. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 

Water-Supply Paper 490-D

ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLAGES

IN THE PAPAGO COUNTRY

ARIZONA

BY

KIRK BRtAN

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE

1922

CONTENTS.

Page.

Preface, by O. B. Meinzer_______ .- _____________________ 1

Introduction___________________________________ _ 317

Acknowledgments___________________________________ 319

Watering places___________________________________ 319

The Indians in relation to travel in the Papago country_____ 322

Types of roads______________________________________ 326

Mountain roads__________________________ _ 326

Malpais roads_____________________________ _ 327

Plains roads____________________________________ 327

River-bottom roads________________________________ 328

Good, fair, and bad roads____________________________ 328

Road signs ____________________________________ 329

Road difficulties and suggestions for surmounting them___________ 329

Water________________________________________ 329

Gasoline and spare parts____________________________ 330

Equipment______________________________ ____ 330

Choice and equipment of automobile_____________________ 331

Crossing an arroyo or wash__________________________ 331

Crossing sandy areas______________________________ 332

Adobe flats and river flood plains______________________ 333

Mountain and hill areas____________________________ 333

Road logs ________________________________________ 334

Tucson-Yuma road________._______________________ 334

Main route _.________________________________ 334

Tucson to Yuma____________________________ 334

Yuma to.Tucson____________________________ 340

Northern road between Indian Oasis and Big Fields________ 344

Indian Oasis to Geological Survey sign at Big Fields____ 344

Geological Survey sign at Big Fields to Indian Oasis_____ 345

Pozo Blanco route_____________________________ 345

Tucson to Ajo_______ __ _ _ _ _ _____ 345

Ajo to Tucson____________________________ 346

Cubo route __________________________________ 348

Tucson to Ajo______________________________ 348

Ajo to Tucson______________________________ 348

Comovo route_________________________________ 349'

Tucson to Ajo______________________________ 349

Ajo to Tucson_____________________________ 350

Tucson-Nogales highway____________________________ 351

Tucson to Nogales______________________________ 351

Nogales to Tucson______________________________ 352

Tucson-Nogales road by way of San Xavier and Twin Buttes_____ 353

Tucson to Nogales________ ______ _ ____________ 353

Nogales to Tucson __________ _ _ _ 354

Silver Bell road________________________________ 354
rv CONTENTS.

Road logs Continued. Page.

Routes in and to the Altar Valley______________________ 355

Tucson-Sasabe road____________________________ 355

Tucson to Sasabe_________________________1__ 355

Sasabe to Tucson_____________._____________ 356

Arivaca road _________________________________ 357

Amado to Ronstadt gate______ _ ________ __ 357

Ronstadt gate to Amado_______________________ 358

Nogales-Arivaca road_____-____________________ 359

Nogales to Arivaca__________________________ 359

Arivaca to Nogales_____________ ___ ____ 360

Figueroa ranch to Buenos Aires and points on the east side of

Altar Valley________________________________ 360

Tucson-Phoenix highway____________________________ 361

Tucson to Phoenix_____________________________ 361

Phoenix to Tucson_____________________________ 363

Casa Grande Ruins road____________________________ 365

Florence to Casa Grande Ruins_____________________ 365

Casa Grande Ruins to Florence_____________________ 365

Tucson-Casa Grande road__________________________ 366

Tucson to Casa Grande_________________________ 366

Casa Grande to Tucson_________________________ 366

Roads out of Red Rock___________-_________________ 367

Roads out of Casa Grande___________________________ 368

Casa Grande to Maricopa_____________________ __ 368

Maricopa to Casa Grande_________________________ 368 '

Phoenix to Casa Grande by way of Sacaton_____________ 368

Casa Grande to Phoenix by way of Sacaton____________ 369

Casa Grande to Florence____________________ ___ 369

Florence to Casa Grande__________________________ 370 

Casa Grande to Pozo San Luis, Sonora, by way of Jackrabbit

and the Santa Rosa Valley___;__________________ 371 

Pozo San Luis, Sonora, to Casa' Grande by way of Santa Rosa

Valley and Jackrabbit__________________________ 373

Casa Grande to Cocklebur and Quajote_ __'_ 375

Quajote to Cocklebur and Casa Grande __ 375

Roads out of Maricopa_______________________ _ 375

Maricopa to Gila Bend___________________________ 375

Gila Bend to Maricopa________________________-_ 376

Phoenix to Maricopa by way of Gila Crossing________ _ 376

Maricopa to Phoenix by way of Gila Crossing-____ _ 376

Maricopa to Vekol Valley, Kaka, and Covered Wells _ _ 377

Covered Wells to Kaka, Vekol Valley, and Maricopa____ _ 379

Maricopa to Cocklebur__ ___ 380

Roads out of Gila Bend_______________ ___-__ _ 381

Phoenix to Gila Bend by way of Gila Crossing _ 381 

Gila Bend to Phoenix by way of Gila Crossing____________ 382

Phoenix to Gila Bend by way of Buckeye ______ __ 383

Gila Bend to Phoenix by way of Buckeye_________ _ 384

Gila Bend to Sentinel_______ __ _ 385

Sentinel to Gila Bend___________________________ 385

Gila Bend to Vekol_____________________________.__! 386

Vekol to Gila Bend_____________________ 387
CONTENTS. V

Road logs Continued.

Roads out of Gila Bend Continued. . Page.

Gila Bend to Pozo Blanco by way of Sauceda___________- 388

Pozo Blanco to Gila Bend by* way of Sauceda___________- 389

Gila Bend to Ajo_____________________________ 389

Ajo to Gila Bend______________________________ 391

Gila Bend to Mesquite Tank_______________________ 391

Mesquite Tank to Gila Bend________z___________ 392

Routes in the Baboquivari and Tecolote valleys________ _ 392

Routes north and south from Indian Oasis_______.1____ _ 393

Miscellaneous routes between Quijotoa Mountains and Gunsight Pass_ 394

Indian Oasis to Menegers Dam_________________-___ 394

Menegers Dam to Indian Oasis_________________A____ 395

Copeka to Serventi Well________________________ 395

Serventi Well to Copeka________________________ 396

Copeka to Kavolik by way of Tonukvo_______________- 396

Kavolik to Copeka by way of Tonukvo________________- 396

Pozo Blanco to Pisinemo________________________ 397

Pisinemo to Pozo Blanco________________________ 397

Comovo to Camote________________________ _ 397

Camote to Comovo_______________________ - 398

Charco en Medio to Cubo___________________-__ 398

Cubo to Charco en Medio________________________ 399

Walls Well to Menegers Dam and'Mexico_____________ _ 399 

Walls Well to Menegers Dam by way of Cochibo________ 399 

Walls Well to Menegers Dam by way of Cubo and Charco Colorado _________________________________-___ 400 

Menegers Dam to Walls Well by way of Cochibo_____-_ 401 

Menegers Dam to Walls Well by way of Charco Colorado and 

Cubo_____________________________J___- 401

Routes from and near Ajo_________________________ 402

Ajo to Yuma by the Camino del Diablo_______________ 402

Yuma to Ajo by the Camino del Diablo_______________ 406

Ajo to Pozo Redondo and Perigua___________-__ _ 408

Perigua to Pozo Redondo and Ajo__________-_ 409

Ajo to Sonoita________________________________ 410

Sonoita to Ajo________________________________ 411

Walls Well to Bates Well________________________ 4~12

Bates Well to Walls Well_______________________ 412

Bates Well to Quitobaquito________________________ > 412

Quitobaquito to Bates Well________________________ 413

Roads near the Little Ajo Mountains_________________ 414

Minor roads west of Ajo__________________ _ _ _ 414

Roads in and adjacent to San Cristobal Valley________ _ 414

Wellton to Baker Tanks and points south___________ _ 416

Baker Tanks to Wellton__________________________ 416

Blaisdell to Fortuna mine______________ _ 416

Index to watering places _ ___ _ _ 417
ILLUSTEATIONS.

Page.

PLATE I. Map of arid region of the United States showing areas covered 

by guides to watering places and other maps and watersupply papers of the United States Geological Survey____ 2

II. A, First desert watering place signpost erected by the United 

States Geological Survey; B, Bad road traversed in desert 

watering place survey________________________ 2

III. Typical desert watering place signpost erected by the United

States Geological Survey_:_____ _______ _____ 3 

XVI. Road across a sandy wash dug out and corduroyed with

brush___________________________________ 4

XXIII. Relief map of the western part of the Papago country, Ariz.,

showing desert watering places________________In pocket.

XXIV. Relief map of the central part of the Papago country, Ariz.,

showing desert watering places________________In pocket. 

XXV. Relief map of the eastern part of the Papago country, Ariz.,

showing desert watering places________________In pocket.

XXVI. A, Cochibo, Ariz.; B, Papago Well, Ariz_______________ 320

XXVII. A, Black Tanks, Ariz.; B, Charco near Pozo Redondo, Ariz__ 321 

XXVIII. A, Artesa Pond, Ariz.; B, Papago farming____________ 322 

FIGURE 7. Map of the Papago country, Ariz., showing principal roads and

watering places and areas covered by Plates XXIII-XXV. 318

VI
ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES IN 

CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA.

PREFACE.

By O. E. MEINZEB.

The desert region of the United States forms a great triangle whose 

base, 800 miles long, is the Mexican border from the Peninsular 

Mountains, in southern California, to the mouth of Pecos River, in 

Texas, and whose apex is in north-central Oregon. The west side 

of this huge desert triangle is the mountain wall formed by the 

Peninsular Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Cascade Range; 

the east or northeast side is a less definite line extending from northcentral Oregon, through Salt Lake City and Santa Fe, to the mouth 

of Pecos River. (See PI. I.) It covers about 500,000 square miles, 

or very nearly one-sixth of the area of the United States.

This region is by no means devoid of natural resources or human 

activity. It contains prosperous cities, fertile agricultural districts, 

forest-clad mountains, a large aggregate number of watering places, 

many rich mines, and an unknown wealth of mineral deposits. But 

the localities that have water supplies are widely separated oases in 

a vast expanse of silent, changeless, unproductive desert whose most 

impressive feature is its great distances and whose chief evidences 

of human occupation are the long, long roads that lead from one 

watering place to another.

In the future existing oases will be enlarged, many new ones will 

be created, and the mineral and agricultural product of the region 

will be greatly increased. But in spite of all that man can do this 

large region will remain essentially a desert.

Travelers in this region must depend for their existence on the 

desert water holes (springs, wells, or natural tanks), many of which 

are separated from one another by a hard day's journey with team 

and wagon. For most of the region the water holes have never been 

accurately mapped or described, no systematic provision has been 

made for maintaining them, and the roads leading to them have not 

been marked with substantial and reliable signs. Hence, travel in 

the remote parts of the region has been a precarious and sometimes 

a dangerous undertaking.

1
6 PfeEFACE.

The need of a systematic program for making the desert safe and 

accessible by mapping, marking, and improving its watering places 

has long been appreciated by public-spirited men who know its conditions. It has also been recognized that because of the great extent 

of the region and because most of it still belongs to the public domain 

-the Federal Government can best do this work. For nearly 20 years 

Mr. George W. Parsons, of Los Angeles, has ardently advocated such 

a program.

Data on desert watering places were compiled some years ago by 

Gilbert E. Bailey, who was obliged to traverse repeatedly many of 

the main desert roads and trails, and these data were made available 

by him for use in a guide to watering places throughout a large desert 

area in California and Nevada published by the United States Geological Survey in 1909.1

Considerable other work has been done by the United States 

Geological Survey in making maps of parts of the region and in 

publishing data on its water resources. (See PI. I.) Signposts have 

been erected by States, counties, automobile associations, and other 

agencies, the Automobile Club of Southern California having been 

especially active in the southwestern part of the region. However, 

definite and precise information in regard to watering places, except 

those along the main roads, has not been available for most of the 

region, and most travelers in the desert have been obliged to grope 

their way through it by means of hearsay information.

A systematic program for the survey, marking, and protection of 

desert watering places was authorized by an act of Congress approved August 21,1916, which reads as follows:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 

States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior 

be, and he is hereby, authorized and empowered, in his discretion, in so far as 

the authorization made herein will permit, to discover, develop, protect, and 

render more accessible for the benefit of the general public springs, streams, 

and water holes on arid public lands of the United States; and in connection 

therewith to erect and maintain suitable and durable monuments and signboards 

at proper places and intervals along and near the accustomed lines of travel 

and over the general area of said desert lands, containing information and 

directions as to the location and nature of said springs, streams, and water 

holes, to the end that the same may be more readily traced and found by 

persons in search or need thereof; also to provide convenient and ready means, 

apparatus, and appliances by which water may be brought to the earth's surface 

at said water holes for the use of such persons; also to prepare and distribute 

suitable maps, reports, and general information relating to said springs, 

streams, and water holes and their specific location with reference to lines of 

travel.

An appropriation of $10,000 became available for this purpose July 

1, 1917. With this appropriation, supplemented with some other

1 Mendenhall, W. C., Some desert watering places in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 224, 1909.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE

EXPLANATION

MAP OF THE ARID REGION OF THE UNITED STATES

Snowing areas covered by guides to watering places and otner 

water-supply papers of tne U. S. Geological Survey

1

Compiled by O. E. Meinzer

Boundary of arid region requiring

guides to watering places

Area covered by guides to desert

watering places. 

Published as Water-Supply Paper

490 and in four separate reports,

namely, 490-A, 490-B, 490-C,

and 490-D

Area covered by water-supply 

paper

(The number is the serial number of the 

paper. Only principal water-supply 

papers are shown. A. complete list of 

publications relating to water resources 

and information as to areas covered by 

topographic maps can be obtained by 

writing to the U. S. Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C.

Other important road

44)0 Miles
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

A. FIRST DESERT WATERING PLACE SIGNPOST ERECTED 

BY THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Photograph by C. P. Ross.

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE II

B. BAD ROAD TRAVERSED IN DKSERT WATERING PLACE 

SURVEY.

Photograph by C. P. Ross.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE III

TYPICAL DESERT WATERING PLACE SIGNPOST ERECTED BY THE UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Photograph by D. G. Thompson.
PREFACE. 6

funds that could be used for the purpose, a survey was made in 1917 

and 1918 of the driest, hottest, and least explored part of the desert 

region, comprising 60,000 square miles in southeastern California 

and southwestern Arizona. (See PL I.) It includes the southern part of Death Valley and the region between this valley and 

the Mexican border in California, and the region west of Tucson 

and Phoenix and south of Wickenburg and Parker in Arizona. 

The field work was done by four parties, each consisting of one 

geologist and one nontechnical assistant, and each provided with an 

automobile and light camping equipment. The mapping was done 

with the plane table, on a scale of 1:125,000. Most of the watering places in the region were examined; about 200 samples of water 

were collected and shipped to the water-resources laboratory of 

the United States Geological Survey for analysis; and a general 

exploration was made of the region to determine its geography and 

geology and its ground-water conditions.

Signs directing travelers to water were erected at 167 localities in 

California and 138 in Arizona. (See Pis. II, A, and III.) The 

signposts are galvanized iron, 1.9 inches in outside diameter and 12 

feet long. Each post is anchored to the ground with two redwood 

blocks. The signs are 18-gage steel, enameled, are white, with darkblue letters, and ,are substantially bolted to the posts. They are of 

two sizes, 18 by 20 inches and 9 by 20 inches. Most of the larger 

signs, 470 of which were erected, give the names, distances, and directions to four watering places; most of the smaller signs, 165 of which 

were erected, give the names, distances, and directions to two watering places. Through the courtesy of the Board of Supervisors of 

San Bernardino County, Calif., signs were placed on 26 iron posts 

previously erected by the county.

The area covered is the part of the desert region where such work 

was most needed, not only because, on the whole, it has remained 

the least explored, but also because it is the hottest and most arid 

area and the one having the worst roads. .(See Pi. II, B.) The 

.work was, however, undertaken as a part of a larger plan, which 

contemplates to the extent that funds are available a similar survey and erection of signposts for the entire arid region, as outlined 

on Plate I. To make the work permanently effective it will be necessary from time to time to revise the maps and guides and to repair 

and supplement the signposts. The Federal Government is also 

under obligation to maintain the desert watering places that have 

been withdrawn from entry and are held as public water reserves.

Soon after the field work was completed three of the four geologists who made the survey entered the Army and the other one was 

assigned to work on water supplies for military establishments.
4 PREFACE.

Consequently the preparation of the maps and guides to desert watering places had to be postponed until after the war. Reports are now 

being prepared which will give detailed information about the watering places in the region and will contain more comprehensive and 

accurate descriptions of its geography, geology, and hydrology than 

have hitherto been published. The four abbreviated guides comprising the present series (Water-Supply Paper 490) are published 

in advance of the complete reports for the use of those who do not 

need the more general information which the complete reports 

contain. These abbreviated guides consist essentially of the maps, 

the road logs (which constitute concise guides to watering places), 

and very brief descriptions of the watering places.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XVI

ROAD ACROSS A SANDY WASH DUG OUT AND CORDUROYED WITH BRUSH.

ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES IN THE PAPAGO 

COUNTRY, ARIZONA.

By KIRK BRYAN.

INTRODUCTION.

The Papago country derives its name from a group of seminomadic Indians belonging to the Piman stock, who were called by 

the early Spanish explorers the Pimos frijoleros, or bean-eating 

Pimas. Somewhat later the name Papago became generally current. 

These Indians ranged over the desert country west and south of 

Santa Cruz and Gila valleys and north of Altar Valley in Sonora as 

far west as the Gulf of California. The Spanish named the whole 

region inhabited by Indians of the Piman stock the Pimeria and 

later distinguished the portion west of Santa Cruz River as the 

Papagueria.

The Papago country as considered in this report includes the part 

of the original Papagueria that lies north of the international boundary. (See fig. 7.) It is bounded by Santa Cruz, Gila, and Colorado 

rivers but includes also the routes from Tucson to Florence, Casa 

Grande to Florence, and Florence to Phoenix.

Except a few roads near the larger towns the routes of travel are 

not constructed highways but are only the tracks of previous travelers. Many routes are so little traveled that one may say of them, 

as the Mexican does: " No hay camino, pero es posible por un carro " 

(there is no road, but it is possible for a wagon).

For the convenience of the traveler as many as possible of the 

natural difficulties are recorded in the road logs, which were made 

with a speedometer attached to an automobile. It is impossible that 

any two logs made by different machines over the same route or 

even by the same machine over the same route will exactly correspond. Systematic errors, however, have been eliminated, and the 

logs have been checked against the maps.

The maps, published as Plates XXIII-XXV (in pocket), are the 

result of plane-table work done by me, combined with existing published and unpublished data. The most detailed recent work has 

been done by the United States Indian Service. The larger part 

of the detail of the Papago villages and roads in their vicinity has 

been compiled from this source. The topography and roads of the

317
318 BOTJTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

Tumacacori Mountains have been redrawn from maps of the United 

States Forest Service. Much material was derived also from topographic sheets of the United States Geological Survey, plats of the 

General Land Office, railroad alinements, and maps of the Mexican 

Boundary Survey.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 319

The topography has been drawn by J. H. Jlenshawe from the best 

available data. In the flatter areas the darkest color represents the 

lowest elevation and lighter colors the higher elevations. The mountains are shown by shading, as if seen under a strong light coming 

at a low angle from the northwest. The general form, size, and location of the mountains and the general relation of the roads, towns, 

and watering places to one another and to the topography are .correctly shown, but minute exactness can not be expected in work of 

this type. Many locations are marked as approximate, and perhaps 

more should be so marked. Much detail is missing, particularly in 

the parts of the map that were made by compilation from maps 

made several years ago. It is thought, however, that all the features 

shown on the map will be found on the ground.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

I am indebted to many people for kindness and for information 

of great value furnished during the progress of the field work. 

Clyde P. Ross, who was in charge of the work on desert watering 

places north of Gila River, cooperated heartily in contiguous territory, especially in making and compiling the map. He has furnished logs for about 60 miles of road, as is further noticed in the 

text. My field assistant, C. G. Puffer, made travel in the desert easy 

and contributed much local information. He is responsible for the 

mapping of the northern border of the Sauceda Mountains and for 

placing the signposts. I am particularly indebted for favors and 

information to Col. John C. Greenway-and Messrs. August de Nave, 

W. B. Kibbey, Joseph Meneger, Thomas Childs, Manuel L. Corrillo, 

W. C. Gietz, Charles M. Hindman. C. R. Oldberg, W. D. Tremaine, 

and Samuel Clark.

WATERING PLACES.

The watering places of the Papago country differ widely in the 

quantity and character of water and in the facilities they afford 

travelers. Certain types of watering places are almost peculiar to 

the region; they are rare elsewhere.

The valley of Santa Cruz River and its tributary Nogales Wash 

from Nogales north to Tucson is an almost continuous watering 

place, containing many wells. During a large part of the year the 

bed of Santa Cruz River and the Gila Valley from Florence west to 

Gila Crossing and from Buckeye to Gila Bend carry water. In the 

irrigated area around Phoenix, which is supplied with water by the 

Roosevelt Dam, there are numerous canals, and at each farm house 

there is at least one well, so that a traveler may consider this area a 

continuous watering place.
320 EOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

In the area south of Gila River and west of Santa Cruz Eiver the 

watering places are few and springs are very rare. Many of the 

settlements, especially those around mines, draw their supplies from 

wells, but the greatest number of wells have been put in as stockwatering places. In the Altar Valley and in the rolling country 

between the detached mountains east of it stock-watering places 

are so numerous that the traveler will have no difficulty in obtaining 

water. West of the Baboquivari Mountains watering places are 

scarce, and supplies other than wells become valuable.

Wells are generally of two kinds shallow dug wells and deep 

drilled wells. The dug wells are commonly excavated in rock, 

although a few penetrate, alluvium only. They are located in or 

along the border of the mountains. The yield of these wells is not 

great, and many holes have been dug without obtaining water. In 

general, if water is found it is ample for travelers. Travelers should, 

however, carry a bucket and 50 to 75 feet of rope, for many of these 

wells are not provided with any equipment. The sanitary character 

of the water is usually good, but wells that are unprotected and 

little used are sometimes contaminated by the bodies of rats and other 

small animals which fall in and drown. The traveler should be on the 

watch for such pollution. The Papagos draw water from wells in 

rawhide buckets. These buckets are made from fresh hides, and 

the hair rots off only with time. The fastidious traveler will boil 

water from Indian wells. Plate XXVI, A, shows a typical dug well 

used by the Papagos.

Deep drilled wells are usually Ipcated in the broad valleys. The 

greater number are stock-watering places of American cattlemen or 

wells maintained by the United States Indian Service for the Papago Indians. The water is excellent in quality and free from contamination when pumped. The traveler, however, will not ulways 

arrive at these wells when the pumper is present and will be compelled to use the water from the storage tank or reservoir. A casual 

inspection will show whether the reservoir is maintained in a sanitary condition. Great care should be taken to allow no water to 

waste and to close properly all gates which were closed and leave 

open all gates which were open on arrival. No man who is careless 

about gates can have friends in a cow country. The difficulties of 

obtaining water from an unequipped deep well are shown in Plate 

XXVI, B, and recounted on page 403.

Eock tanks, called in Spanish " tinajas," are natural cavities in the 

rocks which retain water for longer or shorter periods after rains. 

The traveler will find these useful watering places and will be especially dependent on them in the area west of Ajo (PI. XXVII, A}. 

The length of time in which water will be found at any tank depends
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XXVI

A. COCHIBO, ARIZ. 

Shows typical head frame and trough of a Papago well.

B. PAPAGO WELL, ARIZ.

Shows U. S. Geological Survey automobile hooked to the cable prepared to draw water from this

deep well.
XT. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY \VATER-RTJPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XXVII

1. BLACK TANKS, ARIZ. 

John Merrill's horse drinking the last water from the nearly dry main lank.

B. CHARCO NEAR POZO REDONDO, ARIZ. 

The cattle-trampled water hole has been dry about a month.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 321

on the season. Travelers should seek local information when 

they know that they are to be dependent on tanks. The water is 

sometimes foul from the growth of green algae or from the bodies of 

bees that fall in and drown. It is unlikely, however, that disease 

germs are present, for these tanks are seldom visited. The almost 

constant sunshine is also a great antiseptic agent. The so-called sand 

tanks are rock tanks that are filled with coarse sand in which the 

water is found by digging. They are less likely to be foul than rock 

tanks, and as the sand prevents evaporation the water commonly 

lasts longer.

Charcos are pools of water that occur along the channels where 

flood waters spread out over adobe flats. They range from a few 

inches to fully 5 feet in depth (see PI. XXVII, B) and from about 5 

to 30 feet in width, and some of them are more than 1,500 feet long. 

They hold water from a few days to several months after rains. 

During this time they are commonly used by wild animals and range 

stock. The traveler will usually find the water foul and muddy, but 

in many large areas it is the only water to be had, and if it is boiled 

before using it is a safe if not a palatable drink.

Eepreso is a general term for a small earthen dam that impounds 

flood water. American cattlemen include such dams under the 

generic term "tank." Kepresos are commonly built in adobe flats, 

and frequently only the borrow pit, from which earth was taken to 

make the dam, holds water. Even the larger ponds are only from 2 

to 5 feet deep. In area they range from mere mud puddles to ponds 

600 feet wide and 2,000 feet long. Aguirre Lake, near Buenos Aires, 

in the Altar Valley (PL XXV), which is 1| miles long, is principally 

used as a reservoir for irrigation. The largest represo used by the 

Papagos, Artesa Pond, is shown in Plate XXVIII, A.

The water in some represos is as evanescent as that in the smaller 

charcos. The larger ponds hold water for several months after a 

flood. In many of the summer rancherias the pond is inclosed by a 

fence, and the Indian Service has built a watering trough so that 

cattle may be watered outside the fence. This refinement, however, 

is little used, and travelers will find the water foul and muddy from 

the trampling of animals. If properly boiled the water of the 

larger represos is a satisfactory and welcome supply.

In a few localities flood water is collected in old prospect holes. 

Within the hole, protected from sunlight, the organic matter in the 

water rots completely, leaving clear water with a faint brown tint. 

During the rotting process the water is unfit to drink, but after it 

has " sweetened " it is acceptable. The deliberate construction of such 

cisterns has not been undertaken, and those in existence are the result 

of accident. These structures are likely to increase in number in 

the driest parts of the region.
322 BOTJTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

X '

Along the Southern Pacific Eailroad many section houses have no 

wells but are provided with cisterns, which are filled from tank cars. 

The water is good, and the cisterns are kept in excellent condition. 

As the supply is limited, however, great care is exercised in using 

the water. Travelers are allowed to obtain it, but this privilege 

should not be abused. It is to these cisterns that the logs refer when 

the statement is made: "Water at the section house in emergencies."

THE INDIANS IN RELATION TO TRAVEL, IN THE 

PAPAGO COUNTRY.

The region between the Baboquivari Mountains and Gunsight 

Pass is inhabited by the Papagos and the nearly related Kohakt 

Pimas. The Indians number about 6,000. No Indians have more 

closely adapted their habits of life to the character of the region in 

which they live than the Papagos.

Physically the Papagos are a large, well-formed people, having a 

dark skin and bold if somewhat heavy features. Delayed maturity 

is common, and there is often a great contrast between the large and 

heavy middle-aged man and the slight and slender youth. The 

women are not uncommonly brighter and more vivacious than the 

men. Many of them are very handsome. Tuberculosis and trachoma 

are prevalent diseases. Travelers should use caution in and about 

Papago camps, particularly on account of trachoma.

The tribe is nominally Christian, and the greater number, having 

been converted under Mexican influence, are Catholic. Many, however, are Presbyterians, having been influenced toward that faith by 

their relatives, the Pimas of the Gila Valley. The original moral 

spirit of the race appears to have been high. They were brave in 

their almost constant wars with the Apaches, though peaceable in 

their relations with the whites,, both Mexican and American. Nor 

have they sunk into that moral degradation which is all too common 

as a result of the contact of American civilization with primitive 

tribes. The Papagos present the unique example of a so-called inferior race profiting by the mistakes and failures of a superior race. 

However, much of their apparent success is due to their low standard 

of living, lack of pride, and somewhat hazy notion of property rights.

Before the coming of the white man the .Papago had no beasts of 

burden or domestic animals. During the winter the people gathered 

around the permanent water holes and springs in the mountains, principally along the western foot of the Baboquivari Mountains and 

at Comobabi. With the coming of the summer rains they moved 

down into the valleys and planted crops of corn and beans in the 

broad flats that are liable to overflow. (See PL XXVIII, B.) These 

localities were usually at or near charcos natural water holes that
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATEK-SUPPLY PAPER 490 PLATE XXVIII

A. ARTESA POND, ARIZ. 

Papago cattle watering at one of the largest represos in the region.

^^T-^r^^^v-^' '^W^l?<^^i^l 

^Z>rfJ^^^&&^^^^

B. PAPAGO FARMING 

A flood-water field or temporal near Toapit.

PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 323

filled with water during floods. (See PI. XXVII, B.) As the crop 

was dependent on. the floods also, there was always drinking water 

for planting and harvesting. During this period they gathered mesquite beans and the fruit of the sahuaro and pitahaya. Doubtless 

they hunted small game at all times, and certain members of the 

tribe were detailed to hunt deer, mountain sheep, and goats. The 

food not used immediately was carried back to permanent water 

holes in the mountains. This preparious method of farming and 

gathering of wild crops was not always successful, and if the season 

was a failure the following winter was one of starvation. Whole 

villages moved without hesitation tpward better water supplies or 

to villages where the crop had been good. The rigors and hardships 

of this life can not be emphasized too much, especially as the Papago 

possessed no beasts of burden. The journeys from the winter home 

to the planting ground, distances of 10 to 30 miles, had to be made 

afoot, often with heavy burdens. Annually also a group made a trip 

to the Gulf of California for salt, which was an important article of 

aboriginal commerce.

Father Eusebio Kino, an Austrian Jesuit, began his missionary 

work with the Pimas and Papagos of Sonora in 1687 and first 

crossed into Arizona in 1691. Yearly and sometimes oftener until 

1706 he journeyed through the country, preaching the gospel, 

introducing horses, cattle, chickens, wheat, oats, and barley, and encouraging house building. No resident missionaries, however, were 

located in Arizona until 1732, and these were confined to Santa Cruz 

Valley. Valuable as the introduction of domestic animals and the 

art of house building was to the Papagos, the gain was more than 

offset by the loss through Apache raids. The Apaches, supplied with 

horses, became the scourge of the country and so continued for many 

years. The Papagueria, once a safe refuge, was constantly menaced 

except during the period 1790 to 1820, when Spanish protection was 

adequate.

Upon the consummation of the Gadsden^ Purchase in 1857 the 

United States provided troops which, though not keeping the 

Apaches in check, protected the Papagos until the troops were removed in 1860 to engage in the Civil War. American settlers were 

few in the period from 1845 to 1860 and then were almost entirely 

driven from the country. The late sixties and seventies, however, 

saw a new influx of Americans.

The American settlers came to find mines or establish stock ranches. 

They immediately improved the springs or seeps used by the Indians and in many places dug new wells. Each white man's camp 

had its near-by Papago camp dependent on the new or improved 

water supply. The Indians worked for wages when work was to 

157142° 22 2
324 KOUTES TO. DESERT WATERING PLACES.

be had and the Papago is a good worker or pilfered and begged 

when there was no work. As the prospects usually did not become 

mines, the white men moved away and the Indians inherited the 

watering places. Even successful mines like the Weldon, where at 

one time there was a town of 11,000 people, had a relatively short 

life. When the ore was exhausted the white men moved away. San 

Antone, a winter rancheria with a few Papago families, remains 

as the successor of Weldon. Covered Wells, Alamo, and several 

other villages,are dependent on wells dug by white miners. The 

white stockmen were fewer in number than the miners, but they also 

generally failed and moved away, partly because of poor range and 

partly perhaps because of poor management. In addition they had 

to contend with the sullen opposition of Papago cattlemen and with 

the Papago belief that cows were made to eat. Pozo Redondo is a 

winter rancheria founded on the site of such an abandoned ranch 

and is dependent on the well dug by a member of the well-known 

Redondo family of Yuma. Kukomalik has a similar history. The 

Fresnal and Ventana ranches were supplied by bored wells whose 

machinery the Indians could not operate or replace, else doubtless 

the same thing would have happened when these ranches were 

abandoned. The Indian Service has now installed a pumping plant 

at the well on the Fresnal ranch, and under white supervision it can 

be maintained. A winter rancheria will probably spring up, and 

the history of Pozo Redondo will be repeated.

The Papagos are much as they were when first found by the 

Spanish, except that they wear white men's clothes and use wagons, 

horses, and many iron tools. They no longer hunt, for the big 

game is too scarce to make hunting profitable, but they do raise 

cattle. This industry promises to grow, but the people still mainly 

depend on flood-water farming. Around the fields or temporals 

are villages composed of more or less permanent houses called summer rancherias. From the Mexicans or Americans the Indians 

learned to build small dams with basins behind them to store flood 

water for drinking. These represos are to be found at almost every 

temporal. They supplement the charcos and enable the people to 

remain long enough to harvest the crop. The water is, however, 

usually muddy and often foul. As the summer rains begin the people migrate from the winter rancherias, near permanent water, to 

the temporals, and they return in the autumn. The Indian Service 

has drilled a number of deep wells at summer rancherias, and these 

new sources of water may eventually break up the system of migration.

This brief description of the life of the Papago Indians shows 

that they are great travelers. It is practically impossible to find a
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 325

place where diligent search will not reveal the former presence of 

the Papagos. Potsherds, broken stones, mortars, and remains of 

camps are common at every watering place. Formerly they went 

afoot, but now they go on horseback or by wagons. There are in 

consequence many roads, most of which follow the old foot trails 

and thus pass every available watering place, however infrequently 

it may hold water. Most of these watering places are small charcos. As many of these as were found are shown on the map, though 

many of them are of little value to the traveler.

The roads are a perfect maze in the vicinity of the villages or 

rancherias. From each of the scattered houses there is. a road to 

every other house and to every near-by rancheria. Only at some 

distance from the village do these roads combine. At certain rancherias also cattle are watered either from wells or from ponds. The 

daily trampling of cattle often obliterates wagon tracks over the 

whole area of the village, and the stranger has much difficulty in 

getting out of a village and onto the right road. The road logs of 

these localities have been made as full as possible, but the traveler 

who has studied the map and knows the direction in which he is 

going may follow any track in that direction and be reasonably 

sure of coming into the right road.

Ordinarily the Indians drive around obstacles and do no work on 

roads. Some work is done, however, on the roads around their 

winter rancherias in the mountains. The other roads are simple 

wagon tracks or natural highways. A few Indians use broad-gage 

wagons, or the axle has been sprung so as to give the wagon an 

excessively broad gage. Unfortunate is the automobilist who follows a road made by such a wagon.

Roads are also readily abandoned or not traveled for months. 

Fields are frequently so badly washed by floods that they are abandoned, and the roads to them are no longer traveled. The inhabitants of villages who once were friendly cease visiting each other, 

and the road between shows no wagon tracks for years. The seasonal occupations of the people, however, produce the most common 

changes. For instance, the road from Pbzo Redondo to Perigua has 

practically no traffic in the winter, but as the people of Pozo Redondo 

plant crops at Perigua, there is much traffic from the beginning of 

the summer rains until the end of the harvest.

To travelers the Papago is indifferent if not sullen. He makes 

no advances and receives those of others with assumed if not real 

dignity. He will not refuse help to those in real distress, however, 

but for his service he expects reward. From those whose difficulties 

are not serious or who appear to be able to pay he will exact a high 

price for his help. Travelers who speak Spanish fluently can com-
326 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

monly obtain more information and respect by using that language, 

but many Papagos have been to the Government schools and speak 

excellent English. These persons resent being addressed in poor 

Spanish. A Papago alone is more friendly and will give more information than when in a group.

TYPES OF ROADS.

Except in the vicinity of towns but little has been done to improve 

the roads of southern Arizona. They are usually only natural highways where first one and then another traveler has made his way 

across the country with good or ill fortune. Owing to the many 

open plains without natural obstacles, the dry climate, the consequent 

scanty vegetation, and the porous but compact soil portions of such 

unimproved or natural roads are very good. Stretches can be found 

where an automobile can make 40 miles an hour without trouble.

In the Gila and Santa Cruz valleys improved roads are being 

constructed near the larger towns by the counties and there are a 

number of through routes constructed or projected by the State. 

Much of this construction is excellent, good bridges, culverts, and 

concrete dips being provided, and in many places good road metal 

has been hauled in. As only one such road exists in the area south 

of the Gila Valley and west of the Santa Cruz Valley, travelers in 

this region must depend on the natural roads. The characteristics 

of these roads vary according to the type of country they traverse. 

They have been divided into four classes to which names have been 

given to facilitate road descriptions in the logs. These classes are 

called mountain roads, malpais roads, plains roads, and river-bottom 

roads.

MOUNTAIN ROADS.

The mountain roads run through mountains of various types and 

consequently have somewhat varying characteristics. Some work has 

been done on most of these roads to make them passable for automobiles or heavily loaded wagons. Upon the provisions of law much 

assessment work is done on the roads to mining claims, and travelers 

will find those to or adjacent to prospects in fair condition. Mountain roads are constructed on rock, residual soil, thin alluvium, or 

caliche. In consequence they are seldom muddy but frequently 

rough. The grades are usually steep, but long hills are rare. However, there are many very steep short grades in and out of gulches. 

The crossing of such little canyons with walls 10 to 25 feet high and 

sandy or gravelly bottoms presents the principal difficulty in traveling on roads of this type.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 327 

MALPAIS ROADS.

Roads passing over mesas capped by lava or "malpais" are in 

general comparatively good. Steep grades, bad washes, and heavy 

sand are rare. Depressions in the surface of the lava may become 

filled with sand, making rather heavy going. Such stretches are 

usually short and seldom present serious difficulties. The roadbed 

may, however, be rough and hard on tires. The principal difficulty 

is usually the ascent to the mesa, which, in addition to being steep, 

may be covered with drifted sand or loose boulders.

PLAINS ROADS.

By far the greater length of road and the greater number of roads 

lie in the alluvium-filled valleys or plains of the desert. The traveler comes to know these roads as the typical desert or plains roads. 

Generally alluvium makes good well-drained roads. Off the track 

of previous travelers, however, the ground is soft and the going 

heavy. Only lightly loaded automobiles and wagons can make 

progress. Cutting across the plains without a road should not be 

attempted with an automobile except by experienced travelers.

The plains road varies somewhat according to the part of the 

valley in which it lies. Near the mountains the alluvium is likely 

to be coarse and compact; the streamways are arroyos with banks 2 

to 10 feet high floored with coarse deep sand. The road is then like a 

mountain road, rough but firm, and difficult only at the streams. 

Midway of the alluvial slopes the alluvium is commonly softer and 

finer grained. It is easily washed during rains, and road ruts may 

be cut so deep as to leave high centers or be filled with soft sand 

that impedes travel. The streamways are washes, with banks 1 to 2 

feet high and with bottoms filled with fine, often deep sand.

Near the centers and along the troughs of the valleys many of the 

roads run through adobe flats of fine-grained sandy clay, or through 

areas of low sand dunes. The adobe flats when dry make a go'od 

smooth roadway for light traffic but are easily cut up, so that the 

road becomes dusty and full of chuck holes. When wet they are seas 

of slimy and slippery mud into which vehicles sink from 2 inches to a 

foot. When the flat is dry these ruts, made in wet weather, are very 

hard on automobile tires. The sandy areas are seldom impassable, but 

progress is slow. The axial stream of a valley is generally a serious 

obstacle to travel. In some valleys it is merely an unusually large 

channel in an adobe flat. It is then easy enough in dry weather, but 

the steep clay banks when wet are often impassable for automobiles. 

In other valleys the axial stream is a broad arroyo with steep banks 

and sandy channel.
328 EOUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES. 

RIVER-BOTTOM ROADS.

Roads along the courses of rivers have generally been cleared of 

the mesquite, and a few culverts have been built. The roadbed is 

made of the fine-grained sandy clay and loam of the flood plains, and 

if well graded it makes an excellent road in dry weather provided 

there is little traffic. The material is so soft, however, that welltraveled roads in river bottoms soon become badly rutted, very dusty, 

and full of chuck holes in dry weather and so muddy in wet weather 

as to be almost impassable. These roads may also pass over the gravel 

benches along the river. Here the alluvium is coarser and more compact than it is in the flood plain, and the roads are similar in character 

to plains roads. They must, however, go in and out of the numerous tributaries, each with its dry and sandy channel. It is common 

to find two parallel roads along a river valley, one following the 

flood plain and the other the gravel benches. Which road is the better 

will depend on the season, the weather, and the amount and character of the traffic. Fortunately, newly constructed roads are replacing most of the valley roads.

GOOD, FAIR, AND BAD ROADS.

The use of the adjective " good " with regard to natural roads is, 

of course, subject to criticism, as perhaps none of them deserve it. 

However, a road that is called " good " in this region is one free from 

bad grades and mudholes and with no washes difficult to cross. On 

such a road an average speed of 12 to 20 miles an hour can be made 

without danger in an automobile. Heavy loaded wagons can make 

the journey with comparative ease.

On a " fair " road experienced drivers with good automobiles" and 

all kinds of horse-drawn vehicles can get through, but travel is rough 

and only slow time can be made.

A " bad " road has heavy grades or washes that are difficult to 

cross, heavy wind-blown sand, or many adobe flats and washes, or a 

combination of these disadvantages. The natural conditions are such 

that only slow time can be made with any kind of vehicle. Automobiles are liable to get stuck in all kinds of weather and almost 

surely in wet weather.

In a number of places in the logs it is stated that a road is impassable for automobiles. By this is meant that such obstacles were 

seen or are known to exist that automobiles can not get through without building a new road. A road described as very difficult should 

not be attempted except with adequate preparations for emergencies 

and, if possible, with an experienced driver.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 329 

ROAD SIGNS.

The traveler will find many signs on all the well-traveled roads of 

Santa Cruz and Gila valleys, also in the area of the Salt Eiver irrigation project. These signs have been put up by local advertisers, 

automobile clubs, and county authorities. In the desert the most reliable and permanent signs were put up in connection with this investigation. Their character is shown in Plate III. They will be found 

in 89 localities, shown on Plates XXIII-XXV by the symbol T.

In addition to the more substantial signboards, there are many 

small boards put up by prospectors and travelers. At road corners 

will be found also a wooden box, a tin can, a pile of stones, a rag tied 

to a tree, or some other crude mark. It is a point of desert etiquette 

not to disturb these marks.

ROAD DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR 

SURMOUNTING THEM.

On the comparatively short stretches of constructed road in southwestern Arizona travel involves only the hardships and problems 

usual in other parts of the United States. The roadbed may be 

rough and dusty but is always passable, and supply stations are found 

at frequent intervals. On the long routes over unimproved roads 

supply stations and even water are found only at infrequent intervals, and the roads are so poor that accidents and breakdowns are 

a commonplace occurrence. Unless the traveler is prepared for emergencies minor accidents are likely to have serious consequences. To 

go 12 hours without water is a hardship, and 24 hours is likely to 

prove fatal.

Automobile traffic is constantly increasing, and inexperienced persons confident in 'the perfection of their conveyances continually 

attempt to use the desert routes, usually with success. The traveler 

by wagon is commonly a habitue of the desert to whom advice is 

superfluous. The following remarks, in consequence, apply to automobile travel exclusively.

WATER.

Ample water should be carried. The amount should be great 

enough to fill the radiator at least once, in case of a leak. Human consumption of water is very great on account of the heat and the dryness. Two gallons per man per day is a minimum requirement. The 

Survey party of two men used in September for all purposes, including drinking, cooking, washing, and filling the radiator, from 9 to 

13 gallons a day.

More than one receptacle should be provided so as to give a reserve in case of a leak or accident. Canvas water bags are very effec-
£30 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

tive in keeping water at a pleasant temperature for drinking, but 

they are hard to carry afoot and they waste water. One or more 

metal canteens should be provided for use on side walking trips or if 

it is necessary to walk to get help.

GASOLINE AND SPARE PARTS.

Garages at which even simple repairs can be made or the commonest spare parts obtained are separated by great distances. The car 

should be in as good condition as possible before starting a journey, 

and enough tools and spare parts should be taken to make minor 

repairs on the road. Gasoline should be carried in at least one container in addition to the tank attached to the car. A leak in the gas 

line will not then exhaust the entire supply. Fewer miles per gallon 

can be expected on these roads than on boulevards, and the gasoline 

will not always be of the best quality. The Geological Survey car, a 

Ford touring-car chassis with light delivery-truck body, averaged 

about 6 miles to the gallon along the Camino del Diablo from Ajo to 

Yuma, whereas on good macadamized road 15 to 20 miles to the gallon was made. Sufficient oil should be carried to refill the crank case 

in the event of a leak.

EQUIPMENT.

Certain tools are necessary for every journey. A shovel and an 

ax, perhaps also a pick, should always be carried. Roads which 

were easy to travel yesterday may be almost impassable to-day because of a rain of which the traveler can have no warning. A rope 

and tackle or one of the patented devices of this nature is likely to 

be necessary to pull the car out of a hole or up a steep bank.

A rope, perhaps the same as that used with the tackle, and a bucket 

are very useful in obtaining water from wells, which may be stripped 

of such equipment by vandals. A good lantern in addition to flashlights should be provided for use in making repairs at night. A few 

feet of baling wire should be carried for miscellaneous repairs.

It is advisable to carry a little food, even if the traveler intends 

to reach an eating house or hotel each night. Breakdowns, however 

trifling, cause delay, which, if the traveler has no food with him, is 

a hardship. For the same reason on most routes bedding should also 

be provided. A breakdown at nightfall is then a mere incident requiring a camp overnight, whereas otherwise it means long and 

irritating work in the dark and an anxious night drive. Those 

travelers who carry light camping equipment and are not dependent 

on local accommodations will, on the whole, have the least trouble. 

At many places meals may be obtained, but beds must generally be, 

provided by the traveler.
PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 331 

CHOICE AND EQUIPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE.

The Tucson-Phoenix and Tucson-Nogales highways have so much 

constructed roadway, and help and accommodations can be found at 

such short intervals, that an automobile of any type can make the 

trip. On the other roads the heavier and longer machines are at 

a disadvantage. A so-called light car with plenty of power is the 

best. Heavy tops are a disadvantage, and all equipment should be 

so chosen as to keep the weight as small as possible, balanced laterally, and confined between the front and rear wheels. Weight 

behind the rear wheels is a serious handicap.

CBOSSING AN ABBOYO OB WASH.

The ephemeral streams of the region have channels which are dry 

except for a few days a year. These channels are known as arroyos 

or washes. Wash or dry wash is the common local term. In the 

logs the term " arroyo " is used when there is a single definite channel with a sandy or gravelly bed and banks 2 to 10 feet high. 

"Wash" is used where the banks are low and there are numerous 

channels.

These streamways are the most common impediments to travel. 

During times of flood it is impractical to attempt to ford them, and 

travelers must wait until the flow ceases. Such delays are rare and 

usually short, even during the rainy seasons. An arroyo, even if 

it does not carry water, has difficulties of two kinds: (1) The banks 

are commonly steep, making an abrupt descent into and ascent out of 

the channel; (2) the bottom is covered with sand or gravel.

On well-traveled roads the banks have usually been worn or cut 

down so as to be passable. After a flood or on little-traveled roads 

it is a wise precaution to stop and look over an arroyo before attempting to cross. Time will often be saved by improving the road 

a little before starting, so that the car will not be stuck. Careful 

judgment in driving is nearly always required in order to go down 

the bank at a speed slow enough to avoid breaking a spring at the 

bottom and yet have momentum enough to cross the sand and make 

the ascent on the other side. A rather frequent difficulty with a 

Ford automobile in ascending the bank of an arroyo or other steep 

pitch is that the gasoline fails to feed from the tank to the carburetor. Banks steep enough to cause this trouble are usually short, and 

if the car is moving at a fair rate of speed, its momentum is often 

sufficient to carry it up. It frequently pays to back up the bank of 

the arroyo and try again. The double movement packs the sand 

so that sufficient speed can be maintained for the ascent, otherwise 

the car must be got to the top by the use of tackle or by shoveling 

down the bank.
332 KOUTES TO DESEKT WATERING PLACES.

Crossing the sandy or gravelly bottom is a problem in itself. The 

coarse gravels ordinarily give no trouble, but the finer the sand the 

more likely it is to be deep and soft. It is best to follow- previous 

tracks with the highest speed consistent With the maximum power. 

If the car stops, back and try again, but do not under any circumstances allow the wheels to spin. Under the wheel tracks a layer of 

packed sand will be formed very much like a plow pan. This layer 

or wheel pan should not be disturbed. Usually the car does not break 

through it but is stopped by the friction of loose sand which falls in 

around the wheel. By repeated backing and going forward the pan 

is compacted and this loose sand thrown out of the way. If, however, no progress can be made, the loose sand should be shoveled away 

and a track made about 1 foot wide under the car for each pair of 

wheels and for about 10 feet in front of the car. In these tracks 

planks, canvas, or brush should be placed to give traction and then 

the car should be started. Planks are seldom available, and canvas 

wears out quickly from such treatment. Any available grass or 

brush will do, but the ubiquitous creosote bush, which has no other 

use, will be obtained most easily. The smaller bushy branches may 

be broken off with the hands in lengths of 1 to 2 feet and will be 

found to give sufficient traction when laid closely in the track. Plate 

XVI shows the appearance of a wash just west of Papago Well after 

the passage of the Survey automobile. When it was certain that the 

car was stuck, the tracks were shoveled out and then filled with 

creosote bush, as just described, but enough brush was not laid at first, 

so that sufficient momentum was not gained to get out of the sand. 

The operation was repeated, part of the brush being relaid, and the 

machine was successfully driven out of the wash.

CROSSING OTHER SANDY AREAS.

Areas of drifted sand present difficulties of the same sort as those 

encountered in the beds of arroyos and washes. The fine sand clings 

even more tightly to the wheels. It drifts into the wheel ruts within 

a few hours after the passage of a vehicle. On this account much 

traffic does not make the road better by permanently widening the 

wheel ruts, as it often does in washes.

The same kind of a wheel pan forms, however, and when the sand 

is 2 feet or more deep this wheel pan is the only salvation of the 

automobilist. To get out of the ruts is a calamity. When stuck the 

same methods can be used as fovr crossing washes. Where long 

stretches of sand are to be passed, a steady speed which will heat the 

engine the least should be maintained. The tires may be deflated to 

a pressure of 25 to 30 pounds per square inch, but while this device 

affords better traction it is hard on tires and should not be resorted to
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. ' 333

except when absolutely necessary. If the engine becomes heated, the 

automobile should be stopped at a favorable place and thus prevented 

from getting stuck in an especially bad place. The driver should 

never fight the sand. Speeding the engine and spinning the wheels 

accomplish nothing.

ADOBE FLATS AND RIVER FLOOD PLAINS.

The ephemeral streams of the desert often have no definite channels 

but spread out in broad flats of sandy clay or adobe within which are 

only minor channels. Such flats are often covered with forests of 

mesquite and sometimes with " galleta " grass.. The flood plains of 

the rivers are usually of similar though somewhat softer material.

In wet weather such places are likely to be " seas of mud," over 

which passage is difficult, if possible at all. Local advice should be 

sought and carefully considered before attempting to cross. Fortunate indeed is the traveler who can make camp and wait for the great 

adobe flats of the Quijotoa Valley to dry.

In dry weather, especially if there is much travel, roads across 

adobe flats and river flood plains have deep ruts and many chuck 

holes. They are rough and dusty but have no dangers if traveled 

slowly. Very deep ruts let the machine down so far that the axles, 

transmission, and other low-hung parts are liable to strike the center 

of the road. Such roads are said to have " high centers." Though 

most common in adobe flats, high centers are found wherever there 

is excessive wear on the wheel ruts or where rain water washes them. 

No danger is more easily avoided or will wreck a machine more 

quickly.

Usually in adobe flats there is a choice of tracks which, crossing 

and recrossing each other, all lead to the same place. If the surface 

is hard and the car lightly laden, it is often possible to strike off in 

a new track and thus avoid the chuck holes. This should be attempted with caution, however, as the surface may not be as hard 

as it looks.

MOUNTAIN AND HILL AREAS.

The difficulties of mountain areas are uncompromising. As a 

rule it is clearly either possible or impossible for a car to go to any 

given place. Around the borders or as basins within the mountains 

there are many areas of rocky, rolling country, where good roads are 

common. The interstream areas present no difficulties and can often 

be traveled without a road, although the wear on tires is excessive. 

The streams, however, lie in little rocky canyons with walls 10 to 

30 feet high. They are often harder to cross than the arroyos of 

the valleys, and many are impassable.
334 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

Travel off the main roads in these areas is usually directed toward 

mines and prospects, and strangers will do well to consult local 

prospectors before attempting abandoned or little-traveled roads.

ROAD LOGS. 

TUCSON-YUMA ROAD.

Travel from Tucson to California for many years has followed two main 

routes. The first route ran north to Gila River in the vicinity of the Phua 

villages, which lay along the river from Florence to Maricopa, and thence 

followed the river to the present site of Yuma. The other route ascended 

Santa Cruz River, crossed the present Mexican border to Saric or Caborca, and 

thence by way of Sonoita followed the Camino del Diablo across the desert into 

Yuma. The northern route was the easier in grades and in the presence of 

wood and water, but it was exposed to the raids of the Apaches. The southern 

route was dreaded because of recurrent disasters from lack of water.

At present the same distinction still holds in part, and travelers who desire 

comfort and safety will proceed from Tucson to Florence (pp. 361-365) and 

thence by way of Phoenix to Yuma, or in dry weather they may take the direct 

road from Tucson by way of Maricopa to Yuma (pp. 366-368).

The .route to Yuma by way of Ajo, which is the modern representative of 

the old southern route, has been made possible by the increased number of 

watering places and is no longer dangerous in any sense. Travelers should, 

however, be prepared to camp and make road repairs. Two days' supply of 

water and sufficient gasoline for 150 miles of travel for automobiles are good 

insurance against trouble.

OLD MAIN ROTTTE.

TTTCSON TO YTTMA (272.9 MILES).

[See pp. 34(MJ44 for log in opposite direction.]

The part of this road from Tucson to Ajo consists of a number of alternative 

routes which are covered by the following logs. The first 45 miles out of 

Tucson is the same for all routes. Of this distance the first 36 miles is a wellgraded macadamized road which was in excellent condition in 1921 and will 

undoubtedly be maintained in passable condition by Pima County. The last 

25 miles has also been converted into a graded highway, of which the 15.5 miles 

from Gunsight ranch to Ajo is the same for all routes. By this new construction the distance from Gunsight ranch to Ajo has been reduced 1.3 miles. The 

log of the Pozo Blanco route has been adjusted for this difference, but travelers 

using the other logs should allow for it.

The old main route goes by way of Indian Oasis, Copeka, and Gunsight ranch 

to Ajo. The best present route is the Pozo Blanco route, which, branching 

off at the north end of Baboquivari Mountains, goes by way of Comobabi, 

Cobabi, Covered Wells, Pozo Blanco, and Gunsight ranch to Ajo. The old main 

route has three alternatives between Copeka and Gunsight ranch. The preferable road in ordinary weather is the Charco en Medio route by way of Pisinemo 

and Charco en Medio. This route is followed in the main log. The Cubo route 

branches from the Charco en Medio route at Pisinemo and goes to Gunsight 

ranch by way of Cubo, passing close to Walls Well. The Comovo route branches 

near Copeka and goes by way of Comovo and Cubo to Gunsight. It is likely 

to be the best route in wet weather.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 335

0.0 Tucson post office. Go north one block, turn west on Congress Street,

and proceed westward, passing station of El Paso & Southwestern

Railroad on left.

0.4 Concrete bridge across Santa Cruz River. 

0.6 Come into north-south road. Turn to left along base of Sentinel Hill.

Right-hand road goes to Silver Bell. 

3.8 Crossroads. Take road on west, which is a new macadam road leading

through Robles Pass, for 22 miles into the desert. Road south goes to

San Xavier Mission (see p. 353) ; road east goes to Indian school

and connects with valley roads. 

5.6 Quarry on left.

7.8 Fork. Road on left goes to Mile Wide Copper Co. 

10.6 Snyders Hill, with quarry on left. 

13.9 Well on left 

21.6 Well on right. These wells were drilled for supplying water for road

building; not certain whether they will be maintained as watering

places.

23.3 Robles ranch. Well and good water.

23.4 Fork. County signpost. Keep to right. Road on left leads to Sasabe,

La Osa, and Arivaca. (See p. 355.) 

25.0 Steel bridge over large arroyo.

31.1 Reverse fork. Road on left comes in from Indian field. 

34.0 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead. Road on left comes in from Alamo,

winter rancherla, and well. Water half a mile south on this road.

Road on right leads to San Pedro, winter rancherla, and well (4

miles).

34.2 Reverse fork. Second road from Alamo. 

36.0 Roadside mine. Miners' shacks and new shaft on left. Water and

limited amount of supplies can be obtained here when mine is being

operated. Graded highway extended a short distance beyond this

point in 1920. 

36.3 Dobbs Well on left. Water can be obtained with rope 55 feet long

and bucket. 

39.4 Fork. County sign. Keep to right. Left-hand road to Coyote, winter

rancheria and well. Water half a mile by this road.

40.1 Cross faint road.

40.2 Reverse fork. County sign. Road from Coyote comes in on left.

41.0 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in on left.

43.6 Crossroads. Road on left from Coronel; road on right to Santa Rosa

ranch. 

44.0 San Vicente. Well, good water. Small store but no gasoline and

limited amount of supplies.

45.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road through gate; righthand road is Pozo Blanco route, best route in 1920. (See p. 345.) 

46.7 Road forks. County sign. Take right-hand road here. Left-hand road

leads to Babokuk, winter rancherla, and well. Water 2 miles south

on this road.

47.2 Crossroad leading from Babokuk to temporales. 

47.7 Reverse fork. Road from Babokuk comes in on left. 

50.1 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in on right. 

52.6 Fresnal ranch. Well on right. County sign on left. Well now used by

U. S. Indian Service, and water can probably be obtained at all

seasons.
336 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

54.0 Fork. Keep to left uphill to Papago hut at mile 54.3. Faint road on 

right along fence leads through fields to Jeowic, summer rancherfa.

55.1 Road fork; county sign. Keep to right; left-hand road goes to Magdalena, 

Tucsoncito, and Topahua.

55.9 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in on right.

56.7 Cross faint road from Tusconcito to Jeowic.

59.0 Reverse fork. County sign on left. Road from Tucsoncito comes in on 

left.

59.4 Fork. Road on right goes to Artesa Pond, a quarter of a mile, no drinking water. (See PL XXVIII, A.)

59.5 Reverse fork. County sign on left; road from Topahua comes in on left;

go. up rocky hill. 

60.9 Artesa, winter rancheria, well on right; better water half a mile

farther, at Indian Oasis.

61.3 Government school on left.

61.4 Indian Oasis, Sells post office. United States Indian Service well on 

right; Presbyterian Mission on left; meals can usually be obtained 

there; store on hill directly ahead, 0.4 mile by road; post office, supplies, and gasoline; good water can be obtained from Government Well, 

Presbyterian Mission Well, or Menegers Well. North and south routes 

to Big Fields begin at this point. Northern route is half a mile longer 

but often better. (See p. 344 for log.) Consult storekeeper as to 

which road is in better condition. Following southern route, keep to 

left past Geological Survey sign (mile 61.6) between hill and fence. 

No permanent water until Gunsight ranch is reached (58 miles) .

61.7 House on left.

62.1 Well on left; no water obtainable.

62.9 Double-road fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right (west) fork, following south side of fence to mile 63.2. Left fork goes to James Well; 

middle fork to Tecolote and Mexico.

63.2 Pass north and to right of fence corner.

71.0 Small earth dam (represo) on left, then corral.

71.3 County sign; bear to right with houses and fields on right.

71.4 County sign; continue westward on south side of fences.

73.9 Reverse fork; Geological Survey sign at Big Fields, summer rancheria. 

Alternate road from Indian Oasis comes in on right. (See p. 345.) 

Proceed westward.

80.7 Copeka. Summer rancheria. Road usually obliterated by trampling of 

cattle; pass between corral and hill. Water in the pond several 

months of the year; it should be boiled before drinking. Road 

leads south from this point to Tonukvo (2.6 miles). By crossing main 

drain of the valley just north of the pond and going westward toward 

the hills an old road will be found leading to Serventi Well and 

Menegers Dam. (See p. 395.) Road to A jo, turn to right (north) at 

corral.

80.9 Houses on right.

81.4 Cross small levee.

82.9 Road fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right. Road on left is 

Comovo route. (See p. 349.)

83.3 Faint road on right.

84.4 Road forks on left to house; keep to left.

84.9 Represo on left.

85.3 House on left; field on right.
. PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 337

85.8 Field on right; then numerous crossroads and forks to Black Butte. 

89.6 Geological Survey sign. Follow around brush fence. Road comes In on 

left (southwest) from oCmovo. (See p. 350.) Road goes northeastward on south side of temporal to Black Butte (8 miles). 

89.8 Houses on right.

90.0 Hardimui. Summer rancherfa. Geological Survey sign. No permanent 

water. Houses and represo on right. Bear to left; corral on right 

(east) ; houses on left. 

90.4 Corral on left. 

90.6 Small represo.

98.0 Cross wash and follow left (west) of large represo into Pisinemo. 

93.2 Pisinemo. Summer rancherla. Small represo on right; about 12 houses 

including small church and house with tin roof on left. No permanent water. Follow along south side of brush fence to corner. Road 

to Comovo goes southwest toward two small hills on plain on left side 

of house with tin roof (5.7 miles). Road to Pozo Blanco goes northeast by small represo (11.1 miles). Road to Black Butte goes east 

between the two represos (8.2 miles). 

93.6 Road fork at southwest corner of brush fence. Geological Survey sign.

Keep to right along fence; road on left is Cubo route. (See p. 348.) 

93.8 End of fence. 

95.3 Faint road on right. 

96.8 Small charco on right.

101.8 Three small black hills a quarter of a mile north of road. 

109.1 Cross difficult wash into gap between low hills. 

109.6 Small charco on left (south). 

110.1 Small charco on right (north).

110.7 Charco en Medio. Summer rancherfa. Represo on left, usually dry; 

houses on hill to left. Continue northwestward on main traveled road. 

Road to Cubo goes to left (south) on west of represo. Road to Charco 

de la Piedra, very faint, on right, west of houses. 

111.8 Charco on left.

113.2 Reverse fork. Road conies in on left.

113.7 Fork. Keep to right. Alternate road on left; no advantages. 

114.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Come into east-west road. This 

is the Pozo Blanco route, now an improved highway. (See p. 345.) 

Turn to left (west).

116.1 Reverse fork. Alternate road from Charco en Medio comes in on left. 

116.7 Cross wash.

118.7 Cross faint road.

118.8 Cross wash.

118.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Come into well-traveled road. 

This is Cubo route. (See p. 348.)

119.3 Turn to right (northwest). Road from Gunsight mine, 1 mile distant, 

comes in here.

119.4 Gunsight ranch, also called Blair's ranch; Geological Survey sign. Good 

water in well on right of road. Continue through gate. Road to Pozo 

Bedondo, Charco de la Piedra, and Perigua turns off on right up wash.

119.8 Come into highway. (See p. 345.) A faint road comes in on left from 

 Gunsight mine. Left-hand road goes to Jaques ranch (0.7 mile), 

where water can usually be obtained, and to Lewis Well (3.1 miles), 

which has good water. This detour returns to main road in 6.4 miles: 

Smokestack of New Cornelia Copper Co.'s plant at Ajo visible to tbQ 

northwest.
338 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

124.7 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road to Childs ranch.

126.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Jaques ranch and 

Lewis Well comes in on left.

129.5 Fork. Keep straight on. Right-hand road leads to Childs ranch.

130.4 Faint road comes in on left.

131.5 Reverse fork. Old road comes in on left.

132.8 Fork on left to Darby Well (1.5 miles); then fork on right to Childs 

ranch (3 miles) ; turn downhill (north) and cross wash.

133.0 Road to Levy's ranch goes off on left; no well, but water can be obtained in emergencies.

133.9 Reverse fork. Well-traveled road comes in on right from Childs ranch 

(2.7 miles). Turn to left (west).

134.2 Reverse fork. Road from Darby Well comes in on left.

135.3 Clarkstown (Rowood post office) ; water supply, groceries, supplies, repairs, gasoline. Continue west on main street and turn to right 

(northwest) along fence of New Cornelia Copper Co.'s mill.

335.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across tracks and 

then to right into town. Road from Yuma and Gila Bend comes in on 

right.

136.2 A jo railroad station. Excellent water supply; hotels, stores, automobile 

supplies, repairs, gasoline, etc. From Ajo roads lead south to Sonoita, 

Sonora (see p. 410), west by, the Camino del Diablo to Yuma (see 

p. 402), and north to Gila Bend and Phoenix (see p. 391). Best 

route to Yuma is by way of Sentinel; return to railroad crossing and 

Geological Survey sign, same as mile 135.9.

136.5 Geological Survey sign; bear north toward frame shacks.

137.3 Fork. Old road goes off on right.

137.7 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road; right-hand road 

leads to No. 1 well.

138.3 Cross railroad.

139.1 Reverse fork. Road from Gibson, a suburb of Ajo, comes in on left.

144.0 Cross railroad.

144.9 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in dug wells on 

right; next water 34 miles away.

145.4 Cross railroad. Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (southwest) 

parallel to railroad; right-hand road goes to Gila Bend (see p. 391) ; 

center faint road is abandoned.

145.6 Turn to right (west).

148.5 No. 3 well. Road usually obliterated by cattle tracks. Turn fence 

corner by well and drive north between corral and house. Deep drilled 

well; pumping plant abandoned in 1921, and water unobtainable by 

travelers.

150.1 Cross bad wash.

150.3 Abandoned road comes in on right; enter gap in hills.

151.0 Drift fence; close gate.

152.4 Drift fence; close gate.

152.9 Cross deep wash and rocky hill; follow along border of Crater Mountains, 

keeping the hills on the left.

157.4 Turn to left (northwest) around rocky point into gap.

158.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Continue northwest through gap 

in hills. Road and trail lead from Black Tanks (1.7 miles) ; uncertain water. (See PI. XXVII, A.)

162.7 End of gap. Turn slightly right (north).

163.2 Begin to run on lava of Sentinel basalt plain.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 339

179.4 Brown's Hotel and store at Sentinel; water, rooms, meals, supplies, gasoline. Pass in front of hotel and proceed west.

179.9 Cross railroad; road fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left along 

railroad track; center road leads to Agua Caliente; right-hand road 

goes east to Sentinel station and thence along railroad to Gila Bend. 

(See p. 385.)

186.6 Stanwix. Water in emergencies at section house.

188.4 Go downhil off Sentinel basalt plain.

194.4 Aztec. Water from railroad well. Geological Survey sign. Continue 

west on north side of track; considerable drifted sand. Rx>ad to 

Palomas (7 miles) on right (north); road to Eagle Tanks crosses track 

and goes southwest.

206.4 Stoval. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue west along 

track; much drifted sand. Road to Garcia Well and Whites Well 

crosses railroad and goes south. (See p. 415.)

211.5 Fork. Continue west along track. Road to left crosses railroad and 

goes south to Red Cross mine (5 miles).

213.0 Turn to left under bridge to south side of track.,

213.3 Turn to right under bridge to north side of track.

213.9 Mohawk. Water, limited amount of supplies, gasoline. Continue west 

through heavy drifted sand. Road leads north from Mohawk to 

Norton (7 miles). Difficult and waterless road leads south 52.5 miles 

to Papago Well.

217.5 Pembroke. Water in emergencies at section house; heavy sand to 

Colfred.

222.5 Colfred. Railroad siding.

231.4 Red hill on right of road.

235.7 Wellton, post office. Water, hotel, garage, supplies, gasoline. Camino 

del Diablo comes in on south. (See p. 402.) The main Phoenix-Yuma 

road 1 comes in on the east, and the two routes are the same from 

Wellton to .Yuma. Go west between post office and hotel.

238.4 Turn to left (south).

238.9 Turn to right (west).

239.4 House with windmill on right; good water.

240.9 Reynolds well; good water on left.

243.0 Macadam road begins.

252.9 Dome. Post office, water, hotel, gasoline. Continue northwestward on 

macadam road. From Dome a road leads across the .river to Castle 

Dome and other points in Yuma County.1

259.6 Blaisdell. End of macadam; water at Imperials Well, 0.7 mile northwest by sandy road. Road to Fortuna mine crosses railroad through 

gate and goes south. (See p. 416.) Turn west and follow best of 

many rutty tracks over soft ground in the flood plain of Gila River.

266.9 Windmill on left; water.

271.9 Cross railroad track and follow it into Main Street of Yuma to railroad 

station.

272.9 Yuma. Post office, water supply, hotels, repairs, gasoline, and supplies. 

From this town a bridge across Colorado River connects with roads 

to Los Angeles and San Diego.*

1 Boss, C. P., Routes to desert watering places in the lower Gila region, Ariz.: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490, pp. 271-315, 1922 (Water-Supply Paper 490-C).

3 Ross, C. P., op. cit.

3 Brown, J. S., Routes to desert watering places in the Salton Sea region, Calif.: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490, pp. 1-86, 1920 (Water-Supply Paper 490-A).

157142° 22 3
340 EOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

YUMA TO TUCSON (272.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 334-339 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Yuma. Post office, hotels, supplies, gasoline, and repairs. Go south. 

1.0 Cross railroad track to southern outskirts of town; turn to left (east). 

6.0 Windmill on right; water. Follow best of many rutty tracks. 

13.3 Blaisdell. Turn north on good macadam road. Water at Imperials

Well, 0.7 mile northwest. Road to Fortuna mine goes through gate,

crosses railroad, and goes south. (See p. 416.) 

20.0 Dome. Post office, water, hotel, supplies, gasoline. Continue southward

on macadam road. From Dome a road leads across the river to

Castle Dome and other points in Yuma County.*

29.9 End of macadam road. Go eastward by best track over soft valley road. 

32.0 Reynolds Well. Good water on right. 

33.7 House with windmill on left; good water. 

34.0 Turn to left (north). 

34.5 Turn to right (east). 

37.2 Wellton. Post Office, water, hotel, garage, supplies, gasoline. Camino

del Diablo comes in on south. (See p. 406.) The main Phoenix-Yuma

road* branches off at this point. Continue east, keeping railroad on

right.

41.5 Red hill on left of road. ' 

50.4 Colfred. Railroad siding; heavy sand to Pembroke. 

55.4 Pembroke. Water in emergencies at section house; heavy sand to

Mohawk. 

59.0 Mohawk. Water; limited amount of supplies, gasoline. Continue east

through gap. Road leads north from Mohawk to Norton. Difficult and

waterless road leads south 52.5 miles to Papago Well. 

59.6 Turn to right under bridge to south side of track. 

59.9 Turn to left under bridge to north side of track. 

61.4 Fork. Continue east along track. Road on right crosses railroad and

goes south to Red Cross mine (5 miles). 

66.5 Stoval. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue east along

track; much drifted sand. Road to Garcia Well and Whites Well

crosses railroad and goes south. (See p. 415.) 

78.5 Aztec. Water from railroad well. ^Geological Survey sign. Continue.

east along track. Road to Palomas (7 miles) comes in on left (north).

Road to Eagle Tanks crosses track and goes southwest. 

84.5 Go uphill to Sentinel basalt plain. 

86.3 Stanwix. Water in emergencies at section house. 

93.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn to left to Brown's

Hotel (mile 93.5). Road on left leads from Agua Caliente; road

straight ahead along track goes to Sentinel station and thence along

railroad to Gila Bend. (See p. 385.)

93.5 Sentinel. Brown's Hotel and store; water, rooms, meals, supplies, gasoline. Pass in front of hotel and turn to right (southwest) across lava

of Sentinel Plain. 

109.7 Run off lava of Sentinel Plain across flat valley to gap in Crater

Mountains. 

110.2 Turn into gap. 

114.7 Fork. Keep to left. Road and trail on right go to Black Tanks (1.7

miles) ; uncertain water.

* Ross, C. P., op. cit.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 341

115.5 Turn to right (southeast) and follow along border of Crater Mountains, 

keeping hills on right.

120.0 Cross rock hill and deep wash into gap in hills.

120.5 Drift fence; close gate.

121.9 Drift fence; close gate.

122.6 Enter open valley; abandoned road forks to left; head toward well 

tower in middle of valley.

122.8 Cross bad wash.

124.4 No. 3 well; deep well; pumping plant abandoned in 1921, and water unobtainable by travelers. Road usually obliterated by cattle tracks; 

turn to left at well and go southeastward up valley toward Batamote 

Mountains..

127.3 Turn to left along railroad track.

127.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right and cross railroad 

track. Two roads come in at this fork, a faint abandoned road and 

the road from Gila Bend to Ajo (see p. 389), which is followed from 

this point into Ajo.

128.0 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in dug wells. 

Keep to right of wells.

128.9 Cross railroad.

133.8 Fork. Take left-hand road; road to right goes to Gibson, a suburb of 

Ajo, and is very difficult for automobiles.

134.6 Cross railroad.

135.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from No. 1 well comes in 

on left.

135.6 Reverse fork. Old road comes in on left.

136.4 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn to right 

in the town to Ajo railroad station (mile 136.6). Road comes in on 

left from Clarkstown and Tucson.

136.6 Ajo. Excellent water supply, hotels, stores, automobile supplies, gasoline, and repairs. From Ajo roads lead south to Sonoita, Sonora (see 

p. 410), west by Camino del Diablo to Yuma (see p. 402), and north 

to Gila Bend and Phoenix (see p. 391). Return to Geological Survey 

sign same as at mile 136.4.

136.9 Geological Survey sign. Turn to right, keeping mill of New Cornelia 

Copper Co. on right.

137.6 Clarkstown (Rowood post office) ; water supply, repairs, gasoline, and 

supplies. Continue east on Main Street.

138.7 Fork. Keep to left on improved highway. Road to right goes to Darby 

Well.

139.0 Fork. Turn to right. Road on left goes to Childs ranch (2.7 miles).

139.9 Road to Levy's ranch goes' off on right; no well, but water can be obtained in emergencies. Go uphill.

140.1 Fork on left to Childs Well (3 miles) ; then fork on right to Darby 

Well (1.5 miles). Go southeast toward Gunsight Pass.

141.4 Fork. Old road goes off on right.

142.5 Fork. Faint road goes off on right.

143.4 Reverse fork. Keep straight on ; left-hand road comes from Childs ranch.

146.4 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road. Road on right goes 

to Lewis Well (3.3 miles), good water, and Jaqnes ranch (5.7 miles). 

This detour returns to main road in 6.4 miles.

148.2 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Childs ranch (7 miles).

152.5 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Faint road on right 

goes to Gunsight mine. Road from Jaques ranch and Lewis Well 

comes in on right.
342 ROUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

153.5 Gunsight ranch, also called Blair's ranch. Improved highway is Pozo 

Blanco route to Tucson. (See p. 345.) Go through gate to Geological 

Survey sign. Good water in well on left. No permanent water for 

58 miles by this route. Cross wash and bear to left, avoiding faint 

road which forks to right at mile 153.6 to Gunsight mine. This mine 

can be seen on the side of a large hill, a mile away. Road to Pozo 

Bedondo, Charco de la Piedra, and Perigua (see p. 408) turns to 

left up wash from Geological Survey sign.

154.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left. Road on right is Cubo 

route. (See p. 348.)

154.1 Cross wash and faint road.

156.2 Cross wash.

156.8 Fork. Keep to left; road on right is an alternate road to Charco en Medio 

with no advantages.

158.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right.

159.2 Reverse fork. Alternate road comes in on right.

159.7 Fork. Keep to left.

161.1 Charco on right.

162.2 Charco en Medio. Summer rancheria; represo on right usually dry. 

Continue to east between houses and represo through gap in hills. 

Road to Charco de la Piedra, very faint, leads to left on west of 

houses. Road to Cubo goes to right on west of represo.

162.8 Small charco on left (north) of road.

163.3 Small charco on right (south) of road.

163.8 Cross difficult wash and swing to right out of gap in hills.

171.1 Three small black hills a quarter of mile north of road.

176.1 Small charco left of road.

177.6 Faint road comes in on left.

179.1 Corner of brush fence. Follow along fence.

179.3 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left around fence corner 

Keep house with tin roof on -right to small represo of Pisinenro. Road 

which comes in on right at the fork is the Cubo route. (See p. 348.)

179.7 Pisinerno. Summer rancheria; small represo on the left, about 12 houses, 

including small church and house with tin roof. No permanent water. 

Keep large represo on left and go southeast.

179.9. Cross wash.

182.3 Small represo.

182.5 Corral on right.

182.9 Hardimui. Summer rancheria. Geological Survey sign. No permanent 

water. With houses and corral on left run near brush fence of temporal and follow along fence and then turn to lefi around corner of 

brush fence.

183.3 Geological Survey sign. Go straight ahead to southeast. Hold to main 

traveled road. Road on right (southwest) leads to Comovo (5 miles). 

Road goes northeastward on south side of temporal to Black Butte 

(8 miles).

187.6 House on right; field on left.

188.0 Represo on right.

189.1 Faint road forks off on left.

190.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go southeast toward small hill 

in the plain. Road on right is Comovo route. (See p. 349.)

191.5 Cross small levee.

192,0 Houses on left.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 343

192.2 Copeka. Summer rancherfa. Road usually obliterated by trampling of 

cattle. Pass between corral and hill, and turn to east. Water in pond 

several months a year. It should be boiled before drinking. Eoad 

leads south from west side of pond to Tonukvo (2.6 miles). By turning 

to right and crossing main drain of valley just north of pond and going 

westward toward hills an old road will be found leading to Serventi 

Well and Menegers Dam. (See p. 395.)

199.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign at Big Fields. Keep to right. Alternate 

road to Indian Oasis on left. (See p. 345.)

201.5 County sign. Keep on south side of fences of Big Fields.

201.6 County sign; bear to left.

201.9 Corral and then represo, usually dry, on right.

209.7 Pass north and to left of fence corner, then follow south of fields.

210.0 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Roads come in from

Tecolote and Mexico and froni James Well. 

210.8 Well on right; no water obtainable. 

211.2 House on right. Go between hill and fence.

211.4 Geological Survey sign.

211.5 Indian Oasis (Sells' post office) ; United States Indian Service well on 

left. Presbyterian Mission on right. Meals can usually be obtained 

there. Good water can be obtained from Government Well, Presbyterian Mission Well, and Menegers Well near arroyo. Store is on hill 

on left of Geological Survey sign, 0.4 mile by road. Continue due east 

on main road.

211.6 Government school on right.

212.0 Artesa. Winter rancheria; well on left.

213.2 Top of rocky hill.

213.4 Fork at foot of rocky hill. County sign. Road from Topahua forks to 

right.

213.5 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left frbni Artesa Pond, a quarter of a

mile ; no drinking water.

213.9 Fork. County sign on left. Road from Tucsoncito comes in on right. 

216.2 Cross faint road from Tucsoncito to Jeowic. 

217.0 Fork. Faint road comes in on right. 

217.8 Reverse fork. County sign. Road from Magdalena, Tucsoncito, and

Topahua comes in on right.

218.6 Pass Papago hut on right and go downhill. 

218.9 Reverse fork. Faint road comes in through fields from Jeowic. 

220.3 County sign on right, Fresnal ranch on left. Well now used by United

States Indian Service, and water can probably be obtained at all

seasons.

222.8 Fork. Faint road on left. 

225.2 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Babokuk, winter rancheria

and well ; water 2 miles southeast on this road. 

225.7 Cross a road leading from Babokuk to temporales. 

226.7 Reverse fork. County sign; go straight ahead through gate. Road comes

in on right from Babokuk. 

227.8 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Pozo Blanco route (see p. 345)

comes in on left.

228.9 San Vicente. Well, store with limited amount of supplies, no gasoline. 

229.3 Crossroads. Road on left leads' from Santa Rosa ranch (8.2 miles) ; road

on right goes to Coronel (1.1 miles). A small masonry dam at this

place holds water for a short time after rains.
344 ROtJTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

231.9 Faint road on right.

232.7 Fork. County sign. Keep to left, road on right goes to Coyote, winter 

rancheria, and well ; water half a mile by this road.

232.8 Cross faint road.

233.5 Reverse fork. County sign. Road from Coyote conies in on right.

236.6 Dohbs Well on right. Water can be obtained with rope 55 feet long

and bucket. 

236.9 Roadside mine on left. Miners' shacks on right. Water and limited

amount of supplies can be obtained here when mine is being operated. 

238.7 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Alamo, winter rancheria, and

well ; water a quarter of a mile on this road. 

238.9 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead. Road on right is second road to

Alamo. Road on left goes to San Pedro, winter rancheria, and well 

' (4 miles).

241.8 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Indian field. 

243.5 Cross wash and travel on or beside graded road.

247.3 Beginning of macadam road, which continues for next 26 miles to Tucson. 

247.9 Steel bridge over large arroyo.

249.5 Fork. County signpost. Stay on macadam road. Road on right to 

Sasabe, La Osa, and Arivaca. (For log see p. 355.)

249.6 Bobles ranch. Well and good water. 

251.3 Well on left.,

259.0 Well on right. These wells were drilled for supplying water for roadbuilding; not certain whether they will be maintained' as watering

places.

262.3 Snyders Hill and quarry on right. 

265.1 Reverse fork. Road from Mile Wide Copper Co. comes in on left. Thence

through Robles Pass. 

267.3 Quarry on right. 

269.1 Crossroads. Turn to left. Road on right goes to San Xarier Mission;

road straight ahead goes to Indian school and connects with valley

roads. 

272.3 Fork. Turn to right across bridge. Road straight ahead (north) goes to

Silver Bell. (See p. 354.) 

272.5 Concrete bridge over Santa Cruz River, Go eastward on Congress Street,

passing station of El Paso & Southwestern Railroad on right. 

272.9 Tucson. Post office, hotels, garages, and supplies.

NORTHERN ROAD BETWEEN INDIAN OASIS AND BIG FIELDS.

INDIAN OASIS TO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIGN AT BIG FIELDS (12.9 MILES).

[See p. 345 for log in opposite direction.]

This road branches from the main road at Indian Oasis and returns to it at 

Big Fields. It is only about half a mile longer than the route described on pages 

336 and 343 and is often in better condition. (For log from Tucson to Indian 

Oasis see pp. 335-336.)

61.6 Indian Oasis. Geological Survey sign. Drive north.

62.4 Cross arroyo. Menegers Well on right.

62.7 Hill and Papago houses on right; thence between fences to fence corner.

63.0 Fence corner and fork. Turn to left (west) around fence corner. Road

on right goes northwest to Iron Pipe, Quijotoa, Santa Rosa, and

Casa Grande. (See p. 393.)
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 345

66.0 Represo on right.

70.9 House on left; numerous crossroads and branches from here on. Keep

fields on left and go west. 

71.5 Houses on left. * 

72.2 Big Fields. Represo on right, usually dry. Keep houses and fields on

left. Numerous minor forks and crossroads. 

74.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. This is-the same fork as at mile

73.9 by the main or southern route. (See p. 336.)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIGN AT BIG FIELDS TO INDIAN OASIS (12.9 MLES). 

[See p. 344 for log in opposite direction.] .

This road branches from the main Yuma-Tucson road at the Geological 

Survey sign just west of Big Fields and goes north of the temporales and 

houses to Indian Oasis. It is 0.6 mile longer but is often in better condition. 

(For log from Yuma to Big Fields see pp. 340-343.)

199.0 Fork west of Big Fields. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left, avoiding 

numerous minor forks and crossroads and keeping houses and fields on 

right. Route' on right is the main or southern route.

201.3 Big Fields. Represo on left, usually dry.

202.0 Houses on right. Avoid numerous minor forks and crossroads. Keep 

fields on right.

202.6 House on right.

207.5 Represo on left.

210.5 Fence corner and reverse fork. Turn to right and go south between 

fences. Road from Iron Pipe, Quljotoa, Santa Rosa, and Casa 

Grande (see p. 393) comes in on left.

210.8 Hill and Papago houses on left.

211.1 Cross arroyo. Menegers Well on left.

211.9 Indian Oasis. Geological Survey sign. This is the same point as mile 

211.3 on the main route. (See p. 343.)

POZO BLANCO ROUTE. 

TUCSON TO AJO (126.6 MILES). 

[See pp. 346-347 for log in opposite direction.]

The Pozo Blanco route turns off the main road from Tucson to Ajo at the 

north end Of Baboquivari Mountains and returns near Gunsight ranch. It is 

somewhat more hilly and in wet weather more passable than the old main road. 

Its principal advantage lies in the facts that the watering places are wells and 

that it has been recently improved. (For detailed log of road from Tucson to 

fork of Pozo Blanco route see p. 335.)

0.0 Tucson. 

23.3 Robles Well. 

36.3 Dobbs Well. 

44.0 San Vicente. 

45.1 Fork. Beginning of Pozo Blanco route. Geological Survey sign. Take

right-hand road; left-hand road is old main road by way of Indian

Oasis.

47.6 Fence corner; follow along north side of fence. 

50.5 Fork. Road on right to Compartidero represo and Santa Rosa ranch,

deep well.
346 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

51.2 Gate. Turn to left through gate and then to right along south side of

- fence. Go to south of isolated Woods Hill into gap. 

54.4 Comobabi. Winter rancheria, in pass between North Comobabi and South

Comobabi mountains; two dug "wells and village south of road. Proceed west along northern border of South Comobabi Mountains. 

55.0 Divide. Go west. 

59.4 Pork; keep to right. This and next road go to Cobabi, winter rancheria,

dug well.

61.0 Fork; keep to right. 

62.0 Crossroads. Continue west. This, and next two roads go to Cobabi and

near-by mines. 

64.9 Crossroads. 

65.3 Crossroads.

68.6 Fields and houses on right for next half mile. 

70.3 Sikulhimakt. Represo inside of mesquite corral in center of Santa Rosa

Valley. Go west on north side of represo. Road from Casa Grande to

Tecolote and Mexico goes through this place. 

71.1 Small represo on left. Follow main traveled road to west and northwest,

avoiding numerous roads turning west to Horseshoe, Quijotoa post

office.

76.3 Well. Most easterly well of village of Covered Wells. 

76.7 Well.

78.1 Spears's store. Water, gasoline, oil, and supplies. 

78.6 West wells of Covered Wells. Two dug wells, firm, hard road, hilly to

Pozo Blanco. Avoid fork on right. (See p. 377.) 

83.5 Pozo Blanco. Winter rancheria; well on right hand in corrals; water

good but should be boiled. Go west toward gap on right hand

(north) of large black hill. Road to Pisinemo goes off on left between

houses and passes south of large black hill. 

84.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Brownell and Black Prince

mine. 

85.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take road on left across valley to small

conical butte called Ninemile Peak; road on right leads to unnamed

temporales and thence to Perigua.

89.6 Crossroads just east of abandoned temporal. Continue west. 

93.2 Cross main drain of Quijotoa Valley. Small charco on right; abandoned

temporal on left. New graded road begins near this point. 

101.8 Ninemile Peak on left. 

105.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Charco en Medio route comes in

on left.

106.3 Reverse fork. Alternate road from Charco en Medio comes in on left. 

309.1 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cubo route comes in on .left.

From here road is same as that given in log of main route. 

111.1 Gunsight ranch. 

126.6 A jo.

AJO TO TTTCSON (126.4 MILES).

[See pp. 345-346 for log in opposite direction.]

The Pozo Blanco route turns off the old main road from Ajo to Tucson near 

Gunsight ranch and returns at the north end of the Baboquivari Mountains. 

It is somewhat more hilly and in wet weather more passable than the main 

road. Its principal advantage lies in the fact that the watering places are 

wells and thus more dependable in very dry weather. (For detailed log of 

road from Ajo to fork of Pozo Blanco route see pp. 341-342.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 347

0.0 Ajo. 

16.8 Gunsight ranch.

17.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Cubo route comes in on left. (See p.

348.)

20.1 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left is alternate road to Charco en Medio. 

21.2 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Main route through Charco

en Medio on right. 

25.2 Ninemile Peak on right. 

35.1 Cross main drain of Quijotoa Valley. Small charco on left; abandoned

temporal on right.

36.7 Crossroads just east of abandoned temporal; continue east. 

42.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep straight on. Road on left

leads from unnamed temporales and Perigua. 

43.1 Fork. Keep to right. Road to right goes to Black Prince mine and

Brownell. 

43.7 Pozo Blanco. Winter rancheria. Well on left in corrals. Water good

but should be boiled. Continue east through pass. Road from

Pisinemo comes in on right. 

47.3 West wells of Covered Wells. Keep wells on right and follow down

rocky valley with scattered houses. 

48.5 Spears's store. Water, gasoline, oil, and supplies. 

49.9 Well. 

50.3 Well. Most easterly well of village of Covered Wells. Avoid roads to

left and turn southwest over gravelly slopes, then avoid several forks

to right, which lea'd to Horseshoe, Quijotoa post office. 

55.5 Small represo on right. 

56.3 Sikulhimakt. Represo inside of mesquite corral in center of Santa Rosa

Valley. Go east through abandoned fields toward pass between North

Comobabi and South ComobaM mountains. Road from Casa, Grande to

Tecolote and Mexico goes through this place. 

57.5 Fields and houses on left for next half mile. 

61.3 Crossroads. Continue east. This and next two roads go to Cobabi,

winter rancheria and dug well, and near-by mines. 

62.7 Crossroads. 

64.6 Crossroads.

65.6 Reverse fork. This and next road come from Cobabi. 

67.2 Reverse fork. 

71.6 Divide. Go down slope. 

72.2 Comobabi. Winter rancheria in pass between North and South Comobabi

Mountains; two dug wells and village south of road. Turn- southeast

toward north end of Baboquivari Mountains; road later turns east,

south of isolated Woods Hill, and runs along south side of fence. 

75.4 Turn to left through gate and go along north side of fence. 

76.1 Fork. Keep along fence; road on left to Compartidero and Santa Rosa

ranch.

79.0 Fence corner; turn to right. 

81.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. From here the route is the same

as the old main route. (Seep. 343.) 

82.6 San Vicente. 

90.3 Dobbs well. 

103.3 Bobles well. 

126.6 Tucson.
348 ROUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

CUBO ROUTE.

TTJCSON TO AJO (138.7 MILES 5 ). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

After passing through Indian Oasis and Copeka one may go from Pisinemo 

by way of Cubo to Gunsight ranch. This route is slightly better in dry weather 

and because it passes close to Walls Well the distance without water is 3 miles 

less. In wet weather the main drain of Quijotoa Valley on this route is almost 

impassable for automobiles because of mud. (For detailed log of road from 

Tucson to Pisinemo see pp. 335-337.)

0.0 Tucson. 

61.4 Indian Oasis. Nearest permanent water is Walls Well, 55 miles by this

route.

80.7 Copeka. 

90.0 Hardimui. 

93.2 Pisinemo. 

93.6 Fork at corner of brush fence. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand

road; right-hand road is Charco en Medio route.

96.4' Cross main drain of valley; steep clay banks, difficult in wet weather. 

103.3 Small charco on right. 

105.1 Small charco on right.

106.7 Reverse fork. Continue west into gap in hills. Geological Survey sign. 

Comovo route comes in on left. Second road comes in on left (south) 

from Charco Colorado, and Menegers Dam. (See pp. 401-402.) 

107.2 Cubo. Charco on left; water for only a short period after rains; 

houses and corral on right. Continue west with field on left; then 

between fences. Road to Charco en Medio goes to right (east) of 

corral. (See p. 399.)

109.6 Reverse fork. At west end of gap. Geological Survey sign ; turn to right. 

Road on left comes in from Cochibo and Menegers Dam. (See p. 401.) 

115.0 Faint road comes in on left. 

115.4 Cross rocky gap. 

115.6 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Left-hand road leads to Walls Well,

nearest water 1 mile by this road; keep- to right. 

116.1 Cross a road from Walls Well to mining claims. 

116.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on left from

Walls Well. 

121.4 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Pozo Blanco and Charco en Medio

routes come in on right. 

121.9 Gunsight ranch. 

138.7 Ajo.

AJO TO TTTCSON (138.7 MILES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

After passing through Gunsight ranch one may go to Indian Oasis by way 

of Cubo. This route is usually slightly better in dry weather, and because 

it passes close to Walls Well the distance without water is 3 miles less. In 

wet weather the main drain of Quijotoa Valley on this route is almost impassable for automobiles because of mud. (For detailed log of road from 

Ajo to Gunsight ranch see p. 341.)

5 Distance from Gunsight ranch to Ajo by new road is 15.5 miles, or 1:3 miles less than 

distance given.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 349

136.7 Ajo.

153.5 Gunsight ranch.

154.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right. Road on left is main

route by way of Charco en Medio (see p. 342) and Pozo Blanco route

(seep. 347). 

158.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Road on right goes to

Walls Well; nearest water 1 mile by this road. 

159.3 Crossroad from Walls Well to mining claims. 

159.8 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Walls Well comes in

on right. 

160.0 Cross rocky gap and go southeastward along eastern margin of Barajita

Valley. Numerous charcos along road. 

160.4 Faint road on right.

165.8 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left into gap in hills and proceed through and alongside of fields. Road on right goes to Cochibo

and Menegers Dam. 

168.2 Cubo. Charco on right; water for only a brief period after rains;

houses and corral on left. Continue east from end of charco; hills and

small field on right. Road to Charco en Medio goes north on east

side of corral. (See p. 399.) 

168.7 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Middle road is

Comovo route (see below) ; road on right (south) goes to Charco

Colorado and Menegers Dam (see p. 400). 

170.3 Small charco on left. 

172.1 Small charco on left.

179.0 Cross main drain of valley; steep clay banks, difficult in wet weather. 

181.8 Reverse fork at corner of brush fence. Geological Survey sign. Follow

south side of brush fence, keeping house with tin roof on right, to

small represo. Road which comes in on left is main route by way of

Charco en Medio. 

182.2 Pisinemo. Same as mile 179.7 by the old main route. (For detailed log

see pp. 342-344.) 

185.5 Hardimui. 

194.7 Copeka. 

214.0 Indian Oasis. 

275.4 Tucson.

COMOVO B.OTTTE.

TTTCSON TO AJO (137.8 MILES «). 

[See p». 350 for log in opposite direction.]

After passing through Indian Oasis and Copeka, one may go by way of 

Comovo to Cubo and the Gunsight ranch. This is really a variation on the 

Cubo route. It is little used because it is sandy between Copeka and Comovo, 

but in wet weather it has many advantages. (For log of route from Tucson 

to Indian Oasis see pp. 334-336.)

0.0 Tucson. 

61.4 Indian Oasis. By this route the nearest permanent water to Indian Oasis

is Walls Well (53.2 miles). 

80.7 Copeka.

6 Distance from Gunsight ranch to Ajo is now 15.5 miles, or 1.3 miles less than distance 

given.
350 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

82.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across wash. Road on right 

goes to Pisinemo, main and Cubo routes. (See pp. 336, 338.)

83.7 Fence corner of Indian field on right.

87.6 Cross a road.

90.6 Double reverse fork. On right wooden cross on adobe platform. Go to 

right of pond toward white church1 . This fork is in a sandy area, and 

wheel ruts are usually obliterated by cattle. Roads go from here to 

Hardimui (5 miles) and Pisinemo (5.7 miles).

90.8 Comovo. Water in pond for several months during the year; should be 

boiled before drinking. Road obliterated by trampling of cattle; 

church and corral on left. Go west toward north end of Mesquite 

Mountains. Road to Mesquite Tank, Menegers Dam, and Mexico goes 

south from corral. (See p. 397.)

95.2 Hills of northern border of Mesquite Mountains follow en northwest side 

of hills.

104.7 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cubo route comes in on right. 

Road comes in from south slightly before Cubo route. It leads from 

Menegers Dam and Charco Colorado. (See p. 400.)

104.8 Field on left.

105.3 Cubo. From this point follow log given on page 348 to Gunsight ranch.

120.0 Gunsight ranch.

137.8 Ajo.

A JO TO TITCSON (137.8 MILES).

[See pp. 349-350 for log in opposite direction.]

After passing through Gunsight ranch and Cubo one may go by way of Comovo to Copeka and Indian Oasis. This is really a variation on the Cubo route. 

It is little used, because it is sandy between Comovo and Copeka, but in wet 

weather it has many advantages.

136.7 Ajo.

153.5 Gunsight ranch. Follow log on page 349 to Cubo.

168.2 Cubo. .

368.7 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Take middle road due east.

Left-hand road is Cubo route (see p. 348), and right-hand road goes

to Charco Colorado and Menegers Dam (see p. 400). 

173.1 Northeast point of Mesquite Mountains. Go east to village visible across

the plain. 

182.6 Comovo'. Water in pond for several months during the year; should

be boiled before drinking. Road obliterated by trampling of cattle.

Turn to left at church and go north of represo to a wooden cross on

adobe platform near fork. Road to Mesquite Tank, Menegers Dam,

and Mexico goes south from corral. (See p. 397.) 

182.8 Double fork. Take right-hand road along base of Copeka Mountains.

Middle road goes to Hardimui (5 miles) and road on left to Pisinemo

(5.7 miles). 

185.8 Crossroad.

189.7 Fence corner of Indian field on left. 

190.5 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go southeast toward small sandy

hill. This is Tucson-Yuma road, main and Cubo routes. Follow log on

p. 342.

192.7 Copeka. 

212.0 Indian Oasis. For detailed log of route from Indian Oasis to Tucson

see pages 343-344. 

273.4 Tucson.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 351

« \ 

TUCSON-NOGALES HIGHWAY.

TTJCSON TO NOGALES (69.2 MILES).

[See p. 352 for log in opposite direction.]

Routes from Tucson to Nogales follow Santa Cruz Creek to Calabasas and 

thence go up Potrero Creek to Nogales. By cooperation between Pima County, 

Santa Cruz County, and the State of Arizona a well-graded and macadamized 

road was under construction in 1917. The log here presented was made before 

construction was complete, and certain details are now obsolete. The road is 

well marked, however, and wells will be found every few miles, Before the completion of the road it was a common practice to go to Nogales by way of Mineral 

Hill and Twin Buttes. This road and its junction with the Tucson-Nogales 

Highway is described on page 353.

0.0 Tucson. Post office, water supply, hotels, garages, all supplies and repair parts. Go south from post office on Stone Avenue and at edge of

town take macadam road going south. 

2.9 Cross railroad, avoiding road on left.

5.0 Turn to left and then to right and follow railroad on west side. 

11.5 Cross railroad to east side. 

16.3 Turn sharply to right and then to left. 

20.3 Sahuarito. Road comes in from west side of valley and Twin Buttes.

(Seep. 353.)

25.6 Cross to west side of railroad to Canoa ranch. Follow railroad. 

29.4 Turn to right and cross Santa Cruz River. 

30.4 Come into road on west side of valley and turn to left (south). Road on

1 right comes from Twin Buttes. (See p. 353.) 

37.4 Store and well. Crossroads. Keep straight on south. Road on right

goes to Ward and other points in Sierrita Mountains. Road on left

goes to Agua Caliente in Patagonia Mountains. 

39.5 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road is northern road to Arivaca. (See

p. 357.)

39.7 Reventon ranch. 

40.1 Amado. Fork. Keep to right. Right-hand road goes to Arivaca. (See

p. 357.)

41.2 Fork. Keep to right; road on left goes east to railroad. 

42.6 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes to ranch in valley. 

46.9 Tubac. Post office, numerous wells, stores. Go to left of church, turn,

and keep post office on left.

48.7 Store and well. Avoid road tliat goes to left and continue south. 

50.0 Tumacacori Mission on left. Water can be obtained from caretaker. 

50.7 Beginning of graded road as completed in 1917. 

51.5 House and wells on both sides of road for next 2 miles. 

54.3 Schoolhouse on left. 

09.2 Well on left.

60.4 Calabasas Store. Well on left. 

61.9 Reverse fork and bridge across Potrero Creek. Road from Arivaca by

way of Montana mine comes in on right. (See p. 359.) 

63.4 Saxton Dairy. Well and good water.

63.9 Cross bridge and go through lane between rows of willow trees. 

65.9 Ranger station and well on left. The forest ranger located .here will

give detailed information on roads in the mountains to the west. 

66.2 Benedict railroad station on left.
352 KOTJTES .TO DESEKT WATERING PLACES.

; 

66.5 Monte Carlo Dairy on right. Well and good water.

68.0 Reverse fork.

68.4 Cross bridge over Potrero Creek.

69.1 Turn to right into Main Street, Nogales.

69.2 Nogales. Post office, water supply, hotels, garages, and supplies of all 

kinds.

NOGALES TO TUCSON (69.2 MILES).

[See pp. 351-352 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Nogales. Go north on Main Street.

0.1 Turn to right and cross railroad tracks.

0.2 Turn to left in front of Santa Cruz courthouse.

0.8 Cross bridge over Potrero Creek.

1.2 Fork. Turn to right and follow well-graded State highway.

2.7 Monte Carlo Dairy on left. Well and good water.

3.0 Benedict. Railroad station on right.

3.3 Banger station and well on left. The forest ranger located here will

give detailed information on roads in mountains to west. 

4.5 Beginning of lane between rows of large willows. 

5.3 Cross bridge.

5.8 Saxton Dairy. Well and good water.

7.3 Cross bridge. Fork; Keep to right along valley on graded road. Road to 

left is the Nogales-Arivaca road by way of Montana mine. (See p. 359.) 

8.8 Calabasas stqre. Well on right. 

10.0 Well on right. 

14.9 Schoolhouse on right.

15.7 Houses and wells on both sides of roads for next 2 miles. 

18.5 End of graded road as completed in 1917.

19.2 Tumacacori Mission on right. Water can be obtained from caretaker. 

20.5 Store and well. Avoid road that goes to right and continue north. 

22.3 Tubac. Post office, numerous wells, store. There are wells at each 

house north and south of the town. Turn to left at post office and 

then to right in front of church.

26.6 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to ranch in valley. 

28.0 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes east to railroad. 

29.1 Amado. Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Arivaca. (See

p. 357.)

29.5 Beventon ranch.

29.7 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Arivaca. (See p. 357.) 

31.8 Store and well. Crossroads. Keep straight on north down valley. Road 

on right goes to Agua Caliente in the Patagonia Mountains. Road on 

left goes to Ward and other points in the Sierrita Mountains. 

38.8 Fork. Turn to right and cross Santa Cruz Creek to State highway on 

east bank. In 1917 the best crossing was 3 miles farther north. Follow on west side of railroad. Left-hand road goes north on west side 

and crosses at Sahuarito to rejoin this road at mile 48.9. (See p. 353.) 

43.6 Cross to east side of railroad and follow well-graded road into Tucson. 

48.9 Sahuarito. Road from west side of valley and Twin Buttes comes in

on left. (Seep. 353.)

52.7 Turn sharply to right and then to left. 

57.7 Cross railroad and follow on west side of it. 

63.7 Turn to left (west) and then to right (north). 

66.3 Cross railroad and go north into city. 

69.2 Tucson,
. PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 353

TUCSON-NOGALES ROAD BY WAY OF SAN XAVIER AND TWIN

BUTTES.

TTTCSON TO NOGALES (75.3 MILES).

[See p. 354 for log in opposite direction.]

This road consists of an excellent graded highway to San Xavier Mission and 

a good desert road to Twin Buttes, from which it connects with the TucsonNogales Highway by two routes. Before construction had progressed so far on 

the Tucson-Nogales road this route was often preferred. The distances given 

are measured from the map.

0.0 Tucson. From the post office go north to Congress Street, then west,

passing El Paso & Southwestern Railroad station on left. 

0.4 Santa Cruz River. 

0.6 Come into north-south road. Turn to left along base of Sentinel Hill.

Right-hand road goes to Silver Bell. (See p. 354.)

3.8 Crossroads. Continue south. Road on right (west) is Tucson-Yuma 

road; road on left (east) goes to Indian school and connects with 

valley roads. 

7.2 Crossroad. Continue straight ahead. This is road from the valley to

Bobles ranch, 18 miles.

9.2 Graded road; turn to left (east) at this point to San Xavier del Bac at 

mile 9.6. Besides the church there is a small Papago village, wells, 

and the United States Indian Service agency. From San Xavier a 

road runs south to Sahuarito. However, there are so many crossroads and turnouts that persons without much local experience get 

lost. Continue south from turn at mile 9.2, avoiding roads that fork 

to left.

12.1 Fork at foot of black buttes; take left-hand road toward whitish hill 

about 8 miles across the plain to the west of south. Road on right 

goes to numerous prospects in Sierrita Mountains and to Stevens, 22 

miles, where there is good water.

20.1 Mineral Hill. Several mines in vicinity; water from wells, store, and 

gasoline, when mines are being worked. A road goes east to Sahuarito, 

9 miles. From the store at Mineral Hill go southwest and then southeast over good road, which has, however, many short, steep grades and 

pitches. There are many prospects along this road, the branch roads 

to which are not shown on the map,

21.9 Fork. Take left-hand road to Twin Buttes, easily visible; right-hand 

road goes along east face of Sierrita Mountains.

27.0 Twin Buttes. Mine, connected with Santa Cruz Valley by short railroad; 

post office, store, gasoline, water supply when mine is being operated. 

Fork just east of town; take right-hand road going south of railroad; 

left-hand road goes to Sahuarito (7 miles).

31.5 Reverse fork. Come into north-south road in Santa Cruz Valley; from 

this point turn south toward Nogales; the road on left (north) goes 

to Sahuarito (5 miles).

36.5 Reverse fork. Come into Tucson-Nogales Highway; continue south. This 

is mile 30.4 out of Tucson and is 38.8 miles from Nogales. (For log 

into Nogales see p. 351.)

75.3 Nogales.
354 . * ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

NOGALES TO TTJCSON (75.3 MILES).

[See p. 353 for log in opposite direction.]

v.

0.0 Nogales. Follow Nogales-Tucson Highway, log of which is given on

page 352. 

38.8 Fork. Take left-hand ungraded road north; graded road turns to right

and reaches Tucson in 30.4 miles. 

43.8 Fork. Take left-hand road northwest; right-hand road goes north to

Sahuarito and joins Tucson-Nogales Highway in 5 miles. 

48.3 Reverse fork on east of Twin Buttes. Road from Sahuar.ito (7 miles)

comes in on right. Go through town, which, when mine is running, has

a post office, water supply, store, and gasoline, and go northwest over

good road, which has, however, many short, steep grades and pitches. 

53.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. There are many prospects between this point and Mineral Hill, but the branch roads are not shown

on the map. 

55.2 Mineral Hill. Water from wells, store, and gasoline when mine is

being worked. A road goes east from this point to Sahuarito (9 miles). 

N Go slightly east of north over,'open plain to black buttes. 

63.2 Reverse fork at foot of buttes. Road from Stevens and from numerous

prospects in the Sierrita Mountains comes in on left. Stevens is 22

miles distant and has good water. 

66.1 Fork. Come into graded road and go north; the graded road turns east

to San Xavier del Bac at mile 66.5. Besides the church there is a

small Papago village, wells, and the United States Indian Service

agency. 

68.1 Crossroads; continue north. This is road from the valley to Bobles

ranch, 18 miles. 

72.5 Crossroads. Continue north around foot of Sentinel Hill. Road on

right goes to Indian school and connects with valley roads; road on

left is Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 334.) 

74.7 Fork. Turn to right (east) into Tucson; road straight ahead goes to

Silver Bell. (See below.) 

74.9 Cross concrete bridge over Santa Cruz River and go east on Congress

Street. 

75.3 Tucson.

SILVER BELL ROAD.

The road from Tucson to Silver Bell is an important route which, because 

of the rapid development of the country, has undergone a number of changes 

in position. It was not traversed during this survey. The position as given 

on the map is, for the first 20 miles, the route surveyed by the county engineer. 

West of the Tucson Mountains the position is that given by township plats.

The Silver Bell road turns off to the north from the Tucson-Yuma road, 

0.6 mile from the post office at Tucson. (See log on p. 334.) It follows the 

west side of Santa Cruz Valley for 13 miles. About 9 miles out a road turns 

off to the left (west) through a gap in the Tucson Mountains and goes to Silver 

Bell by way of the gap between the Silver Bell and Waterman mountains. The 

character of this road is not known. The usual route continues for 4 miles 

down the valley and then turns west through a gap in the mountains, which are 

at this point rather narrow. West of the gap 4i miles and about 20 miles out of 

Tucson the road forks. The right-hand road goes north of Silver Bell Mountains by way of Valenzuela and then crosses the railroad and turns south to 

the town. The exact location of this road was not obtained, but such roads as
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 355

appear on township plats are shown on Plate XXV. The left-hand road 

crosses Avra Valley to a well on the south side of the Silver Bell Mountains. 

Thence it goes through the gap between these mountains and the Waterman 

Mountains and turns north to Silver Bell. The total distance from Tucson to 

Silver Bell is about 40 miles.

ROUTES IN AND TO THE ALTAR VALLEY.

There are three routes into Altar Valley. The first of these runs from 

Tucson to Robles ranch and thence south along the axis of the valley to 

Sasabe, and the log is given under the name Tucson-Sasabe road. In 1921 a 

graded highway was under construction from Robles ranch south. The second 

route ascends the valley of Sopori Creek from the Tucson-Nogales road in 

Santa Cruz Valley to Arivaca and goes thence into Altar Valley. This is the 

oldest route, and the log is given under the name Arivaca road. The third 

route crosses the Pajarito Mountains from Nogales to Arivaca and the log is 

given under the name Nogales-Arivaca road.

TUCSON-SASABE ROAD (70.9 MILES). 

TUCSON TO SASABE.

[See p. 335 for log in opposite direction.]

Follow the Tucson-Ynma road through Robles Pass to Robles ranch over 

good macadam road. (For detailed log, see p. 335.)

0.0 Tucson.

23.3 Robles ranch.

23.4 Fork. County sign. Turn to left (south) over fair road, crossing numerous washes. Road on right is Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 335.)

28.6 King Well. House, corrals. Deep well and pumping plant, iron tanks.

29.6 Hayfield on right in bottom land.

31.9 Anvil Ranch. Two deep wells and pumping plant. From this ranch 

roads run to Leon and Redondo. Go south, keeping left of wire fence.

33.9 End of fence. A road on left leads to Sierrita Mountains.

34.5 Bluffs on left.

36.1 Ruined house on right.

38.7 Palo Alto. Deep well and pumping plant on right, large iron tanks. 

Store on left.

39.4 Go through fence.

39.5 Represo on right.

40.4 Fork. Keep to right on graded road.

41.2 Fork. Keep to left on graded road.

41.7 Turn sharply to right (west) and cross main arroyo of valley.

42.6 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Espinoso Well (2.5 miles),

Pozo Nuevo (4 miles), and Secundino Well (10 miles).

 42.7 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This road goes to Otero ranch and 

Contreras.

48.6 Crossroads. Continue southwest. This is road from Pozo Nuevo to 

Bonstadt ranch. Going west on this road the first right-hand turn goes 

to Brown Well (4 miles). Taking the left-hand turn two valleys are 

crossed and then there is a fork in the third valley. The right-hand 

turn goes to Schaefer Well (9 miles) and Baboquivari mine (10 

miles). These places are in a canyon which heads at the foot of 

Baboquivari Peak. The left-hand turn goes to Bonstadt ranch (10 

miles). 

357142° 22 4
356 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

53.8 Reverse fork, at fence corner. Turn to right. Road comes in from

Secnndino Well (3 miles). 

54.0 Fork. Wooden signboard. Keep to left. By right-hand road, it is 0.9

mile to gate in north-south fence called the Ronstadt gate. From

this gate go west 5.7 miles to forks on edge of bluff. Down the bluff

to the right 0.3 mile is the Ronstadt ranch and wells. Continue west

through fence 1.3 mile's to I/as Moras ranch, headquarters of the La

Osa Land & Cattle Co. 

55.0 Crossroads. Continue south. This is the road from Ronstadt gate to

Figueroa ranch (5.5 miles). It is part of the direct route from Arivaca

to Las Moras ranch. (See p. 357.) 

55.9 Fork on south side of gate. Keep to right. 

57.0 Numerous crossroads in next mile. 

59.5 Gate. Go through and follow south along west side of north and south

fence. 

61.5 Crossroads at fence corner. Continue south. This is road from Las

Moras ranch to Buenos Aires Well and Aguirre Lake. It is 8 miles

to Las Moras and 1.1 miles to Buenos Aires Well. 

62.0 Fork. Keep straight ahead. Road on left is second road to Buenos,

Aires Well. 

66.0 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road leads to La Osa, post office, water

and store (2.5 miles).

68.5 Fork at gate. Go through gate.

68.6 San Fernando. Water, store, and United States customhouse. Road 

crosses into Mexico from San Fernando and is often preferred to the 

old road through Sasabe. Return to gate.

68.7 Gate. Turn to right (east) along fence to go to Sasabe. Road on left

(west) comes from La Osa (1.6 miles). 

70.7 Reverse fork. Go south between fences. Road comes in from Garcia

ranch and Arivaca. 

70.9 Sasabe. A store on the boundary line; well three-tenths of a mile west.

' SASABE TO TTJOSON (70.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 855-356 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Sasabe, store on the boundary line; well 0.3 mile west. 

0.2 Fork. Turn to left. Road on right goes to Garcia ranch and Arivaca. 

(See p. 360.) On account of fences travelers to Arivaca should go 

by route of this log to Buenos Aires and thence follow log on page 358.

2.2 Gate and fork. Turn through gate.

2.3 San Fernando. Water, store, and United States customhouse. Road 

crosses into Mexico from San Fernando and is often preferred to the 

old road through Sasabe. Return to gate.

2.4 Go north. Road on left (west) leads to La Osa, post office, water, store

(1.6 miles). Road on east (right) leads to Sasabe (2.2 miles). 

4.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from La Osa (2.5 miles). 

8.9 Fork. Keep straight ahead. Road on right goes to Buenos Aires Well

(1.2 miles) and thence to Figueroa ranch and Arivaca. (See p. 388.) 

9.4 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead and follow west side of north and south 

fence. Road on right is second road to Buenos Aires. Road on left 

leads to Las Moras ranch and well (8 miles). 

11.4 Gate. Go through and turn northeast. 

12.9 Numerous crossroads in next mile. 

15.0 Reverse fork on south side of gate. Go through gate.
PAPAGO COUNTEY, ARIZONA. 357

15.9 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead. This is road from Arivaca to Ronstadt 

gate and Las Moras. (Seep. 358.)

16.9 Reverse fork. Wooden signboard. Road on left comes in from Ronstadt 

gate (0.9 mile). From this gate it is 5.7 miles to a fork on the edge of 

a bluff. Down the bluff to the right 0.3 mile is the Ronstadt ranch 

and - well. Continue to left (west) through fence 1.3 miles to Las 

Moras ranch and well, headquarters of the La Osa Land & Cattle Co.

17.1 Fork. Keep to left. The right-hand road goes to Secundino Well (3 

miles).

22.3 Crossroads. -Continue northeast. This road is from Pozo Nuevo to 

Ronstadt ranch and other places in the vicinity.

28.6 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This road goes from Espinoso Well to 

Otero ranch and Contreras.

28.7 Reverse fork. Turn to right and cross main wash. Right-hand road 

comes from Espinoso Well (2.5 miles), Pozo Nuevo (4 miles), and 

Secundino Well (10 miles).

29.2 Turn to left and follow down valley under bluffs.

29.7 Reverse fork.

30.5 Reverse fork.

31.4 Represo on left.

31.5 Go through fence.

32.2 Palo Alto. Deep well and pumping plant on left. Store on right.

34.8 Ruined house on left.

37.0 Follow east side of fence. Road on right to the Sierrita Mountains.

39.0 Anvil ranch. Two deep wells and pumping plant. Road leads from

Anvil ranch to Leon and Redondo. 

41.3 Hayfield on left. 

42.3 King Well. House, corral, and deep well and pumping plant.

47.5 Reverse fork. County sign. Turn to left on main Yuma-Tucson road.

47.6 Bobles ranch. For detailed log into Tucson see page 344. 

70.9 Tucson.

ARIVACA ROAD.

AMADO TO RONSTADT GATE (33.6 MILES). 

[See pp. 358-359 for log in opposite direction.]

This road starts from Santa Cruz Valley at its junction with Sopori Creek. 

Two roads lead up Sopori Creek, one on the north bank and the other on the 

south bank. The distance is virtually the same by either, but the south road 

was usually traveled in 1917. The junction of the north road with the TucsonNogales road is 39.5 miles from Tucson and 29.7 miles from Nogales. The 

junction of the south road is 40.1 miles from Tucson and 29.1 miles from 

Nogales. The road was not traversed between Sopori Junction and Arivaca, 

and distances are given as measured on the map for this part of the road. 

There are doubtless many more branch roads than are shown on the map.

0.0 Amado, by southern road.

4.0 Cross creek to north side and join northern road. 

11.0 Moyza Well. Fork. Take right-hand road; left-hand road follows creek.

Distance is 2 miles farther and there are numerous gates. 

14.0 Fork. Keep to left past Tajo mine. Cerro Colorado mine is about 1 mile 

north of road at foot of Cerro Colorado Mountains. Road on right 

goes to Moreno ranch (5 miles).
358 EOUTES TO DESEET WATEEING PLACES.

17.0 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right. This road goes north of the 

Guijas Mountains to Conte ranch (1 mile) and Bobledo ranch (5 

miles). Thence down Guijas Wash to Martinez ranch (6.5 miles) 

and to Secundino Well in the Altar Valley (10.5 miles).

19.8 Reverse fork.

21.0 Arivaca. Post office, water, supplies, hotei, stores, gasoline.' (For other 

roads out of Arivaca see p. 360.) To reach Altar Valley go west along 

main street, turn sharply to right at last house, and go west along 

north side of Arivaca Creek.

22.3 Go 'over rocky knoll.

23.0 Fork. Keep to right along bluff.

23.6 Go over rocky knoll.

24.2 Go up onto gravel bench.

24.9 Road on left leads to ranch house.

25.3 Go into creek and follow creek bed for eight-tenths of a mile. There is 

usually water in this part of the creek.

28.1 Figueroa ranch. No well here; water in emergencies only. Go west 

into valley.

28.7 Fork. Take right-hand road along south side of fence. Left-hand road 

is described in the log on page 360.

29.9 Turn corner and go north through lane.

30.9 Go northwest.

33.6 Ronstadt gate. From this gate all points in Altar Valley can be reached. 

(See log of Tucson-Sasabe road, p. 355.)

RONSTADT GATE TO AM ADO (33.6 MILES). 

[See pp. 357-358 for log In opposite direction.]

This road runs from the Ronstadt gate, a central point in the Altar Valley 

(see p. 355), to the Santa Cruz Valley by way of Arivaca and Sopori Creek.

0.0 Ronstadt gate. For other roads from this gate see page 356. Go southeast.

0.7 Crossroads. Continue straight ahead. This is the Tucson-Sasabe road. 

2.7 Turn south in lane between fences. 

3.7 Turn east along fence. 

4.9 Reverse fork. Cross valley. Road on right comes in from Aguajita

(4.8 miles) and Buenos Aires (7.4 miles). (See p. 360.) 

5.5 Figueroa ranch. No well here; water in emergencies only. Go east

up Arivaca Creek. 

7.5 Go into creek and follow creek bed for eight-tenths of a mile. There is

usually water in the creek here. 

8.7 Road on right goes to ranch house. 

10.0 Go over rocky knoll. 

10.6 Reverse fork. 

11.3 Go over rocky'knoll. 

12.6 Arivaca. Post office, water supply, hotel, stores, gasoline. (For other

roads out of Arivaca see p. 359.) Continue east.

13.8 Fork. Take left-hand road; road on right goes to Arivaca ranch and then 

down Sopori Creek and rejoins this road at Moyza. The distance is 

2 miles farther and there are numerous gates.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 359

16.6 Fork. Keep to right; road on left goes north of the Guijas Mountains to 

Conte ranch (1 mile) and Robledo ranch (5 miles), thence down 

Guijas Wash to Martinez ranch (6.5 miles) and Secundlno Well in 

Altar Valley (10.5 miles).

19.6 Reverse fork. Road on left comes in from Moreno ranch (5 miles) ; 

Cerro Colorado mine is about 1 mile north of road at foot of Cerro 

Colorado Mountains.

22.6 Moyza Well. Reverse fork. Follow northeastward down valley of 

Arivaca Creek. Road from Arivaca by way of Arivaca ranch and 

Papalote Well comes in on right.

29.6 Fork. Take right-hand road and cross over to south side of creek. Lefthand road follows north side and is about the same distance, but 

south side was preferred in 1917.

33.6 Amado. Reach the main Tucson-Nogales road at mile 40.1 from Tucson 

and mile 29.1 from Nogales.

NOGALES-ARIVACA ROAD.

NOGALES TO ARIVACA (43.5 MILES).

[See p. 360 for log in opposite direction.]

This road leaves the Tucson-Nogales road just north of a bridge across 

Potrero Creek. It is maintained in passable condition for motor trucks as far 

as the Montana mine, when the mine is being worked. The heavy trucks, 

however, make the going rough, though the road is easily followed. It has long 

but not excessive grades. Impassable in 1921.

0.0 Nogales. See page 354 for detailed log of next 6.4 miles.

6.4 Turn to left off main road and go upgrade onto gravelly plateau.

9.0 Go down into valley and follow it. 

12.9 Clark Well on right; good water.

13.8 Turn southwest out of valley over ridge and into another valley. 

19.5 Turn sharp curve around end of Atascosa Ridge; water hole 50 feet south

of road; water probably not permanent. 

20.0 Represo 200 yards south of road; water not permanent. The Marmee

mine is about 1 mile south of the road. 

20.3 Seep on north side of road.

20.2 Crest of pass. The road now goes northwest into Bear Valley. 

23.2 Faint road goes half a mile to left to Bear Valley ranch; water. 

31.2 Montana mine. Water supply when mine is operating from three dug

wells and two large reservoirs. Store and gasoline. 

32.2 Jenkins ranch; well, store, gasoline. 

33.0 Small spring in gulch. 

33.2 Small spring on left of road.

33.7 Well on right of road.

33.8 Austerlitz. House and well, mining claim.' From this place a rough

road runs south to Warsaw (4 miles). 

34.3 Partridge.

36.0 Oro Blanco. Post office, several wells. 

42.5 Reverse fqrk. Turn north across Arivaca Creek. Road on left comes

from Tully Well (11 miles) and Jarilla Spring (4 miles). From

Jarilla Spring the road goes, south into Mexico. 

43.5 Arivaca. Post office, water supply, hotel, store, gasoline. From Arivaca

go west to Altar Valley, following log given on page 358.
360 BOTJTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

ARIVACA TO NOGALES (43.5 MILES). 

[See p. 359 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Arivaca. From post office go west.

0.1 Turn south through lane and cross Arivaca Creek.

1.0 Fork. Turn to left; right-hand road goes to Tully Well (11 miles) and

Jarilla Spring (4 miles). From Jarilla Spring a road goes south to

Mexico.

7.5 Oro Blanco. Post office, several wells. 

9.2 Partridge.,

9.7 Ausiterlitz. House and well, mining claim. From this place a rough 

road runs south to Warsaw (4 miles).

9.8 Well, left of road. 

10.3 Small spring, right of road. 

10.5 Small spring in gulch. 

11.3 Jenkins ranch. Well, store, gasoline. 

12.3 Montana mine. Water supply when mine is operating from three dug

wells and two large reservoirs; store and gasoline. Go over ridge on

well-graded road into Bear Valley. 

20.3 Faint road on right leads half a mile to Bear Valley ranch; water.

23.3 Crest of pass at south end of Atascosa Ridge.

23.4 Seep on north side of road.

23.5 Represo, 200 yards south of road; water not permanent. The Marmee

mine is about 1 mile south of the road. 

24.0 Turn sharply to the left and go northeast. Water hole 50 feet south of

road; water probably not permanent. 

29.7 Go down valley. 

30.6 Clark Well on left ; good water.

34K5 Turn out of valley to right and go along gravel plateau. 

37.1 Reverse fork. Come into Tucson-Nogales road. Go south and follow

detailed log on page 353. 

43.5 Nogales.

FIGTJEROA RANCH TO BUENOS AIRES AND POINTS ON THE EAST SIDE OF

ALTAR VALLEY.

From Figueroa ranch, near the junction of Arivaca and San Luis creeks, subsidiary roads go to various small ranches on the east side of Altar Valley. The 

roads are little traveled and have many steep but short grades. Many new 

fences will probably be built in the next few years and the details of the 

roads modified accordingly.

0.0 Figueroa ranch. No well here. Water in emergencies only. Go west

into valley. 

0.6 Fork. Same as mile 28.7 of Arivaca road. (See p. 358.) Take left turn

up San L'uis Valley. Right turn goes to Ronstadt gate. (See p. 356.) 

1.6 Turn to left out of valley. A faint road leads up the valley to San Luis

ranch and Jarilla Spring. It is not known whether this can be traveled

by automobile.

4.3 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from San Luis ranch (1.3 miles). 

5.4 Aguajita. Well and windmill in clump of cottonwoods. 

5.6 Fork. Keep to left. 

6.5 Reverse fork. 

6.7 E. Garcia Well. This is a stock-watering place. Continue west through

gate in east-west fence.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 361

6.9 Fork. Keep to right.

8.0 Buenos Aires Well, a stock-watering place. Water from the well and 

from Aguirre Lake is used. West of this place 1 mile is the TucsonSasabe road. (For log see p. 355.) Go southeast from Buenos Aires 

to reach the watering places along the east side of the valley.

10.4 Reverse fork. Road from Sasabe comes in on right. Travelers to Sasabe 

should, however, not use this road because of fences. The main route 

south from Ronstadt gate is preferable.

10.9 Lopez ranch. Well. From this ranch a road goes southeast 3 miles to 

Canoa ranch and 4 miles south to M. Garcia ranch and well. Frorp 

the latter place it is 5.4 miles by a very bad road to Sasabe.

TUSCON-PHOENIX HIGHWAY.

A good automobile road between Tucson, the largest town in Arizona, and 

Phoenix, the State capital, has been the aim of road enthusiasts for a number 

of years. The road described in the following log follows the route most likely 

to be permanently improved. The present improvements are as follows: Beginning at Tucson, 40 miles of well-graded gravel road, with bridges and concrete dips; 27 miles of good desert road, brush cleared, and some work done 

with scraper; 1 mile of graded dirt road just south of Florence; 30 miles of 

desert road, brush cleared, and some work done with scraper between Florence 

and Higley; 15 miles of graded dirt road from Chandler to Mesa; 20 miles of 

paved road between Mesa and Phoenix.

TTTCSON TO PHOENIX (131.3 MILES).

[See pp. 363-365 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Tucson. (For other roads from Tucson see pp. 334-355.) Go north on 

Stone Avenue.

0.1 Turn to left (west) on Congress Street.

0.5 Turn to right (north) on Main Street.

1.1 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad.

1.4 Fork. Continue north, avoiding crossroads. Road on left goes along 

railroad to Casa Grande and Maricopa. (See p. 366.)

5.5 Bridge over Rillito Creek. 

13.3 Store, water, gasoline. 

14.7 Cross Gold Canyon Creek. 

24.7 Walnut Well. 

24.9 Fork. Take left-hand road. Right-hand road goes to Oracle (12 miles)

and Winkelman (50 miles). 

27.9 Fork. Keep to left. 

31.9 Fork. Keep to right. 

34.3 Small hill on left. 

39.1 Simmons Well. Good water.

41.7 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Durham ranch. 

43.2 Crossroads. Go straight ahead. Road on right to Davis ranch. Road

on left to Bed Bock. (See p. 367.) 

44.1 Fork. Keep to right. Meneger ranch and well one-quarter of a mile

to left. No water for 23 miles.

45.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Foreman ranch. 

46.5 Small hill on right. 

47.0 Small hill on right.
362 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

47.6 Avoid numerous .forks for next 6 miles and follow cleared and partly 

graded roadway.

66.7 Double reverse fork on south side of canal. Water usually in the canal.

66.8 Reverse fork. Road from Casa Grande (30 miles) comes in on left. 

67.2 Reverse fork. Road from Casa Grande Ruins (9.2 miles) comes in on

left. (Seep. 365.) 

68.3 Florence. Post office, water supply, stores, automobile supplies and

repairs, gasoline. Go north and cross Gila River by concrete bridge.

70.8 Florence railroad station. Turn to left (west).

70.9 Fork. Take road on left and go under southern base of lava-capped

Poston Butte. 

72.6 Avoid roads going southwest into valley and turn northwest onto gravel

bench.

75.9 Fork. Keep to right.

77.1 Fork. Keep to left. Lava-capped butte southwest and another northwest. 

78.6 Crossroads. Keep straight ahead with mount'ains on left. 

84.7 Turn to left around point of low hills projecting from the mountains. 

86.3 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to ranch a quarter of a mile

from road. 

92.7 Turn west along base of mountains, on east-west road. 

94.0 Turn north at base of steep hills at northern foot of Santan Mountains. 

94.2 Fork. Avoid road on left. 

94.7 Wells on each side of road. 

95.3 Fork. Keep straight on. Road on left cuts across desert to Chandler,

from which it is 8.2 miles to Mesa. 

95.9 Crossroads. Continue north. 

97.7 Well on right. 

99.2 Well on left.

99.8 Crossroads. Continue straight on.

100.8 Higley. Store, well, crossroads. Turn to left (west). 

103.3 Cross ditch into irrigated district. From this point on into Phoenix wells 

are very numerous and water is so easy to obtain that individual wells 

are not mentioned.

103.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 

104.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 

105.7 Crossroads and power line. Continue straight on. 

106.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. 

107.7 Crossroads. Turn north along power line. Chandler, water supply,

stores, gasoline, lies a quarter of a mile south. 

108.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 

109.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 

110.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north). 

111.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on (north).

112.7 Turn east. The road west is the Base Line road to'Phoenix (18.3 miles). 

112.9 Turn north along power line. 

113.4 Road on left. 

113.9 Crossroads. Continue north. 

114.4 Road on left.

114.9 Crossroad's. Continue north across railroad.

115.4 Crossroads. Turn to left (west) on paved road. Mesa, a quarter of n 

mile east, is pleasant-town. Water supply, hotel, stores, garage, gasoline. 

115.9 Crossroads.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA, 363

116.4 Crossroads.

117.4 Crossroads.

118.4 Crossroads.

119.4 Turn to right (north).

119.7 Turn to left (west).

120.1 Pacific Creamery on right, thence on main road into town of Tempe.

121.6 Tempe. Water supply, stores, garage, gasoline. Turn north on Main 

Street.

122.1 Turn west toward railroad and thence north across Salt River over concrete bridge and then turn westward through gravelly hills.

125.7 Cross canal and go west into Phoenix on bitumen-bound macadam road.

130.5 Turn south in outskirts of Phoenix to Adams Street.

130.8 Go west on Adams Street.

131.3 Phoenix. Water supply, hotels, stores, garages, etc. (For roads into 

the Papago country from Phoenix see pp. 381-385.)

PHOENIX TO TTTCSON (131.3 MILES).

[See pp. 361-363 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Phoenix. Go east on Adams Street.

0.5 Turn to left (north) into Monroe Street.

0.8 Turn to right (east) on Monroe Street and go east on bitumen-bound 

macadam road.

5.6 Cross canal and follow paved road through gravelly hills; then turn south 

to concrete bridge over Salt River; turn to left (east) at end of bridge.

9.2 Tempe, water supply, stores, garage, gasoline. Turn to right (south) on

Main Street. 

10.7 Turn to left (east). 

11.2 Pacific Creamery on left. 

11.6 Turn to right (south). 

11.9 Turn to left (east). 

12.9 Crossroads. 

13.9 Crossroads. 

14.9 Crossroads. 

15.5 Crossroads.

15.9 Crossroads. Turn to right (south) and follow along power line. Road 

east goes one-quarter of a mile to Mesa, water supply, hotel, stores, 

garage, gasoline, and thence to Roosevelt Dam and Globe. 

16.4 Cross railroad and then crossroad. Continue south. 

16.9 Road on right. 

17.4 Crossroads. Continue south. 

17.9 Road on right. 

18.4 Turn to right (west). 

18.6 Turn to left (east). 

19.6 Crossroads. 

20.6 Crossroads. 

21.6 Crossroads. 

22.6 Crossroads.

23.6 Cro'ssroads. Turn to left (east). Chandler, water supply, stores, gasoline, lies one-quarter of a mile south. 

24.6 Crossroads. Continue east.
364 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

25.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 

26.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 

27.6 Crossroads. Continue east. 

28.0 Cross ditch out of irrigated district. From this point on to Florence wells

are far apart.

30.5 Higley. Store, well. Crossroads. Turn to right (south). 

31.5 Crossroads. Continue south. 

32.1 Well on right. 

33.6 Well on left. 

35.4 Crossroads. Continue south.

36.0 Reverse fork. Cut-off road comes in across desert from Chandler. 

36.6 Wells on each side of road. 

37.1 Reverse fork.

37.3 Turn to left (east) at base of steep hills at foot of Santan Mountains. 

38.6 Turn southeast. 

45.0 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from ranch a quarter of a mile

off road. 

46.6 Turn to right (southeast) .around point of low hills projecting from the

mountains.

52.7 Crossroads. Continue southeast 

53.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. Lava-capped butte southwest and

another northeast.

55.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right. 

58.7 Turn east in valley of Gila River toward Poston Butte, avoiding roads

on right, which go into river bottom.

60.4 Reverse fork. Road comes in on rigHt; Poston Butte on left (north).

60.5 Florence railroad station. Turn to right over concrete bridge and cross 

Gila River.

63.0 Florence. Post office, water supply, stores, automobile supplies and repairs, gasoline. Go south.

64.1 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes to Casa Grande Ruins (9.2 

miles).

64.5 Fork. Keep to left across canal. Road on right on north side of canal 

goes to Casa Grande (30 miles).

64.6, Double fork on south side of canal. Take center road southeast across 

plain over fair desert road, cleared and partially graded. Avoid 

numerous forks. No water until Meneger's ranch is reached (23 

miles).

84.3 Small hill on left.

84.8 Small hill on right.

86.2 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes to Foreman's ranch.

87.2 Fork. Keep to left. Meneger's ranch and well a quarter of a mile on 

right; 5 miles to next water.

88.1 Crossroads. Road straight ahead. Road on left to Davis ranch. Road 

on right to Red Rock.

89.6 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Durham ranch.

92.2 Simmons Well. Good water.

97.0 Small hill on right.

99.4 Reverse fork. 

103.4 Reverse fork.

106.4 Reverse fork. Oracle road comes in on left. Go south. 

106.6 Walnut Well.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 365

116.6 Cross Gold Canyon Creek.

118.0 Store. Water, gasoline.

125.8 Bridge over Rillito Creek. Go south, avoiding crossroads.

130.2 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad tracks and continue south on Main

Street. 

130.8 Turn to left (east) on Congress Street.

131.2 Turn to right.

131.3 Tucson. Post office, water supply, hotels, garages, etc. (For other 

roads out of Tucson see pp. 334, 352, 353, 366.)

CASA GRANDE RUINS ROAD. 

FLORENCE TO CASA GRANDE RUINS (9.7 MILES).

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Florence. (For other roads from Florence see pp. 362, 369.) Go south

on Main Street. 

0.5 Fork. Turn to right on soft dirt road. Road straight ahead is PhoenixTucson Highway. (See p. 364.)

2.1 Old Fraser ranch on right, with grove of mesouite trees 

2.9 Road on left. 

3.8 Clements ranch on right; well and pumping plant. This is the site of

the abandoned town of Adamsville. 

6.7 Road on right. 

7.0 Crossroads. Keep straight on. 

7.2 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. 

7!8 Follow on south side of wire fence. 

8.6 Fork. Wooden sign. Take left-hand road.

9.6 Crossroads. Turn to left and pass between well and ruins.

9.7 Casa Grande Ruins. Caretaker in charge who will assist travelers. 

Good well and water supply. From Casa Grande Ruins one can go 

south 1.5 miles and strike the Casa Grande-Florence road 18.4 miles 

from Casa Grande and 12.6 miles from Florence. (See log on p. 369.)

CASA GRANDE RUINS TO FLORENCE (9.7 MILES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Casa Grande Ruins. Go north between ruins and well. The ruins are 

1.5 miles north of the Casa Grande-Florence road. (See log, p. 369.)

0.1 Crossroads. Turn to right.

1.1 Reverse fork. Go east on south side of fence.

2.5 Fork. Keep to left.

2.7 Crossroads. Keep straight on.

3.0 Road comes in on left.

5.9 Clements ranch on left; well and pumping plant. This is the site of 

the abandoned town of Adamsville.

6.8 Road comes in on right.

7.6 Old Fraser ranch on left, with grove of mesquite trees.

9.2 Reverse fork. Turn to left on well-graded road and go north into town.

9.7 Florence. For other roads from Florence, see pages 362, 369.
366 ROUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

TUCSON-CASA GRANDE ROAD.

TUCSON TO CASA GRANDE (66.8 MILES).

[See below for log in opposite direction.!

This road parallels the Southern Pacific Railroad and thus follows the flats 

of Santa Cruz River. In dry weather it is generally smooth and easy to travel. 

In wet weather it is impassable on account of mud. By continuing along the 

railroad from Casa Grande to Maricopa (see log on p. 368), from Maricopa 

to Gila Bend (see log on p. 375), from Gila Bend to Sentinel (see log on 

p. 385), and thence along the Tucson-Yuma road (see log on p. 339), it is 

possible to reach Yuma from Tucson. This route is feasible only in dry weather 

and has no advantages over the Tucson-Yuma road by way of Ajo.

0.0 Tucson. (For other roads out of Tucson see pp. 334, 352, 353, 361.) Go

north on Stone Avenue. 

0;1 Turn to left (west) on Congress Street. 

0.5 Turn to right (north) on Main Street. 

1.1 Gross Southern Pacific Railroad. 

1.4. Fork. Turn to left (northwest) and follow along but at some distance

from the railroad.

7.9 Jaynes. Station and well on railroad. The road from this point parallels 

the railroad closely.

15.4 Weaver Well on west side of track.

17.6 Billito. Railroad station and well.

23.1 Wakefield ranch. Cross railroad to southwest side and go northwest/

26.9 Naviska. A siding on the railroad.

33.2 Cross Arizona Southern Railroad, which goes southwest to Silver Bell. 

Road from Silver Bell comes in on left. (See p. 367.)

33.7 Bed Bock. Post office, water, store, gasoline. Cross railroad and go 

northwest on northeast side of track. For other" roads from Red Rock 

see page 367.

38.1 Wymola, railroad siding. Cross to southwest side of track. Picacho 

Peaks on left. At the north end of the peaks lie Blue Water Tanks, at one time the only watering place in these plains.

48.1 Picacho. Water, store; cross to northwest side of track and go northwest. In dry weather the road along the track can be traveled. At 

times there is a mudhole near McEloy and the detour by way of the 

Davis ranch as shown on map should be taken. This is about 3.3 miles 

longer. A road goes northeast from Picacho to Avenenti ranch (11 

miles) and one goes southeast to Green's reservoir (13.5 miles) and 

Jackrabbit (24 miles).

53.1 McEloy, railroad siding.

58.1 Toltec. Station and railroad well from which water can be obtained.

62.1 Arizola, railroad station.

66.8 Gasa Grande. Post office, water supply, stores, automobile supplies, repairs, and gasoline. (For other roads from Casa Grande see p. 368.)

CASA GRANDE TO TTTCSON (66.8 MIXES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Casa Grande. (For other roads from Casa Grande, see p. 368.) Go 

southeast past railroad water tank and keep on northeast side of railroad track.

4.7 Arizola, railroad station.
PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 367

10.7 Toltec. Station and railroad well from which water can be obtained. In 

dry weather the road along the track can be traveled, but at times there 

is a mudhole near McEloy and the detour by way of the Davis ranch, 

as shown on the map, should be t'aken. This is about 3.3 miles 

longer.

13.7 McEloy, railroad siding.

20.7 Picacho. Water, store. Cross to southeast side of track and go south 

east. A road goes northeast from Picacho to Avenenti ranch (11 

miles) and one goes southeast to Green's reservoir (13.5 miles) and 

Jackrabbit (24 miles).

28.7 Wymola, railroad siding. Cross to northeast side of track and go southeast.

33.1 Bed Bock. Cross to southeast side of track and go southeast. Post office, 

water, store, and gasoline. (For other roads out of Red Rock see 

below.)

33.6 Fork. Keep to left and cross track of Arizona Southern Railroad, which 

goes southwest to Silver Bell. Road to Silver Bell on right.

39.9 Naviska, railroad siding.

43.7 Wakefleld ranch. Cross railroad to northeast side and go southeast.

49.2 Billito, railroad station and well. From this point into Tucson there 

are ranches along the Santa Cruz.

51.4 Weaver Well on west side of track.

59.9 Jaynes. Railroad station and well. The road from this point swings 

away from the railroad but parallels it.

65.4 Reverse fork in outskirts of town. Turn into Main Street and go south.

65.7 Cross Southern Pacific Railroad tracks and continue south.

66.3 Turn to left (east) on Congress Street.

66.7 Turn to right (south) on Stone Avenue.

66.8 Tucson. Post office, etc. (For other roads out of Tucson see pp. 334, 

352, 353, 361.)

ROADS OUT OF RED ROCK.

Red Rock is the supply point for cattle ranches to the east and for settlers 

along the Santa Cruz flats in the vicinity.

At least two roads go east. . The northerly one crosses the Tortolito Mountains 

to Plummer's ranch, 12.5 miles, and crosses the Tucson-Phoenix Highway, 16.5 

miles from Red Rock. The more southerly road goes southeast across the Tortolito Mountains for 16.5 miles and then turns southeast to a well 20 miles 

from Red Rock and reaches the Phoenix-Tucson Highway in the Canada del 

Oro by way of Lockas's ranch and Pusch's ranch, a total distance of 30 miles.

Southwest from Red Rock a roacj goes along the north side of the track of the 

Arizona Southern Railroad. It reaches Sasco, where a smelter is located 6.5 

miles away, but the details of the road are not known and are not shown on the 

map (PI. XXV). Five miles from Red Rock, however, this road forks. The 

right-hand road goes through some fields and along the bank of Santa Cruz 

River to Green's canal and follows the canal to Green's reservoir. The lefthand road goes west for 2 miles and forks again. The right-hand road goes- by 

way of the Sasco mine to Green's canal and thence to the reservoir. The lefthand road goes southwest through some hills to Silver Bell. There are numerous crossroads and forks, but if the traveler will keep the railroad on his left 

and follow the main traveled road, he will have no difficulty. The distance 

from Red Rock to Silver Bell is about 20 miles.
368 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES. 

ROADS OUT OF CASA GRANDE.

GASA GRANDE TO MARICOPA (20.4 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

The road from Casa Grande to Maricopa is like that from Gasa Grande to 

Tucson, open only in dry weather. It follows the flats of Santa Cruz River 

and is very muddy when wet. (For other roads from Casa Grande see 

pp. 366-367.)

0.0 Casa Grande. Cross to southwest side of track and follow railroad northwest.

10.5 Bon, railroad siding. 

15.5 Nunez, railroad siding.

17.2 Cross to northeast side of track and go north.

17.5 Fork. Take left-hand road and go northwest toward railroad water tank 

at Maricopa, plainly visible. The right-hand road goes 8.3 miles to 

Casa Blanca, an Indian village on Gila River.

20.4 Maricopa. Post office, water, store, gasoline. (For other roads out of 

Maricopa see pages 375-381.)

MARICOPA TO GASA GRANDE (20.4 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Maricopa. (For other roads out of this town see pages 375-381.) Go east

from post office across plain at a distance of a quarter to half a mile

from the railroad. 

2.9 Reverse fork. Turn south. Road comes in on left (north) from Casa

Blanca (8.3 miles), an Indian village on Gila River. 

3.2 Cross railroad and go southeast on southwest side of track. 

4.9 Nunez, railroad siding. 

9.9 Bon, railroad siding. 

20.4 Casa Grande. Post office, water supply, hotel, automobile supplies and

repairs. (For other roads from Casa Grande see pages 366-367.)

PHOENIX TO CASA GRANDE BY WAY OF SACATON (58 MILES). 

[See p. 369 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Phoenix. (For other roads from Phoenix see pp. 363, 376, 381-385.) Go

east on Phoenix-Tucson Highway (see log on p. 363) to crossroads, 2

miles east of Chandler. 

25.6 Crossroads. Turn to right (south) and follow power line. Road straight

ahead (east) is Phoenix-Tucspn Highway. 

35.2 Turn to left (southeast). Numerous roads. Keep north of canal toward

south end of hill near Gila River. 

41.6 San tan. Pima village. Turn to right (south) between fences across

ford of Gila River toward Indian agency buildings, plainly visible. 

 This ford should not be attempted when the river is in flood. 

44.3 Sacaton. Wells. Indian agency. Turn to right around buildings and

church and then to left. Go south on graded road up alluvial slope

toward Sacaton Mountains. 

49.2 Go through pass between detached rocky hills which form the Sacaton

Mountains and south over fair plains road.
PAPAGO COU1STTEY, ARIZONA. 369

54.7 Cross bed of Santa Cruz River. There are wooden culverts which 

usually are in poor condition after rains or a flood on the river; this 

crossing is difficult and local advice should be sought. Continue south.

58.0 Casa Grande. For other roads out of this town see pages 366-367, 

368-375.

CASA GRANDE TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF SACATON (58 MILES). 

[See p. 368 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Casa Grande. Go northeast and then northwest to outskirts of town. 

0.3 Go north on graded road.

3.3 Cross channel of Santa Cruz River. There are wooden culverts which 

are usually in poor condition after rains or a flood on the river; this 

crossing is difficult, and local advice should be sought. Continue north 

up alluvial slope over fair plains road.

8.8 Go through pass between detached rocky hills which form the Sacaton 

Mountains and then down alluvial slope over graded road.

13.7 Sacaton. Wells; Indian agency. Follow main traveled road north between fences across ford of Gila River. This ford should not be attempted when the river is in flood. Local advice should be sought.

16.4 Santan. Pima village on north bank of Gila River. Turn to left (northwest) on north side of canal. There are numberless roads; keep to 

the northwest toward power line visible in the distance.

22.8 Turn north along power line and avoid crossroads.

32.4 Come into east-west road. Turn west.

33.4 Crossroads.

33.9 Crossroads.

34.4 Crossroads. Turn north along power line and follow Tucson-Phoenix 

Highway. (See log on p. 362.) Chandler, water, stores, and gasoline, is a quarter of a mile south.

58.0 Phoenix. For other roads from Phoenix see pages 363, 376, 381-385.

CASA GRANDE TO FLORENCE (31 MILES). 

[See p. 370 for log in opposite direction.]

This is a county road largely along section lines. It is well graded on soft 

alluvium. In wet weather it is very muddy and in dry weather dusty and 

full of chuck holes. There are many farms along this road, at each of which 

there is a well. Only a few of these are recorded in the log. (For other roads 

from Casa Grande see pp. 366-367, 368-375.)

0.0 Casa Grande. Go southeast from post office and turn east near railroad

water tank to outskirts of town.

0.3 Beginning of county road going east along section line. 

5.0 House and well north of road. 

9.7 House and well north of road. 

10.6 Turn to left (north), avoiding road straight ahead. 

14.9 Turn to right (east).

15.4 Turn to left (north), avoiding road straight ahead. 

17.4 Turn to right (east). Road straight ahead goes 1 mile north and 1.5

miles east to Casa Grande Ruins.

18.4 Crossroads. Continue east. Road on left goes north to Casa Grande 

Ruins (1.5 miles). From this place it is 917 miles from Florence. 

(See log on p. 365.) It is thus 1.4 miles shorter to go east to Florence by the ruins and frequently the road is better.
370 KOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

19.9 House and well on right. 

20.4 House and well 011 left. 

20.9 House and well on left.

21.4 Road goes off to north.

21.5 Schoolhouse on left (north).

22.1 House and well on right.

22.3 Road goes off to north.

22.7 House and well on left.

23.3 Crossroads. Continue east.

24.3 Turn to left (north), avoiding road straight ahead.

24.7 Well on right (east).

25.3 Road on right.

26.3 Crossroads. Turn to right (east). House and well on southwest corner.

28.2 Turn slightly to left and go northeast along canal.

30.0 Reverse fork. Turn north on Tucson-Phoenix Highway.

30.5 Reverse fork. Casa Grande Ruins road comes in on left. (See p. 365.)

31.0 Florence. Post office. (For other roads out of Florence see pp. 361-365.)

FLORENCE TO CASA GRANDE (31 MILES). 

[See p. 369 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Florence. (For other roads from Florence see pp. 361-365.) Go south

on Main Street. 

0.5 Fork. Continue south. Road to right is Florence-Casa Grande Ruins

road. This road rejoins the Florence-Casa Grande road 12.6 miles

west of Florence, it is 1.4 miles shorter to Casa Grande by the Ruins

road and frequently it is an easier trip. 

1.0 Fork on north side of canal. Turn to right (southwest) and follow along

canal. Left-hand road is the Tucson-Phoenix Highway. 

2.8 Turn to right (west) away from canal.

4.7 Crossroads. Turn to left (south). House and well on southwest corner. 

5.7 Road on left. 

6.3 Well on left (east).

6.7 Turn to right (west), avoiding road to left (east). 

7.7 Crossroads. Continue west. 

8.3 House and well on right. 

8.7 Road goes off to north. 

8.9 House and well on left.

9.5 School house on right (north).

9.6 Road goes off to north. 

10.1 House and well on right. 

10.6 House and well on right. 

11.1 House and well on right. 

12.6 Crossroads. Continue west. Road on right comes in from Casa Grande

Ruins (1.5 miles). This place is 9.7 miles from Florence. (See log on

p. 365.) 

13.6 Turn to left (south). Road on right goes north 1 mile and then east 1.5

miles to Casa Grande Ruins.

15.6 Turn to right (west), avoiding road on left (east). 

16.1 Turn to left (south).

20.4 Turn to right (west), avoiding road on left (east). 

21.3 House and well north of road. 

26.0 House and well north of road.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 371

30.7 Turn to left (southwest) on street to railroad water tank and then to

right on Main Street. 

31.0 Casa Grande. For other roads from Casa Grande see pages 366-375.

CASA GRANDE TO FOZO SAN LUIS, SONORA, BY WAY OF JACKRABBIT AND 

THE SANTA ROSA VALLEY (102 MILES).

[See pp. 373-374 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Casa Grande. Water supply, post office, hotels, supplies, automobile 

supplies and repairs. (For other roads from Casa Grande see pp. 

366-375.) Cross railroad tracks and turn south by small concrete jail. 

The road has been graded for next 10 miles; travelers should use their 

judgment as to whether to follow on or beside grade.

8.5 Chlu-Chuschu. Winter rancheria, United States Indian Service well, 

good water. There are two routes to Jackrabbit; the usual route with 

easiest grades goes to the east of the Silver Reef Mountains by way 

of Ko-opke; the other goes to the west of the mountains by way of the 

Silver Reef mine. A road also leads west 9 miles to Cocklebur, winter 

rancheria and well.

11.0 Ko-opke. Well and a few houses by large fields on the left, mountains 

on the right.

13.4 Fork. Keep to right; a road on left goes to Armenta ranch and well 

(1 mile).

20.5 Reverse fork. The road from Chiu-Chuschu by way of Silver Reef mine 

comes in on right.

21.9 Fork. Keep to left; road on right goes north of hill to Orizaba mine 

(1.3 miles).

22.4 Fork. Keep to right; road on left goes 1.4 miles to United States Indian 

Service well, at Jackrabbit; Government employees and Indians dependent on this well for water form a new village which is replacing 

the old village of Taht Mahmeli.

22.7 Fork. Keep to left; road to right goes to Orizaba mine.

23.0 Jackrabbit mine, on hill south of road at north end of Slate Mountains. 

This mine once employed a large number of workmen. There are numerous prospects in the neighborhood, and doubtless many more roads 

and watering places than are shown on the map. From the mine go 

southwest along the hills.

24.0 Turning Point mine. To go to Santa Rosa Valley turn to left around 

point of hill, keeping Slate Mountains on left. A road comes in on right 

from Orizaba mine (1.7 miles) and from Cocklebur (9 miles). A 

road goes west (6 miles) to Quajote, a rancheria with extensive temporales and a United States Indian Service well. From Quajote a road 

goes north of Vekol Mountains 4 miles to Reward mine, where there 

are two wells, and thence 4 miles to Bitter Wells, winter ranrcherfa, 

where there is a well. From the latter place it is 2.5 miles to Vekol. 

From Quajote a road also goes south of Vekol Mountains 10 miles to 

Copperosity, a winter rancheria with 2 wells, and thence to Isabella 

mine, 7 miles farther.

31.3 Beginning of village; temporales on left. Road comes in on right from 

Quajote (5 miles).

32.0 Kukomalik. Winter rancheria; United States Indian Service well on 

right. Continue south.

39.0 Crossroads. Turn to right toward center of valley. 

157142° 22 5
372 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLAGES.

44.5 Anegam. Rancherfa; United States Indian Service well on bank of 

main arroyo of the valley, 1.5 miles east of the village. On account 

of this well there is now permanent water, and people will be found 

here at all seasons of the year. Go south between represos.

46.5 Santa Rosa. Summer rancherfa; United States Indian Service well on 

west bank of main arroyo of valley, half a mile east of village. On 

account of this well there is now permanent water, and people will be 

found here at all seasons of the year.

47.0 Fork. Keep to right due south in center of Santa Rosa Valley; road to 

left goes southeast through summer rancherfa of Akchin; 19 miles 

to Oobabi. As Santa Rosa is one of the oldest and most important 

Papago settlements there are doubtless many other roads not shown 

on the map.

60.0 Reverse fork. Road from Covered Wells comes in on right. This is part 

of Pozo Blanco route of Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 345.) It is possible to go to Horseshoe (Quijotoa post office), where there is a well 

and store, by taking this road and turning to the left about 3 miles out; 

the total distance is 5.5 miles. Horseshoe is the center of present mining activity in the Quijotoa Mountains, and roads lead to all the principal mines and prospects. These roads are not shown on the map.

61.0 Sikulhimakt, represo and some houses. Keep straight on south. A road 

goes southeast to Cobabi. This is part of the Pozo Blanco route of the 

Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 345.) A road goes west to Horseshoe 

(5.5 miles).

67.0 Kvitatk. -Summer rancherfa; no permanent water. This is the more 

eastern of two rancherfas near the abandoned well and ruined pumping 

plant of the old Weldon mine. The western rancherfa is called, in 

Papago, "Vainomkux," which is translated roughly as "Iron Pipe." 

The whole locality is sometimes called "Pumphouse." From each 

rancherfa there is a road to San Antone, winter rancherfa, with three 

wells, on the site of the abandoned mining camp of Quijotoa. This 

place lies at the foot of the mountains between South Mountain and 

Ben Nevis Mountain. The Weldon mine, now abandoned, lies 2.5 

miles up the canyon, and from the wells near by, roads lead over the 

mountain to Black Butte, winter rancherla and well. The condition 

of these roads is not known. Quijotoa mine, on the north side of Ben 

Nevis, is 5 miles from Kvitatk. The road goes through Iron Pipe and 

branches from the San Antone road 2 miles out of that village. A 

road also goes east 5.5 miles to Nolle, winter rancherfa with wells, 

which lies just southeast of Cobabi Mountains, a small group of reddish, rugged mountains. Another road goes southeast 14 miles to 

Indian Oasis. (See p. 393.)

To continue to Tecolote go south from Kvitatk, avoiding the many 

'forks and crossroads, and cross a low drainage divide. South of this 

divide the road stays on the east of the main arroyo of the valley, 

which gradually swings west to round the point of South Mountain.

76.5 Cross main Tucson-Yuma road about three-fourths of a mile west of the 

Geological Survey sign at Big Fields. As this crossroad was not seen in 

traveling from Big Fields to Copeka it is likely that this part of the 

road is little used, and travelers leaving Kvitatk will probably land 

at Big Fields. In this event they should go to the south side of Big 

Fields and take the Indian Oasis-Menegers Dam road (see p. 394) 

until they come into this road at mile 78.5.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 373

78.5 Crossroads. Continue south. This is Indian Oasis-Menegers Dam road. 

(Seep. 394.)

79.3 Crossroads. Continue south. This is Copeka-Kavolik road. (See p. 396.)

87.0 Tecolote. Summer rancherla; large represo in which there is water for 

several months after a rain; no permanent water. Tecolote is the 

center of a maze of roads, of which the principal one is the Indian 

Oasis-Kavolik-Tecolote route into Mexico (see p. 392) ; others are 

from and to the various near-by temporales and summer rancherlas. 

Go south on west side of represo.

90.8 Crossroads. Continue south.

92.3 Pass temporal and houses on left; avoid numerous forks and continue 

south.

94.3 International boundary monument 151 about a mile to the left (east). 

Go south into cove between La Lesna and Cobota mountains.

94.6 Reverse fork. Road from La Lesna Mountains comes in on right.

99.0 Cobota rancherfa.

102.0 Pozo San Luis. Winter rancherla; well and permanent water. From 

Pozo San Luis roads lead to all the principal points in Sonora.

FOZO SAN LTTIS, SONORA, TO CASA GRANDE BY WAY OF SANTA ROSA 

VALLEY AND JACKRABBIT (102 MILES).

[See pp. 371-373 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Pozo San Luis. Winter rancherla; well and permanent water. Roads 

lead to this place from all the principal points in Sonora. Go northeast. 

3.0 Cobota rancherla. Go north between La Lesna and Cobota mountains

into open plain.

7.4 Fork. Keep to right. Road to left goes to north end of La Lesna Mountains. 

7.7 International boundary monument 151 about a mile to the right (east).

Go north, avoiding numerous forks. 

9.7 Temporal and houses on right.

11.2 Crossroads. Continue north. *

15.0 Tecolote. Summer rancherla; large represo in which there is water for 

several months after a rain; no permanent water. Tecolote is the

» center of a maze of roads, of which the principal one is the Indian 

Oasis-Kavolik-Tecolote route into Mexico (see p. 392) ; others are 

from and to the various near-by temporales and rancherfas. Go north 

on west side of represo and east of corral, bearing to east of Quijotoa 

Mountains, visible across the plain.

22.7 Crossroads. Continue north. This is Copeka-'Kavolik road. (See 

p. 396.)

23.5 Crossroads. Continue north; this is Indian Oasis-Menegers Dam road. 

(See p. 394.)

25.5 Crossroads. Tucson-Yuma road about three-quarters of a mile west of 

the Geological Survey sign at Big Fields. As- this crossroad was not 

seen in traveling from Big Fields to Copeka, it is likely that this part 

of the road is little used, and travelers leaving Tecolote may land in 

Big Fields. In this event they will find a road leading from the represo 

on the north side of Big Fields and rejoining this road at Kvitatk.
374 ROUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

35.0 Kvitatk. Summer rancheria; no permanent water. This is the more 

eastern of two rancherias near the abandoned well and ruined pumping plant of the old Weldon mine. The western rancherla is called, in 

Papago, " Vainomkux," which is translated roughly as " Iron Pipe." 

The whole locality is sometimes called " Pumphouse."

Avoid the numerous crossroads and forks and go north between 

the represos of Kvitatk on the west side of arroyo, which flows north. 

From this place to Anegam the road roliows the center of Santa Rosa 

Valley; plains road, very muddy in wet ^weather. For roads out of 

Kvitatk see page 393.

41.0 Sikulhimakt, represo and some houses. Keep straight on north. (For 

roads out of this place see p. 345.)

42.0 Fork. Take left-hand road (north). (For right-hand road see p. 345.)

55.0 Reverse fork. (For road coming in on right see p. 372.)

55.5 Santa Rosa. Summer rancherla; United States Indian Service well on 

west bank of main arroyo of valley, half a mile east of village. On 

account of this well there is now permanent water and people will 

be found here at all seasons of the year. Avoiding forks and crossroads ; go north.

57.5 Anegam. Summer rancherfa ; United States Indian Service well on bank 

of main arroyo of the valley, 1.5 miles east of the village. On account 

of this well there is now permanent water and people will be found here 

at.all seasons of the year. Go north between represos and turn to right 

(northeast) along south bank of large arroyo.

63.0 Crossroads; turn to left (north).

70.0 Kukomalik. Winter rancheria ; United States Indian Service well on 

left. Continue north through village with temporales on right.

70.7 End of village; road from Quajote (5 miles) comes in on left.

78.0 Turning Point mine at north end of Slate Mountains. Turn to right 

around point of the mountains. Various roads come in here. (See 

p. 371.)

79.0 Jackrabbit mine, on hill south of road. (See p. 371.)

79.3 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Orizaba mine.

79.3 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from United States Indian Service 

well at Jackrabbit. Government employees and Indians dependent 

on this well for water form a new village which is replacing the old 

village of Taht Mahmeli.

80.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Orizaba mine (1.3 miles).

81.5 Fork. Keep to right; the road on left goes by way of Silver Reef mine 

and rejoins this road at Chiu-Chuschu. It is about the same length but 

has steeper grades.

88.6 Reverse fork. Road comes in from Armenta ranch.

91.0 Ko-Opke. Well and a few houses by large fields on right, mountains on 

the left.

93.5 Chiu-Chuschu. Winter rancherla ; United States Indian Service well, 

good water. G-~ north through village on graded road. (For other 

roads see p. 375.)

102.0 Casa Grande. Water supply, post office, hotels, supplies, automobile supplies and repairs. (For other roads from Casa Grande see pp. 366-375.)
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 375

CASA GRANDE TO COCKLEBTJR AND ftTJAJOTE (27.2 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

This road was not traveled, and distances are given as measured on the map. 

(For other roads from Casa Grande see pp. 366-375.)

0.0 Casa Grande. Cross railroad tracks and go south on graded road. 

2.0 Fork. Take right-hand road (southwest). The graded road continues 

south to Chiu-Chuschu. (See log on p. 371.)

11.0 Well and Indian huts.

15.5 Oocklebur. Winter rancheria; two dug wells. Continue south. Road 

from Chiu-Chuschu on left (p. 371) and from Maricopa on right 

(p. 380).

20.1 Fork. Take right-hand road southwest. Left-hand-road goes southeast 3 

miles to Orizaba mine and 6 miles to Jackrabbit. (See p. 371.)

26.1 Corner of temporal. Go west along border of field and then south.

27.2 Quajote. Winter rancheria; United States Indian Service well. 

From this village a road go'es north of Vekol Mountains 4 miles to 

Reward mine, where there are two wells, and thence 4 miles to 

Bitter Well, winter rancheria, where there is a well. From Quajote a 

road also goes south of Vekol Mountains 10 miles to Copperosity, a 

winter rancheria with two wells, and thence to Isabella mine, 7 

miles farther.

ftUAJOTE TO COCKLEBTJR AND CASA GRANDE (27.2 MILES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Quajote. Fro.m the United States Indian Service well go north and 

turn east along northern border of temporal.

I.1 Turn northeast at corner of field.

6.1 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Orizaba mine (3 miles) and 

Jackrabbit (6 miles).

II.7 Oocklebur. Winter rancherfa; two dug wells. Continue north and 

northeast.

16.2 Well and Indian huts.

25.2 Reverse fork. Turn north on graded road which comes in from ChiuChuschu. (Seep. 371.)

27.2 Casa Grande. For other roads out of this town see pages 366-375.

ROADS OUT OF MARICOPA. 

MARICOPA TO GILA BEND (44.1 MILES).

[See p. 376 for log in opposite direction.]

This road, except for the short interval between Heaton and the Geological 

Survey sign west of Enid, is made of parts of the Phoenix-Maricopa road by 

way of Gila Crossing and the Phoenix-Gila -Bend road by way of Gila Crossing.

0.0 Maricopa. Cross railroad track and go west toward gap between Sierra 

Estrella and Palo Verde Mountains, avoiding road to left, which goes 

to Akchin. (See p. 377.) Much drifted sand and many adobe fiats.

4.0 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn northwest toward railroad.

6.9 Heaton. Switch on railroad. No houses. Cross railroad and turn west

over fair desert road. Road north goes to Phoenix. (See p. 377.) 

11.8 Enid. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue west.
376 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

14.1 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from Phoenix comes in 

on right. This point is mile 33.9 of log given on page 381. Follow 

this west into Gila Bend.

44.1 Gila Bend. For other roads from Gila Bend see pages 381-392.

GILA BEND TO MARICOPA (44.1 MILES). 

[See p. 375 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Gila Bend. (For other roads from Gila Bend see pp. 381-392.) Geological Survey sign. Follow Phoenix-Gila Bend road. (See p. 381.)

30.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right on north side of railroad. 

Left-hand road goes to Phoenix.

32.3 Enid. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue east.

37.2 Heaton. Switch on railroad. No houses. Turn to right (south) across 

tracks and go southeast, avoiding fork to left just south of track. 

Phoenix-Maricopa road comes in on left (north). This point is 

mile 29.1.

40.1 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn east and follow main traveled road, 

avoiding numerous forks and crossroads. Much drifted sand and 

many adobe flats.

44.1 Maricopa. Post office, water, hotel, supplies, gasoline. For other roads 

from Maricopa see pages 375-381.

PHOENIX TO MARICOPA BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (36 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

Except the very roundabout route through Florence and Casa Grande any 

road from Phoenix to Maricopa involves fording Gila River. This can not 

be done when the river is in flood, and information should he obtained before 

starting. (For other roads from Phoenix see pp. 363, 368-369, 381-385.)

0.0 Phoenix. Take road to Gila Bend by way of Gila Crossing. (See p. 

381 for log.) *

16.5 Gila Crossing.

23.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left (south) across plain on 

good desert road. Right-hand road goes to Gila Bend.

25.2 Fork. Keep to right (south). Left-hand road goes to Maricopa also. 

The distance is 8 miles, but the road is said to be sandy and bad.

29.1 Heaton. Switch on railroad, no houses. Cross railroad and go southeast, avbiding fork to left just south of track. Road comes in on 

north side of track from Enid (4.9 miles) and Gila Bend. (See 

p. 375.)

32.0 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn east and follow main traveled road 

toward railroad water tank, avoiding numerous forks and crossroads. 

Much drifted sand and many adobe flats.

36.0 Maricopa. Post office, water, hotel, supplies, gasoline. (For other 

roads to Maricopa see pp. 375-381.)

MARICOPA TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (36 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Maricopa. Cross railroad track and go west toward gap between Sierra 

Estrella and Palo Verde Mountains, avoiding road to left, which 

goes to Akchin. (See p. 377.)

4.0 Peblo Well. Good water. Turn northwest toward railroad.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 377

6.9 Heaton. Switch on railroad, no houses. Cross railroad and go north 

across plain on good desert road. From Heaton a road goes west to 

GilaBend. (See p. 375.)

10.8 Reverse fork. Road from Maricopa (8 miles) comes in on right.

12.1 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. . Road from Gila Bend comes 

in on left. For detailed log follow Gila Bend-Phoenix road from 

this point, which is mile 40.0 in that log. (See p. 382.)

18.5 Gila Crossing.

36.0 Phoenix. For other roads from Phoenix see pages 363, 368-369, 381-385.

MARICOPA TO VEXOL VALLEY, KARA, AND COVERED WELLS (78.7 MILES).

[See pp. 879-380 for log in opposite direction.]

This road is hardly a through route, in the commonly accepted sense. The 

road from Maricopa to Vekol Valley is, however, good and in common use by 

the Papagos and some prospectors. The road from Kaka to Covered Wells 

was not traveled, and distances are given as measured on the maps.

0.0 Maricopa. Post office, store, gasoline, water from railroad well. From 

post office, cross railroad at station and go southwest to well derricks 

visible across the plain. Many intersecting roads. 

1.9 Turn into lane between wire fences.

2.4 Akchin. United States Indian Service well and pumping plant.

Similar plants half a mile west and south. Turn west along fence.

2.7 Turn southwest and cross north and south road at mile 3.0. This road

goes south about 24 miles to Cocklebur. (See p. 380.)

5.0 Fork. Keep to left; road on right goes 0.7 mile to Drake's ranch, well 

and good water; last permanent water on this road for 71 miles. 

From Drake's ranch an old road leads around the south end of Palo 

Verde Mountains into the southern portion of the Jornada de las 

Estrellas. There is said to be a spring in a canyon below a cliff, 

16 miles out on this road.

5.7 Crossroads. Keep straight on south along alluvial slope over fair plains 

road, crossing numerous washes, toward pass in rugged granite mountains. Road on right is second road to Drake's ranch; road on left 

goes to another ranch.

16.6 Cross arroyo and turn to right in pass. 

17.0 Cross arroyo and go southwest across rolling country in open valley

toward second pass in brown, flat-topped hills. 

18.6 Beginning of second pass. Faint road goes off southeast toward Table

Top Mountains.

18.8 Sand tank in arroyo on left of road. Water can be found here after 

rains by digging about 4 feet in the sand not dependable. 

Continue west in narrow valley. ' 

19.7 Turn sharply to left (south) over lava point. 

20.0 End of lava., Go south over alluvial slope into Vekol Valley, toward

small hill in center of valley. Antelope Peak on left. 

22.9 Faint road comes in op right. 

24.9 Go down bank into trench along main arroyo of Vekol Valley; granite

hill on left. 

25.4 Cross main arroyo; very sandy and bad crossing. Go south on west

side of arroyo. through mesquite-covered flat. 

26.0 Faint road crosses arroyo and goes toward Antelope Peak.
378 BOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

28.2 Water hole. Water is found by digging in sand in sharp elbow of main 

arroyo below entrance of tributary ; water for a few weeks after 

rains.

30.6 Brush corral on left; charco just south of corral on main arroyo; water 

only after rains. Go south over alluvial slope; grassy flats on the left.

32.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Continue south. This road comes 

in from Stouts Well (9 miles), the nearest permanent water. (See 

p. 386.) Faint road crosses grassy flat at this point and leads to 

Vekol; not easily traveled.

33.1 Faint road on left.

34.5 Fork. Keep to right (south).

34.8 Fork. Keep to right (south) ; road on left goes to Vekoi. (See p. 386.)

35.5 Faint road on right goes to spring and abandoned rancheria, under north 

side of Squaw Tit Peak. Spring has small but permanent flow. 

It is impossible to get within a mile of spring with an automobile, and 

difficult for a wagon. The trail from Stouts Well is badly washed but 

passable for horses (4 miles).

37.2 Faint road on right.

39.4 Small gravel hill on left.

40.4 Totobit Tanks. Road turns to left and crosses arroyo by gravel hill. 

Tanks are to left in channel of arroyo and consist of a number of 

plunge pools and potholes in black lava and conglomerate. Tanks 

hold a good deal of water and have water for a large part of the 

year.

40.6 Fork. Keep to left; right-hand road avoids village of Totobit.

40.9 Totobit. Summer rancherla; about 3 houses on gravel hill; temporales 

to the south and east. The Murray & IJopez Well is 1 mile north, but 

no information is available concerning it. From Totobit go south over 

adobe flat.

41.4 Reverse fork. Road direct from Totobit Tanks.

45.3 Small charco on right of road. Bear to right into pass.

45.7 Charcos on right.

47.8 House on top of gravel hill. Sign in boulders on left of road: " San 

Jose, April 18, 1906." Go downhill past ruined represo into valley between basalt plateaus.

48.9 Charco on right of road.

49.2 Kaka. Summer rancherla in valley between lava plateaus; no permanent water. From Kaka roads lead to Moivavi and Emita (see 

p. 388). The road to Covered Wells was not traveled, and distances 

are given as measured on the map. Turn south and go through pass, 

avoiding fork on left, and continue south, keeping the mountain mass 

south of Kaka on the right.

57.2 Fork. Keep to left and turn southeast to south side of butte. Road to 

right goes through pass in lava plateaus to Perigua (13 miles).

58.2 Butte on left (north).

61.7 Cross southern spur of small mountains. Two natural windows in the 

rocks of these mountains.

65.2 Northeast corner of temporal. Go south along east side into rolling country between Sierra Blanca and Brownell Mountains. Most of the way 

is over rocky hills, with many short but steep inclines and pitches.

71.7 Reverse fork. Road from Charco de la Piedra comes in here. (See p. 

409.) Probably more roads than shown, as this region has been 

actively prospected. Head toward south end of Brownell Mountains.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 379

76.2 West wells of Covered Wells; permanent water. Road comes in from

Pozo Blanco. (See p. 345.) Go down rocky valley with scattered

Papago houses. 

78.7 Covered Wells. Store, two wells. From Covered Wells roads lead to

Brownell, but their exact route is not known, to Horseshoe, and to

points in Santa Eosa Valley.

COVERED WELLS TO KAKA, VEXOL VALLEY, AND MARICOPA (78.7

MILES).

[See pp. 377-379 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Covered Wells. Store, two wells. Go west up rocky valley, with scattered Papago houses.

2.5 West wells of Covered Wells; permanent water. Eoad forks just 

west of corral and wells; take right-hand road northwest, over rolling 

country. Road rocky with many short inclines and pitches. There 

are probably many more roads than are shown on map, as this country has been actively prospected for many years. Distances are given 

as measured on the map as far as Kaka. Eoad to left goes west to 

Pozo Blanco. (See p. 345.)

7.0 Fork. Take right-hand road toward small rugged mountain ranges on 

north. Left-hand road goes northwest and crosses end of Sierra Blanca 

to Charco de la Piedra. (Seep. 409.)

13.5 Northeast corner of temporal. Go west along north side and then northwest to south end of small ragged mountains. Two natural windows in 

the rocks of these mountains.

17.0 Cross southern spur of mountains and go northwest across plain toward 

lone butte.

20.5 Butte on right (north).

21.5 Eeverse fork. Go north parallel to mountains on left and then through 

narrow pass. Eoad comes in on left from Perigua (13 miles).

29.5 Kaka. Summer rancherla, in valley between lava plateaus. No permanent water. Fields to the right; scattered houses. From Kaka roads 

lead to Moivavi and Emita. (See p. 388.) To go to Vekol Valley turn 

to right and go through pass on east.

29.8 Charco on left of road.

30.9 House on top of gravel hill; sign in boulders on right of road, " San Jose, 

April 18, 1906." Euined represo just west.

33.0 Charcos on left. Turn northeast down little valley.

33.4 Small charco on left. Go north into upper end of Vekol Valley.

37.3 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes direct to Totobit Tanks.

37.8 Totobit. Summer rancherla; about 3 houses on gravel hill. Temporales 

to the south and east. The Murray & Lopez Well is 1 mile north, 

but no information is available as to the amount and value of the 

water. Turn west from Totobit.

38.3 Totobit Tanks. Cross arroyo and turn to right (north). The tanks are 

to the right in the channel of the arroyo and consist of a number of 

plunge pools and potholes in black lava and conglomerate. The tanks 

hold a good deal of water and have water for a large part of the 

year.

39.3 Small gravel hill on right. Eoad runs north on west side of grassy flats 

which occupy center of the valley.

41.5 Faint road on left.
380 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

43.2 Faint road on left goes to spring and abandoned rancherta under north

side of Squaw Tit Peak. The spring has a small but permanent

flow. It is impossible to get within a mile of the spring with an automobile and difficult for a wagon. The trail from Stouts Well is

badly washed but passable for horses (4 miles). 

43.9 Reverse fork. Road from Vekol comes in on Tight. (See p. 387.) 

44.2 Reverse fork. 

45.6 Faint road on right. 

45.8 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right. Road to Stouts Well turns

off to left. Nearest water 9 miles by this road. (See p. 387.) 

48.1 End of grassy flats. On right Brush corral. Charco just south of corral

on main arroyo. Water only after rains. 

50.2 Water hole. Water is found by digging in the sand in sharp elbow of

the main arroyo below entrance of tributary; it lasts only for a few

weeks after a rain.

52.7 Faint road crosses arroyo on right and goes toward Antelope Peak. 

53.3 Cross main arroyo, very sandy and bad crossing, and go along west slope

of lone rocky hill.. 

58.3 Go up bank onto gravelly alluvial slopes, then slightly east of north,

with Antelope Peak on right. 

55.8 Faint road on left.

58.7 Go onto lava, which is western projection of small lava hills. 

59.0 Turn sharply to right into narrow pass. 

59.9 Sand tank in arroyo on right of road. Water can be found here after

rains by digging about 4 feet into sand. Go east in rolling rocky

country to pass in granite hills ahead.

60.1 Faint road goes southeast toward Table Top Mountains. 

61.7 Cross arroyo. 

62.1 Cross arroyo and go north out of pass along alluvial slope over fair

desert road, crossing numerous washes. 

73.0 Crossroads. Keep straight on toward well derricks at Akchin. Road

on left goes half a mile to Drake's ranch; well and good water.

From this ranch an old road leads around south end of Palo Verde

Mountains into southern portion of Jornada de las Estrellas. There is

said to be a spring in a canyon below a cliff 16 miles out on this

road. Road to right goes to another ranch. 

73.7 Reverse fork. Second road from Drake's ranch comes in. Go north

and east to center of three well derricks. 

76.3 Akchin. United States Indian Service well and pumping plant.

Similar plants half a mile west and south. Turn north tnrough lane

on right of center well. 

76.8 End of lane. Turn northeast toward railroad. Water tank at Maricopa

easily visible. Take best of various roads. 

78.7 Maricopa, post office, store, gasoline, water from railroad well. For

roads from Maricopa see pages 368, 375-381.

MARICOPA TO COCKLEBUR (27 HOLES).

This road goes southeast from the United States Indian Service wells at 

Akchin. These wells are 2.4 miles southwest from Maricopa and the well derricks are plainly visible. From these wells a road goes south and then turns 

southeastward across the plains to Cocklebur., About 3 miles from Cocklebur 

it crosses a spur from the mountains west of that place. The distance from 

Maricopa to Cocklebur is about 27 miles. (For roads from Cocklebur see 

p. 375.)
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 381 

ROADS OUT OP GILA BEND. 

PHOENIX TO GILA BEND BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (63.9 MILES).

[See pp. 382-383 for log in opposite direction. 1

Two routes lead to Gila Bend from Phoenix, one by way of Buckeye, which 

crosses Gila River on the ford south of that village, and one which goes south 

on the bridge over Salt River and crosses the Gila at the ford between Salt 

River Mountains and the Sierra Estrella, called Gila Crossing. Neither route 

can be used during high water on the Gila. The ford is likely to be treacherous 

at any time, but at Gila Crossing there is daily traffic, because of the Indian 

villages on either side of the river. If the machine gets stuck in the mud or 

quicksand, an Indian can usually be induced to bring his team and haul it out. 

The Indians ordinarily set a high value on their services.

0.0 Phoenix. Travelers should carry water for the whole trip, if possible. 

A well has been drilled at Mobile, 36 miles from Phoenix, and water 

can probaby be obtained there. Go south on Center Street and cross 

Arizona Eastern (Southern Pacific) Railroad tracks at mile 0.3 and 

concrete bridge over Salt River at mile 1.7. Avoid crossroads. 

4.7 Turn to right (southwest) along north bank of Western Canal., 

6.4 Cross lateral and then main canal at bend and go along south bank of 

canal. One may also cross lateral and go west 1.3 miles and then turn 

southwest and cross Western Canal.

8.4 Geological Survey sign on south bank of Western Canal and edge of 

desert. Many wells at farms this far. Go southwest over good plains 

road through open gap between isolated hill and Salt River Mountains.

11.8 Williamson store. Abandoned store building and well; many roads 

come in and go out at this point. Take main traveled road south; 

sandy valley road.

14.3 Komatke. Indian village. Geological Survey sign. Post office, small 

store, mission buildings" of St. John's Chapel west. If water is necessary get it here. From this point take main traveled road south, keeping hiouse with tin roof to left.

16.5 Geological Survey sign at head of lane going southwest to river. Follow 

latest and best-looking tracks over ford. Gila Crossing should always 

be given careful inspection. Low-powered and heavy automobiles 

should be cautious. There is usually water in the river at this 

point. At end of ford turn right and go through Pima village, following best track.

18.1 Cross Santa Cruz River to gravel bench at foot of Sierra Estrella 

and go southeast along this bench. Santa Cruz River is here little 

more than an irrigating ditch. The crossing is treacherous and travelers should be cautious. There is heavy sand going in and out of the 

channel and mud at the bottom.

21.2 Fork. Keep to the right. The left-hand road goes along the margin of 

the Santa Cruz Cienaga, a low area of swamp and salt grass. By this 

road it- is approximately 10 miles to Maricopa. It is, however, poor 

and sandy. Log of better road is given on page 376.

21.9 Turn slightly and go south across plain.

23.9 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right-hand road toward south end 

of Sierra Estrella, skirting mountains over rough desert road. Lefthand road goes to Maricopa. (See p. 376.)
382 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

31.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand road toward railroad 

across adobe flat. Right-hand road goes west to small blackish mountains. It is the old stage road from Maricopa Wells to Gila Bend and 

Is passable for 6 miles only.

32.1 Crossroads. Continue southwest.

33.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go west along railroad track. 

Road comes in along track from Enid and Maricopa.

36.1 Mobile; station and section house. Well.

45.7 Estrella station and section house. Water in emergencies.

46.1 Cross railroad tracks and go west in pass.

50.2 Cross railroad track and go west toward small rocky hill. 

. 51.3 Turn southwest to railroad.

53.6 Turn west along railroad and go down alluvial slope.

54.9 Bosque, station and section house; water in emergencies.

60.9 Coledon, station and section house; water in emergencies.

62.9 Turn to left across railroad tracks. Reverse fork on south side, road 

comes in from Mesquite Tank. (See p. 391.) Go west along track.

63.6 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right and cross 

canal and railroad track into town.

63.9 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Post office, water, eating house, 

rooms, supplies, gasoline. (For roads from this town see pp. 375-376, 

381-392.)

GILA BEND TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF GILA CROSSING (63.9 MILES). 

[See pp. 381-382 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Travelers should carry water for 

the whole trip if possible. A well has been drilled at Mobile, 28 miles 

from Gila Bend, and water can probably be obtained there. Go south 

across railroad and canal to fork.

0.3 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (east). 

1.0 Fork. Turn to left across railroad and go east on north side of track.

Road on right, rather f.aint, goes to Mesquite Tank. (See p. 391.) 

3.0 Coledon. Station and section house; water in emergencies. 

9.0 Bosque. Station and section house; water in emergencies. 

10.3 Turn northeast toward pass. 

12.6 Turn east into pass. 

13.7 Cross railroad tracks. 

17.8 Cross railroad track at east end of pass. 

18.2 Estrella station and section house. Water in emergencies. Go east on

north side of track, going around railroad wye. 

27.8 Mobile. Station and section house. Well. 

30.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across adobe flat; right-hand

road follows along track to Enid and Maricopa. (See p. 376.) 

31.8 Crossroads. Continue northwest.

32.6 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go north of hill and skirt south- 

_ ern end of Sierra Estrella. Old stage road from Gila Bend to 

Maricopa Wells comes in on left. It is impassable beyond black hills, 

6 miles out.

40.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on right from 

Maricopa. (See p. 375.) Go north from this sign parallel to Sierra 

Estrella.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 383

42.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Maricopa (p. 375).

45.8 Cross Santa Cruz River. Among scattered Indian houses and fields, follow best-traveled road through Pima village to Gila River. Santa 

Cruz River at this point is little more than an irrigating ditch. The 

crossing is treacherous and travelers should be cautious. There is 

heavy sand going in and out of the channel and mud at the bottom. 

46.4 Gila Crossing. Follow latest and best-looking tracks over ford. Gila 

Crossing should always be given careful inspection. Low-powered and 

heavy automobiles should be cautious.

47.4 Geological Survey sign at end of lane leading from ford, about half a 

mile from river. Go north on best-traveled road over sandy plain. 

Keep house with tin roof on right.

49.6 Komatke. Indian village. Geological Survey sign. Post office, small 

store. Mission buildings of St. John's Chapel west. If water is necessary get it there. Go north on main traveled road toward gap between 

isolated hill and Salt River Mountains.

52.1 Williamson store. Abandoned store building and well. Many roads 

coming in and out at this point. Go northeast by good desert road 

through gap.

55.5 Geological Survey sign on south bank of Western Canal. Numerous wells 

at farmhouses from this point. Turn west and follow south bank of 

canal for two miles and then cross it, or cross canal and go northeast 

for seven-tenths of a mile and then turn east on south side of lateral.

57.5 Go northeast on northwest side of Western Canal.

59.2 Turn north between fences and farms, avoiding crossroads.

62.2 Cross Salt River on concrete bridge.

63.6 Cross railroad tracks.

63.9 Phoenix.

PHOENIX TO GILA BEND BY WAY OF BUCKEYE (69.5 MILES).

[See pp. 384-385 for log in opposite direction.] 

By C, P. Ross.

0.0 Phoenix. Go west on Phoenix-Yuma road. (For detailed log see U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 490-C, p. 283.)

34.2 Buckeye. Post office, wells, hotel, stores, garage, gasoline. Go west. 

34.5 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn south (left) on fair to good road.

Road west leads to Palo Verde, Yuma, and Parker. 

35.9 North bank of Gila River. The river can, under favorable conditions,

be crossed by automobiles at this place. Do not attempt to ford when

the river is in flood. It is frequently necessary, even when the river

is almost dry, for automobiles to be towed across by horses.- The sandy

bed of the stream is about a mile wide here. 

37.0 South bank of Gila River. Go south and west over fair to good desert

road all the way to Gila Bend. 

39.8 Fork. Take left-hand road (south), which is probably better. Road to

right goes through farm lands under Gila Water & Land Co. project.

Water may be obtained at any of these farms.

40.8 Corner of cleared land. Go west along south border of cleared land. 

42.3 Reverse fork. Road on right is same as right-hand turn at mile 39.8. 

48.4 Reverse fork. Faint road, seldom used, conies in from Liberty. 

53.2 Cross abandoned irrigation canal. Road passes through breaches in

canal wall in a sharp 5 curve. Careful driving necessary.
384 EOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

54.4 Reverse fork at fence corner.

54.9 Abandoned house and store. Shallow dry well. Continue on main road.

56.9 Abandoned farm, two dry wells. Continue straight ahead.

60.1 Unoccupied ranch. Well with windmill. Salty water could be obtained

at times; unreliable. 

62.2 Frandsen & Knudsen's ranch. Well with very salty water, unfit for

drinking, a quarter of a mile to right of road. Continue on main road. 

64.1 Abandoned farm. Well caved and windmill out of order. 

66.3 Reverse fork. Faint road on right.

66.8 Reverse fork. Road on right leads from ranch. . , 

67.3 Reverse fork. Road on right leads from ranch. 

69.5 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Post office, water, eating house,

rooming house, stores, gasoline.

GILA BEND TO PHOENIX BY WAY OF BUCKEYE (69.5 MILES).

[See pp. 383-384 for log in opposite direction.]

By C. P. Boss.

0.0 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Go north through town. The road

all the way to Gila River crossing is fair to good desert road. 

2.2 Fork. Turn to right on most traveled road; road on left leads to ranch. 

2.7 Fork. Continue on main road; road on left leads to ranch. 

3.2 Fork. Continue on main road, avoiding faint road on left. 

5.4 Abandoned farm. Well caved and windmill out of order. 

7.3 Frandsen & Knudsen's ranch. Well with very salty water, unfit for 

drinking, a quarter of mile to left of road. Continue on main road. 

9.4 Unoccupied ranch. Well with windmill. Salty water could be obtained 

at times; unreliable.

12.6 Abandoned farm. Two dry wells. Continue straight ahead.

14.6 Abandoned house and store. Shallow dry well. Continue on main road.

15.1 Fork. Continue straight ahead, avoiding faint road on left around corner of fence.

16.3 Cross abandoned irrigation canal. Road passes through breaches in canal 

wall in a sharp 8 curve. Careful driving necessary.

21.1 Fork. Continue on main road. Faint road on right leads to Liberty; 

seldom used.

27.2 Fork. Either road can be used. Take road on right, which is probably 

the better of the two. Farm lands under Gila Water & Land Co. 

project are now entered. Water may be obtained at any of these 

farms.

28.7 Corner of cleared land. Go north along east border of cleared land.

29.7 Fork. .Turn to right and go north and east. Road coming in on left is 

from farms in this project, and is the road encountered if the lefthand road at mile 27.2 is taken. Follow main traveled road; sandy 

but not difficult.

32.5 South bank of Gila River. The river can under favorable conditions be 

crossed by automobiles at this place. Do not attempt the ford when 

river is in flood. It is frequently necessary, even when the river is 

almost dry, for automobiles to be towed across by horses. The sandy 

bed of the stream is about a mile wide here.

33.6 North bank of Gila River. Continue due north on fair to good road.

35.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn east (right). Road west leads to 

Palo Verde, Yuma, and Parker.
PAPAGO COUNTRY. ARIZONA. 385

35.3 Buckeye. Post office, well, hotel, stores, garage, and gasoline. Go east 

on Phoenix-Yuma road. (For detailed log see U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 490-C, p. 289.) 

69.5 Phoenix.

GILA BEND TO SENTINEL (30 MILES).

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

By'C. P. Ross.

0.0 Gila Bend. (For other roads from Gila Bend see pp. 375-376, 381-392.) 

Geological Survey sign. Go west from sign and follow north side of 

railroad track. The road is all fair to good mesa and desert road. 

0.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in from across track (south). 

2.2 Turn slightly away from track.

3.8 Smurr. Station house on railroad about 0.4 mile south of road. 

6.1 Turn west along old abandoned canal and cross small abandoned canal. 

7.5 Turn southwest, following canal to railroad track. 

8.7 Turn west along track.

9.2 Box-car houses along track just south of this point. 

15.0 Piedra. Water in emergencies at section house. 

22.1 Tartron. Water in emergencies at section house. Road south from Tartron goes to Rawley mines (14 miles).

29.0 Houses on north side of track. Reverse fork; road, usually obliterated, 

comes in on right from Jordon's ranch (11 miles). Go west of station to Geological Survey sign.

29.5 Railroad crossing. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left and cross railroad and go back (east) in front of Brown's Hotel to Sentinel station. 

At the sign a road comes in from Agua Galiente (14 miles), and along 

the track is the Tucson-Yuma road, 

30.0 Sentinel. Water from railroad well. Store, hotel, gasoline.

SENTINEL TO GILA BEND (30 MILES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

By C. P. Ross.

0.0 Sentinel. Railroad station. (For other roads out of Sentinel see pp.

339, 340.) Go west in front of Brown's Hotel.

0.5 Railroad crossing. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn 

abruptly to right (east). Road on left is Tucson-Yuma road (see 

p. 339) ; that straight ahead leads to Agua Caliente (14 miles). Continue east along railroad. Opposite to railroad station the road is 

often not visible. Avoid road branching to left (north) to Jordon's 

ranch (11 miles) and keep along railroad track. The road from Sentinel to Gila Bend is all fair to good mesa and desert road. 

7.9 Tartron. Water in emergencies at section house. Continue straight 

ahead (east) along railroad. Road south from Tartron goes to Rawley 

mines (about 14 miles).

15.0 Piedra. Water in emergencies at section house.

20.8 Box-car houses along railroad just south of this point.

21.3 Turn northeast away from railroad along abandoned irrigation canal.

22.5 Turn east, crossing small abandoned canal.

23.9 Turn southeast, leaving canal.

26.2 Smurr. Station house on railroad about 0.4 mile south of road.
386 ROUTES TO DESEKT WATERING PLACES.

27.8 Road comes close to railroad. Continue east.

29.1 Fork. Continue straight ahead, avoiding road forking to right across

railroad. 

30.0 Gila Bend.

GILA BEND TO VEKOL (46.3 MILES).

[See p. 387 for log in opposite direction.]

The road from Gila Bend to Vekol follows an old Indian trail, but its present 

form is largely due to the permanent supply of water obtained at Stouts Well. 

The road is rough and has many sharp curves and steep pitches. Only light 

and short automobiles in good condition can make the trip. .

0.0 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad tracks west of station and then old canal.

0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take road to southeast, fair road across 

alluvial plains.

2.8 Fork. Take left-hand road; has small board sign reading "To Stouts 

Well." Right-hand road is Gila Bend-Pozo Blanco road by way of 

Sauceda. (See p. 388.)

13.0 Wire corral to left, hill to right on entering gap in the mountains. 

Follow up narrow valley between lava plateaus.

13.4 Cross large arroyo, heavy sand.

16.6 Halfway corral on left. Road hilly and rocky from this point.

19.3 Dim trail goes north from this point to Mesquite Tank. (See pp. 391-392.)

22.8 Sand Tanks. Rock tanks on left of and about 30 feet below the road 

in large arroyo. Good water except during very dry seasons or 

when tanks have been used for watering cattle. The road goes east 

through the gap. The traveler going east usually takes the right-hand 

road, which has a very heavy grade. It is, however, usually easier to 

make than the heavy sand of the arroyo on the left-hand road.

25.6 Drift fence. Go through gate and leave open or closed as found. The 

road now descends in bed of dry stream for a little over a mile. It 

is very rough, and careful driving is necessary.

28.2 Fork. Keep to right; left-hand road avoids Stouts Well.

29.3 Stouts Well. Good and permanent water in well. Usually someone 

will be found at the cattle ranch established at this well. Go east 

outside of fence and along arroyo. The road is very bad and often 

obliterated by cattle tracks.

30.7 Reverse fork. This road conies directly from the gap, avoiding Stouts 

Well.

31.9 Limestone hill on right.

36.6 Dry well on right.

38.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right (south) on main north 

and south road in Vekol Valley. This is the Maricopa-Covered Wells 

road. (See p. 377.)

38.4 Faint road to left.

38.8 Cross arm of grassy flat.

39.9 Faint road to left.

40.4 Fork. Take road to left toward Vekol visible against hillside across the

valley. The road straight ahead is the Maricopa-Covered Wells road

and goes south to Totobit and Kaka. (See p. 377.) 

42.7 Fork. Keep to right.
PAPAGO COUNTEY, AKIZONA. 387

43.1 Ruined house on right.

45.3 Reverse fork. Road from Bitter Well comes in.

46.3 Vekol. Abandoned mining town. Caretaker here part of time; when he 

, is present water can be obtained. From Vekol a road goes to Bitter 

Well (2.5 miles) and thence to Reward mine. (See p. 375.)

VEKOL TO GILA BEND (46.3 MILES).

[See pp. 386-387 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Vekol. Abandoned mining town. Caretaker here part of time; when he

is present water can be obtained. From Vekol a road goes to Bitter

Well. (See p. 375.) 

1.0 Fork. Keep to left. Ricght-hand road around point of hill goes to Bitter

Well. (See p. 375.) 

3.2 Ruined house on left.

3.6 Reverse fork. Go northwestward across grassy flats of Vekol Valley. 

5.9 Reverse fork. Turn north on Maricopa-Covered Wells road. (See

p. 377.)

6.4 Faint road on right. 

7.5 Cross-arm of grassy flat.

7.9 Faint road on right.

8.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left. Road north goes to Maricopa. (See p. 377.) 

9.7 Dry well on left. 

14.4 Limestone hill on left. 

15.6 Fork. Keep to left over very bad road, along arroyo. This road is

often obliterated by cattle tracks. Road on right goes directly to

pass, avoiding Stouts Well. 

17.0 Stouts Well. Good and permanent water in well. Usually someone

will be found at the cattle ranch established at this well. Turn north

from well. 

18.1 Reverse fork. Direct road comes in from fork at mile 15.6. Turn west

up pass over very bad road in bed of dry stream. 

20.7 Drift fence. Go through gate and leave open or closed as found. Go

down the west slope. Take right-hand turn and go down sandy bed

of arroyo. This stretch of sand is about a mile long, but the lefthand road has an impossibly steep grade for westbound automobiles. 

23.5 Sand Tanks. Rock tanks on right of and about 30 feet below road in

large arroyo. Good water except during very dry seasons or

when tanks have been used for watering cattle.

27.0 Dim trail goes north from this point to Mesquite Tank. (See p. 391.) 

29.7 Halfway corral on right. Road goes west in narrow valley between lava

plateaus. Good except for a few sandy washes. 

32.9 Cross large arroyo; heavy sand. 

33.3 Hill on left and wire corral on right. Turn to right (northwest) out of

gap on desert road. 

43.5 Reverse fork. Small wooden sign. Gila Bend-Pozo Blanco road by way

of Sauceda comes in on left. 

46.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross old canal and railroad

tracks. 

46.3 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign.

157142° 22 6
388 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

GILA BEND TO POZO BLANCO BY WAY OP SATTCEDA (63.7 MILES).

[See p. 389 for log in opposite direction.]

This road leads from Gila Bend into the heart of the Indian country. It is 

a difficult but not an impossible route for automobiles.

0.0 Gila Bend. Cross railroad tracks west of station and old canal. 

0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take road to southwest. 

2.8 Fork. Take right-hand road and go south toward gap between Sand 

Tank and Sauceda mountains. Left-hand road goes to Stouts Well and 

Vekol and is marked by small wooden sign. (See p. 386.)

24.0 Point of plateau on right. Cross arroyo and enter pass.

26.3 Pass close under hill to right in narrow pass.

28.1 Small springs on right of road and Papago houses.

28.8 Sauceda. Winter rancherla; well on right of road. Permanent water. 

This is one of the largest of the Papago settlements. Erom Sauceda 

roads go to Moivavi, winter rancheria and well, and direct to Kaka, 

summer rancherla. The location and character of these roads are not 

known. One can go to Kaka, however, by turning off the road here 

described at Emita, and from there get within 4 miles of Moivavi by 

automobile. (See p. 377.) To go to Perigua and Pozo Blanco, continue southwest up valley from well at Sauceda through a pass. Top 

of pass is about 4J miles from Sauceda, and on coming into Perigua 

Valley road makes a sharp bend to right (west) at base of hill.

35.8 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right, which is impassable for automobiles for 2 miles.

36.3 Fork. Keep to left and go south in center of valley toward isolated hill 

 at Perigua. This road and many others go to Toapit, summer rancherla ; no permanent water. As charcos and temporales shift year 

by year there are many roads. (See PL XXVIII, B.)

36.8 Emita. Summer rancheria; no permanent water. Continue south on 

west side of temporal.

40.5 Road Runner. Summer rancheria; no permanent water.

42.8 Perigua. Summer rancheria, houses on east side of isolated hill; no 

permanent water. Road to Pozo Blanco goes east between temporales toward conical peak. Numerous forks and crossroads. A road 

also goes southwest to a gap and thence to Pozo Redondo. (See p. 

409.)

43.6 Cross adobe washes. Charcos near this point hold water for short time 

after rains.

43.8 Fork. Take right-hand road; go southeast. The left-hand road goes 

east through pass 11 miles to junction with road from Maricopa to 

Covered Wells. (See p. 377.)

44.4 Cross wash.

46.1 Small hill on right, thence through adpbe flat with mesquite trees into 

pass between lava-capped mesas.

49.2 Top of low pass. Go down alluvial slope, soft and sandy, and thence 

southeast across Quijotoa Valley.

51.2 Crossroads. Go straight ahead toward south end of Sierra Blanca. 

East-west road goes from Charco de la Piedra to Covered Wells. 

(Seep. 409.)

56.7 Mowepa. Summer rancherla. Houses, represo, fields, no permanent 

water. Go south of represo and corral and north of church and 

turn southeast. Another road goes south from this point to other 

temporales.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 389

62.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Go east into pass between Sierra 

Blanca and Quijotoa Mountains. Pozo Blanco route of Tucson-Yuma 

road comes in on right. (See p. 345.)

63.1 Fork. Keep to right; left-hand road goes to Black Prince mine and 

Brownell.

63.7 Pozo Blanco. Winter rancheria; well in the corrals on the left.

POZO BLANCO TO GIIA BEND BY WAY OF SATTCEDA (63.7 MILES).

[See pp. 388-389 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Pozo Blanco. (For other roads from this place see pp. 345, 397.) Go

west on Tucson-Yuma road. 

0.6 Reverse fork.

1.5 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right-hand road toward lava plateau northwest across Quijotoa Valley. 

7.0 Mowepa, summer rancheria. Houses, represo, fields; no permanent

water. Go south of corral and represo and north of church, and turn

northwest toward gap in plateau. 

12.5 Crossroads. Keep straight on, up alluvial slope, soft and sandy, into

pass between low lava mesas. 

14.5 Top of pass. Go down into adobe flats with mesquite trees. Small hills

on left, plateaus on right. 

17.6 Close under small hill on left. 

19.3 Cross wash. 

19.9 Reverse fork, under big conical peak; turn across Perigua Valley to

isolated hill. 

20.1 Cross adobe washes; charcos along these washes. Go south of wire

fence and thence north to houses on side of hill. 

20.9 Perigua. Summer rancheria : no permanent water. Go north up valley.

Road to Pozo Bedondo and A jo goes southwest. (See p. 409.) 

23.2 Road Runner. Summer rancheria ; no permanent water. Continue

north up valley.

26.9 Emita. Summer rancheria; no permanent water. Avoid roads on left, 

which go to Toapit, summer rancheria, and go north up center of

valley toward pass in mountains. 

27.4 Reverse fork. 

27.7 Fork. Turn to right, to northern base of hill, and then swing north

through pass. Road on left impassable for automobiles. 

34.9 Sauceda. Winter rancheria; well with permanent water. Go on down

valley. 

35.6 Small springs on left of road. Go on down open valley and strike west

of north across Gila Bend Plains.

60.9 Reverse fork. Road from Vekol and Stouts Well comes in on right. 

63.4 Road junction. Geological Survey sign. Cross canal and railroad track. 

63.7 Gila Bend.

GILA BEND TO AJO (42.3 MILES).

[See p. 391 for log in opposite direction.]

The road from Gila Bend to Ajo is a good desert road which has considerable 

traffic. Its present location dates only from the building of the Tucson, Cornelia & Gila Bend Railroad. Prior to that time a number of variations were 

used. The principal one of these is the Gaskill road. This road is now aban-
390 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

doned and it is doubtful if it can be traveled over its full length. It goes north 

front Ajo on the east of No. 1 well and crosses a low and narrow part of Batomote Mountain. It then goes due north to a point east of Midway Well, where 

it swings west to Deadmans Gap and continues on the east side of the railroad, 

crossing the western part of the Sauceda Mountains about 1.5 miles east of 

Black Gap. Thence it crosses the Gila Bend Plains. This part of the road is 

badly washed and has many high centers. (For other roads from Gila Bend 

see pp. 375-376, 381-392.)

0.0 Gila Bend. Post office, water, eating house, rooms, supplies, gasoline.

Go south and cross railroad tracks west of station and old canal. 

0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to right; for left-hand roads see

pages 382, 386, 391. 

0.7 Fork. Keep to right across railroad tracks; left-hand road is Gaskill

road.

0.8 Cross railroad and turn southwest toward Black Gap. 

1.3 Reverse fork. 

2.1 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to Stout's ranch and well.

No other watering place for 31.5 miles. 

2.6 Turn west on south side of fence and cross Quilotosa Wash. 

3.1 End of fence. 

3.5 Cross wash.

10.3 Small hill on right of road. 

15.1 Black Gap. 

15.8 Cross sandy wash.

19.3 Cross railroad into Deadmans Gap. Just after crossing railroad Gaskill 

road comes in on left and 1.5 miles farther goes off again to left near a 

clump of small hills. In both places the road is so faint that some 

travelers may not notice it. 

23.2 Cross to west side of railroad.

23.4 Midway Well on left near track. No equipment on this well, and travelers can not obtain, water. 

28.1 Enter gap in Crater Mountains. This erosional valley looks much like

a volcanic crater, and is usually called " The Crater." 

30.3 Out of gap into open valley.

32.4 Reverse fork at railroad crossing. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad 

to east side and enter gap. Two roads come from right at sign^ The 

first one is abandoned, the other, which comes in parallel with track, 

goes to No. 3 Well and Sentinel. (See p. 338.) On east side of 

track a faint road goes to a temporal and connects with Gaskill road. 

33.6 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in dug wells on

left.

34.5 Cross railroad. 

39.4 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to Gibson, a suburb of Ajo.

It is very rough for automobiles. 

40.2 Cross railroad to east side. 

40.8 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road from No. 1 well comes in

on left.

41.2 Reverse fork. Abandoned Gaskill road comes in on left. 

42.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross railroad and turn to right

into town.

42.3 Ajo. Excellent water supply; hotels, stores, automobile supplies, repairs, gasoline, etc.
PAPAGQ COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 391

AJO TO GILA BEND (42.3 MILES).

[See#p. 389-390 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Ajo. (For roads from Ajo see pp. 338, 341, 402-416.) From railroad station go south and turn to left across railroad track. 

0.3 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (north). Right-hand road

goes to Clarkstown, Gunsight ranch, and Tucson. (See p. 341.) 

1.1 Fork. Keep to left. Abandoned Gaskill road on left. 

1.5 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to

No. 1 Well.

2.1 Cross railroad to west side. 

2.9 Reverse fork. Rough road from Gibson, a suburb of Ajo, comes in on

right.

7.8 Cross railroad.

8.7 Batamote Well. Geological Survey sign. Good water in two dug wells 

on right. No watering place for 31.5 miles. Go north through gap 

between Batamote and Childs mountains.

9.9 Cross railroad. Double fork. Turn to right (north) toward gap in 

Crater Mountains. Middle road is abandoned. Left-hand road goes to 

No. 3 Well and Sentinel. (See p. 338.) On east side of tracks a 

faint road goes east to a temporal and joins Gaskill road. 

12.0 Enter gap in mountains. This erosional valley looks much like a volcanic crater and is usually called " The Crater." 

14.2 Out of gap. 

18.9 Midway Well on right near track. No equipment on this well, and

travelers can not obtain water.

19.1 Cross to east of railroad and turn to left (north) into Deadmans Gap. 

The Gaskill road comes in on right south of the gap and leaves on 

north. In both places it is so faint that some travelers may not 

notice it.

23.0 Cross railroad to west side. 

26.5 Cross sandy wash and go into Black Gap. 

27.2 Black Gap. Gila Bend visible to the north. 

32.0 Small hill on left of road. 

38.8 Cross wash.

39.2 Turn on south side of fence and cross Quilotosa Wash. 

39.7 Turn to right (north) along fence.

40.2 Reverse fork. Road comes in across fields from Stout's ranch and well. 

41.0 Fork. Keep to right.

41.5 Cross railroad to east side.

41.6 Reverse fork. Gaskill road comes in.

42.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Cross canal and railroad into

town. 

42.3 Gila Bend. Post office, water, eating house, rooms, supplies, gasoline.

GILA BEND TO MESQTTITE TANK. 

[See p. 392 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Gila Bend. Go south cross railroad and canal to fork. 

0.3 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left (east) on Gila BendPhoenix road.
392 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

1.0 Fork at railroad crossing. Turn to right (southeast) toward north end

of small granite mountain.

7.7 North end of small granite mountain. Turn south into valley. 

17.5 Double Butte lies west of road. 

17.9 Turn southwest and then south.

20.2 Mesquite Tank. Small ranch. Well under low falls in bed of rocky 

arroyo.

MESQTTITE TANK! TO 6ILA BEND.

[See p. 391 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Mesquite Tank. Small ranch. Well under low falls in bed of rocky

arroyo. Go north across arroyo.

2.3 Turn north into valley on east side of Double Butte. 

2.7 Double Butte lies west of road.

12.5 North end of small granite mountain. Turn west into Gila Bend Plains. 

19.2 Reverse fork at railroad crossing. Go west on south side of track. 

19.9 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn north across canal

and railroad. 

20.2 Gila Bend. Geological Survey sign.

ROUTES IN THE BABOQUIVARI AND TECOLOTE VALLEYS.

The Baboquivari Valley lies on the west side of the mountains of the same 

name and is bounded on the west by the Sierra de Moreno, Las Animas Hills, 

and Artesa Mountains. The northern boundary is the constriction between 

the South Comobabi and Baboquivari mountains. South of the <Tucson-Yuma 

road by way of Indian Oasis, which crosses the northern part of the valley, 

the roads are the direct result of the habits of the Indians. None of them 

have been run with a speedometer, and they are mapped as shown on the 

excellent detail sheets of the United States Indian Service made by Herbert 

V. Clotts, Percy Jones, jr., and Roy A. Goodman.

At the foot of or in the western canyons of Baboquivari Mountains are 14 

settlements or winter rancherlas, of which the principal ones are San Juan, 

Chuapo, Ventana, Fresnal, Bears Wells, and Hendricks Well. Fresnal is a very 

large village about midway in the mountains. It lies in a canyon, and the 

houses are scattered for 4 miles up the canyon. This village seems to have been 

originally supplied by springs or perhaps a small stream but now depends on 18 

dug wells.

At an average distance of 6 miles from the mountains lie the summer 

rancherlas Magdalena, Tucsoncito, Topahua, Komalik, Chulik, and San Miguel. 

Each has its near-by fields or temporales. There are also a few small and 

isolated temporales without names. San Miguel now has a permanent water 

supply because of the Indian Service well. The Indian Service wells at 

Topahua have no equipment. Thus for most of these localities water is obtained 

solely from represos and charcos. Some of these are large and hold water for 

several months in a year.

Roads run from each winter rancherfa to the temporales cultivated by that 

village, usually the nearest ones. An almost continuous road also runs along 

the line of summer rancherlas from north to south .and then at San Miguel 

swings southeast to Lopez Well and store and to Pozo Verde, a large winter 

rancheria in Mexico.

The drainage of the Baboquivari Valley goes north of the Alvarez Mountains, 

and along Valshni Wash and Fresnal Wash, which carry this drainage, are
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 393

numerous temporales. The corresponding summer rancherlas are Vamori and 

Burro Pond, east of the Alvarez Mountains; Kavolik, north; Eocky Point, 

south; and San Eafael, west. Vamori has a permanent water supply from 

the Indian Service well and pumping plant and is connected by roads with 

San Miguel (11 miles), Fresnal (14 miles), Topahua (7 miles), and Indian 

Oasis' (14 miles). Burro Pond is 3 miles from Vamori and is connected with 

it and Topahua by a maze of roads. Kavolik is 8 miles northwest of Vamori. 

From this village it is 10 miles to Indian Oasis, 7 miles to Big Fields, and 

14 miles to Tonukvo. (See log on p. 396.) Rocky Point is 6 miles southwest of Vamori and 14 miles by direct road from San Miguel. San Eafael 

is 4 miles northwest of Rocky Point. It may also be reached from Vamori 

by going north of Alvarez Mountain 11 miles.

West of Alvarez Mountains is a group of temporales and summer rancherias 

which center around Tecolote midway between the last-named mountains and 

the north end of the Sierra La Lesna. Tecolote is on the road from Casa 

Grande to Pozo San Luis. (See p. 371.) It is 16 miles from Indian Oasis. 

A road also runs from Tecolote around the north end of the Sierra La Lesua 

into Mexico. The other temporales are connected by a maze of roads with 

each other, with Tecolote, with two wells in the Sierra La Lesna, and with 

Kavolik, San Eafael, and Rocky Point. Roads from these temporales join 

the Casa Grande-San Luis road and thus provide for travel from these places 

to Cobota and San Luis in Sonora.

ROADS NORTH AND SOUTH FROM INDIAN OASIS.

Indian Oasis (Sells post office) was founded by Joseph Meneger, who dug 

the first well and who for many years conducted a store and trading post 

at this place. At first because of the store and now because of Government 

buildings and schools, this locality has long been a center for travel in the 

Papago country. The following paragraphs review the routes leading out of 

Indian Oasis:

From the Geological Survey sign east of Meneger's store a road goes north 

1.4 miles across the arroyo and between fences to a fence corner and fork. 

The left fork goes west to Big Fields (for log see p. 344) ; the right fork goes 

northwestward about 4 miles toward some sharp red hills to a fork on the far 

side of an abandoned well. At this fork the left-hand road continues northwest 

9J miles to Kvitatk, a summer rancheria on the Casa Grande-Pozo San Luis 

road. (See p. 371.) A number of crossroads lead from Big Fields to Nolle. 

The total distance from Indian Oasis to Kvitatk is 15 miles. The right-hand 

road at the fork by the abandoned well goes north 6 niiles to Nolic, where there 

are three dug wells, and 7 miles to .Santa Cruz, where there are three dug wells. 

Wickchoupai, where there is a dug well, is 1J miles south of Santa Cruz. There 

are doubtless roads between these rancherlas that are not shown on the map.

The Golden Age mine is 4£ miles north of Artesa Pond. From Indian Oasis 

go east from the Geological Survey sign 2 miles on Tucson-Yuma road (see p. 

336) and turn north on the east side of the pond.

Eoads lead south from Indian Oasis on both sides of Artesa Mountains. The 

western roads are reached by going west on the Tucsou-Yuma road (see p. 

336) 1.5 miles to a double road fork with Geological Survey sign. The righthand road going west is the Tucson-Yuma road. The middle road is the Indian 

Oasis-Menegers Dam road. (See p. 394.) The left-hand road forks almost 

immediately, the left fork going east to James Well, 4.7 miles from Indian 

Oasis, and continuing from James Well across the mountains to the eastern
394 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

part of Topahua, 10 miles from Indian Oasis; the right fork continues along 

the west base of Artesa Mountains 4.6 miles to a crossroad. By keeping to the 

left the western temporales of Topahua are reached 9.5 miles from Indian 

Oasis, and by continuing south and avoiding crossroads Vamori is reached 14 

miles from Indian Oasis.

On the east side of the Artesa Mountains two roads go southeast from 

Artesa Pond, 2 miles east of Indian Oasis on the Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 

336.) Either road will do provided the traveler turns sharply south at the 

point of the mountains 2% miles from Artesa Pond. A maze of roads intersect 

here. Select the best traveled and go southeast 6 miles to the eastern part of 

Topahua, where connections are made with the numerous roads of the Baboquivari Valley. (Seep. 392.)

MISCELLANEOUS ROUTES BETWEEN QUIJOTOA MOUNTAINS AND

GUNSIGHT PASS.

INDIAN OASIS TO MENEGERS DAM (42.9 MILES). 

[See p. 395 for log in opposite direction.]

To go from Indian Oasis to Menegers Dam follow the Tucson-Yuma route 

by the southern road to Big Fields for 10.4 miles to the represo south of Big 

Fields. (For log see p. 336.)

0.0 Indian Oasis.

10.4 Big Fields. Represo on left of road, usually dry. On west side of 

corral which is just west of represo turn southwest. Road for next 

4.4 miles was not run, and mileages are measured from map.

12.3 Fork. Take right-hand road.

13.3 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Iron Pipe to Tecolote. (Seep. 371.)

14.8 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Tonukvo to Kavolik. 

See p. 396.)

15.5 Mesquite thicket. Mesquite in orchard-like groves along this road for 

several miles.

23.4 Reverse fork. Road from Copeka comes in here. (See p. 395.) Rocky 

hill on right.

24.6 Cross small sand dune.

25.6 Fork. Keep to right past rocky hill smaller than the last and proceed 

over sandy plain. On south side of this hill is a charco which has 

water for a short period after rains. The road on left goes to 

Serventi Well (1.3 miles). It is impossible to obtain water from 

this well.

33.4 Reverse fork. Road from Comovo comes in on right. (See p. 397.)

33.8 Camote. Summer rancherla. There is a large, horseshoe-shaped represo 

400 feet across the base and inclosed in a brush fence. Behind the 

dam, .and in the charco which it is intended to improve, water remains 

for several months after a rain. The locality is very sandy, and 

cattle obliterate wagon tracks. To go to Menegers Dam proceed north 

of the represo and slightly north of west over sandy plain. From 

Camote a road goes southeast to Susuta and thence to other points in 

Sonora, Mexico. Go on south side of corral passing boundary monument 156 on the left over very sandy road. Susuta is a pond in the 

sand dunes about 500 feet wide, and is dry only in very dry years.

35.0 Scattered mesquite trees.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 395

39.4 Top of low divide between the Great Plain and La Quituni Valley. A 

eharco called "Charcb de Conejos" lies near this divide. From this 

point the road swings slightly to the north toward the west end of 

Nariz Mountains, through scattered, orchard-like groves of mesquite.

42.9 Menegers Dam. Water collects in the borrow pit of this uncompleted 

dam for several months after a rain. (See p. 400.)

MENEGERS DAM TO INDIAN OASIS (42.9 MILES).

[See pp. 394-395 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Menegers Dam. Go slightly north of east, then east, through groves of

scattered mesquite trees. 

2.5 Divide between La Quituni Valley and the Great Plain. A eharco called

" Charco de Conejos " lies near this divide. 

7.9 Leave scattered mesquites and go over sandy, treeless plain 

9.1 Camote. Summer rancherla. Pass eharco and represo on right, houses oq 

left, to corral. Water in the represo for several months after a 

rain. Very sandy, and roads usually obliterated by cattle tracks. Turn 

to left (northeast) at Corral. Road to south of corral goes to Susuta 

(2.5 miles).

9.5 Fork, Take right-hand road; left-hand road leads to ComoVo. (See 

p. 397.)

17.3 Reverse fork on east side of little rocky hill; eharco on south side of hill 

which has water for a short time after rains. Road from right 

comes from Serventi Well (1.3 miles). No water.

18.3 Cross small sand dune.

19.5 Fork on east side of rocky hill. Keep to right. Mesquite in orchardlike groves along this road for several miles. Road to left goes northeast to Copeka. (See p. 395.)

27.4 End of mesquite thickets.

28.1 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Tonukvo to Kavolik. 

(Seep. 396.)

29.6 Crossroads. Keep straight on. This is road from Iron Pipe to Tecolote. 

(See p. 371.)

30.6 Reverse fork.

32.5 Represo on south side of Big Fields. Turn east at corral and go between represo and fences. (For details see log on p. 343.)

42.9 Indian Oasis.

COPEKA TO SERVENTI WELL (8.9 MILES). 

[See p. 396 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Copeka. (For other roads from Copeka see pp. 336, 343, 396.) Go west 

from hill on north side of represo, crossing adobe wash, and then go 

southwest toward gap between hill called " Chewetun " and main part 

of Copeka Mountains. An old road will be found which is badly 

washed but hard and easily traveled.

3.3 Top of divide. Go down alluvial slope into adobe flats with salt bushes 

and some drifted sand.

6.8 Rocky hill on right in mesquite-covered adobe flats.

7.9 Reverse fork. Road from Indian Oasis comes in on left. For log see 

pages 394-395.
396 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

8.1 Fork on east side of small rock hill. Turn to left. Road on right goes 

to Camote. (For log see p. 398.) There is a charco on the south side 

of this hill, which holds water for some time after rains.

8.9 Serventi Well. Small house and well with drilling rig on place. Usually 

impossible to obtain water, because no one lives here and there is no 

adequate apparatus.

SERVENTI WELL TO COPEKA (8.9 MILES).

[See pp. 395-396 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Serventi Well. Go northeast to rocky hill.

0.8 Reverse fork on east side of hill. Turn to right

1.0 Fork. Turn to left and go through adobe flats to gap in Copeka Mountains.

2.1 Rocky hill on left.

5,6 Top of divide. Turn to right toward Copeka, easily visible after crossing the divide.

8.9 Copeka. .(For roads from Copeka see pp. 336, 343.)

COPEKA TO KAVOLIK BY WAY OP TONITKVO (16.3 MILES).

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Copeka. Summer rancheria. Represo and, large pond, in which water 

will be found for several months after rain. (For other roads out 

of Copeka, see pp. 336, 343, 395.) From small sandy hill and corral go 

west and turn south on west side of pond and thence go southeast over 

good road, which is very muddy when wet.

2.6 Tonukvo. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond, in which water 

will be found for several months after rain. Turn on north side 

of represo and go south of east over good desert road. 

5.7 Crossroads. Continue straight on. This is road from Indian Oasis to

Menegers Dam. (See p. 394.)

7.8 Fork. Keep to right. Left-hand road goes to Big Fields. 

8.0 Crossroads. Continue southeast. This road is from Casa Grande to San

Luis, Mexico. (See p. 371.) 

9.3 Temporal on right. 

13.7 North end of temporal. Turn to right (south) on east side of field.

Reverse fork; here road comes in from Big Fields (6 miles). 

14.6 Crossroads. Continue on. This is road from Indian Oasis to Tecolote. 

15.8 Complex crossroads in outskirts of Kavolik. Turn to left to represo. 

16.3 Kavolik. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond.

KAVOLIK TO COPEKA BY WAY OP TONUKVO (16.3 MILES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Kavolik. Summer rancheria. Represo and large pond. Go southwest

from represo.

0.5 Complex crossroads. Turn north. 

1J Crossroads. Continue north on east side of temporal. This is road from

Indian Oasis to Tecolote. 

2.6 North end of temporal and fork. Take left-hand road around, end of

temporal and then go north of west. The right-hand road goes to

Big Fields (6 miles).
PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 397

7.0 Temporal on left.

8.3 Crossroads. Continue north of west. This is road from Casa Grande

to San Luis, Mexico. (See p. 371.) 

8.5 Reverse fork. A road, from Big Fields comes in. 

10.6 Crossroads. Continue straight on. This is road from Indian Oasis to

Menegers Dam. (See p. 394.) 

13.7 Tonukvo. Turn on north side of represo and go north on west side of

adobe flat.

16.3 Copeka. Come in on west side of represo and turn to right to small 

sand hill and corral. (For roads out of this place, see pp. 336, 343, 395.)

FOZO BLANCO TO PISINEMO (11.1 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Pozo Blanco. From well at corrals go southwest between the scattered

houses toward south side of big lava-covered hill. 

2.2 Southern point of hilL 

2.7 Cross big wash, then go southward along alluvial slope on west side of

Quijotoa Mountains, crossing numerous washes, over fair plains road. 

4.3 Faint road on right.

9.4 Faint road on left.

9.5 Fork. Keep to right. 

10.6 Reverse fork.

11.1 Pisinemo. Small represo on right. No permanent water. (For logs 

of roads from Pisinemo see pp. 337, 343, 348-349.)

PISINEMO TO FOZO BLANCO (11.1 MILES).

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Pisinemo. Go northeastward, keeping small represo on left.

0.5 Fork. Turn to right.

0.6 Faint road on right. Turn eastward and then north, following along

alluvial slope parallel to Quijotoa Mountains, crossing numerous

washes, over fair plains road. 

6.8 Faint road on left.

8.4 Cross big wash and go on east side of large lava-capped hill. 

8.9 East point of hill, thence between the scattered houses of Pozo Blanco to

well. 

11.1 Pozo Blanco. (For logs of roads from Pozo Blanco see pp. 345-347,

388-389.)

COMOVO TO CAMOTE (14.6 MILES). 

[See p. 398 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Comovo. Go west from church and turn south on east side of corral into 

Comovo Valley on east side of Mesquite Mountains.

1.5 Fork. Keep to left.

1.8 Fork. Keep to left. These forks go to west side of fields.

2.3 Go between fences. Houses of temporal of Comovo on right.

2.7 Pass end of fence on left.

4.1 Mesquite Charcos on left about 0.4 mile. These charcos extend along the 

arroyo for some distance and are likely to have water for one or two 

months after rains. A faint road branches off on right toward gap 

in Mesquite Mountains norfti of Mamatotk Mountain.
398 KOTJTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

9.0 Southerly point of Mesquite Mountains on right. Come into adobe flat, 

where road is likely to be obliterated after rains. A trail conies in on 

northwest from Mesquite Tank (6 miles). The so-called tauk is 

probably a spring and the water is permanent. It is 3 by 3 by 7 

feet long and is in a cave in the face of a white cliff, near a very green 

mesquite tree easily visible from Camote. A horse can drink from the 

tank but must back out of the cave. Charcos are said to exist along 

the trail about 1J miles from the point of the mountains. Near this 

point also a road is said to lead off on the right directly to Menegers 

Dam.

12.1 The plain is covered with drifted sand from here to Camote.

13.4 Reverse fork. Road from Indian Oasis comes in on left. (See p. 394.)

14.3 Camote. Keep to right of corral and go west.

14.6 Bepreso and charco of Camote. Water here for 2 or 3 months after 

rain unless a great deal has been used by stock. (For road out of 

Camote see pp. 394-395.)

CAMOTE TO COMOVO (14.6 MILES).

[See p. 397 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Camote. From represo go east to corral. 

0.3 Corral. Turn northeast with corral on right.

I.2 Fork. Take road on left; road on right goes to Indian Oasis. (See p.

394.) 

2.5 End of sand; road shortly runs into adobe flat where tracks are obliterted during rains. Go toward gap between Mesquite Mountain and

hills on right. 

5.6 Southerly point of Mesquite Mountain on left. (See above for roads

and trails from this point.) 

10.5 Mesquite Charcos on right (two-fifths of a rnile). Faint road on right

leads toward gap in Mesquite Mountain.

II.9 Fence corner on right. Go north between fences of temporal of Comovo. 

12.3 End of fences, house on the left. Go north toward Comovo, visible from

this point. 

12.8 Reverse fork. 

13.1 Reverse fork. 

14.6 Represo and charco of Camote. Water here for 2 or 3 months after

CHARCO EN MEDIO TO CTJBO (7.5 MILES). 

[See p. 399 for log in opposite direction.]

The road from Charco en Medio to Cubo is little used "but is easily traveled 

with all kinds of vehicles. The nearest permanent water is a well near a prospect 2 miles west of Charco en Medio. A little-traveled but passable road leads 

from Charco en Medio past this well to Walls Well, 7 miles.

0.0 Charco en Medio. Go south between represo and corral toward pass in

hills. Water in represo for only a short time after rains. 

1.4 Reverse fork; road comes in on right.

2.1 Top of divide. Go down slope toward easterly point of Cubo Hills. 

4.2 Cross numerous washes for next quarter of a mile.

6.1 Reverse fork.

6.2 Reverse fork.

7.5 Cubo. Pass corral on right to charco, which holds water only for short

time after rains. At this point reach Cubo route of Tucson-Yuma

road. (Seep. 348.)
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 399

CTTBO TO CHARCO EN MEDIO (7.5 MILES). 

[See p. 398 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Cubo. Leave charco and go north on east side of corral and small field,

keeping Cubo Hills on left. 

1.8 Fork. Keep to left. 

1.4 Fork. Keep to right. 

8.1 Cross numerous washes for next quarter of a mile, then enter granite

hills and go up gentle grade.

5.4 Top of divide. Go down slope into basin in Gunsight Hills. 

6.1 Fork. Turn to right. 

7.5 Charco en Medio. Represo on right, corral on left. Reach TucsonYuma road (p. 334) in front of houses.

WALLS WELL TO MENEGERS DAM AND MEXICO.

From Walls Well roads lead through the pass into the Barajita Valley and 

thence south along the east side of the Ajo Mountains to the Mexican border 

in the vicinity of Menegers Dam.

WALLS WELL TO MENEGERS DAK BY WAY OF GOCHIBO (27.2 MILES). 

[See p. 401 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Walls Well. Winter rancherla; well; about 10 houses. Miller's ranch

is a quarter of a mile west of the rancherla. He has two wells; there 

is a greater supply of water and it is more sanitary. From Walls 

Well take right-hand road.

1.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Come into Cubo route of TucsonYuma road (see p. 348) and follow it for 7.5 miles.

1.2 Cross rocky gap.

1.6 Faint road on right. This road leads to Barajita, winter rancherfa, 

where there are two wells (6 miles). Keep to left along eastern part 

of Barajita Valley for Cubo and Menegers Dam. Road on left goes 

to Cubo. (See p. 348.)

7.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep on south. Road on left goes to Cubo.

7.3 Rocky hillock on right; then cross wash.

7.5 Crossroad. This is one of numerous roads from Cubo to Barajita, not 

shown on map.

8.5 Fork. Keep straight on south. Road on right goes to Barajita (6 miles).

9.3 Faint road on right.

9.6 Charcos on left common for next mile.

10.4 Corral on left and just sou£h of it represo. This is new represo on site of 

old charco. Water probably lasts only a few days after rain. Faint 

roads go off in various directions near the represo. A trail said to be 

passable for wagons leads southwestward through a gap in Cubo Hills 

to Charco Colorado (6 miles). For Cochibo continue south with hills 

on left.

11.1 Charcos on left.

13.9 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes through gap in hills to Charco 

Colorado (2.8 miles). It is a good road for automobiles and, for 

persons not desiring to go by way of Cochibo, it is the best route to 

Menegers Dam from this point. 

14.1 Reverse fork of same road.
400 EOTJTES TO DESEKT WATERING PLACES.

14.3 Charco on right.

14.5 Turn southwest onto gravel benches.

16.4 Reverse fork. Turn to right up narrow canyon for water; by keeping 

to the left 0.8 mile will be saved on total distance to Menegers Dam.

16.5 Corral and Papago houses on right.

16.8 Cochibo. Winter rancherla with two wells; good water but should be 

boiled. (See PI. XXVI, A.) The principal Indian here is Jose" Manuel, 

and the well is sometimes known by his name. A horse trail leads from 

this place to Sonoita, Sonora. Return down canyon.

17.2 Pork. Same as mile 16.4. Turn to right, keeping along base of mountains 

toward gap at south end of Barajita Valley.

21.0 Out of hills; bear south toward gap between Nariz and Ajo mountains.

24.4 La Quituni. Summer rancherla; two houses; usually no water here except immediately after rains, when charcos are full. Numerous roads; 

keep temporal on right and bear to left to strike road from Charco 

Colorado, which lies east of drainage line.

25.0 Reverse fork. Road from Charco Colorado comes in on left.

26.7 Marin's represo; out of repair and will not hold water. Prom a point 

near Marin's represo a road goes southwest over a pass in the Cerros 

de Angostura called " Garambullo" into the Santa Rosa Valley to, 

Santa Rosa, Sonora.

27.2 Menegers Dam. The dam is an earthen embankment across a gap in the 

Cerros de Angostura, still in process of construction in 1917. In the borrow pit water collects after rains and remains for several months. 

Prom this point roads lead south on the east side of the Nariz Mountains to Nariz, Sonora; east to Camote and Indian Oasis (see p. 395), 

and northeast to Mesquite Charcos and Comovo. (See p. 398.)

WALLS WELL TO MEWEGERS DAM BY WAY OF CTTBO AND CHARCO 

COLORADO (27.2 MILES).

[See pp. 401-402 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Walls Well. Follow same route as given in log of road by way of

Cochibo. (See p. 399.) 

7.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left into gap in the Cubo Hills

and follow between fields to east end of gap,

9.4 Cubo. Charco on right; water for only a short period after rains. 

Houses and corral on left. Continue east. Road to Charco en Medio 

goes north on east side of corral. (See p. 399.)

9.9 Double fork. Geological Survey sign. Take right-hand road and turn 

south around point of hill; middle road goes to Comovo (see p. 350); 

^ left-hand road goes to Pisinemo (see p. 348). Go south in valley 

between Mesquite Mountains and Cubo Hills. The road from Cubo to 

Charco Colorado was not run, and distance is given as measured on 

map.

17.9 Charco Colorado. Summer rancherla, two houses on little hillock, pass 

to the left of them. No permanent water. Road comes in on right 

from Barajita Valley; it is 2.9 miles to Walls Well-Cochibo road. 

(See p. 399.)

18.2 Fork. Keep to right; road to left goes to temporal. 

18.5 Temporal on left. 

19.3 Temporal on left. 

20.1 Charcos on right of road. 

22.3 Faint road on left.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 401

24.3 Numerous crossroads and forks for next mile. Head toward right-hand

notch in hills ahead and then turn to left toward left-hand notch. 

26.7 Marin's represo. (See p. 400.) 

27.2 Menegers Dam. (See p. 400.)

MENEGERS DAM TO WALLS WELL BY WAY OP COCHIBO (27.2 MILES). 

[See pp. 399-400 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Menegeiis Dam. Go northwest along base of hills,

0.5 Marin's represo.

1.2 Numerous crossroads and forks in next mile.

22 Fork. Turn to left to temporal; right-hand road goes by way of Charco

Colorado. 

2.8 La Quituni. Summer rancherla; two houses; usually no water here

except immediately after rains. Numerous forks and crossroads..

Go north toward gap between Ajo Mountains and .Cubo Hills. 

6.2 Enter gap; keep along western side.

10.0 Reverse fork. Turn left up narrow canyon.

10.1 Corral and Papago houses on right.

10.4 Cochibo. Winter rancherla with two wells; good water but should be

boiled. Return down canyon.

10.8 Fork. Same as mile 10. Turn to left over gravel benches. 

12.7 Turn north along adobe flat. 

12.9 Charco on left. 

13.1 Fork. Keep to left; road on right goes through gap to Charco Colorado

(2.9 miles). 

13.3 Reverse fork of same road.

16.8 Corral on left and just south of it represo. (See p. 399.) Charcos on 

right of road common for next mile.

16.9 Faint road comes in on left.

18.7 Fork. Keep straight on. Road on right goes to Barajita (6 miles).

(Seep. 399.) 

19.7 Crossroad. This is one of numerous roads from Cubo to Barajita, not

shown on map. 

20.2 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Avoid turn to right, which goes to Cubo

(see p. 348), and go northwest toward north end of Ajo Mountains. 

25.6 Faint road comes in on left; this road comes from Barajita (6 miles). 

26.0 Cross rocky gap. 

26.2 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Take left-hand roads; right-hand road

goes to Gunsight ranch. (Seep. 348.) 

27.2 Walls Well. Winter rancherla; well and about 10 houses. Miller's

ranch, a quarter of a mile west, has better water.

MENEGERS DAM TO WALLS WELL BY WAY OP CHARCO COLORADO

(27.2 MILES).

[See pp. 400-401 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Menegers Dam. Go northwest along base of hills. 

0.5 Marin's represo.

1.2 Numerous crossroads and forks in next mile.

2.2 Fork. Turn to right toward gap between Mesquite Mountains and Cubo 

Hills. Left fork goes to temporal and summer rancheria of La Quituni. 

4.9 Faint road on right. 

7.1 Charcos on left of road.
402 ROUTES TO DESEET WATEEING PLACES.

7.9 Temporal on right.

8.7 Temporal on right.

9.0 Reverse fork. Road on right comes from temporal.

. 9.3 Charco Colorado. Summer rancherla; two houses on little hillock. No 

permanent water. Pass to right of houses and go between Mesquite 

Mountains and Cubo Hills. Road from this point to mile 17.3 was not 

run, and distance is given as measured on map. From Charco Colorado, just south of houses, a road goes northwest through a gap in 

Cubo Hills 2.9 miles to road from Cochibo to Walls WeH. It is probably the best route from this point to Walls Well.

17.3 Double reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Turn to left around point 

of hill into gap at Cubo. Comovo route (see p. 349) joins Cubo route 

(see p. 348) at this point, and the road described in this log is identical with them.

17.8 Cubo, charco on left; water for only a short period after rains. 

Houses and corral on right. Go west through gap, with field on left, 

and then between fields. Road to Charco en Medio goes north on east 

side of corral. (See p. 399.)

20.2 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign at west end of gap. The remainder 

of log is identical with that of road from Menegers Dam to Walls Well 

by way of Cochibo. (See p. 401.)

ROUTES FROM AND NEAR AJO.

AJO TO YTTMA BY THE CAMHTO DEL DIABLO (152.7 MILES).

[See pp. 406-408 for log in opposite direction.]

This road goes from Ajo to Bates Well and then follows in a general way the 

route of the Camino del Diablo, the old route from Altar and Caborca in Sonora 

by way of Sonoita to California. The difficulties and dangers of this route are 

much less than in the early days, owing to the drilling of Papago Well and the 

digging of Tule Well. Travelers, however, should make careful inquiry as to 

the condition of the road, the presence of adequate equipment at Papago Well, 

and of water at Tinajas Altas. Travelers by automobile must be prepared to 

camp and make road repairs and should carry a liberal allowance of gasoline 

and oil. A shortage of either will entail a long walk, for neither can be procured between Ajo and Wellton, a distance of 115 miles.

0.0 Ajo. Go west from railroad station and turn southwest and then south.

1.0 Go under railroad trestle. Fork. Take left-hand road, as righthand road is likely to be bombarded with rocks when blasting is done 

in the open cuts of the New Cornelia mine, which lies to the right.

1.2 Old Ajo. Most of the buildings of the old settlement were burned several 

years ago.

1.6 Reverse fork. Alternate road comes in on right, also fork. Keep to, 

right (south). Road on left goes over Reservoir Hill.

2.3 Double fork. Keep straight on. Right-hand road goes to Cardigan 

(2.1 miles). Left-hand road to Darby WeU (1.1 miles).

2.4 Fork. Keep to right (south). Road goes left to Darby Well.

2.6 Cement Tank. A rock tank lies 100 feet to right in the arroyo. It is 

improved with a concrete dam and holds water for several months 

after rain. The water is usually filthy and not fit to drink. Cross 

arroyo and go south.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, AKIZONA. 403

3.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left from Darby Well (1.4 miles). Go

south with Black Mountain on left. 

5.3 Wood road on left. 

5.8 Wood road on left.

7.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to right toward pass in Growler 

Mountains. Road on left goes to Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico. (See 

p. 410.)

16.6 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is the east well; the newer 

west well is three-tenths of a mile west and has better water. It is 

21 miles to next watering place and 52 miles to absolutely dependable 

water. From the Geological Survey sign go slightly north of west, 

keeping north of west well and wire fence over sandy road to rocky 

pass. (For other roads out of Bates Well see pp. 412-413.)

17.7 Top of pass; Yellow Jacket mine on left.

17.9 Growler mine on left and house on right. Go west across Growler Valley toward north end of Agua Dulce Mountains over fair but littletraveled desert road.

30.6 Fork at foot of ragged granite hills. Geological Survey sign. Keep to 

right. The left-hand road goes to Papago mine and Papago Well by 

way of Steel Tanks. It is about the same length as the right-hand road 

and some travelers prefer it.

31.6 Go between granite hills.

33.2 Go around point of hill. V

39.3 Papago Well. Geological Survey sign. Drilled well on north side of 

large arroyo, black hill just south. There was in 1920 a tripod and 

pulley erected over the well. Water was obtained by means of a steel 

cable drawn through a pulley and attached to a sand pump, the sand 

pump being lowered to water at a depth of 235 feet, filled through a 

valve at the bottom, and pulled out by attaching the cable to an automobile. (See PI. XXVI, B.) A single horse or two men could pull 

out the sand pump when full, but it is doubtful if a man alone could 

obtain water. From the well a road goes east 1.5 miles to Papago 

mine, easily visible against the side of a small mountain, thence by way 

of Steel Tanks to the fork at mile 30.2. A road also goes north on the 

west side of Mohawk Mountains 52.5 miles to Mohawk. (See pp. 339, 

340.) No dependable water on this route. To follow the old Camino 

del Diablo go west.

40.0 Cross arroyo which passes Papago Well; very deep sand. (See PL XVI.) 

Go west just north of spur of mountains toward gap in O'Neills Hills.

43.3 O'Neills Pass. Arroyo on right. Grave of Dave O'Neill on right of road, 

marked by pile of stones and wooden cross. Go west out of pass down 

alluvial slope toward Las Playas. Pinta Mountains north and scattered hills south. i

45.4 Fork. Go west. Left-hand road goes to Batamote and Las Positas, 

watering places on Sonoita River in Mexico.

48.0 Las Playas. Hard-baked clay surface, with small mesquite bushes around 

border. During and after rains there is a shallow lake here. If it 

drains at all it drains to Mexico. Water will be found for several 

weeks after rains in charcos along the southwestern border. All 

variations of the Camino del Diablo route passed through Las Playas 

and from this place the modern route is practically identical with the 

old one. 

157142° 22 7
404 ROUTES TO DESEKT WATERING PLACES.

49.4 End of playa. Start up sandy slope toward low mesa on west.. This sandy 

slope is the most difficult part of the road for low-powered automobiles. 

From this point there is an old trail and road to Heart Tank in the 

Pinta Mountains. This distance is about 14 miles, and the road is impassable for automobiles because of heavy drifted sand.

49.7 Palo Verde Tree. A tree on left side of road with shelves fitted in the 

branches and with advertising signs tacked on it. It is a well-known 

landmark. From this point to the top of the mesa the sand is very 

deep.

50.6 Edge of Pinacate plain. Good mesa road for next 5.6 miles.

56.2 Go down mesa over heavy drifted sand.

57.0 End of sand. Go west toward gap in mountains ahead. Plains road 

soft and badly washed.

59.3 Automobile tracks on right (north). These tracks were made by Tremaine in 1916 when he succeeded in getting within 1.5 miles of Heart 

Tank by automobile. He went northeast 4.5 miles, passing threequarters of a mile west of small volcanic cone, and then turned and 

followed center of valley for about 4 miles more. Thus lie avoided the 

drifted sand along the southern end of Pinta Mountains. Heart Tank 

is located 4.5 miles north of very prominent geologic contact, plainly 

visible from the Camino del Diablo, which divides the blackish gneisses 

and schists of the south end of the mountains from the pinkish-white 

granite of the north end. Heart Tank consists of a pothole in a 

stream channel high up on the side of the mountain. At certain water 

levels the water surface has the conventional heart shape, hence the 

Spanish name Tinaj a de CorazSn. It is probably never dry, but mountain sheep sometimes drown in it and thus pollute the water. There is 

said to be another tank on the east side of Pinta Mountains, but its 

location is uncertain.

64.3 Entrance to pass.

66.5 Turn to right over hills; very rough and rocky road.

66.8 Turn to left downhill into open valley and then turn north. County 

signboard near this last turn.

69.9 Tule Well, located just north of large arroyo among small rocky hills. 

There is a new well with a plank curb just south of old well, from 

which no water can be obtained. The ruins of an adobe house lie 100 

feet north. There is usually a bucket and rope at the new well, but 

travelers should carry their own, to provide against contingencies. The 

water is salty but not dangerous to the health. A road goes east 

. from Tule Well about 3.5 miles to a prospect and there turns northeast and goes on the east side of the 'Cabeza Prieta Mountains, 

About half a mile from the prospect is a very deep arroyo which is 

extremely difficult for automobiles to cross. By this road it is 12 

miles from Tule Well to a wooden county sign which says, "9 miles 

to Tule Well." From this sign it is 9 miles to Gabeza Prieta Tanks, 

where water will be found except in very dry seasons. It is also 

about 14 miles from this sign to Heart Tank. (See p. 416.) The 

Camino del Diablo goes west from Tule Well over some low hills 

into an open valley.

71.7' Avoid tracks on left which lead to prospect.

72.1 County sign: " Tule Well 2 miles."
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 405

72.6 Tracks on left

72.9 Tule Tank. Geological Survey sign at entrance to small cove in steep 

mountain on right of road. Tule Tank is 1,600 feet on left up narrow 

canyon. It consists of a rock basin about 6 feet in diameter at base 

of dry falls and is usually full of sand. Water is found in the sand 

for some time after rains. Not permanent.

73.5 Reverse fork. Faint roads come in on left from narrow pass south of 

valley between lava-capped hills and very high peak. It is said that 

this road can be followed by automobile for 20 miles.

74.3 Fork. Turn to left (west) out of narrow pass into small open valley and 

strike northwest toward pinkish-white conical peak and black-capped 

mountain. Road on right goes north in narrow pass. It is said to go 

to Cabeza Prieta Tanks.

77.9 Turn west in pass betwen pinkish-white conical peak and lava plateaus 

on the south. Go down valley and then turn to right onto gravel bench.

78.9 Gravel bench. Very large black boulders; road rough but hard.

79.4 Go down off bench and strike west across Lechuguilla Desert. Road 

soft and in places badly washed.

83.2 Fork. County signs. Take left-hand road; right-hand road goes to Coyote 

Water (4.5 miles). Water can be obtained at this locality by digging 

in the sand of the arroyo about 4 feet. The water has an unpleasant 

taste, probably because of decaying roots.

88.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left. It leads from points in Mexico 

near Papago Tanks. In about 2 miles it becomes very difficult for 

automobile travel.

88.9 Reverse fork. County sign. Road comes in from Coyote Water (3.4 

miles). Travelers by automobile from Tinajas Altas to Coyote Water 

should stop on west side of axial arroyo of valley unless compelled to 

cross, as arroyo is 100 feet wide and has very deep sand. Water is 

found about 100 feet north of crossing.

89.6 Tinajas Altas. Geological Survey sign. Water will be found in a 

Series of tanks in a very steep stream channel or dry falls 500 feet 

west of sign. The lowest tank is commonly full of sand, and water 

will be found by digging in sand. The second and third tanks are 

best reached by turning to left (south), where a steel cable will be 

found, up which it is easy to climb the smooth rock face. The upper 

tanks are difficult to reach, and it can perhaps best be done by taking 

trail to right and climbing to " window " and then going down to canyon 

above-the falls. The water lasts all year, but the lower tanks are 

sometimes exhausted by travelers. If so, climb to upper tanks and 

pour water down channel to fill lower ones. The water is palatable 

but there are usually dead bees in it. Occasionally mountain sheep 

slip and fall into the tanks and contaminate the water. Travelers 

will find road from Geological Survey sign up arroyo to tanks very 

difficult for automobiles, and are advised to camp on gravel bench 

west of sign. To go to Yuma proceed north from sign.

90.2 Fork. Keep to right along west side of Lechuguilla Desert. Road to left 

goes through pass in mountains and follows west side of Gila Range to 

Fortuna mine and thence by way of Blaisdell to Yuma. It is about 

,25 miles to Fortuna mine. The road is very difficult for automobiles.

96.2 Reverse fork. County signs. Road comes in on right from Coyote Water 

(7 miles).
406 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

96.7 Crossroad. Continue north. This road runs from Copper Mountain to 

Raven Butte Tank, a small tank with uncertain water in a canyon southwest of Raven Butte, about 3 miles from this crossroad.

97.5 Fork. Take right-hand road toward gap in Wellton Hills. Left-hand 

road is an old road largely abandoned, which' strikes railroad near 

Ligurta.

100.2 Enter hills; various faint roads go off to prospects in these Mils. Keep 

on main traveled road.

104.0 Out of hills. Wellton visible to north. Follow main traveled road by 

way of small house.

115.7 Cross railroad track.

115.8 Wellton. Geological Survey sign. Post office, water, hotel, garage, gasoline. From Wellton take Tucson-Yuma road to Yuma. (Seep. 339.) 

133.0 Dome. 

153.0 Yuma.

YUMA TO AJO BY THE CAMINO DEL DIABLO.

[See pp. 402-406 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Yuma. Follow Yuma-Tucson road. (See p. 340.)

13.3 Blaisdell. From this station a road crosses railroad to Fortuna mine 

(see p. 416) and thence to Tinajas Altas. Road from Fortuna mine 

to Tinajas Altas is very difficult for automobiles. Turn north and 

follow macadam road.

37.2 Wellton. Geological Survey sign. (See p. 402 for preparations necessary for this trip.) Go south from post office.

37.3 Cross railroad tracks and bear to right up slope with very deep drifted

sand toward small house. 

48.0-Enter Wellton Hills; various faint roads go off to prospects in these

hills. Keep south on main traveled road.

53.1 Out of hills; go south along west side of Lechuguilla Desert. 

55.5 Reverse fork. Old road, largely abandoned, comes in on right from Gila

Valley near railroad station of Ligurta. 

56.3Crossroads. Continue south. Raven Butte Tank 3 miles west. (See

above.)

56.8 Fork. County signs. Road to left goes to Coyote Water (7 miles). 

62.8 Reverse fork. Road from Blaisdell and Fortuna mine comes in on right. 

63.4 Tinajas Altas. Geological Survey sign. Permanent water in rock tanks.

(See p. 405.) From Geological Survey sign go south to point of cove

and then southeast.

64.1 Fork. Take right-hand road across Lechuguilla Desert toward pass between conical pinkish-white mountain and low dark plateaus. This

conical mountain is just south of black-capped mountain. Left-hand

road goes to Coyote Water (3.4 miles). (See p. 405.) 

66.0 Fork. Keep to left. Road on right goes south toward Papago Tanks in

Mexico. It becomes very difficult for automobiles 2 miles south. 

69.8 Reverse fork. Road comes in from Coyote Water (4.5 miles). (See

p. 405.)

73.6 Go up gravel bench; very large boulders; road rough but hard. 

74.1 Go down off bench and turn to left (east) to pass. 

75.1 Turn to right (southeast) in pass into little valley and go toward very

narrow opening in granite hills. 

78.7 Reverse fork. Turn to right (south) in pass. Road on left is said to lead

from Cabeza Prieta Tanks.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 407

79.5 Fork, at turn out of narrow pass into open valley. Keep to left (east)

along northern border of valley. Road on right goes south across

valley to narrow pass between lava-capped hills and high peak. It is

said that this road can be followed by automobiles for 20 miles.

80.1 Tule Tank. Geological Survey sign. Water not permanent. (See

p. 405.)

80.4 Tracks on right. 

80.9 County sign, V Tule Well 2 miles." 

81.3 Avoid tracks on right going to prospect and go through small Mils to

another open valley. 

83.1 Tule Well. Permanent water. (For other roads from this well see

p. 404.) Go south from well across arroyo. 

86.2 Turn to left near county signboard uphill and then to right over very

rough and rocky road. 

87.5 Turn to left (east) in narrow pass.

88.7 Out of pass. Go east across plain over soft plains road badly washed. 

93.7 Automobile tracks on left (north). (See p. 404.) 

96.0 Deep drifted sand to top of mesa.

96.8 Edge of Pinacate plain. Good mesa road for next 5.6 miles. 

102.4 Go down from mesa through very deep drifted sand. 

103.3 Palo Verde Tree. A tree on right side of road with shelves fitted in the 

branches and with advertising signs tacked on it. bandy road to 

playa.

103.6 Las Playas. Beginning of playa. (See p. 403.) 

105.0 End of playa. Go east up alluvial slope toward gap in O'Neills Hills,

Pinta Mountains to north, scattered hills on right. 

107.6 Reverse fork. (See p. 403.)

109.7 O'Neills Pass. Arroyo on left. Grave of Dave O'Neill on left of road, 

marked by pile of stones and wooden cross. Go east toward scattered 

hills at north end of Agua Dulce Mountains. 

113.0 Cross to north side of arroyo; very deep sand.

113.7 Papago Well. Geological Survey sign. Water permanent, but apparatus to obtain it may be missing. (See p. 403 and PI. XXVI, B, 

for information. For alternate road and road to Mohawk see same 

page.) Go northeast.

119.8 Turn to right around point of hill and go southeast. 

121.4 Between granite hills.

122.4 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Alternate road comes in on right. 

(See p. 403.) Go east across plain over fair but little-traveled desert 

road to gap in Growler Mountains.

135.1 Growler mine on right, house on left. Go over hill. 

135.3 Top of little pass; Yellow Jacket mine on right. Go southeast into

valley.

136.4 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is east well; the newer well 

is three-tenths of a mile west and has the better water. From the sign 

go northeast through pass. 

145.9 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. 

147.2 Wood road comes in on right. 

147.7 Wood road comes in on right.

149.3 Fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes to Darby Well (1.4 miles). 

150.4 Cement Tank. (See p. 402.) 

150.6 Reverse fork. Road on right leads from Darby Well (1.1 miles).
408 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

150.7 Double reverse fork. Road on right comes from Darby Well; road on

left comes from Cardigan (2.1 miles). 

151.4 Fork. Keep to right, as alternate road on left is likely to be bombarded

by rocks when blasting is done in open cuts of New Cornelia mine

on left. Also reverse fork; road from left goes over Reservoir Hill.

Keep north toward railroad trestle. 

151.8 Old Ajo.

152.0 Go under railroad trestle and follow main traveled i#ad into town. 

153.0 Ajo.

AJO TO POZO REDONDO AND PERIGUA (33.8 MILES).

[See p. 409 for logs in opposite direction.]

The roads from Ajo to Pozo Redondo go through the gap between the Batamote and Pozo Redondo mountains. The plateaus of these ranges are separated by a small circular mesa easily seen from Ajo. The roads join and go 

between this mesa and the Pozo Redondo Mountains that is. through the 

southern passageway of what appears at a distance to be a double gap. The 

log is given by way of Childs ranch. The other road is of practically the 

same length and somewhat easier to travel. It starts near the rear of Sam 

Clark's house, just north of the main street at Clarkstown.

0.0 Ajo. Follow Tucson road. (See p. 340.)

0.3 Geological Survey sign. Turn to right.*

1.0 Clarkstown.

2.1 Fork. Keep to left.

2.4 Fork. Keep to left; right-hand road goes to Gunsight ranch and

Tucson.

5.1 Childs ranch and slaughterhouse. Deep well and pumping plant; 

good Water. Turn to left and go north along arroyo. A road, little 

used, goes from this ranch directly south 2 miles to Gunsight road, 

and another southeast 7 miles to the same road.

5.7 Fork. Turn sharply to right across arroyo with steep clay banks. Road

straight ahead on west side of arroyo is seldom used and connects

with abandoned Gaskill road. On crossing arroyo come into a maze

of roads made by wood haulers. Head toward gap.

8.4 Reverse fork. Well-marked road comes in on left. This road is direct

route into Ajo. 

10.1 Drift fence in gap; go through gate. Keep to right; left-hand road goes

3.4 miles to new well of Tom Childs. 

11.4 Rocky hill on right. Arroyo on left. 

12.8 Turn to right around rocky point and cross wash. Go south in Pozo

Redondo Valley. 

15.6 Small rocky hill on right. 

16.4 Fork. Turn sharply right across large arroyo.

16.6 Pozo Redondo. Winter rancherfa. Old well; good water, which 

should be boiled. New well being dug a quarter of a mile north. 

From Pozo Redondo a little traveled but good road leads south 8 

miles to Gunsight ranch. Road to Perigua goes east; from Pozo 

Redondo; recross the arroyo to fork (mile 16.4).

16.8 Fork. Go south between houses and turn southeast. Follow east border 

of Pozo Redondo Valley.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 409

22.1 Charco de la Piedra. Road passes among some small outliers of mesa 

and loose boulders. In these is the charco, which does not hold water 

for more than a few weeks after rain. Turn northeast to cross 

rocky ridge. Other roads lead from Charco de la Piedra to Gunsight 

ranch (6 miles), to Charco en Medio (9 miles), and to Charco de la 

Loniita (5 miles). These roads are little used but are easily passable 

except in wet weather. From Charco de la Lomita a road strikes 

across Quijotoa Valley, crosses tip of Sierra Blanca, and goes down 

east side of mountain to Covered Wells, a distance of 27 miles. By 

way of Charco de la Piedra it is then 37 miles from Pozo Bedondo to 

Covered Wells.

23.3 Crest of ridge. Go down and cross little valley to gap.

25.8 Crest of gap is an open adobe flat with mesquite trees. Small charco on 

the eastward-flowing drainage.

29.4 Fork. Take right-hand road toward isolated hill In plain, avoiding many 

crossroads and forks.

33.8 Perigua. Summer rancherla. Two houses and some shelters on east 

side of isolated hill; no permanent water. Small charcos and fields 

on flat to east. (For roads through Perigua see pp. 377-380, 388-389.)

PERIGUA TO FOZO REDONDO AND AJO (33.8 MILES).

[See pp. 408-409 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Perigua. Summer rancherfa. No permanent water. Go south from

houses on hillside with fences on left. 

0.7 Turn to right through maze of crossroads. Take best traveled road

toward gap in mountains southwest. 

4.4 Reverse fork. 

8.0 Crest of gap in open adobe flat with mesquite trees. Small charco east

of crest. Turn southwest into little valley and cross rocky ridge. 

10.5 Crest of ridge. Go downhill and turn northwest. 

11.7 Charco de la Piedra. Road passes among some small outliers of the

mesa and loose boulders. In these is the charco, which does not hold

water for more than a few weeks afterrain. Turn northeast and

go along border of Pozo Redondo Valley. (For other roads see above.) 

17.0 Reverse fork on far side of houses. Turn sharply to left and cross arroyo. 

17.2 Pozo Bedondo. Permanent water in well. Return to fork and go

north. (For road to Gunsight ranch see p. 408.) 

18.0 Small rocky hill on left.

21.0 Cross wash and turn to right around rocky point into gap. 

22.4 Rocky hill on left, arroyo on right. 

22.0 Out of gap. Ajo visible across Valley of the Ajo. 

25.4 Fork. Take left-hand road; right-hand road goes direct to Ajo; about the

same distance; generally in better condition, but no water.

28.1 Cross arroyo; steep clay banks.

28.2 Fork. Turn sharply to left toward Childs ranch. Well tower visible.

Right-hand road goes north and connects with abandoned Gaskill road. 

28.8 Childs ranch. Turn to right at well. 

31.4 Reverse fork. Road from Tiicson and Gunsight ranch comes in on left.

(See pp. 334-338 for detailed log.) 

31.7 Reverse fork. 

32.8 Clarkstown.

33.5 Geological Survey sign. Turn to left across railroad. 

33.8 Ajo.'
410 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

AJO TO SONOITA (42 MILES).

[See p. 411 for log in opposite direction.]

The common route to Sonoita at the present time branches from Ajo-Bates 

Well road 7 miles out of Ajo and goes south on west side of Black Mountain. An 

old road branches from the Ajo-Gunsight ranch road east of Black Mountain, 

but this road is now practically abandoned.

0.0 Ajo. Go west from railroad station and turn southwest and then south. 

1.0 Go under railroad trestle. Fork. Take left-hand road, as right-hand road

is likely to be bombarded with rocks when blasting is done in open cuts

of New Cornelia mine, which lies on right. 

1.2 Old Ajo. Most buildings of old settlement were burned several years

ago. 

1.6 Reverse fork. Alternate road comes in on right. Also fork. Keep to

right (south). Road on left goes over Reservoir Hill.

2.3 Double fork. Keep straight on. Right-hand road goes to Cardigan 

(2.1 miles), left-hand road to Darby Well (1.1 miles).

2.4 Fork. Keep to right. Road on left goes to Darby Well. 

2.6 Cement tank. A rock tank 100 feet to right, in arroyo. It is improved 

with concrete dam and holds water for several months after rain. 

The water is usually filthy and not fit to drink. Cross arroyo and go 

south. 

3.7 Reverse fork. Road comes in from Darby Well (1.4 miles). Go south

with Black Mountains on left. Locomotive Peaks on right. 

5.3 Wood road on left. 

5.8 Wood road on left.

7.1 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Road on right goes to 

Bates Well and Yuma. (See p. 402.)

16.2 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Continue south; east-west road 

goes from Bates Well to Walls Well. (Seep. 412.) Nearest water is 

Bates Well (5 miles).

18.4 Cherioni Well on right, about 50 yards on south side of arroyo. This 

well is usually dry.

21.0 Fork. Geological Survey sign. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes 1.7 

miles to second fork, whence left-hand road goes to Dripping Spring, 

a permanent spring under a white gap called Puerto Blanco. This 

spring is 5.5 miles from mile 21.0. The right-hand road is a rough and 

little-used route to Cipriano Well. (See p. 413.)

25.1 Fork. Keep .to left. Road to right crosses arroyo and goes to Milton, 

Levy, and Martinez camp (8 miles).

27.3 Reverse fork. Enter pass in low hills. Road comes in on left which 

goes through Copper Mountain mine to Bates Well-Walls Well road, 

approximately 11 miles.

29.5 Go through gate in drift fence.

29.8 Top of pass. Go down alluvial slope into Sonoita Valley.

33.1 Out of pass.

36.7 Fork. Keep to left. Faint road on right.

37.7 Blankenship Well at international boundary. Well on right with 

good water, house on left; boundary monument 167 west of well. 

There is also a well on the Mexican side of the line. From Blankenship Well it is 2 miles in an air line to Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico. The 

distance by road is probably greater and is usually called 5 miles. 

This distance is used on the signboards. From Blankenship Well 

there is an old road practically abandoned to the ruined smelter at
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 411

Dowling and thence to Qnitobaqnito. A trail also goes northwest by 

way of Bullpasture, a small but permanent spring, across the Ajo 

Mountains to Cochlbo.

42.0 Sonoita. Wells, springs, and water in Sonoita River, At this town 

there is usually a commissioner and customs officer of the Mexican 

Government. During the recent civil war the town has been continually occupied by troops of one or the other faction.

SONOITA TO AJO (42 MILES). 

[See pp. 41O-411 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Sonoita. It is 2 miles in an air line from Sonoita to Blankenship Well.

The road is somewhat longer and is usually called 5 miles. This distance is used on the signboards. 

4.3 Blankenship Well, on north side of gate at international boundary.

Well on left with good water; house on right. Boundary monument

167 west of well. There is also a well on the Mexican side of the line. 

5.3 Reverse fork. Go up alluvial slope to gap in hills. Faint road comes in on

left.

8.9 Beginning of pass in low hills. 

12.2 Top of pass. 

12.5 Go through gate in drift fence and down narrow valley between low

mesas. 

14.7 Fork at north end of pass. Keep to left; right-hand road goes through

Copper Mountain mine to Bates Well-Walls Well road (11 miles). 

16.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in on left across arroyo from Milton, Levy,

and Martinez Camp (8 miles). 

21.0 Reverse fork. Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on left from

Dripping Spring (5.5 miles). This road forks 1.7 miles out, and the

right fork is a rough and little-used road to Cipriano Well. (See

p. 413.) 

23.6 Cherioni Well on left about 50 yards, on south side of arroyo. This well

is usually dry. 

25.8 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Continue north. East and west

road goes from Bates Well to Walls Well. (See p. 412.) Nearest

water Bates Well (5 miles). 

34.9 Reverse fork, Geological Survey sign. Road comes in on left from Bates

Well and Yunia. 

36.2 Wood road on right. 

36.7 Wood road on right. 

38.3 Fork. Keep to left toward gap in hills. Road on right goes to Darby

Well (1.4 miles). 

39.4 Cement Tank. (See p. 402.)

39.6 Reverse fork. Road on right comes from Darby Well.

39.7 Double reverse fork. Right-hand road comes from Darby Well (1.1 

miles) ; left-hand road comes from Cardigan (2.1 miles).

40.4 Fork. Keep to right, as left-hand road is likely to be bombarded with 

rocks when blasting is done in open cuts of New Cornelia mine, which 

lies to left (west). A road goes east from this point over Reservoir 

Hill.

40.8 Old Ajo.

41.® Reverse fork. Go under railroad trestle and follow main traveled road 

into Ajo. Alternate road comes in here.

42.0 Ajo.
412 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

WALLS WELL TO BATES WELL (17.4 MILES). 

[See below for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Walls Well. Winter rancherfa of about nine houses. Dug well near 

corrals. Water 19 feet from surface; no bucket. Travelers will obtain more and better water at Miller's ranch. Drilled wells near by 

supplied part of water for Gunsight mine. One mile east is TucsonYuma road. (Seep. 348.) Go west through gate.

0.1 Miller's ranch. Two dug wells and windmill. From this ranch a road 

and trail go to Alamo Well, which has water most of the year and 

thence there is a trail to Horse Tanks; uncertain water. Go west.

1.1 From this point an old and almost obliterated road goes north to join the 

road from Jaques ranch to Lewis Well.

5.0 Faint road on south goes to Copper Mountain mine and thence to 

Sonoita road. (See p. 410.)

9.7 Crossroads. Continue west. This is old Sonoita road, which leaves the

Gunsight road east of Black Mountain. (See p. 410.)

12.4 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. This is Ajo-Sonoita road, mile 16.2. 

Continue west into mesquite thicket. Road sometimes obliterated by 

cattle tracks. 

15.6 Faint road comes in on left near entrance to pass. By this road it is

3.3 miles to Cherioni Well.

17.4 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is the east well. Better 

water will be obtained at the west well, 0.3 mile west. (For other 

roads from Bates Well see pp. 403, 407, and below.)

BATES WELL TO WALLS WELL (17.4 MILES). 

[See above for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. The best water is at the west

well, three-tenths of a mile west. Roads often obliterated by cattle

tracks. Go southeast along north bank of arroyo into gap southeast of

Bates Well. 

1.8 End of gap. Go east in mesquite thicket. Near this point a faint road

goes off to Cherioni Well (3.3 miles). 

5.0 Crossroads. Geological Survey sign. Continue east. This is Ajo-Sonoita

road, mile 16.2. 

7.7 Crossroads. Continue east. This is old Sonoita road, which leaves the

Gunsight road east of Black Mountain. (See p. 410.) 

12.4 Faint road comes in on right (south) from Sonoita road through Copper

Mountain mine. (See p. 410.) 

16.3 From this point an old and almost obliterated road goes north to join

the road from Jaqnes ranch to Lewis Well.

17.3 Miller's ranch. Two dug wells and windmill. Travelers will find 

more and better water here than at Walls Well. Go east through gate.

17.4 Walls Well, Winter- rancherfa of about nine houses. Dug well near 

corrals, water 19 feet from surface; no bucket. It is 1 mile from 

this well to the Tucson-Yuma road. (See p. 348.)

BATES WELL TO QTIITOBAQUITO (19.8 MILES).

[See p. 413 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. This is the east well. More and 

better water will be found at the west well. (For other roads from 

Bates Well, see pp. 403, 407, and above.)
PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 413

0.3 West well. Turn south across sandy arroyo and then southwest. 

0.4 Go through gate. 

0.8 Go through gate. 

2.4 Faint road on left (south).

6.5 Powers Well on right; dry, no water. Go south into succession of narrow valleys between low mesas.

14.5 Reverse fork. Keep to left. Right-hand road goes out into Growler 

Valley toward Agua Dulce Mountains.

14.6 Cipriano Well. Dug well; slightly brackish water. In very dry seasons

this well has little water.

14.8 Uncompleted well on right. Go southeast to gap. 

15.5 Divide. 

15.9 End of gap. Go south along western border of La Abra Plain. Faint

road on northeast comes in from Ajo-Sonoita road. (See p. 410.)

19.0 Road on right goes over hill into Quitobaquito. It avoids going into 

Mexico but is badly washed.

19.1 Aguajita. Water will usually be found in the arroyo here.

19.3 Turn west around hills. Faint road goes southeast along boundary line.

19.4 Boundary monument 172 on little hill to right.

20.0 Quitobaquito. Several springs in little basin in granite hills at south 

end of Quitobaquito Hills. The springs, which have permanent flow 

of good water, are in the United States; the pond, field, and most of 

the houses are in Mexico. Since the revolution in Mexico the Papagos 

who formerly lived at Quitobaquito have moved away.

ftUITOBAQTTITO TO BATES WELL (19.8 MILES).

[See p. 412 for log in opposite direction.]

0.0 Quitobaquito. Go southeast from houses on Mexican side of line. A 

road northeast through gap is wholly in American territory but is 

badly washed.

0.4 Boundary monument 172 on little hill to left.

0.5 Turn north. Faint road goes southeast along boundary line.

0.7 Aguajita. Water will usually be found in the arroyo here.

0.8 Road on left comes in from Quitobaquito. It is badly washed.

3.9 Enter gap. Faint road on northeast comes in from Ajo-Sonoita road. 

(See p. 410.)

4.3 Divide. Go down into open small valley.

5.0 Uncompleted well on left.

5.2 Cipriano Well. Dug well; slightly brackish water. In very dry seasons 

this well has little water.

5.3 Fork. Keep to right through succession of narrow valleys between low 

mesas. Road on left goes to Growler Valley and toward the Agua 

Dulce Mountains.

13.3 Powers Well on left; dry. Go northeast toward gap in hills.

17.4 Faint road comes in on right.

19.0 Go through gate.

19.4 Go through gate.

19.5 West well at Bates Well. Turn to right.

19.8 Bates Well. Geological Survey sign. Well on right is the old well.

More and better water will be obtained from the west well. 'For

roads from Bates Well see pp. 403, 407, 412.)
414 ROUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

ROADS NEAR THE LITTLE AJO MOUNTAINS.

Roads near the Little Ajo Mountains are shown on the map in some detail. 

The region has, however, been the site of almost continuous prospecting for 

many years. Consequently there are many old and abandoned roads, as prospecting develops a well-traveled road within a week, which in turn may be 

abandoned as quickly. An almost continuous road encircles the mountains, 

and many of the other roads may be considered as branches of it. Reverse log 

is not given.

0.0 Ajo. Go north and west.

0.6 Gibson. A suburb of Ajo. Several dug wells, hotel, and stores.

0.7 Fork, outskirts of Gibson. Take left-hand road west and then northwest. 

Right-hand road joins Ajo-Gila Bend road at mile 2.9. It is a very 

rough road.

2.5 Fork. Small wooden signboard. Left-hand road goes half a mile to fork. 

There is a small wooden signboard here also. Right-hand road goes half 

a mile to Cook & Landro Well, a dug well on west side of an 

arroyo in a little valley. This well has water throughout the year. 

Left-hand road goes 1 mile to Steele Well, a dug well said to have 

water throughout the year. Right-hand road at the fork (mile 2.5) 

goes northwest around north base of small hill at mile 3.6 and then 

west to gap at south end of Childs Mountain.

5.7 Well. A dug well, 16 feet to water, permanent throughout the year. No 

equipment. Turn left across arroyo and go southwest and then southeast on road skirting mountains.

8.9 Reverse fork. Road comes in on right from Tule Well. A dug well, with 

a windmill and near-by small rock tank. The water is permanent. 

Tule Well is seven-tenths of a m\le distant. From this fork go east 

up arroyo into pass north of Ajo Peaks. This part of the road is practically impassable for automobiles.

12.2 Double reverse fork. Left-hand road comes in from Cardigan, a mine and 

well 0.3 mile distant. There is usually at least a caretaker and sometimes a few miners on the property. Formerly a few Papago families 

lived here. Right-hand road comes in from McNeils Well, half a 

mile distant. This well was dug as a prospect hole and is not a very 

reliable water supply. The same road is used to get to a number of 

prospects in the vicinity of Ajo Peaks. There is a sand tank in the 

arroyo about four-tenths of a mile southwest of this fork. The tank 

holds water for several months after rain. Go east. 

13.3 Wood road comes in on right. A horse trail to Bates Well also leaves

at this place. 

13.7 Double reverse fork. Road on left from Cement Tank (see p. 402) and

road on right from a prospect. 

14.0 Reverse fork on road from Bates Well and Sonoita into Ajo. (See

pp. 402, 410.) 

16.3 Ajo.

MINOR ROADS WEST OF AJO.

ROADS IN AND ADJACENT TO SAN CRISTOBAL VALLEY.

The San Cristobal Valley lies between the Mohawk Mountains on the west 

and the Aztec Hills and Aguila Mountains on the east. In the valley and 

adjacent to it are a number of roads, and such information as is available 

concerning them is given in the following paragraphs.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 415

From Stoval, a section house on the railroad 206.4 miles from Tucson and 

66.5 miles from Yuma on the Tucson-Yuma road, a road goes south 3.8 miles 

to Pimeria Well, a deep well, from which, however, travelers can not obtain 

water, because there is no apparatus. Then the road goes to Garcia Well, 

8 miles from Stoval, a dug well which has a windmill and a depth to water 

of 46.3 feet. The well had only 8 inches of water in 1917 but was bejng 

deepened. The water is brackish but potable.

From Garcia We'll the road continues straight south up the valley for 8.5 

miles, where it forks and a road on right leads to Whites Well a dug 

well. From the fork the road continues south to Papago Well, going between 

the Granite and Mohawk mountains. The total distance from Stoval to Papago 

Well by this road is not less than 41 nfiles, but nothing is known as to the 

exact location or characteristics of this road, except that it is very little used 

and that water is found only at the places mentioned above.

The ordinary route from the railroad to Pa^go Well goes south from Mohawk on the west side of the Mohawk Mountains. Mohawk is a station of 

the Southern Pacific Railroad 213.9 miles from Tucson and 59 miles from Yuma, 

on the Tucson-Yuma road. The road goes through a great deal of drifted 

sand south of Mohawk and is a difficult journey 52.5 miles long. There is no 

permanent water, but water is found at times in rock tanks in a cove on the 

west side of the Mohawk Mountains, 15 miles from Mohawk, at Glynns Falls. 

East of the Mohawk Mountains a road goes south through the Red Cross mine, 

5 miles from the railroad. This road connects with the Mohawk Papago Well 

road through a pass in the mountains marked by three hills. North of this 

pass on the east side of the mountains is a rock tank in which water lasts for 

only a short time. On the south side of the pass is an old mine.

The old Yager road from Ajo to Yuma was used in freighting ore from the 

copper mines of Ajo to tidewater at Yuma in the years following the Civil 

War. There were probably several variations in route, but the principal road 

crossed San Cristobal Valley. From Garcia Well a dim track goes southeast 

toward the Aguila Mountains. As seen -from this point the mountains consist 

of a northern part which is blackish in color, flat-topped, and slopes1 to the 

northeast, a central part" which consists of a series of high jagged reddish 

peaks, and three isolated hills stringing off to the southwest. The road goes 

between the largest and most northerly of these hills and the jagged peaks and 

thence strikes across the plain for the north end of the Growler Mountains. 

From the pass in the Aguila Mountains roads lead on either side of the mountains to two sets of tanks, Eagle Tanks on the east side and Don Diego Tanks? 

on the west side. Eagle Tanks is considered a reliable watering place. The 

Yager road has been traveled by at least two parties in automobiles in recent 

years. Both parties were composed of very experienced travelers and they 

report that the old road is virtually obliterated and marked only by a somewhat taller and greener growth of creosote bushes. By way of Stoval and 

Garcia Well the route presents no difficulties which could not be overcome by 

a small amount of work and more traffic. This route may eventually supplant 

the Ajo-Yuma road by way of Sentinel.

Eagle Tanks are commonly reached from Aztec, a station on the Southern 

Pacific Railroad. The road crosses the railroad track and goes southeast. 

About 1 mile from Aztec there is a fork and a road goes southwest through 

the Aztec Hills and then diagonally across San Cristobal Valley to join the 

road from Stoval to Papago Well, about 18 miles south of Stoval. This road 

has been used within the last two or three years and is a fair desert road.
416 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

The left-hand road continues southwest, to join the Yager road near the southern 

end of the Aguila Mountains. At 16 miles from Aztec a trail leads off to the right 

to Eagle Tanks, which are about half a mile west of the road. These tanks 

are usually considered a reliable watering place, but they have been visited so 

seldom in the last few years that little information is available. E. L. Jones, 

jr., states that the tanks consist of seven potholes 5 to 6 feet deep and 4 to 5 

feet wide in a deep and narrow stream channel.7

%

WELLTON TO BAKER TANKS AND POINTS SOUTH.

0.0 Wellton. Go east from post office and cross railroad east of station, 

then go south along west side of wire fence. Barand's house and well 

on left.

0.4 Turn to left (east) at fence corner; sandy road

0.7 Turn to right (south). *

1.2 Turn to left (east).

1.4 Pork. Keep to left in a generally easterly direction over very poor 

road toward Baker Peaks. Road on right goes on west side of the 

Copper Mountains to various prospects. No permanent water. Travelers should consult local people in Wellton before using this road.

8.0 Pork. Turn left to windmill. Road on right goes south on east side of 

Copper Mountains to various prospects and continues to Oabeza Prieta 

Tanks. Travelers should consult local people in Wellton before using 

this road.

8.2 Baker Tanks. A number of tanks distributed in the bed of a deep and 

rocky arroyo for 1,000 feet northwest from the windmill. Water will 

be found here throughout the year. If much is used by stock, it may 

be necessary to dig in the sand near the'windmill; usually the potholes 

70 feet west of the windmill have the best drinking water.

BAKER TANKS TO WELLTON.

0.0 Baker Tanks. Go west from windmill.

0.2 Take right-hand road. (For road on left (south) see above.)

6.8 Reverse fork. (For road on left (south) see above.)

7.0 Turn to right (north).

7.5 Turn to left (west).

7.8 Turn to right (north) at fence corner, sandy road, Barand's house and

well on right. Cross railroad and turn west on north side to Wellton

post office. 

8.2 Wellton.

BLAISDELL TO FORTUNA MINE (13.8 MILES).

From Blaisdell, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, a road runs 

south along the west side of the Gila Mountains to Fortuna mine. This road 

is kept in condition for automobile travel by the caretaker at Fortuna mine.

0.0 Blaisdell. This place is 13.3 miles from Yuma on the Tucson-Yuma road. 

The nearest water is Imperial Well, three-quarters of a mile'northwest over a sandy road. Go south through gate and cross railroad. 

Follow well-marked road over coarse gravelly benches.

7 Personal communication.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 417

13.8 Fortuna mine, in canyon on west front of mountains. The mine hoist 

and mill still stand; most of the town is in ruins. Water is obtained 

from the mine shaft and from prospect holes which are used as cisterns. Two are east up the canyon; the third is four-tenths of a mile 

southwest.

From Fortuna mine a road goes on the west side of the mountains 

and crosses through a pass to Tinajas Altas. .The distance is about 

26 miles, but the road is very difficult for automobile travel. A road 

also goes northwest to Araby and thence to Yuma. It is so sandy that 

it is abandoned for the somewhat longer route by way of Blaisdell.

INDEX TO WATERING PLACES.

Abra ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch three-quarters of a mile north of TucsonYuma road and 5 miles northeast of Robles ranch, now used simply as a 

stock-watering place. There is a deep well and pumping plant,

Adamsville. See Clements ranch.

Agna Cercada Spring. Plate XXV. A spring on the west side of Cbbre 

Ridge, 3f miles southeast of Jarilla Spring.

Agtta de Arieta. Plate XXV. A spring 2 miles northeast of Canoa ranch 

in T. 22 S., R. 9 E.

Agua Dulce. Plate XXIII. A watering place in Sonora, Mexico, 7 miles by a 

rough road west of Quitobaquito. Water is usually found flowing in the bed 

of Sonoita River and can always be obtained by digging.

Aguajita. Page 360; Plate XXV. Near Buenos Aires.

Aguajita. Page 413; Plate XXIII. Half a mile east of Quitobaquito.

Agua la Vara. Plate XXV. A spring and well, used for watering stock, 1| 

miles southwest of Alamo, from which it is reached by a trail.

Agna Salada. Plate XXIII. A watering place in Sonora, Mexico, 5 miles 

or perhaps only 3 miles southwest of Agua Dulce. Water is obtained by digging in the sand of the channel of Sonoita River

Agna Sardina. Plate XXV. A small spring and north of it a dug well on the 

southwest slope of Sardina Mountain at the head of Agua Sardina Canyon, 5 

miles southeast of Papalote ranch. The seep and well will water 250 to 300 

head of cattle.

Aguirre. Plate XXV. A ranch and presumably a well 10 miles northeast of 

Santa Rosa ranch.

Aguirre Lake. Page 361; Plate XXV.

Ajo. Page 338 ; Plate XXIV.

Ajo Mountains, tanks south of. Plate XXIV. Rock tanks in an arroyo 

leading southwest in gently rolling rocky country Gi miles northeast of 

Blankenship Well and 6 miles southeast of Horse Tanks. The tanks are seldom visited.

Akchin. Page 377; Plate XXIV. Three miles south of Maricopa.

Akchin. Plate XXIV. A summer rancherla 2 miles southeast of Santa Rosa. 

No permanent water.

Alamo. Page 335; Plate XXV.

Alamo Well. Plate XXIV. A dug well on the west side of the Ajo Mountains 

about 10 miles by trail from Miller's ranch. It is used by Mr. Miller as a 

stock-watering place.

Aliso Spring. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on east slope of Sardina 

Mountain, 5 miles west of Tubac. This spring will water 300 to 450 head of 

cattle.
418 BOUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

Allison reservoir. Plate XXV. A reservoir 2 miles southeast of Ventana

impounded by a masonry dam. It was constructed to supply water for the

Allison mine but is now used as a stock-watering place. 

Allison reservoir, well east of. Plate XXV. Well is 13 feet deep and

water is 8 feet-from surface of ground. 

Amado. Page 351; Plate XXV. 

Amadoville. Page 365 ; Plate XXV. 

Ancient represo. Plate XXV. A represo 4 miles southwest of Indian Oasis

on road to Kavolik. It is unlikely that it has any value as a water supply

for travelers. 

Androdas ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek in sec. 20, T. 2 S.,

R. 7 E. A well 113 feet deep is located here. 

Anegam. Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 

Angulo ranch. Plate XXV. 

Anvil ranch. Page 355; Plate XXV. 

Arivaca. Page 358; Plate XXV. 

Arivaca ranch. Page 358; Plate XXV. 

Arivaca ranch, well south of. Plate XXV. Two wells used for watering

stock along Arivaca Creek south of Arivaca ranch. 

Arizola. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Armenta ranch. Page 371; Plate XXV. Five miles south of Chiu-Chuschu,

There is a well at this ranch. 

Arcs ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch on east side of Baboquivari Mountains 6

miles west of Buenos Aires; has a water supply consisting of a dug well

and a tunnel in rock. 

Artesa. Page 336; Plate XXV. 

Artesa Pond. Page 336; Plate XXV.

Atascosa Mountain, represo south of. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Atascosa Mountain, spring south of. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Austerlitz. Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 

Avenenti ranch. Plate XXV. This ranch is shown on the township plat. It

is about 11 miles from Picacho by road and 15 miles from Florence. The

kind of water supply is not known. 

Aztec. Page 339; Plate XXIII.

B. & B. ranch. Plate XXV. There is a well at this ranch. 

B. & B. ranch, well west of. This well is shown on the township plat. 

Babokuk. Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 

Baboquivari mine. Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 

Baker Tanks. Page 416; Plate XXIII. 

Barajita. Page 399; Plate XXIV. 

Barajita Valley, charcos in. Page 349; Plate XXIV. A number of charcos

are located along the road from Walls We'll to Cochibo. None are of any

great value to travelers. 

Batamote. Plate XXV. A locality at which it is presumed that water may be

obtained. 

Batamote Mountains, tank in. Plate XXIV. A rock tank on the northern

border of the mountains southeast of a temporal, 2£ miles east of Geological

Survey sign at railroad crossing north of Batamote Well. 

Batamote Well. Also called Tenmile Well. Page 338; Plate XXIV. 

Bates Well. Page 403; Plate XXIV.
PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 419

Bates Well trail charcos. Plate XXIV. Charcos 5J miles north of Bates 

Well, in an adobe flat between Growler Mountains and outlying hills. A 

horse trail from Old Ajo to Bates Well passes by them. They hold water for 

several weeks after rain.

Bear Valley ranch. Page 359; Plate XXV.

Bears Wells. Page 392; Plate XXV. There are two dug wells at this village. The west well is 20 feet deep and the east well 29 feet deep.

Beebhak. Plate XXV. This is a Papago rancheria on the west side of the 

Vaca Hills, 8 miles north of San Lorenzo. No information regarding its water 

supply is available.

Beloat ranch. Plate XXIV. A number of wells belonging to this ranch are 

used as stock-watering places in the valley between Sierra Estrella and Maricopa Mountains.

Big Fields, represos at. Page 345; Plate XXIV.

Bitter Well. Page 375; Plate XXIV.

Black Butte. Page 337 ; Plate XXIV.

Black Mountain charcos. Plate XXIV. Charcos 1£ miles southeast of fork 

of Ajo-Yuma road and Ajo-Sonoita road. These charcos hold water for a 

short time after rains and are mostly used by wood haulers.

Black Prince mine. Page 346; Plate XXIV.

Black Tanks. Page 338; Plate XXIV.

Blaisdell. Page 339; Plate XXIII.

Blankenship Well. Page 410 ; Plate XXIV.

Blue Water Tanks. Page 366 ; Plate XXV.

Bosque. Page 382; Plate XXIV.

Bowen's ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek 9 miles east of the 

station of that name. There is a well 212 feet deep and a represo.

Brownell. Page 346; Plate XXIV.

Brown Well. Page 355; Plate XXV. A stock-watering place of the La Osa 

Land & Cattle Co.

Brush Corral charco. Page 378; Plate XXIV.

Buena Vista ranch. Plate XXV. This ranch, on the east side of Baboquivari 

Mountains, 3 miles north of La Osa, has a dug well.

Buenos Aires. Page 356; Plate XXV.

Bullpasture Spring. Plate XXIV. West face of Ajo Mountains 3£ miles 

southeast of Horse Tanks. A small seep high up on the mountain, said to 

be permanent but seldom visited. It is reached by a horse trail up Canyon 

Diablo (PL XXIV).

Burro Pond. Page 393; Plate XXV. A represo; a second represo lies 1£ 

miles east of Burro Pond.

Burruel. Plate XXV. A homestead in T, 14 S., R. 11 E., containing a represo.

Cabeza Prieta Tanks. Page 404; Plate XXIII.

Calabasas. Plate XXV. A small town at the junction of Santa Cruz River 

and Nogales Wash. Shallow wells are numerous in the vicinity.

Camote. Page 394; Plate XXIV.

Canoa ranch. Page 351; Plate XXV. This ranch is one of the oldest in the 

Santa Cruz Valley.

Canoa ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch located in T. 22 S., R. 9 E., less well 

known than a ranch of the same name in Santa Cruz Valley. There is a dug 

well.

Cardigan. Page 410; Plate XXIV.

Cardigan, tank 1 mile southeast of. Page 414; Plate XXIV. 

157142° 22- 8
420 BOUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

Casa Blanca. Plate XXV. An Indian village on south bank of Gila River

10 miles west of Sacaton. Wells and irrigation ditches are numerous in the

vicinity.

Casa Grande. Page 366; Plate XXV . 

Casa Grande Ruins. Page 365; Plate XXV. 

Casa Grande, wells near. Plate XXV. Wells are numerous near Casa

Grande, especially north and east of the town. Only a few of these are

shown on the map. 

Casa Piedra. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place supplied by a spring on the

international boundary 5 miles south of Montana mine. The spring goes

dry at times, but there is a well near the house which has water throughout

the year. 

Casita Spring. Plate XXV. A spring in Bear Valley li miles north of Bear

Valley ranch. The spring is permanent and will water from 200 to 300 head

of cattle.

Catlett ranch. Plate XXV. Ranch and well li miles northwest of Moyza. 

Cement Tank. Page 402 ; Plate XXIV. 

Cerro Colorado mine. Page 357; Plate XXV. 

Chandler. Page 362 ; Plate XXV.

Charco Colorado, charcos near. Page 400; Plate XXIV. 

Charco de Conejos. Page 395; Plate XXIV. 

Charco de la Lomita. Page 409; Plate XXIV. 

Charco de la Lomita, charco east of. Plate XXIV. Small cnarco on main

drainage channel of Quijotoa Valley, on road to Covered Wells. 

Charco de la Piedra. Page 409; Plate XXIV. 

Charco en Medio. Page 337; Plate XXIV. 

Charco en Medio, well west of. Page 398; Plate XXIV. A dug well near

a prospect hole in the hills 2 miles west of Charco en Medio and 4 miles

east of the road between Gunsight ranch and Wall Well. The well has no

equipment, and nothing is known as to its permanence. The water is good. 

Childs Mountain, well south of . Page 414; Plate XXIV. 

Childs ranch. Page 408; Plate XXIV. 

Chiu-Chuschu. Page 371; Plate XXV. 

Chiu-Chuschu, tank west of. Page 375; Plate XXV. This tank is on one

of the alternate roads between CMu-Chuschu and Coeklebur and 5 miles

west of Chiu-Chuschu. No information is available as to its value as a

watering place. 

Chuapo. Page 392; Plate XXV. There are two dug wells at Chuapo about

a mile apart; the northerly one is 30 feet deep. 

Chulik. Page 392; Plate XXV. 

Chulik, wells and springs east of. Plate XXV. Five miles east of Chulik

there are four wells and two springs and a large represo. 

Cienega Water. Plate XXV. A spring half a mile south of the international

boundary, 4 miles east of Casa Piedra. 

Cipriano Well. Page 413; Plate XXIII. 

Clarkstown (Rowood post office). Page 338; Plate XXIII.

Clark Well. Page 359; Plate XXV. ; 

Clements ranch. Page 365; Plate XXV. Same as Adamsville. j 

Cobabi. Page 346; Plate XXV. N | 

Cobota. Page 373; Plate XXIV. ! 

Cochibo. Page 400; Plate XXIV.

Coeklebur. Page 375; Plate XXV. *-" M 

Coeklebur, well north of . Page 375; Plate XXV.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 421

Cocoraque ranch. Plate XXV, A stock-watering place in T. 14 S., R. 10 E., 9

miles northwest of Robles ranch. 

Coledon. Page 382 ; Plate XXIV. 

Comobabi. Page 346; Plate XXV. 

Comoro. Page 349; Plate XXIV. 

Compartidero represo. Page 345; Plate XXV. 

Conte ranch. Page 358; Plate XXV. 

Contreras. Plate XXV. A stock watering place on east side of Baboquivari

Mountains in T. 18 S., R. 8 E. Character of water supply is not known. 

Cook & Landro Well. Page 414; Plate XXIV. 

Copeka. Page 336; Plate XXIV.

Copeka, represo and charco north of. Page 336; Plate XXIV. 

Copper Mountains, tank in. Plate XXIII. A prospect hole that fills with

water after rains. It lies well up in the mountains on the east slope near

some prospects which are occasionally worked. The location on the map is

approximate.

Copperosity. Page 375; Plate XXIV. 

Coronel. Page 335; Plate XXV. 

Cotton wood ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch and well about 2 miles south of

Florence-Winkelman road. 

Covered Wells. Page 346; Plate XXV. 

Covered Wells, west wells of .---Page 346; Plate XXV. 

Coyote. Page 335; Plate XXV. 

Coyote Spring. Plate XXV. A small seep high on the mountain east of the

well at Coyote.

Coyote Water. Page 405; Plate XXIII. 

Cubo. Page 348; Plate XXIV. 

Cubo route, charcos on. Page 348; Plate XXIV. 

Darby Well. Page 402 ; Plate XXIV. 

Davis ranch. Page 336; Plate XXV. 

Diablito Spring. Plate XXV. A small spring on north slope of Diablito

Mountain 5$ miles east of Moyza, which will water 100 to 150 head of

cattle. 

Dobbs Butte, represo east of. Plate XXV. A represo 1 mile south of the

Tucson-Yuma road and 3 miles east of Dobbs Butte. It holds water for

about one month after rains. 

Dobbs Well. Page 335; Plate XXV. 

Dobson Well. Plate XXV. A well on bank of Santa Cruz River 10 miles

northwest of Rillito, in T. 11 S., R. 10 E. 

Don Diego Tanks. Page 415; Plate XXIII. 

Dowling. Plate XXIV. An abandoned smelter 1 mile west of Blankenship

Well, from which it is reached by a rough road. There is a dug well here,

with a limited amount of water. 

Drake's ranch. Page 377; Plate XXIV. 

Dripping Spring. Page 410; Plate XXIV.

Durham ranch. Page 361; Plate XXV. An American cattle ranch; presumably water can be obtained at all times. 

Eagle Tanks. Page 415; Plate XXIII. 

E. Garcia Well. Page 360; Plate XXV. 

Eloy. Page 336; Plate XXV. 

Emita, charcos near. Page 388; Plate XXIV. 

Enid. Page 375; Plate XXIV.
422 ROUTES TO DESERT WATERING PLACES.

Espinoso Well. Page 355; Plate XXV. A well and ranch 2 miles north

of Pozo Nuevo.

Estrella. Page 382; Plate XXIV. 

Figueroa ranch. Page 360; Plate XXV. 

Florence. Page 362; Plate XXV. 

Florence, wells near. Plate XXV. Wells are numerous in and near the

town and at the ranch houses in the bottom lands of Gila River. Some of

these wells were noted along the road to Casa Grande (see p. 369) and Casa

Grande Ruins (see p. 365) and are located on the map (PI. XXV). 

Foreman ranch. Plate XXV. An American cattle ranch; presumably water

can be obtained at all times. 

Fortuna mine. Page 416; Plate XXIII. 

Fresnal. Page 392; Plate XXV. Eighteen dug wells are scattered for 4 miles

along Fresnal Canyon in the west slope of the Baboquivari Mountains; not

the same as Fresnal Canyon in the Tumacacori Mountains. 

Fresnal Canyon, spring in. Plate XXV. This spring is 3 miles southeast of

Canoa ranch, in T. 22 S., R. 9 E., in the Tumacacori Mountains. 

Fresno Spring. Plate XXV. A spring on the east side of Puerto Torunos,

5 miles west and south of Tumacacori Mission. 

Gap between Charco de la Piedra and Perigua, charco in. Page 408;

Plate XXIV.

Garcia ranch. Page 361 ; Plate XXV.

Garcia Well. Page 415; Plate XXIII. (See also E. Garcia Well.) 

Glbson. Page 414; Plate XXIV. 

Gila Bend. Page 381; Plate XXIV. 

Gila Crossing. Page 381; Plate XXIV. 

Glynns Falls. Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. 

Godfrey ranch. Plate XXV. One of a number of ranches in Santa Cruz

Valley south of Tucson and west of Tucson & Nogales (Southern Pacific)

Railroad. All have wells. 

Golden Age mine, well near. Plate XXV. The well and mine are reached

from Artesa Pond by a road 4 miles long. 

Gold Mine Mountain, ranch north of. Plate XXV. A ranch in sec. 34,

T. 2 S., R. 7 E.; has a well and windmill. 

Grapevine Spring. Plate XXV. A spring on the east side of Cobre Ridge

li miles west of Oro Blanco. The spring is permanent and sufficient for

250 head of cattle. 

Green's canal and reservoir. Plate XXV. This system was built to divert

flood water from Santa Cruz River and store the water for irrigation. It

is not a dependable water supply for travelers. 

Gunsight ranch. Page 337; Plate XXIV. 

Gunsight road charcos. Plate XXIV. Charcos -4 miles south of Childs

ranch and about a mile south of the Tucson-Yuma road. They hold water for

short periods after rains and are used largely by loose stock and wood haulers. 

Hardimui. Page 337; Plate XXIV. 

Harrington's ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek, in sec. 24,

T. 2 S., R. 7 E. There is a well 140 feet deep. 

Hat Mountain, tanks near. Plate XXIV. Small rock tanks are reported

along the southwestern border of the Sauceda Mountains northwest of Hat

Mountain. They were used during the building of the Gaskill road. Their

exact location could not be learned and they are not shown on the map. 

Haynes Well. Plate XXV. Caved and abandoned. 

Heart Tank. Page 404; Plate XXIII.
PAPAGO COUFTKY, ARIZONA, 423

Heaton. Page 375; Plate XXIV. No water.

Hendricks Wells. Plate XXV. Four dug wells 3 miles south of San Miguel

Wells.

Horseshoe (Quijotoa post office). Page 346; Plate XXIV. 

Horse Tanks. Plate XXIV. Tanks 4 miles south of Alamo Well in an

arroyo flowing north. Stock are likely to consume the water within a short

time after rains.

Imperials Well. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Indian Oasis (Sells post office). Page 336; Plate XXV. 

Indian Well. Plate XXV. Well 2 miles east of the State Highway between

Florence and Phoenix, 140 feet deep. 

Iron Pipe. Page 372; Plate XXIV. 

Isabella mine. Page 371; Plate XXIV. 

Isabella mine, well 2 miles north of. Plate XXIV. On road from Copperosity to Isabella mine. No information about this well is available. 

Jackrabbit. Page 371; Plate XXV. 

Jalisco ranch. Plate XXV. This ranch, 6 miles east of Arivaca, in T. 21 S.,

R. 11 E., has a dug well equipped with a horse pump. 

Jaques ranch. Page 337; Plate XXIV. 

Jarilla Spring. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Jaynes. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Jenkins. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Jeowic. Plate XXV. A summer rancherla with fields and small represo

about half a mile north of the Tucson-Yuma road and 2 miles west of Fresnal

ranch. 

Juan Encinas. Plate XXV. This seep, 3 miles east of Tres Bellotas, has

water only in wet seasons, at which times it will supply 60 head of cattle. 

Kaka, charco 6 miles west of. Plate XXIV. On road to Perigua. 

Kaka, charcos near. Plate XXIV. 

Kavolik. Page 396; Plate XXIV. 

King Well. Page 355; Plate XXV. 

Komalik. Page 392; Plate XXV. 

Komatke. Page 381; Plate XXIV. 

Ko-opke. Page 371; Plate XXV. 

Kukomalik. Page 371; Plate XXV. 

Kvitatk. Page 372; Plate XXIV. 

La Alina. Plate XXV. A dug well and stock-watering place in the cove

between the Coyote and Quinlan mountains in T. 17 S., R. 8 E. 

La Lesna Mountains, wells in. Plate XXIV. Two dug wells in a narrow

valley between a subsidiary ridge and the main ridge of the mountains. The

north well is 150 feet deep and 50 feet to water, and the south well is 32 feet.

deep and 4 feet to water. 

La Osa. Page 356; Plate XXV. 

La Quituni. Page 400; Plate XXIV. 

Las Jarillas Well. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place half a mile south

of San Luis ranch in T. 21 S., R. 9 E. There is a dug well and windmill. 

Las Moras. Page 356; Plate XXV. 

Leon ranch. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on east side of Baboquivari

Mountains, 9 miles west of Palo Alto, in Tps. 17 and 18 S., R. 8 E. There is

a represo. 

Leon ranch, spring northwest of. Plate XXV. A spring on east side of

Baboquivari Mountains, li miles northwest of Leon ranch, in T. 17 S., R. 8 E. 

Lewis Well. Page 337; Plate XXIV.
424 ROUTES TO DESEET WATERING PLACES.

Ligurta. Plate XXIII. Siding on Southern Pacific Railroad, 10 miles west

of Wellton. The section house is off the road, but in emergencies water can

be obtained from cistern. 

Lirim. Plate XXV. 

Lockas ranch. Page 367; Plate XXV. 

Lopez ranch. Page 361; Plate XXV. 

Lopez Well. Plate XXV. A well and store just north of the international

boundary, 9| miles southeast of San Miguel. 

Madrill ranch. Plate XXV. 

Magdalena. Page 392 ; Plate XXV. 

Maricopa. Page 375; Plate XXIV.

Maricopa-Covered Wells road, sand tank on. Page 377; Plate XXIV. 

Maricopa Wells. Plate XXIV. A locality near the Santa Cruz Cienega,

where there is water close to the surface. Shallow wells were here when the

place was used by early travelers as a watering place. 

Marin's represo. Page 400; Plate XXIV. Dam destroyed; no water. 

Martinez ranch. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

McNeils Well. Page 414; Plate XXIV. 

Meneger ranch. Page 361; Plate XXV. 

Menegers Dam. Page 400; Plate XXIV. 

Mesa. Page 362; Plate XXV. 

Mesquite Charcos. Two miles of temporal of Comovo. Page 397;

Plate XXIV. 

Mesquite Tank. Page 391; Plate XXIV. Twenty miles southeast of Gila

Bend. 

Mesquite Tank. Page 398; Plate XXIV. On southwest side of Mesquire

Mountains 6 miles from Camote-Comovo road. 

Midway Well. Page 390; Plate XXIV. 

Miller ranch. Page 412; Plate XXIV. 

Mineral Hill. Page 353; Plate XXV.

Mirandon Well. Plate XXV. In Altar Valley 1 mile south of Lopez ranch. 

Mirandon Well, well south of. Plate XXV. A dug well a mile south of

Mirandon Well.

Mobile. Page 382; Plate XXIV. 

Mohawk. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Moivavi. Page 388; Plate XXIV. 

Montana mine. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Moreno ranch. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Mowepa. Page 388; Plate XXIV. 

Moyza. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Murray & Lopez Well. Page 378 ; Plate XXIV. 

Naviska. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Nelson Well. Plate XXV. A well 1| miles south of Santa Cruz River and 7

miles west of Rillito in T. 11 S., R. 10 E. 

No. 1 Well. Page 338; Plate XXIV. 

No. 3 Well. Page 338; Plate XXIV. 

Nogales. Page 352; Plate XXV. 

Nogales, spring west of. Plate XXV. This spring is 5i miles west of

Nogales, as shown on map of Mexican Boundary Survey. No other information is available. 

Noipokam. Plate XXIV. Winter ranctierfa and dug well 3 miles north of

Brownell on road from Quajote to Brownell. 

Nolic. Page 372; Plate XXV.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 425

Northline Trading Post. Plate XXV. A store and well on boundary of

Gila River Reservation in sec. 34, T. 2 S., R. 5 E. It is li miles west of

Casa Grande-Phoenix road by way of Sacaton (p. 368). 

Nunez. Page 368; Plate XXV. 

Oceanic mine. Plate XXV. This mine is 1| miles east of San Luis ranch

and has a water supply derived by pumping from San Luis Canyon. 

Old Quijotoa Well. Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 

Oro Blanco. Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 

Otero ranch. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on east side of Baboquivari Mountains in T. 18 S., R. 8 E. There is a well and represo. 

Pacheco Well. Plate XXV. A well on south bank of Santa Cruz River 3

miles west of Rillito, in T. 12 S., R. 11 E. 

Palo Alto. Page 355; Plate XXV. 

Palo Verde ranch. Plate XXV. An American cattle ranch; presumably wate^

can be obtained at all times. 

Papago Well. Page 403; Plate XXIII. 

Papalote Well. Page 359 ; Plate XXV. 

Partridge. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Peak Water tunnel. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place of the La Osa

Land & Cattle Co., which consists of a tunnel driven in rock. It is on the

east side of Baboquivari Peak li miles north of Schaefer Well. 

Peblo Well. Page 375 ; Plate XXIV. 

Pembroke. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Pena Blanca Canyon, springs at head of south fork. Plate XXV. These

springs are shown on map of Mexican Boundary Survey. No other information is available.

Perigua. Page 388; Plate XXIV. 

Phoenix. Page 361; Plate XXIV. 

Picacho. Page 366 ; Plate XXV. 

Piedra. Page 385 ; Plate XXIV. 

Pima village. Plate XXIV. An Indian village south of Gila Crossing. The

canal usually contains water, and there are some shallow wells. 

Pimeria Well. Page 415 ; Plate XXIII. 

Pisinemo. Page 337; Plate XXIV.

Powers Well. Page 413; Plate XXIII. A dry well dug 135 feet deep. 

Pozo Blanco. Page 345; Plate XXIV. 

Pozo Blanco, represo northwest of. Plate XXIV. This represo is the water

supply for a summer rancherfa and temporales. It is not large, but how long

water remains here after rains is not known. 

Pozo Blanco, represo 7 miles southwest of. Plate XXIV. A represo located

at a temporal in Quijotoa Valley 4 miles south of an abandoned temporal on

Pozo Blanco route. There is no information as to how long water remains in

represo after rains. 

Pozo Blanco, well north of. Page 346; Plate XXIV. On road to Brownell

and Black Prince mine. 

Pozo Colorado. Plate XXV. A winter rancheria and well in North Comobabi Mountains 4 miles northwest of Comobabi. 

Pozo de Luis. Page 373 ; Plate XXIV. 

Pozo Nuevo. Page 355; Plate XXV. 

Pozo Bedondo. Page 408 ; Plate XXIV. 

Pozo Verde. Page 392; Plate XXV. A winter rancheria 2 miles south of

the international boundary, containing a well and rock tanks.
426 ROUTES TO DESEBT WATERING PLACES.

Pozo Verde, well northeast of. Plate XXV.

P. Robles Well. Plate XXV. This well is 4 miles northwest of Cocoraque

ranch, but nothing else is known of it. 

Puerto Spring. Plate XXV. A spring on the east slope of Diablito Mountain

6 miles southeast of Moyza. 

Punta de Agua. Plate XXV. From this point east to Arivaca there is water

in bed of Arivaca Creek throughout year. 

Pusch's ranch. Page 367; Plate XXV. 

Quajote. Page 371; Plate XXIV. 

Quitobaquito. Page 413; Plate XXIII. 

Hanger station. Page 351; Plate XXV. , 

Raven Butte Tank. Page 406; Plate XXIII. 

Rawhide Well. Plate XXV. This well is 4| miles southwest of Salina

Williams represo and 8 miles south of Vamori. It is 80 feet deep. 

Red Rock. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Redondo Well. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place used by Anvil ranch on

east side of Baboquivari Mountains in T. 18 S., R. 8 E. 

Reventon ranch. Page 351; Plate XXV. 

Reward mine. Page 371; Plate XXIV. 

Reynolds Well. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Rillito. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Ripsey ranch. Plate XXV. This ranch usually called D Bar H ranch, is on

Florence-Winkleman road and has a dug well and windmill. 

Road Runner. Page 388; Plate XXIV. > Roadside mine. Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 

Robledo ranch. Page 359; Plate XXV. 

Robles ranch. Page 335 ; Plate XXV. 

Rocky Point. Page 393; Plate XXV. 

Rodriguez. Plate XXV. A homestead in T. 14 S., R. 11 E., containing a

represo.

Ronstadt ranch. Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 

Roskruge Mountains, well west of. Plate XXV. A dug well 60 feet deep

about 8 miles northwest of San Pedro. 

Ryans Tank. A prospect hole that fills periodically with water. It lies in the

Wellton Hills (PI. XXIII), but no information exists for locating it on the

map.

Sacaton. Page 369; Plate XXV. 

Sahuarito. Page 351; Plate XXV. 

Salina Williams represo. Plate XXV. A small represo 2 miles southeast of

Chulik.

Salt Well. Plate XXIV. Near Isabella mine. 

San Antone. Page 372 ; Plate XXIV. 

Sand Tanks. Page 386; Plate XXIV. 

San Fernando. Page 356 ; Plate XXV. 

San Juan Spring. Plate XXV. This spring supplies water for winter rancherfa of San Juan (p. 392). 

San Juan, well north of. Plate XXV. A dug well 80 feet deep with water

50 feet from surface of ground.

San Lorenzo. Plate XXV. On north side of North Comobabi Mountains. 

San Luis ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch li miles east of Aguajita in T. 21 S..

R. 9 E., that has a dug well. 

San Miguel. Page 392; Plate XXV. 

San Miguel Wells. Plate XXV. Four dug wells 6 miles east Of San Miguel

are called San Miguel Wells.
PAP AGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 427

San Pedro. Page 335; Plate XXV.

San Bafael. Page 393 ; Plate XXIV.

Santa Cruz. Plate XXIV. A winter rancherla with three dug wells 2$

miles east of Nolic. 

Santa Cruz Cienega. Plate XXIV. A swampy area of salt grass and mesquite on the Santa Cruz between Maricopa and Gila Crossing. Water can

be obtained at all times by digging. 

Santan. Page 369; Plate XXV. 

Santa Rosa. Page 372; Plate XXIV. 

Santa Rosa ranch. Page 345; Plate XXV. 

Santa Rosa, represos south of. Plate XXIV. These three represos with

clusters of houses are south of Santa Rosa at distances of 1, 9, and 15 miles.

There is no information as to how long they hold water. 

Santiagos Well. Plate XXV. A dug well 9 miles northeast of Komalik.

It is 72 feet deep and water is 48 feet below the surface. There is another

dug well 2 miles south. 

San Vicente. Page 335; Plate XXV. 

San Xavler del Bac. Page 353; Plate XXV. 

Sasabe. Page 356; Plate XXV. 

Sasabe, spring east of. Plate XXV. A spring a mile east of Sasabe is shown

on map of Mexican Boundary Survey. No information concerning its value

is available.

Sasco. Page 367; Plate XXV. 

Sauceda. Page 388; Plate XXIV. 

Saucito Spring. Plate XXV. A spring on northwest slope of Chiminea

Mountain, a mile north of Montana mine. This small spring sometimes

goes dry.

Saxton Dairy. Page 351; Plate XXV. 

Schaef er Well. Page 355 ; Plate XXV. 

Secundino Well. Pnge 355 ; Plate XXV. 

Sentinel. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Serventi Well. Page 396; Plate XXIV. 

Serventi Well, charco near. Page 396; Plate XXIV. 

Sheep Tank. Plate XXIII. A rock tank on north side of Sheep Peak, 18

miles by trail northwest of Bates Well. Water is found here for several

months of the year. 

Sikulhimakt. Page 346 ; Plate XXV. 

Silver Bell. Page 354; Plate XXV. 

Silver Bell road, well on. Page 354; Plate XXV. 

Simmons Well. Page 361; Plate XXV. 

Skoksonak. Plate XXV. A Papago rancheria 5 miles northeast of Aguirre.

No information is available regarding- its water supply. 

Slate Mountains, well east of. Plate XXV. A well about 17 miles west of

Silver Bell, from which it is reached by road. It is shown on township plat,

but no information is available in regard to its value as a watering place. 

Snaketown. Plate XXV. An Indian village on north bank of Gila River 11

miles west of Sacaton. 

Sonoqui's ranch. Plate XXV. A ranch on Queen Creek, in sec. 27, T. 2 S.,

R. 7 E. There is a well 95 feet deep. 

Squaw Tit Peak, spring near. Page 378; Plate XXIV. A spring 4 miles

south of Stouts Well. 

Stanwix. Page 339; Plate XXIII.
428 ROUTES TO DESEET WATEEING PLACES.

Steele Well. Page 414; Plate XXIV.

Steel Tanks. Plate XXIII. A locality 2i miles southeast of Papago mine.

Some prospectors once planted some steel tanks in the arroyo at this place to

hold water, hence the name. 

Stevens. Page 353; Plate XXV. 

Stout's ranch. Page 390 ; Plate XXIV. 

Stouts Well. Page 386 ; Plate XXIV. 

Stoval. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Sunnyside ranch. Plate XXV. An uninhabited ranch with dug well and

windmill, about 4 miles east of the Foreman ranch. 

Susuta. Page 394; Plate XXIV. 

Sweetwater. Plate XXV. An Indian village on north bank of Gila River 8

miles west- of Sacaton. 

Tartron. Page 385 ; Plate XXIII. 

Tecolote. Page 392 ; Plate XXIV. 

Tempe. Page 363; Plate XXV.

Thomas Well. Plate XXV. A dug well in T. 19 S., R. 8 E., used as a stockwatering place by the La Osa Land & Cattle Co. 

Thumb Butte, springs south of. Plate XXV. The most northern of these

springs is alongside of the Nogales-Arivaca road and is mentioned on page

359; the most southern is 2i| miles south of the butte. 

Tinajas Altas. Page 405; Plate XXIII. 

Tinajas de Don Diego. See Don Diego Tanks. 

Toapit. Page 388; Plate XXIV. 

Toltec. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Tonukvo. Page 396; Plate XXIV. 

Topahua. Page 392; Plate XXV. In addition to the Indian Service well

there is a represo.

Totobit Tanks. Page 378; Plate XXIV. 

Tres Bellotas. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place on the Mexican boundary

10 miles east of Sasabe. There are two wells here about a mile apart. 

Tubac. Page 351; Plate XXV. 

Tucson. Page 334; Plate XXV. 

Tucsoncito. Page 392; Plate XXV.. 

Tucson-Yuma road, charco on portion between Pisinemo and Charco en

Medio. Page 337; Plate XXIV. 

Tule Tank. Page 405; Plate XXIII. 

Tule Well. Page 404; Plate XXIII. Watering place on the Camino del

Diablo.

Tule Well. Page 414; Plate XXIV. Four miles west of Cardigan. 

Tully Well. Plate XXV. A stock-watering place li miles south of San Luis

ranch in T.. 21 S., R. 9 E.

Tumacacori Mission. Page 351; Plate XXV. 

Twin Buttes. Page 353; Plate XXV. 

Vamori. Page 393; Plate XXV. In addition to Indian Service well there is

a large represo. 

Vasquez. Plate XXV. A small ranch 6 miles north of Picacho. Nothing is

known of its water supply. 

Vekol. Page 387 ; Plate XXIV.

Vekol Valley, water hole In. Page 378; Plate XXIV.

Ventana. Page 392; Plate XXV. At this rancherla there are three dug wells. 

Ventana Ranch Well. Plate XXV. A drilled well, 2i miles west of Chulik,

which has been abandoned for many years.
PAPAGO COUNTRY, ARIZONA. 429

Verdugo Well. Plate XXV. A well 9 miles north of Picacho. It is shown on

township plat, but there is no other information concerning it. 

Wakefleld ranch. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Walls Well. Page 348; Plate XXIV. 

Walnut Well. Page 347 ; Plate XXV.

Ward. Plate XXV. A locality at which it is presumed that water may be obtained. 

Warren. Plate XXIV. A locality in cove between Baboquivari and Coyote

mountains. There is said to be a well here. 

Warren Brothers Wells. Page 335; Plate XXV. There are three of these

wells. 

Warsaw. Plate XXV. An old mining settlement 3i miles south of Austerlitz.

There is a small spring fed by an old reservoir filled with sediment. It contains sufficient water for a few cattle and prospectors. 

Weaver Well. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Weldon mine, wells near. Plate XXIV. These wells are located in the canyon

leading from San Antonio and are all dug wells. The traveler will probably

need a bucket and rope to get water. 

Wellton. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Wetmore's ranch. Plate XXV. One of a number of ranches along Rillito

Creek. All have wells. 

White Tanks. Plate XXIV. Small rock tanks on east side of railroad just

north of gap through which it crosses the end of the Crater Mountains.

The tanks hold water for only a month or two after rains. 

Whites Well. Page 415; Plate XXIII. 

Whites Well. Plate XXIV. A well 2 miles west of Isabella mine. It is not

known whether this well has been completed or not. It is a doubtful water

supply. 

Wickchoupai. Plate XXV. A winter rancheria and two dug wells 2 miles

south of Santa Cruz. 

Williamson Store. Page 381; Plate XXIV. Abandoned store, dug well; may

be without equipment to obtain water. 

Willow Spring. Plate XXV. A spring in Piskorski Canyon 6 miles southwest

of Tumacacori Mission. There is an unnamed spring a mile northwest of

Willow Spring.

Wymola. Page 366; Plate XXV. 

Yanks Spring. Plate XXV. A spring on the east side of Cobre Ridge 1J

miles west of Oro Blanco. The spring is permanent and sufficient for 250

head of cattle.

Yuma. Page 339; Plate XXIII. 

Yuma, wells south of. Plate XXIII. 

Yuma, windmill east of. Plate XXIII.

o