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Tracer Bullet 07-1
- Scope 
- Introductions                     to the Topic 
- Subject                     Headings 
- Basic                     Texts 
- Specialized                     Titles 
- Conference                     Proceedings 
- Selected                     Technical Reports and Government Publications 
- Standards                     and Guidelines 
- Dissertations 
- Selected                     Dissertations 
- Abstracting                     and Indexing Services 
- Journals 
- Representative                     Journal Articles 
- Selected                     Materials 
- Selected                     Internet Resources 

Top:                   Geothermal power plant at The Geysers, California.                     Above: Estimated subterranean                   temperatures at a depth of 6 kilometers. Photo and map from                   the National                   Atlas Web site
SCOPE
Geothermal energy is derived from heat that originates in the               Earth; it is considered to be a renewable energy source.               Currently, geothermal energy use falls into three main categories,               each of which employs its own specialized technology. Direct use               of hot springs and geothermal pools has been practiced for               thousands of years, and direct use continues today, with various               recreational, agricultural, and industrial applications. In direct               use, geothermal water is used in heating spas and pools, in               aquaculture and greenhouses, and in various industrial               applications. A second category of geothermal energy use, electric               power generation, utilizes energy in water and rocks at a greater               depth beneath the Earth�s surface. Electric power generation using               geothermal resources may take place in several different types of               plants, but most rely on the process of piping water or steam into               a plant from underground. Geoexchange systems, a third category of               geothermal energy use, are becoming increasingly common throughout               the United States and Europe. These systems use relatively               shallow, but constant, earth temperatures for efficient heating               and cooling of buildings. 

This guide, a revision and update of TB 83-9, is not intended               as a comprehensive bibliography, but highlights selected works and               resources about geothermal energy. Many of these titles are               available in the reference collection in the Science and Business               Reading Room, located on the fifth floor of the Adams Building at               the Library of Congress.

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INTRODUCTIONS TO THE                   TOPIC
Berinstein, Paula. Geothermal energy. In her Alternative             energy: facts, statistics, and issues. Westport, CT, Oryx             Press, 2001. p. 126-140.    TJ808.B467 2001             <SciRR>

Brown, Charles E. Geothermal energy. In his World energy             resources. Berlin, New York, Springer, c2002. p. 157-165.                TJ163.2.B76 2002 <SciRR>

Counsil, John. Geothermal energy. In The Wiley encyclopedia             of energy and the environment. v. 1. Edited by Attilio Bisio             and Sharon Boots. New York, John Wiley & Sons, c1997. p 924-935.                TJ163.235.W55 1997 <SciRR>

McFarland, Ernest L. Geothermal energy. In Macmillan             encyclopedia of energy. v. 2. Edited by John Zumerchik. New             York, Macmillan Reference US A, 2001. v. 2, p. 572-579.                TJ163.28.M33 2001 <SciRR>

Wiser, Wendell H. Geothermal energy. In his Energy resources:             occurrence, production, conversion, use. New York, Springer,             c2000. p. 249-255.    TJ163.2.W58 2000             <SciRR>

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SUBJECT                   HEADINGS
Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which             works on geothermal energy can be located in Library catalogs,             include the following:

Highly Relevant

GEOTHERMAL ENGINEERINGGEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTSGEOTHERMAL               RESOURCES

Relevant

EARTH TEMPERATUREGEOTHERMAL LEASES UNITED STATESGROUND               SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

Related

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGHEAT EXCHANGERSSUSTAINABLE               ENGINEERING

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BASIC TEXTS
Geothermal energy. Edited by Mary H. Dickson and Mario             Fanelli. Chichester, Eng., New York, Wiley, c1995. 214             p.   Includes             bibliographies.   TJ280.7.G416 1995

Geothermal energy: utilization and technology. Edited by             Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli. Sterling, VA, Earthscan, c2005.             205 p.    Includes bibliographies.                TJ280.7.G443 2005 <SciRR>

Indirect solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy. Edited             by T. Nejat Veziroglu. New York, Nova Science Publishers. c1991. 623             p. (Energy and environmental progress 1, v. C)                Includes             bibliographies.   TJ810.I378 1991

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SPECIALIZED                   TITLES
Geothermal energy program. In Renewable power pathways: a             review of the U.S. Department of Energy�s renewable energy programs.             Committee on Programmatic Review of the U.S. Department of Energy�s             Office of Power Technologies, Board on Energy and Environmental             Systems, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National             Research Council. Washington, National Academy Press, c2000. p.             50-56.   Includes             bibliographies.   http://www.nap.edu/   TJ807.9.U6R455             2000

Geothermal heating: a handbook of engineering economics.             Edited by R. Harrison, N. D. Mortimer, and O. B. Smarason. Oxford,             New York, Pergamon Press, 1990. 556 p.                Includes bibliographies.                Supported by the Commission of the European             Communities, (EUT 12942 EN), U.N.E.S.C.O., the Leverhulme             Trust.   TJ280.7.G444 1990

Isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration,             development and use: sampling methods, data handling,             interpretation. Edited by Stefán Arnórsson. Vienna,             International Atomic Energy Agency, 2000. 351 p.                Bibliography: p.             343-351.   GB1199.5.I86 2000

Lee, Keng Choon. Geothermal power generation. In Encyclopedia             of energy .Cutler J. Cleveland, editor in chief. Amsterdam,             Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2004. v. 2, p. 875-893.                TJ163.28.E53 2004 <SciRR>

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CONFERENCE                   PROCEEDINGS
Geothermal energy: the reliable renewable, Geothermal             Resources Council 2004 Annual Meeting, August 29-September 1, 2004,             Hyatt Grand Champions Resort & Spa, Indian Wells, California,             U.S.A. Davis, CA, Geothermal Resources Council, c2004. 692 p.             (Geothermal Resource Council. Transactions, v. 28)                Includes             bibliographies.   GB1199.5.G46 2004

Geothermal biology and geochemistry in Yellowstone National             Park: Proceeding of the Thermal Biology Institute workshop,             Yellowstone National Park, WY, October 2003. Edited by William             P. Inskeep and Timothy R. McDermott. Bozeman, MT, Montana State             University Publications, 2005. 352 p.    Includes             bibliographies.   GB1199.7.Y46G46 2005

Proceedings of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems             Division--2005. Presented at 2005 ASME International Mechanical             Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 5-11, 2005, Orlando,             Florida, U.S.A. Sponsored by the Advanced Energy Systems             Division. New York, ASME, c2005. (AES, v. 45)                Includes             bibliographies.   TJ163.7.P7595 2005

Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 1995, Florence,             Italy, 18-31 May 1995. Edited by Enrico Barbier and others.             Auckland, NZ, International Geothermal Association; New York,             Elsevier Science, c1995. 5 v.    Includes             bibliographies.   GB1199.5.W67 1995

Renewable energy: renewables, the energy for the 21st             century: World Renewable Energy Congress VI, 1-7 July 2000,             Brighton, UK. Edited by A. A. M. Sayigh. Amsterdam, New York,             Pergamon, 2000. 5 v.    Includes             bibliographies.   TJ807.2.W67 2000

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SELECTED TECHNICAL REPORTS                   AND GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Most reports listed below are available in the microform             collection of the Science Reading Room. These and other reports are             sold by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port             Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS telephone: (703)             605-6585. NTIS Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/

Beurskens, Luuk. The cost of geothermal energy in the Western             U.S. region: a portfolio-based approach, a mean-variance portfolio             optimization of the regions� generating mix to 2013.             Albuquerque, NM, Sandia National Laboratories, Sept. 2005. 28             p.   SAND             2005-5173   Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/

Erikson, Jody. The National Geothermal Collaborative,             EERE-Geothermal Program, final report. Washington, U.S. Dept.             of Energy, May 2006. 7             p.   DOE-SF-22363-NGC   Available             online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/883304-xeCU2D/

Geothermal energy: information on the Navy�s geothermal             program. Washington, General Accounting Office, June 2004. 46             p. (GAO-04-513)   PB2004105542

Hot dry rock technology. Albuquerque, NM, Albuquerque             Operations Office, 2005. 28 p.    DE2005583245

Renewable resources for America�s future. Washington,             U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30             p.   PB2005103479   Available             online at: http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf (PDF - 1.61 MB)(The freely             available Adobe             Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.) 

The Future of geothermal energy: impact of enhanced             geothermal systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st             century. Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,             2007. 358 p.    Available online at: http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf             (14.1MB PDF)(The             freely available Adobe             Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.) 

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STANDARDS AND                   GUIDELINES
ASTM StandardsASTM International, originally             known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is one of             the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the             world. The Annual Book of ASTM Standards can be consulted in the             Science Reference collection of the Library of Congress. ASTM             standards can also be purchased through ASTM International at: http://www.astm.org/ or through the             American National Standards Institute (ANSI) at: http://www.ansi.org/

ASTM International. Annual book of ASTM standards. West             Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International, c2002-                TA401.A653             <SciRR>   See especially v. 12.02 for             standards related to geothermal energy. 

Selected ASTM standards related to geothermal energy include:

ASTM: E-947-83-2002. Standard specification for sampling             single-phase geothermal liquid or steam for purposes of chemical             analysis. ASTM book of standards, v. 12-02,             2005.   TA401.A653

ASTM: E-974-00-2006. Standard guide for specifying thermal             performance of geothermal power systems. ASTM book of             standards, v. 12-02, 2006.    TA401.A653             <SciRR>

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)             StandardPerformance rating of direct geoexchange             heat pumps: ARI standard 870-2005. Fairfax, VA,             Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, c2005. 15 p. (ANSI/ARI             2005-870)    Pamphlet Box             <SciRR>   Available online at: ttp://www.ahrinet.org/App_Content/files/standards%20pdfs/ANSI%20standards%20pdfs/ANSI-AHRI870-2005%20with%20Addendum%201%20-%20Approved%20by%20SPC.pdf             (PDF 324KB)(The freely available Adobe             Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.) 

International Organization for Standardization             (ISO)Water-source heat pumps: testing and rating             for performance. Geneva, Switzerland, ISO, 1998. 37 p. (ISO             13256)

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DISSERTATIONS
Dissertations may be identified by using online resources or the             following indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any             reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be             available in full text through electronic resources on public             terminals at the Library of Congress.

Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement (1973-               annual)    Z5053.X47a

Digital Dissertations (1861-)                  Electronic resource

Dissertation Abstracts International (1938- monthly)                  Z5053.D57 and Electronic             format

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SELECTED                   DISSERTATIONS
Forrest, Andrew Ryan. Optimization of a geothermal heat pump             system with aboveground water storage. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI,             2003.    UMI publication number AAT 1412447             <MicRR>   Collation of the original: 101             p.   Dissertation (masters)--North Carolina State             University, 2003.

Kanoglu, Mehmet. Design and optimization of geothermal power             generation, heating, and cooling. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 1999.                UMI publication number AAT 9934146             <MicRR>   Collation of the original: 137             p.   Dissertation (doctoral)--University of             Nevada, Reno, 1999.

Mossop, Antony Patrick. Seismicity, subsidence and strain at             The Geysers geothermal field. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI,             2001.   UMI publication number AAT 3002026             <MicRR>   Collation of the original: 167             p.   Dissertation (doctoral)--Stanford             University, 2001.

Xie, Feng. Application of model predictive control to a             geothermally heated bridge deck. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2005.                UMI publication number AAT 1424883             <MicRR>   Collation of the original: 138             p.   Dissertation (masters)--Oklahoma State             University, 2005.

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ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING                   SERVICES
ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES that index relevant journal             articles and other literature on geothermal energy are listed below.             Consult reading room reference staff in order to access abstracting             and indexing services in electronic format on the public terminals             in the reading rooms at the Library of Congress.

Applied Science and Technology Abstracts               (ASTA)   Z7913.I7 <SciRR> and               Electronic format

Environmental Issues and Policy               Index   Electronic format

Environmental Sciences and Pollution               Management   Electronic format

GEOBASE   Electronic format

National Technical Information Service               (NTIS)   Electronic format

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JOURNALS
Journals that often contain articles relevant to geothermal             energy include the following:
EnergyHD9502.A1E533Energy Conversion and Management TK2896.E48Energy Sources TJ153.E4786Geothermics GB1001.G47GRC Bulletin GB1199.6.B84Journal of Energy Resources Technology                     TJ163.13.T72Power TJ1.P7Power Engineering TJ1.P77 Proceedings of the Institution of Civil                     Engineers. Civil Engineering. TA1.P826 Renewable Energy TJ809.S6 
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REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL                   ARTICLES
Batchelor, Tony. Geothermal energy: a major renewable energy             resource. Civil engineering, v. 158, Nov. 2005: 40-44.                TA1.P826

Bertani, Ruggero. World geothermal power generation 2001-2005.             GRC bulletin, v. 35, May/June 2006: 89-111.                GB1199.6.B84

Box, W. T. A second boom for geothermal? Power             engineering, v. 108, June 2004:             97.   TJ1.P77

Ghose, Mrinal K. Environmentally sustainable supplies of energy             with specific reference to geothermal energy. Energy             sources, v. 26, May 2004: 531-539.                TJ153.E4786

Hepbasli, A., and O. Akdemir. Energy and exergy analysis of a             ground source (geothermal) heat pump system. Energy conversion             and management, v. 45, Mar. 2004:             737-753.   TK2896.E48

Kagel, Alyssa, and Karl Gawell. Promoting geothermal energy: air             emissions comparison and externality analysis. Electricity             journal, v.18, Aug. 2005: 90-99.                HD9685.U4E415

Kujawa, Tomasz, Wladyslaw Nowak, and Aleksander A. Stachel.             Utilization of deep geological wells for acquisitions of geothermal             energy. Energy, v. 31, Apr. 2006:             650-664.   HD9502.A1E533

Lund, John W. Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005             worldwide review. Geothermics, v. 34, Dec. 2005: 691-727.                GB1001.G47

Ozgener, Onder, and Arif Hepbasli. Experimental performance             analysis of a solar assisted ground-source heat pump greenhouse             heating system. Energy & buildings, v. 37, Jan. 2005:             101-110.    TJ163.5.B84E523

Sliwa, Tomasz, and Andrzej Gonet. Theoretical model of borehole             heat exchanger. Journal of energy resources technology, v.             127, June. 2005: 142-148.    TJ163.13.T72

Wicker, Ken. Geothermal: hotter than ever. Power, v.             149, Jan./Feb. 2005: 40-44.    TJ1.P7

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SELECTED                   MATERIALS
Selected Materials available in the Science             Reading Room pamphlet boxes include the following:

Duffield, Wendell A., and John H. Sass. Geothermal energy:               clean power from the Earth�s heat. Menlo Park, CA, U.S. Geological               Survey, 2003. 36 p. (Circular               1249)   Bibliography: p.               36.   http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/c1249.pdf               (PDF 398MB)(The freely available Adobe               Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this               resource.)

Geothermal today: geothermal energy program               highlights. U. S. Department of Energy, Golden, CO, National               Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999. 37 p.

Hulen, J. B., and P. M. Wright. Geothermal energy.               Salt Lake City, The Energy & Geoscience Institute, University               of Utah, 2001. 7 p.

Kagel, Alyssa, Diana Bates, and Karl Gawell. A guide to               geothermal energy and the environment. Washington, Geothermal               Energy Association, April 2005. 75 p.

Renewable resources for America�s future. Washington,               U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p.    http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf               (PDF 1.61MB)(The freely available Adobe               Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)               

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SELECTED INTERNET                   RESOURCES
State Government Resources

California Energy Commission Geothermal               ProgramThe program promotes geothermal energy               development. Material available at the Website includes fact               sheets on funded projects, an overview of geothermal energy in               California, and a section on geothermal energy for students.http://www.energy.ca.gov/geothermal/

Montana Dept. of Environmental               QualityIncludes a description of the Fairmont Hot               Springs Resort project.http://deq.mt.gov/energy/geothermal/default.mcpx

Utah Geological Survey: Geothermal               ResourcesDatabases, reports and maps, with the focus               on geothermal resources and use in Utah.http://geology.utah.gov/emp/geothermal/index.htm

Federal Government Resources: U. S. Department of             Energy

Office of Scientific and Technical Information               (OSTI)Energy Citations Databasehttp://www.osti.gov/energycitations/Geothermal               Technologies Subject Portalhttp://www.osti.gov/geothermal/

Geothermal Energy, Idaho National Laboratory               (INL)INL works to establish geothermal energy as an               economically competitive contributor to U.S. energy supply.               Reports, maps, software, and contacts can be found at the               Website.http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program               (EERE)Geothermal Technologies               ProgramWorks in partnership with industry to               establish geothermal energy as an economically competitive               contributor to the U.S. energy supply. The site links to sections               on geothermal basics, history, news and other resources. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/

How to Buy an Energy-efficient Heat                 PumpInformation about energy-efficient                 ground-source heat pumps, from the Federal Energy Management                 Program (FEMP).http://www.ornl.gov/sci/femp/pdfs/gshp-pro-chal.pdf                 (PDF 115KB)(The freely available Adobe                 Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)                 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory               (NREL)Geothermal Energy Programhttp://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/

Organizations, Associations and Research             Programs

Energy & Geoscience Institute (EGI): Geothermal               Research ProgramThis unit of EGI performs basic and               applied research in geothermal exploration, reservoir delineation,               drilling, logging and production.http://www.egi-geothermal.org/

Environmental and Energy Study               InstitutePromotes initiatives on sustainable policy;               publications are available at the Website.http://www.eesi.org/

European Geothermal Energy Council               (EGEC)EGEC is an international organization that               promotes use, research and development of geothermal energy. This               site offers a wide range of information, ranging from introductory               to specialized.http://www.egec.org/

Geo-Exchange, Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium               (GHPC)GHPC works to increase awareness and use of               geoexchange technology. Information at this site ranges from an               introductory video to case studies.http://www.geoexchange.org/

Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of               TechnologyProvides technological information on               geothermal energy for consultants, developers, potential users and               the general public. Offers publications for download and               purchase.http://geoheat.oit.edu/

Geothermal Education Office (GEO)The GEO               site has world maps of geothermal energy production, geothermal               facts, classroom materials and other information.http://geothermal.marin.org/

Geothermal Energy Association (GEA)The GEA               Website offers a useful section on geothermal basics along with a               directory of existing power plants.http://www.geo-energy.org/

Geothermal Laboratory, Southern Methodist University               The Geothermal Lab site offers a very useful               collection of maps related to geothermal energy development and               use, as well as many publications and links to related               databases.http://smu.edu/geothermal/

Geothermal Resources Council (GRC)GRC is               an international educational and professional association which               encourages research and information transfer. The site offers a               virtual tour of a geothermal plant. Publications are available for               purchase, with some articles freely downloadable. The Mexican               professional journal Geotermia is also available in               electronic format.http://www.geothermal.org/index.html

International Geothermal               AssociationIncludes general information on geothermal               energy, news, interactive maps, images and links to the               International Geothermal Conference Papers Database.http://iga.igg.cnr.it/index.php

International Ground Source Heat Pump Association               (IGSHPA)IGSHPA advances ground source heat pump               technology through training and research. The site offers general               and technical information, with a directory of federal and state               incentives and local industry contacts. http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/about/about_us.htm

World Renewable Energy Congress/Network               (WREC/WREN)This organization sponsors international               congresses on renewable energy, and works to support and enhance               the utilization and implementation of renewable energy sources. It               also publishes newsletters and the annual journal Renewable               Energy. http://www.wrenuk.co.uk/index.html
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