Chairman 

BusinE!SS Travel Coalition 

Before the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, 

Subcommittee on R( gulatory Reform, Commercial and 

Antitrust Law 

Regarding The Proposed American Airlines - US Airways Merger 

February 26, 2013 

Business Trayel Coalition - 214 Grollse lillie, Radnor, fA 19087 

6'10-999-9247' 8TC.tlllve l 
47 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

I. INTRODUCTION p~ 3 

II. BACKGROUND P.3 

A. The Right Regulatory Review Construct 

B. Horizontal Airline Competitors Colluding On Business Rules 

C. No Failing Firms Here 

III. THE PROMISE OF INCREASED EFFICIENCIES P.o4 

A. Merger-Related Cost Savings Are Controversial 

B. Need To Analyze Past Merger Projections, Promises and Outcomes 

IV. WHAT MERGERS ARE UNLIKELY TO RAISE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT 

OBSTACLES? P.5 

A. Analyses Often Too Simplified 

B. Lessons From The Delta-Northwest And United-Continental Mergers 

V. THE DIMINISHING INFLUENCE OF LOW COST CARRIERS P. 5 

VI. THE PROBLEM OF MONOPSONY POWER P. S 

VII. THE LACK OF ANCILLARY FEE INFORMATION EXACERBATED P.7 

VIII. COORDINATED EFFECTS A BIG PROBLEM P.9 

IX. THE ANTI-CONSUMER ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM P.9 

A. lATA's NDC Is An Agreement Among Horizontal Airline Competitors 

B. The Details About NDC 

C. The Consumer Privacy, Pricing and Cost Impacts of NDC 

D. How lATA Tells The Story 

E. The Nexus Between This Merger And NDC 

X. THE REMEDIES P. 13 

A. Block NDC 

B. Investigate NDC 

C. Increase Consumer Protections 

XI. CONCLUSION P. 14 

Addenda 

• American Antitrust Institute - Business Travel Coalition White Paper 

• lATA Resolution 787 

2 
48 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee thank you for requesting that Business 

Travel Coalition (BTC) appear before you today to represent the interests of the 

managed-travel community and consumers on the subject of a potential American-US 

Airways merger. The consequences of airline mergers for the national economy and 

consumers must be carefully and deliberately examined. BTC applauds this 

Committee for taking this early and important oversight step. The American Antitrust 

Institute (AAI) and BTC jointly produced a VVhite Paper on this potential merger and it 

is appended to this statement. 1 

From a consumer standpoint - individual traveler or corporate travel department -

there are few benefits to offset the negative impacts of this proposed merger that 

include reduced competition, higher fares and fees and diminished service to small 

and mid-size communities. To be clear, there is benefit in a financially viable air 

transportation system. However, previous mergers have already enabled seat capacity 

cuts, higher fares and billions of dollars in fees for ancillary services resulting in a 

financially strengthening industry. As such, consumer harms from this merger are 

exacerbated, as there are no substantial countervailing consumer benefits. 

II. BACKGROUND 

A. The Right Regulatory Review Construct 

Industry observers who suggest a smooth ride through regulatory airspace point to 

previous mega merger approvals, relatively few overlapping routes and the need for 

these firms to be able to compete more effectively against giants Delta Air Lines and 

United Continental. However, Alison Smith, an antitrust lawyer at McDermott Will & 

Emery LLP in Houston, and a previous official in the Department of Justice's (DOJ) 

antitrust division, stated it well when on February 10, 2013 The Wall Street Journal 

paraphrased her analysis: "The key question is whether regulators believe the airline 

industry already is sufficiently concentrated,,2 

Indeed, Congress must insist that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and 

DOJ not merely focus on the proposed merger as a standalone transaction with its 

associated route overlaps. Rather, the analysis should include implications for the 

competitive structure of the industry, i.e. the future of airline competition, airfare 

transparency, comparison-shopping, personal data privacy and consumer protections. 

B. Horizontal Airline Competitors Colluding On Business Rules 

Importantly, Congress needs to calion DOJ to examine the anti-competitive and anticonsumer direction increasingly powerful mega airlines and antitrust-immunized global 

alliances seek to take the industry in with respect to collusion on business rules. The 

International Air Transport Association (lATA) - the trade association for 240 airlines 

across the globe - has developed and is moving into a testing phase for a new 

worldwide business model designed (in its own words) to substantially eliminate price 

competition by reducing airfare and ancillary fee transparency and comparison 

3 
49 

shopping for consumers and corporate travel departments. This testimony will 

endeavor to illuminate the important nexus between the proposed merger and the 

implementation of lATA's so-called New Distribution Capability (NDC). 

C. No Failing Firms Here 

Airline mergers are generally reviewed by the DOJ and DOT. The DOJ has authority to 

block a merger even if it is approved by the DOT. The "failing firm" defense under the 

Department of Justice/Federal Trade Commission (FTC) HORIZONTAL MERGER 

GUIDELINES (GUIDELINES) provides a safe harbor if " ... a merger [is] not likely to 

enhance market power if imminent failure ... of one of the merging firms would cause 

the assets of that firm to exit the relevant market,,3 "Imminent" failure of a firm under 

the GUIDELINES is defined by specific criteria, including: the inability of a failing firm 

to meet its financial obligations in the near future or to reorganize successfully in 

Chapter 11, and a demonstration of good-faith efforts to garner offers that would keep 

the firm's assets in the market4 

Based on the GUIDELINES' criteria, it is clear that the failure of American is not 

imminent, even though American is in bankruptcy5 Indeed, there are few examples of 

major US. airlines not emerging successfully from bankruptcy. For example, Trans 

World Airlines declared bankruptcy on three separate occasions over almost a 

decade. 6 The carrier's final bankruptcy filing in 2001 ended in a merger with American 

Similarly, the bankruptcy of America West resulted in a merger with US Airways in 

2005, a deal that went unchallenged by the DOJ 7 

III. THE PROMISE OF INCREASED EFFICIENCIES 

A. Merger-Related Cost Savings Are Controversial 

Claimed efficiencies from airline mergers can be a powerful defense for an otherwise 

anticompetitive merger. After a six-month investigation into the Delta-Northwest 

transaction, for example, the DOJ concluded that the merger "is likely to produce 

substantial and credible efficiencies that will benefit US. consumers and is not likely to 

substantially lessen competition"S The agency counted as efficiencies those relating to 

cost savings in airport operations, information technology, supply chain economics, 

fleet optimization and service improvements related to combining complementary 

networks. 

Merger-related cost savings are a controversial subject. The economic literature has 

hosted an ongoing debate over issues relating to the tension between network size 

versus economies of scale and density, and efficiencies versus market power effects 

This includes empirical economic work showing that efficiencies dwindle as networks 

increase in size and the effects of increased "hubbing" on congestion and costs 

materialize. 9 As mergers become larger, the bar is raised on carriers to demonstrate to 

the DOJ that claimed efficiencies are substantial enough to overcome correspondingly 

large anticompetitive effects 10 

4 
50 

An increasingly important factor in the efficiencies debate is post-merger integration. It 

is now clear that integration of major airlines presents significant hurdles. Protracted 

and unwieldy system integration scenarios can impose costs on the merged company 

that are passed on to customers in the form of inconvenience, flight delays, and even 

litigation involving contested issues. For example, US Airways-America West, DeltaNorthwest, and United-Continental all experienced systems integration problems, 11 

ranging from integrating computer systems, combining frequent flier programs and 

meshing work forces to problems with cockpit standardization. 

Based on accumulating evidence that post-merger integration problems are significant, 

there is a case to be made that future airline mergers could follow suit. Moreover, the 

costs associated with integration are probably underestimated when the merger is 

proposed and can skew an analysis of efficiencies benefits. One way to correct for this 

is for antitrust enforcers to discount the magnitude of claimed efficiencies at the time of 

merger review. This is an especially important consideration in light of the 

GUIDELINES inherent balancing of anticompetitive effects against claimed efficiencies. 

B. Need To Forensically Analyze Past Merger Projections, Promises and 

Outcomes 

Advocates of airline mergers will undoubtedly cite recent improved financial 

performance as evidence that mergers have proved up the cost savings. Before such 

claims are accepted, however, it is important to note that high profits may indicate any 

number of developments. One is that carriers have in fact realized claimed efficiencies. 

Alternatively, higher profits may be the result of higher fares achieved through the 

exercise of market power, or the express or tacit agreement among competitors to 

withhold ancillary fee information from consumers necessary for efficient comparison 

shopping and purchasing of the complete air travel product. 

A thorough post-mortem analysis of airline efficiencies that disaggregates these, and 

other potential merger-related reasons for higher post-merger profits, is badly needed. 

Such a forensic analysis of projections promises and outcomes would also account 

for how successive airline mergers increase the probability that the merged carrier can 

externalize integration problems to captive customers without facing the threat of lost 

market share from defections to a dwindling number of rivals. 12 

IV. WHAT MERGERS ARE UNLIKELY TO RAISE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT 

OBSTACLES? 

A. Analyses Often Too Simplified 

One of the few examples of a merger that failed to obtain antitrust clearance is UnitedUS Airways (2000-2001). In that case, the DOJ's major concerns centered on loss of 

choice, potentially higher fares, and lower quality of service. The merger would have 

yielded a monopoly or duopoly on nonstop service on over 30 routes and "solidif~[iedl 

control" by the merging airlines over major connecting hubs for east coast traffic. 1 The 

DOJ rejected a proposed remedy by the parties, including a divesture of assets at 

Washington D.C. Reagan National airport and a promise by American to fly five of the 

routes that would be adversely affected by the merger. 

5 
51 

With few challenged airline mergers to evaluate, industry analysts and observers often 

opine on the legality of airline mergers based on fact patterns across mergers that 

antitrust enforcers did not attempt to block. For example, both Delta-Northwest and 

United-Continental involved multiple overlap routes, many of which involved 2-1 and 3-

2 routes. Yet in contrast to United-US Airways, both deals went through, raising the 

question: How many overlap routes on which competition is substantially lessened 

should be enough to raise antitrust enforcement eyebrows? Given the fact pattern 

surrounding overlap routes in unchallenged mergers, one could deduce that the DOJ 

will look past problematic overlap routes if there is a modicum of rivalry from LCCs and 

legacies and the affected airports are not slot-constrained As noted earlier, an 

efficiencies defense also appears to carry significant weight. 

B. Lessons From The Delta-Northwest And United-Continental Mergers 

There are a limited number of economic studies of airline mergers that examine postmerger price, output and quality measures to determine if mergers are largely procompetitive or anticompetitive. Increasingly, antitrust enforcement emphasizes the 

value of direct evidence of anti competitive effects - including natural experiments and 

analysis of consummated mergers - in guiding future enforcement decision-making 14 

Both tools attempt to make the most use of actual, relevant events in evaluating 

prospective mergers, including evidence of adverse effects (e.g., post-merger price 

increases) and entry and exit, particularly in markets similar to those affected by a 

proposed transaction. 

The proposed American-US Airways transaction presents a unique opportunity for the 

DOJ to analyze evidence on previous airline mergers. Indeed it would be poor 

competition policy to undertake an antitrust analysis of the proposed merger without 

evaluating the effects of prior airline mergers. 

V. THE DIMINISHING INFLUENCE OF LOW COST CARRIERS 

Low cost carriers (LCCs) cannot be relied upon to save the day for legacy mergers 

that present sizable competitive issues. The dwindling stock of LCCs and their 

exposure as potential takeover targets - particularly in light of the Southwest-AirTran 

merger - makes them increasingly unreliable as a source of competitive discipline in 

the industry. Pre- to post-merger fare increases on Delta-Northwest and UnitedContinental routes highlight the challenges that smaller, lower-cost rivals face on hubto-hub routes dominated by legacy carriers. Increasingly concentrated hubs resulting 

from previous legacy mergers raise further barriers to LCC entry that could potentially 

discipline adverse effects 

VI. THE PROBLEM OF MONOPSONY POWER 

Consolidation in the domestic industry has produced three large airline systems from 

six airlines in four years' time (Delta, United Continental, and Southwest). The 

proposed merger of American and US Airways would eliminate yet another airline to 

6 
52 

produce four mega-carrier systems. Another merger of major carriers should begin to 

raise questions, as described in the GUIDELINES, about the effect of the transaction 

on the carriers' buying market power. The proposed American-US Airways merger 

raises two potential sources of concern. 

One monopsony issue is that a merged American-US Airways, as the largest carrier in 

the U.S., could wield significantly more buyer power than each carrier does 

independently. As a result, the merger could - as the GUIDELINES describe - reduce 

the number of "attractive outlets for their [suppliers'] goods or services,,15 Airlines are 

significant purchasers of goods and services from sellers in complementary markets. 

These suppliers include: travel agencies, travel management companies, airports, 

distribution systems, parts suppliers and caterers. Such suppliers are far less powerful 

and dispersed relative to the airline buyers with which they do business. As a result, 

they lack the bargaining power necessary to balance the buyer power potentially 

exercised by the merged carrier. The merger could therefore result in suppliers being 

squeezed by below-competitive prices paid for their goods and services. 

A second source of concern surrounding monopsony power relates to the role 

American and US Airways in global airline alliances. Because American and US 

Airways are currently in different global alliances, and one carrier would switch alliance 

membership, an important by-product of the merger would be a reconfiguration of the 

international alliances landscape. Given American's protracted and controversial 

efforts to obtain antitrust immunity for its participation in the oneworld alliance, it is 

more probable that US Airways would defect from the Star alliance to join oneworld. 

Global antitrust immunized airline alliances are already powerful buying groups that 

exert market power over various suppliers. The merger of American and US Airways 

(conformed within one alliance) could produce a larger oneworld alliance vis-a-vis a 

more disparate set of suppliers. Similar to the argument regarding the merging carriers 

themselves, the monopsony concern in the global alliance context arises because the 

merged carrier could create a more powerful oneworld alliance group buyer. An 

antitrust investigation into the proposed merger of American and US Airways should 

frame the question of how the proposed merger could affect the incentive and ability of 

the larger oneworld alliance to adversely affect prices paid to the various alliance 

suppliers by driving them below competitive levels. 

The likelihood of monopsony effects that might result from the proposed merger is 

difficult to predict without information from the suppliers who themselves do business 

with the airlines and with global airline alliances. Specifically, it will be important for the 

DOJ to understand how suppliers' bargaining power could be affected by a combined 

American-US Airways and a larger and potentially more powerful oneworld alliance. 

VII. THE LACK OF ANCILLARY FEE INFORMATION EXACERBATED 

Price transparency is vitally important for the competitive process to function 

properly. 16 However, the latest round of airline industry consolidation has been 

7 
53 

accompanied by carriers aggressively unbundling their products (e.g., checked 

baggage, advance boarding, preferred seating, etc.) and charging fees for services 

previously included and paid for by consumers in the price of their tickets. While 

unbundling is generally pro-competitive, it is unlikely to be beneficial without 

transparency in prices that is typically intended to accompany it. Indeed, airlines have 

been increasingly able - without competitive repercussions - to ignore the demand for 

ancillary fee data even from their largest, most sophisticated customers 17 Moreover, 

airlines have inadequately responded to the concerns of Congress and the DOT over 

lack of transparency and purchasability of ancillary fees. 1B 

The obvious struggle within the domestic airline industry over unbundling and price 

transparency is a conflict that presents an important "cross-over" issue between 

consumer protection and antitrust. For example, in eschewing true price transparency, 

airlines increasingly mask the all-in price of air travel, with two major adverse effects. 

First, lack of price transparency prevents consumers from efficient comparisonshopping of air travel offerings across multiple airlines - a hallmark of U.S. airline 

industry deregulation. A second consequence of the deterioration in price disclosure is 

that ancillary fees go largely undisciplined by market forces. Likewise, base fares are 

today not exposed to the full discipline of the marketplace and represent unreliable 

comparative benchmarks for consumers and regulators alike because some fares 

contain specific services that others do not. Arguably, to the extent that airlines are in 

a commodity business, it is to their advantage to attempt to differentiate themselves by 

making meaningful price comparisons difficult. 

The question for an antitrust investigation of a proposed merger of American and US 

Airways is whether the combination could dampen the merged carriers' incentive to 

disclose ancillary fee information to consumers. If so, such an adverse outcome could 

represent a cognizable adverse effect of the merger. Arguably, as airlines have grown 

larger and more powerful relative to consumers through consolidation, carriers have 

increasingly been able to refuse to provide consumers with so-called ancillary services 

and associated fees information. This supports the notion that rivalry creates 

incentives for sellers to fully inform consumers about the pricing, quality and 

availability of their products. A loss of competition through merger therefore diminishes 

those incentives, particularly in cases such as American-US Airways where the 

combination results in extremely high levels of concentration 

It will be important for the OOJ to determine if and how a merger of American and US 

Airways - a transaction that would create the largest airline in the U.S. - could alter 

the ability and incentive for the merged carrier to disclose ancillary fee information 

differently than before the merger. The mechanism for this may be that with fewer 

players in the market, the need for sellers to reach agreement on matters such as how 

to deal with baggage fees is minimized because it can be handled by the airlines 

"tacitly" Curbing or preventing such behavior is one of the major purposes of the 

antitrust laws, particularly merger control 

8 
54 

VIII. COORDINATED EFFECTS A BIG PROBLEM 

When there were eight network carriers, regulatory focus on route overlap and 

reduced competition in individual markets made sense. However, when the number of 

network competitors is cut in half, and headed for three, explicit or tacit agreements on 

market actions such as across-the-board fare or ancillary fee increases are made 

infinitely more achievable and take on far more importance than route overlaps 

Furthermore, four network competitors since 2008, when radical industry consolidation 

began, have been able to dismiss in lockstep their best corporate customers' demands 

for ancillary fee information, e.g., for checked bags. This is a clear sign that the market 

for commercial air transportation services is failing, and given this circumstance, how 

could prudent public policy suggest further consolidation of this industry? 

This concern about competitor agreements is called "coordinated effects" in the U.S. 

and "collective dominance" in the EU and has been at the core of U.S. merger policy 

for some time. In 1986, for example, Judge Richard Posner wrote that the "ultimate 

issue" in reviewing a merger under the antitrust laws is "whether the challenged 

acquisition is likely to hurt consumers, as by making it easier for the firms in a market 

to collude, expressly or tacitly, and thereby force price above or farther above the 

competitive level.,,19 

IX. THE ANTI-CONSUMER ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM 

A. lATA's NDC Is An Agreement Among Horizontal Airline Competitors That 

Raises Significant Antitrust And Privacy Law Issues 

Mega U.S and international airlines and their antitrust-immunized global alliances 

have used lATA as the vehicle to reach an agreement establishing a new industrywide business model for the pricing and selling of air transportation services. This new 

model would apply to travel to and from, and within the United States, and in fact, air 

transportation services across the globe. 

This proposed new business model, agreed by lATA member airlines at a conference 

held on October 19, 2012 as Resolution 787, would negatively and significantly impact 

airline competition and would drive up airline prices for consumers20 It is designed to 

terminate by agreement among airline competitors the current market-driven and 

transparent model for the pricing and sale of tickets, where airfares are published and 

publicly available for comparison-shopping and purchase by all consumers on a nondiscriminatory basis. The airlines themselves have confirmed publicly that the current 

transparent airfare model has constrained their ability to raise airfares. 

This new business model would also violate the privacy rights of consumers. Under 

Resolution 787 the airlines have agreed among themselves that they have the right to 

demand that extraordinarily intrusive personal data about specific consumers be 

broadcast to all airlines that might offer service, even though consumers in most cases 

enter into a contract of carriage with just one of those airlines. Resolution 787 on its 

face (Section 3.1.1) explicitly says that before they quote prices for a consumer the 

9 
55 

airlines have the right to demand from consumers personal information that "includes 

but is not limited to" the customer's: name, age, marital status, nationality, contact 

details [including email address],frequentflyernumbers [on all carriers], prior 

shopping, purchase and travel history, and whether the purpose of the customer's trip 

is business or leisure. Unless all NDC airlines were to adopt a common privacy policy, 

which is exceedingly unlikely, then consumer information would be sent to airlines 

prior to consumers having had the opportunity to review individual airlines' privacy 

policies. 

B. The Details About NDC 

Because the proponent airlines of NDC and lATA chose to incorporate this new 

business model in an lATA Resolution as opposed to an lATA Recommended Practice, 

under lATA's governing rules, this new business model is an agreement that is binding 

on all of the roughly 240 lATA-member airlines worldwide. As set forth in the preamble 

of this Resolution, all lATA airlines that choose to distribute "enhanced content" (an 

undefined term but overtly one that means when an "ancillary service" such as 

checked luggage or pre-reserved seating is sold along with the base fare) across 

"multiple channels" would be obliged to adhere to this new business model, and to do 

so both with respect to sales made by intermediaries (that is, travel agencies) and 

those made in their direct sales channels, such as via their websites. 

For carriers adopting NDC for particular markets, airfares and schedules would no 

longer be publicly filed and available on a non-discriminatory basis for any and all 

consumers to anonymously comparison shop and then purchase through 

intermediaries such as brick-and-mortar and online travel agencies, or via their 

websites. Instead, NDC airlines would create "unique" offers each time a particular 

consumer requested a fare for a specific route/date. The offers made by each airline 

would be "customized" based on personal details the airlines have agreed in 

Resolution 787 they will have the right to demand from consumers before quoting any 

prices. 

The personal information about each specific traveler the airlines have agreed among 

themselves that they will have the right to demand is quite detailed and intrusive, as 

explained above. Many of these items of sensitive personal information can be used 

very effectively to pinpoint, and extract higher prices from, those travelers who are 

likely to be less price elastic - such as business travelers and travelers whose 

shopping and travel history demonstrate they do not regard connecting services as 

viable substitutes for non-stop services on particular routes or do not consider 

alternate airports serving the same area as substitutes for one another. 

Importantly, the airline industry, and lATA in particular, has decried publicly what it 

describes as the "commoditization" of airline services caused by the low-fare search 

capabilities on-line and brick-and-mortar travel agencies have made available to 

consumers, capabilities that only work because of the current system of publicly 

available and transparent fares And airlines have done so even as they 

acknowledged at the same time the benefits for consumers of the current system of 

10 
56 

fare transparency. For example, in July 2012, Tony Tyler, the Director General of lATA, 

just after the NDC project had been officially launched, stated as follows in an 

interview with Flight Global 

"We've done a great job of improving efficiency and bringing down costs, but 

we've handed that benefit straight to our customers," Tyler says. "As soon as 

someone's got a cost advantage, instead of charging the same price and 

making a bit of profit, they use it to undercut their competitors and hand the 

value straight to passengers or cargo shippers - and you've got to ask why? I 

think one of the reasons is that the way we sell our product forces us to 

commoditize ourselves. ,,21 

On other occasions as well, airlines have confirmed publicly that this fare transparency 

and efficient comparison shopping have sharpened price competition among airlines 

on competitive routes and have forced them to keep their prices low, lest they lose 

sales to airlines offering more attractive published fares to consumers. 

The current distribution system has indeed been responsible for an unprecedented 

degree of comparison-shopping opportunities for air travelers, who can, with just a few 

clicks of a mouse, learn in seconds the best priced options on any carrier for their 

journey. 

It might be proper for individual airlines, at least those not holding a dominant position, 

to unilaterally adopt and pursue distribution business model changes that increased 

consumer search costs and otherwise undermined the current fare transparency they 

admit has been a source of significant competitive pricing pressure. However, BTC 

firmly believes that horizontal competitors (and indeed nearly the entire airline 

industry) banding together to jointly adopt such a new business model by express 

agreement crosses the line. In short, BTC believes that NDC is an agreement among 

competitors that has the purpose and will have the effect of stabilizing or raising prices 

and thus violates U.S. antitrust laws 

BTC also submits that any ticket distribution system that, like NDC, requires 

consumers to surrender the types of personally identifiable information spelled out at 

Section 3.1.1 for the privilege of being quoted a price for travel between points A and 

B is a flagrant violation of consumers' elementary rights to privacy22 The processing of 

these personal details is not for a legitimate purpose but rather to allow airlines to 

engage in acutely targeted price discrimination that extracts higher fares from those 

judged to be less price-sensitive. Further, the data enumerated by the Resolution is 

excessive in relation to the purpose of quoting airfares for consumers. Airlines, of 

course, have been quoting prices to consumers for decades and have never before 

demanded these intrusive details as a condition for being told what the costs of travel 

would be. In addition, BTC strongly holds the view that none of a person's age, marital 

status, frequent flyer membership, nationality, shopping, travel and purchase history 

and whether the purpose of a trip is business or leisure can be a proper basis for price 

discrimination by an airline 

11 
57 

For example, BTC is convinced that no reasonable person would suggest that it fair or 

defensible to charge someone 40 years of age more, or less, than someone who is 50. 

And BTC would strenuously object to any suggestion that those who are married can 

be favored or penalized in terms of prices relative to those consumers who are not, 

especially given that a large sector of the American public cannot legally get married. 

lATA has stated publicly that testing and adoption of NDC will begin early this year 

Thus, NDC may pose an imminent threat of higher prices for consumers of air travel 

as the competitive discipline that flows from the current regime of published, visible 

and easily comparable air prices is supplanted with one based on the ultimate in fare 

shrouding. Under NDC, consumers would be unable to conveniently and easily test 

what the "market price" for their trips should be as every fare would be "unique" to 

particular travelers. And consumers could not be confident that they were being 

quoted offers that were the best deal for them, or even a good one. And NDC will soon 

violate consumers' rights to privacy on an unprecedented scale. 

C. The Consumer Privacy, Pricing and Cost Impacts of NDC 

If implemented, NDC would infringe upon consumers' data privacy rights and 

expectations in unprecedented ways and to extreme levels. Using consumers' data to 

price discriminate and structurally divide markets, joined up with the elimination of 

publically available fares, rules, and schedules, would kill off market disciplining forces 

and enable prices to rise throughout the entire aviation system. Adding insult to injury, 

all manner of new costs will befall the travel distribution system including travel 

agencies having to pay for access to airfare, ancillary fee and bundled content. These 

costs would then be transferred onto the backs of consumers and corporate travel 

departments in the form of higher transaction or service fees 

D. How lATA Tells The Story 

lATA's well-oiled public relations machine is a clever operation; maybe too clever This 

is how the organization brought the NDC proposal to the marketplace. 

lATA 

1 developed rationale and generated support among airline-members for NDC 

as an lATA strategic priority and solution to a problem of commoditized pricing 

that cannot easily be solved by individual airlines in a transparent and 

competitive marketplace, but that can be remedied through agreement by a 

group of horizontal competitors; 

2. ensured that only airlines would participate in new business-model strategic 

planning for close to a year before some, but not all, industry stakeholders were 

convened in July 2012 in Geneva to be informed of the new "direction" the 

world's airlines were headed in; 

3. powered forward with world's most influential airlines and alliances to ensure 

momentum and initial success in the major global markets; 

12 
58 

4. secured a Binding Resolution in October 2012 with 238 yeas and 2 

abstentions; 

5. labeled NDC as a technical standard when it is really a new industry-wide 

business model; 

6. advertised that personal information would be requested only on an opt-in 

basis while being silent about non-consent resulting in significant negative 

consequences for consumers; 

7. described personalization and customization as the ultimate in transparency 

when in fact the objective is price opacity; 

8. declared that consumers are demanding personalization when in fact they 

have been demanding that transparency and comparison shopping be restored; 

and 

9. failed to mention massive new costs that will be ultimately transferred to 

consumers. 

E. The Nexus Between This Merger And NDC 

Importantly, the proposed American/US Airways merger, if sanctioned by Washington, 

would increase the chances of success of lATA's new business model byorders-ofmagnitude. Why? US Airways has been a long-time competitive outlier and maverick 

in content distribution matters 

For example, in 2000 and 2001 when only airline-owned Orbitz had access to airlines' 

web fares, US Airways was the first to break ranks and offer them to travel agencies 

and their corporate clients. Likewise, in 2006 when American Airlines took the industry 

to the brink of airfare content collapse, US Airways was a significant early-mover 

participant in full-content agreements averting a calamity for corporate travel programs 

and individual consumers alike. 

If American Airlines, a full supporter of NDC, were to swallow maverick US Airways, 

then the chances that a competitively relevant competitor, in the world's most 

important aviation market, would reject this over-the-top anti-competitive and anticonsumer lATA initiative, would be dangerously diminished. This represents the uber 

manifestation of the coordinated-effects antitrust problem cited above, i.e. competitors 

pursuing a market-structure change implicitly understand that they should cooperate, 

including LCCs that would benefit from rising prices without directly participating. 

x. THE REMEDIES 

A. Block NDC 

Given the obvious anti-competitive effects of NDC, and the unprecedented invasion of 

privacy it would inflict on all consumers, upon receipt of lATA's application for approval 

13 
59 

of Resolution 787, DOT should deny approval of it. 

B. Investigate NDC 

DOJ should serve lATA, and the airline members of lATA who have been 

spearheading the NDC scheme with a civil investigative demand (CID) to discover 

documentation and compel testimony regarding the purpose and objectives of NDC 

and the process by which horizontal competitors reached a Binding Resolution on a 

new industry-wide business model. 

C. Increase Consumer Protections 

In order to address price transparency problems resulting from an imbalance in market 

power between airlines and consumers, and to address the complete absence of any 

private right of action for consumers when airlines fail to make clear and timely 

disclosure of the all-in price of travel, Congress might consider the efficacy of a 

minimum set of national consumer protections, enforceable at the state level, to 

protect consumers while avoiding burdening airlines with a patchwork of consumer 

laws. 

XI. CONCLUSION 

VVhether it is fighting DOT rule makings or boldly proposing NDC, there is a fullthroated airline assault on price transparency. The past two mega-airline mergers 

were justified on the pricing transparency and discipline provided by the online travel 

agencies and other third party distributors. Now through NDC, airlines are jointly 

seeking to kill off transparency and comparison-shopping - this at a time when they 

are needed more than ever as we have gone since 2008 from 6 network carriers to 5, 

then to 4 and now potentially to 3. 

Congress needs to keep its guard up, and intervene as necessary, before consumers 

are really harmed. 

1 The White Paper, which has been sent to the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), indicates that a 

merger between Dand American could: substantially reduce competition on a number of routes, create 

regional strongholds at key airports across the country, and starve smaller communities of important air 

service. (August 2012), available httpJiwww.businesstravelcoalition.com/press-room/2012/august-B---

9.ai"i:ltc,y,,<hite, html 

2 The Wall Street Journal- U.S. Likely to Clear Airline Deal (February 10,2013) available 

hnQjlonline.wsj.comiarticle/SB1 000 1424127887323511804578296221685366486.html 

3 US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, HORIZONTAL MERGER 

GUIDELINES (GUIDELINES), §11 (August 2010), available 

http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/guidelines/hmg-201 O.pdf 

4 1d. 

5 For sure, a combined American Airlines and US Airways would have a bigger competitive footprint to 

compete with Delta and United Continental, but that's the logic that has brought us to four network 

14 
60 

carriers, and if you continue to extend the logic the U.S. would be down to two closed network-carrier 

systems pretty soon, after one of these mammoth groupings acquires Alaska Airlines, JetBlue Airways 

and Frontier Airlines. What's more, US Airways and American Airlines are not failing firms. The former is 

enjoying record profits while that latter is about to exit bankruptcy reorganization with billions of dollars 

in cash, lower operating costs and new aircraft on order. 

6 History of Airline Bankruptcies, FOXBUSINESS.COM, November 29, 2011, 

http://www.foxbusiness.comltravel/2011/11/29/history-us-airline-bankruptcies/ 

7 Keith L. Alexander, US Airways To Merge, Move Base To Arizona, WASHINGTONPOST.COM, May 

20, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/contentiarticle/2005/05/19/AR2005051901972.html 

8 U.S. Department of Justice, Statement of the Department of Justice's Antitrust Division on its Decision 

to Close its Investigation of the Merger of Delta Air Lines Inc. and Northwest Airlines Corporation, 

October 29, 2008, available at http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2008/238849.htm. 

9 See, e,g" David Gillen, et aI., Airlines Cost Structure and Policy Implications, 24 J. TRANSP, ECON 

AND POL'Y 9 (1990); Michael Creel and Montserat Farell, Economies of Scale in the US Airline Industry 

After Deregulation: a Fourier Series Approximation, 37 TRANSP, RES, PART E 321,332 (2001); w. M, 

Swan, Airline Route Developments: A Review of History, 8 J, AIR TRANSP, MGMT. 349 (2002), See 

also Subal C, Kumbhakar, A Reexamination of Returns to Scale, Density and Technical Progress in US, 

Airlines, 57 S, ECON, J, 428, 439 (1990) and Leonardo J. Basso and Sergio R. Jara-Diaz, 

Distinguishing Multiproduct Economies of Scale from Economies of Density on a Fixed-Size Transport 

Network,6 NETWORK & SPATIAL ECON, 149 (2006), Regarding the balance of market power and 

efficiencies effects, see e,g" E, Han Kim and Vijay Singal, Mergers and Market Power: Evidence from 

the Aitline Industry, 83 AM. ECON. REV. 549 (1993), 

10 Perhaps the best example of the imperative for merging parties to show significant efficiencies in the 

presence of high market concentration is Federal Trade Commission v H,J, Heinz Co" 246 F.3d 708 

(D,C, Cir. 2001), 

11 See, e,g" Smisek Apologizes For United's Technological, Operational Missteps, THEBEAT,TRAVEL, 

July 26, 2012, http://www.thebeaUravel/postl2012/07/26/Smisek-Apologizes-United-Missteps,aspx; 

Massive Integration Issues Continue to Affect United, PREMEIRTRAVELSERVICES,COM, April 13, 

2012, http://premieretravelservices,blogspot.com/2012/04/massive-integration-issues-co nti n u e-to, htm I; 

Jim Glab, United: Systems integration still causing some delays, problems, 

EXECUTIVETRAVELMAGAZINE,COM, April 27, 2012, 

http://www.executivetravelmagazine.com/blogs/ai r -trave I-n ews/20 12/4/27 /u nited-systems- i nteg ratio nstill-causing-somedelays-problems; United exec: Airline halfway through integration with Continental, 

BIZJOURNALS.COM, March 13, 2012, http://www,bizjournals.com/denver/news/2012/03/13/unitedexec-airline-halfway-through.html; United Airlines Faces Delays After Systems Merger: IT difficulties 

cause kiosk malfunction, traveler setbacks, INVESTORPLACE,COM, March 5, 2012, 

http://www.investorplace.com/2012/03/united-airlines-faces-<lelays- after-systems-merger/; Linda 

Rosencrance, No Smooth Takeoff for US Airways IT Conversion: Integration of reservation systems with 

America West blamed for delays, COMPUTERWORLD.COM, April 2, 2007, 

http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/28787 4/No_ Smooth_ TakeofCfor_ US _Airways_IT _Conversion; 

and Jad Mouawad, Delta-Northwest Merger's Long and Complex Path, NYTIMES.COM, May 18, 2011, 

http://www,nytimes.comf2011/05!19Ibusiness!19air html?pagewanted=all. 

12 In 2008, when Congress held hearings about the then proposed Delta Air Lines - Northwest Airlines 

merger, Doug Steenland, CEO of Northwest, and Richard Anderson CEO of Delta, made all manner of 

projections and promises about how and when the merger would produce cost-reduction and revenue 

synergies, new efficiencies, better customer service and innovations while not abandoning routes, 

downsizing hub airports, withdrawing or degrading service to small and mid-size communities or 

15 
61 

gouging consumers in monopoly markets. Indeed, Steen land went so fare as to argue that it would be 

virtually impossible to raise prices. 

13 U.S. Department of Justice, Department of Justice and Several States Will Sue to Stop United Airlines 

from Acquiring US Airways: Deal Would Result in Higher Air Fares for Businesses and Millions of 

Consumers, July 27, 2001, h~/Lv"v'l"'ilusJice.gI)\/Lo[l,a/!)I"!2_0_01/,JLJIy,l361 a,tl1trrl. 

14 GUIDELINES, supra note 7, at §11. 

15 GUIDELINES, supra note 7, at §12. 

16 We note that price transparency is also essential for antitrust enforcers to accurately evaluate the 

competitive effects of mergers and conduct-based issues This ranges from defining relevant markets to 

determining a merger's effect on quality and choice. 

17 U.S. DOT Needs To Evaluate Airline Industry Consolidation: Is Proposed US Airways - American 

Airlines Merger Cause For Concern? BUSINESSTRAVELCOALITION.COM, April 22, 2012, available at 

http://businesstravelcoalition.com/press-room/2012/april-22---us-dot-needs-to . html. 

18 The same is true for concerns over extended tarmac delays. 

19 Hospital Corp. Of America v. FTC, 807 F.2d 1381, 1386 (7th Cir. 1986). See also FTC v. H.J. Heinz, 

246 F.3d 708 (D.C. Cir. 2001)("Merger law 'rests upon the theory that, where rivals are few, firms will be 

able to coordinate their behavior, either by overt collusion or implicit understanding, in order to restrict 

output and achieve profits above a competitive level.") (quoting FTC v. PPG Indus., 798 F.2d 1500, 

1503 (D.C CiL 1986.) 

20 Binding Resolution 787 is appended to this testimony. 

21 Flight Global-Tony Tyler, lATA available (Feb. 2013) available 

http://www.flightglobal.com/interviewsltony-tyler/the-interviewi 

22 See supra note 20 

16 
62 

ATTACHMENTS 

• aal 

The PrOI)osed Merger of US Aim'a 'S and American Airlines: 

rile RlIsllltJ Close(/ Airlil/e Systems 

August 8, 2012 

Diana L. Moss and Kevin Mitchell! 

£xeclltil'c Slimmil/)' 

Should US Airways make II bid for American Airlines, cUITe11lly in bankruptcy 

proceedings, the deal could present II conundrum for an(ilruSt authorities. The transaction 

would create the largest domestic airline, reducing the number of legacy mega-carriers 10 

three - Delta Air Lines (Delta), United Continental, and US Airways-American Airlines 

(US Airways. American). This consolidation would occur against nn industry backdrop 

marked by II dwindling fringe of low-cosl carriers (LeGs) lind growing questions as 10 

whether legacy look-alike Southwest Airlines-AirTran Airways (Southwest) exerts any 

significant competitive discipline in the industry, llle merger could therefore hasten a 

troubling metamorphosis of the domestic airline il1dustry from one ill which hub airports 

were dcsigl1ed to accommodate multiple. competing airlil1es to a few large, closed 

systems that are virtually impenneable to competition and create a hostile environment in 

which Lees and regional airlines have difficulty thriving and t!Xpandins. 

This White Paper, produced jointly by the American Al1Iitrust Institute (AA!) and 

Business Travel Coali tion (BTC), asks: What competitive issues should be the focus of 

antitrust investigators in reviewing the proposrd merger of US Airways and American? 

The paper takes the position that a U.S Department of Justice (001) investigation into 

Ihe proposed merger of US Airways lind American should be infonned by mounting 

I Diona Moss ~ VitI.' Pr.,,;i<knt and Direclor, Am .. ,man Amilmsi tn;"nUlc (MI) and !l:cl'm M,lChdl I) 

e h.lImnll, Bu""",<.< r ",,·c\ CO"hIK~' (BTC) The AM L~ an ;nd~l"'n\knl WnshlDl:lln" [) C..bas"J '\(~l.pru tl 

cduc~llon , 1"C:le"""h, and ;.d\,(lClI~')' orgallll..lIvl\ AAI'~ m, .. ,on, ' \0 1Il~'O.'* Ih" r<'le<lf~QIllp<lIlion . 

cn~","" l\tat =1' .. 1il1on wor\(s III thc ;1I,,;rusts ()f oonSl>mc'fS, and cha llc-,,~c abu,,,,,, ()f C() 'Ii:~ntrulc,j 

C'COILUIntC ro"C'f on Ihe Aon~'Ilc'm anJ "orlJ c'C(~lomi,," . Se,' \\w" .• nl1lrui<l.,'n;.l,lulc.OIll fOf "",ft: 

infoJnnnllOll. ThIS Whll~ Pal""" ha.. too,,," aptlw,"~d fur rubhc~l,on hy Ih" AAi Ill'Wlrd ()fDir""II>N. UTC,~ un aJ""""cr of¥ani~a!iun J.'tl,cal."j 10 ime'l',..,t;lIi! indu"I)' "nd OVCnu"c1Ll p<>licLC:< and prac,"""", ."d 

pnl\'lding a plMfuml f"rthc. m~n.lOl-d·Lnl\'c1 communI\}' Iv ,n/lut"1l<:c ,,,,,ll .. .,. flf ,unllcl'i<: imp')"l~n .... lil Ihcir 

orgam7.aUIlll.'!. BTl" fcpr.:scnl< II", "'tcri.':;t.< vI" th~ m"no)lcd tr,,'ej oommunny ,n W.r.;h Lngt"" ""d Uru$Sds 

lind w;lhi" the tnr,·c1 indumy ,y~ b,.,.;",,,,,Ull\,,loo.lillvo.conl for moft: mfon".livn 
63 

evidence on the effects of previous airline mergers, namely Delta-Northwest and UnitedContinental. The White Paper presents a brief analysis of these combinations and 

highlights a number of preliminary observations that deserve a more in-depth look. These 

range from the effects of previous mergers on creating costly post-merger integration 

problems, substantially reducing rivalry on important routes, producing above-average 

fare increases, and driving traffic to major hubs and away from smaller communities. 

The White Paper continues on to evaluate key competitive issues raised by the proposed 

merger of US Airways and American that deserve some attention in an antitrust 

investigation. One is the expected outcome - similar to previous legacy mergers - that 

the proposed combination could eliminate competition on a number of important overlap 

routes, creating very high levels of concentration and potential harm to consumers. The 

risk that the proposed merger could adversely affect small communities through reduced 

levels of, or lower quality, air service is also worth a close look. Another observation is 

that the merger is unlikely to be one of complementary networks (as might be argued) 

and could instead create regional strongholds and solidify US Airways-American' s 

control over key airports. Any arguments that the merger is necessary to create another 

"equal-size" competitor to the existing Big 3 systems are also not compelling. The 

analysis concludes by examining the potential effect of the merger on buyer market 

power and disclosure of information regarding ancillary service fees. 

The joint AAIlBTC White Paper offers a number of concluding observations and 

recommendations. Among them is that our analysis of the US Airways-American merger 

- coupled with potential warning signs from previous legacy mergers - indicates that 

there may be enough smoke surrounding the proposed combination to indicate a potential 

fire. The merging parties therefore bear a heavy burden is demonstrating that their merger 

would not be harmful to competition and consumers. 

2 
64 

I. Introduction 

In the last several years, the US. airline industry has experienced both long-standing and 

novel challenges - fuel price volatility, limits to organic growth, pressures to expand 

globally, and slowing demand for air travel 2 Both legacy airlines and LCCs have 

responded to these developments with bankruptcies, reorganizations, spin-offs, and new 

pricing strategies. Consolidation among airlines is perhaps the most commonly applied 

remedy for what persists in ailing the domestic airline industry. There have been six 

major mergers in recent years: US Airways and America West Airlines (2005), Delta Air 

Lines and Northwest Airlines (2008), Republic Airlines and Midwest Airlines (2009), 

Republic Airlines and Frontier Airlines (2009), and United Airlines and Continental 

Airlines (2010). In 2011, Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways merged in the first 

major transaction involving LCCs. All six deals went through, unchallenged by federal 

antitrust authorities. 

In April 2012, US Ainvays announced a move to take over American Airlines, currently 

in bankruptcy proceedings.' The merger would combine the fourth (American) and fifth 

(US Airways) largest airlines nationally, making US Airways-American the largest US. 

carrier with a combined share of over 20 percent, followed by Southwest with 18 percent, 

United Continental with 17 percent, and Delta with 16 percent4 The Big 4 would 

therefore control over 70 percent of the national market. The dwindling stock of LCCs 

after maverick AirTran was eliminated by Southwest consists of JetBlue, Frontier, and 

Spirit Airlines 5 Not counting the merged Southwest, LCCs shares total less than 10 

percent, with modest growth since 20076 

A US Airways-American merger could present a conundrum for US. antitrust 

authorities. One challenge will be to fend off the argument that the merger cannot harm 

competition and consumers because American - currently in bankruptcy proceedings -

would likely fail and exit the market anyway. Another is the claim that the merger is 

necessary because it would enable a newly merged American to compete with the two 

existing legacy behemoths, Delta and United Continental, that have been created from 

2 Sec, C.g., Severin Borenstein, Why l).S 11ir!;nes .:.Veed to Jldapt to a Slmv-C;rowth Future, 

nTOOMnERG.CO'vL .Tune 3, 2012, http://www.hloomherg.com/news/20 12-0()-03/w hy -u-s-airlines-need-toadapt-to-a-slow-grow1h-futmc.hlml. 

'us Airways makes move lo take over American, cnSNEWS.COM, April 20, 2012, 

http://www.cbsncws.com/830 1-505144_162-57 417 (,34/us-airways-makcs-movc-to-takc-ovcr-amcricanl. 

4 U.S. Depurtmelll or Transportation, Bureau or Transportation Slatistics, TJ0111estic kfarket S'hal'e: Aray 

2011 clpri! 2012. available al http://www.transtats.bts.gov/. Sharcs arc mcasurcd by revenuc passcngcrmiles. 

5 Sun CountlY. Virgin America. and Allegiant also provide some competitive discipline typical of Lecs. 

G U.S. Depurtmenl or Transportation, nureuu or Transportation Statistics, Carrier Snapshots, availahle at 

http://www.transtats.hts.gov/carricrs.asp. Data from 2007 and 2012 (as of March 2012) for Frontier and 

JetBlue (data not reported for Spirit). 

3 
65 

previous mergers, as well as the recent Southwest-AirTran combination. Yet another 

troubling question is whether the proposed merger could even be disallowed if all recent 

transactions were allowed to go through. 

With the number of legacy carriers down to two, plus the legacy look-alike Southwest, 

the proposed merger would change the landscape of the airline industry in some expected 

and novel ways. For example, it is clear that - similar to previous mergers - some 

markets would be dominated by the merged carrier, while others would display the major 

features of an oligopoly, i.e., few, interdependent sellers. In concentrated oligopoly 

markets, small fringe competitors such as LCCs and regional carriers are less likely to 

effectively discipline the pricing of the resulting four powerful systems, or they may walk 

away from the opportunity to gain market share by going along with the higher prices 

that often accompany diminished competition. 

Equally concerning is that the proposed merger could be the capstone event that 

transforms the industry into a fundamentally different one from what we have known. In 

the wake of antitrust and aviation policies that have encouraged the formation of fortress 

hubs, new entry at hub airports is now exceedingly difficult. And the entry that does 

occur is likely to provide weak, if not ineffective competition. Moreover, secondary 

airports in major metropolitan areas - heralded as providing competitive discipline for 

legacy-dominated hubs - do not exist in sufficient numbers to rescue all consumers 

adversely affected by previous mergers. More important, many secondary airports are 

themselves becoming dominated by the largest of the former LCCs, Southwest. The 

result has been the metamorphosis of an industry in which hubs were designed to be open 

access facilities at which multiple, competing airlines provided service, to only a few 

mammoth, closed systems that are virtually impermeable to competition and provide a 

hostile environment in which LCCs and regional airlines have difficulty thriving and 

expanding. 

This White Paper, produced jointly by the AAI and BTC, frames the major competitive 

issues that should garner attention in an antitrust investigation of the proposed merger of 

US Airways and American. This analysis is based solely on publicly available 

information and is informed in part by analysis of previous mergers of legacy airlines, 

including Delta-Northwest and United-Continental. While we do not make a 

recommendation as to the legality of the proposed merger, we raise important questions 

that deserve investigation before a decision is made. 

Section II of the White Paper proceeds to examine major features of airline mergers over 

the last decade. Section III analyzes pre- to post-merger effects of the Delta-Northwest 

and United-Continental mergers using data on fares and service levels on hub-to-hub 

routes. Section IV analyzes the proposed US Airways-American merger, including 

elimination of competition on overlap routes and pricing patterns, and suggests key issues 

for antitrust review. Section V concludes with observations and recommendations 

regarding the proposed merger and competition in the U.S. airline industry. 

4 
66 

II. Major Themes from Recent Airline Mergers 

Airline mergers in the last decade raise a number of recurrent themes and issues, ranging 

from the implications of acquisitions of bankrupt carriers, the perceived need to expand 

and reconfigure networks in order to compete globally, and efficiency justifications for 

consolidation. These factors, among others, are important to consider in an analysis of a 

US Airways-American merger. 

A. Bankruptcy as "Business as Usual" or Imminent Failure of 

American? 

Airline mergers are generally reviewed by the DOJ and the US. Department of 

Transportation (DOT). The DOJ has authority to block a merger even ifit is approved by 

the DOT. The "failing firm" defense under the Department of JusticelFederal Trade 

Commission (FTC) HORIZONTAL MERGER GUIDELINES (GUIDELINES) provides a safe 

harbor if" ... a merger [is 1 not likely to enhance market power if imminent failure ... of one 

of the merging firms would cause the assets of that firm to exit the relevant market.,,7 

"Imminent" failure of a firm under the GUIDELINES is defined by specific criteria, 

including: the inability of a failing firm to meet its financial obligations in the near future 

or to reorganize successfully in Chapter II, and a demonstration of good-faith efforts to 

garner offers that would keep the firm's assets in the market. R 

Based on the GUIDELINES' criteria, it is clear that the failure of American is not imminent, 

even though American is in bankruptcy. Indeed, there are few examples of major US. 

airlines not emerging successfully from bankruptcy. For example, Trans World Airlines 

declared bankruptcy on three separate occasions over almost a decade 9 The carrier's 

final bankruptcy filing in 2001 ended in a merger with American. Similarly, the 

bankruptcy of America West resulted in a merger with US Ainvays in 2005, a deal that 

went unchallenged by the DOJ. lO 

Other major carriers have declared and successfully emerged from bankruptcy on 

numerous occasions. I! This lends some support to the notion that bankruptcy has become 

something of a "business as usual" condition unique to the highly cyclical airline industry 

whereby the firm remains a viable economic entity. What features of airlines make it 

more probable that they will emerge from bankruptcy? Among the factors that could 

u.s. DEPARTMf.NT or JUSTICE A'lJ) FEJ)fRAI TRAm. CO\,IMISSIO" HORIZONTAL MERGER C;UJ)EIJNES 

(GUIDELI"IES). § II (August 2010). available htlp:!/www.,iustice.gov/atr/public/guidelinesllilllg-2010.pdf. 

'llistory of Airline Bankruptcies, FOXBUSI"IESS.COM, November 29,2011, 

http://www.Co.husiness.com/traveIl20 I III 1/29lhistory -us-airl ine-hankrupLciesl. 

to Keith L. Ale,ander, US Ain1!aVs To Merge. Move Rase To Arizona, W .\SHI'JUTONI'OST.COM, May 20. 

2005, http://wwlV.washingtonpost.com/wp-dvn/contentiarticle/2005/051l91 AR200505190 197 2.html. 

II Historically, some smaller carners that have declared hankruptcy have not emerged success Cully . 

5 
67 

account for successful emergence are: valuable assets in aircraft, landing and takeoff 

slots, and highly specialized and experienced personnel. While this White Paper does not 

explore American's financial future, and assumes its eventual emergence from Chapter 

11, it is nonetheless a key issue in evaluating the US Airways-American transaction. 

Aside from the fundamental question of whether airlines are viable candidates for the 

failing firm defense in merger cases, there may be incentive issues that put antitrust law 

at odds with bankruptcy law. For example, the obligation to look for the least 

anticompetitive buyer under the failing firm defense conflicts rather diametrically with 

bankruptcy law, where the court's objective is to protect creditors. Indeed, in many 

bankruptcy situations, the most anti competitive buyer is likely to be the high bidder with 

deep pockets and substantial market power, with the greatest potential for achieving 

monopoly rents through the exercise of such market power. This, combined with a foreshortened waiting period as compared with antitrust's premerger notification process, 

creates a forum-shopping incentive, such that some firms see bankruptcy as a means to 

accomplish an anti competitive merger. It is interesting to note that recent reports indicate 

that US Airways wants to complete its acquisition before American exits bankruptcy, 

while American's CEO has strong personal financial incentives to bring his company out 

of bankruptcy as an independent firm.12 

In light of the foregoing concerns, the failing firm defense for airline mergers should be 

viewed with some skepticism. It is important to note that the DOJ is not precluded from 

later challenging an anti competitive acquisition that was approved by the bankruptcy 

court, although judicial etliciency would be enhanced if such a challenge could be made 

prior to the bankruptcy sale's completion. While a merger has been attacked in federal 

court outside of a simultaneous bankruptcy proceeding, we have not found an example of 

a banlauptcy sale later being challenged. This is not to suggest that bankruptcy courts do 

not recognize the potential antitrust consequences of a bid for assets or firms in 

bankruptcy, which seems to imply that they are aware that a sale can be unwound even 

after approval. n Consistent with this, the antitrust agencies seem to avoid appearing in 

bankruptcy court to contest a sale, preferring to preserve their opportunity to proceed 

outside of banlauptcy.14 If DOJ decides to challenge the US Airways-American 

transaction, it can do so via the injunction route in federal court, notwithstanding 

American's banlauptcy proceeding. 

I' Andrew Ross Sorkin, American Airlines and USAinmvs Dallce Around a Jfelger, NYTlMES.COM, July 9, 

2012, http://dealbook.nytimes. coml2 012/07/091 american -and -us-airway s-dance-around -a -merger!. 

13 See. e.g., 111 re Financial News Network, Inc., 12G B.R 152 (S.D.N. Y. 1991). 

14 Thus, in the Comdisco case, the bankruptcy court stayed the sale proceeding pending the resolution on 

the preliminmy injunction motion in a eonCUlTent district court challenge. See In re Comdisco Inc .. (Bankr. 

n.n.c. 2001) (Sungard/Comdisco merger). 

6 
68 

B. Too Big for Cost Savings? 

Claimed efficiencies from airline mergers can be a powerful defense for an otherwise 

anticompetltlve merger. After a six-month investigation into the Delta-Northwest 

transaction, for example, the DO} concluded that the merger "is likely to produce 

substantial and credible efficiencies that will benefit U. S. consumers and is not likely to 

substantially lessen competition."l; The agency counted as efficiencies those relating to 

cost savings in airport operations, information technology, supply chain economics, fleet 

optimization, and service improvements related to combining complementary networks. 

Merger-related cost savings are a controversial subject. The economic literature has 

hosted an ongoing debate over issues relating to the tension between network size versus 

economies of scale and density, and efficiencies versus market power effects. This 

includes empirical economic work showing that efficiencies dwindle as networks 

increase in size and the effects of increased "hub bing" on congestion and costS. 16 As 

mergers become larger, the bar is raised on carriers to demonstrate to the DO} that 

claimed efficiencies are substantial enough to overcome correspondingly large 

anti competitive effects. 17 

An increasingly important factor in the efficiencies debate is post-merger integration. It is 

now clear that integration of major airlines presents major hurdles. Protracted and 

unwieldy system integration scenarios can impose costs on the merged company that are 

passed on to customers in the form of inconvenience, flight delays, and even litigation 

involving contested issues. For example, US Airways-America West, Delta-Northwest, 

and United-Continental all experienced system integration problems,l R ranging from 

" U.S. Department of Justice, Statement of the Deparllllent of Justice's Antitmst Division on its Decision to 

Close its Investigation of the Merger of Delta Air Lines Inc. and N0l1hwest Airlines Corporation. October 

29, 2008. availahle al http://www.j LLslice.gov!alr!pLLhlicipressJeleases!20081238849.hlm. 

16 See. e.g., David Gillen, et a!., Airlines Cosl Siruelure and Policy Impiicalions, 24 J. TR:\NSI'. EeON. 1\"]) 

POL 'y 9 (1990): Michael Creel and Montserat Farell, Hcof/omies olScale in Ihe US,lirline Indus II}' e1fiet' 

Deregululion: a Fourier Series Approximulion, 37 TRANSI'. REs. P:\InE 321,332 (2001): W. M. Swan, 

Airline Route Developments: A Review ofIIistmy 8 J. AIR TRANSP. MGMT 349 (2002). See also Subal C. 

Kumbhakar,.,1 H.eexaminatiolJ qf H.eturns to Scale, iJensity and l'eclll/icat Frogress ill U.S Airlines, 57 S. 

Peo'i. J. 428, 4]9 (1990) and T.eonardo .T. nasso and Sergio R. .lara-Diaz. Dislinguishing Mulliproducl 

Economies of Scale from Economies of Densit)! on a Fixed-Size Transport Nenvork, 6 NETWORK & 

SPATIAL ECOK. 149 (2006). Regarding the balance of market power and elTiciencies etTeets, see e.g. E. 

lIan Kim and Vijay SingaL lIdelxers and Mw1,etl'ower: HvidenaJi'01l1 Ihe ."iirline IndusIIY, 83 AM. Eco:-l. 

REV. 549 (1993). 

17 Perhaps the best example of the imperative for merging parties to show significant efficiencies in the 

presence orhigh market concenlralion is Federal Trade Commission v. H..J. Heil1/ Co., 246 F.3d 708 (D.c. 

Cir. 20ll!). 

1 X See. e.g., Smisek Apologizes F or United's Technological, Operational Missteps, TIlEBEAT.TRAVEL, July 

26, 20 12. http://www.thebeal.lravelipostJ2012107/26/Smisek-Apolog:;.es-1 Jniled-Missteps.asp': Massive 

Integration Issues Continue to Affect United, PRE"IEIRTRAVELSERVICES.COM, April 13, 2012. 

http://premieretravelservices.blogspot.comI2012/04/massive-integration-issues-continue-to.html: Jim Glab, 

Uniled: ,~vstems integralion still causing 80me delays, prohlems, rXECCTIVETRAVET.'k\GA7INE.COM. April 

7 
69 

integrating computer systems, combining frequent flier programs, meshing work forces 

(particularly unionized employees), to problems with "cockpit standardization." Indeed, 

at the time of this writing, US Airways still has not produced a single pilot seniority list 

following its merger with America West in 2005. 19 

Based on accumulating evidence that post-merger integration problems are significant, 

there is a case to be made that future airline mergers could follow suit. Moreover, the 

costs associated with integration are probably underestimated when the merger is 

proposed and can skew an analysis of efficiencies benefits. One way to correct for this is 

for antitrust enforcers to discount the magnitude of claimed efficiencies at the time of 

merger review. This is an especially important consideration in light of the GUIDELINES 

inherent balancing of anti competitive effects against claimed efficiencies. 

Advocates of airline mergers will undoubtedly cite recent improved financial 

performance as evidence that mergers have proved up the cost savings. Before such 

claims are accepted, however, it is important to note that high profits may indicate any 

number of developments. One is that carriers have in fact realized claimed efficiencies. 

Alternatively, higher profits may be the result of higher fares achieved through the 

exercise of market power. A thorough post-mortem analysis of airline efficiencies that 

disaggregates these, and other potential merger-related reasons for higher post-merger 

profits, is badly needed. Such an analysis would also account for how successive airline 

mergers increase the probability that the merged carrier can externalize integration 

problems to captive customers without facing the threat of lost market share from 

defections to a dwindling number of rivals. 

C. What Mergers are Unlikely to Raise Antitrust Enforcement Obstacles? 

One of the few examples of a merger that failed to obtain antitrust clearance is United-US 

Airways (2000-2001) In that case, the DOl's major concerns centered on loss of choice, 

potentially higher fares, and lower quality of service. The merger would have yielded a 

monopoly or duopoly on nonstop service on over 30 routes and "solidify[iedl control" by 

the merging airlines over major connecting hubs for east coast traffic 20 The DOJ rejected 

27, 20 12. http://www.executivetravelmagazine.comlblogs/air-travel-news/20 12/4/27 lunited-systemsinLegration-slil1-causing-someuelays-prohlems; United exec: Airline halfway through integration \\/i1h 

Continental, I:lIZJOCRNALS.COM, March 13,2012, 

http://www.bizjolUllUls.com/denver/news/20 12/0 3!l3 Ami ted -exec-airline-halt\vay -through.html; United 

Airlines Faces Delays Arter Systems Merger: IT dirriculties cause kiosk malrunction, lraveler selhacks, 

I:-IVESTORPLACE.CO:VI. March 5, 2012, http://www.investorplace.com/2012/03/united-airlines-faces-delaysafter-systems-merger/; Linda Rosencrance, No Smoolh T ukeolf.for US Ainvavs IT Conversion: Inlegra!ion 

of resovation systems with America West blamed for delays, C01IPUTERWORLD.COM, April 2, 2007, 

http://www.computerworld.com/s/m1iclef2gn7 4/No _ Smooth_Takeofffor _US j\.irways _IT_Conversion: 

and Jad Mouawad. Della-Norlhwes! Merger's Long {Ind Complex i'a!h. NYTIMES.COM, May ]g. 2011. 

http://www.nylimes.com/2011 !05fl9/hLLsinessfl9air.hlm I?pagewanled~all. 

19 Terry Maxon, American Airlines-D~~'Airw(~ys A1erger: Quesliuns andAnsu'ers_ DALLAS~E\VS.CO:vI, April 

20, 2012, hllp:!!avialionhlog.dallasnews.com/20 12/04/american-airlines-us-airway s-m.hlml. 

20 U.S. Depmtment of Justice, Depm1ment or Justice mld Several States Will Sue to Stop United Airlines 

8 
70 

a proposed remedy by the parties, including a divesture of assets at Washington D.C. 

Reagan National airport and a promise by American to fly five of the routes that would 

be adversely affected by the merger. 

With few challenged airline mergers to evaluate, industry analysts and observers often 

opine on the legality of airline mergers based on fact patterns across mergers that antitrust 

enforcers did not attempt to block. For example, both Delta-Northwest and UnitedContinental involved multiple overlap routes, many of which involved 2-1 and 3-2 routes. 

Yet in contrast to United-US Airways, both deals went through, raising the question: 

How many overlap routes on which competition is substantially lessened should be 

enough to raise antitrust enforcement eyebrows~ Given the fact pattern surrounding 

overlap routes in unchallenged mergers, one could deduce that the DOJ will look past 

problematic overlap routes if there is a modicum of rivalry from LCCs and legacies and 

the affected airports are not slot-constrained. As noted earlier, an efficiencies defense also 

appears to carry significant weight. 

III. Lessons from the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental Mergers 

There are a limited number of economic studies of airline mergers that examine postmerger price, output, and quality measures to determine if mergers are largely procompetitive or anticompetitive. Increasingly, antitrust enforcement emphasizes the value 

of direct evidence of anti competitive effects - including natural experiments and analysis 

of consummated mergers - in guiding future enforcement decision-making 21 Both tools 

attempt to make the most use of actual, relevant events in evaluating prospective mergers, 

including evidence of adverse effects (e.g., post-merger price increases) and entry and 

exit, particularly in markets similar to those afTected by a proposed transaction. 

The proposed US Airways-American transaction presents a unique opportunity for the 

DOJ to analyze evidence on previous airline mergers. Indeed, it would be poor 

competition policy to undertake an antitrust analysis of the proposed merger without 

evaluating the effects of prior airline mergers. The analysis in this section frames the 

question of how consumers have likely fared after Delta-Northwest and UnitedContinental with a simple assessment of pre- to post-merger changes in fares and service 

measures on hub-to-hub routes. 

The analysis performed here does not purport to determine what variables (including 

merger-related factors such as increased concentration) potentially explain pre- to postmerger changes in fares, service, or other variables. Moreover, there are data sources 

used in antitrust analysis of airline mergers other than the ones used here. Additional data 

and economic modeling and estimation is necessary for a comprehensive analysis of past 

mergers - a task that could be better conducted by the DOJ, with its access to proprietary 

from Acquiring US Airways: Deal Would Result in Higher Air Fares for Rusinesses and Millions of 

Consumers, July 27, 2001, http://wwwjusticc.gov/opa/pr/200l/July/36Iat.htm. 

21 GUDELIKES, supra note 7, at § II. 

9 
71 

infonnation, including carriers' strategic planning documents. 

A. Pre- to Post-Merger Changes in Fares and Service 

The Delta-Northwest merger involves seven hubs - Atlanta (ATL), Cincinnati (CVG), 

Detroit (DTW), Minneapolis-St. Paul (MSP), Memphis (MEM), Salt Lake City (SLC), 

and New York John F. Kennedy (JFK). Ten routes involving these airports substantially 

eliminated one of the merging parties at the time the merger was proposed22 The UnitedContinental merger involves eight hubs: Cleveland (CLE), Denver (DEN), Newark 

(EWR), Dulles (lAD), Houston (IAH), Los Angeles (LAX), Chicago (ORD), and San 

Francisco (SFO). Eleven routes involving these airports substantially eliminated one of 

the merging parties at the time the merger was proposed. 

The upper half of Table 1 shows percentage changes in real fares and increases/decreases 

in service for the 10 hub-to-hub routes affected by the Delta-Northwest merger over the 

time period bounded by one year prior to the merger (2007) and the most recent data 

available (2011)21 The lower half of the table shows the same statistics for the 11 hub-tohub routes over a time period bounded by one year prior to the United-Continental 

merger (2009) and the most recent data available (2011). Routes indicated by an asterisk 

are those for which fare increases are higher than the average for all flights at the origin 

airport. Delta-Northwest routes involving CVG as an origin or destination are not 

reported because post-merger cutbacks involving the airport are substantial 

22 In a 200g Whitc Papcr, thc AAI cxamincd conccntration in airp0l1-pair markcts potcntially most alIcctcd 

by the proposed Delta-NOlthwest merger, noting that changes in market concentration on many ofthose 

routes were significant and exceeded the GUIDELINES' thresholds. See American Antitrust Institute, The 

Mer!,er ofDelta.-liriines and Northwest "1irlines: ,In . Inti trust White i'aper (July 200g). available at 

http://www. antitmstinstitute.org/files/ AAI White%20I'aper_ Delta_ N W _071 0200g 1 922.pdf 

n Service on hub-to-hub routes can be nonstop or connecting. Service changes arc ll1casurcd by both scat 

availability and night ti"equencv. 

10 
72 

Table 1: 

Pre- to Post-Merger Percent Changes in Fares and Directional Changes in Service 

on Delta-Northwest and United-Continental Hub-to-Hub Routes24 

Percent Change in Fare Decrease in Service Increase in Service 

Delta-Northwest (2007 - 2011) 

A TL-DTW* (4-2) 

20-29 DTW-ATL* (4-4) 

MSP-ATL* (>4-2) 

10-19 DTW-JFK* (2-1) ATL-MSP* (4-2) 

SLC-DTIV* (3-1) 

0-9 - MEM-ATL (4-2) 

A TL-MEM* (4-2) 

- SLC-MSP (3-2) 

0-(15) MSP-SLC (3-2) 

United-Continental (2009 - 2011) 

SFO-EWR* (4-1) ORD-IAH* (4-2) 

30 - 39 TAH-ORD* (>4-3) 

EWR-SFO* (3-1) 

DEN-EWR* (4-2) DEN-IAH* (>4-2) 

20 - 29 EWR-ORD*(3-2) IAH-DEN* (4-2) 

EWR-DEN* (3-2) 

TAH-SFO (2-1) 

10 - 19 SFO-TAR' (2-1) 

*Indicates fare increases greater than the average for all flights at the origin airport. Average fare 

increases at the following Delta-Northwest hub airports between 2007 and 2011 are: }\IL (-5'10), DIW 

(14%), .lTK (5%), MEM (12%), MSP (4%), and SLC (1%). Average fare increases allhe fol1mving 

United-Continental airp0l1s between 2009 and 2011 arc: CLE (20%), DEN (7%), EWR (16%), IAR 

(19%), ORD (10%), and SFO (14%). Negative fare changes are indicated in parentheses in the first 

COIUlilll. The number of caniers on the route pre- and post -merger is indicated in parentheses next to 

each route. 

B. Analysis 

The analysis of pre- to post-merger fare and service changes on 21 total hub-to-hub 

routes involving the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers reveals several 

important observations, 

"Service measures arc based on annual data from 2007 and 2011. See U.s. Depm1ment of IranspOitation, 

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T-J 00 Dumeslic Segmenl: US CWTiers, available al 

http://www.transtats.bts. govlDL _ SelectF ields.asp?Table _ ID=259&DB _Short _ Name= Air"/020C aniers. Fare 

information for 2007,2009, and 2011 obtained hom u.s. Depm1ment of IranspOitation, Bureau of 

Transportation Statistics, Origin and Destination Survey: 1)13113 .Alarket, available at 

hllp:/ Iw\V w .lranslals. hls. gov ID!, _ Se leell' ielus.asp?Table _!D=24 7 &Dn _ ShOTl_ Name=Ori gin%20and%20D 

estination%20Survey. Average fares at the origin airport for 2007, 2009, and 201 I obtained from U.S. 

Department of lranSpOliation, Bureau of lranSpOliation Statistics, ~~Jverage Dumestic ,/lirfine llinerw}1 

Fares By Origin City, availahle at hllp://www.lranslals.bls,gov/Averagel'arei. 

11 
73 

1. Reduction in Competition is Substantial 

Both mergers substantially eliminated competition on hub-to-hub routes. The mergers 

together produced three monopoly routes and four duopoly routes - accounting 

collectively for over 30 percent of the total 21 routes - and more than doubling the 

number of routes on which there was limited competition (e.g., two or fewer carriers) 

before the merger. 

Changes in market structure pre- to post-merger, however, are not limited to the direct 

elimination of a competitor. Several routes experienced the exit of non-merging rivals 

such as LCCs and regional airlines after the mergers. Some entry occurred (e.g., legacy 

and LCC) on a few routes, but it was on a very limited scale. Monopolies and duopolies 

resulting from post-merger shake-ups on the routes affected by Delta-Northwest and 

United-Continental therefore account for over 50 percent of total routes. This observation 

lends some support to the notion that mergers that enhance the carriers' dominance at a 

hub also dissuade incumbent carriers from remaining in the market. If this were true, then 

such routes would also be unlikely to attract entry. 

2. Fare Increases are Above Average 

A fare level analysis alone does not tell the entire story about post-merger prices. 

Ancillary fees (e.g., baggage, food, etc.) have exploded over the timeframe covered by 

our analysis of Delta-Northwest and United-Continental and fuel surcharges have been 

left in place even as oil prices have fallen. A more detailed, conclusive analysis therefore 

would require access to information on "all-in" fares. Nonetheless, a number of general 

observations are important. For example, based on our analysis, there appear to be a large 

number of substantial pre-to post-merger fare increases on the hub-to-hub overlap routes 

affected by the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers. Fare increases are 

above average at the origin airport on 70 percent of routes affected by the DeltaNorthwest merger25 The same is true of over 90 percent of routes afTected by the UnitedContinental merger. Fare increases on United-Continental routes tend to be higher than 

on Delta-Northwest routes. 

One half of the Delta-Northwest routes show fare increases exceeding 10 percent over the 

pre- to post-merger period, two of which exceed 20 percent. The other five routes show 

lower fare increases or fare decreases. All of the United-Continental flights show fare 

increases. Fare increases on nine of the 11 routes evaluated are above 20 percent, four of 

which exceed 30 percent. Many factors can potentially explain fare increases -

inflationary pressure, rising input costs (e.g., labor and fuel), and higher demand for 

service on a particular route - all of which deserve further scrutiny. Such an analysis 

would need to consider that: (1) if fuel cost increases are responsible for higher fares over 

the periods examined, they would be likely to more uniformly afTect all fares (and thus be 

reflected in average fares); and (2) if anything, demand for air travel has declined, not 

25 Note that average fares for routes at the origin airport are for general comparison pUlposes only. 

12 
74 

increased, over the periods in question 2G 

Fare increases can also reflect the exercise of market power enhanced through the 

merger. For example, restricting seats and flight frequency could have the effect of 

raising fares. For flights for which demand is relatively inelastic (i.e., quantity demanded 

is relatively insensitive to price changes), however, a very small decrease in service may 

suffice to enable a fare increase. Higher fares may also reflect the fact that prior to the 

merger, the merging carriers were each other's largest rival. Under such circumstances, a 

price increase by one carrier could divert substantial sales to the merging partner, creating 

upward pricing pressure and increasing the probability of post-merger price increases 27 

Regardless of the underlying theory, observed fare increases could reveal the dominance 

of the merged carriers at hubs that serve as the origination or destination for routes and 

over which they can exercise market power2R 

3. Merged Carriers Appear to Drive Traffic to Large Hubs 

Over 75 percent of hub-to-hub routes affected by the Delta-Northwest and UnitedContinental mergers show service increases. The majority of these routes also display 

fare increases. There are nine Delta-Northwest routes and seven United-Continental 

routes in this category. The remaining roughly 25 percent of routes show service 

decreases, only one of which is a Delta-Northwest route, and all of which show fare 

increases. Overall, only 10 percent of the affected routes involved in the Delta-Northwest 

merger saw service decreases, as compared to over 35 percent in United-Continental. 

There are a number of possible reasons behind service decreases. The first is that service 

cuts (in terms of both flights and seats) reflect output restrictions designed to hike fares 29 

A second scenario is that cuts in flight frequency - if accompanied by significant 

increases in load factor - may reflect efforts to eliminate excess capacity on pre-merger 

routes by better matching aircraft to routes. None of the routes with service decreases, 

however, exhibit changes in load factor from the pre-merger to post-merger period. 

Finally, service cuts may reflect efforts to trim service on less profitable routes and/or 

" Between 2007 and 2011. for example, total passengers emplaned at domestic airports decreased by 

almost 7 percent. See US. Department or Transportation, nureau or TranspOTlation Statistics, T-JOO 

Domestic AJarket: US. Carr;ers, available at 

http://www.transtats.bts. govlDL _ SelectF ields. asp?T able _ ID~258&DB _Short _ Name~ Air%20C aniers. 

27 See GUDELINES, supra note 7 at §C).l and §C>.3. 

2~ The first scenario involves the classic "\vithho!Lling" strategy in il1l1ustries where fin11s are differentiated 

largely by capacity. "Upward pricing pressure" involves fin11s that sell differentiated products. !:loth arc 

included here for illustrative purposes. 

29 The GUDELINES emphasize both shOl1er-ten11 output restrictions and longer-term capacity reductions as 

possible post-merger effects. The first type of quantity-related effect occurs in the near ten11, whereby the 

rirm restricts output, as measured by night rrequency and available seats. The second tvpe or capacity 

effect is longer-tenll, whereby fimls reduce or slow additions (e.g., new airplane orders) to keep capacity 

tight and therefore prices high. See GUIDELINES, supra note 7, at §2.2.1. 

13 
75 

shift traffic to better-situated hubs for domestic and international connections30 

Service increases may reflect an attempt by the merged carriers to drive traffic to major 

hubs to feed their international operations. Indeed, several of the 21 routes are among the 

largest city-pair markets in the US 3l Not surprisingly, the airports most involved in 

service increases are fortress hubs such as Delta-Northwest's ATL and MSP, and UnitedContinental's lAB. An increasingly symbiotic relationship between domestic US. 

consolidation and global antitrust immunized alliances drives this effect. US. megacarriers have now committed to the global alliance model as a proxy for cross-border 

mergers to more efficiently reach distant markets. Likewise, the financial success of the 

alliances is more and more dependent upon flowing high-yield passenger traffic through 

US. gateway airports. 

4. The Mergers May Have Harmed Smaller Communities 

Some airline mergers result in cutbacks in service at smaller hubs or focus cities. A major 

outcome of the Delta-Northwest merger was the elimination of Cincinnati as a Delta 

hub 32 In the four years spanning 2007 to 2011, departures at Cincinnati declined, on 

average, by almost 40 percent."" Backlash to this well-publicized event, which became 

apparent not long after the merger was consummated, is best illustrated by the state of 

Ohio's efforts to prevent a similar outcome at Cleveland in the United-Continental 

merger. 

There are numerous other examples of post-merger hub cutbacks. Between 2001 and 

2009, American cut flights at TWA's former hub Lambert-St. Louis airport by 85 

percent34 According to some sources, these cutbacks were accomplished by increasing 

the number of regional flights and shifting service to Chicago and Dallas. Similarly, 

between 2005 and 2009, the merged US Airways-America West reduced flights at Las 

Vegas by 50 percent'S Once enough data are available, it will be important to understand 

how Southwest is adjusting capacity after their 2011 merger. 

311 The United-Continental hub most involved in selvice cuts is EWR. 

31 lJ.S. Department or Transportation, OrCice or Aviation Analysis, Domestic Airline Fares Consumer 

Report, Table 1,411, Quarter 2011, available at hltp:!lostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation/x50%20Role _tiles/consumerairfarerepOlt.htm. 

12 cver is one of seven hubs at which both Delta and Northwest (at the time of the merger), offered limited 

(if any) hub-to-hub selvice. 

331'_100 Domestic Segment: u.s. Carriers, supra note 24. 

" American Antitmst Institute, Competition at a Crossroad~: The Proposed "Jerger of Southwest Airlines 

alld,lir 1'ra1l20 (December 2010). available at 

http://www.antitmstinstitute.org/~antitrust/sites/defauIt/files/SouthwestAir·]'ran%20White%201'aper.pdf. 

"Bill McGee, When Airlines Alel'ge, Consumers Uwally Loose, CSATODAY.CO,",I, April 29, 2010, 

http://www.usatoday.com/travellcolumnistlmcgee/2010-04-2g-airline-mergers_N.htm. 

14 
76 

It is worthwhile noting that while our analysis does not include smaller airports, a highly 

probable result of capacity adjustments at hubs is the degradation of service to smaller 

communities, which includes small and medium-size cities. Moreover, empirical work 

supports the notion that consolidation leads to consumer welfare losses involving small 

airports, with evidence from the Delta-Northwest merger 36 

IV. Analysis of a US Airways-American Merger 

We evaluated the proposed merger of US Airways and American with three types of 

analysis. The first is an airport-pair analysis of routes where both camers offer service 

and the merger would eliminate a competitor. A second potentially useful analysis is how 

the carriers have historically tended to price relative to each other, and to other rivals. 

This analysis may provide some insight into the competitive dynamics in the markets that 

could be affected by the proposed merger. Finally, given our observations about previous 

mergers, it is important to consider potential efficiencies. Each of these issues is 

examined in the following sections, followed by a summary of major implications. 

A. Airport-Pair Analysis of Market Concentration 

The effect of the proposed merger on city-pair and/or airport-pair routes where American 

and US Airways overlap is likely to be the focus of an antitrust evaluation. There are 22 

routes that appear potentially to be the most affected by the proposed merger, i.e., where 

the merger would eliminate one of the merging carriers and result in a substantial loss of 

competition. These routes involve US Airways and American hubs or focus city airports, 

including: Charlotte (CLT), Miami (MIA), Los Angles (LAX), Philadelphia (PHL), 

Phoenix (PHX), Dallas-Ft. Worth (DFW), Chicago O'Hare (ORD), and Washington 

Reagan National (DCA), and New York La Guardia (LGA).37 Results of the analysis are 

shown in Table 2. 

36 See. e.g., Volodymyr I3ilotkach and Paulos Ashebir Lakew, On Sources oj'Jfarkei Power in Ihe Airline 

Industry: Paml Data Evidence from the [J,SAirports (February 20l2), available at 

https:lleditorialexpress. com/cgi -bin/conference/download. cgi ?db _ name= II OC 2012& paper_id =205 .. Ihe 

authors show welfare losses in over 30 small airports resulting li'om the Delta-N0l1hwest merger. 

,7 Service on hub-to-hub routes can be nonstop or connecting. JFK is 3n American hub but there arc no 

apparent overlaps with US Airwavs on routes originating there. 

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77 

Table 2: 

Pre- to Post-Merger Changes in Market Concentration on Major Routes 

R esu If mg f rom th e P d ropose US A" Irways- A M mencan erger 38 

Post-Merger Pre- to Post-Merger Change in IllII 

HHI 

500-1,999 2,000-2,999 3,000-3,999 4,000-4,999 

3,000 - 3,999 PHX-LAX 

LAX-PHX 

~,OOO - 4,999 DCA-()RF 

5,000 - 5,999 

6,000 - 6,999 PHX-ORD 

ORD-PHX 

PilL-OR]) 

ORD-PHT, 

7,000 -7,999 

8,000 - 8,999 LGA-CLT CLT-ORD 

CLT-LGA ORD-CLT 

9,000 - 9,999 CLT-MIA MIA-CLT PHL-MIA 

MIA-PHL 

PIIL-DFW 

DCA-RNA 

DtW-PHL 

10,000 CLT-DFW 

PIIX-DFW 

DFW-CLT 

DFW-PHX 

Table 2 is best interpreted in several major sections, The lower half of the table shows II 

markets where the merger would essentially eliminate all competition, For example, in 

four markets involving hub-to-hub routes, the transaction would result in a monopoly, In 

seven additional airport-pair markets, post-merger concentration is in excess of 9,000 

HHI, with large changes in HHI, many of which are higher than 4,000 points, 

The middle of the table shows eight hub-to-hub markets where post-merger concentration 

is in the range of 6,000 to 8,999, with changes in the range of 500 to 2,999 HHI points, 

Finally, the upper portion of the table indicates shows three markets that would 

experience lower levels of merger-induced changes in concentration (500-1,999 HHI) 

and post-merger concentration (3,000-4,999 HHI) In all 22 cases, changes in market 

concentration and post-merger concentration exceed the thresholds specified in the 

GUIDELINES and would be presumed to lead to adverse competitive effects, including 

increases in fares, reduction in service, and loss of choice, 19 

38 Service measures are based on data from 2012, See US, Department of Transportation, I3ureau of 

Transportation Statistics, T-JOO Domestic Segment: Us. Carriers, available at 

http://www.transtats.bts. gov/])L _ Selecthelds. asp?Table _ ]])=259&])13 _ Sh011_ Name= Ait%20Carriers. 

39 The Guidelines state thal markels ror which post-merger concenlration is less lhan 1,500 HHI are 

"'uneoneentrated" and mergers in such markets arc unlikely to have adverse competitive effects. Markets 

for which post -merger concentration is between I ,500 and 2,500 11111 are "moderately concentrated" and 

mergers that induce changes in HHI greater than 100 points potentially raise signiricant competitive 

16 
78 

B. Price Comparisons of High and Low Fares on Top Routes 

In AAI's 2010 White Paper Competition at a Crossroads: The Proposed Merger of 

Southwest Airlines and AirTran AilWays, pricing data provided valuable insight into how 

the two carriers competed, relative to one another, and other rivals in the market 40 Price 

comparisons revealed that AirTran was an aggressive discounter relative to Southwest, 

lending support to the notion that the proposed merger would eliminate a "maverick" in 

the market. Given that American Airlines and US Airways are legacy carriers, we might 

expect price analysis to indicate a very different pattern. We looked at routes on which 

US Airways and American are the high fare and low fare carriers on top airport-pair 

routes 41 It is important to note that the high/low fare data does not show the total number 

of rivals or their fares on top routes. Nonetheless, the data reveal potentially useful 

observations. 

Of the total number of top routes reported, about 40 percent involve US Airways and 

American as high and/or low fare carriers. On 44 percent of routes involving the merging 

carriers, either American is both the high fare and low fare carrier or US Airw'ays is both 

the high fare and low fare carrier. On these routes there is therefore no difference 

between the high and low fares 42 The pricing data also indicate that the merging carriers 

are infrequently in situations where they aggressively undercut each other4 ) For example, 

American is high fare on only 2 percent of routes when US Airways is low fare and US 

Airways is high fare on 10 percent of routes when American is low fare. 

These comparisons reinforce the obvious conclusion that American and US Airways are 

dominant players in the industry. But further observations are possible. For example, the 

fact that each carrier offers both the high and low fare on a sizable proportion of routes 

might reflect limited competition on those routes and thus the ability of each carrier to set 

prices. Given this pattern of high pricing, reinforced by evidence that the airlines rarely 

undercut each other, we could expect that on routes where the merging carriers do 

compete, they are more likely to be each other's biggest rivals, which is what we found in 

concems. Markets for which post -merger concentration is greater than 2,500 I II II are "highly concentrated"' 

and mergers that induce changes in HHT or 100 to 200 points potentially raise signiricant compelitive 

concerns. Mergers that increase concentration by more than 200 HHT points in highly concentrated markets 

are presumed to be likely to enhance market power. See GU!l)ELl"lcS. supra note 7, at ~5.3 . 

. -10 Supra note 34. 

41 lJ.S. Department or Transportation, Orrice or Aviation Analysis, TJomestic Airline Fares Consumer 

Report, Table la, 4th quat1er 2011, available athtlp:llostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation!X50%20Role _iiles/eonsumerairfarerep0l1.htm. 

" American is both the high and low fat'e carrier on 21 percent of the routes and US Airways is both high 

fare and low fare on 23 percent of the routes. 

"On average, u.s. Airway's low fare is a 13 percent discount off American's high fare but American's 

high fare is a 19 percent discount oif U. S. Airway's high fare. 

17 
79 

the overlap analysis in the previous section. This lends support to the possibility that a 

price increase by one carrier could divert substantial sales to the merging partner, creating 

upward pricing pressure and increasing the probability of post-merger price increases 44 

C. Efficiencies 

Many of the promised cost savings from airline mergers come from fleet optimization, 

such as right-sizing aircraft to routes to eliminate excess capacity, reduce costs, and 

increase efficiency; and service enhancements from merging complementary networks. 

While US Airways and American have not yet proposed how a merger would create 

benefits in both the short and long run, it is still worth noting several implications based 

on past mergers and the fact pattern surrounding the two legacy networks. 

A combined US Airways-American fleet would consist of a variety of aircraft 

manufactured by Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, AirBus, and Embraer45 Almost 50 

percent of the combined fleet would exhibit overlaps in the same types of Boeing 

aircraft40 Thus, while some post-merger adjustments in aircraft-to-route configurations 

might be possible, they may not be significant, unless US Airways and American plan on 

significant capacity retirements and bringing newer aircraft with different capacity 

profiles into service in the near future. Moreover, if the merging carriers are not currently 

individually optimizing their fleets, the burden should be on them - if the carriers plan to 

introduce this aspect of an efficiency defense - to show why they could not optimize their 

fleets without the merger. 

Another key issue potentially raised by an efficiencies defense is distinguishing capacity 

adjustments that present opportunities to actually reduce costs from those that simply 

increase prices or harm some classes of consumers (e.g., smaller communities). On routes 

where there are load factor ditTerences between US Airways and American flights, the 

merged carrier might implement cost-reducing adjustments involving aircraft and service 

frequency. However, as the analysis of Delta-Northwest and United-Continental makes 

clear, post-merger capacity adjustments can have a range of positive and negative effects 

that may be extraordinarily ditlicult to disaggregate and categorize as costs or benefits at 

the time a merger is reviewed. Even if efficiency-enhancing capacity reductions are 

possible to identify and isolate, it remains the burden of the merging parties to show how 

their merger is necessary to achieve such capacity reductions, as opposed to each carrier 

accomplishing such adjustments individually. 

44 The average discount orr American high rares is 19 percent, 27 percent ror LCCs, and only 12 percent ror 

Southwest. Ihe average discount otT US Airways fares is 17 percent, 22 percent for LCCs, and only 15 

percent for Soufhwest. 

"Our Aircraft, AA.COM. http://www.aa.eomliI8n/aboutUs/ourl'lanes/ourl'lanesjsp. US Airways Fleet. 

usairways.eom. http://www.usairways.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroomlt1eet.html. 

46 American Airlines Fleet Details and History and US Airways Fleet Details and History, 

PLANESPOTTERS.:-IET. http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/A:rnerican-Airlines and 

hllp:! Iwww.planespoLlers.nel/Air!ineIlIS-Airwavs. 

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80 

D. Major Issues Raised by the Proposed Merger 

The brief foregoing analysis of overlap routes, pricing, and capacity has a number of 

implications that should be considered by antitrust enforcers in their investigation of the 

proposed US Airways-American merger. 

1. The Merged Network Potentially Increases Control Over 

Connecting and Intra-Regional Service in the U.S. 

The network configuration of a merged US Airways-American has important 

implications for control over both connecting service and intra-regional service in the 

U.S. The networks of US Airways and American do not appear to be particularly 

complementary. There is relatively little "white space" in each network footprint that 

could be filled by the other carrier. Instead, combining the two networks could create 

regional and functional strongholds throughout the U.S. For example, the merged carrier 

would have a strong presence at six major airports on the eastern seaboard - JFK, LGA, 

PHL, DCA, CL T, and MIA47 

US Airways-American would also have a presence at two key western airports - LAX 

and PHX These airports are integral to providing connecting service to other western 

destinations. Finally, the carrier would have significant market share at two key 

midwestern airports, DFW and ORD, that are critical for providing connecting service to 

eastern destinations. Indeed, there is a resemblance to the United-US Airways merger of 

2001, which was challenged by the DOJ on the basis of "solidifying control" over hubs. 

2. A Substantial Percentage of Overlap Markets Would be 

Monopolized or Near-Monopolized by the Merged Carrier 

Over 50 percent of the overlap routes potentially affected by the proposed merger of US 

Airways and American would be monopolized or nearly monopolized. In light of our 

earlier observations regarding fares and service in the aftermath of the Delta-Northwest 

and United-Continental mergers, the effect of the US Airways-American merger on 

overlap routes should garner some attention. 

Airport-pairs reflect the narrowest relevant market definition in an airline merger. For 

example, a small but significant price increase on a route from CL T to DFW could be 

profitable because a substantial group of consumers would not substitute Dallas Love 

Field (DAL) for DFW. The reasons why consumers choose not to use alternative airports 

are relatively straightforward. Traveling to more remote airports may be more 

inconvenient and costly, some routes may involve the inconvenience of one or two stops, 

" The combined shares based on passenger-miles at various hubs are: JFK (25 percent), LGA (30 percent), 

PilL (almost GO percent), DCA (over 40 percent), CLI (over 90 percent), MIA (almost g5 percent), LAX 

(about 30 percent), PIlX (about 50 percent), DFW (almost 90 percent), and ORD (about 45 percent). See 

U.S. Deparlment of TransportalioTI, nureau of Transportall0TI Statistics, Ail' Carriers: T-JOO Domestic 

j{arke! (US. Cal7-iers), available at 

http://www.transtats.bts. gov/DL _ SelectFields. asp?l'able _ ill=259&DB _ Sh0l1_ Name= Ai:t%20Caniers. 

19 
81 

and the timing of flights may be less frequent. 

However, the DOl typically considers the feasibility of consumer switching in cities with 

multiple airports. If switching is more likely, then markets might be defined more broadly 

as city-pairs, potentially containing more suppliers, and exhibiting lower concentration. 

Several hub airports that could be affected by the proposed merger (DFW, DCA, ORD, 

MIA, and LGA) are located in cities where there are alternative airports·8 A brief review 

of these alternative airports indicates somewhat limited substitution options for travellers. 

For example, travellers going to or from the New York City area might use JFK or EWR. 

letBlue offers service from JFK that might provide some relief from potential postmerger fare increases. On routes originating or terminating in Chicago, Washington DC, 

Dallas, or Miami areas, travellers could avail themselves of service that Southwest or 

LCCs offer at secondary airports Midway (MDW), Baltimore-Washington (BWI), Fort 

Lauderdale (FLL), and DAL 

Any claim that service offered by rivals at alternative airports can effectively discipline 

adverse post-merger effects on routes involving US Airways and American hubs, 

however, should be tempered by a number of important considerations. First, not all 

routes that could be affected by the US Airways-American merger are well-replicated by 

other carriers at alternative airports in terms of flight frequency and other important 

features 49 Second, legacy competition cannot be relied upon to discipline post-merger 

increases on affected routes. Empirical work, for example, shows that the estimated 

effects of legacy competition are weak50 Indeed, much of the competition on the airportpairs potentially affected by the proposed US Airways-American combination comes 

from legacy rivals. Third, as consolidation has significantly narrowed the field of 

competitors on airport-pair and city-pair routes, the probability of tacit coordination 

between remaining carriers (even on city-pairs), increases. 

Fourth, letBlue has continued to focus on the leisure market in Florida and the Caribbean 

and may not provide a particularly good substitute for business travelers who could be 

adversely aiIected by a merger of US Airways and American. Fifth, Southwest has a 

substantial presence at secondary airports such as MDW, BWI, and DAL where it could 

potentially wield significant market power. Indeed, there is evidence that fare discipline 

4:::: Depending on liming and the scale or entry, it is also possihle that potential enlry hy carriers could 

change the competitive landscape in airp011-pair and city-pair markets. 

4') Some routes originuling or terrninuling at DFV.,r cannot he replicated using DAT ,. 

5U Jan K. Dmeekner. DaJin Lee. and Ethan Singer. Airline Compelilion and Domeslic U.S Ail}ares A 

Comprehensive Reappmisal48 (June 2010. revised May 2012), available af 

http://www.socsei.uei.eduf.-jkbmeek/priee%20effeets.pdf. l:lmeckner. at al note (at 29) that" ... our results 

imply that mergers between legacy carriers that reduce such competition may tend to generate small 

pOlenlial aggregate fare impacts as long as the overlap hetween the nel\H)rks or the two carriers is limited." 

Presumably, if overlaps arc not limited (as is likcly the case in US Airways-American) then this conclusion 

should be tempered accordingly. 

20 
82 

wanes as LCCs (e.g., Southwest) gain market share at key secondary airports 51 Trading 

one monopoly route that might be adversely affected by a US Airways-American merger 

for another that uses an alternative airport dominated by Southwest is unlikely to produce 

fare decreases in the wake of the merger. 

In sum, while there are a number of alternative airports in cities with US Airways and 

American hubs that might be affected by the proposed merger, it is clear that they do not 

all provide good substitutes or justify defming markets around city pairs, as opposed to 

airport-pairs. When consumers have limited choices in airports (even within the same 

city), markets are typically smaller and more concentrated and the remaining carriers in 

the market can exert more control over fares. 

3. The Merger Increases the Probability of Adverse Unilateral or 

Coordinated Effects 

Fare increases following the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers have 

important implications for another legacy merger. Indeed, the fact pattern for a US 

Airways-American merger is similar. Substantial competition would be eliminated on 

important routes; there appear to be limited options facing consumers seeking to avoid 

post-merger price increases in cities with multiple airports; and both US Airways and 

American tend to be high-priced rivals. The merger would create a dominant firm with a 

substantial presence on a significant proportion of important airport-pair routes. 

One competitive concern is how the firm, acting unilaterally (alone) post-merger, might 

be able to exercise market power, with adverse effects on fares, service, convenience, and 

consumer choice. As noted earlier, if consumers view the two carriers as close enough 

substitutes such that sales from one of the merging parties would be diverted to the 

merger partner enough to make a price increase protltable, the merger could result in 

upward pricing pressure. On overlap routes where US Airw'ays and American are the 

dominant carriers - as is the case on a number of routes potentially afTected by the 

merger - diversion of sales from US Airways to American (or vice-versa) is more likely. 

The merger could also increase the risk of anti competitive coordination. There are 

relatively few competitors on top routes. A number of factors could facilitate explicit or 

tacit collusion, including high levels of price transparency, relatively homogeneous 

products within fare classes, and visible cost structures. It is therefore possible that the 

proposed merger could facilitate anticompetitive coordination on fares, ancillary fees, or 

capacity among the few carriers on routes affected by the merger. 52 

5] See e.g, John K woka, Kevin Hearle, and Phillippe Alepin, Segmenled Compelilion in Airlines: The 

Changing Roles of Low-Cost and Legacy Carriers in Fare Determination, working paper, presented at 10th 

i\nnua1110C, Washington. DC (May 2012). 

5~ For more on anticompeLitive coordination involving airlines, See. e.g., Several Borenstein, Rapid Price 

Communication and Coordination: The Airline Publishing Case (1994), in THE A'ITIRCST REVOLUTION 

233 (John E Kwoka Jr. and Lawrence J. White, eds .. 2004). 

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83 

It is not obvious that LCCs would assuage concerns over adverse effects that could result 

from a US Airways-American merger. Based on our analysis of routes affected by the 

Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers, LCCs may have a limited ability to 

induce price discipline among the legacy carriers that serve hub-to-hub routes. We note 

that LCCs do not factor prominently on routes that could be adversely affected by US 

Airways-American and that the most important LCC (Southwest) has itself merged and 

behaves more like a legacy carrier. Shares on US Airways-American overlap routes are 

concentrated largely among legacy carriers, lending some support to the possibility that 

potential fare increases could be significant. 

4. The Merger Could Harm Smaller Communities 

As a consequence of US. policies that have supported increased US. airline industry 

consolidation, many mid-size communities have seen flight frequencies reduced, 

equipment downgraded or service lost altogether. Scores of airports are expected to lose 

scheduled service in the immediate years ahead as well as attendant local and regional 

economic benefits that flow from connectivity to the world's important business 

centers 51 This development, playing out in real time, is tied to US. public policy that 

encourages domestic consolidation and fortress-like hub airports. 

Evidence from the Delta-Northwest and United-Continental mergers indicates that 

merged carriers have adjusted capacities on overlap routes where they are dominant in a 

variety of ways. One is to drive more traffic to large hubs, with the possible side effect of 

starving routes involving smaller cities. Similar fact patterns across these mergers and US 

Airways-American raises the possibility that smaller communities could be harmed by 

the proposed merger. Loss of consumer choice that forces consumers to use less 

convenient connecting service or travel longer distances to other airports represent legally 

cognizable adverse etTects of a merger54 

The practical implication of the foregoing is that antitrust enforcers should regard with 

skepticism any denials by the merging parties of future negative effects on many of the 

markets served before the merger. Moreover, in light of the potential harm to smaller 

communities, airline mergers should not be given a "pass" on the basis of countervailing 

"out-of-market" benefits. In other words, any probable harm to smaller communities 

resulting from the US Airways-American merger he must be directly addressed. 

53 See. e.g., Boyd Group Intemational,AirSen;ice Challenges & Opporlunilies For USAirporis (2012), 

available at 

http://www.aviationplanning.com!lmages/AirServiceRealitiesFromBoydGrouplnternational.pdf. See also 

Will Phase-Out of RJs Doom Small Airp0l1S'l gl AIRPORT POLICY NEWS (July/August 2012). available al 

http://reason. org/news/show fairport-po1 icy -and-sec urily -news-R 1 

51 For fm1her discussion, see, e.g .. Robert II. Lande and Neil W. Averitt. Using Ihe 'Consumer Choice' 

Approach to Amitrust [,aw, 74 ANTITRCSTL..T. 175 (2007). 

22 
84 

5. The Systems Competition Argument is Complex and Requires 

Careful Scrutiny 

One rationale for merger is to grow larger to match rivals' size in the domestic and 

international spheres. This rationale is part of the "systems" argument for consolidation, 

the kernel of which is that carriers that are national in scope should be about equal in size 

in order to compete effectively. If a systems argument based solely on the need to have 

equal size competitors were to hold sway, then successive mergers would lead to the Big 

3, then the Big 2 carriers, while dimming the prospects for a continued LCC presence in 

the industry. For the systems argument to be compelling, a more robust rationale is 

therefore necessary to convince antitrust enforcers not to challenge an airline merger. 

For example, for systems competition to be effective, carriers must be able to quickly 

enter routes that provide comparable alternatives to the service provided within the 

networks of rival hub-and-spoke and point-to-point or hybrid systems. This is unlikely to 

be the case. Legacy hub-and-spoke systems feature carriers that dominate certain hubs, 

making entry by rivals difficult, particularly in cities or regions without alternative 

airports. Moreover, entry into markets where either the origin or destination is not a hub 

or a hub-equivalent (e.g., a secondary airport that provides a comparable alternative to a 

hub) is less likely to enhance systems-based competition. 

Finally, it is clear that consumers cannot easily switch between different airline systems. 

A number of factors have the effect of locking consumers into one carrier, including: 

frequent t1yer programs, brand loyalty, participation in code-sharing and international 

alliances, and location relative to airlines hubs. Consolidation has arguably exacerbated 

this consumer lock-in effect over time. The equal-size competitor argument as a 

justification for merger should therefore account for the fact that constraints on the 

consumer side limit rivalry between systems. 

6. The Proposed Merger Could Enhance Monopsony Power 

Consolidation in the domestic industry has produced three large airline systems from six 

airlines in four years' time (Delta, United Continental, and Southwest). The proposed 

merger of US Airways and American would eliminate yet another airline to produce four 

mega-carrier systems. Another merger of major carriers should begin to raise questions, 

as described in the GUIDELINES, about the effect of the transaction on the carriers' buying 

market power. The proposed US Airways-American merger raises two potential sources 

of concern. 

One monopsony issue is that a merged US Airways-American, as the largest carrier in the 

U.S., could wield significantly more buyer power than each carrier does independently. 

As a result, the merger could - as the GUIDELINES describe - reduce the number of 

"attractive outlets for their [suppliers' 1 goods or services. ,,55 Airlines are significant 

purchasers of goods and services from sellers in complementary markets. These suppliers 

55 GUDELIKES. supra note 7, at § 12. 

23 
85 

include: travel agencies, travel management companies, airports, distribution systems, 

parts suppliers, and caterers. Such suppliers are far less powerful and dispersed relative to 

the airline buyers with which they do business. As a result, they lack the bargaining 

power necessary to balance the buyer power potentially exercised by the merged carrier. 

The merger could therefore result in suppliers being squeezed by below-competitive 

prices paid for their goods and services. 

A second source of concern surrounding monopsony power relates to the role of US 

Airways and American in global airline alliances. Because US Airways and American are 

currently in different global alliances, and one carrier would switch alliance membership, 

an important by-product of the merger would be a reconfiguration of the international 

alliances landscape. Given American's protracted and controversial efforts to obtain 

antitrust immunity for its participation in the oneworld alliance, it is more probable that 

US Airways would defect from the Star alliance to join oneworld. 

Global antitrust immunized airline alliances are already powerful buying groups that 

exert market power over various suppliers. The merger of US Airways and American 

(conformed within one alliance) could produce a larger oneworld alliance vis-it-vis a 

more disparate set of suppliers. Similar to the argument regarding the merging carriers 

themselves, the monopsony concern in the global alliance context arises because the 

merged carrier could create a more powerful oneworld alliance group buyer. An antitrust 

investigation into the proposed merger of US Airways and American should frame the 

question of how the proposed merger could affect the incentive and ability of the larger 

oneworld alliance to adversely affect prices paid to the various alliance suppliers by 

driving them below competitive levels. 

The likelihood of monopsony effects that might result from the proposed merger is 

ditlicult to predict without information from the suppliers who themselves do business 

with the airlines and with global airline alliances. Specifically, it will be important for the 

DOJ to understand how suppliers' bargaining power could be affected by a combined US 

Airways-American and a larger and potentially more powerful oneworld alliance. 

7. The Proposed Merger Could Exacerbate an Existing Lack of 

Ancillary Service Fee Transparency 

Price transparency is vitally important for the competitive process to function properly 56 

However, the latest round of airline industry consolidation has been accompanied by 

carriers aggressively unbundling their products (e.g., checked baggage, advance 

boarding, preferred seating, etc) and charging fees for services previously included and 

paid for by consumers in the price of their tickets. While unbundling is generally procompetitive, it is unlikely to be beneficial without transparency in prices that is typically 

intended to accompany it. Indeed, airlines have been increasingly able - without 

56 'Ne note that price lransparency is also essential ror antitrust enforcers to accurately evaluale the 

competitive effects of mergers and eondnct-based issues. This ranges from defining relevant markets to 

detenllillillg a merger's effect on quality and choice. 

24 
86 

competitive repercussions - to ignore the demand for ancillary fee data even from their 

largest, most sophisticated customers 57 Moreover, airlines have inadequately responded 

to the concerns of Congress and the DOT over lack of transparency and purchasability of 

ancillary fees 5R 

The obvious struggle within the domestic airline industry over unbundling and price 

transparency is a conflict that presents an important "cross-over" issue between consumer 

protection and antitrust. For example, in eschewing true price transparency, airlines 

increasingly mask the all-in price of air travel, with two major adverse effects. First, lack 

of price transparency prevents consumers from efficient comparison-shopping of air 

travel offerings across multiple airlines - a hallmark of U.S. airline industry deregulation. 

A second consequence of the deterioration in price disclosure is that ancillary fees go 

largely undisciplined by market forces. Likewise, base fares are today not exposed to the 

full discipline of the marketplace and represent unreliable comparative benchmarks for 

consumers and regulators alike because some fares contain specific services that others 

do not. Arguably, to the extent that airlines are in a commodity business, it is to their 

advantage to attempt to differentiate themselves by making meaningful price 

comparisons difficult. 

The question for an antitrust investigation of a proposed merger of US Airways and 

American is whether the combination could dampen the merged carriers' incentive to 

disclose ancillary fee information to consumers. If so, such an adverse outcome could 

represent a cognizable adverse effect of the merger. Arguably, as airlines have grown 

larger and more powerful relative to consumers through consolidation, carriers have 

increasingly been able to refuse to provide consumers with so-called ancillary services 

and associated fees information. This supports the notion that rivalry creates incentives 

for sellers to fully inform consumers about the pricing, quality, and availability of their 

products. A loss of competition through merger therefore diminishes those incentives, 

particularly in cases such as US Airways-American where the combination results in 

extremely high levels of concentration. 

It will be important for the DO} to determine if and how a merger of US Airways and 

American - a transaction that would create the largest airline in the U.S. - could alter the 

ability and incentive for the merged carrier to disclose ancillary fee information 

differently than before the merger. The mechanism for this may be that with fewer 

players in the market, the need for sellers to reach agreement on matters such as how to 

deal with baggage fees is minimized because it can be handled by the airlines "tacitly." 

Curbing or preventing such behavior is one of the major purposes of the antitrust laws, 

particularly merger control. 

In light of the fact that the industry has long-opposed efforts to require fuller disclosure, 

"u.s. DOT Needs To EVRluate Airline lndustrv Consolidation: Is Proposed US Airwavs - American 

Airlines Merger Cause For Concem') BUSIKESSTRAVELCOALITIO:\.COM. April 22. 2012. available at 

hLLp:l/hu:-;inesstravelcoalilion.com/press-foom/20 12/april-22---us-dol-needs-lo.html. 

58 The same is true for concenlS over extended tarmac delays. 

25 
87 

the benchmark for a forward-looking analysis of how a US Airways-American 

combination affects information disclosure should be the DOT's statutory authority to 

remedy unfair and deceptive practices in air transport59 For example, the merger may 

increase the leverage the airline might have over the DOT or expose weaknesses in 

policing and enforcing conduct regarding fee information disclosure under the regulatory 

statute. If so, then there may well be a role for antitrust to play in remedying adverse 

effects relating to ancillary fee disclosure in the merger proceeding. 

V. Conclusions 

The proposed merger of US Airways and American ideally presents the opportunity for 

antitrust enforcers to consider the implications of similar fact patterns and parallels with 

previous legacy combinations. Moreover, the proposed transaction should be viewed with 

an eye to the critical transformation such a transaction could impose on the domestic 

airline industry and its consumers. Four large airline systems and a small and dwindling 

fringe of LCCs and regional airlines would populate the industry. While the analysis 

discussed in this White Paper is by no means conclusive of the likely effects of the 

proposed transaction, it may serve to frame several key issues that deserve attention in an 

antitrust investigation and more broadly by aviation policymakers. 

In light of the potential for adverse affects indicated by our brief ana{vsis of the 

proposed merger, the burden remains with the merging parties to show that their 

transaction would not substantially lessen competition (lnr} harm consumers. Based 

on an analysis of overlap routes that demonstrate high levels of merger-induced and 

post-merger concentration, the proposed merger of US Airways and American could 

potentially substantially lessen competition. Coupled with clear warning signs from 

previous legacy mergers regarding post-merger fares and service to smaller 

communities, there appears to be enough smoke surrounding the proposed merger to 

indicate a potential fire. The merging parties therefore bear a heavy burden in 

demonstrating that their merger would not be harmful to competition and consumers. 

Efficiencies claim~ should be viewed skeptically by antitrust enforcement Three 

major factors should give the DOJ significant pause in relying on any efficiency 

claims for approving the proposed merger of US Airways and American. One is the 

diminishing likelihood of realizing typical efficiencies as networks become larger. 

Another is a growing body of evidence surrounding costly and unexpected integration 

problems in past mergers. Finally, as the analysis of Delta-Northwest and UnitedContinental makes clear, post-merger capacity adjustments can have a range of 

positive and negative effects that may be extraordinarily difficult to disaggregate and 

categorize as costs or benefits at the time a merger is reviewed. Collectively, these 

factors highlight the need to treat etliciency claims with skepticism, particularly in 

large mergers. 

LCC~ cannot be relied upon to Sllve the dllY for legacy mergers thllt present sizable 

59 Federal preemption strips airline indusuy consumers of FIC protections as well as viI1ually all state 

remeuies under consumer protection laws. 

26 
88 

competitive issues. The dwindling stock of LCCs and their exposure as potential 

takeover targets - particularly in light of the Southwest-AirTran merger - makes them 

increasingly unreliable as a source of competitive discipline in the industry. Pre- to 

post-merger fare increases on Delta-Northwest and United-Continental routes 

highlight the challenges that smaller, lower-cost rivals face on hub-to-hub routes 

dominated by legacy carriers. Increasingly concentrated hubs resulting from previous 

legacy mergers raise further barriers to LCC entry that could potentially discipline 

adverse effects. 

Airline merger review should consider the adverse effects of merger-related service 

cutbacks to sm(lller communities. Choice and availability are important variables in 

the antitrust analysis of transportation networks, since consumers have limited 

flexibility over the points at which they enter (and exit) the network. The sacrifice of 

service to smaller domestic communities in the name of driving traffic to larger hubs 

that serves to improve the global competitiveness of domestic airlines is a lose-lose 

situation for many American consumers. 

Any argument that the proposed merger is necessary to create a larger system to 

effectively compete with the existing three systems is fundamentally flawed. For a 

systems arguments to be persuasive enough to justify antitrust approval, far more than 

the "equal size competitor" rationale would be necessary. Proponents of this rationale 

ideally need to demonstrate to antitrust enforcers how roughly equal size systems 

provide effective competition in the face of network differences, entry barriers, and 

consumer switching constraints. 

Competitive issues related to slot tran.~fers at New York La Guardia airport and 

Washington D. C Reagan National airport should be resolve(} in this proceeding. 

The recent swapping of slots between US Airw-ays and Delta at LGA and DCA would 

enhance US Airways' market share at DCA, a slot-controlled airport that would be 

affected by the proposed US Airways-American merger. Should the DOJ seek to 

negotiate a settlement with the merging parties, divestitures or other remedies 

involving the slot transfers - which materially affect the competitive landscape at 

DCA - might be sought as part of the merger transaction. 

The proposed merger raises competition issues that may require remedies that are 

broader than divestitures or carve-outs. Evidence from previous large mergers 

emphasizes that smaller communities, including small and mid-size cities, may have 

been harmed by post-merger capacity adjustments. Such communities should 

therefore be protected from the anticipated loss of hub services and degradation of 

service from a US Airways-American merger. One approach, for example, could be a 

multi-year moratorium on reductions in the number of seats and t1ights on routes 

involving major hub airports. 

Policies to promote LCCs anti to ease participation by foreign airlines in domestic 

air travel are needed. As consolidation places more pressure on the dwindling stock 

of LCCs to discipline merger-related fare increases, it is clear that some policy is 

27 
89 

needed to promote the role of LCCs in providing options to consumers for bypassinJli 

large legacy networks and putting some potential limits on their dominance.' 

Likewise, policies to ease participation by foreign airlines in domestic markets could 

increase competition. 

Short of moping to block the merger, the traditional remedies al'(Ji/able to antitrust 

enforcers to fi.x: a problematic airline merger may be inadequate in light of certain 

competitive problems raised by US Airways-American. In the event that the DOJ 

does have concerns over monopsony and ancillary fee disclosure issues in the context 

of the proposed merger, fixing them may test the effectiveness of traditional structural 

and behavioral antitrust remedies. Policymakers may therefore want to consider 

additional fixes - including legislative and regulatory approaches. For example, 

addressing the imbalance in market power between the increasingly powerful global 

alliances and more atomistic collection of service providers may be better addressed 

through amendments to the National Labor Relations Act to expressly permit travel 

agents to engage in collective bargaining with airlines. In order to address price 

transparency problems resulting from an imbalance in market power between the 

airlines and consumers, policymakers might consider the efficacy of a minimum set 

of national consumer protections, enforceable at the state level, to protect consumers 

while avoiding burdening airlines with a patchwork of consumer laws. The DOT 

might consider promulgating a new rule that would require airlines to provide 

ancillary fee data in a transparent and salable format in any channel they choose to 

sell their base fares such that consumers may efficiently compare full-price offerings 

from multiple airlines on an apples-to-apples basis. 

co Empirical economic analysis indicates that historically, LCCs have exercised significant competitive 

discipline - a role that presumably is worthwhile preserving for the benefit of competition and consumers. 

See, e.g .• nrueckner. el al. supra note 50 amI K woka. el al. supra note 51 

28 
90 

PSC(34)787 

RESOLVED that, 

RESOLUTION 787 

ENHANCED AIRLINE DISTRIBUTION 

(new) 

Expiry: Indefinite 

Type: B 

Members and/or systems providers may, for online or interline carriage, provide 

capability to offer a wide selection of their products and services to their customers 

through a wide variety of distribution channels. Members and/or systems providers shall 

apply the following procedures when distributing enhanced content through multiple 

channels of distribution with their many partners. 

OBJECTIVES 

1. General 

lATA standards and procedures allow airlines to better manage the distribution of their 

range of products and services that they wish to provide in an effective way, irrespective 

of the distribution channel. Enhanced standards are necessary to enable airlines to 

move to a dynamic content distribution model. This model recognizes that airlines and 

their customers need more real time dynamic interaction between all parties: airlines, 

distributors and travel agents so they can offer an intelligent response for all products 

based on who is asking. Acknowledging that a management group is required to 

oversee the development of new passenger distribution processes and standards, a 

Passenger Distribution Management Group is established in accordance with the 

provisions as published in Attachment "A" 

1.1 Scope 

This resolution recognizes that a standard process is required for airlines to create their 

own product offer within their own systems (i.e. assemble fares, schedules and 

availability - all in one transaction) which will be provided directly by and owned by the 

airline. This will enable more agile pricing and more personalized offerings. In this way, 

all product offers (including ancillaries) will be available for distribution through all 

channels that an airline wishes to sell them through. In this regard, this lATA standard 

will enable the creation of a Dynamic Airline Shopping engine Application Programme 

Interface (DAS API) based on lATA XML messages. The focus of this resolution will 

describe the main business processes that are required to support it 
91 

Distribution Capability Landscape 

A 

p 

I 

BiD 

VAS flPI: DyrwmicAlrftoo Shopping Applicallon 

ProgramllW InwrlacQ. 

The diagram above represents the Distribution Capability landscape that will provide an 

interactive exchange based on knowing who is making the request irrespective of the 

distribution channel being used. This may involve, but not be limited to requests from 

passengers, agents, interline partners, and other distribution channel providers who 

may provide solutions to their own subscribers. Requests shall be sent using industry 

standard messages from the distribution channel provider to the airline's dynamic 

shopping engine. Airlines will determine what product offer to return in the response 

based on attributes that have been sent in the request. Solution providers shall be 

capable of providing interactive messaging to an airline's DAS API in accordance with 

industry standard messaging. 

1.2 Key Principles 

1.2.1 Business and technical standards shall enable airlines to distribute products 

across all channels and allow airlines to independently offer dynamic shopping/pricing 

through any channel. 
92 

1.2.2 Underlying messaging standards will use modern messaging technology (e.g. 

XML) as the most suitable and readily available messaging standard to support 

technologies. PADIS message standards shall be used for the transmission of data. 

Development of messaging standards shall be in accordance with the provisions of 

Resolution 783. 

1.2.3. Such standards shall enable any third party (approved) channel to access airline 

content directly from the carrier. 

1.2.4 With due consideration for established business processes, procedures and 

current system functionality, there should be no constraints driven by any requirement 

for backwards compatibility. Airlines may wish to establish a roadmap for migration 

showing justification for backwards compatibility only if there is a defined business 

need. 

1.2.5 Enhanced Airline Distribution shall: 

1.2.5.1 allow individual carriers to determine its own prices and the nature of those 

products offered, depending on who the requestor is and what they are requesting. This 

will require authentication and the provision of historical data based on previous 

transactions, 

1.2.5.2 facilitate the implementation of a 'shopping basket' capability concept allowing 

for the consumer to add or remove items from their basket as they choose. Each of 

these choices can trigger a "re-pricing" of the offer(s) provided by the airline, 

1.2.5.3 support distribution of new products as well as changes and amendments of 

existing orders, 

1.2.5.4 facilitate a transparent display of products being offered and enable comparison 

among different products, benefiting the consumer, 

1.2.5.6 ensure authentication requests for product or services include all applicable IDs, 

such as lATA number, passengers Frequent Flyer number, valid email address or any 

other acceptable form of identification that is flexible to the individual carrier. 

1.2.6 All data will be distributed across all channels, subject to the terms and conditions 

determined by the airline distributing the content. 

1.2.7 This distribution model assumes that each airline distributing its individual 

products and services is the owner of its own content 

1.2.8 Product attributes structure should be standardized to facilitate consistent display 

of the product offer on third party web sites 

1.2.9 Any cost attributable to this new business model, from IT research development to 

implementation/operation, will not be incumbent on Members who do not wish to adopt 

it. 
93 

2. DEFINITIONS 

For the purpose of this resolution the following definitions will apply: 

2.1 ANCILLARY SERVICES means anything outside of product attributes (optional or 

discounted). 

2.2 AUTHENTICATION means the process by which a system identifies an individual or 

a business entity to make sure that the user or the business entity is who they claim to 

be, based on attributes that are sent in a message. 

2.3 DYNAMIC AIRLINE SHOPPING APPLICATION PROGRAMME INTERFACE (DAS 

API) means a set of routines, protocols and tools for building software applications 

capable of processing interactive messages from a requester to an airline rules engine. 

2.4 EXTENSIBLE MARK-UP LANGUAGE (XML) means a simple, flexible mark-up 

language which enables the exchange of a wide variety of data on the internet and 

supports the implementation of a wide range of web services. 

2.5 INTERMEDIARIES means any entity that has the capability to interface with an 

airline's DAS API (e.g. metasearch engines, distribution channel IT solution providers, 

travel agents including online agencies, travel management and corporate travel 

companies, high street agencies, specialist agencies, tour and cruise line providers) and 

interline partners making a booking request. 

2.6 PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES means what is bundled and included in the fare, e.g. flat 

bed seat, in-flight entertainment, pre-reserved seating, meals etc 

2.7 PRODUCT OFFER means the response including product attributes and ancillary 

services capable of being displayed in the requesting system. 

2.8 RULES ENGINE means the repository of an airline's business rules capable of 

receiving and responding to requests to provide a product offer. 
94 

3. BUSINESS PROCESS DESCRIPTION 

3.1. The Business Process Description comprises the following: 

3.1.1 Authenticate and Shop Process Description 

3.1.1.1 The authentication and shopping process is a dialogue that is generated from a 

direct or indirect distribution channel to an airline rules engine via a DAS API to request 

a product offer from a carrier and will allow such carrier to respond with the offer based 

on the information received in the request. The request shall include but not be limited 

to" 

3.1.1.1.1 data to identify who is making the request where an intermediary is 

present. Data may include, but not be limited to: 

specific lATA number (generic numbers shall not be sent), 

agent's pseudo city code, 

electronic reservations service provider number, 

corporate or group identification, 

type of trip (e.g. leisure or business). 

3.1.1.1.2 data to identify on whose behalf the request is being made. Data may 

include, but not be limited to" 

Name/Age/Marital Status, 

Contact Details, 

Frequent Flyer Number or Profile number, 

Customer Type (e.g. adult/child), 

Travel History, 

Nationality, 

Shopping History, 

Previously Purchased Services. 

3.1.1.1.3 attributes data for what is requested. Data may include, but not be 

limited to: 

Point of Sale, 

Travel Dates, 

Origin and Destination, 

Number of Passengers and passenger type, 

Trip type (e.g. open, round trip, one way) 
95 

3.1.1.2 Personal information that may be passed will be as bilaterally or multilaterally 

agreed with due consideration for compliance with all government privacy laws. 

3.1.1.3 Upon receipt of a request, the carrier shall respond with a product offer. The 

offer should include but not be limited to: 

unique request identifier, 

a description of the product attributes, 

a list of optional ancillaries for example, 

bundle information, 

name of optional ancillaries, 

charges, 

link if applicable, 

discounts and special offers (optional), 

product availability warnings (optional), 

promotional codes and discounts (optional), 

terms and conditions associated with the offer, 

expiration of offer. 

3.1.1.4 Multiple repetitions of this dialogue process shall be provided. 

3.1.2 Order Process Description 

The Order Process is a dialogue that is generated from a direct or indirect distribution 

channel to an airline rules engine via a DAS API that will confirm the commitment to 

purchase. This may also include payment information. The order process will provide 

the carrier the opportunity to fulfill the transaction, create the booking record, issue the 

document(s) and respond with confirmations. 

3.1.2.1 The commitment to purchase data to enable the booking to be made rnay 

include but not be limited to" 

passenger details, 

name, 

address, 
96 

date of birth, 

gender, 

passenger profile information, 

frequent traveler number, 

special requests, 

payment information if applicable. 

3.1.2.2 upon receipt of an order, if payment information is not received, carriers shall 

respond with either a request for payment or an option to hold the product offer either 

with or without a fee. 

3.1.2.3 upon receipt of payment data, carriers will create the reservations records and 

issue the traffic documents (electronic tickets and/or electronic miscellaneous 

documents as applicable) and respond with a confirmation. This confirmation should 

include but not be limited to' 

Ticketing Information and receipts in accordance with the provisions of 

Resolutions 722f, 722g, 725f or 725g as applicable, 

Terms and Conditions of the offer, 

Legal Notices. 

3.1.2.4 Carriers, that have confirmed or requested interline space shall ensure that 

reservations and ticketing data is communicated to their interline partners in accordance 

with the provisions of standard industry messages published in AIRIMP-Passenger and 

the UN EDIFACT and XML standards as published by lATA under the provisions of 

Resolution 783. 

3.1.3 Change Process Description 

3.1.3.1 The Change Process is a dialogue that is generated from a direct or indirect 

distribution channel to an airline rules engine via a DAS API that will request a 

modification, addition, cancellation or refund to an existing confirmed order. The request 

shall include data that enables a carrier to identify the original order. The request shall 

also include authentication and attributes data as shown in 3.1.1.1.1 through 3.1.1.1.3. 

3.1.3.2 Upon receipt of a change request, carriers may revise the product offer and 

respond back to the requestor Carriers shall respond based on the provisions of 3.1.1.3 

or deny the change request 

3.1.3.3 Changes to interline bookings should be effected in accordance with the 

provisions of paragraph 3.1.2.4. 

3.1.3.4 Fulfillment of a revised order shall be in accordance with the provisions of 3.1.2. 
97 

Attachment A 

PASSENGER DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT GROUP 

1. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT GROUP 

A Passenger Distribution Management Group hereinafter referred to as the 

Management Group is established for managing the development of passenger 

distribution processes and standards as published in lATA Resolutions and 

Recommended Practices, and the development of modern technology messaging 

standards (e.g. XML) under the provisions of Resolution 783. 

The Management Group shall report to the Joint A4A1IATA Passenger Services 

Conference (JPSC) and shall consist of up to fifteen (15) members appointed by the 

JPSC. The Management Group shall include representatives from airlines and shall be 

able to invite other interested parties (e.g. lATA Strategic Partners and all other third 

party industry stakeholders) as required from time to time to reflect the multi-stakeholder 

nature of the passenger distribution process. 

The JPSC will ensure that the membership is so constituted that adequate expertise is 

maintained. 

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE MANAGEMENT GROUP 

The main functions of the Management Group are' 

2.1 to review and approve proposed additions, changes and deletions to the key 

principles of passenger distribution; 

2.2 to manage the development of processes and standards; 

2.3 to submit an annual report of its activities to the JPSC meeting; 

2.4 to liaise closely with other A4A and lATA Committees impacting on passenger 

distribution standards. 

3. MEETINGS OF THE MANAGEMENT GROUP 

3.1 The Management Group shall meet as required but not less than once per year. 

A quorum shall consist of not less than one-third of the Management Group members. 

3.2 The Management Group shall elect its own Chair-Person and Vice-Chairperson 

from lATA and A4A member airlines. 
98 

3.3 Any lATA or A4A Member who is not a member of the Management Group may 

attend Management Group meetings and may vote on any issue except the nomination 

of officers. 

3.4 Decisions of the Management Group shall be by an 80% positive vote of the 

lATA and A4A Members present at the meeting and entitled to vote Abstentions do not 

count in the voting. 

3.5 The Management Group shall determine its own working procedures and may 

establish sub-groups as it determines necessary. 

~ AMENDMENT PROCEDURES 

4.1 Proposals to amend the passenger distribution standards may be submitted by the 

passenger distribution sub-groups, any A4A or lATA Member, or members of the lATA 

Strategic Partners Program. 

4.2 The Management Group shall consider all such proposals and shall act upon them 

as follows: 

4.2.1 Adopt the proposal if accepted by 80% of the lATA and A4A Members entitled to 

vote on such proposals; 

4.2.2 Reject the proposal; 

4.2.3 Refer the proposal to the next Management Group meeting for further review; 

4.2.4 If the proposal is in conflict with existing industry standards, refer the proposal to 

the next meeting of the JPSC for further review and resolution 

4.3 All amendments agreed by the Management Group shall be circulated to all lATA 

and A4A Members within thirty (30) days of the Management Group meeting. 

4.4 In determination of its working procedures, the Management Group may utilize a 

mail vote procedure to progress proposals to amend passenger distribution standards 

between Management Group meetings. Utilization of the mail vote procedure is limited 

to amendments of an urgent nature and which are requested by or supported by five (5) 

or more Management Group members. Adoption of proposals using the mail vote 

procedure will follow the above amendment procedures. 

4.5 Amendments endorsed by the Management Group shall be forwarded to the JPSC 

for final adoption 
99 

5. PASSENGER DISTRIBUTION IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL 

Whilst developing and enhancing the resolutions and messaging standards for the 

implementation of enhanced airline distribution it is acknowledged that there are a 

number of items that, whilst not appropriate for inclusion in the resolution text, are 

fundamental to obtaining a clear understanding of how enhanced passenger distribution 

is implemented. 

Further, given the variety of stakeholders, there is significant benefit in documenting 

various aspects of the overall processes to promote a common understanding and 

standardized approach to enhanced distribution implementation. Consequently the 

Management Group shall oversee the development of a Passenger Distribution Manual 

which provides clarifications and explanations of the functions related to Enhanced 

Airline Distribution as well as guidelines and best practices in accordance with the 

requirements as documented in this resolution 

5.1 The Passenger Distribution Implementation Manual shall contain: 

An end-to-end Passenger Process, 

A Passenger Process Toolbox covering the end-to-end process, 

Recommended Practices, 

Technical Specifications, 

Implementation Guides, 

Templates for Service Level Agreements. 

5.2 A new edition of the Passenger Distribution Implementation Manual shall be issued 

as and when determined by the Management Group and in consultation with the 

Secretariat. 
100 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Professor Sagers. 

TESTIMONY OF CHRISTOPHER L. SAGERS, JAMES A. THOMAS 

DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR OF LAW, CLEVELAND STATE 

UNIVERSITY 

Mr. SAGERS. Thank you very much. So my friend, Diana Moss, 

of the American Antitrust Institute told me that I should be getting 

hazard pay for being here today. And I am here, I am afraid, to 

suggest some reasons not to be so optimistic about this merger. I 

will notice that there are kind of a lot of captains uniforms behind 

me, and I have to say I am a little afraid that when I leave here 

to go home to Cleveland today, I am going to be on some sort of 

no fly list. And I hope that is not true. 

Mr. BACHUS. They are all very friendly, I can tell. 

Mr. SAGERS. I am sure they are. I am not going to say what airline I am on. And I will note as well that Dr. Winston, who I think 

is—he is only coincidentally to my left, and he is also going to probably say a few things in disagreement with me. He is an eminent 

person. No person could study the antitrust treatment and competition in airline markets without studying his work. And yet he and 

I are going to disagree about a few things. 

But the most encouraging thing I have heard today so far is 

Chairman Goodlatte’s statement, which I was very pleased to hear 

describe antitrust law as non-ideological. And I could not agree 

more. It is non-ideological. 

I do not have, you know, my own phalanx of supporters behind 

me, and indeed I do not have any staff to come help support me 

in these sorts of things because I am only here to speak in favor 

of a policy that is supposed to protect everybody, including us average folks. And so guys like me come and talk about it alone. 

So here is my basic thought in the very brief time I have to describe this complex deal. 

I think that in policy consideration of transactions like these, 

complexity is the defendant’s friend. Complexity is the merging 

party’s friend. It is not the friend, though, of most other people that 

are affected by the transaction. I want, therefore, to try to describe 

a few things that, to me, seem relatively simple. 

First of all, there will be a lot of discussion, and it is going to 

seem complex because it seems to require a lot of understanding 

of complicated industry facts, of benefits proposed by the merger. 

Right? There is a lot of complexity surrounding the purported benefits. 

I am not even really going to talk about the benefits. I personally 

do not think they are worth dwelling on, at least not in this setting, because we all, every single one of us, have been to this rodeo 

before. We have seen many many mergers in many industries, and 

we have seen many mergers in the airlines in the 35 years since 

deregulation. And they have always been said to propose these 

same benefits or benefits like them, and quite often they have been 

disappointing. My sense is that the promises are typically not kept, 

and they have led to sometimes very painful disappointments. 

I am going to talk instead about what I also think is relatively 

simple, and that is the competitive effects. There is not time for me 
101 

really to address it fully, but I will say this. In the written statements that I read last night, and I read them all, the most remarkable statement was that in this merger, among the thousands and 

thousands of daily flights to cities all across the United States that 

are controlled by these 2 carriers, the only overlaps that matter in 

the whole combined network will be 12 overlaps, 12 flights. We 

could delve into some complexities. I would rather focus on what 

seems to me simple. We should ask ourselves, among those thousands and thousands of flights, are there really only 12 cities in 

which these 2 carriers provide competition with each other that 

would be lost through this merger? I do not think so. 

For a brief introductory analysis to what are the more likely effects, you can look at the white paper produced by the American 

Antitrust Institute, which is attached to Mr. Mitchell’s written 

statement. 

The final thing I will say, and unfortunately I have a very brief 

remaining time to say it, is that a dominating theme of all discussion of airline mergers since deregulation has been the economic 

difficulties of the carriers. The claim is we have to merge. We have 

to consolidate to strengthen ourselves so that we can perform. 

Here are a few thoughts about that. First of all, the carriers really have never offered any very plausible explanation why merger. 

It has to be merger that is going to solve our economic problems. 

They can and they often have suggested a lot of detailed arguments. 

But again, I think the response is a relatively simple one, and 

it is that, well, we have had a long time. We have had 35 years 

with dozens of mergers, every single one of which has been sold on 

the claim that synergies, cost savings, et cetera, are going to make 

us competitive. It has not worked. The airlines have remained—the 

legacy airlines, at least, have remained mostly economically in dire 

straits throughout that whole time. 

With that I will end. Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Sagers follows:] 
102 

Cleveland-Marshall College of Law 

2121 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, Ohio 44115 

(216) 687-2344 

ST A TEM ENT OF CH RISTOPH ER L. SAGERS 

James A. Thomas Distinguished Professor of Law 

Cleveland State University 

Before the 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON REGULATORY REFORM, COMMERCIAL AND 

ANTITRlJST LAW 

of the 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, 

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

Concerning 

"COMPETITION AND BANKRlJPTCY IN THE AIRLINE INDlJSTRY: THE 

PROPOSED MERGER OF AMERICAN AIRLINES AND U.S. AIRWAYS" 

February 26, 2013 

Chairman Bachus and members of the Subcommittee, my name is Chris Sagers 

and I am a professor of law at Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio. With my 

gratitude I am pleased to otTer these thoughts on antitrust aspects of the proposed merger 

of American Airlines ("American") and U.S. Airways. I have studied the law of antitrust 
103 

and regulated industries throughout my career, and I have published on competition in 

regulated sectors, including the airlines and other transportation industries. l 

Two themes have dominated airline competition policy since deregulation, and 

they have driven discussion of every airline merger. Merging airlines have used them to 

conceal seriously anticompetitive transactions, preserve pockets of market power, and 

perpetuate an inefficient, high-cost industrial organization. Those themes are: (l) the 

industry's purportedly special problems, which are said to relate to its high costs or to 

technological issues, and (2) its persistently poor economic performance. Each time a 

new merger is proposed, the merging parties argue that they cannot alone survive the 

forces of unrestrained competition, explain that inability according to such detailed costbased arguments as they can muster, and point to their own prior bad performance as 

proof of it. But each time, despite their predictions to the contrary, the mergers that are 

then approved are followed by price increases on those city-pair routes where 

concentration has increased, and by continued poor economic performance. 

The industry and its defenders have argued in various ways that the fault is with 

special problems in airline markets. Indeed, the parties to the present proposed merger 

allege that American requires it to emerge from bankruptcy. But a much better 

explanation, which doesn't require believing that airline markets are somehow different 

than virtually all of the other markets in the United States, is a simple one. The legacy 

carriers have remained high cost, but through well protected pockets of market power and 

anticompetitive conduct they have been able to acquire or exclude almost all of the many 

1 I do not represent any party with any interest in this matter. I have received no 

compensation in connection with my testimony, 1 appear here at my own expense, and 

the views expressed are my own. I submit this testimony at the request of counsel for the 

Subcommittee. 

2 
104 

low-cost carrier entrants ("LCCs") that have challenged them since deregulation. Failure 

to enforce the antitrust laws against these many mergers, in other words. has preserved 

inefficient firms, kept them from performing adequately, and kept prices high. in just the 

way that basic economics would predict. The great irony is that competitive markets, 

which the incumbent airlines have kept at bay by stressing their allegedly special 

problems, could have driven the very efficiencies needed for healthy economic 

performance. 

I. Background 

While the airlines are now subject to antitrust like most other firms, and while 

major airline mergers must be approved by the Department of Justice, there has in effect 

been little antitrust policy in the airline industry. The industry began its history in the 

1920s in a heavily regulated state, stayed that way until the process of deregulation began 

in the late 1970s, and then entered a period of essentially deregulated competition that 

has been rocky and quite different than deregulatory planners had anticipated. Since 

deregulation, the industry's history has consisted of three, roughly decade-long blocks 

punctuated by two separate bouts of new entry and vigorous competition which relatively 

quickly were snuffed out by failure or acquisition of all new entrants2 

Deregulation was followed by a frenetic burst of new entry, and the industry 

experienced vigorous competition for the first time in its history. However. during a 

short transitional period following deregulation, the merger review authority of the 

former Civil Aeronautics Board was temporarily transferred to the Department of 

2 See genera11y Chris Sagers, "Rarely Tried, and. . Rarely SlIccessful ": 

lheorerica11y impossible Price Predation Among the Airlines, 74 J. AIR L. & COJv[M. 919, 

936-41 (2009). 

3 
105 

Transportation ("DOT"), before it was finally vested in the Department of Justice 

("DOr') in the 1980s. During that brief period, the DOT approved no fewer than twentyone separate mergers and rejected none, even though the DOJ appeared in an advisory 

capacity and vigorously opposed several of them. This period also saw certain 

developments deregulators had not foreseen-most importantly, the rise of the "hub-andspoke" system and the development (by American, tellingly) of a uniquely sophisticated, 

highly successful system of price discrimination known in the industry as "yield 

management." 

Next, beginning in about 1993, as the economy generally emerged from downturn 

and the then-still small Southwest Airlines began to convincingly demonstrate the 

possibility of selective, low-cost competition against the majors, another flurry of entry 

ensued. That period was destined to be short as well, however, and again by late 1990s 

or early 2000s, the entrants had almost all failed or been acquired by major airlines. 

Indeed, virtually every new entrant in the industry's entire history since deregulation has 

either failed or been acquired] Since then, in any case, competition has been more 

muted, and the major carriers have also executed a series oflarge consolidating mergers, 

but the industry's economic performance has still been uniformly poor. The legacy 

carriers have failed to earn profits in all but a handful of the years since deregulation, and 

several of them have undergone one or more bankruptcy reorganizations or been 

liquidated entirely. 

A persistent theme of this lackluster history has been allegations of 

anticompetitive conduct by the legacy carriers. Most importantly, it has been alleged by 

3 Id. 

4 
106 

private industry participants, federal agencies and even the most esteemed of outside 

observers4 that legacy carriers have engaged in selective predatory pricing attacks to 

exclude entrants from city-pair routes where they enjoy dominance-and especially new 

industry entrants or LCCs that have operated elsewhere.> However unlikely price 

predation may be in the typical market-a topic of much debate---a number of factors 

suggests its likelihood in deregulated airline competition. The overwhelming empirical 

evidence shows that the legacy carriers have each managed to establish pockets of 

significant market power at their hub airports, 6 and because they compete only in discrete 

city-pair markets, any act of predatory pricing will expose them to temporary losses on 

only one route. Moreover, given the high capital outlays of genuinely new airline entry, a 

relatively few bouts of successful predation are probably sufficient to dry up capital 

market access to new entrants7 

Throughout this period, airlines have proposed many, many mergers and 

acquisitions, and, even after the DOJ took over their review in the 1980s, the antitrust 

authorities have approved almost all of them. The DOT never blocked any transactions, 

and the DOJ has blocked only one large one, the proposed acquisition of U.S. Airways by 

United Airlines in 2001. In the present period of significant concentration and mostly 

slack competition, only a handful of major airlines still exist. Following several very 

4 See, e.g., Statement of Alfred E. Kahn before Comm. on the Jud., Subcomm. on 

Antitrust, Bus. Rights & Competition, U.S. Senate, Airline Compelilion: Clear Skies or 

Turhulence Ahead?, 106th Cong., 2d Sess. (May 2, 2000) 

5 Economists and lawyers typically describe pricing as "predatory" if it is below cost 

(or at least sacrifices some profit) and is intended to force some competitor to exit the 

market or raise its prices. 

6 See Sagers, supra (collecting econometric reports). 

7 See Sagers, supra (elaborating these points at length). 

5 
107 

large mergers in just the past few years, 8 all of them unchallenged by federal authorities, 

the proposed AmericanlU.S. Airways deal would leave the sector with only four major 

players: United, Delta, American and Southwest. Nationally, those four firms will hold 

more than 70% of airline travel. But much more importantly, they will enjoy discrete 

pockets of much more power dominance in any number of city-pair routes-specific 

routes served only be one or two other carners, where they are known to charge higher 

rates-and will face meaningful challenge in only some markets by the small number of 

remaining law cost carriers ("LCCs,,)9 

And above all, the evidence is clear that in those many specific city-pair markets 

on which legacy finns have been able to keep their competition to only one or a few other 

carriers, they have increased their prices. lO Consolidations have also ordinarily been 

followed by some job losses, in part because merging firms typically close the smallest of 

the hubs in their combined networks. Job losses and the closing of hubs are described as 

x There have been six major mergers since 2005: (a) U.S. Airways/America West in 

205, (b) DelatlNorthwest in 2008, (c) Republic Airlines' acquisitions of both Midwest 

and Frontier Airlines in 2009, (d) United/Continental in 2010, and (e) SouthwestiAirTran 

in 2010. See Diana L. Moss & Kevin Mitchell, The Proposed Merger of us. Ainvc()is 

and American Airlines: The Rush to Closed Airline Systems (American Antitrust Institute 

& Business Travel Coalition, August 8,2012). 

9 Among the LCCs that remain, really only three are large and secure enough to otTer 

serious fare competition-JetBlue and Spirit, along with Frontier following its 

forthcoming spin-offfrom Republic. See id. 

10 Some sympathetic to the industry have defended the present merger by observing 

that ffi!erage airline fares risen at a rate roughly comparable to inflation for the past 

several years. See Pablo T. Spiller, Why American-US Airways Deal Is Good, CNN 

OPINION, Feb. 18, 2013, available at http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/18/opinion/spillerairline-merger. But a focus on national average prices is extremely misleading. Airline 

markets are not national in scope. An airline does not set one fare price for all its fiights 

nationally; it sets rates for each individual city-pair route that it serves, and rates are 

known to vary depending on how many other carriers serve that route. So it is very 

possible for overall average airline rates to advance at a pace like prices in other markets, 

even though discrete city-pairs lacking much competition see much faster rate increases. 

6 
108 

"synergies" or the achievement of "et1iciencies," but they are best understood as simply 

the reductions in output predicted by elementary economics in any case of increasing 

market power. 

ll. The Effects of an American/U.S. Airways Merger 

A. F.xpecl Higher Fares in Specific City-Pair Markels, alld Some Joh losses 

There is no reason to expect an outcome any better in the proposed deal than has 

followed the many other airline mergers during the thirty-five years since deregulation. 

That is to say, the merged firm's financial performance is unlikely meaningfully to 

improve, but it is likely to raise fares and limit service over significant portions of its 

network, as well as to reduce its workforce and close one or more of its hubs. 

Unforunately, it is not a terribly good answer that the DOJ may be able to impose 

more limited remedies on the merging parties than blocking their play completely. The 

major problem with the existing antitrust approach to airline consolidation is that the 

antitrust agencies and the courts lack any resolve actually to stop major mergers, but the 

limited alternative remedy they are willing to support is likely to be ineffective. On the 

one hand, neither government ot1icials nor the American public has any stomach for 

business failure. And it superficially seems, given the airlines' poor performance, that 

without continued consolidation the legacies' only option is consolidation. But without 

blocking transactions completely, the DOl's only alternative is to require the parties to 

divest some of their "slots" on particular city-pair routes where competition would be 

unacceptably reduced by the particular transaction. (DOJ will surely require at least that 

in this particular transaction as to about a half-dozen city-pairs, on which the parties 

would otherwise enjoy complete monopoly.) The problem is that the only potential 

7 
109 

purchasers While there are a few remaining Lees that have some wherewithal to 

compete, the only Lee whose entry has ever persistently driven down fares in city-pair 

markets is Southwest, and Southwest has now achieved a nationwide presence of its own, 

and its costs are believed to have risen as well. All other Lees to have seriously 

challenged a legacy carrier on a city-pair that it dominated has exited, or indeed has been 

acquired or failed completely. And while slots might be offered to other legacy carriers, 

instead of an Lee, the post-merger legacies will effectively be operating within a fourfirm oligopoly, and widely accepted economic theory predicts that they cannot be 

expected to seriously compete on any except their most competitive routes. 11 

B. Poor Economic Pelformance Is Pelfectly Consistent With Marker POlver alld High 

Prices 

Finally, there is little significance in the fact that American is emerging from 

bankruptcy or that either carrier has faced financial difficulty. First, that legacy carriers 

have found vigorous price competition difficult is explained less well by any special 

characteristic of their markets or technology, and much better by the persistence of their 

high costs relative to most firms to have entered since deregulation. Second, poor 

financial performance is pertectly consistent with market power or even full monopoly, 

because efficiency typically suffers firms acquire market power. As a commonplace of 

economic theory, where there are supracompetitive profits to be found, firms can be 

expected make socially wasteful investments to acquire or maintain it,12 and to indulge in 

11 See generally George Stigler, A Theory o.fOligopoly, 72 J POL. ECON. 44 (1964) 

12 See Richard A. Posner, The Social Costs oj Monopoly and Regulation, 83 J. POL. 

ECON. 807 (1975); 

8 
110 

organizational "slack" once it is gotten. 13 In fact it is now generally taken for granted in 

the theory of corporations or the theory of the finn that the only force that can effectively 

preserve internal productive efficiency is product market competition. 14 

13 See Harvey Leibenstein, Allocalive Ffficiency V.I'. X-Flficiency, 56 AM. ECON. RHY. 

392 (1966); Harvey Leibenstein, X-inefficiency Xists-Repfy to an Xorcist, 68 AM. ECON. 

REv. 203, 211 (1978); Harvey Leibenstein, On the Basic Proposition of X-Ejficiency 

TheOlY, 68 AM. ECON RHy. 328 (1978). 

14 See generafly Einer R. Elhauge, Defining Better Monopolization Standards, 56 

STAN. L. REv. 253, 299-300 (2003). 

9 
111 

Mr. BACHUS. Mr. Winston or Dr. Winston. 

TESTIMONY OF CLIFFORD WINSTON, SENIOR FELLOW, ECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM, THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 

Mr. WINSTON. Thank you. I am happy to be able to testify at this 

merger. I testified at the Delta/Northwest merger in 2008 in support of that merger, and I support this merger. But I have some 

new perspectives to bring. I am not just going to read my old testimony. And what I think I will do in the short amount of time, 

given what we have heard, is repackage my written presentation 

in my oral presentation, beginning with my conclusion. 

All mergers, not just airlines, involve what we are to call the 

Williamson tradeoffs; that is, mergers trade off benefits from economies and expansion to get lower costs, okay. That is the positive 

claim to them. And then the anti-competitive concern that you are 

losing a competitor and that you will raise prices. So traditionally, 

when we think of these things we start off with tradeoffs, and naturally, you know, you will hear them and you have heard them, as 

expected. 

What I think is interesting now about airlines, and I did not 

stress this enough before, but I think it is increasingly true now, 

is we do not have to think of these any more as tradeoffs. Now admittedly, I will be bringing in an additional policy perspective, but 

I think that was appropriately done by Mr. Mitchell raising just 

concerns about what is going on with how tickets are distributed. 

And that additional policy perspective is the growing reality of 

where this industry is going, and that is the globalization. This is 

a global airline industry, right? We have to see where are we really 

going to be going. And when I mean globalization, I mean full open 

skies, something we have been moving toward, and ultimately cabotage, which is allowing foreign carriers to serve in the U.S. 

And, you know, if you think that is a strange policy, consider the 

automobile industry and imagine what it would be like if we did 

not have Honda, Toyota, et cetera, building and assembling cars 

here. And one wonders what is wrong with a picture like that when 

that is the case in autos, but we do not allow British and Irish 

planes to fly in the U.S. 

All right. Once you bring that perspective into mind, things 

change radically. You do not have tradeoffs. In other words, it is 

quite clear that with the airline’s job to be as efficient as possible, 

okay, and reduce costs, and what policy makers’ job to do is to promote globalization and policy, promoting open skies, finish the job 

with that, and cabotage. What that will do is give you your influx 

of competitors to make sure that the efficiency improvements are 

largely transferred to consumers. And so the concerns about competition just go out the window once you start thinking about that. 

All right. But something else very important becomes clear then. 

You get a deeper and, I think, more intuitive understanding of why 

carriers are merging. Think about what airlines really involve. It 

is a very risky investment, okay? And billions of dollars of seats 

that are in the sky, all right? And it is risky because there are lots 

of shocks that I will get to shortly, all right. 

What you want to do deal with risk, as we know, is to have a 

portfolio, and you could allocate those seats in response to shocks 
112 

and risks. And in a globalized economy, then you can imagine what 

people will do. When things are tough in one place, they will move 

their capacity to another place, all right. Mergers enable you to do 

that. 

So I would suggest that the main justification for mergers which 

really has not been emphasized enough is really a way of dealing 

with risk, which is the inherent challenge in this industry. 

All right. So let me turn to that, why I think that. This all comes 

out of deregulation, you know. You can recall, but you have read, 

that airlines operated with a load factor of 55 percent, so they have 

billions of dollars in capacity, and they are using only half of it. So, 

you know, in retrospect you can just see how crazy regulation was. 

What a waste, all right? But at the same time, airlines were shielded from the fundamental challenge; that is, matching capacity with 

demand and these shocks. 

So you have to commit to capacity to buy planes in advance, and 

you think you know what demand is. And then you have got to 

deal with fuel shocks, macroeconomic shocks, the Gulf War, September 11th, and, to top it off, sequestration, all right? That is really a very challenging thing to do. 

So what do you want to do? You want to have the ability to diversify, right, and be able to allocate your seats appropriately. That 

is what mergers do, and that is why the airlines have been doing 

it for all these decades, I would contend. 

Now, in the process of doing that, what do we see going on in 

the industry? What are the long-run trends? Well, real prices continue to go down. They continue to be below the SIFL, the standard 

industry fair level, under regulations, so the benefits of deregulation are preserved. And most importantly, load factors are going 

up. That is the key efficiency thing that we want to look at. We 

are not operating at 55 percent. We are much closer to 80 or 90. 

So I would suggest that, you know, these mergers are just part 

of a tool. They are not the only tool, but to deal in the long run 

with where this industry is going, and that is globalization. 

Now, I believe in the end, you know, Congress is critical here in 

pushing for that, all right? And then we get a win-win, and then 

presumably then the airlines should go along with it. We are allowing you to be more efficient. You allow us to spur competition in 

this industry. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Winston follows:] 
113 

The American Airlines-US Airways Merger In 

An Evolving Airline Industry 

Statement of 

Clifford Winston 

Seuior Fellow, Ecouomic Studies Program 

The Brookings Institutiou 

1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20036 

202-797-6173 

CWillston(iilbrookings.edu 

http://w ww. brookings.edu/ex perts/w instonc 

"Competition and Bankruptcy in the Airline Industry: The Proposed Merger of 

American Airlines and US Airways" 

Hearing before the 

Committee on the Judiciary 

Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law 

United States House of Representatives 

February 26,2013 
114 

Introduction 

In a 1995 book, The Fvollliion of lhe Airlille Induslry, Steven A. Morrison and I assessed 

the effects of various hypothetical changes in airline competition on air travelers' fares. 

An extreme scenario that we considered was that Alaska, Continental, America West, 

Northwest, TWA, and USAir exited the industry, leaving Southwest, United, American, 

and Delta as the only major carriers in the US. domestic market. At the time, we thought 

this large scale exit would be a tremendous shock to industry competition-note, we did 

not assume that the carriers exited by merging with other carriers. We found, however, 

that fares increased modestly, about 8 percent, which preserved most of the decline in 

fares due to deregulation. We attributed our finding to the ability of Southwest to enter 

additional markets and discipline fares. 

Today, this extreme scenario no longer seems so extreme because if American's 

proposed merger with US Airways is approved, then, with the exception of Alaska, all 

the carriers that we assumed would exit the industry would have done so. My testimony 

provides some perspective on this scenario, indicates why its effects on fares would differ 

from the prediction that we reported in our book, and assesses US. airlines' merger 

activity in the broader context of the industry's eventual evolution to a highly 

competitive, global airline industry. 

The Scenario and Reality 

The scenario we posited in our book differs from an actual post American-US Airways 

merger environment because we assumed that carriers would simply exit the industry and 

would not merge and because we accounted for competition among only four remaining 

carriers. 

In our scenario, when a carrier was assumed to exit a market, all of its assets exited with 

it. This assumption ignored the potential benefits of a merger and overstated the exiting 

carrier's effect in raising fares because its assets could have been put to more effective 

use if that carrier merged with another carrier, thereby creating a more efficient 

competitor. Indeed, retrospective empirical assessments of airline mergers have generally 

found that the presence of a merged air carrier in a market does not lead to higher fares. 

At the same time, travelers benefit from the merged carrier's more extensive network and 

from more opportunities to use frequent flier miles. 

Our scenario also did not account for the fact that in addition to American, Delta, United, 

and Southwest, the carriers that would still compete in the industry include Alaska, 

JetBlue, Spirit, Frontier, Virgin America, Allegiant, and Hawaiian Air among others. 

Accordingly, even though for the last decade or so the US. airline industry has been 

evolving in a way that is consistent with the extreme scenario in our book, as shown in 

Borenstein and Rose's recent paper reporting U.S. airline industry operating 

characteristics through 2011, real yields have continued to decline since deregulation in 

1978; real yields have been consistently below the Standard Industry Fare Level (SIFL) 
115 

that was used by the Civil Aeronautics Board to determine regulated fares; low-cost 

carriers' market share has steadily increased; route level concentration on hub and nonhub routes has stabilized during the past ten years; and the industry average load factor 

(the percentage of seats filled by paying passengers) has steadily increased. And, as 

reported in Tomer, Puentes, and Neal's Brookings study, travel in US. international 

markets has more than doubled between 1990 and 2011 as US. carriers have taken 

advantage of open skies agreements to expand their international networks and increase 

flight frequency. 

2 

Similar to the mergers that preceded it, the merger of American Airlines and US Airways 

would preserve those positive long run trends. Carrier competition would continue to be 

intense and low-cost carriers would continue to put downward pressure on fares. Entry 

and exit would continue to be fluid in airline markets as a merged American and US 

Airways would optimize its network by exiting some routes and entering others, while 

other carriers would adjust their networks by entering some of the routes that American 

exited and exiting some of the routes that they entered. The merged American and US 

Airways would also strengthen its international network and benefit travelers by serving 

more foreign destinations. 

In retrospect, the extreme scenario depicted in our book previewed a natural evolution of 

the industry in response to deregulation with the critical caveat that instead of completely 

exiting the industry, certain carriers have merged with others, which has enabled the 

industry's capital stock to become more productive as, for example, merged carriers have 

been able to retire their least efficient aircraft more quickly and has enabled the merged 

carriers to strengthen their international networks. 

Toward a Global Airline Industry 

A proposed merger between large firms is often accompanied by concerns that the 

consolidation would reduce competition and raise prices. Ifpolicymakers are concerned 

that the proposed American-US Airways merger may have anti-competitive effects, 

notwithstanding any gains in operating efficiency, then an efTective way to address those 

concerns, obtain the efficiency gains, and significantly benefit travelers would be to take 

steps to stimulate addition competition by creating a deregulated global airline industry. 

In fact, US. and foreign policymakers have already begun that process by negotiating 

open skies agreements, which give US. and foreign carriers the freedom to enter and set 

fares in US. international markets. As expected, air travelers have benetited. In a recent 

paper, Jia Yan and I estimated that the reduction in fares and increase in tlight 

frequencies in markets that are governed by open skies agreements has raised travelers' 

welfare $5 billion annually. If the United States negotiated agreements with foreign 

countries so that all US international routes were governed by open skies, we estimate 

that travelers would gain an additional $5 billion annually. 

The final step to create a highly competitive global airline industry would be for the 

United States to allow foreign airlines to serve US. domestic markets. (Other countries 
116 

3 

should also allow foreign carriers, including US. carriers, to serve their domestic 

markets.) Clearly, competition would be even more intense in U.S. markets and travelers 

would benefit from lower fares and service improvements if their choice of carriers were 

expanded to include discount carriers like Ryanair and global players like Qantas and 

British Airways. Such airlines have never posed a threat to national security or to the 

safety of air travelers. 

Whether it was part of their grand design, US. carriers have been preparing for decades 

for a truly competitive global airline industry. As part of this process, they decided that 

mergers would help them develop more efficient operations and networks. No evidence 

exists to question the effectiveness of that strategy; hence, policymakers have been wise 

to allow consolidation to move forward and they should allow American Airlines and US 

Airways to continue the process Policymakers should also accelerate the airline 

industry's contribution to globalization by creating a truly competitive deregulated 

environment that would benefit travelers in the United States and throughout the world 
117 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. We will now proceed under the 5- 

minute rule with questions, and I will begin by recognizing myself 

for 5 minutes. 

One thing, Mr. Mitchell, that you and Professor Sagers did not 

address, you talked about some possible negative implications of 

this merger. But if it does not go through, and there are some demonstrable negatives, very many, and I just wonder if you considered that. For instance, a failure of American Airlines being financially unsustainable. 

Mr. MITCHELL. Well, American Airlines is exiting or will exit 

bankruptcy reorganization as a lower-cost carrier with billions of 

dollars in cash and cash equivalents, and new aircraft are on order. 

And their CEO has said countless times that they will be profitable 

as a stand-alone carrier. Likewise US Airways is enjoying some of 

its most successful earnings in its history. 

So I just do not buy into the notion that these are failing firms. 

It certainly does not apply as a failing firm against the guidelines, 

the antitrust guidelines. They are fit and able to compete. And to 

make the argument, as you hear now, then that they need to be 

large enough to compete effectively with the new Delta or the Continental-United, well, they claim themselves they can compete 

against them. If you use the logic that you always have to get bigger to compete with the next biggest carrier, we are going to end 

up with two mega carriers. I mean, the logic is flawed. 

And then finally, there are many smaller independent carriers 

that just do quite fine mixing it up. 

Mr. BACHUS. Okay. 

Mr. SAGERS. I would like to very briefly add one thing because 

I think this seems like the biggest issue, right, if we are going to 

have a huge business failure, we have to do something. 

My first point is I agree with Mr. Mitchell that it is unlikely. We 

do not see airline liquidations that often, despite the huge financial 

difficulty the industry has had in 35 years. 

Much more importantly, we all have had a very painful, unhappy 

experience during the past few years with this same basic problem, 

which is that we in the United States do not have the stomach for 

business failure. By not being willing to tolerate it once in a while, 

we create a very serious problem, which is that firms that know 

that they will be rescued fail to learn how to compete in difficult 

markets, okay? And in this case the subsidy—— 

Mr. BACHUS. Let me say this. We have a bankruptcy law which 

allows you to go into bankruptcy, and then it allows the creditors, 

the company, the pension, the CBGC—— 

Mr. SAGERS. Right, right. 

Mr. BACHUS [continuing]. To agree on the best route out of bankruptcy. And that agreement has been made. 

Mr. SAGERS. We do have a bankruptcy law, but—— 

Mr. BACHUS. But what I am saying, what these companies are 

doing is exactly what the law avails of any company. And they 

have made a decision through the bankruptcy process that this is 

their best reorganization. 

Now, you know, you could argue with that, but they have availed 

themselves of the legal process. 

Mr. SAGERS. I disagree. 
118 

Mr. BACHUS. Well, I know you do. But one thing that, and I have 

read your statements and what you have said in the press. But airline fares, I mean, you have talked about they have escalated, but 

they have actually, as far as taking into account inflation, they are 

one of the best, they are more competitive than they have ever 

been. I mean, the only reason they have been as cheap as they 

have is investors have pumped billions of dollars into failing airlines. 

And I would say this. You both mentioned that they maybe had 

a few more complementary routes, or not complementary, but duplications. But actually I cannot recall a merger of airlines that 

had fewer duplications than this. 

Mr. SAGERS. I will reply if you allow me. 

Mr. BACHUS. What? 

Mr. SAGERS. I will reply if you will allow me. 

Mr. BACHUS. All right. 

Mr. SAGERS. Okay. First of all, they are not just doing what 

bankruptcy law allows. They are emerging from bankruptcy with 

a merger which is substantially uncompetitive. The subsidy that 

we gave to the banks during the bailout—— 

Mr. BACHUS. No, that is their bankruptcy plan, I think. That is 

legal. 

Mr. SAGERS. Yes, sir. 

Mr. BACHUS. I mean, that is bankruptcy. 

Mr. SAGERS. That may very well be. Most people who emerge 

from Chapter 7 do not do it through a horizontal—— 

Mr. BACHUS. Well, most of them do not do it. But what they do, 

that is an option. 

Mr. SAGERS. Yeah, unless it is illegal under antitrust laws. 

Mr. BACHUS. And that is an option that the law gives them. And 

I would just say this. I am a railroad attorney. I remember Rock 

Island and where the government continued and turned them down 

saying it was anti-competitive and you lost 10,000 miles of rail and 

stranded over 4,000 shippers because you did not allow a viable 

merger. And I can tell you that everything I have read, this is 

going to make a stronger airline. 

And I will say this. You could have stopped those mergers before 

Delta and Northwest, I will agree with that. You could have 

stopped it before Continental and United. But you did not, and you 

created other airlines with a distinct advantage if you do not let 

these two airlines merge. 

And the employees are for this, you know. I have never seen 

more favorable support from employees, from unions and in a time 

of deficits from the Pension Guaranty Corporation, which is not unimportant. 

Mr. MITCHELL. Mr. Chairman, could I add one point? 

Mr. BACHUS. Sure. 

Mr. MITCHELL. From ABC News, you know, we talked about the 

12 overlapping routes. But there are 100 cities that these two carriers currently compete on routes. That works out to 4,900 routes. 

Mr. BACHUS. Well, let me say this. If you call competing, which 

I saw a list that if you fly from Birmingham to D.C. and you want 

to fly through Dallas and take 12 hours as opposed to 2 hours from 

Birmingham to D.C., you can call that, if they share that route. 
119 

But I do not know of anyone that would take a 12-hour flight or 

an 8-hour flight when they could go non-stop. 

Mr. MITCHELL. But the real point—— 

Mr. BACHUS. And that was on somebody’s list. 

Mr. MITCHELL. The real point is that the 12 overlapping routes, 

overlapping routes in general are not as important as they were 4 

or 5 years ago. 

Mr. BACHUS. All right, thank you. Mr. Cohen. 

Mr. COHEN. Have all of you all flown through Atlanta? You all 

have? 

VOICE. Atlanta? 

Mr. COHEN. Have any of you all flown through Memphis? Mr. 

Mitchell, is it more convenient and nicer to be in the Memphis Airport or the Atlanta Airport? [Laughter.] 

Mr. MITCHELL. Every time I am there, I feel like I am living the 

dream. [Laughter.] 

Mr. COHEN. You got it, man. You have been there. Any of the 

rest of you been and think Atlanta is a better experience for your 

consumers than Memphis? Mr. Johnson? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Sir, I am just not familiar with the Memphis Airport. But after your discussion about it—— 

Mr. COHEN. You and Mr. Anderson. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I am going to see the Memphis Airport as soon as 

I can. 

Mr. COHEN. Good. And you will like it. Is not the fact—— 

Mr. BACHUS. He likes the ribs, right? 

Mr. JOHNSON. He likes the Rendezvous, right? 

Mr. COHEN. The Rendezvous and others. But, you know, Memphis Airport is small. It is easy to get around. It smells good. You 

smell ribs everywhere. [Laughter.] 

Atlanta is just gigantic, and the only smell you get is maybe, you 

know, congestion. Will US Airways-American—it will be called 

‘‘American,’’ Mr. Johnson—is there a likelihood that you would look 

into Memphis? And with all the things about competition, now are 

you going to leave Memphis to just to be the stepchild of Delta, or 

would you look into coming in there and providing competition, as 

US Airways has on the Memphis-Washington route? 

Mr. JOHNSON. We think both—am I on? Both airlines serve 

Memphis now. We serve Memphis to a variety of our hubs. As you 

know from our testimony, our written testimony, the creation of 

the network that will come about by the New American Airlines 

will create opportunities to provide additional service to cities that 

we serve to our hubs, and we are hopeful that Memphis will be 

among that. But at this point in time, we have not had the opportunity to plan or talk about that, but certainly Memphis will be on 

our list, sir. 

Mr. COHEN. Mr. Mitchell, one of the things Mr. Anderson said or 

others said was that since the Memphis Airport is so much better, 

the time that airlines have to stay on the tarmac or just approach, 

that they save money on fuel. Is that accurate that that would be 

an attraction to an airline to come to Memphis because of fuel costs 

just sitting on the runway? 

Mr. MITCHELL. I think there is abundant evidence of that. All 

you have to do is look at the statements over time of Southwest 
120 

Airlines. They will, you know, stay away from any airport where 

expenses and charges are just a little bit too high for them. So, it 

makes an impact on the decision making at the airlines for sure. 

Mr. COHEN. Dr. Winston, you supported the Delta-Northwest 

merger. When you did so, did you take into consideration the horrific conditions that would result in a city like Memphis because of 

this merger? 

Mr. WINSTON. No, I did not. I had a broader perspective on the 

merger. I qualified the danger of prospective assessment of mergers 

because what we know is after the merger, there are so many 

changes in the network, entry and exit, that may relate to the 

merger, but in this case, as we know, probably had nothing to do 

with the merger because April 2008 was when we had our hearing, 

and the merger went forward, and then we had the great recession. 

How one could isolate what the merger did versus the great recession is very, very difficult. So the great recession should 

have—— 

Mr. COHEN. Well, we had our problems in Memphis, there is 

truth to that. Should the great recession not have been made Memphis a better airport, as Mr. Mitchell says, because of the fact that 

you save money and you have less time. You are burning fuel sitting there waiting to take off as you do in Atlanta? And the great 

recession should have made Memphis a more profitable hub for 

Delta. You do not agree with that. 

Mr. WINSTON. I think that the problem with a place like Memphis, as other, what we call, not the largest hubs, is traffic. And 

again, if you are an airline, you want to fill your plane with people, 

you want to go where the people are. 

Mr. COHEN. Destination and origination. But nevertheless, airports have become like Federal Express except the airlines use people and Federal Express uses packages. And there are just places 

where you move people around. And Memphis is a good place. 

But let me ask you this. Mr. Mitchell, Dr. Winston thinks it 

would be good to have international competition. Do you want to 

have Air Shanghai be our primary carrier? 

Mr. MITCHELL. I personally do not fly them too much. [Laughter.] 

But, you know—— 

VOICE. Do they fly out of Memphis? 

Mr. MITCHELL. The notion that you can justify a merger based 

upon some future change in the marketplace, such as cabotage and 

open skies, is really not responsible. It is not going to happen in 

our lifetime. None of the 30 pilots or however many pilots are behind me want to wake up one morning working to find themselves 

working for the Spanish government. It is too complicated, and it 

certainly is no justification for a merger. 

Mr. COHEN. Thank you, sir. I was in Raleigh-Durham recently, 

and I had a flight on US Airways. And I had some time, and so 

I was able to look at the scheduling chart and saw that American 

flew. And American had really much better prices and much better 

deals on your frequent flyers going to Washington from RaleighDurham. Is that one of the 12 routes that you are talking about, 

or is that one of the some 100 routes that Mr. Mitchell mentioned? 

Mr. JOHNSON. That is one of the 12 routes. 

Mr. COHEN. And what will happen there? 
121 

Mr. JOHNSON. I imagine that we will retain a high level of service between Raleigh-Durham and Washington, D.C. 

Mr. COHEN. And will the price be US Airways prices or American 

Airlines prices? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I do not know. We have not talked about that at 

all. You know, as I said, we announced this merger 12 days ago, 

and those are things that we will work on over the coming year as 

we—— 

Mr. COHEN. You know, it is not just Memphis. It was St. Louis 

with TWA, it was Cincinnati, it has been Pittsburgh, lots of hub 

cities who put a lot of investment in their airports. And it was a 

business that is important to their communities, suffered because 

of mergers. 

Mr. Mitchell, do you see any of the hub cities that have served 

American or US Airways seeing a similar fate as Memphis, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and maybe others have because of 

mergers? 

Mr. MITCHELL. Well, it is possible, and that is going to have to 

be a very fact-intensive analysis by DoJ. But certainly Philadelphia 

could be impacted, Charlotte could be impacted, Phoenix could be 

impacted because of the geography of adjacent hubs. 

Mr. COHEN. Thank you, Mr. Bachus. I appreciate my time. Mr. 

Johnson, when you come to Memphis, let me know. We will get 

some ribs, and we will see Fred Smith. Thank you. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I look forward to it. 

Mr. BACHUS. Mr. Farenthold. 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. Thank you very much. Mr. Chairman, when 

you started out, you mentioned some of the airlines had gone away. 

You skipped Braniff, a great Texas airline I grew up with. And I 

mention that because it really looks like the only thing consumers 

in the U.S. are looking on airlines right now is price. 

You go back to the days when Braniff and Southwest were competing or Southwest and Muse Air, and you see some great competition on something other than price. And really all you have got 

now playing in that is Virgin is trying to offer a little bit different 

experience. 

But to me, it really is becoming commoditized, and I am concerned as we get the number of carriers down, we drop—you said 

there are 12 direct flights. And you are saying there are only about 

100 flights. Now, I am from Corpus Christie, Texas. To fly anywhere from Corpus Christie, you got to change planes in Dallas or 

Houston. I think there are a lot of folks who are in non-hub cities 

or not traveling to hub cities, they are in the same boat. 

So, how many routes with one stop are you all competing on? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I do not know the number, but what I can tell you 

is any route with one stop in which we are competing has very significant competition because everybody serves those routes on a 

one-stop basis. And those routes you have four or five—— 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. And I do agree, US Airways typically has, I 

see, as lower fares when I am booking. I do not have the luxury 

I used to have of being able to travel on Wednesdays, you know. 

I have got to fly on the busier days. 

You were talking about no hub closures, and just looking at the 

map of the hubs, I am going to have to agree with Mr. Mitchell. 
122 

The geography just does not seem to make sense. And AA has a 

history of closing hubs. I mean, you had Nashville and RaleighDurham, but on the East Coast now, you have Miami, Charlotte, 

Washington, Philadelphia, and New York. That is a whole lot of 

hubs in a closed proximity. 

How much assurance can you give us you are not going to shut 

one of those babies down? 

Mr. KENNEDY. Congressman, a couple of considerations. If you 

look at the geographical distribution of the hubs, and you look also 

at the primary purpose of certain of those hubs, we have, as we 

have stated publicly, a high degree of confidence that the hubs that 

we have today will remain in place. 

For example, New York, which is the largest market in the 

world, that serves primarily for American. 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. I am not worried about New York or L.A. 

Mr. KENNEDY. But just by way of example, that New York serves 

as an international gateway, Miami as a gateway going south. And 

then when you look at Charlotte, which is a north-south hub, and 

you look at Dallas, which is, you know, primarily Midwest and 

going east and west. When you look at those, we find them to be 

highly complementary of one another, and so I think it is unlike 

what you have seen in perhaps other merger situations. 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. You guys are familiar that on some of the 

blogs and messages boards, like Flyer Talk, you are getting 70 percent opposition to this merger from frequent flyers. 

It seems like you have got the public against you all on that. 

How are you all taking that? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Congressman, I have not seen those numbers. The 

feedback that we are getting from our customers, we are getting 

from the communities we serve, is exactly the opposite. Everybody 

is very excited about it. 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. All right. Let me get back to the price competition, and maybe, Mr. Mitchell, you can help me out a little bit on 

this. I know you expressed a great deal of concern about sites requiring a great deal of personal information from you to determine 

what fares you are going to get. And I think this is partially the 

airline industry’s fault in that they have made this so difficult with 

all of the ancillary fees. 

I get two free bags on United. My wife gets one free bag on 

United. I am a peasant on Delta, so I do not get any free bags. And 

Southwest gives everybody free bags. So, I mean, you have got to 

have some degree of information about the traveler. 

Do you think there is a way we can create a system where anonymously or semi-anonymously you can actually compare what the 

bottom line price between two airlines is going to be? 

Mr. MITCHELL. Well, first of all, with respect to fares, we have 

that system today. You can go to any online or brick and mortar 

travel agency and understand all the options in the marketplace. 

But when it comes to ancillary fees, like check bag, baggage, and 

seat assignments, and so on, it is an absolute mess. 

For 5 years, the airlines’ most important corporate customers 

have been demanding that these data on the checked bags be put 

into one place for comparison shopping. 
123 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. Let us get the airlines’ response real quick, 

and I want to save about 15 seconds for me. Do you all have a solution to that? 

Mr. KENNEDY. Well, let me just say a couple of things. First of 

all, American, US Air, we are strongly in favor of full transparency 

for consumers. That what we have been about. 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. I am sorry, I am out of time. I do want to end 

this. I am concerned about this merger on a level as a frequent 

flyer. But we have given the opportunity to compete to all the other 

airlines. It seems to me with the merger that has gone through, it 

is only fair to offer you the opportunity, assuming you comply with 

the laws that are in place. But I remain concerned. It is very difficult for new players entering the competition. It is going to be a 

problem. And I will yield back. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you, Mr. Farenthold. Those blogs, I think 

that 98 percent of the bloggers think that we are incompetent. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. FARENTHOLD. And you could do a scientific poll that we only 

get eight percent approval rating. [Laughter.] 

Mr. BACHUS. Mr. Conyers. 

Mr. CONYERS. Chairman Bachus, I want to ask a question you 

started off with. Is this merger really necessary? I think that there 

is a general thinking that there is support for it, but I wanted to 

ask, what if we really did not have this merger going on, Mr. 

Sagers? What do you think would happen? 

Mr. SAGERS. Well, as I said, we are not going to see a liquidation 

of American Airlines I think in all likelihood. And I do not think 

we are going to see frequent liquidations of any carriers in the foreseeable future. We would preserve such competition as we have left 

for the near term. 

And I think that we would see perhaps an additional degree of 

market discipline for cost containment that we have forfeited, you 

know, in our airlines competition policy. 

Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Mitchell, if this hearing was not held and that 

we would continue with our business, what do you think would go 

on in the industry? 

Mr. MITCHELL. If the merger were not to occur? 

Mr. CONYERS. Yes. 

Mr. MITCHELL. Well, I think, you know, we will several network 

carriers competing aggressively against one another. I think both 

carriers will do just fine. 

Let us be honest. This is going to really help creditors. It is a 

better deal for labor. But it is all about the revenue, and if this 

merger were approved, we are going to three network carriers. The 

ability to coordinate fare hikes will be unprecedented. Last year 

there were 15 proposed fare hikes. Eight were rejected by one or 

two carriers. 

The probability that they will be rejected in the future begins to 

go way down when you have three carriers and coordinated effects. 

We have to balance three network carriers, if it comes to it, with 

more transparency in order to preserve the marketplace and competition. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Congressman Conyers—— 
124 

Mr. BACHUS. I was going to suggest, Mr. Conyers, and we will 

give you an extra minute to let the two representatives of the airlines answer your question. 

Mr. CONYERS. All right. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Congressman, I have been in the airline business 

for 29 years. I joined American in 1984. And in all those years, this 

is the most competitive business I think on the planet. It is ultracompetitive. And what is going to happen when these airlines combine, that competition will remain. 

We simply are trying to become a stronger, more vibrant competitor against those already in place. I think it is important for this 

industry. It is important when you look at the international alliances and the composition of both Star and the Sky Team Alliance. 

And so this is going to give consumers more choices. It is going 

to allow us to better compete with the other airlines. 

Mr. CONYERS. Well, there is nobody that does not think you are 

not coming out of bankruptcy. 

Mr. JOHNSON. Congressman, if I might—— 

Mr. CONYERS. Yes, please. 

Mr. JOHNSON. It is, in fact, the case, and I thank Mr. Mitchell 

for noticing how well US Airways has been doing recently. And it 

is, in fact, the case that American has had a terrific restructuring 

and could easily emerge on a stand-alone basis. 

That is not really the question. The question is, why are we 

doing this and for whose benefit? Our customers have been telling 

us that they want a bigger network. They want a network competitive with United and Delta. They want more choices and more opportunities. They have been telling us that directly. And discouragingly for Mr. Kennedy and I, they have been telling us indirectly 

by leaving American Airlines and leaving US Airways to fly on 

Delta and United’s new bigger networks. So we help our customers 

by this merger. 

Second, we help our employees. US Airways is a smaller airline. 

Has a smaller network and a revenue generating disadvantage 

versus the other big airlines. As a result of that, to be successful 

we have to pay our employees less, and we have made a bargain 

with our employees over time that we can give them good jobs and 

good benefits, but they are going to be less than those enjoyed by 

their counterparts at Delta and United. By merging and creating 

a network like Delta’s and United’s, we can pay our employees 

more, and we have an agreed path to pay them the same as Delta 

and United. 

In addition, when we talk to people in our principle cities, in 

these hubs that we have talked about so many times today, they 

do not talk to us about price issues or price concerns. They talk to 

us about finding ways for there to be more service, finding ways 

to grow the hub, finding ways to create more destinations for travel. All of that can be accomplished by this merger, Congressman. 

And that is what we are trying to do today. 

Mr. CONYERS. Well, you are both doing okay now. You know, 

what I hear you saying is that it may get tougher later, and we 

want to be prepared, and so we are going to merge now. And I am 

not sure if that goes along with the American Antitrust Institute. 
125 

Do either of you know what the economic scholars are thinking in 

terms of this kind of discussion, Mr. Sagers? 

Mr. SAGERS. Yeah. I mean, you know, there are a lot of econometric study of airline fare changes. And it is in some dispute, but 

there is substantial evidence that on specific city pairs, prices go 

up when concentration goes up. And we hear a lot, by the way, 

about average prices going down, and that is very misleading. 

Mr. BACHUS. Mr. Johnson, you respond, and then we will—— 

Mr. JOHNSON. Sure. I mean, first, I will respond, but I want to 

make sure that we give Dr. Winston an opportunity to respond because he is the expert on airline pricing here today. 

What I can tell you is that after this merger, this is going to be 

a very, very competitive industry. There will be four airlines with 

each having less than 25 percent market share and each with nationwide networks that are very competitive. 

There will be two airlines, Alaska and Jet Blue, that provide significant competition in regions—Alaska in the west, Jet Blue in the 

east. 

Mr. CONYERS. It will be more competitive after this merger. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I expect so. 

Mr. CONYERS. And what would it be if there were not a merger? 

Mr. JOHNSON. In fact, the industry is very competitive now, Congressman, and it is going to be very competitive after this merger. 

After this merger, we will have Southwest continuing as a low cost, 

Jet Blue continuing as a carrier with a significant cost advantage. 

But three very fast-growing low-cost airlines, Spirit, Allegiant, Virgin America, all providing competition regionally and, as they 

grow, extra regionally. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. And I think that is what Mr. Winston’s 

and others’ testimony said. 

Mr. Holding? 

Mr. HOLDING. Thank you. I will preface my remarks by saying 

that I am a very happy frequent flyer of American Airlines. It 

serves the routes that I travel in best. 

I know an airline that was omitted in our discussions, Piedmont 

Airlines, which is a very fine North Carolina based airline. It was 

Airline of the Year in 1984. And I spent many an enjoyable mile 

flown on Piedmont Airlines. 

I fly out of Raleigh-Durham International, and it is a very important airline to my constituents. It is an economic booster for the 

Research Triangle Park that is very important to our businesses 

there. 

It is even finer than the Memphis Airport, I might add, the 

brand new, newly-built. 

How much is the overlap between American and US Air in the 

Raleigh-Durham market, Mr. Kennedy? 

Mr. JOHNSON. The overlap, I think, is just on the Washington, 

D.C. flight. American serves its hubs from Raleigh-Durham. We 

serve our hubs from Raleigh-Durham. And so I think the overlap 

is just limited to that one flight. 

Mr. HOLDING. Right. And I noticed that the prices on American 

and US Air are virtually the same flying out of Raleigh-Durham to 

D.C. How much overlap do you have in Charlotte? 
126 

Mr. JOHNSON. Virtually zero. American serves Charlotte to its 

hubs, and we have a very large connecting hub in Charlotte. 

Mr. HOLDING. Right. And I believe US Air serves D.C. out of 

Charlotte. I think they are probably the carrier that has the most 

flights out of Charlotte to D.C. What would you anticipate that the 

price difference is between Raleigh to D.C. and Charlotte to D.C. 

is? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I do not, but it sounds like you might know. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. HOLDING. It costs a lot more money to fly from Charlotte to 

Washington than it does from Raleigh to Washington. And that is 

concerning. It is very concerning. Your direct competitors have a 

route from Raleigh to Washington, whereas US Air does not have 

a direct competitor in Charlotte, so it costs a lot more money. And 

that would certainly impact the folks who live in my congressional 

district. 

Do you anticipate that the fares would go up significantly in the 

future in Raleigh to Washington when you are no longer competing 

with one another? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Congressman, as we have said before, I mean, any 

discussion about fares or that sort of planning and strategy is 

something that is down the road for us. And, you know, those are 

issues that we will be discussing really with respect to fares and 

things like that, probably not until after the merger. 

Mr. HOLDING. So what are the top three factors that you would 

have under consideration when you are making your pricing decisions down the future, whether it is in this route or another route? 

Mr. JOHNSON. The top three factors: demand, the cost of providing the service, the opportunities to provide service over a hug. 

In other words, if we can attract passengers to go more places than 

the original destination, the hub, it gives us an opportunity to operate more efficiently and provide a more cost-effective service. 

Mr. HOLDING. And the factor of whether or not you have a direct 

competitor in that market is not in the top three factors? 

Mr. JOHNSON. The airline industry is a very competitive business, and we compete, and we compete in virtually every market 

that we operate. 

Mr. HOLDING. American Airlines operates a direct flight out of 

Raleigh-Durham to London Heathrow. It seems to be a popular 

flight. Do you know if that is a profitable flight or an unprofitable 

flight? 

Mr. KENNEDY. Congressman, I am not aware of whether it is or 

is not profitable, but it is a service we have had for a number of 

years. And as you know, with the combination we had British Airways in terms of our joint alliance, we offer a tremendous variety 

of service into Heathrow and elsewhere. And I would hope that 

that service you are referencing continues, but I just do not know 

about its profitability. 

Mr. HOLDING. Is there any consideration of expanding the international flights out of Raleigh-Durham Airport that you know of? 

Mr. KENNEDY. You know, one of the things about the industry 

is that we are always looking at where it is that we can expand 

our service. As I had mentioned, you know, we have an aircraft for 

500 new aircraft that we just did the summer before last. And that 
127 

is going to allow us to not only replacing aging aircraft, but also 

to expand our service. 

So our route network people at the company spend a tremendous 

amount of time looking at opportunities as to whether or not we 

can increase service, I do not know. I am going to have to ask our 

folks to look into this particular question and get back to you. But 

if the demand is there, then we would like to increase the service 

and provided, of course, that we can get, you know, landing rights 

on the other side of the equation. 

Mr. HOLDING. Thank you, and I would appreciate that follow-up, 

not only on the international routes, but on the question of competition and how that will be in your analysis as far as the Raleigh-Durham Airport is considered. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you, Mr. Holding. 

Mr. Johnson? 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you 

for holding this hearing. And when I heard that my esteemed colleague, Steve Cohen, had said some things about the Memphis Airport and kind of compared it to the Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, I had to make sure that I came. [Laughter.] 

Mr. COHEN. I am sure it hurts. 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. And I tell you, this is not to take anything away from the Memphis Airport, and Memphis may, in fact, 

have the best ribs and that kind of thing. But you will never have 

an experience like you will when you go through Atlanta’s 

Hartsfield-Jackson Airport. 

Mr. COHEN. That is true. [Laughter.] 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. I mean, the hospitality, the real 

southern hospitality, the ambiance, the warmth of the people there, 

and the food. I mean, everybody knows about Pascal’s Fried Chicken that you can get out there at the airport. Everybody knows 

about the good peaches that come out of Georgia, and they go into 

that peach cobbler that just melts right in your mouth. You know, 

peanuts, pecans, Coca Cola. I mean, it cannot compare. It is incomparable. 

And so let us make sure that we clear the air on that issue. I 

do love barbecue every once in a while, but I can eat some fried 

chicken every day. [Laughter.] 

Now, Mr. Steven Johnson, thank you for testifying. Thank you 

all for testifying today on this issue. 

I am interested in the effects of this merger on union and nonunion employees. You have indicated in your submitted testimony 

that the combination of these airlines will generate substantial net 

synergies, and establish the financial foundation for a more stable 

company, and better opportunities for our 100,000 employees. However, current and former employees may also be concerned about 

how the merger will affect benefits, such as their health care benefits and pensions. 

Mr. Johnson, how does the merger affect the benefits of current 

and former employees? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Well, Congressman, first I want to comment that 

the statement that you made about Atlanta I think has a lot to do 

with why most people consider Delta the most profitable and successful airline in the United States today. And that is one of the 
128 

reasons why we need to create this new network to compete with 

things like that. So thank you very much for that. 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. Thank you. 

Mr. JOHNSON. But could I ask Mr. Kennedy to answer this question? He is very deeply involved in the negotiations about that and 

more familiar with it. 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. Sure. Mr. Kennedy? 

Mr. KENNEDY. That was very well done, Mr. Johnson. Well, first 

of all, with regard to current and former employees, as to retirees, 

we are still working through our bankruptcy and determining what 

will happen with retiree benefits. 

I will say that as we have with current employees where we have 

changed the medical insurance benefits upon retirement, we are 

seeking to do the same with regard to retiree employees. With regard to pensions, as you know, we were successful in freezing our 

pension plans rather than terminating them, and that is terrific for 

all employees because we will pay all the benefits under our pension plans to our employees. We are not sending those obligations 

to the PBGC for payment. I know that has been done in the past, 

but we worked hard to go ahead and freeze those plans rather than 

terminate, and that is a success coming out of this bankruptcy. 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. Thank you. Do you see any changes 

to the basic benefits occurring in years to come? 

Mr. KENNEDY. I do not know what will happen in future years, 

but I will tell you that particularly with both our union employees 

and our non-union employees, when we structured our new contracts with our organized labor groups, we did so in a way that 

would provide to the company productivity improvements, but 

would also provide for pay increases for our employees. And we 

now have new 6-year contracts. 

Now, we do have work to do with this merger in terms of getting, 

you know, one contract among all the labor groups, but we have 

made substantial progress in getting that finished and ready to go. 

So I believe that while some of the changes we made with regard 

to productivity improvements are difficult, that employees will benefit not only from the pay increases we have in place, but as we 

grow the airline in the future. 

Mr. JOHNSON OF GEORGIA. Thank you, Mr. Kennedy. I yield 

back. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Mr. Rothfus. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you, panel, 

for being here today. It has been a great discussion. 

I live about five miles from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. When 

Pittsburgh lost its hub status about 10 years ago, we dropped from 

over 500 flights to fewer than 50, and we lost thousands of jobs in 

the process, and a world class airport remains under-utilized. It 

has created an inconvenience for the traveling public and also for 

our business community to have not as many flights as we used to. 

Currently we have about 41 US Air flights and 15 American Airlines flights out of Greater Pitt. Can either Mr. Kennedy or Johnson give us any kind of assurance that the number of flights will 

not be reduced out of Greater Pitt? 
129 

Mr. JOHNSON. Congressman, those are flights that we operate to 

our respective hubs. They work really well for both of us. I would 

anticipate that the merger is not going to change air service to 

Pittsburgh materially in any way. 

I will say that the people of Pittsburgh will have some advantages associated with those flights being combined on one carrier. 

They will be able to fly online to more places. They will be able to 

accumulate their frequent flyer miles on one airline instead of two. 

Travel will be more convenient. But I do not anticipate that it will 

change the air service to Pittsburgh at all. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. Has there been discussion about post-merger, 

changing hubs at all, moving hubs, consolidating hubs? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I think just the opposite. We anticipate that we 

are very happy with the hubs that we have. As Mr. Kennedy said, 

they are geographically diverse. They are functionally diverse. They 

all work for the separate airlines, so we anticipate they will be very 

successful after the merger. We do not anticipate adding any hubs. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. Well, I would like to talk a little bit about some 

of the hubs you have, particularly those in the New York area, you 

know, JFK, La Guardia, and then down to Philadelphia. You always hear about constant overcrowding, delays. Leisure and Travel 

magazine, for example, asked travelers to rank the worst airports 

in the country, and the top three are La Guardia, Philadelphia, and 

JFK. And here we have not only an under-utilized airport out in 

western Pennsylvania that I think could serve as a hub, and I 

would just ask the parties to consider that as you do your planning. 

Moreover, you know, we have a recent drilling arrangement out 

there at Greater Pittsburgh Airport that is going to be a benefit, 

or may be a benefit, to airlines to consider that. So again, I would 

ask you to consider that. 

Both of you testified a little bit about some of the small and middle-sized communities, and I have some of those in my district. And 

I’m just wondering if you either of you might opine on expansion 

to some of the underserved communities that might result from 

this merger. 

Mr. JOHNSON. If I could, Congressman, again we have not done 

any of that planning yet, and we will not be able to do any of that 

planning until we close the merger. But one of the great opportunities of this merger is the complementary nature of the networks. 

I had mentioned in my opening remarks that there are some 130 

cities that American Airlines serves that US Airways does not 

serve, 62 cities that US Airways serves that American Airlines 

does not serve. 

When we make decisions about serving any market, particularly 

small- and medium-sized markets, there is an economic calculus 

that we undertake, and that economic calculus involves determining what the revenue potential is and then subtracting, if you 

will, the projected costs. And when we at US Airways look at new 

service, one of the big costs are developing infrastructure, recruiting and training employees, and creating a marketing presence in 

a community. 

In Pennsylvania where there are a number of communities that 

US Airways serves and American Airlines does not serve, that infrastructure exists. We have really quality employees there al-
130 

ready, and there is a great marketing presence as you know. Those 

are great opportunities for expanding service from the American 

Airlines hub. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. We would be looking for, you know, opportunities 

to expand even additional communities, such as Johnstown, Pennsylvania. 

You know, related facilities that US Air currently has in Pittsburgh include an operations center that employs about 1,800 people. Now, old American or American has an operations center in 

Dallas. What is the consideration for the operation centers for the 

respective airlines, and what can we expect to happen to the operation center at Greater Pitt? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Well, that is something we would have to discuss. 

We obviously will operate separate airlines until we close the merger, but then we will continue to operate separate airlines for, I 

would think, 15 to 18 months. That will continue to require two operation centers. 

During that period of time we will talk and plan and see what 

works in terms of ultimately combining those operation centers or, 

you know, finding an alternative way to manage that. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. I guess you are considering then a consolidation 

of the two at some point in the future? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I think in general airlines, you know, operate from 

a central operating system—sorry, central operating center. And I 

would expect that at some point in time, once we have completely 

merged the airlines and their operations that we would as well. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. We also have a maintenance center at Greater 

Pitt. Any consideration on that with US Air? 

Mr. JOHNSON. We have about 1,000 maintenance employees engaged in heavy maintenance in Pittsburgh. It is a very senior workforce, so it is reducing a little because of retirements of our great 

employees, so we expect that to be about 975 employees at the end 

of the year. But it is a central part of our maintenance operation. 

We expect it to be not affected in any significant way by the merger, but as we plan and we look out into the future, it is a little hard 

to say at this point. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. Again, I would ask you to consider taking a look 

at Greater Pitt in any post-merger—— 

Mr. JOHNSON. Obviously we are very close with your colleagues 

in the delegation and the governor, and even our friends in Philadelphia have asked that we do that. And I promise in the next couple of weeks to go to Pittsburgh myself and talk to the city and 

civil leaders there about these issues. 

Mr. ROTHFUS. Thank you. A question for Dr. Winston, a fascinating—— 

Mr. BACHUS. Well, actually—— 

Mr. ROTHFUS. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Ms. Delbene. 

Ms. DELBENE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. Johnson, you brought up earlier the demand from your customers to have a larger network so that you would be able to serve 

more of their needs and to be more competitive with some of the 

larger carriers. Where do you see the balance between having that 
131 

larger network internally versus having partnerships to meet those 

demands? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Well, I think we would always prefer to do it internally if we could. Partnerships serve a purpose that accomplishes 

something like a network, but an imperfect replication of a network. And you usually undertake that when there is some reason 

that you cannot create the network you want. Usually national 

ownership rules of airlines and things like that, bilateral agreements between countries for international flying. Those are the 

kinds of things that lead to partnerships and business arrangements because you cannot under the law achieve the network you 

want. 

Ms. DELBENE. And when you look, and Mr. Kennedy as well, 

when you look at after the merger, do you intend to maintain the 

partnerships that you have today? And I guess I will preface that 

with I am from the other side of the country, from Washington 

State. And Alaska, for example, is a big carrier in our neck of the 

woods, and so the partnerships are very important. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Alaskan Air has been a very important partner of 

ours, and so while, again, as Mr. Johnson said, we have not made 

any determinations of what the network will look afterwards. But 

that partnership has been very important to us, and it is a great 

airline. And so, you know, I would hope that that partnership 

would continue. 

Ms. DELBENE. And I think Mr. Mitchell brought up the NDC earlier, and I wanted to give a chance to either you, Mr. Johnson, or 

you, Mr. Kennedy, to give your viewpoint price transparency, and 

NDC, and you feel that would be impacted after the merger, or just 

your view on NDC in general. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Well, two things. One is, and perhaps I had said 

earlier this earlier, and I apologize if I did. But we are strongly in 

favor of price transparency to consumers. It is very important and 

always has been and needs to continue. I think where we disagree 

is talking about whether or not there ought to be a regulation or 

legislation that mandates how you need to provide that information. We do not think that is appropriate. We think particularly 

with the advent of technological changes that there are different 

ways to get information to consumers than what might be suggested otherwise. 

I am not particularly familiar with the IATA proposed regulation 

or measure that is referenced here. We will be happy to look at it 

and provide additional information, but I am just not familiar with 

it. 

Ms. DELBENE. Okay. And your concerns, Mr. Mitchell, about 

NDC are not necessarily specific to the merger. You have concerns 

generally, is that correct? 

Mr. MITCHELL. They are specific to the merger because the merger will allow an acceleration of this NDC in the marketplace. US 

Airways has long been a maverick in distribution issues. For example, in 2001 and ’02 when the airlines withheld web fares from 

travel agencies and corporate travel departments, they only provided them to orbits. US Airways broke rank and began to provide 

the fares to the marketplace, likewise in 2006. 
132 

So the big American swallowing up the maverick US Airways is 

only going to allow this to go forward more quickly. And once embedded in the largest marketplace in the world, it is going to cascade across all the other markets. 

The problem is no publicly available fares and schedules will be 

available anymore. It kills transparency. I will get a deal that is 

crafted just for me, and I will have nowhere to go to compare it 

publicly to see if I really got a deal at all. 

Ms. DELBENE. And, Dr. Winston, since you are the pricing expert—I think someone said earlier—what do you think in terms of 

prices, and competitiveness, and the ability for consumers to have 

transparency? What do you think the impact of the merger or NDC 

has on that? 

Mr. WINSTON. Well, keep in mind, there is something very special about this industry. A small percent of the people do a huge 

amount of the flying. You know, something on the order of five or 

six percent of the travelers do like 40 percent of the flying. 

It is absolutely ludicrous to think that an airline will think, hey, 

a really good strategy for us to not have transparent prices for people who fly all the time who probably have these things memorized, 

and all of a sudden one day they do not what they are. I mean, 

talk about a way of alienating customers. I mean, I can imagine 

many strategies that are concocted all the time. I do not know 

where they come from, but this is just not how you make money 

in regular real businesses. 

So I am certainly supportive of concerns about transparency, but 

I think, you know, the nature of travel is that this would just be 

crazy to do, and almost an embarrassment really for anybody. If an 

airline proposed to do this, I would hope they would feel embarrassed for doing it. 

Ms. DELBENE. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chair. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Mr. Marino. 

Mr. MARINO. Thank you, Chairman. Good afternoon, gentleman. 

Let me begin by saying I support the merger because the employees want it and because of the gentlemen sitting behind you in uniform took the time to be here. So I thank you for doing that as 

well. 

I do have some concerns, and my previous life was a prosecutor. 

So I ask short questions. I expect a yes or no answer. And if you 

have to follow it up, make it very brief. 

What is going to happen to consumer rates? What is going to 

happen to consumer rates? Are they going to go up? 

Mr. JOHNSON. No. 

Mr. MARINO. Are they going to go down? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I do not know. As we have said, Dr. Winston is 

the man who can best describe that. But the studies show that notwithstanding the earlier mergers that we have talked about today, 

there have not been price increases of the sort that Mr. Mitchell 

and Professor Sagers suggest might happen here. So I do not expect prices to go up across the board. 

Mr. MARINO. All right. I did some private practice in my time 

and did mergers and acquisitions. And whatever we call them, 

mergers, acquisitions, takeovers, you know, that is not important 
133 

to me at this point. And in my experience I am told that they will 

reduce costs, and then several months later when I asked where 

the prices are, they said the prices do not go down, but the answer 

is, well, we kept them the same and prevented them from going up. 

And then several months later, the prices went up. 

So what is going to happen in the first 6 months, in the first 

year, in the first 3 years about pricing? 

Mr. KENNEDY. Let me just say a couple of things. One is, we do 

not know what will happen. You know, the airline industry is, as 

I have mentioned, a highly competitive business with very thin 

margins. And that is going to exist after the merger as it is today. 

And that has an effect on pricing and what those levels are. And 

so I do not know what will happen. Pricing will simply be competing on price and schedule in the future as we do today. 

Mr. MARINO. Thank you. 

Mr. JOHNSON. Congressman, I could just add that it will be a 

very competitive business, in many ways more competitive as we 

create an alternative for consumers to the very large networks of 

Delta and United. There will be four big airlines, each with less 

than 25 percent market share, each with a national network to 

serve customers, all competing with each other. Two airlines that 

have very vigorous competitors on a regional basis, Alaska Airlines 

and Jet Blue, and three fast-growing low-cost carriers that compete 

with us at various points around the United States. It is a very 

competitive industry, and that competition is not going to decrease 

as a result of the merger. 

Mr. MARINO. I think I know what the answer to this is going to 

be, but with all due respect I have to ask it. I am assuming that 

there has been no backroom deals that someone in the near future 

is going to get whacked whether it is the employees, or the pension, 

or the pilots? 

Mr. JOHNSON. There have been none. 

Mr. KENNEDY. That is correct. 

Mr. MARINO. All right. I live in the 10th congressional district of 

Pennsylvania, northeast, north-central Pennsylvania. How am I 

doing on time, sir? 

VOICE. Fine. 

Mr. MARINO. Small airport Montoursville. I have to drive to 

Montoursville to get to that. But then to get to D.C., I have to take 

a plane from Williamsport, to Philadelphia, to D.C. It takes over 

6 hours when it is on time. I drive because it is 4, 4 and a half 

hours and it is less expensive. 

Is anything going to improve for the smaller areas in which I live 

where my county, Lycoming County, is about 130,000 people, but 

people have to travel into that county from surrounding counties 

to catch a plane? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Well, I cannot speak to your specific—— 

Mr. MARINO. Could you put it in writing for me and get it to me 

at some point? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I would be happy to. 

Mr. MARINO. Okay. And my favorite pet peeve, and I am going 

to raise this. We all fly, but there are certain reasons why we have 

to change a flight. And no more who it is, what airlines. If I am 

changing a flight 4 or 5 days in advance or find out at the last 
134 

minute that something has happened that I want to change that 

flight, the price goes up substantially. By the same token, when I 

call, just happen to be 6 days ahead of time instead of 7 days ahead 

of time, the price doubles, even though there are empty seats. 

Can you explain to me why? And I know one of the answers is 

going to say, well, you do not want to wait until the last moment, 

but you have got to come up with a better answer than that, 

please. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I understand that sometimes consumers find that 

frustrating, but we offer a variety of products. We will sell you a 

ticket that is fully refundable, and we sell you tickets that are nonrefundable. And in general, if we sell a ticket that is not refundable 

and then someone has to change it or seek a refund, what we do 

is we charge them what they would have paid for a non-refundable 

ticket in general—or, sorry, for a fully-refundable ticket in general. 

That is how that works. 

Mr. MARINO. Does anyone wish to respond to any of my questions? I know I focused on that, but quickly, please. I think I am 

running out of time or have run out of time. 

Mr. BACHUS. Yes, you have. 

Mr. MARINO. I have run out of time? Would you like to put it in 

writing and get it to me, gentlemen, please? Thank you. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Mr. Garcia. 

Mr. GARCIA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to turn your attention from the delights of Memphis or the incredible southern 

hospitality to the most southern airport in our country, which is 

the Miami International Airport. 

As you and Mr. Kennedy know, we have a huge dead service at 

that airport, and part of it was making sure we had one of the best 

terminals for American Airlines. Do you feel that we are going to 

cut any flights there? Are we going to increase traffic there and 

thereby help out our airport? 

Mr. KENNEDY. I do not know specifically what we will do in the 

future at Miami, but—— 

Mr. GARCIA. Mr. Kennedy, I need you to be a little more specific 

because this not Memphis, and this is not a small regional airport. 

This is the crown jewel, to some degree, of international flying into 

Latin America, which I assume was one of the reasons that this becomes an interesting target. So I want a specific answer because 

in my community we are leveraged, as you well know, to the hilt 

because of this airport. And I am committed to this process going 

forward, but I want to understand what impact it is going to have 

on my community. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Congressman, I am to be specific as I can. 

Mr. GARCIA. Okay. 

Mr. KENNEDY. American Airlines is committed to Miami, and we 

have been for many, many years. It is, as you know, a tremendous 

gateway. Not only is it a terrific O&D traffic right in Miami, but 

also going south into Latin America. And it is something that is a 

prized part of our operation. 

And so while I cannot specifically say what will happen in the 

future, I can tell you that if you look at the history of the last 5, 

even 10 years, we have grown our operation significantly, and we 
135 

were a major proponent of the development of that airport. And I 

specifically in my previous job at American ran our real estate and 

construction business, so I know exactly what you are talking 

about in the terms of the debt load at Miami. But I also understand that that airport now is a first class airport. The new train, 

the new terminals, are absolutely fantastic. And we remain enormously committed—— 

Mr. GARCIA. It does not smell like ribs, though, unless the Memphis Airport. [Laughter.] 

Mr. KENNEDY. No, sir, but it is a terrific airport, and everything 

we do in Miami is wonderful. 

Mr. GARCIA. We had Secretary Napolitano down last week, and 

I appreciated the American Airlines representative there to help 

us. Clearly they are the biggest carrier at the airport; therefore, it 

is important their participation. 

One of the problems as you well know is that we have a huge 

number of passengers have missed connecting flights. Obviously we 

are very worried about the sequestration, the impact that is going 

to have. Almost 40 plus thousand people miss connecting flights on 

a monthly basis because the border and customs agents, we just do 

not have enough of them. As you well know, we built one of the 

largest reception centers in the country. We cannot fully staff it 

during peak times because there are not enough workers. 

So one of the things that we propose with the Secretary, and she 

seemed very willing to listen to, is the ability of us picking up some 

of the costs of providing government workers. So possible 

overtimes, training people, even paying for having, what do you 

call it, a global pass entry system. Is this something that the combined airlines could look at doing simply to increase your efficiency 

and help us with that cost as we go forward? 

Mr. KENNEDY. Throughput at the airport is very important, and 

those lost connections just end up costing not only the customer, 

but cost us, so we are with you there. I think we have to balance 

whatever those costs might be to pay a portion of those costs 

against the lost revenue, if you will, and the inefficiency of having 

those lost connections. And we will be more than happy to work 

with you to see if that is something we should do. 

Mr. GARCIA. If you could get back to me on that because it is certainly something that I know it would probably be a lot cheaper to 

pay a little bit of overtime and not have, you know, 100 passengers 

or 50 passengers miss a flight every few hours because of—I am 

sure my colleagues on the other side would call it government inefficiency. I just call it maximum capacity. And so we have got to 

make it more efficient to do this. 

But having you help us with that I think is key to continuing our 

growth. I think we had a growth of 17 percent last year, so we are 

very proud of that, and we are proud we do not smell like ribs either. So it is Cuban coffee, Versailles Cuban coffee that wafts 

around in our airport. 

Just one final question. In terms of as you look at size, right, 

clearly you want to be more competitive. Clearly you want to offer 

more. Our airport is one of those throughput places. Do you think 

we are going to get more folks in South Florida working for you, 
136 

or do you think we are going to reduce the workforce, because we 

have been increasing, right? And so I just want to—— 

Mr. JOHNSON. I can say just to echo Mr. Kennedy’s comments 

that people at US Airways are very excited about Miami and very 

excited about adding back to the US Airways network in effect. In 

fact, there are some 35 cities just on the east coast alone that US 

Airways has service that are not served from Miami. All of those 

are opportunities to look at. 

Mr. GARCIA. It is almost like living in the United States it is so 

nice there. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I spend a lot of time in Miami, so I agree that it 

is a great place. 

So, you know, I think you should be optimistic about Miami’s future. It is a critical part of the operation. Latin America and South 

America in particular is going to be one of the fastest-growing 

parts of the global economy. And the New American Airlines is 

very well placed to take advantage of that, and there is no better 

place than Miami as a jumping off point for that. So I would be 

optimistic about the future. 

Mr. GARCIA. All right. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. 

Chairman. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. 

Mr. Jeffries. 

Mr. JEFFRIES. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

The American airline industry is certainly extremely critical to 

our economy, to our commerce, to ability to keep families together, 

our social network, educational infrastructure. By any measure, the 

airline industry is critical, an important part of who we are. And 

I think all of us, and certainly the American public, want to see 

the industry succeed, be successful, be able to offer competitive 

rates and transport people to their desired destinations. 

But the experience that I think the industry has had over the 

last 35 years paints a very different story or very troubling story 

just when you consider the raw numbers. I gather there have been 

160 bankruptcies since 1978. US Air has experienced two in the 

last decade. American Airlines is coming out of bankruptcy. 

Part of the response seems to have been the mergers. We are 

now looking at our 3rd significant merger in the last 5 years. I 

think there is bankruptcy fatigue, and we may be soon experiencing merger fatigue. 

But I would be interested in getting either of the two airline representatives’ perspectives on why over the last 35 years has the industry struggled to such a degree. And what confidence can you 

convey to us that this merger is part of the solution as opposed to 

simply another band aid on what has been a persistent wound that 

we have seen over the last 35 years? 

Mr. KENNEDY. You are correct in your assessment of the industry. It is one that has been fraught with difficulties. It is a volatile 

industry. It is one, however, that is also, as you point out, so vitally 

important. 

And, you know, there are a number of measures that affect the 

industry, whether it is high fuel prices, whether it is problems 

overseas with different stability of governments, even problems, 

sort of affect our industry and the demand for air travel. 
137 

And so that is not going to go away. But what it does mean I 

think for not only our companies but also for this country is we 

need to have a strong airline industry, not only to be able to service 

our own country, but also compete against the other major international airlines. 

And so to answer your question, I believe that this merger, while 

not solving those external factors that so much affect our industry, 

but having a healthy carrier and a healthy industry, this will help 

us be stronger, and be able to compete, and be able to withstand 

some of those external shocks that affect us that are outside of our 

control. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I mean, it really has been a very fascinating 35 

years, and particularly the last 10 have been very difficult as we 

have, you know, lurched from crisis to crisis. But the airline industry is, I think, finally becoming more stable, and as Mr. Kennedy 

points out, that is a really good thing. 

We have finally gotten ourselves, I think, to a point where we 

have the ability to, you know, to earn a fair return on our investment, invest in new routes and improve service, to provide good 

pay and job security for our employees. I mean, over the course of 

the last decade, I think we destroyed 160,000 jobs or something 

like that in our industry. 

And during that decade, we closed something like a dozen hubs. 

I think they have all been mentioned here today. But we have finally gotten ourselves to a point where we can continue to pay— 

oh, I am sorry—where we can pay our employees, create good job 

security, create advancement opportunities for them, allow them to 

be more comfortable having a career in the airline industry. 

And we have gotten ourselves to the point as an industry where 

we can make commitments to hubs like we have made today and 

feel comfortable that we are going to be able to provide that service 

and continue to grow it. Bu most importantly, what this has allowed the airlines to do is become more competitive, be more stable 

and, therefore, to be more competitive, to provide more choice to 

customers, provide more products to customers, to provide more innovation to customers both in the United States and around the 

world. 

Mr. JEFFRIES. Everyone has mentioned these external shocks to 

the system, whether that is fluctuating oil prices and war, terrorist 

attacks. I think even sequestration was mentioned by Dr. Winston. 

You said what was important for the industry is to have the capability to match capacity with demand. And you indicated that in 

your view, mergers would better enable these two companies, and 

I gather, anyone in the industry to do that in a more effective and 

efficient way. 

Your theory seems to be based on the notion that the bigger the 

company the better it is able to deal with matching capacity with 

demand. Now, that seems to be a too big to fail theory, and we 

have had some experience in that regard in other areas. But I want 

to give you an opportunity, one, to indicate why you think mergers 

will put these companies in a better position, and also if you could 

reference some of the other tools that are available that you indicated in your testimony, to enable companies, perhaps aside from 

a merger, to match capacity and demand. 
138 

Mr. WINSTON. Are you asking me? All right. The key thing in 

matching capacity with demand is an optimal network, all right? 

Now, what you have to understand is that for 40 years, airlines did 

not have an optimal network. Matter of fact, they had a sub-optimal network; that is, they were regulated from 1938 to ’78, okay? 

And they were not allowed to enter new routes if they wanted to. 

It was difficult even to exit routes. 

So they started off way behind in a very bad network, all right? 

So it is not an accident that Southwest has had advantages because they were not a legacy carrier. They were intrastate and 

were able to develop their network from scratch, so to speak, or, 

you know, in a better position under deregulation, the other carriers, all right? 

So really what we are observing, believe it or not, is still the development of an optimal network, okay, subject to a lot of shocks. 

It does not necessarily mean that bigger is better, but given where 

you were often is to the extent that you can balance traffic in particular areas, coordinate the traffic better, and move your fleet 

around as appropriate in response to changes in macro-economic 

conditions. 

Now, of course, the best tool is also going to be pricing, right? 

You want to fill up your plane, you lower your prices. You obviously have high demand, you are not going to have to do that. 

So in combination with pricing, improved service, all things that 

will help generate demand at the same time that you have the freedom and flexibility to have a network with a fleet that is aligned 

with that network, that gets you optimization in terms of your operations and what your carrier is capable of doing. 

To the extent that the merger is a tool in creating that optimal 

network—that is, you have some of your network developed, but it 

would be a lot better if you could have another part of it included 

with your network, balancing traffic flows, coordinating operations, 

so on and so forth, that is where the mergers can help. But let me 

stress that this is something that takes a long time to achieve 

properly. The carriers just do not come together and that is it. 

They start then pruning the network. 

Now, if you want to see a very clear example of this, look at the 

railroad industry. That whole industry has completely transformed 

to be state-of-the-art of the world where it was close to liquidation 

because it was deregulated and did a lot of restructuring through 

mergers. And that is an extreme case, but in its own way, the airlines are trying to do a similar thing. And mergers are a tool. Not 

the only tool. They do not always work brilliantly, but that is really 

what they are about. 

Mr. JEFFRIES. Thank you. 

Mr. BACHUS. Thank you. We are going to go in a second round 

of just Mr. Cohen and I, so we have got about 10 minutes left. But 

anybody in the audience who needs to take a break now, you can 

go ahead. 

Mr. Winston, you are absolutely right. The regulations almost 

put the railroads out of business, and deregulation saved them. 

And we are seeing continuous innovation in the rail industry. And 

it was capital starved and was not able to generate enough profit 
139 

to maintain its infrastructure. And so that brings me really to my 

first question to Mr. Johnson or Mr. Kennedy. 

You are going to realize changes in efficiency in operating structure of how many, a billion and a half? A billion, billion and a half, 

is that what the number—— 

Mr. JOHNSON. We have announced net synergies of more than a 

billion dollars. Those synergies on a gross basis, if you will, are 

larger than that, but the creation of approximately $1.5 billion of 

synergies or $1.4 billion of synergies has allowed us to make the 

arrangements with our employees that we have talked about here 

today. We have invested about $450 million a year in our employee 

wages, and benefits, and retirement. 

Mr. BACHUS. So of that $1.5 billion, almost $500 million will be 

in improved compensation for employees? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Four hundred fifty. 

Mr. BACHUS. Somewhere in that neighborhood. And how will 

that other billion, how will it be used, and how will that benefit 

the traveling public? 

Mr. JOHNSON. I think in many ways. First, it will create a more 

financially sound and stable company. We talked in response to 

Congressman Jeffries’ questions about the shocks and the difficulties that the airline industry faced over the last decade. First and 

foremost, we will be able to better withstand shocks and better able 

to deal with the uncertainties and the cyclicality of the airline industry. 

The second thing is it will allow us to invest in our airline. We 

have already talked about the investment that we are making in 

our employees and their well-being. But as Mr. Kennedy can talk 

about in more detail, it allows us to buy new airplanes, to provide 

new products to customers, and importantly, to have the financial 

wherewithal to experiment and try different models and add destinations to our system, knowing that if they do not work, we have 

the financial wherewithal to deal with that. 

So it allows us to take more risk and through that, provide benefits to our customers. 

Mr. BACHUS. Now, I have noticed that the airlines that generate 

enough profits to buy new airplanes, more fuel-efficient airplanes, 

more modern airplanes, do tend to either capture market share or 

they have to, if you have to compete with, you are at a disadvantage. So I would think that you would modernize your fleet, as you 

say, is a part of the plan? 

Mr. JOHNSON. At US Airways we have been modernizing our 

fleet for the last 6 or 7 years, and that is certainly the experience 

we have had, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. KENNEDY. I would just add that customers really are asking 

for, demanding a new modern fleet not only for the comfort, but for 

the products and services that we offer. And that is all very capital 

intensive and inordinately expensive. And so we need those funds 

to be able to continue to invest in this business along the way. 

Mr. BACHUS. And American has not been able to make those investments. At least it has become more difficult. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Indeed the last 10 years have been very difficult 

for us, and we have really struggled financially. We finally made 

the announcement of the aircraft orders a year and a half ago, and 
140 

that is what is necessary because we had quite an aging fleet at 

American and not a fuel efficient fleet. And given the price of oil, 

that is going to help substantially as well. But nevertheless, it is 

a real significant financial commitment. 

Mr. BACHUS. All right. Let me ask either one of you, you know, 

American is a part of the oneworld system, and you have some 

antitrust immunities. US Air is a part of the Star Alliance and you 

do not. Would a combination benefit in that regard? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Well, the combination, yes, I think it will benefit 

travelers very extensively. We are a member of the Star Alliance, 

but we are in some respects a sort of second class member of the 

Star Alliance. We are not involved in the antitrust immunity joint 

venture. There is another Star Alliance partner, United Airlines, 

which is very much bigger than us. 

By moving to the oneworld alliance, first and foremost, we take 

the smallest alliance and make it roughly the same size as the 

other two. We create opportunities for the oneworld partners to 

serve the East Coast of the United States in ways that they have 

not been able to before. They have certainly had access to American’s hub at JFK and their hub at Miami, but those, as we have 

said, are kind of special purpose hubs that serve a unique clientele. 

We have more typical distribution airline hubs in Philadelphia 

and Charlotte that will benefit oneworld considerably. So we think 

it is great. Mr. Kennedy? He knows a lot more about the antitrust 

immunity and that part of the business. 

Mr. KENNEDY. As you may know, it took us about 13 years to get 

our deal finished and get the antitrust immunity, which is a good 

thing. We are behind the curve compared to the other—— 

Mr. BACHUS. And I think it is absolutely essential that you have 

that to be able to compete. That is a given to me. I would think 

it would be a disadvantage for US Air not to have it now. And this 

would be an advantage that would level the playing field for you. 

Mr. KENNEDY. Yes, we would agree with that. 

Mr. BACHUS. My last question, I heard you all say that American 

flies to 130 cities that US Airways does not fly. I think that was 

the number, was it? 

Mr. JOHNSON. Correct. 

Mr. BACHUS. And then US Airways flies to 62 cities that American Airlines does not serve. 

Mr. JOHNSON. That is correct. 

Mr. BACHUS. So I would think obviously that you are talking 

about 192 cities that would be any one who is a customer either 

American or US Airways would pick up an opportunity to fly on 

one airline to 192 cities, which would be a tremendous benefit. 

Mr. JOHNSON. As we look at the opportunities to develop the network after the merger, Mr. Chairman, those 162 cities—sorry—192 

cities are, you know, the leading candidates for added service. 

Mr. BACHUS. All right. And again, I want to close where I tried 

to start when I complimented Mr. Kennedy. But US Airways has 

shown, I think, a lot of innovation. Here at Reagan I have noticed 

you are using two gates, and you have added probably 30 destinations, 30 or 40 new destinations, you know, all over the east. And 

I think you have shown of imagination in how you did that. 
141 

And as I said, I do not fly American that often. But, you know, 

if I am going to go to Dallas, I am not going to go to Charlotte first. 

I am going to fly American. And so I do not see how that is a competition. I mean, if I go to Dallas, I am going on American from 

Birmingham. If I got to D.C., I am not going to go through Dallas. 

But the service, the reliability on US Air, the customer service 

is excellent. On the airplane, the on-time performance, and all the 

airlines. I heard something about baggage, but, my gosh, we have 

gone to 2 bags out of 1,000 are late. And it used to 5 and 10, so 

it is an incredible success there. You know, there was a time when, 

you know, there was a real chance that you did not get your bag, 

and for the airlines, they have made tremendous advances. 

And I will say this. All the information says that airline tickets 

have not kept pace with inflation. I mean, it is one of the best deals 

going. I think it is six times less of an increase than oil prices, 

which is hard to believe when that is one of your main expenses. 

I do not how you do that other than investors losing $30 billion. 

Mr. Cohen. 

Mr. COHEN. Thank you, Mr. Bachus. 

Mr. Mitchell, Professor Sagers, I just wonder, you know, we 

heard the testimony that there are 192 or whatever cities that are 

served by American and US Air exclusively, and that, you know, 

132 are American. They do not compete, et cetera. And we heard 

the same thing with Delta-Northwest. Well, Delta-Northwest would 

be complementary because we do not serve too many routes together. 

Does this kind of sound like some companies might have got together and cut up the country and determined, you know. When 

you look at like the statement that none of them have over 25 percent and there are four of them, but they are close to 25 percent 

and you multiply by 4, and that is 100, does not that sound like 

somebody is cutting up the pie? 

Mr. SAGERS. Very briefly, there is no reason to suggest that they 

did this on purpose, that they got together and agreed to do this. 

This sort of lack of head to head competition, I mean, can be explained to some degree by the lack of a significant number of competitors. It was not a liberal firebrand who first came up with the 

idea that oligopolies do not compete with each other. It was George 

Stigler at the University of Chicago. 

When there are a small number of competitors, it is easier for 

them to sort of implicitly agree not to compete vigorously head to 

head. So I do not know that that is exactly why the networks have 

developed as they are, and there are regulatory issues that have 

also contributed. But I think it is perfectly reasonable to suspect 

that that is a contributor to the current lack of overlap. Even if 

there is one, I do not think there is that big a lack of overlap frankly. And it is reasonable to expect that it will get worse when there 

are four big ones instead of five. 

Mr. COHEN. Mr. Mitchell, do you agree or disagree? 

Mr. MITCHELL. With his statement? 

Mr. COHEN. Well, do you have an opinion on whether or not 

there was some type of, you know, Pillsbury bakeoff. 

Mr. MITCHELL. You know, the way the hub system in this country developed over time is long and storied. But as soon as it 
142 

reached a certain point, there were market divisions going on 

where you stay out of my hub and I will stay out of your hub. I 

mean, this is as old as deregulation and before. 

That is why it is so critically important that if we do go to three 

systems, three network systems, that we have all the consumer 

protections in place, we have all the transparency in place, because 

the NDC that I described earlier is the structure around which and 

through which the markets can be clearly, clearly divided. And that 

is going to be a problem far worse than a fare increase. 

Mr. COHEN. What you described really scares me, and it sounds 

like big brother in a major way. And I understand you have talked 

to maybe my staff here on the Judiciary Committee about this. Is 

there legislation that you have suggested or proposed or would propose to counter this? 

Mr. MITCHELL. Well, there is one piece of legislation that I think 

would be a very important consumer protection, and that would be 

we have this thing called Federal preemption where all of the consumer protections are consolidated at the DoT. The States have absolutely no authority here, and consumers have no rights at the 

State level. 

Now, if you put in legislation that allows every single State to 

have its own consumer protection rules, you will have a big, expensive patchwork. However, like the energy industry, there is an opportunity to create one set of consumer protections that are enforceable at the state level. That would keep the airlines honest. 

And as we go down the three network carriers, there is more opportunity to be dismissive of customers, and we see it every day. 

Mr. COHEN. We look forward to working with you on that. What 

do you see as the impact of the prior mergers, particularly DeltaNorthwest, but also United-Continental, overall on air fare, service 

quality, and consumer choice? Has it been beneficial or not beneficial? 

Mr. MITCHELL. I think that we have had the great recession, so 

it is very difficult to understand exactly what went on with pricing. 

However, I believe that if you look at all the promises, all the expectations, all of the projections, and studies, and analyses, before 

this merger is approved, there should be a forensic analysis of the 

outcomes of those two mergers. That is very, very important. 

Mr. COHEN. Dr. Winston, you used the great recession as a reason why Delta would have cut the Memphis hub down to 40 percent, even though Mr. Anderson said it would not. Atlanta did not 

suffer. Why did Atlanta escape the great recession? They escaped 

Sherman. Why did they escape the great recession? They did not 

escape Sherman, excuse me. 

Mr. WINSTON. Traffic. Still a lot of traffic there. 

Mr. COHEN. Because they routed it from Memphis to Atlanta. 

That was simple enough. That was not the great recession. That 

was Anderson’s decision. 

Mr. WINSTON. The country did not stop flying during the great 

recession. The country still flew, and it was still flying as it normally does in the big hub areas. I mean, that is something that is 

sort of overlooked in this is that, again, most of the travel, like 75 

percent of it, it is in large hub routes: New York, L.A., Chicago, 

San Francisco, D.C., New York. You know, you go through those, 
143 

and you have got most of the travel unfortunately in this country 

where you have got a lot of competitors. And that is where the airlines want to be. 

I mean, unfortunately or fortunately, you know, there are other 

places to go, but it is a much, much smaller part of the system. 

And it is very vulnerable then to changes to what is going on in 

the macro economy and so on and so forth. But Atlanta is on the 

‘‘good side’’ of things. Memphis unfortunately, it is not. 

Mr. COHEN. But it was not because of the great recession. It was 

because they chose to divert the traffic. All of my colleagues who 

flew through Memphis preferred flying through Memphis from Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi. Now they have to go through it because they cut out the regional routes. They really eliminated Pinnacle Airlines from coming in to Memphis. 

Mr. WINSTON. All else constant, I agree with you. Unfortunately 

all else is not constant. The airlines have to sort of, you know, 

route their planes where they are going to be able to maximize 

traffic. 

Mr. COHEN. Do you agree that a fortress hub, the old legacy airlines created fortress hubs, and that fortress hubs can keep other 

carriers out of those markets through pricing strategies? 

Mr. WINSTON. What keeps airlines out of other hubs or airports 

is airport policy, exclusive use gates. You want to improve competition in this industry? Start looking at airports. It is not the airlines, it is the airports, all right? 

The estimates on the increases in fares due to exclusive use 

gates are in the billions of dollars, all right? So for the next hearing, can I suggest we explore airport privatization and allow airports to compete, and it could change an awful lot of what is going 

on in this industry. 

Mr. COHEN. Well, eventually you will own China to own all of 

our airports. We are not selling 

Let me ask this final question. Mr. Kennedy, you plan to keep 

Mr. Johnson at American Airlines, or your family does. Is that correct? He is going to continue to work for the merged airline? 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. Johnson? 

Mr. COHEN. Yeah. 

Mr. KENNEDY. I do not know. Do you want to work for the new 

airline? [Laughter.] 

Mr. JOHNSON. I absolutely do. 

Mr. COHEN. Good, because I do not want to waste ribs on him 

if he is not going to stay with the airline. [Laughter.] 

And you come, too. And Elvis is living in Memphis, so there will 

be plenty of people still wanting to come there. Thank you. 

Mr. JOHNSON. I will look forward to that, sir. 

Mr. BACHUS. The CEOs started together at American Airlines. 

Mr. JOHNSON. They did. 

Mr. KENNEDY. They did, yes. 

Mr. BACHUS. I would say this is the close of the hearing, but for 

the record, Southwest had not gone out of business, so there are 

four. There will be four networks at least. Some people may wish 

they had gone out of business. 
144 

We appreciate your testimony, and I will say for one that this is, 

as I said before, this is one of the most persuasive arguments from 

everything I have read for the merger. And as with any merger, 

there is a chance that there will be some, you know, price increases. But I do not guarantee there are going to be price increases in either respect because they cannot keep flying for what 

they are doing now. 

But thank you for your testimony. I think that your next hearing 

will be in the Senate on the 19th. And hopefully this will prepare 

you for that, particularly if there is a senator from Memphis or—— 

[Laughter.] 

Or Pittsburgh waiting on you over there. Thank you very much 

for your testimony. 

Mr. JOHNSON. Thank you. 

VOICE. Thank you, sir. 

Mr. BACHUS. Without objection, all Members shall have 5 legislative days to submit to the Chair additional written questions for 

the witnesses, which we will forward and ask the witnesses to as 

promptly as they can answer to be made a part of the record. 

Without objection, all Members will have 5 legislative days to 

submit any additional materials for inclusion in the record. 

With that, again I thank the witnesses. 

This hearing is adjourned. 

[Whereupon, at 12:27 p.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.] 
(145) 

A P P E N D I X 

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD
146 

Material submitted by the Honorable Steve Cohen, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of Tennessee, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law 
147 

Statement of Jim Tuller 

Spokesperson, FormeII' TvVA Attendants 

Before the 'C.S. House Committee on the Judiciar), 

Subcommittee on Regulatory Reflllrm, 

Commercial ami A!:ititrust Law 

'C,''''''p'.'''''''''' ami 

of American Airlines and US 

26,2013 

The 

Chairman Bachus, Ranking Member Cohen and Members of the Snbccl11ITlittec; thank you for the 

opportunity tD submit this statement regarding UI" merger Americ"n Aidines. with 

US Airways. :V!y name is James Tuner ~nd I am an flight sttendant and a 

member of the Associatioa of Professional filight Attendants (API' A). I was hired into the flight 

attendant job classHication hy Tnms World Airlines 1972 as one of the fir,t male Fligh! 

Attendants hired after the federal circuit court of appeals dedsion l2ilrf. .. v. I~"lll Am. 442 F.2d. 385 

(5'C CIL, ]971), ,ert den .. 404 950 (1971). I was a founding member and served as Secretary· 

TrcasHrcr of the iI!depeml~Ilt union representing 1W A flight Attendants. I represent the I<Jrmer 

TWA flight attendants who were acquired by American Airlines in the 2001 acguisitioEofTWA. 

Olle of" the g,eat work force illju,tices in aviation hist;)ry occurred in 20m when the As~ociation Df 

Professional Flight Attendants. (APFA), 24,000 strong, took tll1ilateml aClion against the 4.100 

former TWA flight attendants by stripping them of their earned date of hire seniority irom TWA. 

\Vltal docs this !llca.n~ It means those w"iti! 20-30 or more yc:ars with T\VA wen:: placed 

at the bottom of the merged seniority liST, jllnior to tbose hired just before merger. [he effect of 

[his unilateral ""tion is thal without the earned dale of hire occ.upalional seniority. we are last in line 

lO "'bid and hold" the base dosest to our homes and Iamilic:,. 

where >'reo were based before the 

and recalled to American, almost aU of us are forced to commute very 

keep our jobs. Tills is a tl.nancia! hardship for the company arul for us 

One of the important issues to consid,~r ;,n the aotitrnst debate is the cfticicncy of CDst ".S a result of 

an approved rncrgcr. In rny personal situatlon~ couJd not fly froin the bas~ of fliy choosing. 

Lambert Ahpon in SI. I.ouis. i\merican had to bear the cost of my travel cross·country 10 

"col1Unu/e"' to work LaGuardia. (It w~sn't until an American Flight Atlendant wus flIed, that I got 

100% lucky in a recent transfer to St. Louis, otherwise I'd srill be stuck about 1,(>00 miles from 

home). Others from Minneapolis to Dallas-Fort Worth or Salt Lake to Miami to "commute" and 

then take their assigned v'/ark flights from there and return "home'" the same way. 
148 

There are milliOtlS of dollars a year being wasted 0[1 11 situation that .;an easily be remedied if 

Congress insists that j, end. Qthe",vise, those expenses to fly almost oneXl).9J!$,!mUg]JJ:l~r TWA 

American Airlines did not create, this situation. Unlike the ArPA, American Airlines has always 

respected TWA senioTity and the TWA night attendants have responded by being the best flight 

aLtcnJanl.~ can be. Axm:ncan gave us all thl.: pay aml bencJlis WI:: canH:u, b'.lt Arncl'lcan rcrnains 

t.~e t1nancial of increased and unnecessary expenditures because of the unilateral actions of 

,he !\PFi\. This because seniority is in the sole jurisdiction "fthe /'IPFA the 

company. American has no what the APFA did That has ;;<Insed an unnecessary increase 

ie, its expenditures. American docs not Wlli1t to rock the boat with the j\PFA union 

over a lew million dollars. But now Congress has the char ICC and obligation to help right the wrong 

and reduce the wastel'uT pass-through of expendlrures to your comtitiJemS. 

is complex, but the solution is f[ would Bol require 

was Congressional iegislation in that ostensibly tried 

to this situation. lbat knO'oVl1 as the McCaskill-Bond AnKndmcnl:, is now tile 

barrlerto the fair resolution orthis problem. 'I11e feason that is tile case is because APr'A will claim 

that it integrated the Hight list in 2001 placing TWA at the bottom ofthe list. Tbe Jaww08 passed in 

2007. In this 2013 merger, all the two lists from C;SAif\vays Hnd 

A.merican, "ill forever place us on the bottom 

of over 20,000 

One former U.S. Senator has advised that if this issue cannot be resolved in the context of thi.s 

merger, that a Duty of Fair Representation lawsuit should be filed against the APFA as well as all 

injunction against the entire merger. Because the damages and hmm inflicted upon the TVilA flight 

attendams is permanent and irreparable it will likely be sustained in un injlIDclion. 

We are here to tell Congress and other agencies that we are in tiNnr or· the merger, hut 

only if the outrageous injustices you \\~1I hear arc resolved before the merger. Vlie don't need 

litigation (0 resolve Ihis bUI will nol be aliaid [0 vindicate Ollr fights !;'specially when what 

transpired is an admitted "mistake." We need to write anew chapter irl the non-partisan "Profiles in 

Courage." Vic concur in Chairman Goodlane's expressed sentiment that antitrusl law is "nonpartisan." So is the solution to this prohlem, 

been recognized Jabor and management as the 

method semomy in a merger and acquisition, 

It is the comerstone of tbe Alieg,l\eny-Mohawk Labor Protective ProvIsions. (LPPs) of which 

Sections :3 & were into the McCaskill-Bond in 20U"!. Dale of Hire 

integration of seniority lists the only method that blind neutral and does not seek to 

"U'dlllW,"C Ijf (n~auvautage worler oyer another. 11 "imply re(;l>gni£e~ each inulvidual'g time OIl 

the first day 

2 
149 

As a result of the treatment of the TWA flight attend<lnts by the APFA in 200 J, Congress in 2007 

intervened into l.abor matters to enact the McCaskill-Bolld i1imendmenl to statutorily mandate 

Sections 3 &: 13 of the An~gheny-l'v!ohawk Labor Protective Provisions to include "fair and 

list in all fbmre mergers. (Tab #L. Page 2, lines 3-10, statutorily 

Ae,mnmll;,cs Soan:! lTlling). Congress did this in part because the old CABwaB 

one to enforce tht'se provisions. 

During that ltmc period, l\PfA look advantage of the ]a"k of enforcement without a CAB around, 

and the f"lmer TWA 10 the bottom.McCaskin~Bond will arguably prevent what 

to the TWA workers from happening again. However, for reasc-ns discllssed bd.ow, the 

amendment that passed in December of 2007 as part of the FY 200S Omnibus bill, did not apply to 

(he TWA Hight attendants. 

Unlike most unions in the airEne industry, APF A did not Sllpport the McCn.skHl,Bond lCi;to .. UU .. lln to 

include their 0\>;11 TWA members. Senator McCaskill expressed her di"plea:,u!'c 

"I was disappointed that chose !Jot to endorse 

my repeated requests." Senator McCaskiHletter 

pfu'agrapJl). 

until the merger ig!lorca Congress' Iilllndate in l\kCaski.iJ-Bolld, it 

states that if Am~ricml another the APr A will use fl1!li. method determined by 

thetn to integrate sc:niority~ not '"faiT and inu.:-gration. HO\l!.'"everJ selfishly, the contract 

says if another Company acquires them, the "fair and stsnctord applies. (Tab #3, 

';Artlde ] Recognhbn and l\,lcrgcr/AequisHion Protc,dtfHl"') pages land 2). 

Fur(ilermm-e" Senator McCaskill recognized that was not [he final resolution tn t.he 

In her De·cember 17, 2007 press release with Kit Bond, she said, "ntis 

an important piece of the puzzle to ensure workers in the futme don't suffer the same 

T\VA workers. I'm also it will in negotiations towards a Bnal settlement for ,hose 

workers." (Tab #4, Press Al'FA bas intentionally ignored and rebuffed 

any and all attempts for further ncgmiaIions to TWA seniority integration issue. 

a cons,.istcn1: pattern of ignoring Congressiona.l requesls to nleet and discLlss a 

resolation and Senator MCCil~kill', predecessor., Senator .fim Talent, 10 wge.nHy 

the "itulltion wrote to the TWA Flight Attendants and said, all in puhlic 

and in the years when l labor lm;v~ r hn've ]leVer seen an that 'was as 

disadvamageuus 10 one former "mploy"" groups as this one." (Tab #5, Talent letter, 

November 6. 2006). 

The fact is whatever trnnspired in the 

"mistake." APFA Pres.idenl LBUHl 

did not include in her comments praising merger the hislory 

against her own !1J(m1bers, ihef<'muer TWA !light attendants, Ms GlBding did .not 

acti.OIlS have CO~i and "'iill continue CllS! Americ<!Il Airlines millions in UIlIleeessary transportation 

costs that wi II contiaue to be passed on to COIlsumers unless 1:..I,'s is resolved. 

ArPA President 

ic"llfW'.lvs/&merN.·an ,1irlines are 

In the June 21. 2012 Editorial Board inlerviev>l with the Fort \Vorth 

Glflding \vas asked by the Star Telegram. ""tVho gets seniority 

3 
150 

Merged?" Silting nexl to Ms. Glading dUJlng that imervkw was US Airways CEO Doug Parker. 

She responded, "'U1.J!.!ls.eo....L~i1r Qil.L_13eclill5JLwe rmiJ.l!.§ft:..iDi'efU!Jl. (j,n ihflLJ_me biILUl1£e wilh the 

that Ill/()uld be very much j()!' date of hire seniority integratjon. 17u7t's what the AJ~.1 would like and 

'lie lalked wilh .41<4 every day" f'ab #6, Puge 7 of lnmscript, emphasis added). 

The Association of Flight Attendants, (AFA) is the union fiJi' US-Airways and is the largest flight 

attendant union in the AFt-GO and in the country with over 6(),OOO members. AFA's full support 

of our is noted in th" June 16, 2m I letter sem to Chairman Rockdeller as 'we attempted to 

gel passel! to dose (he ioopLolc in [he McCaskill-Bol:cl kgislalion \0 include us 

prospectively. The A.F A noted. "11 is that the very people whose treatment nec,~ssilaled 

law. ['"rmer TWA allendants !tell'/! 

Sine,: thal time, Ms. (Hading has done ] am testifyillg 

today that the TWA flight attendant~ will be yet again in this proposed merger when all 

attclldanl~ ate inh,'gra1.-~d b) their Dale or Hire s~niori!y da(~ those of us whose 

number "liaS changed the API' A This hy APFA can be 

UUmiilV;jlJ) corrected by APrA. APFA did it in 2001 without sending a membership 

vole and they can undo thelr admitted mistake the same way. 

The ll)ll,)witlg list inj l!rics intentionally inIlictcu on the TWA workufs by th~ API' A is 

documented and costs American. The financial na'''-l'nn'UC'n ()f APFA's injustice is done in the 

hope the merger wi!! sweep this injustice under no one will know your constituents 

picked up the tab for this admitt~d mistake. 

/\. lCW months ago, American Airlines, offence! a $40,,000 hm,p Silln cash hUYOllllo scnill!' ~1I!'fJ"Jy'.'~' 

to leave the company. 2,230 attendants accepted that olTer and starting Decem her 1. 

thmugh Septemher :In. 2013, will he leaving the company on the hasis of their earned 

One who look the huyout was fomler Ozark/TW AlAmerican Hight ultendal1l 

i\my of St. MO. Amy sml1cd in 1969 and in the spirit of the current law, 

when TWA acquired Ozark Airlines in 1986, Amy not lose a single day of seniority or a minute 

of pay. The TWA flight attendants integrated the Ozark flight attendants into the system seniority 

list hy their date of hire and both groups have been working side by side ever since. ¥lhen TVv'A 

acquired O~ark. the TWA atK'udants oulIllImoor,ed the Ozark Flight attendants by a 9: 1 ratio. 

:\t age 64, Amy was 

industry, but with no 

was "avmrdecl" one of the tater 

was ltl liw until Junc 

AI'FA ft,fusd to consider her 

would forfeit the money she 

4 ovarian cancer. With 45 years of &crvice in the airline 

to «now her select the month she wished to reure" Amy 

dates in June, 2013. She called APFA to advise them she 

that she b~ allo,,;od a hmdship departure date to 

bills and final expenses. 

anulold her if she died before her June departure date she 

otherV¥~lse receive and her heirs could not fe:celye noything 10 

4-
151 

pay for her tinal expenses evtCn 

penniless Oil December J 8, 2012 

that they would get their earned 

date}. 

Amy died heartbroken and 

C(liie:,gYles 3.t her that her dying wish 'was 

(Tub #8, Amy Ludwig'; Buyout June 201.3 oeparlure 

The mUSl recent ship at the T¥iA lIigh!. allendams from APFA comes ii'om an em.itkrnent TO stock 

in the rc::>rganized company when American Airlines emerges from bankruptcy, As part of the 

concessionary contract, American Airlines granted a 3')<, equity stake in the company tu the 

attendant work force, As the bargaining representative of the attendants. ,API; A. 

method ('f distribution that discn[nmehiscs all the former TWA attendants, They did this by 

using a look back of W-2 .:earnings ti'om the when an the TWA attendants were 

lln,,,,,,.,lnv,,rl from for some or all of that time, (Tab #9, 1 of 4, Al'FA 

R~so!ution for Arbitrary Look·Buck. passt's 9 l\.) 7, Luum maker). To 

disenfranchise one segment of rlle membership when all were laid uff due to their unilawral 

placement on the seniority list by APrA makcs " mod;cry of their duty of fair representation, 

After the 20m merger every i,)n11Cr '! \VA 11igh! attendant ,,vas laid off ti'om their position after 

9/11. Had we retained our earned seniority to protect us, more 1.han 90";' would not have been 

subject to that reductio I] if, force. The sad irony is that lvfs . .In Ann Schuetz, a fonner TWA, nnw 

American Flight Attendant has the most lime on the job in the l1ighl attendant job classificalion. She 

started Hying in March 1960, 13ccansc of APFA'B actions to depdw her of her seniority, instead of 

heing Numher I in she is now nnmher 5,OU nut of 16,18:l the s)"llcm list 

This is patently unfair. 

~,Qll~\ilQ!'lllii ;l];1\1.!!!d not lJelheolle's limmciallysaqilice<.llbrAPFi\'~ bCIleIit. 

The iast group of TWA flight attendants was finally recalled to their job at American In NovcmbC'1' 

nf 2012, Over the many years of unemployment the TWA attendants 10s( over 2.1 billion 

donal'S in lost wages, Social Security earnings llnd pension (There were more than 4, j()0 

TWA A([enaanis ~mployed when American ~cquifed iWA making an average of $50,000 

salary and beneJits, over 10 yeaTS is $2, I Billion, That money wound up in someone 

because \YC \ven:.~ denied our em"ned seniority and 'were furloughed --- nov; and 

'mistak~' and 'screw-up'). 

In u finaJ indibmity, APFA negotiated alhtl} our severance pay so lhal the most senior l1ighl 

Httfi'miants VJen! to the strc,~t empty ha\1ded, This was not Americall asked for, !\PF A 

simply volunteered it when tile APFA knew every TV/A would be laid off. After 

my 9111 fiJrlough, I did not receive my final recall \mti] 2010, effective December l7, 

2010, (Tab flIO, reran noti~e). Had I not been deprived of my seniority, I would have been able to 

retire several years ago, Bu:t because of the depdvation of years of income. and my T\\/A 

colleagues will not leave on a modest huyou! package, but arc ,xmstroined to work the nest of our 

Jives to make up for the lost .income. 

The loss of aU TWA seniority might have been mitigated somewhat had APFA it's promise in 

the ~o-caHed Seniority Integration i\greement they ,vrote promising thDt we retain our T\VA 

seniority in our TWA hase of St. Lows which TWA brought to the merger, i\PFA 

promise Hnd refused to allow to fik a grievance when the was 

Seniority Integration Agreement, Page 3, VI., "Seniority at SL 
152 

When \<·e were I1nally recalled to the 

desirable bastls that had vacancitls, 

we were forced lo leave home and go to the kasl 

hundreds if not thousands of miles limn Ollr homes and 

families. We face a "double raxation" by suffering iutibcr expense after years oftl!l0mployment or 

underemployment in raying jflT additional housing and tmnsporlatiol1. Often that expense is greater 

thaD our original mortgage at home expensive assigned base cities such as N{;"\v Yark and IvHarni, 

ArFA has deprived us of our vOling rights and twi.ee the US Department of Labor has had to 

intcrwnc am! torce API'A to coum TWA ballots or nm a whole tlew election. (Tab #12. Dcpt. of 

Labor Election Removal Letter). 

To mal<." it extremely difllcUl! [or ,he Jonm'T TWA members (0 vole in union electinI"', APPA 

changed their Constitution to require the full puyment union dues when we were unemployed. 

iTab ill 3, API' A Conslitmion in July 2009 exempting "furloughed" employees il"o!u dues, 2; 

Tab #14, APh\ Board Resolution, November 3-4, 2009. changing the APFA to 

include fi.rrloughed memhcrll t(W dueg ohligations). Unless we pay the dues when we were 

unemployed and not represented b)l Af'FA we are deprived of membership in good standing. This 

means we "anno! vote in union electionB or nm for oflice, attend informational rneetjngs, access the 

APrA website, or even travel as invited members with API' A to nm. This ncvvly imposed 

financial burde:l acts like any Poll Tax in suppressing our to speak out about the 

Ullstreatulent hy our U11ion \vhh our vote or even about our working conditions. 

In spite of following aU the procedures tor paying dues under the ch<mged i\PFA Constitution, the 

1\1'F1\ lefuses to reium me to membtlfShip ill good slanding, Even jf one tries (0 pay the current 

the APFA, "vith no written to do tLis, applies tire motlCY to the oldest 

curn?n1, in ord.er to eontinue t11C suppression. 

In fact, Laura (Hading would not be submitting testimony to this Subcommittee as APFA President 

btl( for the Poll Tax that was instituted under her leadership, In the most recent national officer 

eJections, :Ms. Glading was xe-elected itl a runoff ",lcct,on 150 votes because most of 

the remaining 950 TWA !light who did not support her were not eligible to vote. (Tab 

#15, AI'FA, vote results from last election). 

The solution to this is simple and the time to do it is nmN. As the 2250 night allendants 

leave th" company the buyolit through Sepkmber 30.2013, ftJ'FA. can slot in the 950 TWA 

night att'~l1dants who remain andcveryonc :;till moves up the seniority list. 

There is no crcdiblo harm to <lny other member of the APFA bargaining unit; the super seniority 

they all h,wc "cceived at our expense will simply come to an end. The T\VA workers ;lIG not 

looking for economic b~"mLS" those devastating damage, arc too great and would bankrupt 

the APFA, We arc not hack pay, any back henet1ts, or any reinstatement of recall 

attendants, 

rck·ast~ of allY and all c.lainls against APFA and IHll",fi~ll" 

reswred that recognizes our ye~s of seryice as tlight 

/) 
153 

1n tact, if the merger between American and USA;r is approved, APtA has agreed that AF A 

members fwm USA;r will assume their rightful date of hire position ahove thousands of Aunerican 

flight Attendants. If there were Imml [0 lhe American Flighl Atl0ndanls, i\PfA would not agree to 

give date of hire seniority t;) i\fA members above their 0"''11. 

Any A1'1'A claim or harm 10 the membership from slotting in the remaining 95() [f'rA i'li!!,izl 

.<//lcluiants and no claim "fhmm ti'om close to 7J!OO AFA W,Air night Attendants ma~}' ol,,·'hom 

will be inkbTf'uted above IllOusan0s of Amcrkan Flight lUlendanb is patently specious and absurd 

on its face. 

The practical effect is when we reruf!) to our proper place on the senimity list, no Amelican Airline, 

attendant will suffer any economic h anTI , They will continue to earn the same salary. 

eam the Slime benefits they currently earn. They wili nol losc dmncslic Of 

bases. The TV"'A attendants I'll!! be slotted into the list their and bid for bases as 

\:acallcics occnr and 8ss.1gnmcn.ts just like ev(1)' other current a.ttcndanl docs. 

There ,,\~ll be no hase displacement to any CUlTent APi'A member. That is because only the 

CDmmmy, nut the Al'F .c\, deleml;nes if tbcl'C is an operational ne00 to incrcas~ the IJighi attendant 

headcOlmt at a base, !fthere is an operational need for increased the TWA nigh, 

atrcmhmts will to bid lor transfer to the base of their choke. They calJllot J current 

API' A memb'~r from that basco There is no harm to anybody by allowing us to bid for assignments 

just every other night 8.ltendant. 

Tbelt no harm to Am~r[can Airlines. All employ,meill records are cllmp"verized and the actllal 

seniority dates are in their employment recol'ds_ #16_ sbowing occupational "Occ" seniority 

date of June 28, 1972; yet my 'acquisitiDn for APrA is April 10, 200!, the merger date. 

APFA threw almost 29 years of sel1iority in the trash can.) All that would be required to 

±lx this problem would be to l'e-StHi the list of names to utilize the original TWA occupational 

seniority dates. T1K~Se. adlninisuative pn)gran~rtling changes wuuld lake just a f~\v minutes to T~-sort 

ihe list. 

TWA flight attendants have always been a tiny minority of the wnrk force and we have neyer been 

looking fOT a handout If there is a merger, the TWA flight altem!ants will be less than 4% of ilie 

entire flight aU.:ndanl workfo"x of the merged airlines. TWA brought physical assets to merger to 

sustain OU, O\VI' jobs. Am.erican Airlines could not h3.v,~ operated the r,VA ail'crati ",,,thout us 

because each carrier has its own operating certificate wltii there is a complete merger of both 

\lr'~rdtlO'ns. APFA cost American Airlines seventl millions of dolhm; when Amerkan h~0 to I.IS 

train th.dr FIA', on the TWA operating certificate to continue (0 operate our TWA 

claim !\PFA and any other detraetor from the tmth could make is that this issue has been 

in ilie COUJis aga.inst tile TWA fA's in the past. This is nO! a valid argument. The r\PFA 

':anuot produce one com! case where the I"u\;ml or slale court held thal lhe 

("STAH) that the TV'i!\. fA', at the boti.om (lfibe 0cwpatiOlJal j, a 

contract betcveen pm1ies It11e Amertcan Flight Attendants and lhe TWA Flight 

Attendallts). There was never detenninatioll. whIch said that was the case. The only cases 

that APFA can point to arc on(~s where there was a procedural ruling that the proper 'Ncrcn't 

bdore the courl and c.lher similar rulings. There was never a legal holding on the merits 

that any Seniority integration Agreement was valid; none. 

7 
154 

Furthermore, any legal argument ;\PFA may have is wai,cd in light of the admission b), their 

President Launi Glading thal ,bey malle a "lnistakc" aml "screwed up big time." 

Secondly, the ArFA may try to say thm the Seniority Jntegmtic\ll Agreement (SIA) thm placed the 

TWA. FA'S at the botto'll was a llegotiated agreement and a contract. an untenable pu;;iti011 

vvbell the true facts are revealed, he SIA was a unilateral document ill 2001 by the APF A 

"fler it refused to negotiale willt the lAM whu rcprcselllcd the Attel1dmlts at the time. 

The ostensible "Agreement"' VlaS a document to American Airlines. 1101. the TAM or 

any rw A flight attendants, things that the TWA seniority 

commenced on the Date of Acquisition, April 2001, their Oliginal date 

Whether the i.\,PFA gave the full occ'Jpational seniority to the T\Vi\. night Attendant's or deprived 

the TWA FA's of their ill the SIA as did here, American Airlines would 

have si.gned their unilateral act. is becallse tlJe determination of 

occupadonal seniority is the sok jurisdiction of the L:nioH, not the Jt was fiJI" the APFA 

to decide how to handle the TWA seniority. not American. American acknovvledgcd what 

APF/\. decided to do. 

I am Vl'ry proud of the TWA Hight altendants who AI" professional~ on the job as well a~ fighters 

fi)rjustice. Jnstice has beell a long time and this injustice lUust end now. We will no! allm'! 

this issue to be SWTpl under the rug, !t is past for the APt'A to COITl'Ct their admittcci mistake 

and treat the ionner TWA night attendants as lhey wmll to be treated ir: 1he merger with US 

Airways. 

'I11C solntion is simple. group aUowan emir" merger to be jeopardized because 

of an admitted mistake just lack the courage to correct it? VI/by let the APFA pass on 

its mistakes in the form of a hidden incmase in fees to your constituents? \/1·111' not show tile courage 

to end the injustice that was by Senator l\'[cCasldll and Senator Taknt? Let the former 

TWA have their last mC8S\11"C c2med dignity and aJlow them to move forward 'A,itt a new and 

brighter fUlilre in a merged airline. 

For this merger to have any chance of S1lccess. all members of the new company l'vfCST fed 

included aIld ALL, management and union. employees and shardlOldcrs alike, must work together 

to achieve this goal. 

The time for injustice has ended; dle time for co,ullge is tlOW. 
155 

ATTACHMENT 

TAB #1 

2007 McCaskill-Bond Amendment 

See Page 2, l!:1es 3-10 
156 

::',I,.C. 

Cd:.'Jldl.tl" Nu 

Purpose" 1fn fur fnir rmd (~qui::,f1.h1c rc~;:.::olnticn 

of labor bt2g',;'ilTion ]SSlW,::;. 

S,13()O 

To Hl£lelJ'"l tiUe 4P~ l1J!ltCl.l State'S] C(l(1t.;, to author]7.!; DPPt'O 

for the PcdC'ral Aviation AdJ~lillistra.tion for 

;200S thrmJ}rh 2011: to 11nprOY2 a;vl2tjm: 

Hrfcrrc(] 'k\ ~:H; C~Jl1~init\:cu 011 ::tH(l 

crc1erHt tCI pl'irJ,ed 

SEC . FAIIl AND EQUITABLE RESOLUTION OF LABOR 

11'.;'I'EGR~TION ISSlTES. 

4 (n,} ii.1'FT.JGATION 11;\ILIY,SY I! ... ~BOR ACT TO JJERG 
157 

10 the Ha.JvVBY! the 

"7 lato:' proiectivt' pfovJ.::;ions In,:,,,,,;ec. "Y 

Hcatd in tbe; J\Jle£;i,e,Jy·Me,ll:lW;, rnergcr PlJbt (: c:e·s c·f the ;:"-ivered ~:i(' earf1cl'. 

11 (c) E~\fFORCE~vrF:t~.Pl'.-Any individual {includi:c.2. ;jny 

::'2 labor 0rganization 1hat n.:prr;scnt? The indivici.:.mr, ,,'vho is 

1 \ 

13 llun to ;~Hr.)T":~~ this of;~'my 

~6 ·;;;uh..:-

20 witn section 

2 I r~g3.rd to the 3111011;1t ill CC'l1trnversy, 
158 

4 

9 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

22 

tH) 1.,.; ~Jjcnl.J.)ur of [1 ci-afl (II' class th;:tt is 

f.il.lL:ic(·t to tItt TI('!.~hn:ty Ld](}l' A<:t (':'!) IT .S. C. 

1:J [ sc~q.). 

muit.iple ai.!.' 

(:.(mtl'ol o£~~-

Ii) ~)O j)('l\:t'l~~ or lQOt"O (If t.~.;-,~. ,:'lglity 

~f,AIYh:ieR (lUi d?:finr'd in ::;f'(,t~{lrr i 0] of litJe 

or 
159 

TAB #2 

Senator McCaskill Lettel of ,January 3, :200B to APFA 

See Page 2, First Paragrapfl 
160 
161 
162 

TA8#3 

i,tticie 1 - Recognition & MergerfAcquisition Protection 

APFA Contract 

See Highiighted Language 
163 

ARTICLE "[ - RECOGNHIO", ANn :vmRGERlACQ1JISlTlON 1'I<01'EC1'101\ 

B. ME!{GUl A:'>U ACQUI&HIO_" PROTEcno,," LANGL"GE 

Suc;;essor 

4. in ire even! d)j[L wiihiu any 
164 

the prior 

COnl.H:f..'t;O~l ...... Wi the SLbstant~ul ;\ircra:t-Kd::u:tu Assel Sak~ arid 

11. 

if m:alfH! arbilratur. i he 

TIn: 
165 

TAB #4 

McCaskiil-Bond Press Release 

1)E',Cember 17, 2007 
166 

McCasldU ~md BOlld Work to PI'i)tI;ct Airline Workers in Mergenl 

Prevision indud(~d in ,pending bill wllu!d prevent scell<lrios similar to 

TVtrir" - American Airline merger 

tVASHlf~(';'T{)J\~ Itt'. Less than 2 week after LLflthansa agreed '78% of Jet 

BluG, a struggling U.S. 1:>3rrier, U.S. S8%lo,'> Claire McCaskill and 

secured 8; provIsion to the Sen.ate's omnrtus spe!1dmg biH to "cowl;" ~;rr c;mlier 

employees \,vlth .3 bai:ie level of protection during mergsfs. 1,253 former TVvA 

employ€es 3tii! ~t risk of losing, reGaii nght$ five yea.r$ after being laid off from TVVA's 

merger- v .. ith American, McCaskj!! and Bond are seeKing to prevent sj(7fJtSr scenaflOR from 

oG:')urring m the future. The rrov!slon would ensure r.~ mt::rger P;'[jI:;eS8 by which akiine 

employees serimliy lists c.an be int>3grated in a fair marmeL ~f a Liispute: OCCtlr3, the 

parties can engage in binding mbjtr'B:tiO!!. Thb pj o'odsiofl wou!d make It hal Uer {Uf one 

a.1r'i;t"lp. or !jnio~ to odd the Otl1p!oyees of ancther airiine or union to the bottom Df the 

serlio~ity list Thousands of former 'P",'VA flight an:end~r.ts lost th~jr senionty after 

Amerk.:.an Airlines {lcquirE-;u TVVA. gPO WBfe fur!oughed after September 11. This 

provision would helo pmv8il1. such OG~I!rrBnCe::;' ~n the fI,ture 

in addition (0 the recen!" m::w/s ,-;tJout the Lufthansa irr1f€strnent ill Jet Slue, new'2. reoorts 

are fanning rumors about the pot;entia! for other major commercial airlines to Gngage in 

merger:;. rl.>k;C9Skill, who successf11!lV offered 9: shnilaf ;:Jm~ndment to the Federa! 

Aviation AOlninistratiQ[1 RealJthorizatiem Ac.'i: in May, believed that the recent ~alk of 

mergers f8JSed th0 h~'10! of urgency to sign such protections Into law, Sr,e was p!e~sed 

10 VIO!¥. with BO(ld, al0i1g VlJjth U.S. Senator Dick Dw-bin to ensure th8 provision 

was included in the omnibus ~p(Hlding bHI. ThB i,")jjj to pass in both en ambers 

a (ld t{l De signed into law by Hie hollday recess. 

;-nltS provision Is en puzzlo 10 ensure wortBfS. in tho future don't 

~'Jff"(;t the ~am:-; fate r'm His;;) hopeful it vlim ~id negotiations 

lcv,1ards.a. [(na; setiJBrlem for thOSE worke:-s," McCas~~m ;Staid 

"Our T\NA workers \A1em given prolTlises and oniy gN pink Slip5, this provision ~s a critical 

step in prot'3Gting airline workers from thi8 fate in tile fi1tur~) ~ saki Bond "It was a 

pleasure to wod( livith S<8natm ;'J1cCasid)! 10 secure these protecti'Jns. 
167 

TAB #5 

Senator Jim Talenl Letter to TWA 

November 2, 2006 
168 

C':.,~,~""'''' 

::'V>KC:I.~~l-rE",,"'.il.W')\"'~'l 

~t"~'(;l AlI,~' N"-1u""'~ fll."';(Wu!':" 

;:;~:/..t. CCMMn 1 ~', (;N >I.,"';II-!Ci 

ttl.:: extel:1S:::}~1 ofrecaH rights for fOl1ncr 

'1 iN A }'VU have takl!!i tv ",hare your Vi~V.'S W lth 

..... dcome lne oPPi):nu;'lit"V t'J Tespond.. 

M 0. result of t!a.~ f~itUK(: of .JD'Il:criC:'tll }jd.~ncs rl) hUH',)! its 

o("1'VI//\, [he ('()frI1::1' TV";}, aHB:1tb,nt!{ wen: 

li~L Or'flcf. .c'.r..d m 1he 

Th;; lim Her T\V . .!\ 

I behevc !hru: the;;..:: f,~caD rishts n1l~s:t be CX!011-ded. At the 

attendants, Scnatm- Bona. ,and I ;-:er,t a i{;:lkf to the AmCllcan }\Jllin;;;s 

(0 

TILt; c:x:\.:-uliiuH of rc\":al~ ligilis [0, fomw; T\~': A D!ght ath.:;l1d;-1ntR 13 a nwctcr i)f 

1m:;.k faiInes:s <m,j I \'d~l DWtl'..le· ~:xt["i,d t1t~sc fights xn way i)C offurthcl' 

a~~i~lanl.;e. ple6S:: don"t l;csit;;u.;: to 
169 

TAB #6 

APFA President Laura Glading 

Fort Worth Star Teleg'3m Editoriai Board interview 

June 21, 2012, Page 7 
170 

Fort VVorth Star·~Telef:~wam! Editorial Board Iiltervlevt, June 21, 20i2/ Page 7 

S'f: Arc ·-.,ou guari3.nteclng thaI. cverycme tlm~ is ~-:mp!e:yed there wiHl!ip:e a.jub'.' 

P~rkCl': In the tErnl;:; thm 'we have with- -::h(":~e prys ll101nt~ to APA 

luclollgh PW~i:(.;t~on'S'· for lhe t:xistjn}~ r:mployet:-~, 

prekrenee ·would he 

1 ),70, So sedori:y i2 
171 

TAB #7 

AFA Pre5ident Veda ShC'ok Letter to Chairman Jay Rockefeller 

June 16. 2011 
172 

H'.>["tOfi.llJI.;: Ck, .. irm'li'j J.1Y ';::cc!-:.:f::;jj(,! 

Con.llldD ".':;r'i.:IICL~ c\:". T!~n,Sl'f\lf),(jOTl Cn '1n.:!l,:c' 

Ext ~~:'I~(;'", O{f,n: B:!il;t')]L: 

~'/:!,::hin.:sr0n, j)C ::thJIJ 

Whl:ft Ami.'r::c~m Al;hne:-. z':cf.llJi]\~d T\'~.":'\ r:1 :S.lCl! 

Amcric';I.1n AJrlir;c.-; Flight l,:rcnJan1:-. ~n"dl: 1.:10ll1l!blend dec:i,~ir;;1 Ie; ,leI";'" ,:."., TW l\ 

:"'teen J~mts of thel;" :leere ed OC~.~~i;;~~C:';i~;,~~.~I~:;~V, F1;ght :\l.~ndanjs hJ' :l unlun 

At;;:,ndfm~'" i:1 i:l I1I..::rg::':, it(,d ah.~cn: fHil(.;;c:inr A.ttcT':.dal1ts; we 

es!:it~'.l1ie ?;n,::c~s ~u';i. be a m,r-murn :';Lmd.1rd in any me1'gel'. 

J.fkch:d m03L :1ir:ines 

'''''''''': "'V'" !,) fiyin; fit A:r;,cr~C::,jn 

L,,;we, Shqu:d :\In::ri:::J.r. lTE.~li/! ~i~aii\. form:..'] 

di",<:f1V\llii:J,;!,ed ~1~ ~:l~ H:"(en:e ;H') s·'nlO~ty ;,tc,era:.io" 

sw :1't .nctiD[( tc' fec~;ty this 

Vj>:i~'. ShC0i~ 

?:-(;!;;icit'lI.L 

to ',his 
173 

TAB#S 

WI/A Flight Attendant Amy Ludv,ig 

June 2013 Buyout Date 
174 

EMP 

lOO".J 

l369. 

3 ·0 .. tr 

14' LV( 

,59 l' LY< 

·77 

16 

19G2" 8449 

'>Glb7 llI.J% 

'013/ 

95100 

J 

DEPARTURE DAfE AWARDS 

1'51 

If, ~p 

, KL 

GUIl"R,,,, I.". \D 

:;fOfi 

JHU 

B 

Of-IND S[P B 

Dl-VVO 

L jU1;i 

SL 

, 

PflGf: 23 

10/2.6/2012 
175 

TAB #9 

fI,PFA Board Vote on Resoiutioll for Arbitrary LonK·Back Distribution 
176 

AP 

BOARD Of DIRECTORS MEETING 

SPECIAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING 'lid Teleconference 

Ali~ust 29, Z012 

YES: NO: ABSTAIIl: ABSENT' 

TaNed lJ ~1litbdtawn Li Sho'."J of N~mfs [J 

\VHEREA8, l.lt:.jcr Article HI, SecTion ',GILLl Of me APPA Cf1]lr,titutir'>11, th~; APFA Rtwrd "r 

1'.'lxmsibl,lit), wtok" al'Y ,mu ~111 appropnate ,2{,~tion oeertled 

Cnnr.;titn!iml tn promote the \;I,.elfare p/'lhe 
177 

TAB #10 

ReGal! Notjce 
178 

American Alrlines® 

REQ\llI'iE\); COMPLETE AND RETURN iHIS FORM 6Y OC70BER 25, 2010 

You am heroby notifieD to r~port '\'0 Amf:Trjcsn AirBrl5B 1C}f r8-Bmr1oyrT<ent in your torrnBr Pos!tt.:m 

as a Right AUendEi!l~ eir~;;,"Jljr: Vecambe-r I'll 20Hl. 

This :£1.::a.}! ;)) w;]rk !s !n accOr.::trl:f\r.e ~Jln\ Ar'J,cj~ 1 G or t,'~e Gollee.live Ba.r!]!1jrjr;g 

40iOf£Tl2nl: hatween ~h1h',es .and 1h'jc 1~5(IO~t;(lf1 of PrOfBSs!ofla: Flight Att~ndar)l$, 

wt'Jic~! requIres that yeu "lottty th~ {:I)1"l1P3n'j! m tau!' inteotr(ln to accept Dr l"€jfJct rs~mptrrl,,)8n( 

within fan (iOj dny.:na}!eJ the post m~:~ 01 iN::, l$Mer. Thi$ form ::nus:!: be ef}m~etIJ;!"J and ssnt 

yla Fed~.¥ no i;@.MthanOdnt@t25,201'O and rsceivoo r.:.ytlw) Gnm;:.an!!nc l;!,t.er [;)9:1 

October .27. 20W. rtlUult"fJ to 110t~1y tha Ccmpar\y uf yuur ~ntal'll!J. :ttl- return 1;", ¥'101'/I.:, fa:lurfl iQ 

r~p.ort to }oour til$SiigrtCd t~9iii'ling cJii1ss, falh..1l'iii in- eo~nplete tr~lnij151 iSf! fagurbl ~o !I'(!Pgrt ~o 

bMe toHoWi(l;,g VUUf comp.i~ti"t! 0"1 traihlflg: wm i"e:3ult in tf'!e f(wff.'lh.n·,e 01 'j,((!.Jf i,'g.. 

e<i)plt::'J>,.rmSflt rights and ~eil!or[ty, 

My te!.spl1one eorl'mc-t 1"i,.iinhH is; 

_ .. :}_L~_.=- ')~ (., "r :"3.L.J.~, __ 

AcL"'IJrd;riQ t(l the PI.'<::v1si:l!"ls of til;"! AA{AQIA ::::e!!6ctlii& !:lrlfgai'llng :-\grmmmnt, t>8for-e it. t:igllt 

attBln::'t::tnt Mn b~ r()ca!l,~ tc ;) wasco ah 1:f6.rr:;f.-~r f.nqL!C~ to ~at ~'JSQ must be ;:;!e.::tl"€..:L At e:!fl,is 

bme W~ e:;c~ ",;fit a!, P,~ght Attm;;i,\irvt£l biiilnl;l reu'.O!lli .. -d ~NH~ he b~ed ;.It: N~l:S York - LtiA. 

Qua!lJled French &peokc:J:'s wm h~ oas~:tl rtJfatn~l {MiA}_ 

F'I.:lrsofmel Fj!e 

nigh: SerJlt:e COfltnl.!:r ,Mm;n;S1f2l;Jm 
179 

TAB # 11 

2001 Seniority int"gration ,Agreement 
180 

4eRRFJt{ENT ON 8E1'-..JiOJUTY JrtlEGRr\ TIOf-: 

ANn t::etA'fl:.n I\.4ATffrEJ!",,~ 

of An1(~tl{;,m 

t'tl:i!}\ anJ, ,nee ",'ptiM""V, 
181 

/-,Hendants; Ir. ~hl~ ::;o:rvk-e. v,r:tcse n"\TI~e:; ";:pe2" ;)D d~e T\VA LLC 

::::YBh~m Scn~Oriiy Li~;l on (if Un.:!\' ,,'\111 : H) 

i), T!'!ie,'" ","h'gh, T,all'>'"",li,,,,, SV,","I" 1"",Io;'O,'i",.,",h,,11 

T"'vA.,'i .I.e t>,nd Am,;:rrCM ,ll'e fO be 

pl.ifP')S'~'; i)'y' the t'1'tt!(JOd ii.ctii.<tt'{):1 B0a.t.J. 

D~1.tf.;," fef:::r tn inc. ('in ILne 

el,'l'WiH.,LL: ('1,;;·,;111 ::;lCi'U2flt. whk:h in fH) I',Vi;nr ~!vl!1 !J.,,~ 1m C\ldi\~J 

,a~mM"fl"Uat!Wh<"10~'H' 
182 
183 
184 

!..';i'H _--L.J~·e-? tLL __ _ 

fJffJv;ded j l1ut 

i.1tte.r Aprd 
185 

p:,,~').OCIA TION OF PROP'"dSSIOtll'LL 

fLfGi1T 4TTENDANTS 
186 

TAB #12 

Department of Labor Letter io APFA., Eleciioil Removal 
187 

_.-

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_ .. ... _-_ --....... , 

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_0_.-.. - ,,-- ~ 

... --- Sased <III '-_alllndOngl . II>e OlMS poslliDn rlll APfA _ 

immecflfltely:nu.n candicl!lfI T"" .. ,,,. Hutto-6lal<. to I!Ie pooCoon d APFA 

P ..... kIeIl1. APFA'. """"""'I)'!ns1al8llon ct MI Hu_l:elc prno:IenI for !he 

rem 

___ ....... ' oIlI\8lAtm .... reMOdy 1M .... 1\<><lI of Sea...., 401(.) 1M! "II 1M 

OLMS """"15/.1..0. 1I'Iat !lie APfA Boa'" of ()irt!(toI1. 1$ (X)"m"1tIg an Aug""! 

25. M , "",""""", 'eq~ II'IooIIlII)I "'","""liOn .....-minEl_ COIIIempIeIecI b~ APFA \0 _nil. the ,..w .. 01",", Aug ..... 12 !>Otl<l! """nt. '" 0IIIIIIWiM 

-.... _IiIldlngs, be ptO'JicIed to 11> .. oIIIce on or beIo", """,,","26, OLMS wII _ _ final declaIon on enforcemem Ut11i11h1011ir>e 10 __ ""'Y 

consIde< APf,,'. _ If OLMS does no! receive 3 _OO!IH from APF" 

by 

p_l~ 

11"11",,126 ttIa Oep;orvn.ru'" .. I .. 11111 mal\ef for ~ 
188 

TAB#1J 

l"PFA Constitution, Exempting "Fur!oughed" Employees f10m Dues 

July 2009 
189 

-_._--

ArUeIa II • Membership 

SECTION, EI..KlOBlLlTY FDA ~_ 

M1 __ ... "-""_ .... " __ ... APFA .... _~lIgoocyb ....... _~_oI __ 

................. ..,.,ot<I __ " ... N'fA .. _ 

-$ECT~:r. (aJClA.TIOHS Of'MEMBERI':: 

_d 

__ ... _cIo __ '_ .. _l>y .... .....-d .. N>fA ..... 1n ........... _ ... ... __ .. _ .. __ .. _d .. ~Igno<""""dN 

......-

_ ............ .......... ___ _._-"'...,_ .. _Io .. Af'f.Io ..... _--_ ... _ .. ~ __ ..... ............... 

aamot<!L IIU 

-

OF AIGHT$ 

.... -OF 1oIEloIi8£R$, 

........ _"' .. _A __ .. .... _--"'_"' ___ .. _ . ...... _"' ... N'f. ___ .... _________ ... _ 

Io _S,lWI ...... _1l c:.H_d"N'fA __ ... ,.,. .. __ .

D .... _"' ... N'fA __ ... '.,. .. __ ot<I __ E.N_ ..... N>fA __ ..... .....,oIoIghIs ... _ ...... _..,...._ .. _ ooIgrt,-.,"""",,--_ .. _ .. _ , SEC11OH'. a.AS&IFlCoOTIOH OF _;F$lF 

4.M __ ... """'_ .... ".. __ ..... Nf'AIo __ .... ~ 1---- ._--_.....· 

l'fTho ................. aI._ .. ,p>OI~ __ "" ...... _ ... 

~-- II.~ ... --~-..... -: 

.. --.Io_""_"' ___ ..... AI'fA:; ... 

~ ...... __ .. -.g .. _ ... ~..-"...., ... N'FA 

..... 

~_. 

N>FA .. 

___ 

___ .. """'_ ..,..,.. ...... .. __ 

__ IoQOC<l~ 

...... _ ............ ... __ " .. _eoo-

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..-..... _ .... _,_._ ........ _---"-- .................. _ ... --.: t'l ..... _ ..... _ot<I-..._, 

.. _""'- ,. ____ al __ 
190 

TAB #14 

APFA Board Resolution Changing ConsiJtution 

Making "Furloughed" Employees Dues Obligated 

November 2009 
191 

... PF .... FALL SOARD OF D1RIo.CTORS MEETING 

NOVEM8ER ) - -t. 2009 

• · t. 

, . 

~ 

,'- .. ,-- __ T.IIy_ 

"" --- ,-, i '''1«<; .. ~ 

-. ~ .. D."" ,,- - OW 

~,,,r'-~: 

~fWl,(vJ 

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0-".-

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1~11 ~ .. '~ t 

-
192 

r:=~r;:n~ ~ . .. "n 

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.... bo~"'p>d ......... oIlIlI __ :il ............... or .... A"' ........... ~ ........... _r--.""'''''''''lf ... A''''' .. I''d """C_~aod 

\\'EIUEAS. Artio:I< n. So:t.oo 'llIll p""-

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t.o.1I<r~Io_orIlulyUoO)_·<Io»~ 

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b. ~""_I>r""...p.y..""_ ... _, ~. ~>o<k_ 

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f furloogtI loy o.bo ""'!'Iol)'<f 

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.. !"Ol' ...... .......wy ---. IJpoo ...... 00Yr0!I. ......... _ .......,. 0I0oI1 loco.'-

,.,-_IO ..... 1.Jndo 1I"'''IIi<r.rvor'''e __ ~''' 

'/I'-Jl~ _ Sonioo U(l~ """'" 111< ....... -...:- .. Ok o.d .. """", 01< 

_~.",, __ """"_'I!\'I"""" .. b_oI""""''' ..... - ..... ~ .. fIII'- ... ....wy-.--.-" ...,.,. ... r .... ..pa 01 "!'fA~;'" 

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..... r..~,....; ... 

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.... for_)<n; ... 

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I ____ :;,,---.... -----·--·-'-.. ---·--·-...,----.~'"'--·-.. ----------------------------------~ 
193 

FIII_ol __ , 

.lIeo_l.o;oot _ . .. J<ll 

W11UlL<S. ... .- of ............... _ do< _ obil ....... /iooI por- of .... 

... .-,. _ Al'fA ..... III< ~of_of_of_ ..... 

"~~'_"""""'''''_'''_''''_''''~_-.1ol1 "'pi ........... 

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_ .. "''''''''' ... ntJI ...... pmil.-p'''Mf A_fII ... oIIli ........ I<:- <>Olftt .. ...-.. """'., IV 01 do< C_ 

TltllltroRr. B& Il It£SOI..\'EII. I/IOIIk A/'FA Boood '" One-. _ ,"" Ib< 

r.u.w..,- be._" An><Ir n 00.1_ TV "'''MfA C_ 

Dtktow_ ...,..arc "'_4.BQ1_,.,....._· ""' ''II 

·~"ho ...... ~ ........ ""l' ___ ..... ~,...OU 

..... _ ... """ .... tffa;ti\' ..... ol ... .Il(I~ · 

tl< .... _U 41 

.. _jA, .. -· ........ ,....... .. I)I-.· 

""'"' I. s..c.... lA, <loin< ._., I, 5«tIoo ~.B.(JI ' 

~ '" '"" po ......... '" 5«1 ... lC Old rqoIo:r """ "" --. !ol_ ...... b ......... '-_ ...... ·_9I-·_1y _~fo,_ ....... _r.or.I_ .. _ s..- l.CII~ tn- (ll--...,,;I 

III: IT fl.1ITI1ER IlESoot.\'(u, ohio ."... ~ C-.....i ~ "" _ .. 

................. r..I1'1"''''"'_ 
194 

-'""")010"'- TNo..-....,.<hI9 .. IO ... _I/!_~IIgnI_~_1O 1OII.'pMd~._ .. _-....._,_,, __ , C.......,.-_ ......... __ • ___ ... """" ._-...ond.,_ ..... _I0~= __ _ !otI'Jo;fo_ .... ,~'"" ....... _ .... __ N'F~ 

.......,c 

~ .. I1>0_ • ...,.-I> .... ... ~I)/ .. ,.-, ...... .....,- .. ~ 

_\l<1li ,8y .. 01.., 

Month" __ .. """",' _ N_ 7: 

_ .. ",,_I.-

~"''-' _"" _ ... 00 ... '" _ .... 10 ... """"i 000>e0f<""I' ___ ,j -~ .. S02~ """ 19-..... ,.,-- __ ......... _ .. ...."........,."""''''_or l lA5p._(\oa .... mOll""I"'., .. U_"'IIO'Y~_-.-. ___ , ...... ... __ ~.~ ' ..... .,..., IOft'*""I' _ III Al'fA'oa:iifoi 

=

_W. ..... , ... _01-._ .. _ ... _"" .., ___ ,., _ ... APFA ___ -,,"'" "'- 'I!R 

-""r_ ......... ,O ... __ ~ ..... T~(mI)~".., 

--.. _ .... ,"""""'_110 ....... ~"""'-

__ "Y .. lMo 

MpnIN' _.S dY" o!\I!:IIIIII!I • 6'19'yUon H!!mptr .: .... __ , N'fA_ TNoprop<>lOl_ .. -~ .... flot/IC--.""' ......... - .. """'O~ ...... __ ,,... ..... 1Ipw; I>.II.ID _ 

_ ..-~ ............. }'OII_ .. I'II __ IlIi~OI ...... _ 

" --

_IoIIIl.IyLNYI"'_ • • - ~"",1I!ipo 

-'~ ~,..byE/O\plO'j .. 

OIlIer T_.",by~ _ u_ l .. _ 

__ ,eValNO 
195 

TAB #15 

APFA Efeciion Resu!ts) :20t2 
196 

APFA /' ' 

NAL BALLOT mJ) MMITTEE 

National Officers Runoff Election Re.·mlts 

Today, F.b"'~ry 2., 2012, tI1e APFA Na tional 8<lllot Committee <ertmed ttle 

~Its", c NotlC'''''' Officer R,un·Olf clcellon. 

Th" ~t!;. ", a. ''''Iows, F..- PrM~nt U~ GI!", ~""'" 42&4 votes and Laura 

Grading received 4434 yol ... , For VIce !'ralden! Marcus Gko ~ =elve<l4S62 

vat" and Anne Loew rKeived 4075 ... Ieos. Fo< Secretary Vidd Dele «<elyed 

~l3l vOles Bnd Jeff Ph ..... recei_ 440) vote. , ForT",.s",,,, )ennlfer BrtS>eWi! 

""",,,.cel 3711 vOl"'."" G"'9 ''''oter .....,.,1.1'<1 4921 VOl .... 

Ulura Graalng Is cIKted"pfA F'l'fSldenl. Mereu. GIutI! k .IMe<! ,lPFA \llc .. 

"'''''kim!, Jflf Ph.". Is elKled ,00000A s..o...rary and Gnt<} Gunter I. "iccted Al'f'A 

T", •• u..,... n...se offke .... willi""' • • ' .... , year term 01 office ~Inn''''' April I, 

2012. A documem conra'nl.,.. l:t>e b .... bre.~dcwn and pe~t.ges, wil l be 

PQSted soon on 1M. Electlon and Balloting p~ 01 aefA.lI!.'!I 

AFl'A NabOnol 8<lllot Cornm'u,·" 

... PFA Communlcltlons 

B12,SoOQ QIOB X61Q8 

coromunicrtlcn<lil,p!a oro 

--_..- ___ ..... M_ _ ..,.. "'" .g ..... ..,- _ .. _ ... _-_ ..... 

--_ __ - ..... _~'!_ .. ·- ... 
197 

TAB #16 

Occupational Seniority Date of Hire, 1972 
198 

f 

-.~ 

• 

'''''', .... 

. .,..--~.-""-~ ......... .. ~"". MC_ ........ -0..:. ......... _.,."....-.,.._._ .. _,.... ..... 

___ _,....M""'"I.-._ Ono-."'_' ___ ...... _ "'_I"" .. _ __ _ .............. _ ......... MOOodoI......,~ ... ""'_ 

.. -..... -

" ' 412013 lII'J __ f>OI'_"_ '2/21.20" ,..,..,.r .. SOOo>R __ _ 

1~'~iIO'."""""I' - ...... -."'" 

--....... -. *"IJ • ....". _ __ ...,. ., 

............ --- -

"""', _ ..,-_ ..... ----.. - ~­-, _JP _ .. ' !:'.:~-. ..--

_ ... _ .. D lI ... 

$. ... $_"'(01 _ __ ."--" 

. . ~ $IIllIIAll.". _'-'"11'OFl 

-_ -""' ...... _ .... ... .. _....,...,- 0 ....... 

__ _ ~ 

_ J~ ___ "'''' __ ''' __ ''' .... , ... 
199 

Prepared Statement ofPaul Hudson, President, Flyersrights.org, and 

Executive Director, Aviation Consumer Action Project 
200 

The proposed merger between American Airlines and US Airways should only be 

approved with regulation establishing national and international standards for 

enforceable airline passenger rights. 

Legislation that would block anti-competitive practices that are rapidly eroding 

price competition in the airline industry, eliminate anti-competitive airport 

practices, and empower airline passenger interests to balance the interests of the air 

transportation industry that now completely dominate national air transportation 

policy. 

In Jlme 2012, we submitted testimony to the US Dept. of Transportation (DOT) 

which set forth much needed refonns to enhance airline passenger rights. Copy 

enclosed. 

However, the Advisory Committee for Aviation Consumer Protection appointed 

by Secretary LaHood (consisting of an airline representative, an airport 

representative, a state official and a travel writer) failed to support any of the 15+ 

proposals, and to date the DOT has failed to recommend any aviation consumer 

protection legislation although mandated to do so by Congress by February 2013. 

It has also delayed issuing regulation requiring that ancillary fees be disclosed in 

real time to third party airline ticket sellers and web sites. 

There have been recent efforts by airlines as noted in the recent testimony to the 

House Subcommittee on Regulatory Refonn, Commercial & Antitmst Law ofthe 

Business Travel Coalition and the American Antitmst Institute to defeat price 

competition. 

The 2011 acquisition of Airtran by Southwest Airlines is instructive. It 

discontinued service to Sarasota Florida (and five other medium size cities) in 

favor of Southwest service at Tampa (65 miles away) thereby reducing Sarasota 

enplanements by over 300,000 per year and raising airfares, travel time and 

expenses for passengers. 

No other low cost carrier has come in to replace Airtran which provided real price 

competition for Southwest and other carriers and no other one really exists except 

on very limited routes (Southwest is no longer a low cost carrier by most 

definitions but competes largely on service, lack of baggage fees and more liberal 
201 

cancelation policies). The USAirways-American merger will certainly reduce 

competition further. 

The record of prior airline mergers is clear that fares general1y increase and service 

is reduced to smaller and medium size cities and concentrated at fortress hubs. See 

Table 1 at White Paper at American Antitrust Institute web site, 2013. 

Unless stopped, the airline penchant for mergers (USAir-America West 2005, 

Delta-Northwest 2008, Republic-Midwest 2009, Republic-Frontier 2009, UnitedContinental 2010, Southwest-Airtran 201l) coupled with the lack of new entrants 

and the loss of most US low cost air carriers, will soon result in oligopoly or to reregulated monopolies, with US air transportation operating more like AMTRAK. 

Airline mergers also mean thousands of jobs lost, col11ractors often replace lJl1ion 

workers, retirement plans arc reduced or wipcd out, airplanes are sold, routes are 

eliminated, quality of service typically piLlllmets during costly airline merger 

transitions for two years or more, safcty margins may be reduced, and passengers 

will pay more while departing exccutives take golden parachutes and remaining 

ones cash in with highcr pay. American Airlincs plans to cut at least 14,200 jobs 

and void Imion contracts -- the perks of Chapter 1 L 

Competition and even Chapter It bankruptcy can be great mechanisms for 

±llstcring efficient low cost air travel and are not necessarily unprofitable. 

USAirways is already quite profitable and seeks to be more so, while its CEO 

seeks to realize his dream oficading the largest US airline in history. There is little 

doubt American which has a very large cash reserve would also be profitable if it 

emerged from bankmptey as a stand-alone company after shedding unaftordable 

union contracts, with creditors as its new ~hareholders, with a new more passenger 

and labor ti"iendly management dedicated to better customer service, and perhaps 

with even some passenger representation on its board of directors. 

Other Anti-Competitive Trends 

Price competition was greatly enhanced by web sites that allowed conSLllners to 

comparison shop and make reservations and buy tickets. But now most airlines 

have taken away the ability to buy tickets or even make reservations by redirecting 

conSllllers to their web site and requiring re-entering of customer infonnation, 

thereby bombarding the customer with ancillary fees and pitches for additional 

services or products. 

3 
202 

The cost of a ticket can increase by $25 to over $100 or more, when coupled with 

hidden fees that are not disclosed in transparent ways on either third party or 

airline web sites (especially checked baggage fees). 

The US DOT has the sole authority to issue and enforce regulations to prohibit 

"unfair or deceptive" airline practices, but it has rarely done so without the 

approval of the airlines. 

And its record of enforcement by fines is dismal, with fines regularly reduced by 

50% or more and nearly all violations settled by consent orders or findings in favor 

ofthe airline with zero fines. 

Its handling of conSlllller complaints is even worse. It rejects 90% of complaints as 

not within its jurisdiction as allegedly not violating any DOT rule and merely asks 

the airline to respond. 

It does not prohibit unfair tenns in airline drafted contracts of carriage that make 

such contracts illusory with misleading words and that provide no practical means 

of enforcement for the consumer in case of violation. 

It uses passenger complaints largely for statistical purposes and deceptively refers 

consumers to small claims courts that lack jurisdiction over airlines. 

(See DOT web site, "Tell It to the Judge" publication. Airlines can at will and 

regularly do remove any lawsuit filed in state or local courts to US District Court 

where the litigation costs far exceed any potential consumer recovery, see Paul S. 

Hudson, Airline Passenger Tannac Confinements and Delays, ABA Air & Space 

Lawyer, vol. 23, No.2, 2010) 

Tort cases against airlines are regularly dismissed by the courts under federal 

preemption doctrine, and if not dismissed outright, passengers generally are barred 

from recovery for damages unless they are physically injured or killed. 

(See New York Courts to Passenger Victims of 11 Hour Tannac Confinement: It's 

an Airline "Service", No Recovery Allowed Except for Physical Inj llly or Death, 

Aviation Consumer Action Project, .Tan. 2013, enclosed; Air & Space Lawyer 

article above.) 

4 
203 

The Intemational Air Transport Association (lATA) and its members have recently 

approved a new business model requesting personal infonnation from passengers 

not presently required in order to provide passengers with a "customized" price 

quote. This system if approved by the DOT could make price competition a thing 

of the past for intemational flights, and also raising serious new privacy concems. 

Eventually such systems would allow for price fixing and setting based on how big 

your wallet is and how desperate or motivated you are to travel, completely 

contrary to the fixed, transparent pricing that replaced individually negotiated 

prices for most conSLllller goods in the early 20 U1 Century America. 

Due to the lack oflow cost airlines in the US, we now support allowing selected 

foreign low cost carriers to fly domestic routes. 

Tn sum, we believe this proposed merger of American and USAirways should be 

restructured or disapproved by the Justice Department, unless competition is 

clearly not reduced and passenger rights are well protected by new legislation and 

rulcmaking. 

PAUL HUDSON 

PRESIDENT, FL YERSRlGHTSORG 

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, AVIATION CONSUMER ACTION PROJECT 

5 

4411 Bee Ridge Rd. #274 

Sarasota, Florida 34233 

800-662-1859 

llshudson(iVyahoo.com 
204 

FlyersRights.org (tka the Coalition for an Airline Passengers' Bill of Rights) was 

founded in 2007 as non-profit corporation to advocate for the rights and interests of 

airline passengers by Kate Hllimi after she was strlli1ded on the tarmac for mlli1y 

hours with 10,000 others. It organized a coalition that successfully advocated for 

the adoption of the 3 Hour Rule adopted by the DOT in 2009 that prohibits airlines 

from confining passengers on the tarmac for extended periods without returning to 

the tenninal. In 2012, a passenger rights section it supported was included in the 

FAA Reauthorization Act that encouraged the DOT to issue further aviation 

conSLll1er protections. With over 25,000 member-supporters it is the largest airline 

passenger orglli1ization in the U.S. It publishes a weekly newsletter, maintains a 

free emergency telephone hotline 1-877-FL YERS-6 to assist airline passengers llild 

an anonymous tips hotline. It relies on individual donations lli1d receives no 

funding from government or the airline industry. 

The Aviation Consumer Action Project (ACAP) was founded in 1971 as a 50 I ( c 

) (3) nonprofit corporation to act a voice for air travelers on national aviation 

issues, especially safety and airline passenger consumer rights. It is funded by 

contributions from individuals and foundation grllilts. It receives no funding and 

has no business relationships with the airline industry or llily government agency. 

ACAP has been a principal advocate for truth in scheduling, lost baggage and 

bumping compensation, medical kits on airliners, realistic emergency evacuation 

testing, passenger cabin air standards, smoking ban, and airline competition. It 

organized a coalition after 9/11 to advocate for the establishment of the TSA lli1d 

much stronger aviation security. 

Its activities include public education, publication of consumer guides and research 

reports, serving on national advisory committees (FAA Aviation Rulemaking 

Advisory COllllnittee, TSA Aviation Security Advisory COllllnittee, American 

Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 

Committee on Aviation Cabin Air Quality), representation of aviation consumer 

llild the public interest in rulemaking llild litigation activities, testifying before 

legislative bodies and national and international commissions. 

Paul Hudson has been executive director of ACAP since 1997 and president of 

FlyersRights.org since 2012. He is a New York attorney who has advocated for 

6 
205 

airline passenger rights and interests in the Courts, before Congress, the Executive 

Branch in the public and professional media since 1989. 

7 
206 

ATTACHMENTS 

Airline Passengers Rights-What is needed now 

By Paul Hudson, Executive Director, Aviation Consumer Action Project (ACAP) 

& Kate Hanni, Director, FlyersRights.org (fka Coalition for an Airline Passengers Bill 

of Rights (CAPBOR)) 6/6/12 

Stranding & Flight Delays 

For many decades by far the largest number of consumer complaints to the DOT has 

involved flight delays. Starting in 1980, each decade has seen air travel times 

increase and excessive flight delays become more prevalent. 

The airlines generally blame air traffic control and weather, but this rings hollow 

when the particulars are examined. At times up to one third of flights are now 

delayed, and the figure is always over 10%. 

Prior to the enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (ADA), air travel times 

decreased in each decade and reliability improved. Airlines were regulated by the 

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) which approved flight schedules, air fares, conditions 

and standards of service. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) controlled the 

number of flights at major airports which prevented congestion and operated the air 

traffic control system directly. Also, aircraft were placed in service each decade that 

were faster, more reliable, flight crews were better paid, and had arguably higher 

standards of training and experience. Finally, airport capacity increases and 

additions in the 1950s through the 1960s kept up with increased air traffic. 

Since 1978, there has been no net increase in major US airports, so the skies 

around major cities such as New York and Chicago, whose need for an additional 

airport have been blocked by entrenched special interests, have become more and 

more congested. Deregulated airlines have discontinued the use of wide bodied jets 

carrying up to 500 passengers in favor of more frequent flights with narrow bodied 

airliners and regional jets carrying 20 to 140 passengers, thereby negating the 

principal strategy for increasing airport capacity. Airport authorities enjoy 

exemptions from most antitrust law and lack any significant representation of airline 

passenger consumer interests, so that they are permitted to and regularly do engage 

in anticompetitive behavior that drives up air travel costs and increases air travel 

delays and passenger inconvenience. (1) 

Regulations requiring minimum reserve capacity of equipment and flight crews have 

been allowed to lapse. So have rules that allowed passengers on a significantly 

delayed or canceled flight to use their ticket on another airline's flight at no 

additional cost (known as Rule 240 or reciprocity rule), and as have regulations 

requiring other airlines to honor a bankrupt airlines tickets. 

Flight delays since 1980 of over one hour have increased dramatically. This situation 

not only inconveniences, stresses and results in hardship for airline passengers, but 

also burdens airlines and the economy. The US economy depends on safe, 

convenient, relatively low cost air travel as the primary means of long distance 

transportation. (2) 

Tarmac Delays and Confinements 
207 

In 2007, it was discovered and proven by CAPBOR and ACAP that stranding and 

involuntary confinement on the tarmac was far more prevalent than previously 

thought based on a few publicized incidents. It was admitted in June 2007 by the 

DOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) that airl ines were not reporting and 

BTS was not requiring them to report most long on ground delays, delays for 

diverted flights, cancelled flights and multiple gate return flights were "lost in space" 

not reported for time on the tarmac. New regulations were adopted and the first 

report for October 2008 showed over 50 flights (which would imply 120,000 

passengers per year) were delayed on the ground over 3 hours though some 

analysts believe even those statistics greatly underreported these delays. 

There was a strong financial incentive that the flight crews had to pull away from the 

gate (and not go back) even if they knew the flight is not taking off for a long time, if 

at all. Nearly all airlines only pay flight attendants & pilots their full wages from the 

time that the cabin door closes, and some pay nothing for time spent with the 

aircraft at the terminal gate. 

ACAP, Flyers Rights (fka Coalition for a Passengers Bill of Rights (CAPBOR)), Public 

Citizen, Consumers Union, US PIRGs, New York and several other state 

governments, the Business Travel Coalition and even some former airline executives 

all supported a 3 hour rule to give passengers the opportunity to deplane if a flight is 

delayed more than 2-3 hours and to require that water, food, and sanitary facilities 

be provided. 

The DOT in 2009 took major steps to reduce delays caused by congestion by 

enacting regulations that discouraged over scheduling of flight times. By enacting a 

version of Truth in Scheduling that ACAP had long advocated, there has been a 

major reduction in chronically delayed flights and virtually elimination of deceptively 

scheduled flights. Airlines had previously had a financial incentive to schedule take 

offs and landings at the most popular times at major airports far in excess of airport 

capacity and then blame delays on air traffic control or weather. Now they must 

disclose on time statistics for their flights to the public, explain to the DOT 

chronically late flights and eliminate deceptively scheduled flights. 

Increases in flight cancellations predicted by the airlines if the 3 hour rule was 

enacted did not materialize, but the flight delays did decline and lengthy tarmac 

confinements were drastically reduced. 

ACAP has long advocated providing compensation for passengers for excessive 

flight delays. 

While the airlines will not admit it, cancellations for financial reasons are common 

and amount to breach of contract or fraud. If a flight has so few passengers that 

the airline wants to cancel it, it should do so at least two hours before, so that 

passengers do not come to the airport unnecessarily, and provide passengers with 

alternate transportation within an hour of the canceled flight time plus a ticket 

refund. 

Otherwise, the airlines should provide passengers with compensation that is 

equivalent to normal breach of contract compensation or at least equivalent to 

bumping, perhaps capped at several thousand dollars. In case of any dispute, it 

2 
208 

should be presumed that a flight was canceled for economic reasons if there was 

no ground hold by air traffic control and the flight was was less than 30% booked. 

There is presently no meaningful compensation provided to passengers for 

excessive flight delays. Any action brought in state or small claims courts gets 

transferred to federal courts based on airline claims of federal preemption, where the 

cost of litigation far exceeds any potential recovery. 

Most recently some airlines are redrafting their contract of carriage contracts with 

passengers to broaden the definition of force majeure to include things beyond 

weather such as maintenance or labor shortage caused delays, things that are 

traditionally defined as within the airline control and subject to passenger 

compensation. 

And while passengers have flight delay compensation rights under the Montreal 

Convention of 1999 for intemational flights of up to $7,000 (see attached article at 

Appendix A) and also for EU travel for several times the airfare cost, there is no 

requirement by DOT that passengers be informed of their delay 

compensation rights, which are generally ignored or denied by the airlines. 

Passengers who are stranded by airline delays and cancellations 

overnight away from their home city should receive ground transportation 

and over night accommodations. Airlines use to provide this a matter of course, 

but now many do not or do so only for certain favored passengers. This has led to 

chronic choke point airports like O'Hare in Chicago being dubbed "Camp O'Hare" with 

over 50,000 passengers per year being stranded and cots being set up in the 

baggage claim areas after midnight during the last high air traffic years (1998-

2000). 

New York City is now the number one national choke point and efforts by the federal 

government such as re-doing air traffic approach and take off patterns and opening 

up some military air space areas during holiday periods have had limited effect. 

Other measures such as auctioning off slots have often been blocked in court by the 

airlines and airport authorities. 

Airlines offer "insurance" for flight or trip cancellation that is deceptive in that 

such policies fail to cover the overwhelming number of situations, and the coverage 

excludes inconvenience or consequential damages. For example, a passenger 

whose vacation or business trip is ruined cannot claim for that loss, and generally 

cannot cancel his/her trip except in situations of serious illness or death. 

FlyersRights.org has received complaints on their toll free hotline of next of kin 

providing a death certificate and airlines still not providing a refund. 

As a first step, the DOT should require that the premiums for such insurance cannot 

be excessive as that is normally defined by state insurance regulations and that the 

exclusions and claims limitations must be clearly disclosed to passengers. 

Also anyone who offers such insurance should be required to disclose to the DOT 

BTS the amount of premiums collected, number of policies issued and the claims 

paid on an annual basis. 

Lost and Mishandled Baggage complaints represent the second largest category of 

airline passenger complaints to the DOT. 

3 
209 

The existing regulations have been in effect for many years but they have been 

administered solely by the airlines which make receiving compensation difficult and 

often impossible. 

Over 40,000 checked bags per year are never returned to passengers, as they do not 

have tags that identify the passenger owner. Instead of looking inside the bags for 

identifying information or posting a description as a normal lost-and-found operation 

would do, most airlines treat the bags as abandoned property and auctioned them 

off with the proceeds going to the airline that lost or mishandled the baggage in the 

first place. 

The airlines handling of lost baggage claims is scandalous with the 

overwhelming majority of claims being rejected and lost baggage sold after 90 days 

with no attempt to identify or return baggage without passenger identification on the 

exterior. (3) 

Nearly all states use the Uniform Abandoned Property Act to deal with property that 

has been checked with a third party and then not returned to its owner. (At common 

law, unclaimed property escheated to the state.) This statute provides for the holder 

of the property to make attempts to locate the owner and if that is not successful to 

sell the property and turn over the proceeds to a state run abandoned property fund 

which holds the proceeds in trust in perpetuity for the true owner who may recover 

the proceeds upon filing a proper claim. 

Airlines are not included in such state laws, but there should analogous federal 

regulation to require airlines to develop a computerized data base that will match 

airline passenger lost baggage with descriptions of contents and exterior by 

passengers. Any proceeds of lost baggage sold should be paid to a fund that is used 

for consumer protection services and/or measures to improve baggage handling. 

At present, airlines have a financial incentive not to return lost luggage, due to low 

caps on claims, especially for international flights, and the difficulty passengers have 

in providing claim details that the airlines require to honor claims. 

Airlines unlike the US Postal Service or private common carriers like UPS or Federal 

Express generally do not offer passengers insurance for valuable property that they 

take possession of (and increasingly charge extra fees for) and instead contrary to 

the common law of bailment disclaim all liability, even for negligence, and the DOT 

by regulation has supported this policy. 

Finally, theft by airline, TSA and other baggage handlers is a known problem, one 

that is often covered up by thieves who rip identifying tags off bags that they have 

looted. Foreign airports provide airline passengers with plastic sealants for their 

luggage to deter thieves and damage, but US security regulations require that TSA 

have free and easy access to inspect the interior of checked baggage, negating such 

deterrent measures. 

The DOT should produce a consumer report that "unbundles" mishandled 

baggage and reports lost, damaged and stolen items separately by airline, 

and a report on the claims made vs claims paid. 

See 

httW\'lYWc~dJi1apll~-'i. gmTIiQallLc~l1J~rLg.lm~mlLaim9rl:itc~11scJ<h"thtllJl 

4 
210 

Other Consumer Complaints against Airlines involve Reservations, Ticketing and 

Boarding #3, Customer Service #4, Frequent Flyer programs #5, Refunds #6, 

Disabilities #7, Oversales (aka Bumping) #8, Fare #9, Ads #10, Discrimination #11, 

and Animals #12. See Consumer Air Travel Reports, RITA/DOT web site. 

Frequent Flyer programs have become an integral part of air transportation 

services used by air travelers for vacation travel. They are also a source of revenue 

for airlines which sell miles to credit card, car rental, hotel and other businesses that 

seek to provide customers with a low cost inducement to buy customer loyalty. The 

US Supreme Court has ruled that states may not regulate these programs as they do 

other consumer contracts, and the DOT or Congress has not yet done so. For 

accounting purposes frequent flyer miles represent a potential liability for the 

airlines. Airlines, however, take the position that these are not binding contractual 

obligations but merely marketing programs that can be altered or eliminated at will. 

As miles accumulate on the books of an airline, there is an enormous incentive for 

the airline to devalue them by program changes. 

Most consumers however view frequent flyer programs as an important benefit, with 

the miles they accumulate for future travel being an obligation of the airline and an 

asset of theirs. 

Studies show that there are radical differences in airline frequent flyer programs, 

with some airlines allowing as little as 5% of miles to be redeemed for travel and 

others nearly 100%. At the very least, airlines should be required to disclose the 

percentage of miles that they are redeeming, the number of seats available for 

frequent flyer tickets on the most popular destinations and routes, as well as other 

key statistics to provide transparency and way for the public to evaluate such 

programs. 

Also, there should be requirement that airlines provide notice to their frequent flyer 

members of material changes in their programs at least six months in advance, so 

consumers can plan ahead and make travel redemption decisions and decide 

whether they wish to continue to favor that airline with their travel business. 

Over sales or bumping involves the practice of airlines of selling more tickets for a 

flight than they have seats available in order to account for no shows, then either 

denying passengers with reservations a seat or else seeking volunteers to deplane 

and take a later flight with an inducement such a ticket voucher for another flight. 

Bumping is regulated by DOT rules but the airlines avoided regularly telling 

passengers with their rights are which depending on the amount of delay can involve 

cash payments of several times the ticket price plus a delayed flight as well as 

overnight accommodations and meals. If consumers knew their rights it is likely 

most would not voluntarily settle for a restricted voucher. As of 2011 the airlines 

have to tell a "voluntary bump" what the likelihood of being bumped is, and the 

potential compensation they would get were they involuntarily bumped, and the 

same must be told to involuntary bumps. Compensation for bumping was also 

increased from 200-400 in 2007 to 650 and 1300. 

5 
211 

As airlines now fill a higher proportion of their seats than ever before, over sales are 

increasing, however, the use of non-refundable, non-changeable or highly restricted 

tickets has greatly decreased the number of no shows and has allowed the airlines to 

profit from them. 

Most recently the airlines have asked and the DOT has proposed a rule to discontinue 

reporting of over sales. The rule rather than being repealed should be expanded to 

require the percentage of oversales to be reported because there is presently no 

limit and so many passengers are being bumped as they tighten capacity and it is 

very hard to predict whether or not passengers with reservations on increasingly full 

flights will get a seat. 

Enforcement. Remedies and Advocacy 

Finally, airline passengers need to include a way for passengers to enforce 

their rights in a timely and inexpensive way. Flyersrights.org has asked that 

complaints get a response in 24 hours and a resolution within 3 weeks. At present, 

weak guidelines normally require an acknowledgement within 30 days with no time 

limit on resolution. 

The present system is totally lacking in accountability and transparency. Complaints 

to airlines or the US DOT are generally ignored and compensation claims rejected. 

The DOT Consumer Protection office does not use best practices in handling the 

airline passenger complaints it does receive, i.e. requiring the airline to respond by a 

date certain, sharing its responses and communications with the passenger, or 

advising the passenger of his/her rights and the DOTs action or lack thereof to the 

complaint. Most complaints have generally only been logged for statistical purposes. 

ACAP suggests mandating a small claims arbitration process for unresolved 

consumer claims (which could be an online private alternate dispute resolution 

service that uses retired judges, consumer affairs, or experienced arbitrators) where 

arbitration groups or arbitrators are approved by state or local attorneys general or 

consumer protection agencies and/or the use of local small claims courts which now 

handle the vast bulk of consumer claims against businesses. For disputes involving 

many passengers, and millions of dollars, class actions in state or federal courts 

should be authorized, as well as through arbitration. 

There also needs to be a provision that would require the airline to pay attorneys 

fees of the passenger if the resulting decision exceeds a rejected settlement offer. 

Now, there is no arbitration process, airlines who are sued in state courts try to get 

the cases dismissed on jurisdictional grounds and normally have the cases removed 

from local and state courts to federal district court. The expense of federal litigation 

and most state court litigation far exceeds any potential recovery. 

Other models of federal - state consumer protection laws that have been effective 

include the federal Lemon Law, which resolved the legal logjams and technical 

defenses long used by auto companies to frustrate consumer claims of involving 

defective autos for non-injury claims. 

Clarify Airline Deregulation Legislation to eliminate the judicially mandated 

exemption of airlines from state consumer protection laws that apply to virtually all 

other industries and the de facto exemption of airlines for passenger common law 

6 
212 

tort suits in most federal circuits. This can be done by legislation and/or by the DOT 

in its rulemaking and by formal opinions of counsel and by the Secretary. 

The deregulation act was meant to prevent states from re-regulating the airlines as 

to scheduling, fares, and services. However, airline attorneys have successfully used 

some vague and ambiguous language in that 1978 legislation to claim exemption 

(often called preemption) from any accountability for passenger abuse in state and 

federal courts (the argument being that only the DOT/FAA can regulate airlines, and 

if they do not ban a practice it is permitted even if in violation of basic common law 

rights that have long been the province of state law). See attached 

article Reasonable Regulation Trumps Laissez Faire, by Paul S. Hudson, Air & Space 

Lawyer, Fall, 2010. 

An Airline Passenger Emergency Hotline is sorely needed for passengers faced 

with stranding and other emergencies. The DOT "hotline" as currently configured is 

little more than a vehicle to gather complaint statistics. A caller receives a recorded 

message, and response time is usually over 10 days. Follow-up is spotty to nonexistent. There is no known intervention that occurs on a real time basis. And the 

DOT reportedly has 75 persons assigned to its "airline consumer" unit. The DOT is 

wasteful and ineffective with taxpayer funding for this purpose. 

The Coalition for an Airline Passengers' Bill of Rights (CAPBOR aka Flyersrights.org) 

has a hotline staffed with volunteers established over the past 18 months and has 

received thousands of calls. But it is overwhelmed and without funding is unlikely to 

survive. 

Given the nature of the federal bureaucracy, it would be waste of time and money 

for this to continue even with some reform. Rather the DOT should be required to 

contract with one or two non-profit aviation consumer organizations to provide a true 

airline passenger hotline for about half the funds now devoted to the DOT's 

ineffective hotline. Such hotlines are frequently funded with government grants in 

other issue areas. 

Airline Passenger Groups have received no funding from DOT for many decades 

while airline and airport industry groups receive indirect funding from billions of 

dollars of federal grants made to the industry and paid for by airline passenger ticket 

taxes that can be as high as 30%. A portion of the ticket tax paid by 

passengers needs to be used to fund the passenger groups that actually 

represent passengers, most of whom cannot afford paid lobbyists or even the 

expense of attending advisory committee meetings on safety, security and other 

national aviation issue areas. 

An amount as low as a penny on every ticket would provide $6 to $10 million 

annually. This fund should be distributed largely on a formula basis with DOT 

oversight rather than on a discretionary grant basis, and passengers should be able 

to designate from a list of certified organizations which one(s) that they wish to have 

their consumer ticket tax sent to. This is similar to the methods used by United Way, 

federal and state funds for various causes such as wildlife protection, for utility 

consumer protection, and for promotion of certain agricultural products. 

ACAP closed its Washington DC office in 2003 due to lack of funding and presently no 

aviation consumer group has a staffed office in Washington DC. The Airline 

Passenger Association discontinued operations some years ago. The International 

7 
213 

Airline Passenger Association with an office in Dallas has cut back its operations and 

is actually for profit vendor of travel services to frequent airline passengers. Others 

who purport to speak for airline passengers are travel agents or industry consultants 

or media commentators often with close business ties to the airline industry and who 

cannot afford to offend and usually defend the industry, while purporting to speak for 

airline passenger interests. The national media has also cut back on air travel 

reporting and several important trade publications have been discontinued. Only 

FlyersRights.org , ACAP and some air crash organizations specialize in aviation 

consumer rights and are not conflicted. 

Without funding, the voice of the airline passenger will be heard weakly if at all in 

Washington DC, their interests largely ignored, and the industry will continue to 

dominate and control air transportation policy and those officials who make the 

decisions. The national air transportation system is likely to continue to degrade due 

to gridlock among industry interests, coupled with the anti-consumer attitudes of 

much of the airline industry and the lack of robust consumer or public interest 

advocacy on national air transportation issues. 

Aviation Security complaints 

largely against the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) at approximately 

10,000 per year now nearly equal consumer complaints against airlines. The leading 

complaints involve rudeness by TSA personnel and property complaints. There are 

also widely publicized concerns of personal privacy invasions by body searches and 

health risks involving X-ray screening of passengers. And there is a significant 

problem of theft crime and potential corruption within the TSA, that must also be 

add res sed . (4) 

The Aviation Security Advisory Committee was inactive from 2007 and has only 

recently been reactivated. A proper advisory committee with representatives of 

passenger, aviation terrorist victims, public health, as well as privacy advocates 

should be actively used by the TSA and the Dept. of Homeland Security to advise 

and to have oversight of passenger complaints and meet on a quarterly basis. 

Previous to 2007, this committee consisted of representatives of the air travel 

industry, federal agencies concerned with security, several aviation consumer 

organizations and a terrorist victims group. No members were from academia or the 

makers of aviation security equipment and services. 

Aviation Safety is regulated by the FAA within the Department of Transportation. 

The only advisory committee with a public or passenger representatives is the FAA 

Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC) which is dominated by industry 

representatives. Its Occupant Safety Issue Group and Subcommittee as well as 

other subcommittees involving passenger safety have been inactive for over 10 

years, as the FAA has instead relied on all industry Advisory Rulemaking Committees 

(ARCs) with no passenger representatives that it dubiously claims are exempt from 

the public representation requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act and 

from the Open Meetings Law. 

Conclusion 

The above provisions would cover the largest number of complaints of airline 

passengers, which are Flight Delays and Cancellations and Lost or 

8 
214 

Mishandled Luggage. Airline Passenger Safety and Security issues may be outside 

purview of the DOT Consumer Protection Committee but if so should be addressed by 

ad hoc advisory committees appointed by the Secretary of Homeland Security and 

the Secretary of Transportation with timely reporting requirements to the 

Administration and the Congress. 

Paul Hudson, Executive Director 

Aviation Consumer Action Project (ACAP) 

4411 Bee Ridge Road, #274 

Sarasota, Florida 34233 

410-940-8934 acapaviation@yahoo.com 

240-391-1923 fax 

Kate Hanni, Director 

FlyersRghts.org 

159 Silverado Springs Blvd. 

Napa, California 

707-337-0328 

ENDNOTES 

(1) Examples of monopolistic anti-consumer behaviors include a) removal 

of car rental facilities from airports in favor of remote off-premise centers 

funded by additional taxes on car rentals increasing airline passenger expenses, 

travel time and inconvenience (the freed up space is then used for parking; 

parking fees represent about 60% of airport revenue and are the major source 

of airport revenue growth); b) provisions in airport bond indenture agreements 

and gate leases that restrict airline competition and airport capacity increases 

at airports; c) monopolistic contracts with airport vendors and ground 

transportation companies; d) restricting or shutting down area airports to 

prevent competition with favored airports that are cash cows and patronage 

wells for local politicians and their supporters; e) enforcing higher air fares for 

local travelers to and from hub airports to subsidize through travelers. 

(2) Flight delays cost $32.9 billion, passengers foot half the bill 

By Ann Brody Guy. College of Natural Resources I October 18. 2010 

University of California at Berkeley. 

The cos! of domestic flight delays puts a $32.9 billion dent into the U.S. economy, and about half 

that cost is borne by airline passengers, according to a new study led by researchers at the 

University of California, Berkeley 

9 
215 

The research was commissioned by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the final 

report was delivered to the agency today (Monday, Oct 18), 

Direct cost of air transportation delay in 2007 

Cost Component 

Costs to Airlines 

Costs to Passengers 

Costs from Lost Demand 

Total Direct Cost 

Impact on GDP 

Total Cost 

Cost 

(in billions) 

$83 

$16,7 

$3,9 

$28,9 

$4,0 

$32.9 

See b1tR! Ille1Y~(;_e!l1eLl:J(JrkeI(JYce~l!!]Q 1 Q! l 0/18/t1ight . delay,si for the full text of the 

study, 

(3) Only 6% of all baggage claims are ever paid, and normally claims are rejected 

the first time they are presented. Passengers are NOT given information on how to 

file a claim at airports or TSA CheckpOints either. The airlines claim they hold 

baggage for 90 days but there is no regulation requiring they do so, and they sell 

baggage for about $3.00 per pound to a company in Alabama called 

"unclaimedbaggage.com". Airlines reject passengers requests to come find their 

bags in the warehouses where they claim they store them for 90 days preventing 

any kind of recovery on the part of passengers 

(4) TSA houses a "Crime Database" that has vast information on "mishandled 

baggage" in airports at TSA checkpOints. Narcotic medications are being stolen at 

record rates as are iPADS and other electronics not covered by the airlines contract 

of carriage, therefore in carryon baggage, However, this data base has now been 

taken down from the TSA web site and is no longer available to the public. 

Apparently TSA does not want the public to know the extent of its crime problem. 

Organizational Statement 

The Aviation Consumer Action Project (ACAP) is a nonprofit corporation founded in 

1971 which acts as voice for air travelers on national issues of aviation safety, security, 

and consumer rights, Its publications include Facts & Advice for Airline Passengers (a 

pocket handbook for air travelers). ACAP has been involved in rulemaking before the 

FAA and most particularly bumping, baggage compensation, medical kits on airliners, 

airline security. and air quality, 

10 
216 

Paul Hudson is a New York attorney and has been executive director since 1997. He 

represents ACAP as a member of the FAA Advisory Rulemaking Committee (ARAC), 

Executive Committee and the Transportation Security Administration (rSA) Aviation 

Security Advisory Committee (ASAC) (1997-2006). ACAP has also been an active 

member of the ASHRAE Advisory Committee on Aviation Air Quality Standards. 

ACAP intervened in a class action case on behalf of Northwest Airline passengers who 

were stranded in a snow storm in Detroit for many hours in 1999, the last major case 

involving stranded passengers; and was successful in achieving more thorough notices 

and robust compensation payments for several thousand passengers involved. ACAP 

filed amicus briefs and argued against the Air Transport Assn. position in defense of a 

2007 New York anti-stranding law that was ruled invalid by the Second Circuit Court of 

Appeals based on federal preemption arguments. 

KATE HANNI, DIRECTOR, 

FLYERSRIGHTS.ORG 

Kate Hanni is one today's most passionate and dedicated national figures fighting for 

safeguards and protections to airline passengers. She is the Founder & Executive 

Director ofFlyersRights.org, formerly the Coalition for Airline Passengers' Bill of Rights 

(CAPBOR), the fastest growing airline passengers' coalition in the country. 

Kate, her family and thousands of airline passengers were stranded on the tarmacs of 

airports all over the country aboard 124 American Airlines flights during the Christmas 

holidays, December 29th, 2006. For close to ten hours, Kate and the rest of the 

passengers were given no food, no water, no medical attention and no basic services such 

as working toilettes. Unable to deplane and sitting on the tarmac at Austin airport, Kate 

and other passengers decided to turn anger and frustration into advocacy by creating the 

Coalition for an Airline Passenger Bill of Rights (CAPBOR), now known as 

FlyersRights.org (FRO). 

FRO has grown from 100 members to more than 50,000, and is supported by many 

consumer groups, pilots and flight attendants. Since June 2007, FRO has operated a 24 

hour HOTLINE (1-877-flyers-6) for airline passengers to report their experiences. 

During the first day of operation, the Hotline received more than 920 calls from angry 

and frustrated passengers in less than 3 Y2 hours. 

Kate has taken her mission on behalf of the flying public to the national airwaves. In all, 

Kate has completed more than 5,700 interviews since 2007. And FRO/CAPBOR has tiled 

numerous comments on DOT rulemaking and legislation that have led to significant proconsumer regulations and legislation including: 

• October 2008 tarmac data mandate; airlines must report tarmac data for cancelled, 

diverted and multiple gate return flights 

11 
217 

• May 2008 bumping compensation doubled from 200 and 400 dollars respectively 

to 400 and 800 dollars 

• December 21 2009, the three hour tarmac rule for domestic flights 

• August 23,2011 the 4 hour tarmac rule for international flight 

• August 232011 refunds of baggage fees for lost baggage 

• August 23 2011 another increase in bumping compensation to 650 and 1300 

dollars respectively 

• January 23'h 2012 

o Ban on post purchase price fare increase 

o Ability to hold a ticket for 24 hours without a re-faring fee 

o Full Fare advertising: All fare advertising must include base fare plus any 

mandatory taxes, surcharges and booking fees 

o Mandatory notification of flight delays every 30 minutes by any means 

possible, airport overhead announcements, overhead displays, e-mail, 

phone, text etc. 

o In addition airlines are now required to disclose baggage fees online and 

or on the phone when making a reservation and they must make clear 

where all ancillary fee information can be found prior to booking a ticket. 

In Five years FlyersRights.org had Fifteen Bills introduced before Congress, all titled 

"Airline Passengers Bill of Rights", with both the House and Senate having passed their 

versions of the bills. The FAA Reauthorization Bill passed in February of 2012 

contained an Airline Passengers Bill of Rights. 

FlyersRights.org and its leader Kate Hanni's list of honors is long and growing-

• Named one of the top 25 most influential people by Nielson Business Meetingji In 

Aprilof2007 

• Named in l.lJ\l\mUnt1IJJ;;nti<1Linl@yel by Travel Weekly on Nov. 20, 2007 

• Among Forbes Magazine's 25l\1ost lnnuential Women ill Travel in 2008 

• A Conde Nast Traveler Trailblazer in 2008 

• Named one of Travel Weekly's ,nMQ;;tJllt1l1fcmtillU''i;!llJ~urLJj:a~1 in 2010 

12 
218 

APPENDIX A 

Airline Passenger Compensation Rights on International Flights 

Copyright 2008 

Paul S. Hudson, Esq. 

Aviation Consumer Action Project 

PO Box 19029, Washington, DC 20036 

a~flpa\1i~tioll@Yllh()o"C:(J11l email 

International airline passengers, under the Montreal Convention of 1999 ratified by the 

U.S. in 2003 (and which replaced the Warsaw Convention), now have legal rights that are 

in some ways superior to the rights of passengers on US. domestic flights. International 

air travel covered by this treaty includes any ticketed trip with stopping, departure or 

destination points in two or more countries. These rights include: 

1) Strict liability for bodily injury or death incurred on board the aircraft or in the 

course of embarking or disembarking, up to approximately $160,000 in compensation. 

A passenger does not have to prove negligence or fault by the airline. However, damages 

may be reduced for contributory negligence or wrongful acts by the passenger. 

For damages over $160,000, an airline may use the defense that it was not negligent or 

did not engage in wrongful conduct, or the damages were solely due to negligence or 

wrongful acts of a third party. 

2) For lost or damaged or delayed baggage, the airline liability is generally limited to 

$1,640 per passenger, unless the passenger has handed the airline a special interest 

declaration and paid any supplementary fee. 

3) Airlines are liable for damages caused by delay in the transporting of passengers or 

cargo up to $6,640, unless the airline proves that it took all reasonable measures to 

13 
219 

prevent the damage caused by delay or that it was impossible for them to take such 

measures. 

No airline is permitted by contract to assert lower liability limits for international air 

travel than those provided for in the Montreal Convention and any such contract terms 

are void. In general, state common law tort or statutory actions are now preempted, as 

most courts now view the Montreal Convention as the exclusive remedy for claims 

arising out of international air transportation. 

Time Limits 

Legal actions on all claims must be brought within two (2) years of the incident. 

However, in addition, complaints to the airline for baggage damage claims must be made 

within 7 days, for cargo damage within 14 days of the date of receipt by the passenger. 

For baggage or cargo delay claims, the passenger must file a complaint with the airline 

within 21 days of receipt. Complaint to the airline must be made in writing and delivered 

or sent within the time limits or the claim is barred except in case of fraud by the airline. 

Jurisdiction 

Courts that have jurisdiction for passenger actions against airlines under the Montreal 

Convention include US federal district courts and other courts where the passenger has 

his/her primary and permanent residence, where the airline is domiciled (incorporated) or 

has its principal oUice, the tinal destination location of the Hight, or where the airline has 

a place of business through which the ticket was purchased. 

This short article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. 

Anyone seeking legal advice should consult with an attorney of their choice. The text of 

the Montreal Convention is available on the internet at 

http://wNw.jus.uio.no/lmiair. carriage. unification. cOllventioll. mOlltreaLl,),),)! doc.html 

The US dollar amounts specified in this article are based on the conversion to US dollars 

from the Special Drawing Rights units used in the Convention as of February 22,2008. 

This conversion is posted daily on the International Monetary Fund web site. 

14 
220 

NEW YORK COURTS TO PASSENGER VICTIMS OF I I HOUR TARMAC 

CONFINEMENT: 

IT'S AN AIRLINE "SERVICE", NO RECOVERY ALLOWED EXCEPT FOR PHYSICAL 

INJURY OR DEATH 

New York City, January 21, 2013 

Three New York based courts have ruled that even though US DOT rules now prohibit as an 

unfair and deceptive practice holding airline passengers more than 3 hours on the tarmac and 

require that they be provided with basic sustenance after 2 hours, passengers held for 7 to II 

hours cannot sue for damages, unless they were physically injured. 

Prior to enactment of the DOT Three Hour Rule in 2009, which was proposed and advocated for 

mainly by FlyersRights.org and a coalition it formed in 2007, up to 250,000 were being held on 

the tarmac for over 3 hours for reasons of commercial convenience by airlines. 

www.msnbc.msn.comfidf35766268/nsftravel-rob lovitt columns 

www.faa.gov/documentLibrarvlmedia/NoliceIN711 O.S24.pdf 

In Biscone v JetB/ue Airways Corporation, a midlevel appeal court for Brooklyn, Queens and 

Long Island on December 26,2012 upheld a lower court decision dismissing a complaint by the 

plaintiff and about 1,300 others who were held for II hours on the tannac at JFK Airport on 

Valentine's Day 2007, with inadequate food, water, bathroom facilities or breathable air. The 

court found this was an airline "service" immune from lawsuits, even though the plaintiff alleged 

that the continement was based on knowing, repeated false statements motivated by pecuniary 

gain for the airline and its employees: i.e. that the flight was about to take off and the 

continement was weather related. A passenger who demanded to exit the aircraft was loudly 

threatened with 20 years imprisonment under the Patriot Act by the flight crew. These courts 

accepted the airline argument that in enacting the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 which 

deregulated air fares and scheduling and prohibited state re-regulation, Congress also intended to 

bar all tort lawsuits such as false imprisonment, fraud or infliction of emotional distress where an 

airline's conduct relates to its operations, unless the passenger was injured See 

www.courts,~t<!!!!,,I!1[,.!L~orter/3dseriesf2012!20·12 09019.ll1m 

Jetblue's CEO and founder David Neeleman, who has been named as a witness in the Biscone 

case, publicly apologized profusely for the snafu and admitted the airline did a "horrible job" in 

not deplaning its passengers as other airlines had done that day. Within a month he had lost his 

position as CEO. www.cnbc.comfldl17165981/JelBlue CEO Tells CNBC We Dido 

usatoday30.u"atoday .comltraveIJfiightsf2!107 -05-1 O-jetblue 
221 

f 

In Joseph)' JelRlue a US District in upstate New York reached a similar conclusion in a case 

involving a 7 hour confinement in October 2011 in Hartford Connecticut. 

lawyersusaollline.com/wp-iilesipdts-4fjosepli-v-jelblue.pdf 

The Plaintiff passenger Katharine Biscone, a New York City comedy writer and television 

performer, has appealed to the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court. Her 

attorney Paul Hudson noted that in similar circumstances no other appeal court and nearly all 

other lower courts have refused to dismiss complaints involving extended tarmac confinements 

based on federal preemption grounds, and that another federal court had previously declined to 

dismiss her case and remanded it to state court finding there was no federal jurisdiction. 

www.leagle.com/xrnIResult.aspx.lxmldoc=ln%20FDCO .. 

Ms Biscone also appealed another order of the court which held that by filing a lawsuit in New 

York, she had waived all rights to personal privacy of her medical records, psychological records 

and tax returns which the court found could be disseminated without the restrictions provided for 

in commonly used confidentiality protective orders for electronically tiled cases. 

In a previous case involving 7,000 passengers trapped on the tarmac by Northwest Airlines 

passengers in Detroit in 1999 for J to 9 hours received, settlements paid passengers up to 

several thousand dollars each. Tn another recent case involving Continental Airlines and 

ExpressJ et, a DOT consent order a required compensation to passengers. 

a bcnews,g o,com/B US! nGss!story?!d:~88 80 7 & pag8::C" 1 

For more information contact: Aviation Consumer Action Project acapaviation@yahoo.col11 800-

662-1923 
222 

Response to Questions for the Record from Stephen L. Johnson, Executive 

Vice President, Corporate and Government Affairs, US Airways, Inc. 
223 

a. If whether or not you have a competitor for a certain route is not one of 

the top three factors affecting pricing decisions, what role does it play? 

How important is it in making these decisions? 

As mentioned, several factors may be considered when making pricing decisions. These 

factors include the demand for the service, the cost of providing the service, opportunities for 

expanding the network feed over a hub. service quality, and supply for the service. It is diftlcult 

for me to say with any certainty whether any of these factors are more important than others 

given the variables involved. Some of these factors, such as supply and demand considerations, 

can relate to current and potential future competitive alternatives. 

As indicated more fully in my written statement, we believe the transaction will result in 

a more attractive network that will lead to more service to more destinations in an intensely 

competitive marketplace. As a result, the merger will be good for competition, consumers, and 

choice. 

Question from Subcommittee Member Hank Johnson for Mr. Johnson 

Good morning, Mr. Johnson, and thank you for testifying on this timely issue. I am 

interested in the effects of this merger on nnion and non-nnion employees. You 

have indicated in your submitted testimony that the combination of these airlines 

will "generate substantial net synergies and establish the financial foundation for a 

more stable company and better opportunities for our 100,000 employees." 

However, current and former employees may also be concerned about how the 

merger will affect benefits, such as their heaIthcare benefits or pensions. 

1. How does the merger affect the benefits of current and former employees? 

Support for this merger from our employees is unprecedented. The greater financial 

stability of the combined company will provide signitlcant benetlts to our employees including 

better pay and benefits and a path to compensation that is equal to that of their counterparts at 

Delta and United; more jobs and greatly improved job security; and better opportunities for 

advancement. The strong support of all of our employees and their unions is powerful evidence 

of the cooperation that led to this merger. 

2. Will these benefits change over time? 

We expect employee benefits to improve over time. We believe that is a strong reason 

for the broad employee support for this merger. 

3. Consolidating airlines is usually followed by some job losses due to closures of 

small hubs. Another witness has suggested that greater efficiency or "net 
224 

f 

synergies" really means job losses. Are these efficiencies simply the resnIt of 

closing hnbs and eliminating jobs? 

No. Quite the contrary, we expect to maintain all of our current hubs, and we do not 

expect any job losses at the operational level. We do expect some job losses at the headquarters 

level as we combine those functions. Eliminating redundant headquarters functions accounts for 

part of the synergies involved in this transaction. 

4. Are employees of these regional carriers at risk of losing their jobs? 

We expect no job losses at the operational level and we expect to maintain all of our 

partnerships with regional carriers. We do expect some job losses at the headquarters level as we 

eliminate the redundancy of those functions. 
225 

Response to Questions for the Record from Gary F. Kennedy, Senior Vice 

President, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, American Airlines 
226 

f 

fares and quality of competitive service as well as the potential for new competitive 

entry, including by low cost carriers. As in other industries, ultimately our fares are 

determined by supply and demand in the market. Unlike other industries, we cannot 

hold onlo unsold inventory. Any unsold airline seats are lost when the airplane deparls. 

giving us a strong incentive to sell as many seats as possible at the price needed to sell 

them. Tn attempting to maximize the revenue produced on every flight, we constantly 

monitor the number of unsold seats, the opportunities to sell those seats to either 

connecting or local passengers, as well as the fares being charged by competitors on 

either direct or connecting routings that could be used by customers to reach the same 

destination. We have such competition on every route that we serve. 
227 

Response to Questions for the Record from Christopher L. Sagers, James 

A. Thomas Distinguished Professor of Law, Cleveland State University 
228 

the empirical evidence. It is uncontroversial that network carriers enjoy "hub 

premiums" at hubs where they can maintain routes with substantial concentration. 

LCC competition has apparently sometimes had some constraining effect on prices 

even at hubs, but the only LCC ever shown consistently, meaningfully to discipline 

hub premiums was Southwest Airlines, a phenomenon known as the "Southwest 

effect." With Southwest's growth into a nationwide network carrier in its own 

right, it can no longer be expected to serve as a disruptive maverick.! 

2 Should DOJ redefine the relevant market in its reviews of airline industry transactions so 

as to take a more holistic look at competition in the national airline industry as opposed to 

just looking at city pairs? 

There is reason to believe the agencies are al ready taking "national" effects more 

seriously, even as to markets that have traditionally been defined locally. I think 

they should continue to do so, and that network airline mergers would be an 

appropriate context for it. 

At some point, competitive concerus must arise over increasing national 

concentration, even in sectors where the relevant antitrust markets remain loca\.2 

For example, it may very well be that the price competitiveness of passenger air 

markets still depends mainly on the conditions of a given city-pair, and yet 

increasing national concentration affects those competitive conditions. The more 

concentrated the industry is at the national level, and the more potential points at 

which they face one another or might do so, the less incentive that network carriers 

will have to challenge one another at their points of respective market power. And 

it may be that only national competitors can meaningfully challenge one another. In 

a world in which network carriers are so concentrated nationally that they will no 

longer challenge one another, and LCCs cannot offer meaningfnl price discipline 

because they wonld face overwhelming predatory response, the markets affected 

might remain quite local for antitrust purposes, and yet their competitiveness would 

be affected by national effects. 

1 Sonthwest now has significant pockets of market power and a nationwide 

presence of its own. That being the case, simple, widely accepted oligopoly theory 

suggests that it is no longer rational for Southwest to act disruptively. Oligopolists 

are more profitable when they do not aggressively compete with one another. 

2 Tn antitrust, courts analyze challenged transactions by first defining the 

"relevant markets" in which they occnr. Courts ask how many firms there are that 

are geographically close enongh to a defendant, and offer products similar enough 

to the defendant's products, that they could provide a competitive constraint on the 

defendant's ability to raise price or otherwise harm consumers. 

In passenger air transport, markets have traditionally been defined locallyeach pair of cities served by an airline is typically defined as its own individual 

market. An airline that doesn't face local competition on a given city-pair can 

usually undertake fairly significant price increases on that route, because consumers 

in most cases would have to go prohibitively far to find a lower-priced alternative. 
229 

In principle at least, DOJ does not disagree, as one can see from its complaint in 

a transaction that it successfully opposed last year: the proposed merger of AT&T 

and T-Mobile. Tn prior wireless mergers, DOJ had defined markets locally. But in 

the challenged AT &Trr -Mobile transaction, the government spoke of local markets 

and of national effects, noting that the four "national" competitors priced and 

advertised on a national basis. 

To what degree should DO] be required to consider the actual impacts on competition of 

previous mergers in gauging the purported competitive effects of a proposed merger? 

Both agencies should do so. DOJ should measure the effects on airfares after 

previous mergers, and should also ask whether the predicted efficiencies occurred. 

Both agencies do in fact engage in a substantial amount of this kind of analysis, and 

doing so has been among their major contributions throughout their history. DOJ 

in particular has studied airline markets, internally and in public conferences and 

reports.3 

4. How relevant is it, or should it be, to the DOl's merger review analysis that it has already 

allowed several somewhat similar mergers to take place? Should this create a 

presumption in favor of allowing the American·US Airways merger to proceed? 

As a a matter of black letter law the approval of prior transactions is not 

relevant and as a matter of policy it should not be. It should not create any 

presumption. 

1. Whether This Deall~ Actually So Similar 

First, in a significant and legally relevant respect, this transaction is not actually 

similar to previous network airline mergers, despite the parties' argument. This 

transaction is from five major competitors to four, leaving only three network 

carriers to discipline the merged entity. Previous transactions at least left larger 

numbers of independent networks to compete. The same must eventually become 

true in any series of transactions in an already concentrated oligopoly. A series of 

discrete mergers of similar size and similar regional overlaps at some point can no 

longer be said to be really "similar," because at some point the cumulative effect of 

the overall reduction in numbers is qualitatively different. 

2. The Basic Doctrinal Issue, and the Role of "Fairness" 

In any case, any similarity to prior mergers is legally irrelevant as a matter of 

law and longstanding American tradition, and it would be bad policy were it 

otherwise. (A) First, the language of Clayton Act § 7 and the Hart-Scott-Rodino 

3 See, e.g., http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/airlines200S/agenda. 

htm!. 
230 

Act is silent as to past transactions. The only substantive question under these laws 

is whether "the effect of [an] acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition, 

or to tend to create a monopoly."~ Moreover, by longstanding American tradition 

with roots in English law, the government enjoys "prosecutorial discretion" to 

choose which cases to pursue. A defendant cannot challenge the executive's choice 

to pursue him and not some other person, even though their circumstances may be 

the same. So, for example, a person accused of a crime cannot challenge the 

prosecutor's failure to accuse another person who committed the same acts; the 

courts will simply not consider it. While the handling of a case by the courts can 

create binding precedent for subsequent cases, the executive's decision not to 

prosecute one defendant is literally irrelevant to its decision to prosecute another. 

(B) Second, for one obvious reason, it would be bad policy were the law to 

require government forebearance in a given case because it already forebore in a 

similar one. In the case of mergers in already concentrated industries, each 

subsequent merger-while it may be superficially similar to the last-makes the 

sector more concentrated. If there is some rule, based in fairness, that like mergers 

must be treated alike, then apparently once the government approved one merger it 

would have to stand by while the market moves toward anticompetitive oligopoly or 

monopoly. Of course they don't quite say as much out loud, but the parties to this 

merger seem to imply just that. 

3. The Asserted "Competitive Disadvantage" 

Finally, some Committee Members suggested a separate argument: that if this 

merger is blocked by DOJ, it would leave American Airlines and U.S. Airways at 

competitive disadvantage against the other network carriers. That is just as 

unpersuasive as the carriers' general argument that the merger will be 

procompetitive. First, Messrs. Kennedy and Johnson claimed at length, along with 

Dr. Winston, that the LCCs already provide "intense" competition, and that 

passenger air markets are now highly competitive because of the presence of the 

LCCs. But how could that be, if a comprehensive network is needed to compete? 

They also stressed the importance of competition from Southwest. But Southwest 

grew rapidly during the decades since deregulation from a comparatively small 

LCC with no comprehensive network, into a nationwide network carrier rivaling 

the legacy carriers themselves in size and comprehensiveness. It did so despite 

never having merged with any large, existing network. (Southwest has engaged in 

acquisitions, but only of other LCCs.) How did it do so, if one must have a network 

as large as one's opponent in order to challenge it? Finally, Messrs. Johnson and 

Kennedy acknowledged on the record, under questioning by Representative 

Conyers, that if the merger is blocked, both airlines would go forward and prosper. 

But how so, if they are at such a disadvantage? 

4 Clayton Act § 7, codified at 15 U.S.c. § 18. 
231 

As T testified and have tried to show in these answers, the merger is better 

explained as an effort to shore up existing power and acquire more of it, than to 

develop procompetitive efficiencies. 

Is the airline industry already sufficiently concentrated such that the purported benefits of 

consolidating the industry no longer outweigh its costs to competition and consumer 

welfare? 

There is no real proof that consolidations have produced any benefits in the 

industry. Again, I think their purpose has been to shore up and increase market 

power on dominated routes. The harm to competition and consumer welfare, by 

contrast, is well demonstrated by the empirical evidence. So, yes, if there ever were 

socially desirable benefits from network carrier consolidation, they surely by now 

have been overwhelmed by consumer injury. 

6 Given that prior mergers in the airline industry do not appear to have helped the resulting 

finns avoid financial difficulties, are mergers really an effective response to industry 

bankruptcies and tinancial instability? 

While merging parties always claim that their deal will produce "synergies," 

some purportedly synergistic cost savings here will be reduced service and employee 

layoffs. Reducing capacity (and laying off workers no longer needed because of it) is 

precisely what firms with market power do so that they can raise their prices. To at 

least some extent, the "synergies" of the deal will be just a the effort of an oligopolist 

to reap the rewards of increased market power. 

But whatever the parties' responses may be to those specific criticisms, I believe 

they cannot avoid the historical record. No legacy airline has consistently 

performed well for any long period since deregulation, notwithstanding a long series 

of mergers each of which was allegedly needed to improve financial performance. 

The carriers' claim is false. 

7. Should the authority to grant antitrust immunity for airline alliances be taken from DOT 

and given to DOJ, as was the case with the authority to review airline mergers? 

Yes. Sector-specific regulators have commonly been more susceptible to 

industry capture in the enforcement of competition values than are the antitrust 

agencies. Based on its history since airline deregulation, 1 believe that that has at 

least sometimes characterized DOT. 

This is why few sectors now enjoy merger approval by a sector-specific 

regulator, even though that once characterized many regulated industries. Sectorspecific merger review survives in only four industries, and by bi-partisan 
232 

consensus, those four remaining loopholes should be c1osed.5 The same should be no 

less true of DOT's power to approve airline alliances. 

8 Mr. Kennedy states that "it is clear that this merger does not create a high degree of 

concentration." What is your response? 

Airline markets are already pervasively concentrated, and network carriers hold 

very significant pricing power at hubs. This merger will worsen matters in two 

ways. First, individual routes will become yet more concentrated (even the parties 

acknowledge that 12 routes represent "overlaps" between them, and as I testified, 

their assessment of the amount of competitive "overlap" between them is 

unrealistically low). Second, whatever incentive they may currently have to 

challenge one another or other network carriers on those routes where they 

currently hold market power will be even further diminished by further 

consolidation. 

9 You note that many observers have suggested that legacy carriers "have engaged in 

selective predatory pricing attacks to exclude entrants from city-pair routes where they 

enjoy dominance .... " Should DO] take a more aggressive stance in opposing such 

conduct than it has in the past? 

I wish that DOJ could, but the fault is emphatically not with the agencies. DOJ 

to its great credit brought a major predation challenge in the early 2000s, which 

happened to involve not only an airline but one of the presently merging parties. In 

United Stutes v. AMR Corp., 335 F.3d 1109 (10th Cir. 2003), the government 

challenged episodes of price predation by American Airlines during the 1990s 

against LCCs on routes between its hub at Dallas-Fort Worth and four smaller 

western cities. (Routes between hubs and small cities are ordinarily more 

concentrated and therefore more profitable for the dominant carrier. Protecting 

that profitability would be a plausible motive for American to attack LCC entrants 

through predation.) In each case, American succeeded in driving out the would-be 

entrant through bouts of undisputedly drastic price cuts. The DOJ team-which is 

to say, some of the best antitrust lawyers and economists in the United Statesmounted a large, fact-intensive campaign based on American's own internal 

accounting data to show that the capacity American added to these routes to 

support its price cuts cost more than the revenues they added. But DOJ lost, 

because the court demanded a level of precision in its proof that was probably just 

not possible.6 

See, e.g., ANTITRUST MODERNIZATION COMMISSION, REpORT AND 

RECOMMENDATIONS 341-42 (2007). 

6 To simplify a complex story, courts define "predation" as pricing below cost 

with the goal of destroying competitors-that is, pricing at an actual loss to the 

predator itself. Tn AMR, DOJ argued that such pricing could be shown where 

American added new flights on a given route facing LCC entry, but earned revenue 

from those flights insufficient to cover the additional costs of adding them. While 
233 

The case was doomed by the same obstacle that now dooms essentially all 

predatory pricing claims-literally no predation case has enjoyed more than 

marginal courtroom success in 20 years. That obstacle is the exceedingly difficult 

legal test set up in Brooke Group U(L v. Brown & Wiffiamson Tobacco Lorp., 509 U.S. 

209 (1993). There the Court demanded that predation plaintiffs prove both (1) price 

below cost, and (2) a reasonable chance that the predator will be able to recoup the 

losses of its price war once the victim exits. Possibly even more important was the 

Court's emphatic discussion of its view that price predation is extremely unlikely, 

which did failed to acknowledge that the economic community is actually much less 

convinced of that view than is the Court. Essentially all cases now fail on one or 

both of these requirements, and AMR lost on the government's ability to prove price 

below cost. 

Given DOJ's experience in the AMR case, and Congress's acquiescence in a 

standard under Brooke Group that has doomed every predation case brought since 

Brooke Group was decided, can anyone blame DOJ for not bringing more predation 

cases? 

10. Why do you think the "antitrust agencies and the courts lack any resolve to actually stop 

major mergers?" Is there anything Congress can do to change this situation? Should 

Congress try to change this situation? 

Again, I meant no criticism of the agencies. Moreover I have no personal 

knowledge of how the agencies have made their judgments as to any particular 

merger, and I believe that law enforcement decisions are hard to analyze from the 

outside. But often they apparently do lack resolve and I believe it is because the law, 

as formulated by the federal courts, has come to be so heavily stacked against them. 

Congress should try to change the situation. Congress's last substantive 

modification of the standard under which mergers are judged was more than 60 

years ago, in the Celler-Kefauver Amendment to Clayton Act § 7.7 That statute---

like each of the several other substantive modifications Congress has made to 

merger law over its long Iife---was meant to make merger law more aggressive, and 

to reverse judicial obstruction to it.8 And yet, in more recent times, the federal 

the court apparently agreed with that argument in principle, it dismissed the suit 

because the government could not, with surgical precision, show that each of the 

costs it included in its measure of costs was truly attributable only to the increased 

capacity, and not to fixed overhead or other costs not incurred solely because of the 

added capacity. But concededly, American itself could not have done that, even 

with its own data. 

7 Pub. L. No. 81-899, 64 Stat. 1125 (1950). 

8 Every time Congress has amended merger law in substance, it has done so to 

reverse judicial opinions that limited it. Clayton Act § 7, adopted in 1914, was itself 

a reaction to the judiciary'S refusal to use the Sherman Act to actively block 
234 

courts have once again issued a long series of opinions restricting Congress's merger 

policy. Above all, the most important consequence of the Celler-Kefauver 

Amendment, reinvigoration of the so-called "incipiency standard" of merger review, 

has been essentially repealed in whole by the courts, with no indication from 

Congress that they should do SO.9 

Solutions Congress might consider could vary quite a lot, and no doubt would be 

politically controversial. However, substantive merger law is now hugely weakened, 

and is invoked to block only the largest or most controversial mergers. Accordingly, 

despite having a merger law in place for nearly a century, and devoting massive 

resources to it, our antitrust has been helpless even to slow the series of merger 

"waves" that have become relatively frequent in recent decades, each one larger 

than the last/o and all in spite of increasingly persuasive evidence that mergers can 

be anticompetitive,11 and, on average, produce no net social benefits. 12 

mergers. The Celler-Kefauver Amendment of 1950 likewise reversed a number of 

adverse judicial opinions, which would have restricted the original § 7 to stock 

acquisitions, and to only those acquisitions limiting competition between the parties 

to the acquisition. Finally, the Antitrust Procedural Improvements Act of 1980, 

Pub. L. No. 96-349, 94 Stat. 1154, § 6(a) (1980), reversed Supreme Court decisions 

that drastically limited the reach of § 7. (Namely the Court had held § 7 to reach 

only persons engaged "in interstate commerce," which the Court defined to require 

transactions that actually crossed state lines; that would describe a much smaller 

scope of conduct than is reached under Congress's general "interstate commerce" 

jurisdiction, all of which § 7 is now understood to reach. The 1980 amendment also 

made § 7 apply to all "persons," and not just "corporations"). 

9 Even the original Clayton Act, which sought to prevent transactions that 

merely "tend" towards monopoly, was read to reach competitive harms that were 

only "incipient." But prior to about 1960, that goal was honored by the courts 

mainly in the breach. The first major interpretations of the Celler-Kefauver 

Amendment, however, found its legislative history to emphatically restate the 

incipiency goal, see, e.g., Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 318 n.32 

(1962), and the caselaw thereafter became much more restrictive of mergers for 

roughly a decade or so. 

That began to change quite radically following personnel changes on the 

Supreme Court in the early 1970s, and certain merger opinions issued then, and the 

lower courts continued the theme with ever more demanding standards for merger 

challenge. The state of the law at present is that, quite to the contrary of the onetime "incipiency" standard, plaintiffs now must overcome a substantial 

presumption against § 7 enforcement. They must show very large concentration 

numbers, very significant entry barriers or other market failures, and very 

compelling theories of competitive injury. 

10 See F.M. Scherer, A New Retrospective on Mergers, 28 REV. INDus. ORG. 327, 

327-29 (2006). 

11 See, e.g., JOHN E. KWOKA, MERGERS AND MERGER REMEDIES IN THE UNITED 

STATES: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS (Cambridge: MIT Press, forthcoming 2013). 
235 

Æ