II 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 2812 

To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, and for other 

purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

SEPTEMBER 14, 2023 

Mr. SCHATZ (for himself, Mr. BENNET, Mr. COONS, Mr. HEINRICH, Mr. 

HICKENLOOPER, Mr. LUJA ́N, Ms. SMITH, Mr. WHITEHOUSE, and Mr. 

WELCH) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions 

A BILL 

To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, 

and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act 

6 of 2023’’. 

7 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

8 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 


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TITLE I—DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Sec. 101. Fossil energy and carbon management. 

Sec. 102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy. 

Sec. 103. Office of Science. 

Sec. 104. Department-wide considerations. 

TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

Sec. 201. Definitions. 

Sec. 202. Objectives and organization. 

Sec. 203. Agriculture advanced research and development authority. 

Sec. 204. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. 

Sec. 205. Agricultural Research Service. 

Sec. 206. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 

Sec. 207. Forest Service. 

TITLE III—DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Sec. 301. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

Sec. 302. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 

TITLE IV—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Sec. 401. Corps of Engineers. 

TITLE V—DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Sec. 501. United States Geological Survey. 

Sec. 502. Land and minerals management. 

TITLE VI—DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 

Sec. 601. Federal Highway Administration. 

TITLE VII—ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

Sec. 701. Office of research and development. 

TITLE VIII—NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE 

ADMINISTRATION 

Sec. 801. Earth science division program. 

TITLE IX—NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 

Sec. 901. Directorate for biological sciences. 

Sec. 902. Directorate for engineering. 

Sec. 903. Directorate for geosciences. 

Sec. 904. Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences. 

Sec. 905. Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences. 

Sec. 906. Division of social and economic sciences. 

TITLE X—OTHER MATTERS 

Sec. 1001. Plan for international collaboration. 


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1 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

2 In this Act: 

3 (1) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL.—The term 

4 ‘‘carbon dioxide removal’’ means— 

5 (A) the intentional capture of carbon diox6 ide directly from the ambient air or upper hy7 drosphere, combined with the storage of that 

8 carbon dioxide, which results in a net removal 

9 of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as 

10 measured on a lifecycle basis, including, at a 

11 minimum, through— 

12 (i) direct air capture and storage; 

13 (ii) enhanced carbon mineralization; 

14 (iii) biomass-based carbon dioxide re15 moval; 

16 (iv) forest restoration; 

17 (v) soil carbon management; and 

18 (vi) ocean-based carbon removal. 

19 (2) TERRESTRIAL AND BIOLOGICAL CARBON DI20 OXIDE REMOVAL.—The term ‘‘terrestrial and bio21 logical carbon dioxide removal’’ means carbon diox22 ide removal which uses living biomass or soils to 

23 capture and/or store carbon dioxide. 


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1 TITLE I—DEPARTMENT OF 

2 ENERGY 

3 SEC. 101. FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT. 

4 (a) OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MAN5 AGEMENT.— 

6 (1) IN GENERAL.—Title II of the Department 

7 of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7131 et 

8 seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

9 ‘‘SEC. 218. OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MAN10 AGEMENT. 

11 ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established within 

12 the Department an Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 

13 Management (referred to in this section as the ‘Office’). 

14 ‘‘(b) ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR FOSSIL ENERGY

15 AND CARBON MANAGEMENT.— 

16 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Office shall be headed 

17 by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and 

18 Carbon Management (referred to in this section as 

19 the ‘Assistant Secretary’), who shall be appointed by 

20 the President in accordance with section 203. 

21 ‘‘(2) DUTIES OF OFFICE.—In carrying out re22 search, development, and demonstration relating to 

23 carbon dioxide removal, the Assistant Secretary 

24 shall— 


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1 ‘‘(A) incorporate best practices from the 

2 existing carbon capture and storage research 

3 programs within the Department of Energy into 

4 the Office; 

5 ‘‘(B) be responsible for crosscut coordina6 tion of planning and budget for all research, de7 velopment, and demonstration programs of the 

8 Department of Energy relating to carbon diox9 ide removal (as defined in section 2 of the Car10 bon Dioxide Removal Research and Develop11 ment Act of 2023); 

12 ‘‘(C) serve as the primary point of contact 

13 for any relevant interagency planning and co14 ordination efforts; 

15 ‘‘(D) conduct analyses and technology as16 sessments of carbon dioxide removal systems, 

17 development, and demonstration programs, in18 cluding by engaging with the National Labora19 tories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy 

20 Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) to as21 sess lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide re22 moval systems; and 

23 ‘‘(E) provide project management services 

24 for all demonstration-scale projects emerging 

25 from the technological carbon dioxide removal 


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1 research, development, and demonstration port2 folio. 

3 ‘‘(c) MISSION.—The mission of the Office shall in4 clude the research, development, and demonstration of di5 rect air capture and carbon mineralization technologies. 

6 ‘‘(d) LEAD OFFICE.—The National Energy Tech7 nology Laboratory shall have the lead responsibility within 

8 the Department of Energy for planning and managing re9 search, development, and demonstration activities relating 

10 to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the goal 

11 of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost 

12 targets. 

13 ‘‘(e) PROJECT MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.—All 

14 projects carried out by the Office shall be subject to rig15 orous project management requirements and procedures 

16 modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to pro17 gram and project management for the acquisition of cap18 ital assets) (or a successor order).’’. 

19 (2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con20 tents for the Department of Energy Organization 

21 Act (Public Law 95–91; 91 Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 

22 764) is amended by adding at the end of the items 

23 relating to title II the following: 

‘‘Sec. 218. Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.’’. 

24 (3) REFERENCES IN LAW.—Any reference in a 

25 law, regulation, document, paper, or other record to 


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1 the ‘‘Office of Fossil Energy’’ shall be deemed to be 

2 a reference to the ‘‘Office of Fossil Energy and Car3 bon Management’’. 

4 (b) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL RESEARCH, DEVEL5 OPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION.—Section 969D of the 

6 Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16298d) is amend7 ed— 

8 (1) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (5) 

9 and inserting the following: 

10 ‘‘(5) ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and 

11 carbon-sequestering forest management techniques, 

12 forest restoration, urban tree planting and manage13 ment, and reforestation such that negative land-use 

14 change impacts, such as endangering food security 

15 and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and’’; 

16 (2) by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), 

17 (g), (h), (i), (j), and (k) as subsections (e), (f), (g), 

18 (i), (j), (k), (l), and (m), respectively; 

19 (3) by inserting after subsection (c) the fol20 lowing: 

21 ‘‘(d) PROGRAM FOCUS AREAS.— 

22 ‘‘(1) DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE

23 TECHNOLOGIES.—In carrying out subsection (c)(1), 

24 the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities 

25 relating to— 


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1 ‘‘(A) contactor design; 

2 ‘‘(B) low- and zero-carbon heat; 

3 ‘‘(C) advanced or unconventional systems 

4 and components; 

5 ‘‘(D) scale-up studies and pilot plants; 

6 ‘‘(E) operational data collection; 

7 ‘‘(F) engineering design support for large8 scale projects; 

9 ‘‘(G) external techno-economic analyses; 

10 and 

11 ‘‘(H) monitoring, reporting, and 

12 verification capabilities. 

13 ‘‘(2) BIOENERGY WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND

14 STORAGE.—In carrying out subsection (c)(2), the 

15 Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relat16 ing to advanced biomass-to-power conversion. 

17 ‘‘(3) ENHANCED GEOLOGICAL WEATHERING.— 

18 In carrying out subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall 

19 consider carrying out activities relating to— 

20 ‘‘(A) alkalinity resource assessments; 

21 ‘‘(B) pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; 

22 and 

23 ‘‘(C) pilot studies of in situ mineralization 

24 for carbon storage. 


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1 ‘‘(4) CARBON UTILIZATION.—In carrying out 

2 carbon utilization activities under the program, the 

3 Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relat4 ing to the integration of carbonation with carbon di5 oxide capture processes. 

6 ‘‘(5) CROSSCUTTING ACTIVITIES.—In carrying 

7 out cross-cutting activities under the program, the 

8 Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relat9 ing to— 

10 ‘‘(A) carbon dioxide removal data collection 

11 and publication; 

12 ‘‘(B) technology cost and performance; 

13 ‘‘(C) integrated carbon systems modeling; 

14 and 

15 ‘‘(D) decision science.’’; 

16 (4) by inserting after subsection (g) (as so re17 designated) the following: 

18 ‘‘(h) COMPETITIVE DEMONSTRATION AWARDS.— 

19 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years 

20 after the date of enactment of this subsection the 

21 Secretary shall make competitive awards for a port22 folio of carbon dioxide removal demonstration 

23 projects described in paragraph (2). 

24 ‘‘(2) ELIGIBILITY.—Subject to subsection (e), 

25 to be eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a 


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1 carbon dioxide removal demonstration project 

2 shall— 

3 ‘‘(A) use 1 or more technologies and strat4 egies described in subsection (c), including ac5 tivities described in subsection (i); 

6 ‘‘(B) have a total cost of not less than 

7 $10,000,000; 

8 ‘‘(C) be located in the United States or, in 

9 the case of ocean-based projects, within the ter10 ritorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the 

11 United States; 

12 ‘‘(D) have the potential for large-scale, 

13 cost-effective replication; and 

14 ‘‘(E) meet such other provisions as may be 

15 established by the Secretary consistent with the 

16 purposes of this section. 

17 ‘‘(3) ALLOCATION.—In making awards under 

18 paragraph (1), out of the funds provided under sub19 section (m)(1), the Secretary shall allocate— 

20 ‘‘(A) $500,000,000 to projects with total 

21 costs of not less than $10,000,000 and not 

22 more than $100,000,000; 

23 ‘‘(B) $750,000,000 to projects— 

24 ‘‘(i) with a total cost of more than 

25 $100,000,000; and 


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1 ‘‘(ii) under which all captured carbon 

2 dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in 

3 saline aquifers; and 

4 ‘‘(C) $750,000,000 to projects with a total 

5 cost of more than $100,000,000, without regard 

6 to the type of storage. 

7 ‘‘(4) COST-SHARE.— 

8 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 

9 subparagraph (B), with respect to a project re10 ceiving an award under paragraph (1), the Sec11 retary shall require that— 

12 ‘‘(i) in the case of a project that dis13 poses of carbon dioxide in geologic storage 

14 in an operating oil and gas field, not less 

15 than 50 percent of the total project cost 

16 shall be provided by a non-Federal source; 

17 and 

18 ‘‘(ii) in the case of a project that is 

19 not described in clause (i), not less than 20 

20 percent of the total project cost shall be 

21 provided by a non-Federal source. 

22 ‘‘(B) EXCLUSION.—the Federal share of 

23 the cost of a project receiving an award under 

24 paragraph (1) with a total cost of not less than 


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1 $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000 

2 may be up to 100 percent.’’; and 

3 (5) in subsection (m) (as so redesignated), by 

4 striking paragraphs (1) through (5) and inserting 

5 the following: 

6 ‘‘(1) $2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of 

7 which $2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out 

8 subsection (h), to remain available until expended; 

9 ‘‘(2) $217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

10 ‘‘(3) $312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

11 ‘‘(4) $360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

12 ‘‘(5) $440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

13 ‘‘(6) $441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

14 ‘‘(7) $451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

15 ‘‘(8) $424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

16 ‘‘(9) $380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 

17 ‘‘(10) $337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.’’. 

18 SEC. 102. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY. 

19 (a) ADVANCED MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING

20 TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

22 shall establish direct air capture as a research pri23 ority of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing 

24 Technologies Office, with a focus on improved techVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:20 Sep 15, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2812.IS S2812

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1 niques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air cap2 ture components and materials. 

3 (2) COORDINATION.—The Advanced Materials 

4 and Manufacturing Technologies Office shall carry 

5 out research relating to direct air capture under 

6 paragraph (1) in coordination with the Office of 

7 Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. 

8 (3) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEM9 ONSTRATION.—The Secretary of Energy, acting 

10 through the Assistant Secretary for Energy Effi11 ciency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this 

12 section as the ‘‘Assistant Secretary’’), shall carry out 

13 research, development, and demonstration activities 

14 in the areas described in this paragraph. 

15 (A) SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND PROCESS

16 DESIGN.—The Assistant Secretary shall carry 

17 out research, development, and demonstration 

18 activities relating to integrated catalyst reactor 

19 design optimized for carbon dioxide removal 

20 and utilization. 

21 (B) ALKALINITY SOURCE PATHWAYS.— 

22 (i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec23 retary shall carry out research, develop24 ment, and demonstration activities relating 

25 to development of new, low-emissions 


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1 sources of alkalinity for carbon mineraliza2 tion. 

3 (ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 

4 Secretary shall carry out the activities in 

5 clause (i) in collaboration with the Director 

6 of the United States Geological Survey. 

7 (C) CONTACTOR DESIGN.—The Assistant 

8 Secretary shall carry out research, development, 

9 and demonstration activities relating to design 

10 of air contactors for direct air capture with low 

11 pressure drop, high surface area, and high lon12 gevity. 

13 (D) MANUFACTURING IMPROVEMENT.— 

14 The Assistant Secretary shall carry out re15 search, development, and demonstration activi16 ties relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct 

17 air capture components and materials. 

18 (E) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant 

19 Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide 

20 removal research, development, and demonstra21 tion activities, as determined by the Secretary 

22 of Energy. 

23 (b) BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE.— 

24 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

25 shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon dioxVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:20 Sep 15, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2812.IS S2812

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1 ide removal as a research objective in the biomass 

2 energy program of the Bioenergy Technologies Of3 fice. 

4 (2) OBJECTIVE.—In carrying out research, de5 velopment, and demonstration described in para6 graph (5), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to ad7 vance carbon dioxide removal approaches that gen8 erate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle 

9 analysis. 

10 (3) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out the full 

11 lifecycle analysis described in paragraph (2), the 

12 Bioenergy Technologies Office shall consider— 

13 (A) the emissions impacts of biomass har14 vest and processing, including— 

15 (i) unintended disturbances to eco16 system carbon stocks; 

17 (ii) indirect land-use change; and 

18 (iii) alternative fates of biomass used; 

19 (B) the risk of impacts on biodiversity and 

20 food security; and 

21 (C) the social impacts of any air pollut22 ants. 

23 (4) RISK CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out 

24 research, development, and demonstration described 


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1 in paragraph (5), the Bioenergy Technologies Office 

2 shall— 

3 (A) conduct risk assessment of species cul4 tivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological 

5 carbon dioxide removal; and 

6 (B) take all feasible and prudent measures 

7 to minimize risk of economic, environmental, 

8 and social harm caused by invasive species. 

9 (5) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEM10 ONSTRATION.— 

11 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of En12 ergy, acting through the Assistant Secretary, 

13 shall carry out research, development, and dem14 onstration activities in the areas described in 

15 subparagraphs (B) through (I). 

16 (B) ALGAL BIOMASS CAPTURE.—The As17 sistant Secretary shall carry out research, de18 velopment, and demonstration activities relating 

19 to microalgae growth, dewatering, and conver20 sion, including pathways such as bioreactors 

21 and non-photosynthetic pathways. 

22 (C) BIOMASS SUPPLY, LOGISTICS, AND

23 PRE-TREATMENT.— 

24 (i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec25 retary, in collaboration with the Director 


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1 of the National Institute of Food and Agri2 culture, shall establish 1 or more test fa3 cilities to conduct innovative approaches 

4 for treating biomass for use in fuels and 

5 electricity generation, including modeling 

6 and analysis of optimizing biomass gath7 ering, upgrading, and supply. 

8 (ii) TEST FACILITY CONSIDER9 ATIONS.—In selecting facilities to be estab10 lished as test facilities under clause (i), the 

11 Assistant Secretary shall— 

12 (I) consider whether the facility 

13 has the capability for small-scale and 

14 mobile applications; and 

15 (II) prioritize facilities that use 

16 waste feedstocks from managed eco17 systems, urban areas, and areas dam18 aged by severe weather events. 

19 (D) BIOMASS CONVERSION TO FUELS WITH

20 BIOCHAR.— 

21 (i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec22 retary shall carry out research, develop23 ment, and demonstration activities relating 

24 to— 


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1 (I) research on conversion path2 ways, including fast pyrolysis; 

3 (II) development of— 

4 (aa) mobile processing units; 

5 and 

6 (bb) pollutant emissions con7 trol technology; and 

8 (III) assessments of overall car9 bon dioxide removal potential. 

10 (ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 

11 Secretary shall carry out the activities 

12 under clause (i) in collaboration with the 

13 Director of the National Institute of Food 

14 and Agriculture. 

15 (E) BIOMASS TO FUEL WITH CARBON CAP16 TURE AND STORAGE.— 

17 (i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec18 retary shall carry out research, develop19 ment, and demonstration activities relating 

20 to biomass to advanced cellulosic ethanol 

21 with carbon capture and storage, taking 

22 into consideration direct and indirect land23 use impacts from biomass feedstocks. 

24 (ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 

25 Secretary shall carry out the activities 


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1 under clause (i) in collaboration with the 

2 Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil 

3 Energy and Carbon Management. 

4 (F) AQUATIC BIOMASS CULTIVATION.— 

5 (i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec6 retary shall carry out research, develop7 ment, and demonstration activities relating 

8 to management best practices and pheno9 type selection for aquatic macroalgae bio10 mass production optimized for carbon diox11 ide removal, including limited-scale experi12 ments at sea, designed and monitored to 

13 avoid impacts beyond the zone of the ex14 periment. 

15 (ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 

16 Secretary shall carry out the activities 

17 under clause (i) in collaboration with the 

18 Administrator of the National Oceanic and 

19 Atmospheric Administration. 

20 (G) AQUATIC BIOMASS ENERGY CONVER21 SION.—The Assistant Secretary shall carry out 

22 research, development, and demonstration ac23 tivities relating to technology development and 

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1 bon capture, including possible large-scale 

2 ocean-based experiments. 

3 (H) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND

4 APPLICATIONS.— 

5 (i) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec6 retary shall carry out research, develop7 ment, and demonstration activities relating 

8 to development of new carbon dioxide utili9 zation products. 

10 (ii) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant 

11 Secretary shall carry out the activities 

12 under clause (i) in collaboration with— 

13 (I) the Assistant Secretary for 

14 Fossil Energy and Carbon Manage15 ment; and 

16 (II) the Administrator of the Ag17 ricultural Research Service. 

18 (I) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant 

19 Secretary shall carry out research, development, 

20 and demonstration activities relating to other 

21 terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal 

22 research, development, and demonstration ac23 tivities not described in subparagraphs (B) 

24 through (H), as determined by the Secretary. 

25 (c) BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE.— 


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1 (1) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEM2 ONSTRATION.—The Secretary of Energy, acting 

3 through the Building Technologies Office, shall 

4 carry out research, development, and demonstration 

5 activities in each of the areas described in this sub6 section. 

7 (2) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.— 

8 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Building Tech9 nologies Office shall carry out research, devel10 opment, and demonstration activities relating to 

11 development, testing, and certification of car12 bonate materials for construction materials. 

13 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Building 

14 Technologies Office shall carry out activities 

15 under clause (i) in collaboration with the Na16 tional Institute of Standards and Technology. 

17 (3) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Building Tech18 nologies Office shall carry out other carbon dioxide 

19 removal research, development, and demonstration 

20 activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. 

21 (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

22 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of En23 ergy to carry out this section— 

24 (1) $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

25 (2) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 


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1 (3) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

2 (4) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

3 (5) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

4 (6) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

5 (7) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

6 (8) $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

7 (9) $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 

8 (10) $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

9 SEC. 103. OFFICE OF SCIENCE. 

10 (a) RESEARCH.— 

11 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy, 

12 acting through the Director of the Office of Science 

13 (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Director’’), shall 

14 carry out use-inspired fundamental research activi15 ties in each of the areas described in this subsection. 

16 (2) DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FRONTIER RE17 SEARCH CENTERS.—The Director shall carry out re18 search activities relating to the establishment of new 

19 energy frontier research centers focused on materials 

20 research and early-stage application of sorbents, sol21 vents, membranes, and related direct air capture 

22 components. 

23 (3) GRANTS AND COOPERATIVE AGREE24 MENTS.—The Director shall make grants and enter 

25 into cooperative agreements to carry out materials 


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1 research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes, 

2 and related direct air capture components. 

3 (4) SOIL CARBON.— 

4 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

5 carry out research activities relating to plant6 root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, 

7 and other topics. 

8 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

9 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

10 in collaboration with— 

11 (i) the Director of the National 

12 Science Foundation; and 

13 (ii) the Director of the Agricultural 

14 Research Service. 

15 (5) ALGAL BIOMASS CAPTURE.—The Director 

16 shall carry out research activities relating to— 

17 (A) microalgae growth; 

18 (B) dewatering; and 

19 (C) conversion, including bioreactors and 

20 nonphotosynthetic pathways. 

21 (6) CARBON MINERALIZATION.— 

22 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

23 carry out research activities relating to— 

24 (i) mineralization kinetics; 

25 (ii) geomechanics; 


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1 (iii) rock physics; 

2 (iv) utilization-oriented carbonation; 

3 and 

4 (v) other topics. 

5 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

6 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

7 in collaboration with the Director of the Na8 tional Science Foundation. 

9 (7) OCEAN ALKALINITY.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

11 carry out research activities relating to tech12 niques for and ecological impacts of artificial 

13 modification of ocean alkalinity. 

14 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

15 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

16 in collaboration with the Director of the Na17 tional Science Foundation. 

18 (8) CARBON CYCLE.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

20 carry research activities and modeling relating 

21 to— 

22 (i) the effectiveness and ecological im23 pacts of ocean iron fertilization; and 

24 (ii) nitrogen and phosphorous fer25 tilization. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

2 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

3 in collaboration with— 

4 (i) the Director of the National 

5 Science Foundation; and 

6 (ii) the Administrator of the National 

7 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

8 (9) CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN

9 OCEANS.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

11 carry out monitoring, research, and modeling 

12 on ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide 

13 removal techniques. 

14 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

15 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

16 in collaboration with the Administrator of the 

17 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra18 tion. 

19 (10) CARBONATION.— 

20 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

21 carry out research activities relating to— 

22 (i) methods to control carbonation re23 actions; 

24 (ii) methods to accelerate carbonation; 

25 and 


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1 (iii) research to understand structure2 property relationships. 

3 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

4 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

5 in collaboration with the Director of the Na6 tional Science Foundation. 

7 (11) CATALYSTS.— 

8 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

9 carry out research activities relating to— 

10 (i) impurity-tolerant catalyst develop11 ment; 

12 (ii) coupled reduction and oxidation 

13 reactions; and 

14 (iii) reduced additives. 

15 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

16 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

17 in collaboration with the Director of the Na18 tional Science Foundation. 

19 (12) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND AP20 PLICATIONS.— 

21 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

22 carry out research activities relating to develop23 ment of new materials for capturing and uti24 lizing carbon dioxide, including materials with 

25 carbon-carbon bonds. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

2 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

3 in collaboration with the Director of the Na4 tional Science Foundation. 

5 (13) GENETIC MODELING AND TOOLS.— 

6 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

7 carry out research, development, and dem8 onstration of technologies to improve carbon di9 oxide uptake, conversion, and product accumu10 lation through genetic manipulation of biologi11 cal organisms for carbon dioxide removal and 

12 utilization. 

13 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

14 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

15 in collaboration with the Director of the Na16 tional Science Foundation. 

17 (14) BIOPROSPECTING.— 

18 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

19 carry out research activities relating to develop20 ment of tools and high-throughput screening for 

21 organisms with unique attributes relating to 

22 carbon dioxide conversion. 

23 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

24 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 


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1 in collaboration with the Administrator of the 

2 Agricultural Research Service. 

3 (15) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

4 carry out other research on carbon dioxide removal, 

5 as determined by the Secretary. 

6 (b) COORDINATION.—The Director shall carry out 

7 this section in coordination with the Assistant Secretary 

8 for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. 

9 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

10 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of En11 ergy to carry out this section— 

12 (1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

13 (2) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

14 (3) $79,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

15 (4) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

16 (5) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

17 (6) $84,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

18 (7) $81,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

19 (8) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

20 (9) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 

21 (10) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

22 SEC. 104. DEPARTMENT-WIDE CONSIDERATIONS. 

23 (a) LIFECYCLE ANALYSES.—In carrying out re24 search, development, and demonstration under this title, 

25 the Secretary of Energy, in collaboration with the heads 


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1 of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall conduct full2 system lifecycle analyses of emissions and other environ3 mental impacts from carbon dioxide removal technologies 

4 and methods. 

5 (b) ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ANALYSES.—In car6 rying out research, development, and demonstration under 

7 this title, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct environ8 mental justice analyses of carbon dioxide removal tech9 nologies, methods, and siting, including impacts on local 

10 and regional conventional air pollution. 

11 TITLE II—DEPARTMENT OF 

12 AGRICULTURE 

13 SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS. 

14 In this title: 

15 (1) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 

16 means the Department of Agriculture. 

17 (2) LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVER18 SITIES.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘land-grant 

20 colleges and universities’’ has the meaning 

21 given the term in section 1404 of the National 

22 Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching 

23 Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 3103). 

24 (B) INCLUSION.—The term ‘‘land-grant 

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1 tution (as defined in section 532 of the Equity 

2 in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 

3 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; Public Law 103–382)). 

4 (3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

5 the Secretary of Agriculture. 

6 SEC. 202. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION. 

7 (a) DEPARTMENTAL MISSION.—The Secretary shall 

8 incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide re9 moval mission responsibilities into the Strategic Plan of 

10 the Department to complement the food and fiber mission 

11 responsibilities of the Department. 

12 (b) UNDER SECRETARY FOR RESEARCH, EDU13 CATION, AND ECONOMICS.— 

14 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary for 

15 Research, Education, and Economics (referred to in 

16 this section as the ‘‘Under Secretary’’) shall— 

17 (A) coordinate all carbon dioxide removal 

18 research, development, and demonstration ac19 tivities within the Department; and 

20 (B) in carrying out subparagraph (A), col21 laborate with other senior Department officials 

22 with related responsibilities, including the Chief 

23 Economist. 

24 (2) REVIEW AND ADVISE.—The Under Sec25 retary shall— 


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1 (A) review and advise the Secretary on all 

2 budget proposals relating to carbon dioxide re3 moval research, development, and demonstra4 tion under Department programs; and 

5 (B) provide oversight and evaluation of 

6 carbon dioxide removal research, development, 

7 and demonstration initiatives and projects of 

8 the Department. 

9 (3) RESEARCH STRATEGIES.—In carrying out 

10 this subsection, the Under Secretary shall pursue re11 search strategies that build on well-established agri12 culture research infrastructure to pursue carbon di13 oxide removal research, development, and dem14 onstration objectives through new research models. 

15 (4) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEM16 ONSTRATION PROGRAMS.—The Under Secretary 

17 shall incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon di18 oxide removal research, development, and dem19 onstration programs and projects— 

20 (A) across the Department, including at— 

21 (i) the Agricultural Research Service; 

22 (ii) the Forest Service; 

23 (iii) the Natural Resources Conserva24 tion Service; 


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1 (iv) the National Institute of Food 

2 and Agriculture; and 

3 (v) other Department agencies and of4 fices; and 

5 (B) in research portfolios of land-grant col6 leges and universities. 

7 (c) DEPARTMENT-WIDE CONSIDERATIONS.— 

8 (1) OBJECTIVE.—In carrying out research, de9 velopment, and demonstration under this title, the 

10 Secretary shall seek to advance carbon dioxide re11 moval approaches that generate net-negative emis12 sions based on full lifecycle analysis. 

13 (2) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out this 

14 title, the Secretary shall consider, in addition to 

15 emissions described in paragraph (1), the risk of im16 pacts on biodiversity and food security, social im17 pacts, and such other impacts as the Secretary de18 termines to be appropriate. 

19 (3) RISK CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out 

20 this title, the Secretary shall— 

21 (A) conduct risk assessment of species cul22 tivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological 

23 carbon dioxide removal; and 


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1 (B) take all feasible and prudent measures 

2 to minimize risk of economic, environmental, 

3 and social harm caused by invasive species. 

4 (4) MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING.—The 

5 Secretary shall enter into a memorandum of under6 standing with the Secretary of Energy to incorporate 

7 carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into— 

8 (A) current joint research on genomics and 

9 synthetic biology; and 

10 (B) new and expanded joint research ini11 tiatives between the National Laboratories (as 

12 defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 

13 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) and land-grant col14 leges and universities. 

15 SEC. 203. AGRICULTURE ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DE16 VELOPMENT AUTHORITY. 

17 Section 1473H of the National Agricultural Re18 search, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 

19 U.S.C. 3319k) is amended— 

20 (1) in subsection (b)(2)— 

21 (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking 

22 ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

23 (B) in subparagraph (D), by striking the 

24 period at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

25 (C) by adding at the end the following: 


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1 ‘‘(E) to advance technologies and methods 

2 relating to terrestrial and biological carbon di3 oxide removal (as defined in section 2 of the 

4 Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Devel5 opment Act of 2023).’’; and 

6 (2) in subsection (d), by adding at the end the 

7 following: 

8 ‘‘(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR

9 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL ACTIVITIES.—In addi10 tion to amounts otherwise made available under this 

11 subsection, there are authorized to be appropriated 

12 to carry out subsection (b)(2)(E), $10,000,000 for 

13 each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033, to remain 

14 available until expended.’’. 

15 SEC. 204. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRI16 CULTURE. 

17 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA18 TION.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, acting 

20 through the National Institute of Food and Agri21 culture, shall carry out research, development, and 

22 demonstration activities in each of the areas de23 scribed in this subsection. 

24 (2) BIOMASS SUPPLY, LOGISTICS, AND PRE25 TREATMENT.— 


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1 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall es2 tablish 1 or more test facilities for innovative 

3 approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels 

4 and electricity generation, including modeling 

5 and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, 

6 upgrading, and supply. 

7 (B) CONSIDERATION; PRIORITY.—In car8 rying out subparagraph (A), the Secretary 

9 shall— 

10 (i) consider facilities with the capa11 bility for small-scale and mobile applica12 tions; and 

13 (ii) prioritize waste feedstocks from 

14 managed ecosystems, urban areas, and 

15 areas damaged by severe weather events. 

16 (3) BIOMASS CONVERSION TO FUELS WITH

17 BIOCHAR.—The Secretary shall— 

18 (A) research pathways for the conversion 

19 of biomass to fuels with biochar, including fast 

20 pyrolysis, development of mobile processing 

21 units, and pollution emissions control tech22 nology; and 

23 (B) conduct relevant assessments of overall 

24 carbon dioxide removal potential. 


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1 (4) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 

2 carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de3 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter4 mined by the Secretary. 

5 (b) COLLABORATION.—In carrying out the activities 

6 under subsection (a), the Secretary shall collaborate with 

7 the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renew8 able Energy. 

9 (c) CONSIDERATION.—In carrying out research, de10 velopment, and demonstration on biomass as a feedstock, 

11 the Secretary shall consider— 

12 (1) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest 

13 and processing; 

14 (2) unintended disturbances to ecosystem car15 bon stocks; 

16 (3) indirect land-use change; 

17 (4) alternative fates of biomass used; and 

18 (5) the social impacts of any air pollutants. 

19 (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

20 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

21 out this section— 

22 (1) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

23 (2) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

24 (3) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 


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1 (4) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

2 through 2030; 

3 (5) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

4 (6) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 

5 (7) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

6 SEC. 205. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE. 

7 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA8 TION.— 

9 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, acting 

10 through the Agricultural Research Service, shall 

11 carry out research, development, and demonstration 

12 activities in each of the areas described in this sub13 section. 

14 (2) SOIL CARBON.— 

15 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

16 carry out fundamental research on plant-root17 fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and 

18 other topics with the potential to advance car19 bon dioxide removal. 

20 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

21 shall carry out the activities under subpara22 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

23 (i) the Director of the Office of 

24 Science of the Department of Energy; and 


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1 (ii) the Director of the National 

2 Science Foundation. 

3 (3) HIGH-CARBON-INPUT CROP PHENOTYPES.— 

4 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

5 carry out development of advanced cultivars 

6 and forestry crops with enhanced carbon uptake 

7 and retention. 

8 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

9 shall carry out the activities under subpara10 graph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the 

11 Forest Service. 

12 (4) CULTIVATION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION.— 

13 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

14 carry out research on regionally specific best 

15 practices for soil health and carbon retention at 

16 not fewer than 10 sites, including at least 1 site 

17 in a tropical region. 

18 (B) CONSIDERATION.—The Secretary shall 

19 consider co-locating sites described in subpara20 graph (A) with sites used by the National Re21 source Inventory of the Natural Resources Con22 servation Service, the Long Term Ecological 

23 Research Network, the National Ecological Ob24 servatory Network, and the Forest Inventory 

25 and Analysis Program. 


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1 (5) AGROFORESTRY.—The Secretary shall carry 

2 out research on integrating regionally appropriate 

3 trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming sys4 tems as a carbon dioxide removal practice at no 

5 fewer than 5 geographically diverse test sites. 

6 (6) PERENNIAL PLANTS AND MARGINAL

7 LANDS.—The Secretary shall carry out research into 

8 the use of perennial plants for carbon dioxide re9 moval, including research on— 

10 (A) genetic traits; 

11 (B) improved soil carbon sequestration 

12 modeling; 

13 (C) perennialization of useful annual crops; 

14 and 

15 (D) greater use on marginal land. 

16 (7) SOIL AMENDMENTS IMPACT STUDIES.—The 

17 Secretary shall carry out research and field studies 

18 on the longevity and impact of soil amendments, 

19 such as biochar and reactive minerals, on produc20 tivity, soil carbon retention, nutrient and water use, 

21 albedo, and other factors. 

22 (8) MEASUREMENT, MODELING, AND PRE23 DICTIVE TOOL DEVELOPMENT.— 

24 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

25 carry out research to improve existing carbon 


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1 sequestration measurement and modeling tools 

2 and the development of simulation-based tools 

3 to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestra4 tion. 

5 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

6 shall carry out the activities under subpara7 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

8 the National Science Foundation. 

9 (9) CLIMATE HUBS.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

11 carry out activities relating to increasing the ca12 pacity of Department climate hubs and other 

13 research units to deliver climate- and carbon di14 oxide removal-related science and tools to farm15 ers, ranchers, and forest planners and man16 agers. 

17 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

18 shall carry out the activities under subpara19 graph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the 

20 Forest Service. 

21 (10) BIOPROSPECTING.— 

22 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

23 carry out activities relating to the development 

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1 ganisms with unique attributes relating to car2 bon dioxide conversion. 

3 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

4 shall carry out the activities under subpara5 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

6 the Office of Science of the Department of En7 ergy. 

8 (11) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND AP9 PLICATIONS.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

11 carry out activities relating to development of 

12 new carbon dioxide utilization products. 

13 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

14 shall carry out the activities under subpara15 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

16 Secretary for Office of Energy Efficiency and 

17 Renewable Energy of the Department of En18 ergy. 

19 (12) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 

20 carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de21 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter22 mined by the Secretary. 

23 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

24 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

25 out this section— 


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1 (1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

2 (2) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

3 (3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

4 (4) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

5 and 2028; and 

6 (5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 

7 through 2033. 

8 SEC. 206. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 

9 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA10 TION.— 

11 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, acting 

12 through the Natural Resources Conservation Service, 

13 shall carry out research, development, and dem14 onstration activities in each of the areas described in 

15 this subsection. 

16 (2) ENHANCED SOIL MONITORING.— 

17 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

18 carry out revisions to the National Resources 

19 Inventory system of the National Resources 

20 Conservation Service— 

21 (i) to include measuring greenhouse 

22 gasses, including carbon stocks and fluxes; 

23 (ii) to include additional sites; and 

24 (iii) to expand remote sensing to in25 crease frequency and geospatial resolution. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

2 shall carry out the activities under subpara3 graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis4 trator of the National Aeronautics and Space 

5 Administration. 

6 (3) CONSERVATION PRACTICES DATA COLLEC7 TION.—The Secretary shall carry out revisions to 

8 the Conservation Effects Assessment Project of the 

9 Natural Resources Conservation Service to collect 

10 more frequent and robust data on how conservation 

11 practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes. 

12 (4) EXTENSION OF AGRICULTURAL CARBON SE13 QUESTRATION PRACTICES.—The Secretary shall 

14 carry out— 

15 (A) projects to identify barriers to adop16 tion of agricultural carbon sequestration tech17 nologies; and 

18 (B) extension of tools and practices, and 

19 research to promote uptake using existing con20 servation programs of the Department. 

21 (5) SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH.— 

22 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

23 carry out social science research on uptake of 

24 agricultural carbon sequestration technologies 

25 and practices to inform outreach. 


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1 (B) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall 

2 carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) 

3 in consultation with the Administrator of the 

4 Economic Research Service. 

5 (6) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 

6 carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de7 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter8 mined by the Secretary. 

9 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

10 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

11 out this section— 

12 (1) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 

13 through 2026; 

14 (2) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

15 and 2028; and 

16 (3) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 

17 through 2033. 

18 SEC. 207. FOREST SERVICE. 

19 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA20 TION.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, acting 

22 through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall carry 

23 out research, development, and demonstration activi24 ties in at each of the areas described in this sub25 section. 


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1 (2) ENHANCED FOREST STOCK MONITORING.— 

2 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

3 carry out activities relating to improving— 

4 (i) capacity of the Forest Inventory 

5 and Analysis program to monitor forest 

6 carbon, including through remote sensing 

7 to increase frequency and geospatial reso8 lution; and 

9 (ii) forest carbon measurement and 

10 monitoring technologies, including satellite 

11 and remote sensing technologies. 

12 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

13 shall carry out the activities under subpara14 graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis15 trator of the National Aeronautics and Space 

16 Administration. 

17 (3) INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODEL AND

18 GRASSLANDS AND FOREST IMPACTS MODELING.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

20 carry out activities relating to technical, eco21 nomic, and social modeling of impacts on land 

22 use from avoided conversion of grasslands and 

23 forests, reforestation, conservation, 

24 afforestation, and forest management changes. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

2 shall carry out the activities under subpara3 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

4 the National Science Foundation. 

5 (4) FOREST CARBON MANAGEMENT DEM6 ONSTRATION.— 

7 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

8 carry out activities, at not fewer than 5 geo9 graphically diverse sites, relating to conducting 

10 large-scale field experiments of best practices 

11 for forest management and restoration that op12 timize carbon dioxide removal while maintaining 

13 and enhancing ecosystems. 

14 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

15 shall carry out the activities under subpara16 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

17 Administrator for Research and Development of 

18 the Environmental Protection Agency. 

19 (5) CLIMATE RESILIENCE.—The Secretary shall 

20 carry out research and field experiments on enhance21 ments to forest management practices for carbon di22 oxide removal to reflect emerging needs due to the 

23 impact of climate change on forests over time. 

24 (6) PRESERVATION OF HARVESTED WOOD.— 


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1 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

2 carry out activities relating to the design and 

3 demonstration of landfills for woody biomass 

4 disposal and carbon storage. 

5 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

6 shall carry out the activities under subpara7 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

8 Administrator for Research and Development of 

9 the Environmental Protection Agency. 

10 (7) SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EXTEN11 SION.—The Secretary shall carry out social science 

12 research and extension programs to promote uptake 

13 of forest management carbon sequestration tech14 nologies and practices. 

15 (8) CLIMATE HUBS.— 

16 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall 

17 carry out activities to increase the capacity of 

18 Department climate hubs and other research 

19 units to deliver climate and carbon dioxide re20 moval-related science and tools to forest plan21 ners and managers. 

22 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Secretary 

23 shall carry out the activities under subpara24 graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis25 trator of the Agricultural Research Service. 


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1 (9) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall 

2 carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de3 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter4 mined by the Secretary. 

5 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

6 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

7 out this section— 

8 (1) $24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 

9 through 2026; 

10 (2) $16,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

11 and 2028; and 

12 (3) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 

13 through 2033. 

14 TITLE III—DEPARTMENT OF 

15 COMMERCE 

16 SEC. 301. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMIN17 ISTRATION. 

18 (a) DEFINITION OF UNDER SECRETARY.—In this 

19 section, the term ‘‘Under Secretary’’ means the Under 

20 Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. 

21 (b) STRATEGIC MISSION OBJECTIVE.—The Secretary 

22 of Commerce shall incorporate carbon dioxide removal sci23 entific objectives into the mission responsibilities of the 

24 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for 

25 oceans and coastal area programs. 


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1 (c) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND CONSIDER2 ATIONS.— 

3 (1) OBJECTIVES.—In carrying out research, de4 velopment, and demonstration under this section, 

5 the Under Secretary shall seek to develop a better 

6 understanding of the efficacy and impacts of carbon 

7 dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas and the 

8 ocean to help determine which could be feasible for 

9 larger scale deployment. 

10 (2) CONSIDERATIONS.—In carrying out re11 search, development, and demonstration under this 

12 section, the Under Secretary shall conform to na13 tional and international governance frameworks and 

14 employ stringent monitoring to understand and min15 imize negative ecosystem and social impacts and 

16 maximize co-benefits for communities and marine 

17 ecosystems. 

18 (d) LEAD OFFICE.— 

19 (1) CLIMATE PROGRAM OFFICE.—The Climate 

20 Program Office of the National Oceanic and Atmos21 pheric Administration (referred to in this subsection 

22 as the ‘‘Office’’) shall serve as the focal point for co23 ordination and information dissemination on carbon 

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1 anic and Atmospheric Administration, with an em2 phasis on technological approaches. 

3 (2) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Office shall— 

4 (A) coordinate all National Oceanic and 

5 Atmospheric Administration carbon dioxide re6 moval research, development, and demonstra7 tion on technologically enhanced coastal and 

8 ocean carbon capture, conversion, and storage; 

9 (B) support the development and applica10 tion of technologically enhanced methods of 

11 coastal and ocean carbon dioxide removal con12 sistent with the research objectives and consid13 erations described in subsection (c); and 

14 (C) ensure effective utilization of the ocean 

15 research assets of the Administration, the Na16 tional Science Foundation, and the Coast 

17 Guard in implementing carbon dioxide removal 

18 research projects. 

19 (3) INTEGRATION.—The Director of the Office 

20 shall— 

21 (A) coordinate existing ocean acidification 

22 monitoring and data collection programs in ex23 istence as of the date of enactment of this Act 

24 with the carbon dioxide removal research portVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:20 Sep 15, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00050 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2812.IS S2812

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1 folio of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

2 Administration; and 

3 (B) modify existing ocean acidification pro4 gram plans to incorporate carbon dioxide re5 moval research objectives. 

6 (e) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA7 TION.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall 

9 carry out research, development, and demonstration 

10 activities in each of the areas described in this sub11 section. 

12 (2) COASTAL MARINE CARBON FUNDAMENTAL

13 RESEARCH.— 

14 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

15 shall carry out fundamental research of coastal 

16 ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration. 

17 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec18 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

19 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di20 rector of the National Science Foundation. 

21 (3) COASTAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT.— 

22 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

23 shall carry out mapping and evaluation of 

24 coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide 

25 removal potential. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec2 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

3 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Ad4 ministrator of the National Aeronautics and 

5 Space Administration. 

6 (4) COASTAL MARINE CARBON REGIONAL FIELD

7 TRIALS.— 

8 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

9 shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal 

10 wetlands restoration optimized for carbon diox11 ide removal. 

12 (B) COORDINATION.—The Under Sec13 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

14 subparagraph (A) in coordination with the 

15 grant program under section 906 of the Na16 tional Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 

17 U.S.C. 7505) and the Ecosystem Management 

18 and Restoration Research Program of the 

19 Corps of Engineers. 

20 (5) NATIONAL COASTAL WETLAND DATA CEN21 TER.—The Under Secretary shall integrate data on 

22 coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide removal research 

23 into the Digital Coast program established under 

24 section 4(a) of the Digital Coast Act (16 U.S.C. 

25 1467(a)). 


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1 (6) OCEAN MODELING.—The Under Secretary 

2 shall conduct research and modeling on the effect of 

3 ocean circulation on carbon dioxide uptake from the 

4 atmosphere in response to intentional carbon dioxide 

5 removal from the ocean. 

6 (7) AQUATIC BIOMASS CULTIVATION.— 

7 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

8 shall research management best practices and 

9 phenotype selection for and use of aquatic 

10 macroalgae biomass production optimized for 

11 carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale 

12 experiments at sea, designed and monitored to 

13 avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experi14 ment. 

15 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec16 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

17 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the As18 sistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Re19 newable Energy of the Department of Energy. 

20 (C) RISK CONSIDERATIONS.—The Under 

21 Secretary shall take all feasible and prudent 

22 measures to minimize risk of economic, environ23 mental, and social harm caused by invasive spe24 cies. 


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1 (8) APPLIED ALKALINITY MODIFICATION TECH2 NIQUES.— 

3 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

4 shall conduct limited-scale experiments on alka5 linity enhancement techniques at sea, designed 

6 and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the 

7 zone of the experiment. 

8 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec9 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

10 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di11 rector of the National Science Foundation. 

12 (9) SEAWATER CARBON EXTRACTION.—The 

13 Under Secretary shall conduct research and mod14 eling on electrochemical seawater extraction, includ15 ing process design and locations for minimizing re16 source requirements, downstream chemical and bio17 logical impacts, and storage or utilization methods. 

18 (10) OCEAN FERTILIZATION FUNDAMENTAL RE19 SEARCH.— 

20 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

21 shall conduct fundamental research and mod22 eling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean 

23 iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous 

24 fertilization research. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec2 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

3 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di4 rector of the National Science Foundation and 

5 the Director of the Office of Science of the De6 partment of Energy. 

7 (11) ARTIFICIAL OCEAN MACRONUTRIENT FER8 TILIZATION.— 

9 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

10 shall conduct limited-scale experiments on ocean 

11 macronutrient fertilization, designed and mon12 itored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the 

13 experiment and within internationally recog14 nized frameworks. 

15 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec16 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

17 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di18 rector of the National Science Foundation. 

19 (12) UPWELLING AND DOWNWELLING.—The 

20 Under Secretary shall conduct research on the im21 pact and effectiveness of upwelling and downwelling 

22 as a carbon dioxide removal approach. 

23 (13) CARBON DIOXIDE IMPACTS AND FATE IN

24 OCEANS.— 


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1 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Under Secretary 

2 shall conduct monitoring, research, modeling, 

3 and small-scale field trials on ecological and so4 cial impacts of coastal and deep ocean carbon 

5 dioxide removal techniques. 

6 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Under Sec7 retary shall carry out the activities described in 

8 subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Di9 rector of the Office of Science of the Depart10 ment of Energy. 

11 (14) ENHANCED MONITORING.—The Under 

12 Secretary shall conduct enhanced ocean, coastal, and 

13 atmospheric monitoring, quantification, and 

14 verification of carbon dioxide removal. 

15 (15) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Under Secretary 

16 shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, 

17 development, and demonstration activities, as deter18 mined by the Under Secretary. 

19 (f) INPUT.—In carrying out the activities under sub20 section (e), the Under Secretary shall receive input from 

21 the Director of the Office. 

22 (g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

23 are authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary 

24 to carry out subsection (d)— 

25 (1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 


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1 (2) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

2 (3) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

3 (4) $124,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

4 (5) $148,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

5 (6) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

6 (7) $138,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

7 (8) $126,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

8 (9) $117,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 

9 (10) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

10 (h) INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION.—In carrying 

11 out this section, the Under Secretary, acting through the 

12 Director of the Office, shall— 

13 (1) coordinate with the Secretary of State and 

14 appropriate international entities; 

15 (2) ensure compliance with all current inter16 national agreements, including voluntary compliance 

17 agreements where the United States is not an offi18 cial signatory; and 

19 (3) to the extent practicable, seek joint sponsor20 ship for experiments. 

21 SEC. 302. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECH22 NOLOGY. 

23 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA24 TION.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Commerce, 

2 acting through the Director of the National Institute 

3 of Standards and Technology (referred to in this 

4 section as the ‘‘Director’’), shall carry out research, 

5 development, and demonstration activities in each of 

6 the areas described in this subsection. 

7 (2) MATERIALS TESTING AND STANDARDS.— 

8 The Director shall develop standard reference mate9 rials and standard testing procedures for tech10 nologies and processes related to carbon dioxide re11 moval. 

12 (3) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.— 

13 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall de14 velop, test, and establish standards for car15 bonate or carbon-sequestering materials for 

16 construction markets. 

17 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

18 carry out the activities described in subpara19 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

20 Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable 

21 Energy of the Department of Energy. 

22 (4) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Director shall 

23 conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, de24 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deterVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:20 Sep 15, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00058 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2812.IS S2812

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1 mined by the Director of the National Institute of 

2 Standards and Technology. 

3 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

4 are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the 

5 National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry 

6 out this section— 

7 (1) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 

8 through 2026; 

9 (2) $7,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

10 through 2029; 

11 (3) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2030 

12 through 2032; and 

13 (4) $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

14 TITLE IV—DEPARTMENT OF 

15 DEFENSE 

16 SEC. 401. CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 

17 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA18 TION.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Defense, 

20 acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry 

21 out research, development, and demonstration activi22 ties in each of the areas described in this subsection. 

23 (2) COASTAL MARINE CARBON REGIONAL FIELD

24 TRIALS.— 


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1 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of De2 fense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, 

3 shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal 

4 wetlands restoration optimized for carbon diox5 ide removal. 

6 (B) COORDINATION.—The Secretary of 

7 Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, 

8 shall carry out the activities described in sub9 paragraph (A) in coordination with the grant 

10 program under section 906 of the National 

11 Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 U.S.C. 

12 7505) and the Coastal Resilience Grants Pro13 gram of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

14 Administration. 

15 (3) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary of De16 fense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall 

17 conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, de18 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter19 mined by the Secretary of Defense. 

20 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

21 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of De22 fense to carry out this section— 

23 (1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

24 (2) $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 

25 through 2027; 


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1 (3) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 

2 through 2030; and 

3 (4) $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 

4 through 2033. 

5 TITLE V—DEPARTMENT OF THE 

6 INTERIOR 

7 SEC. 501. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

8 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA9 TION.— 

10 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Inte11 rior, acting through the Director of the United 

12 States Geological Survey (referred to in this section 

13 as the ‘‘Director’’), shall carry out research, develop14 ment, and demonstration activities in each of the 

15 areas described in this subsection. 

16 (2) RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS.— 

17 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall— 

18 (i) carry out mapping and technical 

19 and economic assessments of geological re20 sources, mine tailings, and other alkaline 

21 industrial wastes for mineralization; and 

22 (ii) establish of a public database of 

23 results of the mapping and assessments 

24 carried out under clause (i). 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

2 carry out the activities described in subpara3 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

4 Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Man5 agement of the Department of Energy. 

6 (3) TAILINGS AND WASTE MINERALIZATION.— 

7 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

8 carry out field experiments on carbon-seques9 tering waste materials, including mine tailings 

10 and industrial wastes. 

11 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

12 carry out the activities described in subpara13 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

14 (i) the Assistant Secretary for of Fos15 sil Energy and Carbon Management of the 

16 Department of Energy; 

17 (ii) the Assistant Administrator for of 

18 Research and Development of the Environ19 mental Protection Agency; and 

20 (iii) the director of the Bureau of 

21 Land Management. 

22 (4) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINERALIZA23 TION MATERIALS.— 

24 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

25 carry out research on the environmental imVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:20 Sep 15, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00062 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2812.IS S2812

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1 pacts of broadcasting materials, including dis2 turbing piles of mine tailings. 

3 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

4 carry out the activities described in subpara5 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

6 (i) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 

7 Energy and Carbon Management of the 

8 Department of Energy; and 

9 (ii) the Assistant Administrator for 

10 Research and Development of the Environ11 mental Protection Agency. 

12 (5) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

13 EXPANDED MINING FOR MINERALIZATION.— 

14 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

15 carry out research on the environmental and so16 cial impacts of expanded mining activities for 

17 the purpose of mineralization, including the net 

18 carbon impact of those activities. 

19 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

20 carry out the activities described in subpara21 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

22 (i) the Director of the National 

23 Science Foundation; 


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1 (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 

2 Energy and Carbon Management of the 

3 Department of Energy; and 

4 (iii) the Assistant Administrator for 

5 Research and Development of the Environ6 mental Protection Agency. 

7 (6) NEW MINERALIZATION PATHWAYS.— 

8 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

9 carry out development of new, low-emissions 

10 sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization 

11 and new mineralization processes, such as loop12 ing and direct air capture hybrids. 

13 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

14 carry out the activities described in subpara15 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

16 Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable 

17 Energy of the Department of Energy. 

18 (7) REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall es20 tablish not more than 6 regional partnerships, 

21 the membership of which may be made up of 1 

22 or more— 

23 (i) institutions of higher education; 

24 (ii) State entities; 

25 (iii) Federal entities; 


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1 (iv) Indian Tribes (as defined in sec2 tion 4 of the Indian Self-Determination 

3 and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 

4 5304)); 

5 (v) Native Hawaiian organizations (as 

6 defined in section 6207 of the Elementary 

7 and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 

8 U.S.C. 7517)); 

9 (vi) nongovernmental organizations; 

10 and 

11 (vii) other relevant entities. 

12 (B) PURPOSE.—The purpose of a regional 

13 partnership established under subparagraph (A) 

14 shall be— 

15 (i) to characterize regional resources 

16 for mineralization; and 

17 (ii) to carry out field experiments and 

18 small-scale demonstration projects for min19 eralization. 

20 (C) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

21 carry out the activities described in this para22 graph in collaboration with the Assistant Sec23 retary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Manage24 ment of the Department of Energy. 


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1 (8) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Director shall 

2 carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, de3 velopment, and demonstration activities, as deter4 mined by the Secretary of the Interior. 

5 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

6 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Inte7 rior to carry out this section— 

8 (1) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

9 (2) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

10 (3) $22,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 

11 through 2030; 

12 (4) $21,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 

13 and 2032; and 

14 (5) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

15 SEC. 502. LAND AND MINERALS MANAGEMENT. 

16 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA17 TION.— 

18 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Inte19 rior, acting through the Assistant Secretary of Land 

20 and Minerals Management (referred to in this sec21 tion as the ‘‘Assistant Secretary’’), shall carry out 

22 research, development, and demonstration activities 

23 in each of the areas described in this subsection. 

24 (2) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL ON FEDERAL

25 LANDS.— 


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1 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Sec2 retary shall carry out an assessment of the abil3 ity to use Federal land and abandoned mine 

4 land, subject to the Office of Surface Mining, 

5 and associated subsurface regions, for carbon 

6 dioxide removal benefits and practices, includ7 ing— 

8 (i) ecologically appropriate revegeta9 tion; 

10 (ii) reforestation; 

11 (iii) restoration to natural landscapes, 

12 including grasslands; and 

13 (iv) underground geologic storage of 

14 carbon dioxide. 

15 (B) REQUIREMENTS.—The assessment 

16 under subparagraph (A) shall— 

17 (i) include data on carbon storage po18 tential and climate resilience, including— 

19 (I) safety for local communities; 

20 (II) avoiding negative environ21 mental impacts; and 

22 (III) identifying regions with 

23 lower risks of reversing carbon dioxide 

24 removal practices over time; and 


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1 (ii) identify economic development op2 portunities for local communities. 

3 (3) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant Sec4 retary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal 

5 research, development, and demonstration activities, 

6 as determined by the Secretary of the Interior. 

7 (4) CONSULTATION.—The Assistant Secretary 

8 shall carry out the activities described in this section 

9 in consultation with— 

10 (A) the Secretary of Agriculture; 

11 (B) the Secretary of Energy; and 

12 (C) the Chief of the Forest Service. 

13 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

14 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the 

15 Interior to carry out this section $2,000,000 for each of 

16 fiscal years 2024 through 2033. 

17 TITLE VI—DEPARTMENT OF 

18 TRANSPORTATION 

19 SEC. 601. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION. 

20 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

21 (1) CARBON-SEQUESTERING NEW MATERIAL.— 

22 The term ‘‘carbon-sequestering new material’’ means 

23 a novel formulation of cement, concrete, or aggre24 gate that allows captured carbon dioxide to be se25 questered, including— 


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1 (A) carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials; 

2 (B) carbon dioxide-absorbing materials; 

3 (C) carbon dioxide-cured cement and con4 crete; 

5 (D) new aggregate materials made from 

6 mineral carbonization; 

7 (E) cement formulations that substitute 

8 clinker with other materials, subject to the con9 dition that such other materials comprise not 

10 less than 50 percent of the cement formulation; 

11 and 

12 (F) additional materials as designated by 

13 the Secretary. 

14 (2) PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘program’’ means 

15 the research, development, and demonstration pro16 gram established under subsection (b). 

17 (3) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

18 the Secretary of Transportation. 

19 (b) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall establish 

20 a program to carry out research, development, and dem21 onstration activities for the use of carbon-sequestering 

22 new materials to lower the carbon impact of highway con23 struction materials and public transportation construction 

24 materials. 

25 (c) ACTIVITIES.— 


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1 (1) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT.— 

2 (A) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the 

3 program, the Secretary shall carry out research 

4 on mineral carbonation for use in carbon-se5 questering new materials. 

6 (B) CONSIDERATION.—The research under 

7 subparagraph (A) shall be informed by the rec8 ommendations of the National Academies of 

9 Science, Engineering, and Medicine in chapter 

10 11 of the consensus study report entitled ‘‘Gas11 eous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status 

12 and Research Needs’’ and published in 2019. 

13 (2) RESEARCH.— 

14 (A) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the 

15 program, the Secretary, in coordination with 

16 standard-setting organizations, such as the 

17 American Association of State Highway and 

18 Transportation Officials, shall carry out re19 search— 

20 (i) on the durability, strength, and 

21 stability of carbon-sequestering new mate22 rials; and 

23 (ii) to support the development of the 

24 necessary standards required for the use of 

25 carbon-sequestering new materials. 


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1 (B) STANDARDS.—Based on the results of 

2 the research under subparagraph (A), the Sec3 retary shall coordinate and consult with other 

4 necessary governmental and nongovernmental 

5 entities, including the entities described in sub6 paragraph (A), to support the development of 

7 standards for the use of carbon-sequestering 

8 new materials. 

9 (3) GRANTS FOR STATE STANDARDS.—In car10 rying out the program, the Secretary shall provide 

11 grants to a geographically diverse set of States to 

12 assist those States in adopting State standards for 

13 the procurement of carbon-sequestering new mate14 rials in highway and public transportation construc15 tion. 

16 (4) LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENTS.—In carrying out 

17 the program, the Secretary shall carry out lifecycle 

18 assessments of the greenhouse gas emissions associ19 ated with carbon-sequestering new materials. 

20 (5) COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall co21 ordinate with— 

22 (A) the Secretary of Energy in carrying 

23 out paragraph (1); 


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1 (B) the Administrator of the Environ2 mental Protection Agency in carrying out para3 graph (4); and 

4 (C) other Federal agencies as necessary to 

5 carry out the activities described in this sub6 section. 

7 (d) GRANT PROGRAM.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after 

9 the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

10 shall establish a program to provide grants to eligi11 ble entities to assist those entities in procuring car12 bon-sequestering new materials for eligible uses de13 scribed in paragraph (4). 

14 (2) ELIGIBLE ENTITIES.—An entity eligible to 

15 receive a grant under this subsection is— 

16 (A) a State; 

17 (B) a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or 

18 (C) a unit of local government. 

19 (3) APPLICATIONS.—To be eligible to receive a 

20 grant under this subsection, an eligible entity shall 

21 submit to the Secretary an application at such time, 

22 in such manner, and containing such information as 

23 the Secretary determines to be appropriate. 


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1 (4) USE OF FUNDS.—An eligible entity may use 

2 a grant under this subsection to procure and use 

3 carbon-sequestering new materials for— 

4 (A) a highway or bridge project eligible for 

5 assistance under title 23, United States Code; 

6 (B) a public transportation project eligible 

7 for assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, 

8 United States Code; and 

9 (C) any other transportation infrastructure 

10 project as the Secretary determines to be ap11 propriate. 

12 (5) REQUIREMENTS.— 

13 (A) HIGHWAY OR BRIDGE PROJECTS.—A 

14 project described in paragraph (4)(A) shall be 

15 subject to the requirements under title 23, 

16 United States Code, that would apply if the 

17 project was carried out under that title. 

18 (B) PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

19 PROJECTS.—A project described in paragraph 

20 (4)(B) shall be subject to the requirements 

21 under chapter 53 of title 49, United States 

22 Code, that would apply if the project was car23 ried out under that chapter. 

24 (e) FUNDING.— 


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1 (1) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

2 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec3 retary to carry out this section— 

4 (A) $32,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

5 (B) $57,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

6 (C) $62,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

7 (D) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and 

8 (E) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

9 2028 through 2033. 

10 (2) ALLOCATION.— 

11 (A) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.—Of 

12 the amounts made available under paragraph 

13 (1) for each fiscal year— 

14 (i) $10,000,000 shall be for research 

15 under subsection (c)(1); 

16 (ii) $10,000,000 shall be for research 

17 under subsection (c)(2); 

18 (iii) $10,000,000 shall be for grants 

19 for States under subsection (c)(3); and 

20 (iv) $2,000,000 shall be for lifecycle 

21 assessments under subsection (c)(4). 

22 (B) GRANT PROGRAM.—Of the amounts 

23 made available under paragraph (1), the Sec24 retary shall use to carry out the grant program 

25 under subsection (d)— 


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1 (i) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

2 (ii) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

3 (iii) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

4 and 

5 (iv) $40,000,000 for each of fiscal 

6 years 2028 through 2033. 

7 (3) TREATMENT.—Amounts made available 

8 under paragraph (1) shall be available for obligation 

9 in the same manner as if those amounts were appor10 tioned under chapter 1 of title 23, United States 

11 Code. 

12 TITLE VII—ENVIRONMENTAL 

13 PROTECTION AGENCY 

14 SEC. 701. OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 

15 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA16 TION.— 

17 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the 

18 Environmental Protection Agency, acting through 

19 the Assistant Administrator of Research and Devel20 opment (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Assistant 

21 Administrator’’), shall carry out research, develop22 ment, and demonstration activities in each of the 

23 areas described in this subsection. 

24 (2) DIRECT AIR CAPTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IM25 PACTS.—The Assistant Administrator shall carry out 


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1 a lifecycle assessment of the environmental impacts 

2 of direct air capture, including— 

3 (A) greenhouse gas emissions; 

4 (B) air and water pollutants; 

5 (C) water use; and 

6 (D) land use. 

7 (3) PRESERVATION OF HARVESTED WOOD.— 

8 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Adminis9 trator shall design and conduct a demonstration 

10 of landfills for woody biomass disposal and car11 bon storage; 

12 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant Ad13 ministrator shall carry out the activities de14 scribed in subparagraph (A) in collaboration 

15 with the Chief of the Forest Service. 

16 (4) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

17 MINERALIZATION.— 

18 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Adminis19 trator shall conduct research on the environ20 mental impacts of mineralization, including 

21 broadcasting materials, disturbing piles of mine 

22 tailings, and expanded mining activities. 

23 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant Ad24 ministrator shall carry out the activities deVerDate Sep 11 2014 04:20 Sep 15, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00076 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2812.IS S2812

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1 scribed in subparagraph (A) in collaboration 

2 with— 

3 (i) the Director of the National 

4 Science Foundation; 

5 (ii) the Director of the United States 

6 Geological Survey; and 

7 (iii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 

8 Energy and Carbon Management of the 

9 Department of Energy. 

10 (5) RESEARCH ON DECISION SCIENCE.— 

11 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Adminis12 trator shall conduct research on decision 

13 science, social impacts, and public engagement 

14 on carbon dioxide removal technologies and 

15 methods. 

16 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant Ad17 ministrator shall carry out the activities de18 scribed in subparagraph (A) in collaboration 

19 with— 

20 (i) the Director of the National 

21 Science Foundation; and 

22 (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 

23 Energy and Carbon Management of the 

24 Department of Energy. 


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1 (6) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

2 BIOMASS USE IN CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL TECH3 NOLOGIES.— 

4 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Assistant Adminis5 trator shall carry out a life cycle analysis of the 

6 impact of biomass use in carbon dioxide re7 moval technologies, including— 

8 (i) emissions sequestered in materials; 

9 (ii) emissions impacts of biomass har10 vest, processing, and transportation; 

11 (iii) unintended disturbances to eco12 system carbon stocks; 

13 (iv) indirect land-use change; and 

14 (v) alternative fates of biomass used. 

15 (B) CONSIDERATION.—In carrying out the 

16 analysis under subparagraph (A), the Assistant 

17 Administrator shall consider the social impacts 

18 of air pollution relating to biofuel and biomass 

19 combustion. 

20 (C) COLLABORATION.—The Assistant Ad21 ministrator shall carry out the activities de22 scribed in subparagraphs (A) and (B) in col23 laboration with the Assistant Secretary for En24 ergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the 

25 Department of Energy. 


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1 (7) LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING

2 FOR MINERALIZATION.—The Assistant Adminis3 trator shall carry out a technoeconomic and lifecycle 

4 assessment of various mineralization pathways and 

5 research on protocols for monitoring and verification 

6 of carbon removed or sequestered through min7 eralization. 

8 (8) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Assistant Admin9 istrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal 

10 research, development, and demonstration activities, 

11 as determined by the Administrator of the Environ12 mental Protection Agency. 

13 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

14 are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator of 

15 the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this 

16 section— 

17 (1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

18 (2) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

19 (3) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

20 (4) $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

21 and 2028; 

22 (5) $34,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 

23 and 2030; 

24 (6) $31,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 

25 and 2032; and 


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1 (7) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

2 TITLE VIII—NATIONAL AERO3 NAUTICS AND SPACE ADMIN4 ISTRATION 

5 SEC. 801. EARTH SCIENCE DIVISION PROGRAM. 

6 (a) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRA7 TION.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the 

9 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (re10 ferred to in this section as the ‘‘Administrator’’) 

11 shall carry out research, development, and dem12 onstration activities in each of the areas described in 

13 this subsection. 

14 (2) ABOVEGROUND CARBON MONITORING.—The 

15 Administrator shall carry out a long-term collection 

16 of continuous spaceborne LiDAR data to measure 

17 and track carbon stocks and carbon cycling in above18 ground biomass, through extension of the Global 

19 Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation mission, or 

20 through other missions with similar or improved ca21 pacity. 

22 (3) RESOURCE ASSESSMENT.— 

23 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator 

24 shall carry out mapping and evaluation of 


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1 coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide 

2 removal potential, including— 

3 (i) wetlands; 

4 (ii) peatlands; and 

5 (iii) seagrass beds. 

6 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Administrator 

7 shall carry out the activities described in sub8 paragraph (A) in collaboration with the Admin9 istrator of the National Oceanic and Atmos10 pheric Administration. 

11 (4) OTHER ACTIVITIES.—The Administrator 

12 shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal re13 search, development, and demonstration activities, as 

14 determined by the Administrator. 

15 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

16 are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to 

17 carry out this section— 

18 (1) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 

19 and 2025; and 

20 (2) $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 

21 through 2033. 

22 TITLE IX—NATIONAL SCIENCE 

23 FOUNDATION 

24 SEC. 901. DIRECTORATE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. 

25 (a) RESEARCH.— 


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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

2 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as 

3 the ‘‘Director’’) shall award funding for research ac4 tivities in each of the areas described in this sub5 section. 

6 (2) GENETIC MODELING AND TOOLS.— 

7 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

8 award funding for research to improve carbon 

9 dioxide uptake and conversion through genetic 

10 manipulation of biological materials for carbon 

11 dioxide removal and utilization and research on 

12 the potential ecological impacts of those im13 provements. 

14 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

15 carry out the activities described in subpara16 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

17 (i) the Director of the Office of 

18 Science of the Department of Energy; 

19 (ii) the Secretary of Agriculture; and 

20 (iii) the Administrator of the Environ21 mental Protection Agency. 

22 (3) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

23 award funding for other carbon dioxide removal re24 search, as determined by the Director of the Na25 tional Science Foundation. 


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1 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

2 are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry 

3 out this section— 

4 (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

5 (2) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and 

6 (3) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 

7 through 2033. 

8 SEC. 902. DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING. 

9 (a) RESEARCH.— 

10 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

11 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as 

12 the ‘‘Director’’) shall award funding for research ac13 tivities in each of the following areas described in 

14 this subsection. 

15 (2) INTEGRATED PROCESS DESIGN.— 

16 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

17 award funding for research and development on 

18 the integration of carbonation with carbon diox19 ide capture processes. 

20 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

21 carry out the activities described in subpara22 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

23 Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Man24 agement of the Department of Energy. 


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1 (3) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

2 award funding for other carbon dioxide removal re3 search, as determined by the Director. 

4 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

5 are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry 

6 out this section— 

7 (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and 

8 (2) $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 

9 through 2033. 

10 SEC. 903. DIRECTORATE FOR GEOSCIENCES. 

11 (a) RESEARCH.— 

12 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

13 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as 

14 the ‘‘Director’’) shall award funding for research ac15 tivities in each of the following areas described in 

16 this subsection. 

17 (2) SOIL CARBON.— 

18 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

19 award funding for fundamental research on 

20 plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of 

21 soils, and other topics with the potential to ad22 vance carbon dioxide removal. 

23 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

24 carry out the activities described in subpara25 graph (A) in collaboration with— 


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1 (i) the Director of the Office of 

2 Science of the Department of Energy; and 

3 (ii) the Administrator of the Agricul4 tural Research Service. 

5 (3) MODELING AND PREDICTIVE TOOL DEVEL6 OPMENT.— 

7 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

8 award funding for research to improve existing 

9 carbon sequestration modeling tools and the de10 velopment of simulation-based tools to predict 

11 and quantify soil carbon sequestration. 

12 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

13 carry out the activities described in subpara14 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

15 (i) the Administrator of the Agricul16 tural Research Service; and 

17 (ii) the heads of other offices in the 

18 Department of Agriculture, as determined 

19 by the Secretary of Agriculture. 

20 (4) CARBON MINERALIZATION.— 

21 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

22 award funding for fundamental research on 

23 mineralization kinetics, geomechanics, rock 

24 physics, and utilization-oriented carbonation 


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1 with the potential to advance carbon dioxide re2 moval. 

3 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

4 carry out the activities described in subpara5 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

6 the Office of Science of the Department of En7 ergy. 

8 (5) PILOT STUDIES OF IN SITU MINERALIZA9 TION.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

11 award funding for field drilling and injection in 

12 reactive formations (including peridotite and 

13 basalt) to advance understanding of carbon 

14 mineralization. 

15 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

16 carry out the activities described in subpara17 graph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant 

18 Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Man19 agement of the Department of Energy. 

20 (6) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

21 EXPANDED MINING FOR MINERALIZATION.— 

22 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

23 award funding for research on the environ24 mental and social impacts of expanded mining 


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1 activities for the purpose of mineralization, in2 cluding net carbon impact. 

3 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

4 carry out the activities described in subpara5 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

6 (i) the Director of the United States 

7 Geological Survey; 

8 (ii) the Assistant Administrator for 

9 Research and Development of the Environ10 mental Protection Agency; and 

11 (iii) the Assistant Secretary for Office 

12 of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 

13 of the Department of Energy. 

14 (7) COASTAL MARINE CARBON FUNDAMENTAL

15 RESEARCH.— 

16 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

17 award funding for fundamental research on 

18 coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration. 

19 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

20 carry out the activities described in subpara21 graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis22 trator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

23 Administration. 

24 (8) OCEAN ALKALINITY.— 


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1 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

2 award funding for fundamental and applied re3 search on techniques for and impacts of artifi4 cial modification of ocean alkalinity, including 

5 limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhance6 ment techniques at sea, designed and monitored 

7 to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experi8 ment and within internationally recognized 

9 frameworks. 

10 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

11 carry out the activities described in subpara12 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

13 (i) the Director of the Office of 

14 Science of the Department of Energy; and 

15 (ii) the Administrator of the National 

16 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

17 (9) OCEAN FERTILIZATION FUNDAMENTAL RE18 SEARCH.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

20 award funding for fundamental research and 

21 modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of 

22 ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phos23 phorous fertilization research. 


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1 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

2 carry out the activities described in subpara3 graph (A) in collaboration with— 

4 (i) the Director of the Office of 

5 Science of the Department of Energy; and 

6 (ii) the Administrator of the National 

7 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

8 (10) ARTIFICIAL OCEAN IRON FERTILIZA9 TION.— 

10 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

11 award funding for limited-scale experiments to 

12 stimulate and measure large phytoplankton 

13 blooms, designed and monitored to avoid im14 pacts beyond the zone of the experiment and 

15 within internationally recognized frameworks. 

16 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

17 carry out the activities described in subpara18 graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis19 trator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

20 Administration. 

21 (11) ARTIFICIAL OCEAN MACRONUTRIENT FER22 TILIZATION.— 

23 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

24 award funding for limited-scale experiments on 

25 ocean macronutrient fertilization, designed and 


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1 monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of 

2 the experiment and within internationally recog3 nized frameworks. 

4 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

5 carry out the activities described in subpara6 graph (A) in collaboration with the Adminis7 trator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

8 Administration. 

9 (12) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

10 award funding for other carbon dioxide removal re11 search, as determined by the Director. 

12 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

13 are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry 

14 out this section— 

15 (1) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

16 (2) $34,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

17 (3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

18 (4) $73,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 

19 and 2028; 

20 (5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 

21 and 2030; 

22 (6) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; and 

23 (7) $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2032 

24 and 2033. 


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1 SEC. 904. DIRECTORATE FOR MATHEMATICAL AND PHYS2 ICAL SCIENCES. 

3 (a) RESEARCH.— 

4 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

5 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as 

6 the ‘‘Director’’) shall award funding for research ac7 tivities in each of the following areas described in 

8 this subsection. 

9 (2) NSF ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER.— 

10 The Director shall establish a new National Science 

11 Foundation Engineering Research Center focused on 

12 materials research and early-stage application of 

13 sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air 

14 capture components. 

15 (3) DIRECT AIR CAPTURE MATERIALS RE16 SEARCH.—The Director shall award funding for ma17 terials research on sorbents, solvents, membranes, 

18 and related direct air capture components. 

19 (4) CARBONATION.— 

20 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

21 award funding for research to control 

22 carbonation reactions, accelerate carbonation, 

23 and understand structure-property relation24 ships. 

25 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

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1 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

2 the Office of Science of the Department of En3 ergy. 

4 (5) CATALYSTS.— 

5 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

6 award funding for research on impurity-tolerant 

7 catalyst development, coupled reduction and ox8 idation reactions, and reduced additives. 

9 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

10 carry out the activities described in subpara11 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

12 the Office of Science of the Department of En13 ergy. 

14 (6) NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT AND AP15 PLICATIONS.— 

16 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

17 award funding for development of new mate18 rials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide, 

19 including materials with carbon-carbon bonds. 

20 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

21 carry out the activities described in subpara22 graph (A) in collaboration with the Director of 

23 the Office of Science of the Department of En24 ergy. 


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1 (7) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

2 award funding for other carbon dioxide removal re3 search, as determined by the Director. 

4 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

5 are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry 

6 out this section— 

7 (1) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

8 (2) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

9 (3) $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 

10 and 2027; 

11 (4) $38,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 

12 and 2029; 

13 (5) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

14 (6) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

15 (7) $23,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and 

16 (8) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 

17 SEC. 905. DIRECTORATE FOR SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND 

18 ECONOMIC SCIENCES. 

19 (a) RESEARCH.— 

20 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

21 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as 

22 the ‘‘Director’’) shall award funding for research ac23 tivities in each of the following areas described in 

24 this subsection. 


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1 (2) INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELING AND

2 GRASSLANDS AND FOREST IMPACTS MODELING.— 

3 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

4 award funding for technical, economic, and so5 cial modeling of impacts on land use from 

6 avoided conversion of grasslands and forests, 

7 reforestation, conservation, afforestation, and 

8 forest management changes. 

9 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

10 carry out the activities described in subpara11 graph (A) in collaboration with the Secretary of 

12 Agriculture. 

13 (3) INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELING AND

14 DIRECT AIR CAPTURE IMPACTS MODELING.—The Di15 rector shall award funding for technical, economic, 

16 and social modeling of impacts on land and energy 

17 use from direct air capture, including future elec18 tricity grid mix scenarios. 

19 (4) ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

20 BIOTECHNOLOGY.—The Director shall award fund21 ing for research on the ethical, legal, and social im22 plications of biotechnology use in carbon dioxide re23 moval. 

24 (5) GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS.—The Director 

25 shall award funding for research into governance 


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1 frameworks for safe and sustainable experimentation 

2 with ocean-based carbon dioxide removal. 

3 (6) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

4 award funding for other carbon dioxide removal re5 search, as determined by the Director. 

6 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

7 authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out 

8 this section $12,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 

9 through 2033. 

10 SEC. 906. DIVISION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES. 

11 (a) RESEARCH.— 

12 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

13 Science Foundation (referred to in this section as 

14 the ‘‘Director’’) shall award funding for research ac15 tivities in each of the following areas described in 

16 this subsection. 

17 (2) RESEARCH ON DECISION SCIENCE.— 

18 (A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall 

19 award funding for research on decision science, 

20 social impacts, and public engagement relating 

21 to carbon dioxide removal technologies and 

22 methods. 

23 (B) COLLABORATION.—The Director shall 

24 carry out the activities described in subpara25 graph (A) in collaboration with— 


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1 (i) the Assistant Administrator for 

2 Research and Development of the Environ3 mental Protection Agency; and 

4 (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 

5 Energy and Carbon Management of the 

6 Department of Energy. 

7 (3) OTHER RESEARCH.—The Director shall 

8 award funding for other carbon dioxide removal re9 search, as determined by the Director. 

10 (b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

11 are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry 

12 out this section— 

13 (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 

14 (2) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 

15 through 2028; and 

16 (3) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 

17 through 2033. 

18 TITLE X—OTHER MATTERS 

19 SEC. 1001. PLAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION. 

20 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Office of 

21 Science and Technology Policy shall establish a plan for 

22 international coordination on research, development, and 

23 demonstration projects for carbon dioxide removal. 


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1 (b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out subsection (a), 

2 the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Pol3 icy shall coordinate with— 

4 (1) the Secretary of State; and 

5 (2) the Secretary of Energy. 

Æ 


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