United States 

Department of 

Agriculture upply and Demand 

Forest Service of Timber for Wood Turning 

Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station i n M a i n e 

N E-RP-599 Eric H. Wharton 

Robert L. Nevel, Jr. 

Douglas S. Powell 
Abstract 

Manufacturers of wood-turned products in Maine primarily use sugar maple, 

yellow birch, and paper 'birch. Other abundant and suitable species such as 

aspen and red maple grow in Maine, but are used to a limited extent by the 

state's turnery mills. The resource supply of the primary species used by turnery 

mills has increased since the last inventory, but the increase has been primarily 

in the small diameter classes, resulting in a decline of high-quality timber. The 

growth to removals ratios of sugar maple and yellow birch are much smaller than 

the ratio for paper birch. Paper birch is growing twice as fast as it is being 

removed for industrial forest products. , . 

The Authors 

ERIC H. WHARTON is resource analyst with the Forest lnventory and Analysis, 

Unit, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, Pennsylvania. He 

received a B.A. degree from Lycoming College in 1974, and a M.F. degree from 

Duke University in 1975. He joined the Northeastern Station in 1978. 

ROBERT L. NEVEL, JR. is forest products industry specialist with the Forest 

lnventory and Analysis Unit, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, 

Pennsylvania. He received a B.S. degree in forest technology from The Pennsylvania State University in 1965, and a M.F. degree in wood technology from Yale 

University in 1968. He joined the Northeastern Station in 1978. 

DOUGLAS S. POWELL is principal resource analyst with the Forest lnventory 

and Analysis Unit, Northeastern forest Experiment Station, Broomall, Pennsylvania. He received a B.S. degree in forestry from The University of Michigan in 

1971, and a M.S. degree in forest ecology from West Virginia University in 1976. 

He joined the Northeastern Station in 1971. 

Manuscript received for publication 31 October 1986 

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 

370 Reed Road, Broomall; PA 19008 

June 1987 

COVER PHOTOS COURTESY OF MAINE BUREAU OF FORESTRY 
Background 

Clothespins, dowels, and candlesticks: products so common, seldom are they given a second thought. Where do 

they come from? Who makes them? Many are manufactured by a wood-turning industry in Maine. 

For the purpose of this report, wood turning is a process 

that converts harvested logs or bolts into a wood product 

by lathing, or a product that will eventually be lathed. All 

wood-turned products may be used as manufactured, or 

converted into a secondary product. Most of the woodturning mills in Maine manufacture wood squares, dimension stock usually 50 inches long, varying in length from 

112-inch to 4 112-inch square size. 

From the dried wood squares, wood products are manufactured that range from plain dowels to ornate objects. Dowels can range in size from as small as 3116-inch, used for 

cotton-tipped swabs, to as large as 3 inches, used for 

handrails. The final wood-tu'rned product is shaped either 

manually or on an automatic lathe, using either clear 

precut sections of the squade or the entire square. 

Not all wood-turning mills in Maine produce squares as 

their sole manufactured product. Some mills produce 

squares as an additional product. Manufacturers of 

trapstock, for example, primarily produce material for lobster traps, but they also mahufacture squares. If a mill 

saws only squares and sells them to someone else, it is 

usually classified as a square or bar mill. For convenience, 

any mill that has produced squares, or similar dimension 

stock, that will be turned either onsite or at some other 

establishment has been cladsified as a wood-turning mill in 

this report. 

Many of the items manufactured by the wood-turning industry in Maine are components of goods later manufactured 

for general consumption. Dowels, chair rungs, glue pins, 

and plugs are manufactured for the furniture industry; 

handles are manufacured for tools and knives; and rings, 

balls, and beads are manufactured for many different types 

of secondary manufacturing. Products such as drumsticks, 

gavels, bowling pins, candlesticks, and novelty items that 

are manufactured for direct consumption comprise a very 

small portion of the wood-turning industry in Maine. 

To manufacture wood-turned products, timber harvesters 

supply raw material to the wood-turning mills in the form of 

turnstock. Commonly referred to as turnery bolts, these are 

short log sections nominally 4 feet long-usually 50 

inches--from which blanks are sawn and turned. Turnstock 

must meet stringent quality specifications, including specific size and form requirements. 

Mills have traditionally used 50-inch lengths for turnstock, 

but these bolts are in short supply. High insurance ratesi 

especially from workers' compensation, have forced'many 

timber harvesters to mechanize, resulting in more treelength harvesting. Boltwood is available, but lacking the 

price differential to extract usable wood from pulpwood 

piles, much of the material suitable for turnstock is sent to 

pulpmills. As a result, mills that manufacture wood-turned 

products have begun to accept multiples of 50-inch 

bolts: &foot, 12-foot, even up to 24-foot lengths, not'including trim allowance. 

Long-log sections also may be in short supply, according to 

recent trends. Statistics provided by Powell and Dickson 

(1984) show that supplies of high-quality timber that can be 

used for longer lengths are declining. Sawtimber volume 

has increased in Maine between 1971 and 1982, largely 

through increases in construction loggrade timber. The 

portion of all other grades, including high-quality timber, 

decreased by 5 percent. 

How much timber is available for turnstock given: (1) the 

species, quality, size and form specifications required by 

manufacturers of wood-turned products, (2) the unavailability of short-log sections resulting from more tree-length 

harvesting, and (3) declining supplies of highquality 

sawtimber? We will report on the volume of wood used by 

the wood-turning industry in Maine, and the current volume 

on timberlands that may be suitable for turnstock. We will 

also discuss how this industry has changed over time, and 

what its future may be. 

The Forest Inventory and ~nal~sis Unit 'conducts two pertinent surveys.' One is a forest resource survey on private 

and public forest land, and the other is an industry canvass 

of all operating mills in the state. We used specific data 

from these two surveys to analyze the volume of wood 

suitable for wood-turning and the demand for turnstock by 

wood turning mills in Maine. 

Volume of Wood Used 

by the Wood-turning Industry 

Timber harvesters in Maine supply a variety of roundwood 

products to wood manufacturers. Logs and bolts are 

roundwood, produced by harvesting trees for industrial or 

consumer use. The industry canvass for 1981 showed that -- 

'For a complete description of the methods used, and 

definitions of terms used in USDA Forest Service surveys, 

refer to the appendix. 
438.7 million cubic feet (5.2 million cords)2 of roundwood 

were harvested from Maine timberlands for all industrial 

forest products (Nevel et al. 1985), including pulpwood 

harvested to supply the 16 pulpmills in Maine. Only 6.9 

million cubic feet (81.2 thousand cords) were harvested for 

turnstock, less than 2 percent of the total timber harvest 

(Table 1). A small industry, wood turning uses little of the 

total timber available for forest products. 

During 1981, 41 mills in Maine manufactured turnstock into 

some form of wood-turned product. With few establishments, the wood turning industry in Maine has achieved a 

certain degree of stability. Maufacturers of wood-turned 

products consumed 7.1 million cubic feet (83.8 thousand 

cords) of wood in 1958, increasing their consumption to 7.6 

million cubic feet (89.0 thousand cords) in 1971 (Ferguson 

and Kingsley 1972). In the last decade, manufacturers in 

Maine have increased their consumption of wood for turned 

products only slightly-to 8.0 million cubic feet (94.3 thousand cords) in 1981 (Nevel et al. 1985). 

Despite its size, the wood-turning industry is important to 

Maine. It is labor intensive, often the largest employer in 

small towns, and manufactures high value-added products. 

Also, manufacturers of wood-turned products consume 

large proportions of a few valuable species. A variety of 

species are suitable for turnstock, but only a few are pre-, 

ferred. The most preferred are sugar maple? yellow birch, 

and paper birch. Combined, these species comprise almost 

82 percent of the timber consumed in Maine for woodturned products. 

Paper birch is most preferred by the wood-turning industry 

in Maine. During 1981, timber harvesters supplied 3.1 

million cubic feet (36.3 thousand cords) of paper birch 

turnstock to manufacturers, who imported an additional 

278.1 thousand cubic feet (3.3 thousand cords) from outside the state. Altogether, 3.4 million cubic feet (39.6 thousand cords) of paper birch turnstock were consumed, 42 

percent of the total consumption. 

Next to paper birch, yellow birch is the most important 

species to the wood-turning industry in Maine. Demand for 

yellow birch is high, but much of it is imported from outside 

the state. Nearly 1.8 million cubic feet (20.8 thousand 

cords) of yellow birch were consumed in Maine during 

1981, but only 1.1 million cubic feet (13.3 thousand cords) 

were harvested from Maine timberlands; approximately 36 

percent was imported from other states, or from Canada. 

Manufacturers are finding that they must rely increasingly 

more on sources of yellow birch outside of the state. 

Yellow birch is the only species imported to any extent by 

the wood-turning industry in Maine. This occurs because a 

majority of the State's wood-turning mills are close to timberlands in New Hampshire and Vermont. In many 

respects the necessity to import raw material characterizes 

the problems facing maufacturers of specialty products in 

Maine. High-quality logs or bolts are usually required for 

processing specialty products. Short logs and bolts are 

available, but extracting them at tree-length harvesting 

operations is expensive. With declining supplies of quality 

logs 12 feet and longer, hauling distances have been 

stretched to find adequate supplies. 

The next three most important species-Beech, white ash, 

and aspen-in 1981 accounted for a little more than 1.0 

million cubic feet (12.3 thousand cords), only 15 percent of 

the total timber harvested for turnstock. These three species are accepted to a certain extent, but not preferred. 

White ash and beech are strong, moderately heavy woods 

with properties acceptable for turning, but supplies of 

quality wood are limited in Maine. Also, beech shrinks 

easily, rendering it difficult to kiln dry (U.S. Forest Products 

Laboratory 1974); manufacturers prefer species that dry 

easily. Aspen, found in large volumes throughout Maine 

timberlands, also may be unacceptable because the wood 

is too soft to allow it to turn well4 without special attention 

to kiln drying and slicing procedures such as knife pitch 

and sharpness. It is primarily used to manufacture spools 

for wreath wire and some inexpensive tool handles. 

2Volumes of roundwood used for industrial products are 

commonly expressed as board feet or cords in Forest 

Service publications. However, growing-stock volume used 

I to quantify the timber supply is usually expressed in cubic 

I feet. In this report, cubic feet is used as the common unit 

of measure; the quantity of turnstock produced and consumed in Maine is expressed as cubic feet along with the 

I equivalent volume in cords (based on 85 cubic feet of solid I wood per cord). A cubic foot of roundwood used for I 

I turnstock is roughly equivalent to 5.88 board feet (Internai tional 114-inch rule), 0.01 18 standard cord (based on 85 

I cubic feet of solid wood per cord), or 0.0078 standard cord 

(based on 128 cubic feet of wood, bark, and air space per 

cord). 

- 

31n Maine, sugar maple (Acer saccharom) is also called 

hard maple, rock maple, and sometimes white maple. The 

soft maples include red maple (A. rubrum), silver maple (A. 

saccharinurn), and mountain maple (A. spicatum). The soft 

maples group should not be confused with the single species soft maple, which in Maine is also called red maple, 

swamp maple, and sometimes white maple. Red maple is 

called white maple only in areas where sugar maple is not 

called white maple. 

4Personal communication with Albert J. Bibeau, Executive Director, Wood Products Manufacturers Association, 

Gardner, Massachusetts. 
Table 1.-Volume of turnstocka consumed, by species and final disposition of the roundwood, Maine, 

1981 

Cut and Imported from 

Species retained other states Total 

within stateb or provinces consumption 

White pine 

Cedar 

Total softwoods 18.1 .O 18.1 

Soft maples 

Hard maples 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

White ash 

Aspen 

Red oak 

Other hardwoodsC 

Total hardwoods 6,881.7 1,113.0 7,994.7 

All species 6,899.8 1,113.0 8,012.8 

alncludes bolts used to manufacture lathed products through a wood turning process, and squares that will eventually 

be turned. 

markets in other states and in Canada, timber harvesters in Maine export no turnery logs or bolts. 

Clncludes basswood, yellow-poplar, and other minor species. 

Of the soft maples, only red maple is currently used for 

wood-turned products in Maine; maufacturers produce billy 

clubs, fishing pole butts, and chair parts from red maple. 

The species is suitable for wood turning, yet its wood properties preclude it from being a preferred species. The wood 

of red maple turns well, but its light to heavy, reddishbrown coloring in both the heartwood and sapwood tend to 

make it less than a preferred species. Only 175.4 thousand 

cubic feet (2.1 thousand cords) of soft maples were consumed by the wood turning industry in Maine during 1981. 

Location of Wood-turning Mills 

The demand of all species for turnstock is greatest in western Maine. We found that nearly 48 percent of the mills 

were located in two counties: Franklin and Oxford (Fig. 1). 

Another 15 percent were located in the southern portion of 

adjacent Somerset County. Manufacturers of wood-turned 

products are concentrated in this region partially due to 

their proximity to population centers. 

Wood-turned products fall primarily into one of two 

categories: products manufactured for direct consumption 

by the general public, or commodity products that are later 

remanufactured or included in products for consumption by 

the general public. In either case, manufacturing should be 

ideally located near population centers. Franklin, Oxford, 

and Somerset Counties are directly linked to the heaviest 

population and shipping centers in Maine through extensive highway systems. 
Figure 1 .-Location of wood-turning mills in Maine, 1981. 

\ York 

u 

An old industry, the wood-turning industry developed during a time when the majority of household specialty items 

were manufactured from wood.' Early records show that the 

wood-turning industry.was firmly entrenched at the turn of 

the century, and that by the early 19401s, the industry was 

located primarily where it.is today (Coolidge 1963). Many of 

the markets have disappeared, but an abundant supply of 

timber suitable for turnstock remains statewide, even 

though there have been some declines in quality. 

Supply of Roundwood for Wood Turning 

A previous analysis (Kingsley 1973) showed that 18 percent 

of the total growing-stock volume of sugar maple, yellow 

birch, paper birch, and beech was suitable for turnstock. 

We found that during 1981, almost 27 percent of the total 

growing-stock volume in these same four species plus red 

maple, ash, and aspen, was suitable for turnstock. Approximately 1.7 billion cubic feet (19.7 million cords) of growing 

stock in these selected hardwood species are hypothefi-' 

cally available to be harvested for turnstock in Maine (Table 

2), many times more than the volume that is currently 

being harvested from these species. 

Sugar maple contains the largest volume of any of the 

species suitable for turnstock; aspen is a close second. 

Both species account for 42 percent of the total growingstock volume. Two important species to the wood-turning,, . 

industry-paper birch and yellow birch-rank much lower.. 

We compared the growing-stock volume suitable for wood 

turning with the volume harvested for turnstock in 1981, for 

a number of selected hardwood species. Figure 2 shows 

this comparison (note that while the volumes are both 

expressed in millions of cubic feet, the scales of the axes 

are different). The volume harvested for each species is 

considerably less than the supply of each species, no 

species is being harvested at a level even approaching its 

supply. Only paper birch, with 3.1 million cubic feet (36.3 

thousand cords) harvested, and a supply of 262.4 million 

cubic feet (3.1 million cords), is being harvested at a rate 

greater than 1 percent. 

Figure 2.-Growing-stock volume suitable for turnstock on 

timberlands and volume of roundwood harvested from 

timberlands for turnstock by selected hardwood species, 

Maine, 1982. 

Volume Suitable Volume of 

for ~oundwood 

Turnstock Harv-ested 

Million cubic feet Million 'cubic feet 

400 300 200 100 0 0123.4 

Sugar maple 

Aspen . . 

Red maple 

Yellow birch 

. , 

. Ash 

Beech 
Table 2.-Net growing-stock volume of selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by county and species, Maine, 1982 

County Red Sugar Yellow Paper All 

maple maple birch birch Beech Asha Aspenb species 

........................... Million cubic feet -------------------- 

Androscoggin 2.6 .O .O 1.8 .8 .9 9.6 15.7 

Aroostook 39.5 133.5 51 .O 22.6 34.2 7.4 70.5 358.7 

Cumberland 4.3 .O 1.2 4.5 1.5 2.3 1.4 15.2 

Franklin 38.2 24.7 20.8 54.7 1 .O 18.9 30.6 188.9 

Hancock 4.1 .O .O 4.6 .O 4.3 5.6 18.6 

Kennebec 9.5 .2 1.3 6.1 1.9 7.6 9.9 36.5 

Knox 1.4 .O .O 1.9 .O 1.4 .O 4.7 

Lincoln 2.2 .O .O 1.4 .O 1 .O 1.6 6.2 

Oxford 31.5 16.3 34.6 42.1 12.6 15.5 33.8 186.4 

Penobscot 32.9 32.4 10.2 16.1 1.5 5.6 40.8 139.5 

Piscataquis 52.6 65.6 38.7 29.7 20.5 12.0 75.0 294.1 

Sagadahoc .8 .O .O .4 .O 1.3 .6 3.1 

Somerset 35.3 80.6 56.5 34.5 10.0 8.2 36.3 261.4 

Waldo 7.2 1.9 .5 4.9 .O 4.4 8.7 27.6 

Washington 21.6 2.5 6.6 30.1 3.3 3.9 20.1 88.1 

York 9.0 1.3 2.0 7.0 1.4 2.3 5.2 28.2 

All counties 292.7 359.0 223.4 262.4 88.7 97.0 349.7 1,672.9 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

A number of constraints limit the volume that is actually 

available; constraints include landowner attitudes toward 

harvesting, size of woodlots, accessibility, terrain condition, 

and tree-length harvesting for pulpwood. Even though 

volumes are high, these constraints are one reason that 

manufacturers of wood-turned products must look to timberlands outside of Maine to supply some of their needs. 

Geographic Variation 

We developed detailed estimates of the timber suitable for 

turnstock at the county level (Appendix). To simplify our 

analysis, we segregated Maine into four regions, based on 

species that are suitable for wood turning. We called these 

regions birch-maple, sugar maple, aspen, and mixed red 

maple (Fig. 3). 

Franklin, Oxford, and Washington Counties are located in 

the two birch-maple regions. The wood-turning industry 

settled in the western portion of Maine because paper birch 

and sugar maple are two of the three leading species in 

demand by the industry. There are 96.8 million cubic feet 

(1 .I million cords) of paper birch growing stock in Franklin 

and Oxford Counties, where 48 percent of the mills are 

located. That volume of paper birch is almost 37 percent of 

the total paper birch volume in the entire state. 

Somerset and Aroostook Counties comprise the maple 

region; sugar maple alone predominates in these two counties. Here there are 214.1 million cubic feet (2.5 million 

cords) of sugar maple growing stock, or 60 percent of the 

total sugar maple growing-stock volume in Maine. Except 

for southern Somerset County, the bulk of this resource is 

located in remote locations far from population centers. 

Very little sugar maple is harvested from Aroostook County 

for wood turning because supplies of sugar maple are 

more readily available in western Maine, and transportation 

costs are prohibitive. 

The remaining two regions are important in that they con- I 

tain significant volumes of species suitable for wood turning, but these species are not preferred. Piscataquis and 

Penobscot Counties comprise the bulk of the aspen region. 

Hancock, Waldo, Kennebec, and Androscoggin Counties 

I 

contain smaller but significant volumes of aspen. The 

counties throughout southwestern Maine (Knox, Lincoln, 

Sagadahoc, Cumberland, and York) contain a mixture of 

species important to the wood-turning industry. The comi 

I 

mon species is predominantly red maple. 
Figure 3.-Regions of Maine based on the predominance 

of species suitable for turnstock. 

Only 13 mills that manufacture a wood-turned product 

operate in the aspen and mixed red maple region, a small 

number of mills compared to the volume of timber acceptable for turnstock. For example, there are 158.4 million 

cubic feet (1.9 million cords) of aspen and 126.6 million 

cubic feet (1.5 million cords) of red maple growing-stock 

volume suitable for turnstock in these two regions. That is 

45 percent of the total aspen volume and 43 percent of the 

total red maple volume in Maine. Much of this volume is 

close to population centers and possible markets. 

Many of the problems that faced the wood-turning industry 

in 1981 may have resulted from its dependence on only a 

few species. Adequate supplies of other species are available if the technology to use these species were commercially available and markets for end products using these 

species were developed. Red maple, for example, is in 

large supply, but used little. 

Changes Over Time 

Growing-stock volumes suitable for turnstock have 

increased since the last inventory. The three primary species used in the manufacture of wood-turned productssugar maple, yellow birch, and paper birch-have 

increased from 550.2 million cubic feet (6.5 million cords) in 

1971, to 844.8 million cubic feet (9.9 million cords) in 1982. 

A bright future for the wood-turning industry seems apparent, but underlying trends indicate disturbing problems. 

Most of the increases in growing-stock volume have 

occurred in the smaller diameter classes: from the 8-inch 

to the 12-inch diameter classes. The important, larger 

diameter classes have shown only nominal increases (fig. 

4). These increases are not consistent with trends in the 

resource as a whole throughout the Northeast; curves of 

diameter-class distribution show a gradually maturing 

resource. 

Figure 4.-Diameter-class distribution of growing stock for 

the primary hardwood species (sugar maple, yellow birch, 

and paper birch) suitable for turnstock in Maine, 1971 and 

8 10 12 14 16 18 20+ 

Diameter class 
The greatest volume of timber suitable for turnstock in 

Maine occurs in the lowest diameter class, the &inch class. 

As more of the resource becomes comprised of smaller 

diameter trees, the quality of timber should decline, since 

grade is as much a function of tree size as condition of the 

tree bole. Table 3 shows that grade 2 and grade 3 material 

has remained essentially unchanged. Grade 1 material has 

decreased from 33 percent to 11 percent of the total, while 

construction log-grade material has increased from 6 percent to 21 percent of the total. Many smaller diameter trees 

are able to meet only construction log grade. 

The distribution of volume by diameter class is similar 

throughout Maine. In most counties, the largest volumes 

occur in the smallest diameter classes. Only in Arwstook 

County and Somerset County are the greatest volumes 

found in the 12-inch diameter class; both counties fall in 

the sugar maple region. As mentioned previously, large 

volumes of sugar maple suitable for turnstock are available, 

yet these volumes are located in remote areas. For the 

most part, timber harvesters that supply wood-turning mills 

must select desirable trees from a scattered resource base. 

Future of the Wood-turning Industry 

In time, the resource should mature. Until then the industry 

will be hard pressed to avoid reducing supplies of timber 

below current levels, at least for sugar maple, yellow birch, 

and paper birch. Some manufacturers have begun to 

import a portion of their timber supplies, largely due to a 

decrease in the quality of these species, and a lack of 

markets in other states. The industry as a whole depends 

on certain select species, but there is no imminent danger 

that supplies will become depleted. 

The species that are most important to the wood-turning 

industry in Maine are growing faster than they are being 

used. Figure 5 shows the growth and removals of sugar 

maple, yellow birch, and paper birch. As can be seen for 

each species, removals for all industrial forest products is 

less than growth. In fact, only sugar maple shows close to 

an equivalent rate of removals to growth, while paper birch 

removals are less than half its growth rate. 

The danger of depleting supplies is more long-term in 

nature. Perhaps manufacturers of wood-turned products 

are just now beginning to feel the eff-ects of this problem. 

Table 3.-Net volume of sawtimber trees greater than 15.0 inches d.b.h. on timberland by species and 

standard-lumber log gradea, Maine, 1971 and I982 

Species Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Construction All 

log grades 

Sugar maple 99.9 60.4 90.0 21.1 271.4 

Yellow birch 70.3 60.8 100.1 8.4 239.6 

Paper birch 19.9 14.7 23.2 4.6 62.4 

All species 190.1 135.9 213.3 34.1 573.4 

Percent 33 24 37 6 100 

1982 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

All species 

Percent 

'Tree grades used in USDA Forest Service inventories are based on standard hardwood factory lumber grades 

developed by Vaughn, et al. (1966), and specifications for hardwood construction logs developed by Rast, et al. (1973). 

Grade specifications are applied to standing trees. 
Figure 5.-Growth and removals of the primary hardwood 

species (sugar maple, yellow birch, and paper birch) used 

in the manufacture of wood-turned products in Maine, 

1982. 

Net Growth of 

Growing Stock 

Removals of Net Change 

Growing Stock (excess growth] 

Net Gro~th of 

Growing Stock 

Yellow 

birch Net Change 

(excess growth) 

Removals of 

Growing Stock 

I Net Growth of 

Growing Stock 

Paper 

birch 

Removals of 

Growing Stock Net Change 

1 (excess growth) 

Million cubic feet 

Adequate supplies are available in general, but in local 

areas supplies may have become depleted, or simply 

locked up due to landowner constraints. If the industry is to 

maintain stability in the future, it must find ways to improve 

its utilization of nonpreferred species and lower grade 

material, since constraints currently imposed are not likely 

to improve. 

Future declines in manufacturing for wood-turned products 

may come from outside sources, rather than any decrease 

of timber supplies. New England was once the center of 

the textile industry, with bobbin mills located throughout 

the region. Thirty years ago, 31 mills in New Hampshire 

and Vermont manufactured wood-turned products for the 

textile industry, today only 3 manufacture such products. 

When the textile industry moved south, the wood-turning 

industry lost many of its primary markets. 

In the past, Maine may have remained unscathed because 

of the nature of its wood-turning industry. The bulk of the 

industry manufactured products for the furniture, tool, and 

novelty industry. During 1981, these secondary industries 

received more competition from plastic substitute products 

and foreign wood manufacturers. 

Competition with manufacturers of plastic products is nothing new to the wood-turning industry. Such manufacturers 

have made inroads into the wood-turning industry in Maine 

over many years, and will probably continue to do so. The 

wood-turning industry has remained somewhat stable 

because some wood-based novelty and specialty products 

are preferred. Golfers prefer wooden tees because they do 

not shatter so easily on impact, and cigar smokers prefer 

wooden cigar tips because plastic tips tend to burn. 

Cotton-tipped swabs are another example of a preferred 

wood-turned product. Plastic-stemmed swabs for consumer 

use have been on the market for a number of years; however, hospitals, which are an important market, prefer 

wooden swabs because they are easily sterilized. Markets 

that exist for these and similar products may always exist. 

Competition from wood manufacturers abroad may most 

threaten the wood-turning industry in Maine. In some 

instances, wood from the United States is shipped overseas, where it is manufactured more cheaply. In other 

instances, foreign woods that are similar to accepted american woods are used. One such species is ramin 

(Gonystylus bancanus): a tropical wood found in Southeast 

Asia that is light-colored. It is used for furniture, mouldings, 

brush and broom handles, and toys (Rendle 1969). 

Industry reports detailing United States' imports have been 

published quarterly by the U.S. Department of Commerce. 

Discontinued in 1982, these reports showed until then, that 

imports for a major wood-turned product such as dowel 

rods and pins rose between 1973 and 1980 (U.S. Department of Commerce 1979, 1982). Imports from the Pacificrim countries of Japan, Indonesia, and Taiwan fluctuated, 

but increased from a low of 18 million lineal feet in 1973 to 

the highest point during that time period, 252 million lineal 

feet in 1979. 

Since the cost of producing wood-turned products abroad 

is lower, foreign maufacturers can afford to sell their products at lower cost. These manufacturers have also been 

able to reduce costs of production by manufacturing a 

finished product. Goods shipped from overseas are more 

competitive because most manufacturers of wood-turned 

products in Maine produce items that are sent to establishments outside of the state to be assembled into the final 

finished product. 
We believe that in the immediate future the wood-turning 

I industry in Maine should remain relatively stable, much as 

it has for a number of decades. Supplies of timber are 

/ available to maintain and even promote growth in this 

industry. However, the industry's long-term future will hinge 

I on its ability to: develop and implement technological 

improvements in processing, develop strategies to produce I finished products, and identify new markets. 

Literature Cited 

Coolige, Philip T. 1963. History of the Maine Woods. 

Bangor, ME: Furbush-Roberts Printing Company, Inc. 

805 p. 

, Ferguson, Roland H.; Kingsley, Neal P. 1972. The timber 

resources of Maine. Resour. Bull. NE-26. Broomal, PA: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 129 p. 

Kingsley, Neal P. 1973. The volume of selected hard- ! wood species suitable for turnery bolts in Maine, 

I 1970. Res. Note NE-165. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station. 5 p. 

Nevel, Robert L., Jr.; Lammert, Peter R.; Widmann, 

Richard H. 1985. Maine timber industries-a periodic 

1 assessment of timber output. Resour. Bull. NE-83. 

Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest / Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 42 p. 

Powell, Douglas S.; Dickson, David R. 1984. Forest statistics for Maine: 1971 and 1982. Resour. Bull. NE-81. 

Broomall, PA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 194 p. 

Rast, E. D.; Sonderman, D. L.; Gammon, G. L. 1973. A 

guide to hardwood log grading (Revised). Gen. Tech. 

Rep. NE-1. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest: Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment 

Station. 32 p. 

Rendle, B. J., ed. 1969. World timbers. Vol 3. London, 

England: Ernest Benn Limited, University of Toronto 

Press. 

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1979. Forest Products 

Review. Quarterly lndustry Report, Spring 1979. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Industry and 

Trade Administration. 66 p. 

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1982. Forest Products 

Review. Quarterly Industry Report, WinterlSpring 1982. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Industry and Trade Administration. 51 p. 

U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. 1974. Wood handbook: 

wood as an engineering material. Agr. Handb. 72, rev. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

Vaughan, C. L.; Wollin, A. C.; McDonald, K. A.; Bulgrin, 

E. H. 1966. Hardwood log grades for standard lumber. 

Res. Pap. FPL-63. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

52 p. 

Acknowledgment 

The authors thank Peter R. Lammert of the Maine Forest 

Service, whose technical assistance was invaluable; 

Carmela M. Hyland who was responsible for administrative 

and secretarial services; Anne E. Cane, who typed the text 

for this manuscript; and the many members of the Maine 

field crews whose efforts in collecting the data are greatly 

appreciated. 

Appendix 

Methods and Specifications 

Legislation passed by the United States Congress directs 

the USDA Forest Service to periodically collect resource 

information in every state of the Nation. The Forest Inventory and Analysis Unit of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station collects this information in 14 northeastern 

states, which includes Maine. Since the original legislation, 

the forest resources of Maine have been measured three 

times: in 1958, 1971, and 1982. 

The forest resource survey was conducted in the following 

manner: 62,801 pin-prick points were established on aerial 

photographs and classified into specific land-use and 

cubic-foot volume classes. A subsample of 2,475 plots 

were selected from this larger sample base and established 

on the ground. Field crews collected data on these field 

plots, and on 1,222 field plots established during earlier 

inventories. 

The estimates of roundwood volume suitable for wood 

turning are a summary of information collected.on the field 

plots. During the survey conducted in 1971 and, the survey 

conducted in 1982, field crews collected information on the 

field plots that could be used to select trees suitable for 

turnstock. Specifications for selecting trees suitable for 

turnstock depended on (1) tree species, (2) evidence of rot 

in the tree bole, and (3) surface defects as evidence of 

sound wood in the tree bole. 
Definition of Terms 

Species was used to select trees suitable for turnstock 

because certain species are used by the wood-turning 

industry to the exclusion of all others. Paper birch, yellow 

birch, sugar maple, and beech were the most commonly 

used species of the wood-turning industry during the last 

survey. We included these four species in our analysis, but 

added red maple, ash, and aspen. The additional species 

were selected because they have been used more frequently by the wood-turning industry over the last decade. 

Trees were also selected on both occasions by the condition of the tree bole. For turnstock, all rotten cull material in 

the tree bole is unacceptable. Most sound cull material is 

unacceptable because it will produce grade defect in the 

manufactured wood. 

Some tree sections are used for boltwood if they contain 

usable wood to a 7-inch small-end diameter. We selected 

such trees that contained no rotten, and little sound cull 

material in the tree bole. To be selected, a tree must have 

had no more than 10 percent cull material in its bole, and 

all of this cull material must have been sound. Visual indicators of surface defect, such as knots and scars, were 

used to indicate unclear or unsound wood. A surface defect 

was assigned to each tree relating to the number of 2-foot 

clear cuttings in the first 16 feet of the tree bole. To be 

acceptable for turnstock, the tree must have had 8 clear 

feet. 

I An industry survey was conducted in conjunction with the 

I resource survey, but only in 1982. The Maine Department 

of Conservation, Utilization and Marketing Division, assembled a list of all known primary wood manufacturing firms 

in Maine, firms that convert roundwood to wood products 

for industrial or consumer use. Those manufacturers that 

were operational during 1981 were asked to provide infor- 

, mation on their wood consumption for that year, through a 

questionnaire mailed by the State. Possible out-of-state I 

consumers of Maine roundwood were also sent questionnaires. Manufacturers who did not respond were contacted 

by telephone, resulting in a census of primary wood manufacturers. 

The demand for wood-turned products was summarized 

from data collected for all wood manufacturers in Maine. 

Only those mills that converted roundwood to a turnedwood product, or that would be turned later, were used to 

analyze the production and consumption of roundwood for 

wood-turned products. 

Forest land-Land that is at least 10 percent stocked With 

trees of any size, or that formerly had such tree cover and 

is not currently developed for nonforest use. The minimum 

area for classification of forest land is 1 acre. 

Forest products-fioundwood supplied to primary manufacturing plants, or harvested for personal use. 

Grade-A classification of the quality of sawtimber volume 

based on standard grades for factory lumber logs and 

standard specifications for hardwood construction logs, 

applied to standing trees. 

Growing stock-The tree bole of live trees, 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. (diameter at breast height) or larger, that is presently 

or prospectively suitable for industrial forest products. 

Excludes species of typically small size, poor form, or 

inferior quality. 

Growing-stock volume-Net volume, in cubic feet, of 

growing stock. Net volume equals gross volume, less 

deductions for cull. 

Growth-The change, resulting from natural causes, in 

growing stock between inventories, divided by the number 

of growing seasons between inventories. Components of 

growth are accretion plus ingrowth minus cull increment 

and mortality. Accretion is the growth of growing stock 

between inventories; it does not include growth on trees 

cut between inventories, nor those trees that died. lngrowth 

is the volume of growing stock that became 5.0 inches 

d.b.h. between inventories. Cull increment is the volume of 

growing stock from the previous inventory that became cull 

trees in the current inventory. Mortality is the volume of 

growing stock that died from natural causes between 

inventories. 

Industrial forest products-Roundwood supplied to primary manufacturing plants. Does not include roundwood 

that has been harvested for personal use. 

Primary wood manufacturers-Establishments that convert roundwood into wood products such as woodpulp, 

lumber, veneer, cooperage, and dimension products. The 

final product may be used as manufactured, or supplied to 

a secondary manufacturer. 

Removals-Net growing-stock volume harvested or killed 

in logging, cultural operations, or land clearing. Also the 

net growing-stock volume growing on land that was reclassified from timberland to forest land withdrawn from utilization through administrative designation. 
Roundwood-Logs, bolts, and other round timber generated by harvesting trees, or total tree chips. 

Sawtimber-The tree sawlog of live trees, 9.0 inches 

d.b.h. or larger for softwoods and 11.0 inches d.b.h. or 

larger for hardwoods, containing at least one 12-foot 

sawlog or two noncontiguous &foot sawlogs, and meeting 

regional specifications for freedom from defect. 

Sawtimber volume-Net volume, in board feet (International 114-inch rule), of sawtimber. Net volume equals gross 

volume less deductions for rot, sweep, and other defects 

that affect use for lumber. 

Secondary wood manufacturers-Establishments that 

convert primary wood products such as woodpulp, lumber, 

veneer, cooperage, and dimension products into a finished 

product such as furniture or furniture parts, paper products, 

building materials, and so on. 

Timberland-Forest land producing or capable of producing crops of industrial forest products (more than 20 cubic 

feet per acre per year) and not withdrawn from timber 

utilization. 

Tree bole--The main stem of a tree between a 1-foot 

stump height and a Cinch top d.0.b. (diameter outside 

bark), or until the main stem breaks into branches if that is 

before it reaches this top diameter. 

Tree sawlog-The main stem of the tree between a I-foot 

stump height and the sawlog top. The sawlog top is the 

point on the main stem above which a sawlog cannot be 

produced. The minimum sawlog top is 7.0 inches d.0.b. for 

softwoods and 9.0 inches d.0.b. for hardwoods, or until the 

main stem breaks into branches if that is before it reaches 

this top diameter. 

Reliability of the Estimates 

Tables in this appendix show the volume of selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on timberland for each 

county, and include associated sampling errors for each 

estimate. The sampling errors are used as follows: the 

estimate of volume suitable for turnstock in Maine is 

1,672.9 million cubic feet, but this estimate has an associated sampling error of 4.2 percent, or 70.3 million cubic 

feet. This means that if the survey were to be repeated, 

there is a 66 percent probability (2 to 1) that the resulting 

estimate would be 1,672.9 + 70.3 million cubic feet, or 

between 1,602.6 and 1,743.2 million cubic feet; there is a 

95 percent probability (19 to 1) that the estimate would be 

1,672.9 % 140.6 million cubic feet. 

State-level estimates are more reliable beause they have 

the smallest sampling errors. As stated previously, the 

estimate of volume suitable for turnstock in Maine has a 

sampling error of 4.2 percent. The estimate of volume 

suitable for turnstock in Androscoggin County has a Sampling error of 40.5 percent, or 15.7 + 6.4 million cubic feet; 

county-level estimates are considerably less reliable than 

state-level estimates. In general, as the sample size used 

to derive an estimate decreases in relation to the total, the 

sampling error increases. 

Some of the estimates presented in the tables have errors 

that are greater than 25 percent, and may not be reliable. 

An estimate with a sampling error of 50 percent or more 

would not be significantly different from zero at two standard deviations, and an estimate with an error between 25 

and 50 percent would be suspect. Those estimates that 

have errors exceeding 25 percent should be used with 

caution. 

To improve the reliability of the estimates, cell values may 

be combined. Data users may require combinations of 

counties, species, or diameter classes different from combinations that we may select. We have not attempted to 

combine any of the cell values with high sampling errors, 

but rather, have left that up to the discretion of the data 

user. 

Combining cell values will not always reduce the sampling 

errors to acceptable levels. Sampling errors of combined 

estimates must be calculated to determine if the sampling 

errors have been reduced to acceptable levels. Because 

individual cell values are independent, the calculated Sampling errors of combined cells will be approximations; they 

will underestimate the true sampling error, but will be sufficient to make judgments of acceptability. The technique to 

approximate the sampling errors of combined estimates is 

not difficult, and involves using the following formulas: 

= first cell-value estimate 

= second cell-value estimate 

= combined cell-value estimate 

= sampling error of first cell-value estimate 

= sampling error of second cell-value 

estimate 

= variance of combined cell-value estimate 

= sampling error of combined cell-value 

estimate 
The formulas are used as follows: The estimate of total 11 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

1 volume suitable for turnstock in Androscoggin county is selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

15.7 million cubic feet, with a sampling error of 40.5 per- timberland by species and diameter class, Lincoln 

cent. This estimate has a high sampling error. Combining County, Maine, 1982. 

the estimate for ~ndrosco~in county with the estimate of 

15.2 million cubic feet for Cumberland county, which has 

an error of 22.2 percent, yields an estimate of 30.9 million 

cubic feet. The variance of this estimate is approximately 

518,170.976 (using equation I), and the sampling error 

associated with the combined estimate is 23.3 percent 

(using equation 2). As a general rule, the sampling error of 

a combined estimate will be approximately equal to or less 

than the smallest sampling error of the estimates that are 

to be combined. 

County Tables 

The following tables show the volume of selected hardwood 

species suitable for turnstock for each county in Maine. 

12 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Oxford 

County, Maine, 1982. 

13 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Penobscot 

County, Maine, 1982. 

14 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Piscataquis 

County, Maine, 1982. 

sampling errors are shown with each table. - 15 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

Table selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Sagadahoc 

4 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of County, Maine, 1982. 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

I timberland by species and diameter class, 16 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

I Androscoggin County, Maine, 1982. selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Somerset 

5 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Aroostook 

County, Maine, 1982. 

6 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Cumberland 

I County, Maine, 1982. 

7 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

I selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Franklin 

County, Maine, 1982. 

8 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Hancock 

County, Maine, 1982. 

I 9 Net growing-stocK volume and sampling error of 

I selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on ! timberland by species and diameter class, Kennebec 

1 County, Maine, 1982. 

County, Maine, 1982. 

17 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Waldo 

County, Maine, 1982. 

18 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Washington 

County, Maine, 1982. 

19 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, York County, 

Maine, 1982. 

20 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982. 

10 Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of 

selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on 

I timberland by species and diameter class, Knox 

County, Maine, 1982. 
Table 4.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Androscoggin County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

............................. Mj//jon cubic feet ............................. 

Red maple .8 .5 1 .O .3 .O .O .O .O .O 2.6 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch 1.2 .4 .2 .O .O .O .O .O .O 1.8 

Beech .5 .3 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .8 

Asha .5 .4 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .9 

Aspenb 3.7 4.1 1.5 .3 .O .O .O .O .O 9.6 

All species 6.7 5.7 2.7 .6 .O .O .O .O .O 15.7 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple 51 .O 72.2 50.4 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 34.8 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch 53.0 100.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O 42.5 

Beech 71.2 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 70.6 

Asha 75.4 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 60.3 

~spen~ 45.2 82.6 70.9 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 60.0 - - - - - p-p 

All species 30.3 66.6 40.6 70.9 .O .O .O .O .O 40.5 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

'Sampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 5.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Aroostook County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All s~ecies 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

............................. Mjl/ion cubic feet ............................. 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

- - - -- -- 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

1 'Sampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

1 sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and .is unreliable. 
Table 6.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling. error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Cumberland County, FAai.ne, ,1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

............................. Million cubic feet ............................. 

Red maple 2.1 .4 1.6 .2 .O .O .O .O .O 4.3 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .2 .6 .O .4 .O .O .O .O .O 1.2 

Paper birch 2.6 .7 .8 .4 .O .O .O .O .O 4.5 

Beech .O .O .8 .O .O .7 .O .O .O 1.5 

Asha 1 .O 1 .O .2 .O .O .O .O .O .O 2.2 

Aspenb .2 .7 .2 .3 .O .O .O .O .O 1.4 . .. 

All species 6.1 3.4 3.6 1.3 .O .7 .O .O .O 15.2 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

................................ percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

Red maple 39.4 1,OO.O 42.9 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 29.1 

Sugar maple .O -0 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch 100.0 69.6 .O 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 49.5 

Paper birch 37.1 70.9 56.6 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 31 :1 

Beech .O .O 56.2 .O .O 100.0 .O .O .O 53.9 

Asha 55.9 74.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O 59.3 

Aspenb 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 56.8 

All species 26.7 41.2 27.9 50.0 .O 100.0 .O .O .O 22.2 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSarnpling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 per,cent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different Srom zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 7.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on. timberland by species and diameter class, Franklin County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 14.2 9.9 8.7 2.5 .O 2.9 .O .O .O 38.2 

Sugar maple 9.1 6.7 5.2 .9 .8 .O 2.0 .O .O 24.7 

Yellow birch 8.4 6.2 4.0 .9 1.3 .O -0 .O .O 20.8 

Paper birch 27.9 15.2 7.0 2.3 1.4 .9 .O .O .O 54.7 

Beech .4 .6 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 1 .O 

Asha 7.1 5.7 2.4 2.6 .O 1.1 .O .O .O 18.9 

Aspenb 11.2 5.4 11.0 .9 1.1 1 .O .O .O .O 30.6 

All species 78.3 49.7 38.3 10.1 4.6 5.9 2.0 .O .O 188:9 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 8.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Hancock County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple .O .7 2.4 .O 1 .O .O .O .O .O 4.1 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch .9 2.4 1.3 .O .O .O .O .O .O 4.6 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Asha .4 1.5 1 .O 1.4 .O .O .O .O .O 4.3 

Aspenb 1.8 2.4 .5 .9 .O .O .O .O .O 5.6 

All species 3.1 7.0 5.2 2.3 1 .O .O .O .O .O 18.6 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple .O 100.0 54.5 .O 100.0 .O .O .O .O 43.2 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch 100.0 57.7 70.1 .O .O .O .O .O .O 48.5 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Asha 100.0 70.4 100.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 74.4 

Aspenb 100.0 74.3 43.8 100.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O 57.7 

All species 65.7 42.8 43.8 73.0 100.9 .O .O .O .O 38.7 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

=Sampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 9.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Kennebec County, Maine, 1982 

Species 

Diameter class (in inches) All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

- - -- - 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

............................. Million cubic feet - - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

3.2 2.9 3.0 .4 .O .O .O .O .O 9.5 

.o .o .2 .O .o .O .o .o .O .2 

.3 .4 .O .6 .O .O .O .O .O 1.3 

2.9 1.7 1.5 .O .O .O .O .O .O 6.1 

.6 1.3 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 1.9 

2.4 3.3 .3 .7 .5 .O .O .4 .O 7.6 

4.2 2.7 2.1 .O .9 .O .O .O .O 9.9 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

'Sampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 10.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Knox County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple .3 .O .6 .O .O .5 .O .O .O 1.4 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch .8 .7 .2 .2 .O .O .O .O .O 1.9 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

As ha .O .7 .O .O .O .7 .O .O .O 1.4 

Aspenb .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

All species 1.1 1.4 .8 .2 .O 1.2 .O .O .O 4.7 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple 100.0 .O 100.0 .O .O 100.0 .O .O .O 71.9 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch 73.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O 65.0 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Asha .O 100.0 .O .O .O 100.0 .O .O .O 70.7 

Aspenb .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

All species 59.5 68.3 76.4 100.0 .O 72.3 .O .O .O 39.1 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

'Sampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are-calculated as.the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 11 .-Net growing-stock.. volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Lincoln County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

............................. Million cubic feet ............................. 

1.5 .3 .4 .O .O .O .O .O .O 2.2 

.o .o .o .o .o .o .o .O .o .o 

.o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o 

.3 .3 .8 .O .O .O .O .O .O 1.4 

.o .o .o .o .o .o .O .O .o .o 

1 .o .O .o .o .o .o .o .o .o 1 .o 

1.3 .3 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 1.6 

4.1 .9 1.2 .O .O .O .O .O .O 6.2 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple 49.7 100.0 70.7 .O .O .O .O .O .O 38.4 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch 100.0 100.0 74.8 .O .O .O .O .O .O 70.3 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Asha 70.9 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 70.9 

~spen~ 61.3 100.0 .O .O .O -0 .O .O .O 51.5 

All species 29.2 56.9 59.8 .O .O .O .O .O .O 26.6 - 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 I percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

1 greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 12.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling. error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Oxford County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All s~ecies 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

...................... Million cubic feet ............................. 

11.5 1.6 2.9 .O 1.3 1.1 .O .O 31.5 

3.6 3.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 .O .O .O 16.3 

11 .O 5.5 3.3 1.4 3.0 1.9 3.1 .O 34.6 

17.4 3.5 1.9 .O .9 .O .O .O 42.1 

3.5 3.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O 12.6 

2.5 .6 1 .O .O 2.2 2.6 3.9 .O 15.5 

14.5 3.4 1.8 .O .O .O .O .O 33.8 

64.0 20.7 12.0 2.6 8.5 5.6 7.0 .O 186.4 

--------------- 

Red maple 25.1 36.0 

Sugar maple 35.7 49.6 

Yellow birch 44.2 48.7 

Paper birch 28.6 25.9 

Beech 73.7 50.1 

Asha 51 .O 77.6 

Aspenb 35.7 47.0 

-- - -- 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

----- Percent -- -- - - - - - - - -- -------- -- - --- --- -- 

.O 100.0 100.0 .O .O 28.7 

100.0 100.0 .O .O .O 29.6 

100.0 70.7 100.0 100.0 .O 31.3 

.O 100.0 .O .O .O 22.3 

.O .O .O .O .O 52.3 

.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 .o 70.1 

.o .o .O .o .O 33.7 

All species 16.7 18.4 22.8 30.5 70.8 41.7 60.7 71.1 .O 14.8 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate'that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 13.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstbck on timberland by species and diameter class, Penobscot County, Maine, 1982 

Species 

Diameter class (in inches) , ... 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

10.1 8.0 5.1 4.1 .9 4.7 .O .O .O 32.9 

8.1 8.1 3.5 3.6 .9 3.5 2.7 2.0 .O 32.4 

3.6 5.3 .4 .O .9 .O .O .O .O 10.2 

6.6' 3.-1 3.9 2.5 .O .O .O .O .O 16.1 

1 .O .O .O .5 .O .O .O .O .O 1.5 

2.6 1.6 .4 .O .O .O .O 1 .O .O 5.6 

11.0 10.9 8.4 10.5 .O .O .O .O .O 40.8 

43.0 37.0 21.7 21.2 2.7 8.2 2.7 3.0 .O 139.5 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 14.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Piscataquis County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

I GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All s~ecies 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

~ Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

I Asha i Aspenb 

1 All species 

1 alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSarnpling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate,, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

~ percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 15.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Sagadahoc County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple .6 .O .2 .O .O .O .O .O .O .8 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch .O .4 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .4 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Asha .6 .7 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 1.3 

Aspenb .3 .3 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .6 

All species 1.5 1.4 .2 .O .O .O .O .O .O 3.1 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple 68.8 .O 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O 55.0 

Sugar maple .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Yellow birch .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Paper birch .O 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 100.0 

Beech .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 

Asha 68.8 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 78.5 

Aspenb 100.0 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 68.8 

All species 39.7 78.1 100.0 .O .O .O .O .O .O 45.2 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

'Sampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 16.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Somerset County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All soecies 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 17.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Waldo County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All. species 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

*Includes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table l8.--.Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Washington County, Maine, 1982 

,Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 10.4 3.8 5.5 1.9 .O .O .O .O .O 21.6 

Sugar maple .4 .8 1.3 .O .O .O .O .O .O 2.5 

Yellow birch 3.8 1.5 .6 .7 .O .O .O .O .O 6.6 

Paper birch 14.2 7.7 3.6 2.2 2.4 .O .O .O .O 30.1 

Beech .5 .O .7 .8 1.3 .O .O .O .O 3.3 

Asha 2.0 1.9 .O .O .O .O .O .O .O 3.9 

Aspenb 6.2 2.8 4.4 5.3 1 .4 .O .O .O .O 20.1 

All species 37.5 18.5 16.1 10.9 5.1 .O .0 .O .O 88.1 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of th8 estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated a8 the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estiniate, and multiplied by 1bO. An -estimate that has an associa'kd sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 19.-Net volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for turnstock on and diameter class, York County, Maine, 1982 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All spcicies 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance, 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; sin estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Table 20.-Net growing-stock volume and sampling error of selected hardwood species suitable for 

turnstock on timberland by species and diameter class, Maine, 1982 

- ~ 

Diameter class (in inches) 

Species All 

7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 

8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

Red maple 

Sugar maple 

Yellow birch 

Paper birch 

Beech 

Asha 

Aspenb 

All species 

GROWING-STOCK VOLUME 

............................. Million cubic feet ............................. 

94.2 73.2 58.7 29.5 14.6 16.6 4.9 1 .O .O 292.7 

59.2 61.8 61.3 45.6 32.5 35.8 31.0 28.0 3.8 359.0 

37.7 47.3 34.1 29.4 30.6 13.5 11.4 19.4 .O 223.4 

109.6 75.8 46.8 16.9 11.5 1.8 .O .O .O 262.4 

19.1 15.2 29.5 10.2 8.8 3.2 .O 2.7 .O 88.7 

33.6 28.8 11.3 6.1 2.5 5.5 3.9 5.3 .O 97.0 

95.6 98.5 77.3 45.9 16.8 8.4 5.9 1.3 .O 349.7 

449.0 400.6 319.0 183.6 117.3 84.8 57.1 57.7 3.8 1,672.9 

SAMPLING ERRORC 

................................ Percent - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - 

9.2 12.9 11.4 17.6 26.5 30.9 59.2 100.0 .O 7.7 

13.4 13.2 12.7 14.3 21.8 20.6 26.8 30.1 100.0 8.8 

14.0 16.6 13.7 15.5 19.3 32.7 38.7 39.1 .O 9.0 

9.9 11.5 14.2 27.7 32.7 70.7 .O .O .O 8.0 

27.6 23.5 17.5 29.5 35.8 60.6 .O 100.0 .O 13.5 

17.3 '19.2 26.0 43.6 62.1 49.3 72.1 76.6 .O 16.7 

15.1 14.7 11.9 16.5 31.0 38.9 57.8 100.0 .O 10.0 

alncludes white and green ash. 

blncludes quaking aspen and bigtooth aspen; does not include poplar species. 

CSampling error is a measure of the reliability of an estimate, and is expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The 

sampling errors given here correspond to one standard deviation, and are calculated as the square root of the variance; I 

divided by the estimate, and multiplied by 100. An estimate that has an associated sampling error greater than 25 

percent, but less than 50 percent should be used with caution; an estimate that has an associated sampling error 

greater than or equal to 50 percent is not significantly different from zero, and is unreliable. 
Wharton, Eric H.; Nevel, Robert L., Jr.; Powell, Douglas S. 1987. Supply 

and demand of timber for wood turning in Maine. NE-RP-599. 

Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 29 p. 

An analytical report on the volume of wood used by the wood-turning industry in Maine, and the volume of timber from the state's timberlands that 

may be suitable for turnstock. Findings are based on the third forest 

resource survey of Maine timberlands, and an industry canvass of primary 

manufacturing mills using wood from Maine timberlands, both conducted in 

1982. Presents the volume of turnstock consumed by Maine mills, the 

volume produced from Maine timberlands, the volume suitable to be harvested for turnstock, and changes over time. 

ODC 721 .l(74l) 

Keywords: Forest survey, wood-turning industry, turnstock, consumption, 

production, supply, counties. 
Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station are in Broomall, Pa. 

Field laboratories are maintained at: 

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts. 

Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College. 

0 Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont. 

Delaware, Ohio. 

0 Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire. 

0 Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University. 

0 Morgantown. West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University, 

Morgantown. 

0 Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the University of Maine, Orono. 

0 Parsons, West Virginia. 

0 Princeton, West Virginia. 

0 Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York 

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University, 

Syracuse. 

0 University Park, Pennsylvania, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State 

University. 

0 Warren, Pennsylvania. 

Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or with any handicapping condition are welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs, and services 

of the USDA. Discrimination in any form is strictly against agency policy, and 

.. _ I 

should be reported to the Secretary of Agriculture,. Washington, DC 20250. 

*U.S.GOVERNIENT PRINTING OFFICEr1987-748-076:40022