$-, United States 

!&& D epartment of 

Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station 

Research Paper 

NE-589 

Age and Stem Origin of 

Appalachian Hardwood 

Reproduction Following A 

Clearcut and Herbicide 

Treatment 

G. R. Trimble, Jr., E. H. Tryon, 

H. Clay Smith, J. D. Hillier 
The Authors 

G. R. Trimble, Jr. (retired) was timber management project leader for the USDA 

Forest Service's Northeastern Forest..Experiment Station at the Timber and Watershed Laboratory, Parsons, West Virginia. A forestry graduate of the University of 

Maine, he worked for a number of years on forest management problems in the 

Northeastern States. 

E. H. Tryon, (retired) Professor of Silviculture, Division of Forestry, West Virginia 

University, Morgantown, West Virginia, received his forestry training at the University of New Hampshire, Oregon State, and Yale University. 

H. Clay Smith is Project Leader of timber management research, USDA Forest 

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Timber and Watershed Laboratory, Parsons, West Virginia. He received his forestry education at West Virginia 

University, Purdue University, and New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse. 

When this study was conducted, J. D. Hillier was a graduate student at West Virginia University, Division of Forestry, where Tryon was his major professor. 

Manuscript received for publication February 14, 1986 

Abstract 

Seven years after a clearcut and herbicide treatment in a West Virginia stand of 

Appalachian hardwoods, root and stem ages were determined for sugar maple, 

black cherry, and white ash. Age was used to verify origin and origin was used to 

evaluate reproduction stem development 7 years after clearcutting. Sugar maple 

stems originated from advanced reproduction; black cherry originated primarily 

from seedlings that germinated during or after treatment; and white ash stems 

were a mixture of seedlings, advanced reproduction, and stump sprouts. 
This paper is based on a reproduction study of hardwood 

stem development 7 years after clearcutting. It provides 

insight into the influence of origin or crown class for three 

valuable hardwood species. The results have implications 

that apply to areas of similar site and stand characteristics 

and silvicultural treatment. 

The main objective of this study was to identify reproduction 

origin class and relate it to total stem height and groundline 

diameter (primarily for trees in the dominant-codominant 

crown class) 7 years after clearcutting. A second objective 

was to use root and stem shoot ages to verify when the 

reproduction was established. Intermediate and overtopped 

trees were also evaluated. The hardwood species studied 

were sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), black cherry 

(Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and white ash (Fraxinus americana 

L.). Reproduction originated from seed, stump sprouts, and 

advance reproduction. Advanced reproduction was further 

divided into four classes: seedlings, seedling-sprouts (new), 

seedling-sprouts (old), and advanced stems. 

A number of studies have dealt with the origin of hardwood 

reproduction after clearcutting (Sander and Clark 1971 ; 

McGee and Hooper 1970; McQuilken 1975). Many variables, 

such as site quality, species composition, and density of 

the stand before harvesting, affect the reproduction characteristics of the new stand of trees. The study reported here 

should provide a better understanding of some of these 

factors and additional information for developing methods to 

improve species composition. With certain desired species, it 

is necessary to have advanced reproduction established 

before harvesting, In other instances, desired species are 

established after a harvest cut from seed accumulated in the 

soil. 

Studv Area * 

The study area is on the Fernow Experimental Forest near 

Parsons, West Virginia, maintained by the U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. The present 

forest type is mixed Appalachian hardwoods with a site 

index for red oak of 74 feet at 50 years. 

Stand History 

The forest was first logged about 1910. It was high-graded, 

a common logging practice during that period, and many 

unwanted trees were left. The next disturbance to the forest 

was the removal in the 1940's of dead stems of American 

chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) killed during 

the 1930's by the chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica). 

Partial cuttings were made in' 1958, 1963, and 1968. These 

light cuttings removed 14, 9, and 6 percent, respectively, 

of the basal area in trees 5.0 inches or more in d.b.h. The 

stand was then clearcut between July 1969 and May 1970, 

and all stems 1.0 to 4.9 inch& d.b.h. were sprayed at the 

base with 2, 4, 5-T. Because small stems were treated with 

herbicide rather than cut, some potential stems of stump 

sprout origin were eliminated from the future stand. Trees 

larger than 5.0 inches d.b.h. were cut. After the removal of 

sawlogs and pulpwood, only a few living trees between 

1.0 and 4.9 inches d.b.h. escaped the herbicide and remained in the stand. Most of the advanced reproduction remaining was less than 1.0 inch in d.b.h. 

Stand Description 

At the time of clearcutting, the main stand was about 60 

years old and had a volume of 7,928 board feet per acre 

(International 1h-inch rule) in trees over 11.0 inches d.b.h. 

The basal area was 95 square feet in trees over 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. Before cutting, trees over 5.0 inches d.b.h. totaled 152 

per acre and were mainly chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), 

red maple (Acer rubrum L.), northern red oak (Quercus 

rubra L.), sweet birch (Betula lenta L.), and Fraser magnolia 

(Magnolia fraseri Walt.). Also, some sugar maple and black 

cherry and a few white ash were present. 

The large advance reproduction, stems 1.0 to 4.9 inches 

d.b.h., totaled 475 stems per acre before cutting and was 

dominated by American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) 

with 145 stems per acre, followed by downy serviceberry 

(Amelanchier arborea (Michx F.)) and sugar maple, each 

averaging 70 stems per acre. White ash and black cherry 

were minor components of the large reproduction (about 5 

trees per acre). Small advance reproduction, 1.0 foot in 

height to 0.9 inch in d.b.h., totaled about 3,200 stems and 

was dominated by sugar maple (710 stems per acre), American beech (400), red maple (330), and sassafras (Sassafras 

albidum (Nutt.) Nees.) (265 stems per acre). White ash and 

black cherry small advanced reproduction averaged about 

100 stems per acre. 

During the 7th year after clearcutting, a reproduction inventory found more than 4,000 overstory sapling stems per acre 

(Fig. 1). Black cherry, yellow-poplar, sugar maple, staghorn 

sumac (Rhus typhina L.), white ash, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were the most common overstory 

species. 

Study Methods 

Seven years after treatment, approximately 50 dominantcodominant sugar maple, black cherry, and white ash trees 

were selected at random for study. For the intermediateovertopped crown class, more than 30 stems were sampled 

per species, except for black cherry, of which few stems 

were present. All sample trees were at least 4.5 feet tall. 

The general overstory stand canopy ranged from 12 to 20 

feet high. Study trees were selected with compass line transects randomly established throughout the study area. 
Figure 1A. Study area after clearcutting. 6. Seven years later the overstory stems averaged more than 4,000 per acre. 

2 
Field Procedure. Species and crown class were recorded 

for each randomly selected sample stem. The roots of each 

sample tree (except stump sprouts) were exposed to a 

depth of about 6 inches below the root collar. Roots were 

then cut off, leaving 3 to 4 inches of root attached to the 

stem. Total height of the stem shoot was measured from the 

root collar to the tip of the terminal leader. 

A different method was used in collecting stump sprouts. 

Sprouts from stumps greater than 2.0 inches in diameter at 

the groundline were cut off at the union with the stump. 

Diameter of the stump at the groundline (inches) and height 

of origin of the sprout on the stump (feet) were recorded. 

Where there were multiple sprouts, the tallest sprout was 

sampled. Sprout height was measured from the union of the 

sprout and stump to the tip of the terminal leader. 

Laboratory Procedure. In the laboratory, the age of the 

stems and roots was determined by sectioning and detailed 

stem analysis, including X-ray radiography where annual 

rings were difficult to determine (Renton et al. 1974). 

Three stem-origin classes were recognized: 

1. New seedlings-stems originating from seed during or 

after clearcutting. 

2. Stump sprouts-sprouts occurring after clearcutting 

from stumps greater than 2.0 inches in diameter at 

groundline or from advance reproduction greater than 

2.0 inches in diameter at groundline. 

3. Advanced reproduction-stems that existed before 

clearcutting. 

3a. Advanced seedlings-root and stem same age and 

both older than 7 years. 

3b. Advanced seedling-sprout (new)-root older than 7 

years, stem 7 years or younger. 

3c. Advanced seedling-sprout (old)-root older than 

stem, both root and stem older than 7 years. 

3d. Advanced stems-stem older than 7 years, age of 

root could not be determined. 

Analyses. The number of stems in each of the three origin 

classes was determined for each species by crown class. 

Where possible, samples from different origin classes within 

each individual species were tested for significant differences at the 5 percent level. Differences in 7-year total 

height and groundline stem diameter among the origin 

classes, other than stump sprouts, were tested for statistical 

significance by a one-way analysis of variance. Only stems 

in the dominant-codominant crown class were used for these 

7-year growth comparisons, as these taller stems were considered to have grown freely throughout the 7-year period. 

and groundline diameter at the time of clearcutting. Sometimes data from all available crown classes were used for 

the regression analyses, and in some cases, the samples 

were so small that the analyses provided information trends 

only. Also, the data on seedlings of stump sprout origin were 

biased by the herbiciding of saplings during the initial treatment. 

Results 

Root and Shoot Age Relationships-The 

basis of stem origin 

The root and shoot ages were determined for advanced 

seedlings and seedling-sprouts. Roots from stump sprouts 

were not aged. Root and shoot ages for dominant-codominant sugar maple were as follows: 

9 advanced seedlings-root-shoots averaged 20 years, 

ranging from 9 to 37 years; 

6 advanced seedling-sprouts (new)-roots averaged 19.5 

years, ranging from 9 to 42 years; shoots were 7 years 

old or younger; 

14 advanced seedling-sprouts (old)-roots averaged 24 

years, ranging from 15 to 43 years; shoots averaged 16 

years, ranging from 8 to 26 years (Table I). 

Root and shoot ages for dominant-codominant white ash 

were as follows: 

5 advanced seedlings-root-shoots averaged 12 years, 

ranging from 9 to 16 years; 

3 advanced seedling-sprouts (new)-roots averaged 13 

years, ranging from 11 to 15 years, shoots 7 years or 

younger; 

9 advanced seedling-sprouts (old)-roots averaged 21.5 

years, ranging from 11 to 44 years, shoots averaged 16.5 

years, ranging from 9 to 25 years (Table 1). 

For black cherry, the average age of both roots and shoots 

of advanced seedlings was less than that for sugar maple 

and white ash. Root and shoot ages for dominant-codominant black cherry were as follows: 

3 advanced seedlings-root-shoots were 11.5 years ranging from 10 to 13 years. 

6 advanced seedling-sprouts (new)-roots were 12.5 

years ranging from 8 to 17 years, shoots were 7 years or 

younger (Table 1). 

Ten different forms of simple regression equations were 

used to determine whether there were significant relationships between 7-year total height of advance reproduction 
Table 1 .-Number of stems per root-stem age class for advanced reproduction. 

Advanced seedlings Advanced seed-sprt (new) Advanced seed-sprt (old) 

Crown Age Age Age 

Species class <10 10-19 20-29 30+ Ave. <I0 10-19 20-29 30+ Ave. <10 10-19 20-29 30 + Ave. 

RaSRSRSRS R S 

Sugar maple D-Cb 1 5 1 2 20.3 1 3 1 1 19.50 3 2 7 11 4 1 0 23.9 16.2 

1-0 0 4 1 0 17.8 1 3 2 1 19.1 0 1 11 12 7 5 0 0 21.3 16.4 

Black cherry D-C 0 3 0 0 11.7 2 4 0 0 12.30 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 21.3 16.4 

1-0 1 1 0 0 9.0 0 1 0 0 12.0 

White ash D-C 2 3 0 0 12.0 0 3 0 0 13.30 2 5 4 2 3 2 0 21.7 16.3 

1-0 0 1 0 0 11.0 1 1 0 0 11.5 

"R = Root; S = Stem 

'D-c = Dominant-codominant crown class 

1-0 = Intermediate-overtopped crown class 

Table 2.-Seven-year total heights and groundline diameter" by species, origin class, and crown class. - Advanced seedling-sprout Adv. stems Stump sprouts 

New seedlings Adv. seed. (New) (Old) 

Species No. 7-Yr No. 7-Yr No. 7-Y r No. 7-Yr No. 7-Yr No. 7-Yr 

stems Ht. Dia. stems Ht. Dia. stems Ht. Dia. stems Ht. Dia. items Ht. Dia. stems Ht. Dia. 

ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in ft in 

DOMINANT-CODOMINANT CROWN CLASS 

Sugar maple - - - 9 14.5 1.3 6 12.4 1.7 14 13.9 2.0 15 16.2 2.4 5 14.6 1.9 

Blackcherry 36 14.9 1.3 3 22.0 2.7 6 17.8 1.7 2 20.0 2.0 - - - 1 20.7 3.0 

White ash 23 12.4 1.4 5 16.0 1.9 3 13.3 2.0 9 15.2 1.6 2 20.0 3.8 9 17.1 1.8 

INTERMEDIATE-OVERTOPPED CROWN CLASS 

Sugar maple - - - 5 8.7 0.8 7 8.9 0.7 18 9.3 0.8 1 14.2 1.0 2 10.6 1.2 

Blackcherry 9 12.3 0.8 2 12.2 0.7 1 14.3 1.0 - --- - - - - - 

White ash 33 7.8 0.6 1 8.9 0.8 2 12.6 0.9 - --- - - - - - 

"Groundline stem or stump sprout diameter. 
Predicting total height using groundline I stem diameter 

Only two advanced seedling-sprouts (old) of black cherry 

were measured and the roots were 13 and 21 years old, 

while the shoot ages were 10 and 18, respectively. Though 

a few black cherry roots and shoots of advanced reproduction were 15 years plus, most of the roots were about 10 

years old, indicating that the more intolerant black cherry do 

not normally live as long as the sugar maple or white ash 

in the undisturbed stand. 

Origin of stems by crown class. A total of 82 sugar maple 

stems were sampled; of the 49 dominant-codominant stems, 

41 percent were advanced seedling-sprouts and 18 percent 

were advanced seedlings (Table 2). Also, 31 percent of 

advanced stems could not be categorized as either seedlings or seedling-sprouts because of aging difficulties. No 

new sugar maple seedlings taller than 4.5 feet were sampled. Since stems less than 5.0 inches d.b.h. had been 

herbicided, few stump sprouts were found. Sixty-seven percent of the intermediate-overtopped sugar maple stems were 

advanced seedling-sprouts (Table 2). Advanced seedlingsprouts dominated the sugar maple reproduction origin class 

in the 7-year-old even-aged stand. 

Black cherry and white ash had considerably more new 

stems of seedling origin than sugar maple. Of the 48 dominant-codominant black cherry stems sampled, 75 percent 

originated as new seedlings and 17 percent were advanced 

seedling-sprouts (Table 2). Similarly, of the 12 intermediateovertopped black cherry stems, 75 percent were new seedlings, A total of 51 dominant-codominant white ash trees 

were sampled. From this total, 45 percent were designated 

new seedlings, and 24 percent were advanced seedlingsprouts (Table 2). Also, 36 white ash stems were in the 

intermediate-overtopped class and 92 percent of these 

stems were new seedlings. 

Effect of stem origin on height and groundline diameter. 

In general, for white ash and sugar maple, stump sprouts 

were as tall or taller than advanced seedlings, taller than advanced seedling-sprouts (old), and taller than advanced 

seedling-sprouts (new). For black cherry, the number of 

samples was too low for comparisons (Table 2). However, 

where present, the intolerant black cherry stems within a 

similar origin class were always taller than the white ash or 

sugar maple 7 years after clearcutting (Table 2). 

After 7 years, dominant-codominant advanced seedlingorigin stems had the smallest groundline stem diameter 

among sugar maple origin classes (Table 2). Groundline 

diameter for advanced black cherry seedling-sprouts (new 

and old) averaged about 0.5 inches more than new seedlings. Also, as expected, white ash advanced seedlings and 

seedling-sprouts were consistently larger in groundline stem 

diameter than new seedling reproduction. 

Groundline stem diameter when the stand was cut was used 

to predict total height of advanced reproduction 7 years 

after clearcutting. We cannot recommend using groundline 

stem diameter to predict 7-year total height for advanced 

seedlings (excluding seedling sprouts). More data are 

needed. 

For all sugar maple crown classes in the advanced seedlingsprouts (old and new) reproduction stem origin category the 

best regression, though significant, was low, with an R2 of 

0.41. Similar regressions for black cherry (R2 = 0.58) and 

white ash (R2 = 0.77) were significant too. Total heightinitial groundline diameter regressions for advanced seedling-sprouts (new) from all crown classes improved slightly 

for sugar maple (R2 = 0.50) and black cherry (R2 = 0.87). 

All coefficients were significant. Too few data were available 

to calculate R2 values for white ash. 

In general, for advanced seedling-sprouts, data for black 

cherry and to a lesser degree white ash indicated that initial 

groundline stem diameter could be used as a predictor of 

7-year total height. Many of the better regression equations 

were in the form: 

Y = akb(logX) 

where Y = Total height (7-year) in feet 

X = Groundline stem diameter (initial) in 

inches 

Log = Common log (base 10) 

Using the equation for all crown classes of black cherry 

advanced seedling-sprouts (new), 

Y = 20.184 + 9.059 (log 0.5) 

Y = 20.184 + 9.059 (-0.30) 

Y = 17.5 feet 

thus if the initial groundline stem diameter was 0.5 inches 

the total height at 7 years would be 17.6 feet and the R2 

would be 0.87. 

Data from all advanced stem origin classes were combined 

for all crown classes and separate equations developed 

for each species. Results indicate that prediction equations 

were acceptable for sugar maple (R2 = 0.73) and white ash 

(R2 = 0.63); however, the equation for black cherry (R2 = 

0.22) was poor. Thus, combining advanced seedlings with 

advanced seedling-sprouts for all crown classes and using 

the groundline diameter at clearcutting to predict total height 

7 years later could be done for sugar maple and white ash 

stems. 

By measuring groundline stem diameter for advanced reproduction when the stand was clearcut. we can make a rea- 
sonable prediction of how tall a tree will be in the stand 

7 years later. For example, if the groundline stem diameter 

of an advanced white ash stem was 0.8, the total height 

after 7 years would be estimated at between 11 and 12 feet 

(1 1.6 feet) when using the equation for white ash as indicated: 

White ash Y = 12.84 + 12.30 (log X); 

Sugar maple Y = 10.51 + 14.57 (log X); 

Black cherry Y = 20.91 + 6.12 (log X). 

However, we realize more data are needed to develop better 

equations for the stem origin categories. And once better 

equations are developed, the predicted values need to be 

verified with more field data. 

Discussion 

We recognize that the herbicide treatment had some effect 

on the availability of stems of stump sprout origin, but we 

cannot evaluate this effect. More stump-sprout origin stems 

would be expected from a normal clearcut than from a clearcut with herbicide. However, the root-shoot age for advanced reproduction would not be affected. The age of roots 

indicated that the small advanced sugar maple reproduction 

averaged about 20 years, but some roots were more than 

40 years old. Tryon and Powell (1984) reported that advanced white ash seedlings were slightly younger than the 

sugar maples, but some advanced seedling sprouts were 

also more than 40 years old. Advanced black cherry seedling roots were considerably younger than those of sugar 

maple and white ash. Black cherry roots averaged about 12 

years. In view of the age of advanced reproduction, classical 

silviculturists may consider revising their thoughts on evenaged and uneven-aged hardwood stands. 

In this study, advance reproduction is the most important 

source of sugar maple stems; 90 percent of the dominantcodominant stems originated from advanced seedlingsprouts or seedlings. The establishment of new seedlings as 

a result of treatment was the major source of black cherry 

stems, accounting for 75 percent of the dominant-codominant stems. However, the origin of white ash stems was 

more evenly distributed: New ash seedlings accounted for 

45 percent and advanced reproduction 37 percent of the ash 

reproduction. Thus, advanced reproduction plays a major 

role in stem development of sugar maple and white ash, but 

for black cherry, the development of new seedlings was a 

significant factor in this study. The recent periodic light thinnings could have influenced the establishment and development of advanced regeneration, too. 

The results of this study generally support earlier findings 

that species behavior is related to shade tolerance, crown 

class, and growth rates. These variables interact with differences in stand conditions and treatments. 

Some meaningful regressions were found using initial 

groundline stem diameter to predict 7-year total height for 

advanced stems and advanced seedling-sprouts. However, 

more data and field verification of the predicted values are 

needed. 

Sugar maple. Sugar maple is the most shade tolerant of the 

three species studied, and new seedlings failed to produce 

dominant-codominant trees 7 years after clearcutting. Smith 

(1983) found that even with annual removal of competing 

forest vegetation, small sugar maple stems did not maintain 

enough height growth after clearcutting to compete. 

Winget (1 968) in Quebec and Ostrom (1938) in Pennsylvania observed that sugar maple developed almost entirely 

from advance reproduction. Sugar maple is able to withstand 

several years of complete suppression and still respond to 

release (Downs 1946). However, small reproduction at the 

time of clearcutting cannot compete with the surge of fastergrowing, more intolerant vegetation. Most of the sugar maple 

stems in even-aged stands in Pennsylvania were found to 

be old advance reproduction from sapling or small polesized advance reproduction (Marquis et al. 1975). 

Black cherry. New black cherry seedlings grew well when 

released, faster than both sugar maple and white ash. Black 

cherry is the most shade-intolerant of the three species. 

Unlike sugar maples, many of the dominant-codominant 

black cherry stems 7 years after cutting originated from new 

seedlings. Several reproduction studies following clearcutting 

on sites similar to this study area indicate that black cherry 

is a consistent component of the new stands. In no instance 

were advance stems (1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.) of this species present in any appreciable numbers unless the stands 

had previously been subjected to partial cuttings. 

White ash. Less information is available for white ash than 

for the other two species, but it is intermediate in tolerance 

between the more tolerant sugar maple and less tolerant 

black cherry. White ash is also intermediate in total height 

growth rate between sugar maple and black cherry. In the 

seedling stage, white ash is generally tolerant and sprouts 

well, but it becomes more intolerant with increasing age 

(Wright 1965; Logan 1973). Logan (1973) also concluded 

that white ash seedlings grown in 87 percent artificial shade 

were as tall as those in full light, but the maximum dry 

weight was produced at 55 percent shade. 

White ash seldom occurs in pure stands, and in West Virginia ash is rarely a major component of the stand. For 

example, in this study 46 percent of the dominant and codominant white ash reproduction came from new seedlings 

and 37 percent came from advanced reproduction. This 

suggests that ash could be present following either clearcutting or selection regeneration in these Appalachian mixed 

hardwood stands. However, as mentioned earlier, white ash 

is tolerant as a seedling but needs light after the seedling 
stage. Therefore, where white ash occurs in the understory 

and is desired, the shelterwood method seems to be a logical natural regeneration method to increase the white ash 

component. 

Silviculture research provides some information as to why 

certain species occur in given situations. Sugar maple can 

be grown under even-age mangement. Single-tree selection 

is also well suited to sugar maple, and the species can be 

grown by group selection and diameter-limit cuts, too. 

Where black cherry is to be favored, even-age management 

is preferable because this species is shade intolerant and 

grows rapidly when young. The abundant seed crops and 

seeds which lie dormant for 3 to 4 years (Wendel 1977) 

usually provide for a source of advanced regeneration or 

new seedlings. The study reported here shows that black 

cherry seedlings were the main source of the dominantcodominant stems in the 7-year-old even-aged stand. Shelterwood is not needed to establish black cherry in this area, 

since good periodic seed crops and clearcutting will provide 

all the black cherry stems needed for the futurestand. 

Literature Cited 

Downs, A. A. Response to release of sugar maple, white 

oak and yellow-poplar. Journal of Forestry 44: 22-77; 

1946. 

Logan, K. T. Growth of tree seedlings as affected by light 

intensity. V. white ash, beech, eastern hemlock and 

general conclusions. Publication No. 1323. Ottawa, Ont., 

Canada: Department of the Environment; Canadian Forestry Service; 1973. 12 p. 

Marquis, D. A.; Grisez, T. J.; Bjorkbom, J. C.; Roach, B. A. 

Interim guides to the regeneration of Allegheny hardwoods. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-19. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern 

Forest Experiment Station; 1975. 34 p. 

McGee, C. E.; Hooper, R. M. Regeneration after clearcutting in the Southern Appalachians. Res. Pap. SE-70. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1970. 

12 p. 

McQuilkin, R. A. Growth of four-types of white oak reproduction after clearcutting in the Missouri Ozarks. Res. 

Pap. NC-116. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment 

Station; 1975. 5 p. 

Ostrom, C. E. Clearcutting of young northern hardwood 

stands. Journal of Forestry 36: 44-49; 1938. 

Renton, J. J.; Lanasa, M. J.; Tryon, E. H. Radiography for 

observing wood features. Journal of Forestry 72: 292- 

293; 1974. 

Sander, I. L.; Clark, F. B. Reproduction of upland hardwood forests in the Central States. Agric. Handb. 405. 

Washington, DC: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, 1971. 25 p. 

Smith, H. Clay. Growth of Appalachian hardwoods kept 

free to grow from 2 to 12 years after clearcutting. Res. 

Pap. NE-528. Broomall, PA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment 

Station; 1983. 6 p. 

Tryon, E. H.; Powell, D. S. Root ages of advanced hardwood reproduction. Forest Ecology and Management 8: 

293-298; 1984. 

Wendel, G. W. Longevity of black cherry, wild grape, and 

sassafras seed in the forest floor. Res. Pap. NE-375. 

Broomall, PA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1977. 

6 P. 

Winget, C. H. Species composition and development of 

second growth hardwood stands in Quebec. Forest 

Chronicle 44: 180-1 83; 1968. 

Wright, Jonathan W. White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.) 

In: Fowells, H. A., comp. Silvics of forest trees of the 

United States. Agric. Handb. 271. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture; 1975. 34 p. 

Caution 

Pesticides used improperly can be injurious to man, animals, 

and plants. Follow the directions and heed all precautions 

on the labels. 

Store pesticides in original containers under lock and keyout of the reach of children and animals-and away from 

food and feed. 

Apply pesticides so they do not endanger humans, livestock, 

crops, beneficial insects, fish, and wildlife. Do not apply 

pesticides when there is danger of drift, when honey bees or 

other pollinating hsects visiting plants, or in ways that may 

contaminate water or leave illegal residues. 

Avoid prolonged inhalation of pesticide sprays or dusts; wear 

protective clothing and equipment if specified on the container. 
If your hands become contaminated with a pesticide, do not 

eat or drink until you have washed. In case a pesticide is 

swallowed or gets in the eyes, follow the first aid treatment 

given on the label, and get prompt medical attention. If a 

pesticide is spilled on your skin or clothing, remove clothing 

immediately and wash skin thoroughly. 

NOTE: Some states have restrictions on the use of certain 

pesticides. Check your State and local regulations. Also, 

because registrations of pesticides are under constant review by the Environmental Protection Agency, consult your 

local forest pathologist, county agricultural agent, or State 

Extension specialist to be sure the intended use is still regis- I tered. 

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1986-6 0 5 -0 2 6 1 4 0 o 1 8 8 
Trimble, G. R., Jr.; Tryon, E. H.; Smith, H. Clay; Hillier, 

J. D. Age and stem origin of Appalachian hardwood reproduction following a clearcut-herbicide treatment. 

Res. Pap. NE-589. Broomall, PA: US. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1986. 8 p. 

Seven years after a clearcut-herbicide treatment in a West Virginia 

Appalachian hardwood stand, root-stem age was determined for 

sugar maple, black cherry, and white ash. Sugar maple stems originated from advanced reproduction, black cherry originated primarily 

from seedlings that germinated during or after treatment, and white 

ash stems were a mixture of seedlings, advanced reproduction, and 

stump sprouts. 

ODC 23 181.36 (Appalachian Hardwoods) 176.1 

Keywords: Regeneration, stem origin, stem age, clearcutherbicide 
Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station are in 

Broomall, Pa. Field laboratories are maintained at: 

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of 

Massachusetts. 

0 Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College. 

0 Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of 

Vermont. 

Delaware, Ohio. 

Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of 

New Hampshire. 

Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University. 

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia 

University, Morgantown. 

Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the University of Maine, 

Orono. 

Parsons, West Virginia. 

Princeton, West Virginia. 

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of 

New York College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at 

Syracw University, Syraellse. 

0 University Park, Pennsylvania, in cooperation with the 

Pennsylvania State University. 

@ Warren, Pennsylvania.