# Pest List for Fresh Pomegranate, Punica granatum L

. , from
Mexico to the Continental United States

September 16, 2010

Rev. 02

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 2 1. 

## Introduction

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pe st risks associated with the importation of fresh pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L.

, into the United States from Mexico. The commodity will be imported to the continenta l United States and Alaska, but not to Hawaii, Guam, or the other U.S. territories.



## 2. Pest Categorization

Below we list the pests associated with pomegranate reported in Mexico (Tab le 1). In that list we identify the presence or absence of these pest s in Mexico and the United States; the generally affected plant part or parts; th e quarantine status of the pest w ith respect to the United States; whether the pest is likely to follow the pathwa y and enter the United States on commercially exported pomegranate fruit; and pertinent refere nces. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine pests identified for potential furt her analysis, as we consider them reasonably likely to follow the pathway of commercial frui t shipments. We summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quaran tine pests not following the pathwa y could harm U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not further analyzed becau se either they are asso ciated with plant parts other than the commodity, or they are unlikely to remain with the fruit through standard harvest and post-harvest processing.

Generally, we do not analyze organisms not identif ied to the species level. Often many species occur within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the United States and, therefore, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest . Lack of specific identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic know ledge, or the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for identification. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific iden tification does not rule out the possibility that a high risk qua rantine pest was intercepted. Despite that, the development of detailed assessments for known pest s that inhabit a variety of ecol ogical niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allow effec tive mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 3 Table 1. Pests reported on pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) anywhere in the world and present in
Mexico (on any host).

Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway

ARTHROPODA

Acari: Acaridae Tyrophagus

putrescentiae (Schrank) MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Tyrophagus sp. MX (PestID, 2010); US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Tarsonemus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) MX, US (Baker and Tuttle, 1964) Anonymous, 1994 Yes 4 F, L, S, Bd (Denmark, 2006) No 5

Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor MX, US (Kerns et al., n.d.) Jeppson et al., 1975; Kerns et al., n.d. Yes 4 F, L (Kerns et al., n.d.) No 5

Brevipalpus obovatus
Donnadieu MX, US (CABI, 2007) Childers et al., 2003a Yes 4 L (Mites, n.d.), F (Childers et al.,
2003b 6 ; Rezk, 2001) No 5

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) MX, US (EPPO, n.d. 1) Childers et al., 2003a; Yes 4 L, F (Kessing and Mau, 1992; Peña and Crane, 2006). No 5

Brevipalpus sp. MX (PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Acari: Tetranychidae Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) MX, US (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

1 MX – Mexico, US – United States, FL- Fl orida, CA - California; HI - Hawaii

2 Plant parts: Br = Branch, I = Inflores cence, F = Fruit, L = Leaf, R = Root, Sd = Seed, and S = Stem, Bd = bud. N/A = Not Applicable (see text for more detail).

3 A few interceptions in passenger baggage are insufficient evidence that this pest is present in Mexico, since the true origin of such produce is uncertain. Therefore, this pest is high ly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced pomegranates from Mexico.

4 This pest does not meet the IPPC defin ition of a quarantine pest but it is a vector of the quarantine pest, citrus leprosis vi rus (EPPO, n.d. 1), that occurs in Mexico (SENASICA, 2010). Th erefore, we treat the vector as a quarantine pest (Cavey, 2001).

5 Citrus Leprosis Virus (CLV) causes local lesions in the ho st (mostly citrus) (Bastianel, et al., 2006). For infective Brevipalpus mites to follow the pathway, they would first have to acquire the virus by feeding on infected citrus tissue (Bastianel, et al., 2006), then su ccessfully disperse an unknown distance to pomegranate fr uit, and finally remain with the fruit through harvest and standard postharvest processing. Studies suggest that B. phoenicis do not move efficiently in citrus orchards, probably due to their flat anatomy and their typical behavior of hiding in cracks and other protected areas on the plant surface, such as s cab lesions (Chiavegato, 1986). Overall, then, the lik elihood of all of th ese required events occurring is negligible. Therefore, Brevipalpus mites may follow the pathway, but CLV-infective mites (quarantine pests) are highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

6 Based on reference to Brevipalpus sp. Childers et al. (2003b) discuss economic importance and feeding injury caused by the

genus Brevipalpus specifically mentioning B. obovatus

, B. phoenicis

, B.lewisi and B. californicus.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 4 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) MX, US (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus kanzawai
Kishida MX (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007); US (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Tetranychus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Tetranychus urticae
Koch MX, US (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al., 1998 No N/A N/A

Insecta Coleoptera: Bostrichidae
Apate monachus F. MX (McGuire and Crandall, 1967) CABI, 2007; Özturk and Ulusoy, 2009 Yes S (CABI, 2007) No

Coleoptera: Bruchidae

Acanthoscelides
obtectus Say MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; PestID, 2010); US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Acanthosceldes sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Algarobius prosopis (Leconte) MX (PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Mimosestes protractus (Horn) MX (PestID, 2010); US (BugGuide, 2009) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Stator limbatus (Horn) MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Stator vachelliae
Bottimer MX (PestID, 2010); US (Zhang et al., 1997) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Calligrapha sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Chaetocnema sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Ogdoecosta biannularis (Boheman) MX (Blackwelder, 1946; PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Ogdoecosta sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Scymnus sp. MX (PestID, 2010); US (CABI, 2010) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Conotrachelus leucophaeatus
Fahraeus MX (PestID, 2010), US (Halbert, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

7 Except for a few interceptions in passenger baggage (PestID, 2010), we found no other reference stating that pomegranate is a host of this pest. This pest is unlikely to be fo und on commercially produced pomegranates from Mexico.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 5 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Hypera brunnipennis (Boheman) MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; PestID, 2010); US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) MX (CABI, 2007; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hypera sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Naupactus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) MX (CABI, 2007; PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pantomorus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Rhyssomatus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Smicronyx sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae Sitophilus oryzae L. MX (PestID, 2010), US (Arnett, 1997) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae

Conoderus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Glyphonyx sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Coleoptera: Meloidae Epicauta sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae Typhaea stercorea (L.) MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) MX (Maskew, 1919); US (CABI, 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Carpophilus mutilatus
Erichson MX (Rojas Leon, 1988); US (CABI, 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Carpophilus sp. MX (PestID, 2010), Arnett et al., 2002 PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Sitophilus oryzae L. MX (PestID, 2010), US (Arnett, 1997) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Onthophagus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/APest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 6 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Coleoptera: Silvanidae

Ahasverus advena (Waltl) MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Oryzaephilus
surinamensis (L.) MX, (CABI, 2007;
McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Alphitobius laevigatus (F.) MX (MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983; PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Blapstinus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Bothrotes sp. MX, (PestID), US (Arnett et al, 2002) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lobometopon
metallicum (Champion) MX (Pallister, 1954; PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Lobometopon sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Diptera: Drosophilidae Drosophila melanogaster Meigen MX, US (CABI, 2007) Georghiou, 1977 No N/A N/A

Drosophila sp. MX (PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) MX (Aluja et al., 2003; Norrbom and Kim, 1988) Norrbom and Kim,
1988 Yes F (CABI, 2007;
White and ElsonHarris, 1994) Yes

Anastrepha ludens (Loew) MX (CABI, 2007; Steck, 1998) Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Norrbom (n.d.); Steck, 1998 Yes F (CABI, 2007;
White and ElsonHarris, 1994) Yes

Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) MX (Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Weems et al., 2001) Norrbom and Kim,
1988 Yes F (CABI, 2007;
White and ElsonHarris, 1994) Yes 8

Anastrepha sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010;
White and ElsonHarris, 1994) Yes

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) MX 9 (APHIS, 2006) White and ElsonHarris, 1994 Yes F (CABI, 2007;
White and ElsonHarris, 1994) Yes

8 Possibly an artificial host (Norrbom, n.d); laboratory infested host (Norrbom & Kim,1988). The uncertainty is high regarding the host status, so until more evidence is available we will treat it as a valid host.

9 Limited distribution only.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 7 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby MX, US (FL, TX, HI) (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; EPPO, (n.d.) 3 [Yes] L, S (CABI, 2007) No

Aleurodicus dispersus
Russell MX, US (FL, HI) (SEL WF, n.d.) Lambkin, 1999 [Yes] F, L (CABI, 2007) Yes

Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) MX, US (CABI, 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci
Gennadius MX, US (CABI, 2007) Mimeur, 1946 No N/A N/A

Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) MX 9 , US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) MX, US (CA, GA, HI, NC) (CABI, 2007; Evans, 2007) Evans, 2007 [Yes] F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes

Tetraleurodes mori (Quaintance) MX (Mound and Halsey, 1978; PestID, 2010); US (Mound and Halsey, 1978) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Tetraleurodes sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes L (PestID, 2010) No

Tetralicia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes L (PestID, 2010) No

Trialeurodes
abutiloneus (Haldeman) MX, US (SEL WF, n.d.) SEL WF, n.d. No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vitrinellus
Cockerell MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes L (PestID, 2010) No

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis craccivora Koch MX, US (CABI, 2007) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli MX, US (CABI, 2007) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover MX, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch MX, US (CABI, 2007) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum circumflexum (Buckton) MX (SEL APHID, n.d.), US (Miller and Stoetzel, 1997) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Brachycaudus helichrysi
Kaltenbach MX (Cortes Lopes et al., 1996); US (CABI, 2007) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Myzus ornatus Laing MX, US (CABI, 1969) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer MX, US (CABI, 2007) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/APest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 8 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Shivaphis celti Das MX (PestID, 2010); US (Halbert and Choate, 2003) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de
Fonscolombe MX, US (CABI, 2007) Blackman and Eastop,
2000 No N/A N/A

Uroleucon sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes ceriferus (F.) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Hutson, 1934 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes cirripediformis
Comstock MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis
Comstock MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes rubens
Maskell MX (Dekle, 1971); US (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] 10 L (Dekle, 1971); F, S (CABI, 2007) Yes

Ceroplastes sinensis Del
Guercio MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Coccus hesperidum hesperidum Linnaeus MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Coccus

pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) MX (CABI, 1981); US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Coccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Coccus viridis (Green) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 [Yes] S, L, F (CABI, 2007) Yes

Eucalymnatus
tessellatus (Signoret) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Anonymous, 1994; Hua, 2000 No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Shevale and Kaulgud,
1998 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni
corni (Bouché) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium

persicae persicae (Fabricius) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria psidii
Maskell MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

10 Pest status in square brackets indicates that the organism does not meet IPPC definition (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5) of a quarantine pest but it is listed as ‘reportable’ in PestID.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 9 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway

Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott in Cockerell) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Saissetia neglecta De
Lotto MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae oleae (Olivier) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coreidae Leptoglossus gonagra F. MX (PestID, 2010, Walker, 1871); US (Mead, 1971) DEWR, 2007; Jhala et al., 2003 No N/A N/A

Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.) MX (MacGregor, and Gutierrez, 1983); US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Leptoglossus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) MX (MacGregor, and Gutierrez, 1983) MacGregor, and Gutierrez, 1983 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Delphacidae Delphacodes sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Hemiptera: Diaspididae Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) MX, US (CA 11 , TX) (Ben-Dov et al.,
2001 PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Watson, n.d. No N/A N/A

Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 1978) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Bruner et al

. , 1945 No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus
aonidum L. MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) CABI, 2007; Pegazzano, 1951 No N/A N/A

11 This organism is eradicated from California according to Nakahara (1982).Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 10 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Duplaspidiotus

tesseratus (Grandpré and Charmoy) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Sheikh, 2006 No N/A N/A

Fiorinia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 12 ; PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia neodiffinis (Miller and Davidson) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Johnson and Lyon,
1991 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Howardia biclavis (Comstock) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin) MX (CABI, 2007); US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Swailem et al., 1976 No N/A N/A

Morganella longispina (Morgan) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Watson, n.d No N/A N/A

Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae aspidistrae (Signoret) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Wang DaoXun et al.,
2002 No N/A N/A

Pseudoparlatoria

parlatorioides (Comstock) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 9 No N/A N/A

12 Listed as Punica

.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 11 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) MX (Watson, n.d.); US (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] L (Watson, n.d.); F (Anonymous, 1979; PestID, 2010) Yes

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Maes, 2004 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Largidae Largus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya purchasi purchasi Maskell MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Icerya seychellarum seychellarum (Westwood) MX (PestID, 2010) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes S, L (CABI, 2007); F (USDA, 1982) No 13

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Brochymena sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Nezara viridula (L.) MX, US (CABI, 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID,2010 No N/A No

Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi) MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001); US (Miller and Miller, 2002) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley MX, US (HI) (BenDov et al., 2001); Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes R, S, F (Pandey and Johnson, 2006; Rohrbach et al., 1988) Yes

Dysmicoccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley) (Syn. D. bispinosus Beardsley) MX, US (TX) (BenDov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) MX, US (AZ, CA) (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] F (Shevale, 1994), S, L 14 Yes

Ferrisia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Hypogeococcus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

13 PestID lists one interception of Icerya seychellarum in permit cargo from Mexico (5/31/2002) on leaves of Leucaena sp. for consumption. We found no other records of this pest’s distribution in Mexico. Therefore I. seychellarum is highly unlikely to be present on co mmercially produced pomegranat e fruit from this country.

14 Can be found on all parts of the plant (SEL ARS, n.d.). Ferrisia malvastra (reported under synonym F. consobrina Williams and Watson) attacks host fruit (Shevale, 1994); we also assume that it could attack stems and leaves, like its

congener F. virgata , with which it is often confused (CABI, 2007).Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 12 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway

Maconellicoccus
hirsutus (Green) MX (CABI, 2000);US (CA, FL) (BenDov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 [Yes] S, L (Ben-Dov et al., 2001); I, F (CABI, 2007) Yes

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes S, R, I, L, F (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Yes

Paracoccus ferrisi Ezzat
and McConnell MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001; PestID, 2010) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes F, S, L (PestID, 2010) Yes

Paracoccus herreni
Williams and Granara
de Willink MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001; PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Paracoccus marginatus
Williams and Granara
de Willink MX, US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2001; CABI, 2007) Martinez et al., 2000; Walker et al., 2003 [Yes] F, S, L, I (CABI, 2007; Walker et al., 2003) Yes

Paracoccus mexicanus
Ezzat and McConnell MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001; PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Paracoccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Phenacoccus solani
Ferris MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Planococcus citri (Risso) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Planococcus ficus (Signoret) MX (Fu Castillo etal., 2004): US (BenDov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor (Maskell) MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 Yes S (PestID, 2010), I, L, F 15 (Peña et al., 2002) No 7

Planococcus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Pseudococcus
calceolariae (Maskell) (Syn. P. fragilis Brain) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

15 Peña et al. (2002) describe damage of fruit by Planococcus spp., referring to P. minor and P. lilacinus.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 13 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway

Pseudococcus
maritimus (Ehrhorn) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus solenedyos Gimpel
and Miller MX (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 Yes S, F (PestID, 2010) Yes

Pseudococcus sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Sy. P. affinis (Maskell)) MX, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2001) Ben-Dov et al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Puto mexicanus (Cockerell) MX, US (AZ, TX) PestID, 2010 [Yes] F (PestID, 2010) No 7

Puto sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Hymenoptera: Apidae Apis melifera (L.) MX, US (Moyer and Super, n.d.) PestID, 2010 No 16 N/A N/A

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Acromyrmex sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 17
Camponotus sp. MX (PestID, 2010),
US PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Crematogaster sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 17
Linepithema humile Mayr MX (PestID, 2010); US (CABI, 2010) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Tapinoma sp. MX (PestID, 2010); US (CABI, 2010) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Eoreuma sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Strymon sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae Megalopyge defoliata
Walker MX (McGuire and Crandall, 1967; Robinson et al., 2010) Robinson et al., 2010 Yes L (Garcia Mayoral, 1968) No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eudocima materna (L.) MX, US (Powell and Brown, 1990) Robinson et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda
J.E. Smith MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

16 Does not meet definition of quarantine pest (IPPC, 2009 : ISPM #5) however listed reportable in PestID (2010)

17 Active insect, unlikely to remain with the commodity during post-harvest and packing of commercially produced pomegranate; interceptions in the passenger baggage indicate uncertainty regarding Mexico as the country of origin.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 14 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Plutella xylostella (L.) MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Amyelois transitella (Walker) MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Cadra cautella (Walker) MX (McGuire and Crandall, 1967); US (CABI, 2007) Robinson et al

. , 2010 No N/A N/A

Cryptoblabes gnidiella
Millière MX (PestID, 2010) CABI, 2007 Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 18

Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) MX (PestID, 2010) US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Ectomyelois sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Ephestia elutella
Hübner MX (PestID, 2010) US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Ephestia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Moodna bisinuella Hampson MX (PestID, 2010) US (Zhan, 1994) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Myelois sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) MX, US (CABI, 2007) Robinson et al

. , 2010 No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Scythrididae Scythris sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Amorbia sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 19
Amorbia emigratella
Busck MX (PestID, 2010; Zhan, 1994), US (Zhan, 1994) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) MX, US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cydia pomonella L. MX, US (CABI, 2007) Robinson et al

. , 2010 No N/A N/A

Ecdytolopha sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Grapholita sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Platynota sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

18 A single interception in the passenger baggage from Mexico (PestID, 2010) is insufficient evidence for the presence of Cryptoblabes gnidiella in that country. Therefore the pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway with commercially produced pomegranate imported from Mexico.

19 All 27 interceptions are recorded in passenger baggage (Pes tID, 2010); therefore uncertainty exists about the origin of

Amorbia sp. Thus, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway with commercially produced pomegranate from Mexico.Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 15 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Platynota stultana Walsingham MX (CABI, 2007;
Robinson et al

. , 2010), US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Talponia batesi
Heinrich MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

Ornebius sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Leptothrips sp. MX (PestID, 2010), US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella
occidentalis (Perg.) MX, US (CABI, 1999, 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Frankliniella sp. MX (PestID, 2010) PestID, 2010 Yes F (PestID, 2010) No 3
Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis
Bouché MX, US (CABI, 1961; 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No N/A N/A

Scirtothrips citri
Moulton MX, US (EPPO, n.d. 2) Quayle, 1938 No N/A N/A

Molluscs: Helicidae Cornu aspersum (Müller) (Syn. Helix

aspersa Müller) MX, US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 No 20 N/A N/A

Helix lucorum L. MX, US (CABI, 2007) Özturk and Ulusoy,

2009 No 21 N/A N/A

FUNGI

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissi (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, U.S. (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, U.S. (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2010) CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2010) Yes

Armilleria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. [Basidiomyctes, Agaricales] MX, U.S. (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. Anamorph:
Emericella sp. [Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiales] MX ; U.S. (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A

20 Actionable only for FL, AL, PR (PestID, 2010).

21 Actionable only for HI and PR (PestID, 2010).Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 16 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway Cercospora lythracearum Syn: Pseudocercospora lythracearum MX, US (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MX (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, S (Farr et al., 2010) Yes

Diplodia sp. MX (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, R, S (Farr et al., 2010) Yes

Fusarium sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, U.S. [Al, FL, NC, (Farr et al., 2010; PestID, 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, R, S (Farr et al., 2010) Yes

Gloeosporium sp. (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) MX (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, S (Farr et al., 2010) Yes

Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld and
Schrenk [Teleomorph] [Anamorph:
Collectotricum gloeosporides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc] [Ascomycetes] MX (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella lythracearum (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX, U.S. (Farr et al., 2010 (Farr et al., 2010) No N/A N/A

Penicillium sp. Anamorph: Eupenicillium MX, U.S. (CABI, 2007) (CABI, 2007 Yes F (CABI, 2007) Yes

Pestalotia sp. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MX (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes L,S (Farr et al., 2010) No

Phoma sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L, S (Farr et al., 2010) Yes

Phyllosticta sp. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MX, U.S. (FL, TX, CA) (Farr et al., 2010 ; PestID, 2010) Farr et al., 2010 Yes F, L (Alfieri et al

. , 1993) Yes

Rhizoctonia sp. MX, U.S. (Farr et al., 2010) Farr et al., 2010 No N/A N/A

Sphaceloma sp. [Dothideomycetes, Myriangiales] MX (Farr et al., 2010) (Farr et al., 2010) Yes F (Alfieri et al

. , 1993; Farr et al., 2010) YesPest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 17 Pest Geographic
distribution 1 Evidence of host
association Quarantine pest Plant part
association 2 Follow pathway

BACTERIA

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerink and van Delden) Young MX, U.S. (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 No N/A N/A



## 3. Quarantine Pests Following the Pathway

After preliminary evaluation, we found 15 quarantine pests likely to follow the import pathway (Table 2).

Armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk analysis— Hemiberlesia diffinis,
and Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis —were not expected to follow the pathway because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to become established, and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS-PPQ ope rational data, and expert opinion concludes that even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infe sted with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fec und, polyphagous, invasive, th eoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and cause high level consequen ces, the specific path way represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without l eaves, significant stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of estab lishment (PERAL, 2007). The followi ng characteristics of armored
scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

- Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

- Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by im mature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of whic h decreases with long di stance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively di spersed by wind from one plant to another only during a time period of approximately 24 hours. No further di spersal is possible afte r the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate. Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered ve ry unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of craw lers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. The probabilit y of crawlers actively disp ersing by walking from th eir natural host is low because they cannot move easily over ba re soil or rough surfaces (PERAL, 2007).Pest List for Pome granate from Mexico



### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 18 Table 2. Quarantine pests likely to follow the path way on fresh pomegranate fruit from Mexico. Taxonomy 

### Pest Organism Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) Anastrepha ludens (Loew)
Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart)
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell

Coccus viridis (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley

Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)
Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead)
Paracoccus ferrisi Ezzat and McConnell
Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink
Pseudococcus solenedyos Gimpel and Miller



## 4. References

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Flies of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) and As sociated Native Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in the Tropical Rainforest Bios phere Reserve of Montes Azules, Chiapas, Mexico. Environmental Entomology, 32 (6), 1377-1385. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/ person/5208/FRUIT%20FLIES%20OF%20THE %20GENUS%20ANASTREPHA.pdf Anonymous. 1979. A diaspidid scale ( Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis [Green]) - Florida – new
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### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 21 Jeppson, L. R., H. H. Keifer, and E. W. Ba ker. 1975. Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. University of California Press. 614 pp. Jhala, R. C., T. M. Bharpoda, A. J. Chavda, and D. B. Sisodiya. 2003. Record of Leptoglossus
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### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 23Museum. London, United Kingdom. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/researchcuration/research/projects/hostplants/ Rohrbach, K.G., Beardsley, J. W., German, T. L., Reimer, N. J., a nd Sanford, W. G. 1988. Mealybug wilt, mealybugs, and ants on pin eapple. Plant Disease, 72 (7): 558-565. Rojas Leon, J.C. 1988. Notes on insects which dama ge maize stored in La Frailesca Chiapas Mexico. Folia Entomol. Mexicana (76): 187-193 (In Spanish, English abstract).
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### Rev. 02 September 16, 2010 24 USDA. 1982. Pests not known to occur in the United States or of limited distribution, No. 21: Seychelles fluted scale Icerya seychellarum (Westwood)., United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hyattsville, MD. Walker, A., M. Hoy, and D. Meyerdirk. 2003. Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudoco ccidae) (EENY-302). 1- 7. University of Florida, Institut e of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Walker, F., F.L.S. 1871. Catalogue of the specime ns of Hemiptera Hetero ptera in the collection
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