Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not *

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.

R. 47.5.4.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 08-41029

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

SANTA DELGADO-ARROYO

Defendant - Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Southern District of Texas

USDC No. 5:08-CR-00736-ALL

Before JOLLY, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Pursuant to a conditional guilty plea, Santa Delgado-Arroyo appeals the

denial of her motion to suppress her post-Miranda-warning confession to

knowingly bringing, and attempting to bring, illegal aliens into the United

States for financial gain. Primarily at issue is whether this confession was

improperly obtained, following an earlier one that was unwarned. AFFIRMED.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

December 22, 2009

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk
No. 08-41029

2

I.

At approximately 5:00 a.m. on 1 May 2008, Delgado and three minor

children, passengers on a commercial bus from Mexico, arrived at a border

inspection in Laredo, Texas. Delgado identified herself to Customs and Border

Patrol (CBP) Agents as a legal permanent resident, presented a United States

birth certificate for each child, and identified them as her son and nieces.

Suspecting a false claim to United States citizenship, CBP Agents escorted

Delgado and the children to the secondary screening area (secondary), where

Delgado was separated from the children and seated in a roughly five-by-ten foot

interview room. Pursuant to CBP procedure, she was handcuffed during part

of the time she waited for her interviewers; she was not, however, handcuffed

while being interviewed.

At secondary, to CBP Agent Leza, Delgado continued to claim the children

were her son and nieces. The Agent also talked to the children, who admitted

to being Mexican citizens and stated they did not know Delgado. Because the

Agent was nearing the end of his midnight-to-8:00 a.m. shift, he prepared a

memorandum for Agents for the incoming shift. This memorandum contained

“just a breakdown of what the subjects ha[d] told” him and raised the possibility

of a “document false claim”.

When CBP Agent De Leon arrived to work the shift beginning at 8:00 a.m.,

she read Agent Leza’s memorandum. From 8:10 a.m. to 8:25 a.m., Agent De

Leon spoke to the children, who again stated: they did not know Delgado; and

the birth certificates were not theirs. In addition, the children told the Agent

that Delgado had provided the birth certificates and had instructed them to

memorize the information they contained.

From 8:45 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., Agent De Leon interviewed Delgado for the

first time. Agent De Leon was accompanied by another Agent (both were
No. 08-41029

3

uniformed and carried firearms); the door to the interview room was always

open; Delgado was not handcuffed; and, a Miranda warning was not given. 

Because the children’s statements conflicted with Delgado’s prior

statement that “one of them was her son, and . . . two of them were her nieces”,

Agent De Leon asked Delgado about her relationship with the children. This led

to Delgado’s first confession; she explained she had been hired, for profit, to

transport the children into the United States.

Upon hearing this first confession, Agent De Leon immediately left

Delgado. Consistent with CBP procedure, she prepared memoranda notifying

prosecution officers that a crime had been committed. Agent De Leon’s

supervisor advised her that they would “process the case”, i.e., prosecute

Delgado.

At 10:50 a.m., Agent De Leon returned to Delgado and provided a

Miranda warning. Delgado agreed to answer questions without a lawyer and

gave a second confession, providing “thorough information in regards to the

kids”.

Delgado was charged with three counts of bringing, and attempting to

bring, illegal aliens into the United States for commercial advantage and private

financial gain. See 8 U.S.C. § 1324. She moved to suppress both confessions but

did not testify at the suppression hearing. After the district court denied the

suppression motion, Delgado entered a guilty plea, conditioned on the right to

appeal the motion’s denial. She was sentenced, inter alia, to 36 months’

imprisonment.

II.

Legal questions related to the denial of a suppression motion are reviewed

de novo; factual findings, only for clear error. E.g., United States v. NunezSanchez, 478 F.3d 663, 666 (5th Cir. 2007). “In reviewing findings of fact, we
No. 08-41029

4

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below.” Id.

(quoting United States v. Lopez-Moreno, 420 F.3d 420, 429 (5th Cir. 2005)). 

In denying the suppression motion, the district court found: although it

was a “close call”, Delgado was not subject to custodial interrogation; and, no

improper, deliberate two-step strategy, as discussed infra, was used to obtain the

confessions. Delgado challenges both findings.

The suppression hearing focused primarily on whether Delgado was

subject to custodial interrogation when she gave the first, unwarned, confession.

Nevertheless, it is unnecessary to decide that issue because the outcome turns

on whether Delgado’s second, warned, confession was voluntary and not part of

a deliberate two-step strategy. See Nunez-Sanchez, 478 F.3d at 666 (“[W]e ‘may

affirm the district court’s decision on any basis established by the record.’”

(quoting United States v. Charles, 469 F.3d 402, 405 (5th Cir. 2006))).

Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004), and Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S.

298 (1985), provide the relevant analytical framework. “Seibert requires the

suppression of a post-warning statement only where [the below-described]

deliberate two-step strategy is used and no curative measures are taken; where

that strategy is not used, ‘the admissibility of postwarning statements continues

to be governed by the principles of Elstad.’” Nunez-Sanchez, 478 F.3d at 668

(internal alterations omitted) (quoting United States v. Courtney, 463 F.3d 333,

338 (5th Cir. 2006)). This “deliberate two-step strategy” involves an interrogator

“rel[ying] on the defendant’s prewarning statement to obtain the postwarning

statement used against her at trial[,] . . . [by] confront[ing] the defendant with

her inadmissible prewarning statements and push[ing] her to acknowledge

them.” Seibert, 542 U.S. at 621 (Kennedy, J., concurring in judgment).

A.

There is no evidence that Agent De Leon (or any other CBP Agent) used

“a two-step interrogation technique . . . in a calculated way to undermine the
No. 08-41029

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Miranda warning”. See Seibert, 542 U.S. at 622 (Kennedy, J., concurring in

judgment) (setting out the controlling test, see Courtney, 463 F.3d at 338); see

generally Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). When she first interviewed

Delgado, Agent De Leon suspected, but had no knowledge of, a crime. She did

not question Delgado again until after Delgado had been advised about, but had

waived, her Miranda rights. 

In sum, “there was nothing in the circumstances or the nature of the

questioning to indicate that coercion or other improper tactics were used. [The]

evidence [reflects] that [Delgado] was calm and cooperative, and [Agent De Leon]

did not act with aggressiveness or hostility”. Nunez-Sanchez, 478 F.3d at

668–69. The principles of Elstad, therefore, govern this case. See id. at 669. 

B.

Under Elstad, “a suspect who has responded to unwarned yet uncoercive

questioning is not thereby disabled from waiving [her] rights and confessing

after [s]he has been given the requisite Miranda warnings”. Elstad, 470 U.S. at

318; see also Nunez-Sanchez, 478 F.3d at 668 (holding a post-warning confession

is admissible even where there is a “previous[] . . . pre-warning confession, so

long as the pre-warning confession was voluntary”). “A subsequent

administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has given a voluntary but

unwarned statement ordinarily should suffice to remove the conditions that

precluded admission of the earlier statement.” Elstad, 470 U.S. at 314. 

“[T]he finder of fact must examine the surrounding circumstances and the

entire course of police conduct with respect to the suspect in evaluating the

voluntariness of [her] statements”. Id. at 318. The surrounding circumstances,

as discussed supra, show that the district court did not clearly err in finding

Delgado’s first confession, although unwarned, was voluntary.

Delgado’s second, post-warning confession was consistent with the first.

It was given after a valid waiver of her properly administered Miranda rights
No. 08-41029

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and was also voluntary. As noted, Delgado was never handcuffed while being

interviewed; the door to the interview room was always open; and she was not

subjected to extended interviews. In short, there are “no facts indicating that

coercive tactics were used in obtaining the second confession and all evidence

suggests that the tone of the questioning was entirely conversational”. NunezSanchez, 478 F.3d at 669. In this regard, although Delgado was not, of course,

required to testify at the suppression hearing, her decision not to do so

undermines her contention that the district court clearly erred in crediting

Government witnesses’ testimony that showed her confessions were voluntary.

See United States v. Mendez, 102 F.3d 126, 131 (5th Cir. 1996) (noting that

“because [the defendant] did not testify at the suppression hearing there was no

evidence” in favor of suppression (citing United States v. Mendez, 27 F.3d 126,

131–32 (5th Cir. 1994))). 

The district court properly denied the motion to suppress the second

confession. Therefore, Delgado’s conditional plea agreement stands.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED.