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                        Road Diet Informational Guide


            
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                3. Road Diet Feasibility Determination
While Road Diets can improve safety and accommodate motorized and nonmotorized transportation modes along a corridor, they may not be appropriate or feasible in all locations. There are many factors to consider before implementing a Road Diet. Agencies should consider the objective of the Road Diet, which could be one or more of the following:

Improve safety
	Reduce speeds
	Mitigate queues associated with left-turning traffic
	Improve pedestrian environment
	Improve bicyclist accessibility
	Enhance transit stops.

**Figure 10. Road Diet in Flint, Michigan, Central Business District**Road Diet in Flint, Michigan, central business district features a dedicated bike lane and on-street parking.*Photo Credit: Jennifer Atkinson*

Identifying the objective(s) will help determine whether the Road Diet is an appropriate alternative for the corridor that is being evaluated.

Driveway density, transit routes, the number and design of intersections along the corridor, as well as operational characteristics are some considerations to be evaluated before deciding to implement a Road Diet.

Other considerations include roadway function and access control, turning volumes and 85th percentile speed, crash type and patterns, pedestrian and bicycle activity, and right-of-way availability and cost.19



3.1 Safety Factors

One of the primary reasons for a Road Diet installation is to address an identified crash problem. Four-lane undivided highways have inherent design aspects that make them susceptible to crashes. Left-turning and through movements sharing a single lane contributes to rear-end crashes, left-turn crashes, and speed discrepancies. In most cases, current four-lane undivided cross sections do not include accommodations for bicyclists, and most have no refuge for pedestrians to cross four lanes of traffic. When a Road Diet is considered for safety reasons, practitioners must determine if the crash patterns are those that can be addressed with this alternative.

Overall, the statistical analyses of Road Diet conversion safety impacts have shown a range of positive results, with differences often related to whether the installation occurred in a rural or urban area. As such, this difference should be considered when determining Road Diet conversion feasibility. A more detailed discussion of expected safety improvements from a Road Diet conversion is contained in Chapter 2. The reduction in conflict points at intersections, improved sight distance, easier maneuverability for vehicles turning left, and the elimination of weaving are also contributors to the safety improvements at case study Road Diet conversion locations. It is speculated in the Iowa Road Diet guidelines that the only crash type that might increase with this type of conversion would be those related to the additional stop/start conflicts occurring between through and right-turn vehicles and due to the potential increase in congestion.20



3.2 Context Sensitive Solutions and Complete Streets

FHWA defines a context sensitive solution (CSS) as a "collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves all stakeholders to develop a transportation facility that fits its physical setting and preserves scenic, aesthetic, historic, and environmental resources while maintaining safety and mobility. CSS is an approach that considers the total context within which a transportation improvement project will exist."21

**Complete Streets Commitment**

More than 600 State, regional, and local jurisdictions have adopted Complete Streets policies or have made a written commitment to do so.

The topic of CSS comes into play when determining whether or not a Road Diet is "right" for a specific location. FHWA and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) have directives and strong policy-level support for context-sensitive design. According to FHWA, CSS includes the following seven qualities of design excellence:

The project satisfies the purpose and needs as agreed to by a full range of stakeholders. This agreement is forged in the earliest phase of the project and amended as warranted as the project develops.
	The project is a safe facility for both the user and the community.
	The project is in harmony with the community, and it preserves environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, and natural resource values of the area.
	The project exceeds the expectations of both designers and stakeholders and achieves a level of excellence in people's minds.
	The project involves efficient and effective use of the resources (time, budget) of all involved parties.
	The project is designed and built with minimal disruption to the community.
	The project is seen as having added lasting value to the community.22When considering whether to implement a Road Diet, part of the practitioner's evaluation process should include whether it will meet these qualities.

The concept of Complete Streets is similar to CSS in that it suggests that the street network should be planned, designed, maintained, and operated in a way that accommodates all road users and those who use the surrounding environment; not doing so will result in "incomplete" streets. The concept impacts the planning and design phases of a roadway as well as the day-to-day operations.

What it means for a street to be complete is inherent to the context and will differ depending on how the street is intended to function, what types and volumes of road users it should accommodate, the destinations it serves, and the right-of-way available. Many communities have embraced this concept by adopting Complete Streets policies, establishing the expectation that all future roadway projects will adhere to the principle that streets should be designed with all users in mind rather than simply providing enough capacity for vehicle through-put. To aid in implementing the policy, many communities are also developing Complete Streets design guidelines, which address the examples listed and other intricacies of how the design of a roadway should relate to the surrounding context.



3.3 Operational Factors

Consider the following common operational issues when determining the feasibility of a site for a Road Diet.



3.3.1 De Facto Three-Lane Roadway Operation

The traditional definition of a roadway function is based on vehicular mobility and access. The functional goal for a potential Road Diet corridor should consider impacts on the mobility and access of all road users. Practitioners should also consider the adjacent land uses along a corridor. For example, a Road Diet is likely to succeed operationally if the roadway is already operating as a "de facto three-lane roadway." A de facto three-lane roadway is one in which the left-turning vehicles along the existing four-lane undivided roadway have resulted in the majority of the through traffic using the outside lanes (see Figure 11). The overall objective of the Road Diet is to match the design with the intended or preferred function of the roadway for all road users.



**Figure 11. Four-lane Undivided Roadway Intersection Operating as a de facto Three-lane Cross Section**Four-lane undivided roadway with through vehicles backing up in the right travel lane to avoid being stopped behind left-turning traffic stopped at an intersection ahead.*Photo Credit: Tom Welch*

3.3.2 Speed

When possible, match vehicle speed to the context of surrounding land uses, such as through central business districts and neighborhoods, and to all road users. Sometimes this means that lower vehicle speeds are more desirable. These areas often have higher pedestrian and bicycle volumes in addition to younger pedestrians and bicyclists. The need to "calm" or reduce vehicle speeds is often cited as a reason for Road Diet conversions.23

Road Diets can reduce speed differential. The case study and simulation results of operational analyses from *Converting Four- Lane Undivided Roadways to a Three-Lane Cross Section – Factors to Consider* show that 85th percentile and average speed along conversions are likely to decrease by 3 to 5 mph.24 Anecdotal evidence from several case studies has shown that this type of conversion can result in lower vehicle speed variability.

If speeding was documented in the four-lane undivided configuration, a Road Diet can be a useful tool for reducing speeds, especially high-end speeders. Studies have shown a reduction in 85th percentile speed of less than 5 mph 25,26 and in reducing the number of vehicles speeding excessively–defined as those going over 36 mph in a 30 mph speed zone.27 Another study also reported a 7 percent reduction in vehicles traveling over the posted speed limit.28 A greater reduction in speed was observed on corridors with higher traffic volumes.29



3.3.3 Level of Service (LOS)

Level of Service (LOS) is a qualitative measure of traffic conditions using a quantitative stratification of a performance measure or measures. Consider LOS for two components: intersections and arterial segments. Corridors with closely spaced signalized intersections may have a larger impact on the Road Diet operation due to queuing affecting adjacent signalized intersections. This impact could be mitigated by signal timing and coordination between adjacent signals, allowing the corridor to be "flushed" with each green cycle. The City of Lansing, Michigan, goes a step further, considering updates to everything along a new Road Diet corridor, including potential changes to traffic control (e.g., signal removal, roundabout installation).

The LOS on urban arterials would provide a more accurate view of conditions for roads with longer distances between signalized intersections or no signalized intersections in the corridor. The arterial LOS as measured by vehicle speed is affected by signal spacing, access point frequency, number of left turning vehicles, and number of lanes.

The difference in delays and queues should also be considered when determining the feasibility of a Road Diet conversion. After the conversion, the through vehicle delay due to turning traffic should typically decrease. The delays for left-turning vehicles, however, may increase because a similar through volume is now using one through lane rather than two. Through-vehicle delay and queuing along the main line and minor street approaches may also increase and should be considered during detailed analysis of this type of conversion. Once again, the difference in these measures can be small if the existing four-lane undivided roadway is generally operating at or close to that of a de facto three-lane roadway. Several measures that also can be used to mitigate and minimize these operational impacts include, but are not limited to, signal optimization and coordination, turn lane additions, and driveway consolidation. Of particular interest and focus should be minor street delays and queues at signalized intersections and the available gaps at unsignalized intersections or driveways. Practitioners should consider the mitigation of any negative impacts during the more detailed alternative analysis and evaluation and weigh them against benefits for non-motorized road users.



3.3.4 Quality of Service

Quality of service is defined as a "quantitative indicator of the operational conditions of a facility or service and users' perception of these conditions."30 Agencies have used a number of objective and subjective measures, including "perceived level of safety and comfort" in Florida's bicycle and pedestrian level of service methodologies.31

Practitioners should consider user quality of service for individual intersections and arterial segments as well as the overall facility. New methodologies for urban street facilities in the *2010 Highway Capacity Manual* (HCM) allow analysts to determine quality of service measures for automobiles, pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit.

**What about Capacity?**

There is often concern about apparently reducing the capacity of a four-lane undivided roadway in half by converting it to a three-lane cross section with a Road Diet. Practitioners have found some cases of the four-lane undivided road operating as a de facto three-lane roadway due to turning movements and driver behavior. Therefore, the effective capacity reduction is much less than the theoretical reduction assumed before implementation.

The HCM 2010 notes that automobile mode quality of service is based on performance measures that are field-measurable, while the pedestrian and bicyclist qualities of service are based on traveler-reported scores based on perceived quality of service. Transit quality of service is based on changes in transit patronage that come from changes in service quality. In this context, a multimodal LOS (MMLOS) analysis is included to evaluate the LOS of each travel mode simultaneously (note that a combined LOS is not calculated). Strengths of the MMLOS analysis include the ability to quantify and assess quality of service trade-offs between modes and to help prioritize possible improvements that may impact each mode differently.32

Some of the following general trends are expected.

Pedestrian LOS scores are likely to improve due to the lane reduction, speed reduction, and the reallocation of traveled way width to bicycle lanes and on-street parking.
	Bicycle LOS scores will improve as a result of some of the same factors, as well as the addition of a bicycle lane.
	Applying a Road Diet configuration on a corridor with frequent signalized intersections will have a larger impact on automobile operations than it would on a corridor with more infrequent signal spacing. Frequently spaced signals are more likely to have queued traffic back up into adjacent signals' effective areas, causing congestion issues at multiple intersections. In some cases this impact can be mitigated by optimizing the signal timing and coordinating between signals. The arterial automobile LOS will provide a more accurate view of conditions when there are longer distances between signalized intersections or only unsignalized intersections in the corridor.
	The following factors will affect automobile LOS, as measured by vehicle speed: signal spacing, access point frequency, number of left-turning vehicles, and number of lanes.One study conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine at what hourly volume the arterial LOS would decline. It found that a two-way peak hour volume of 1,750 vehicles per hour (875 each direction) was the threshold when a decrease in LOS was observed.33 It also found this could be mitigated by signal timing optimization.34



3.3.5 Average Daily Traffic (ADT)

The ADT provides a good first approximation on whether or not to consider a Road Diet conversion. If the ADT is near the upper limits of the study volumes, practitioners should conduct further analysis to determine its operational feasibility. This would include looking at peak hour volumes by direction and considering other factors such as signal spacing, turning volumes at intersections, and other access points. Each practitioner should use engineering judgment to decide how much analysis is necessary and take examples from this report as a guide.

A 2011 Kentucky study showed Road Diets could work up to an ADT of 23,000 vehicles per day (vpd).35
	In 2006, Gates, et al. suggested a maximum ADT of between 15,000 and 17,500 vpd.36Knapp, Giese, and Lee have documented Road Diets with ADTs ranging from 8,500 to 24,000 vpd.37 The FHWA advises that roadways with ADT of 20,000 vpd or less may be good candidates for a Road Diet and should be evaluated for feasibility. Figure 12 shows the maximum ADTs used by several agencies to determine whether to install a Road Diet. Road Diet projects have been completed on roadways with relatively high traffic volumes in urban areas or near larger cities with satisfactory results.



**Figure 12. Road Diet Implementation Maximum Volume Thresholds by Agency**Chart shows maximum volume for road diets in thre locations: Pasadena, CA: 15,000 ADT; Lansing, MI: 18,000 ADT; and Seattle, WA: 25,000 ADT.



3.3.6 Peak Hour and Peak Direction

The peak hour volume in the peak direction will be the measure of volume driving the analysis and can determine whether the Road Diet can be feasibly implemented. This is the traffic volume that would be used in calculating LOS analysis for intersections or the arterial corridor.

Peak-hour volumes along urban roadways typically represent 8 to 12 percent of the ADT along a roadway. The Iowa guidelines suggest, from an operational point of view, the following volume-based Road Diet feasibility conclusions (assuming a 50/50 directional split and 10 percent of the ADT during the peak hour):38

Probably feasible at or below 750 vehicles per hour per direction (vphpd) during the peak hour.
	Consider cautiously between 750 – 875 vphpd during the peak hour.
	Feasibility less likely above 875 vphpd during the peak hour and expect reduced arterial LOS during the peak period.

3.3.7 Turning Volumes and Patterns

The volume and pattern of turning vehicles influences roadway safety and operation. Practitioners should assess turn volumes and patterns when considering the feasibility of a Road Diet conversion. In general, four-lane undivided roadways begin to operate in a manner similar to a three-lane roadway as the number of access points and left-turn volumes increase. In this situation the four-lane undivided roadway begins to operate as a de facto three-lane roadway and the operational impacts of a Road Diet conversion may be smaller. This type of situation, if expected during the entire design period, would be more likely to define a feasible Road Diet conversion location.39 If it is determined that the four-lane undivided to three-lane conversion is a feasible option along a roadway corridor, a more detailed operational analysis of the existing and expected through and turning volumes is necessary (see Chapter 4).

The operation of each corridor is unique and requires an evaluation to determine if a Road Diet cross-section conversion is feasible. For example, if a major driveway exists along the corridor, it could change the potential impacts of a Road Diet by introducing another (often closely-spaced) opportunity for additional vehicular turning movements. If motorists are trying to turn into driveways opposite each other, opposite-direction vehicles could end up in the TWLTL and have potential conflicts.

Offset intersections can cause a similar problem, as vehicular left-turning traffic can enter the TWLTL from opposite directions, desiring the same space from which to make their turn. Depending on the design of intersections and driveways, along with the volume of left turning traffic, this can result in potential conflicts.



3.3.8 Frequently Stopping and Slow-Moving Vehicles



**Figure 13. Bus Loading Zone in Seattle, Washington**Bus loading zone on a raised median separates a dedicated bike lane from a side walk in Seattle. *Photo Credit: City of Seattle*

The number and frequency of slow-moving and frequently stopping vehicles using a roadway corridor is a factor to consider when evaluating the application of a Road Diet conversion. Some examples of these types of vehicles include agricultural equipment, transit buses, curb-side mail delivery, trash pick-up, and horse-drawn vehicles. These types of vehicles have a greater impact on the operation of a three-lane roadway than a four-lane undivided roadway. The primary reason for this increased impact is the inability of other vehicles to legally pass frequently stopping or slow-moving vehicles. When determining the feasibility of a Road Diet conversion, practitioners should take into account the number and duration of vehicle stops along the corridor (particularly during peak hours), as well as the enforcement levels needed to deter illegal passing. One potential mitigation measure to minimize the impact of frequently stopping vehicles is to provide pullout areas at specific locations along the corridor. Another potential mitigation is to use some of the existing cross section for these types of vehicles (e.g., a transit lane). Improvements to intersection and driveway radii or pavement markings to serve these types of vehicles should also be considered if the Road Diet is selected as a feasible option.

Simulated comparisons of a quarter-mile, four-lane, undivided roadway with a three-lane roadway, each having different percentages of heavy vehicles, one to two bus stops, and various headways and dwell times (with a set amount of entering volumes, number of access points, and turning volumes) showed that the impact of these vehicles on average arterial travel speed was much higher along the three-lane cross section than that of the four-lane undivided roadways.40 Vehicles illegally passing stopped or slow-moving vehicles in the TWLTL did not appear to be a regular problem in the Iowa case studies. If this does occur, consider enforcement and education about the use of TWLTLs as appropriate.



3.4 Bicycles, Pedestrians, Transit, and Freight Considerations

Embarking on a Road Diet presents an opportunity to dedicate more space to other roadway users and create a more balanced transportation system. For bicyclists in particular, Road Diets often include adding bicycle lanes to a street with little or no accommodation for bicyclists. The bicycle lane makes that route an option for many who would have been too intimidated to use the street previously. For pedestrians, Road Diets help reduce vehicle speeds and speed discrepancies midblock, making crossings easier and safer.41 Transit vehicles may find more space available for bus stops but may also face new challenges, such as blocking the single through lane along a corridor when stopped. Freight operators have special needs, especially for delivery of goods to businesses, that should be accommodated along the corridor.

Community members feel Road Diet conversions improve their quality of life. Iowa case study results found that pedestrians and bicyclists, along with adjacent land owners, often preferred the three-lane cross section. Conflicts between bicyclists, pedestrians, and vehicles can be reduced and the complexity of crossing maneuvers decreased. Road Diet effects on quality of life are discussed in more detail in *Road Diet Handbook: Setting Trends for Livable Streets*.42

If corridors have existing or planned transit routes, the interrelation between transit operations (e.g., number of dedicated stops and frequency of trips) and other roadway users (i.e., vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians) should be assessed before determining whether or not to implement a Road Diet. The following sections present considerations and examples of how Road Diets may be implemented with pedestrians, bicycles, transit, and freight operations in mind.



3.4.1 Bicycle Considerations

Bicycle routes should be part of an overall network. One of the things to consider when determining whether a street is appropriate for a Road Diet is whether it fills in a gap in the overall network, or if it is part of a planned network. Many agencies, including the Los Angeles, Seattle, and Chicago DOTs, have sought out potential locations for Road Diets to complete the networks identified in their bicycle master plans.

If a formal bicycle network has not been identified, the roadway in question may still benefit from bicycle facilities. The street should first be studied to determine if there is any existing bicycle activity along it. If bicyclists are already using the roadway without a facility, significantly more bicyclists will likely use the route after a Road Diet. Whether or not there is existing activity, demand for a bicycle facility should be estimated. In cases where there are already bicycle facilities, a Road Diet may be an opportunity to further enhance the comfort of bicyclists by adding buffer space or converting a standard bicycle lane to a protected bicycle lane. Adding buffers may have additional benefits to other users as well. For instance, where the goal is to lower speeds, adding buffers to narrow travel lanes may accomplish that, which would be a benefit to pedestrians as well as bicyclists (see Figure 14).



**Figure 14. Buffered Bicycle Lanes on Wabash Avenue in Chicago**A buffered bike lane in downtown Chicago.*Photo Credit: Stacey Meekins*



3.4.2 Pedestrian Considerations

The primary items for consideration for pedestrians are similar in nature to those for bicyclists – is there already a sidewalk available; what is the level of pedestrian activity; could the activity be expected to increase with the addition of facilities? If there are no sidewalks currently lining the roadway, designers should consider adding them with the Road Diet. In rural contexts, a sidewalk may not be necessary, but in these situations, a paved shoulder should at least be considered as a pedestrian accommodation. Along a section of Soapstone Road in Reston, Virginia, a Road Diet converted the road from two travel lanes in each direction to one lane of travel and a bicycle lane in each direction, separated by a TWLTL. Pedestrians can be observed walking in the road at locations that lacked sidewalks near the transition into the three-lane section, as shown in Figure 15. In this case the Road Diet treatment provides a safety benefit by increasing the separation between pedestrians and motor vehicles.

**Figure 15. Pedestrians Buffered from Traffic in Reston, VA**Buffered pedestrian path between on-street parallel parked cars and the travel lane on a roadway with forested areas to either side and no paved side-walk.*Photo Credit: Richard Retting*

The history of pedestrian crashes should factor into the decision as to whether to implement a Road Diet and what the components of the Road Diet ought to be. Crashes can be reduced by adding sidewalks or a shoulder, adding pedestrian refuge islands, and simply by slowing cars and reducing the number of lanes pedestrians must cross.

Pedestrian refuge islands should also be considered. The land use and the intended pedestrian environment will also factor into the decision as to whether to implement a Road Diet.



3.4.3 Transit Considerations

It is important to consider transit operations along a corridor being evaluated for a Road Diet, and also to consider the impacts of new transit needs that affect all road users. The conversion should not result in transit causing undue additional delay to general purpose traffic, though in many cases buses that stopped in the rightmost through lane before the conversion will stop in the only through lane after the Road Diet is installed. Bus stops are typically located along the curb with on-street parking removed, although some corridors may include pull outs to prevent buses from blocking through traffic. Pull-outs are often not preferred by transit operators due to difficulties with ingress and egress from the mainline.

Agencies should work with transit providers in the corridor to make sure their needs are being addressed. This is also a good time to have the transit provider look at bus stop spacing and location. Some stops could potentially be eliminated or moved from either near-side or far-side locations at intersections to provide a better pedestrian connection or to prevent buses from blocking the line of sight between pedestrians and motorists. If buses end up partially blocking the through lane after a Road Diet conversion, then vehicles may end up passing the bus in the two-way left turn lane. This issue can be remediated by applying physical barriers (e.g., channelizing devices along the outer edge line of the TWLTL) to prevent the maneuver, depending on the frequency and severity of the violation.

On 55th Street in Chicago, the City installed a Road Diet from Cottage Grove Avenue to Woodlawn Avenue. This corridor served as an existing transit route, and the City also wanted to incorporate bicycle facilities. Significant coordination with the Chicago Transit Authority was necessary to address the needs of the transit providers, while also accommodating the new bicycle lanes. Figure 16 shows how transit and bicycle lanes are both accommodated on 55th Street.



**Figure 16. 55th Street in Chicago: Transit and Bicycles Share an Area at the Intersection (left); Transit Stop and Bicycle Lane (right)**Two side-by-side photos depict transit and bicycles sharing an area at an intersection (left) and at a transit stop and bicycle lane to the right of a through lane (right).*Photo Credit: Stacey Meekins*

The City of Seattle works closely with transit providers in corridors where Road Diets are proposed. The transit agency reviews the proposed geometry and comments on needed changes to accommodate buses. In addition, Seattle has developed transit priority corridors with the following attributes:

Bus priority at traffic signals.
	Queue jump lanes for buses at signalized intersections
	In-lane bus stops for transit efficiency.
	Pedestrian safety treatments for transit users and on-time bus service.**Road Diet Effects on Seattle's Electric Buses**

The City of Seattle has a fleet of electric buses that use overhead wires to provide eco-friendly and cost-effective services. For a proposed Road Diet project on Myrtle Street, King County Metro asked if the bus could continue using the same overhead wires with the new lane configuration. If so, then the Road Diet would be a low-cost solution. If not, it would be very expensive to move the wires. After testing the situation they determined that the buses could reach the wires, so the Road Diet project was installed.



3.4.4 Freight Considerations

There are instances where a corridor proposed for a Road Diet will need to accommodate truck movements. Freight operations on corridors are largely driven by demand-induced truck volumes, the proximity of alternative or parallel corridors, and the land use characteristics along or near the corridor. Freight operations can range from routine deliveries along the corridor to throughput of freight generated within and outside a region. When evaluating a corridor for a Road Diet, current and future freight operations should be considered.

While there is limited information available on freight considerations when compared to other areas addressed in this section, the Complete Streets guide published by The New York State Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (NYSAMPO) notes that, "Complete streets are often used to stimulate economic development, ideally as compact mixed-use with retail, commercial, and residential spaces. Designers must consider how stores and restaurants will receive deliveries, and where visitors and residents will park their cars without interfering with the needs of pedestrians, cyclists, or transit. Concepts include rear delivery access and strategically placed loading zones with time restrictions."43

Road Diets can appropriately accommodate freight movements while also serving other transportation users if some key factors are considered during the planning process. The NYSAMPO has identified the following considerations that should be factored in when addressing truck movements in complete streets settings.44

**Current Land Use**. Different uses generate different volumes and types of large truck movements. For example, restaurants may generate relatively high volumes of trucks, while lower density residential typically will not. Keeping the land uses along a corridor in mind will help agencies appropriately design Road Diets to meet local needs.
	**Truck Size**. Corridors that serve or connect to larger industrial properties may serve larger trucks that cannot easily maneuver on narrower roads. By contrast, commercial retail stores and offices are often served by smaller unit delivery trucks.
	**Delivery Parking Areas**. Some urban areas can accommodate deliveries via alleys or side streets, thereby avoiding trucks stopping on the main street to deliver. Other options include dedicated curbside delivery parking areas or off-street parking lots. Still other urban areas lack dedicated truck delivery parking areas, making it more difficult for delivery trucks to find parking and increasing conflicts for all users.
	**Intersection Design**. Intersections where large trucks are often making turns should be designed with wider curb radii to accommodate truck movements. Intersections that experience few truck movements, few truck turns, and/or almost exclusively serve smaller trucks have lesser intersection turning radii requirements.Engaging freight stakeholders early in the project planning and development process provides an opportunity to align freight mobility with the goals of a planned Road Diet. Outreach to stakeholders such as business owners, commercial and industrial property owners, and local carriers can be useful to identify potential issues with a Road Diet implementation. While engagement with freight stakeholders does not guarantee all conflicts will be resolved, it increases the likelihood of agreement on a Road Diet approach that balances freight mobility, safety, economic growth, and community needs to enhance quality of life.



3.5 Other Feasibility Determination Factors

The feasibility of converting a four-lane, undivided roadway to a three-lane cross section as a possible alternative along a particular corridor can be evaluated, at least partially, through the consideration of several feasibility determination factors (FDFs), as discussed earlier in this chapter. If the existing or preferred characteristics of the FDFs match the objectives or goals for the corridor under consideration, the Road Diet configuration should be included as one option in a more detailed alternative cross-section analysis and comparison.

Overall, Road Diet feasibility is tied to the ability to design the facility within the existing roadway cross section or right-of-way. However, in some cases, the corridor FDFs may require some mitigation to achieve a desirable outcome after a Road Diet conversion. The acceptability and impacts of this type of mitigation should be considered in general when determining the feasibility of the Road Diet option. A more detailed analysis would need to be completed when all feasible corridor cross section alternatives are evaluated and compared. Planning/policy, geometrics, safety, and operational details for Road Diets are discussed in other sections of this guide.

The factors discussed in this section include the following:

Right-of-way availability and cost.
	Parallel roadways.
	Parallel parking.
	At-grade railroad crossings.
	Public outreach, public relations, and political considerations.The content of the discussion that follows was generally derived from *Converting Four-Lane Undivided Roadways to a Three- Lane Cross Section: Factors to Consider*. Other information has been added based on more recent research efforts and agency experience with Road Diet implementation and evaluation. Appendix B includes a summary table of feasibility factors, their characteristics, and a series of sample evaluative questions.



3.5.1 Right-of-Way Availability and Cost

Practitioners frequently consider the conversion of a four-lane, undivided cross section to three lanes when additional right-of-way or project funding is limited. Many Road Diet conversions can be completed within the existing curb-to-curb or roadway pavement envelope. However, changes in width at specific locations and occasionally additional right-of-way may be necessary (e.g., at intersections for right-turn lanes). A Road Diet conversion may be less feasible when these types of activities increase. In many cases a Road Diet conversion may only consist of changes in pavement markings. The inclusion of a Road Diet conversion as a feasible option for further consideration is more likely if there are limitations on available right-of-way.



3.5.2 Parallel Roadways

Road Diets can cause some diversion of traffic to parallel routes. A determination will be needed to establish whether the parallel routes would be desirable by through vehicle drivers on the corridor of interest. This can be established through discussions with those that travel the roadway or the application of appropriate simulation software. The distance between parallel arterials should also be considered. It is less likely that vehicles will divert to parallel routes that are farther away or that are just as congested. The other consideration is vehicles shifting to parallel non-arterial streets as "cut-through" traffic. Collecting before-and-after traffic data can inform the practitioner if this is occurring. Some community members may be more sensitive to this, so having data can help clearly define whether this is a problem. If there is an increase in cut-through traffic, traffic calming or other mitigation measures on parallel streets may be warranted.



3.5.3 Parallel Parking

The existence of parallel parking (full-time or only during part of the day) and its impact on the feasibility of a Road Diet conversion should be evaluated. The difference in the impacts of the parking maneuvers on the four-lane undivided versus the three-lane cross section need to be compared. In addition, if a bicycle lane is added after the conversion, the interaction between bicyclists and vehicles being parked should be considered. Parallel parking can be and has been included along three-lane roadways.

**3D Visualization**

The use of 3D visualization may serve as an effective tool to help local stakeholders visualize a proposed Road Diet and assess impacts associated with the installation. Design visualization allows viewers to see the corridor from several vantage points, such as a commercial vehicle, a motor vehicle, a bicycle, or a pedestrian.



3.5.4 At-Grade Railroad Crossings

An important consideration in the feasibility of converting four-lane, undivided roadway to three lanes is the existence of railroad crossings. Vehicles queued at an at-grade rail crossing will need to be served by one through lane after the Road Diet conversion. This could result in queues that are approximately twice as long. If this type of queuing is not acceptable along the three-lane cross section, it could affect feasibility. It is also important to consider at-grade crossings for railroads that closely parallel the corridor of interest. In the case of a nearby parallel railroad, the additional queuing due to a train would occur in the TWLTL in one direction and the through lane in the other direction. If operation of the converted corridor is needed while a train passes, the addition of a right-turn lane with adequate storage may be necessary for mitigation. The consideration of the signalization at these intersections (if it exists) also requires special attention both before and after the Road Diet conversion (if it occurs).



3.5.5 Public Outreach, Public Relations, and Political Considerations

According to the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission's *Regional Road Diet Analysis Feasibility Assessment*, "Education and outreach play a critical role in the success of a Road Diet. Many projects have demonstrated that public opposition can be strong in the early stages of a project. However, with committed stakeholders and an organized education and outreach program, the public can be better informed about the advantages and disadvantages of Road Diets."45

Road Diet conversions have been implemented for more than three decades. Their implementation, however, can still be very challenging. This type of conversion is relatively unusual and new to most transportation professionals, local jurisdictions, and the traveling public. In some cases the consideration of or proposal for a Road Diet can lead to some concern due to unfamiliarity.

A temporary trial basis implementation of a Road Diet conversion has been used to address public concerns. This approach requires the restriping of the pavement within the proposed Road Diet area for a period of time before a determination is made to continue with a permanent Road Diet installation. Temporary pavement marking materials similar to those used in construction work zones can be considered for this purpose.

Consider signalization adjustments and any potential issues related to turning vehicles. During the trial basis time period, a series of before-and-after operational studies can be completed; some preliminary crash analysis can be performed; and surveys can be conducted among adjacent land owners, first responders, etc. If the trial yields positive results, consider implementing a more permanent Road Diet conversion. If it is determined that a Road Diet is not the best option for the corridor, the roadway can be changed back to its original lane configuration.

Michigan DOT (MDOT), with support from FHWA, has implemented Road Diets using the trial basis approach to appeal to communities where Road Diets may be feasible but are not embraced locally. In a few localities where citizens or local officials have objected to an MDOT-proposed Road Diet, MDOT has tempered its proposal with a guarantee: the agency will install the Road Diet on a trial basis, and will return the road to four lanes at the end of the trial if the community requests it. The evaluation criterion in this case is simple: what does the community want? As a result, many corridors have retained their Road Diet conversion with only two corridors being returned to four-lane undivided sections in Michigan. MDOT and FHWA believe that this is an effective approach to demonstrate the safety countermeasure to a community.

3.6 Case Studies: Feasibility Determination Decision-making

Several agencies apply general "rules of thumb" when first considering Road Diets. This section summarizes the factors and design parameters agencies should use when considering a Road Diet.

**Seattle DOT**considers the following facets of transportation operations, mobility, and safety in the selection of a Road Diet corridor:46

Volume of traffic – up to 25,000 vehicles per day
	Number of collisions – all modes (motor vehicle, pedestrian, bicycle)
	Vehicle speed
	Number of lanes
	Freight usage
	Bus stops and routing
	Travel time
	Accessibility.To guide Road Diet implementations, Seattle DOT developed the flow chart shown in Figure 17 to support its Road Diet decision-making process. First, the city calculates the ADT of the roadway segment in question, combined with signal spacing. In some cases this will lead to additional operational analyses of the entire corridor or key intersections. Depending on the results of this additional analysis, further modeling may be required (e.g., via Highway Capacity Software or Synchro). Those results may require modifications to the design to accommodate traffic. Once the simulation results are satisfactory, the Traffic Operations Manager and Signal Operations Manager must formally approve the Road Diet project to move forward.



**Figure 17. City of Seattle Modeling Flow Chart for Road Diet Feasibility Determination**Diagram depicts a decision matrix of applying a road diet in the city of Seattle.*NOTE: vphpd is vehicle per hour per direction ADT is average daily traffic*



**Chicago DOT** (CDOT) has started developing guidelines for when and where to implement Road Diets at the time of this writing. Crashes are the most important reason for them to consider a Road Diet, followed by traffic volumes that do not warrant the current number of lanes.

CDOT considers a roadway up to 15,000 – 18,000 ADT to be a good candidate for a Road Diet. However, the agency believes that the design hourly volume (DHV) may be a better parameter to use than ADT. A Road Diet would be feasible with a peak hourly volume of 1,000; at higher volumes, signal modifications may be necessary, and implementing left-turn phases is important where the traffic volumes are high.

**Michigan DOT**gives the following outline for guidance related to reducing lanes when considering implementation of a Road Diet:

Planning and Policy – Includes information on the purpose and need for the Road Diet, planning considerations for the local community and regional planning agency, Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) processes, etc.
	Feasibility Determination Factors – Includes information regarding traffic volumes, traffic modeling, turning movements, level of service, crash analysis, etc.
	Operational Criteria – Includes information regarding acceptable Level of Service (LOS) and improvements related to certain crash types.
	Geometric Design Criteria – Describes maintaining proper geometrics using major road standards.
	Systems Considerations – Includes considerations regarding parking, pedestrian and bicycle issues, school routes, etc.
	Project Costs – Describes financial arrangements for cost-share projects.
	Public Involvement – Describes the communication process prior to implementation.47Michigan DOT has chosen to view all existing four-lane, undivided roads as potential implementation sites. Many local Michigan agencies believe that a three-lane cross-section is the desirable road section compared to two-lane and four-lane undivided sections, and they actively work to identify which four-lane undivided roads are good candidates for Road Diets.

**The City of Grand Rapids, MI** takes a holistic view of Road Diet implementations by first identifying all four-lane, undivided facilities within their jurisdiction. For each road or segment identified, the agency then records and tracks traffic volumes, corridor use (whether a commercial route, incident bypass route, neighborhood traffic, school bus/transit route, etc.), and how the corridor operates under existing conditions.48

**The City of Lansing, MI** has established the following minimum post-implementation lane width guidance:

11-ft. through lanes
	5-ft. bike lanes49
	10-ft. turn lanes (left and right).This guidance was established based on the city's experience; at some vehicle lane widths the roadway encourages side-by-side traffic, and some bicycle lane widths can encourage parking. Where undesignated pavement width exists, the city paints a buffer zone between the travel lane and bike lane, as shown in Figure 18. This provides a buffer between vehicles and bicycle traffic and helps allocate unused pavement without creating wide lanes.



**Figure 18. Painted Buffer Between Through Lane and Bicycle Lane in Lansing, Michigan**A buffered bicycle lane in a suburban area.*Photo Credit: Jennifer Atkinson*

**The Genesee County Metropolitan Planning Commission** (GCMPC) in Michigan is both progressive and aggressive in its approach to installing Road Diets. Although the first Road Diet in the GCMPC area occurred in 1990, the real boost to widespread implementation of Road Diets within this area occurred in 2009. The catalyst was the completion of a technical study in which the GCMPC assessed more than 140 miles of four-lane undivided road in its jurisdiction for potential conversion to three lanes. This study provided a summary of operating features and crash results for eight completed Road Diets in the area and offered a comparative assessment ranking the desirability of all remaining four-lane sections for Road Diet consideration.50

The local agencies within the region first targeted routes with low ADTs that would allow for easy conversion and result in safety benefits; routes carrying 6,000 – 8,000 AADT were selected for the first conversions. After several conversions and positive public opinions of Road Diets, GCMPC began selecting implementation sites with higher volumes – up to 15,000 AADT.

Each year, GCMPC selects competitive road improvement projects submitted by its 32 local agencies. Potential Road Diet locations are scored and prioritized on criteria such as the following:

Existing level of service;
	Lane width (existing and proposed);
	Number of driveway approaches within the Road Diet segment; and
	Crash types that may be mitigated by installation.The GCMPC involves representatives from all modes of transportation, elected officials, and local agency partners. These stakeholders are involved from the beginning of the planning process and collaborate through the Road Diet installation. GCMPC feels that working together with these stakeholders gives a sense of project awareness and buy-in. It also helps to overcome obstacles or concerns that arise along the way, leading to smoother implementation. GCMPC encourages local agencies within their jurisdiction to restripe existing four-lane undivided segments as three-lane Road Diets as a part of their ongoing annual or bi-annual restriping plans. During the Road Diet study, GCMPC looked at several parameters to determine conversion suitability. Using these criteria, a 4-scale rating system was developed to measure compatibility of each road segment. These included:

**Crash data**. Rates of traffic crashes for sideswipe, head-on, head-on-left-turn, angle, rear-end, and rear-end-left-turn crashes that are higher than the average for roadways with similar functional classification can be a good indicator for compatibility.
	**Lane width**. Four-lane roadways with lanes widths less than 12 feet may be good candidates as the narrow lanes can cause conflicts for passing vehicles.
	**Speed limits and operating speeds**. A Road Diet may be beneficial where traffic calming is needed.
	**Surface type**. A road that has concrete on the inside lanes and asphalt on the outside lanes (or the other way around) may be a poor candidate as the difference in pavement color may be used to distinguish travel lanes rather than the painted lane markers. This is especially true during inclement weather events or evening/morning driving as a result of sun glare.
	**ADT**. GCMPC considers ADT less than 10,000 feasible, between 10,000 and 20,000 potentially feasible depending on site-specific conditions, and more than 20,000 likely not feasible.
	**Number of traffic signals**. This is one of the many factors used to determine compatibility and is site specific.
	**Land use**. A Road Diet may be beneficial on corridors that have a lot of turning movements such as a block-style street grid, shopping areas, school zones, etc.Overall, the efforts of GCMPC to install Road Diets have resulted in a number of installations. Four years ago, a Road Diet proposal from a local agency would have been unusual, but they are common now in GCMPC's annual call for projects. From the local agencies' standpoint, they feel that the extraordinary efforts of the planning agency and subsequent educational follow-up by GCMPC have facilitated implementation at the local level.

Based on recent interviews with practitioners, agency considerations for Road Diet implementation are shown in Table 3.



**Table 3. Road Diet Implementation Considerations by Agency**
	Agency
			Maximum Volume, ADT
			Maximum Peak Volumes, DHV
			Minimum Lane Width,ft.
			Crash History
			Vehicle Speed
			Number of Lanes
			Turning Volumes
			Freight Usage
			Presence of Transit
			Presence of Bicycles
			Travel Time or LOS
			AccessibilityThrough
			Left/Right
			BicycleChicago DOT
			•
			•
			•
			•
			•
			•
			•
			
			•
			
			
			•
			•Seattle DOT
			•
			
			
			
			
			•
			•
			•
			
			•
			•
			
			•
			•City of Lansing, MI
			•
			
			•
			•
			•Michigan DOT
			
			
			
			
			
			•
			
			
			•
			
			•
			
			•
			•Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission
			•
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			•
			
			
			
			•City of Las Vegas, NV
			
			
			
			
			
			
			•
			
			
			
			
			•
			
			•Genesee County (MI) Metropolitan Planning Commission
			•
			
			•
			
			
			•
			•
			
			
			
			•
			
			•

3.7 Funding Road Diets

Road Diets can be funded from a number of different sources based on the needs of the agency. Road Diets are typically eligible for Surface Transportation Program (STP), Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) or other Federal-aid funds where data support the expenditure.

However, there are other benefits of Road Diets and other reasons for their installation, so the other funding sources available vary widely from Federal, State, and local sources. For example, the Seattle DOT (SDOT) has used funding from such sources as Safe Routes to School grants, Washington State DOT pedestrian and bicycle funds, and transit grants. The agency also monitors the city's road resurfacing projects to see whether upcoming streets scheduled for upcoming roadway overlay projects are good candidates for Road Diets. This allows Seattle DOT to use the annual paving program funds for some installations.
      
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