U.S. Department of the Interior 

National Park Service 

American Battlefield Protection Program 

Update to the Civil War

Sites Advisory Commission’s

Report on the Nation’s

Civil War Battlefields

Commonwealth

of Virginia

Washington, DC

July 2009
 

Cover: View of a local farm from the front porch of Ellwood, a historic structure on the 

Wilderness battlefield. Commercial development of privately owned battlefield land is a 

serious threat to the historic landscape, which is only partially protected by the National 

Park Service. Photo by Tanya Gossett, 2006.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission 

Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Commonwealth of Virginia

U.S. Department of the Interior 

National Park Service 

American Battlefield Protection Program 

Washington, DC 

July 2009 

Authority 

The American Battlefield Protection Program Act of 1996, as amended by the Civil War 

Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-359, 111 Stat. 3016, 17 December 

2002), directs the Secretary of the Interior to update the Civil War Sites Advisory 

Commission (CWSAC) Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields. 

Acknowledgments 

NPS Project Team Paul Hawke, Project Leader; Kathleen Madigan, Survey Coordinator; 

Tanya Gossett and January Ruck, Reporting; Matthew Borders, Historian; Kristie Kendall, 

Program Assistant. 

Battlefield Surveyor(s) Joseph E. Brent, Mudpuppy and Waterdog, Inc.; David W. Lowe, 

Cultural Resources Geographical Information Systems Facility, National Park Service; Tanya 

Gossett, Kathleen Madigan, and Lisa Rupple, American Battlefield Protection Program, 

National Park Service. 

Respondents Larry Allamong, Fisher's Hill Battlefield Land Owner; Emilia Arnold, 

Museum of the Shenandoah Valley; David Blake, Buckland Preservation Society; Dave Born, 

Bristoe Station Battlefield Heritage Park; Ray Brown, Manassas National Battlefield Park; 

Chris Calkins, Petersburg National Battlefield; John Clark, Town of Marion; Sarah Cooleen, 

Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities; Larry Duncan, Kernstown 

Battlefield Association, Inc.; Jennifer Esler, Museum of the Shenandoah Valley; George L. 

Fickett Jr., Chesterfield Historical Society; John Goddard, Texas Brigade Historian; Clark 

“Bud” Hall, author; Gerald Hallow, Trevilian Station Battlefield Foundation; Brendon 

Hanafin, Prince William County; Mike Henry, Colvin Run Mill Historic Site; Don Hower, 

McDowell Battlefield; Diann Jacox and Chris Stubbs, Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National 

Historical Park; John Johnson, Wytheville Training School Cultural Center; Chuck Johnston, 

Clarke County; Robert E. L. Krick and David Ruth, Richmond National Battlefield Park; Bob 

Luddy, Brandy Station Foundation; Troy Marshall, New Market Battlefield State Historical 

Park; Lloyd Matthews; John Hennessy, Eric Mink, and Greg Mertz, Fredericksburg and 

Spotsylvania National Military Park; Erik Nelson, Central Virginia Battlefields Trust; 

Michelle Olgers, Land Owner; Patrick Olienyk, Pamplin Historical Park; Judy Pfeiffer, 
Warren Heritage Society; John Quarstein, Virginia War Memorial Museum; Jeff Randolf, 

Bull Run Regional Park; Anne L. Reeder, Sayler's Creek Battlefield Park; Kate Rudacille and 

Rick Stevens, Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority; John Rutherford, Fairfax County 

Park Authority; Patrick Schroeder, Appomattox Court House National Historic Park; Sue 

Sheer, Auburn Battlefield Land Owner; Pam Sheets, Shenandoah County; Camilla B. Shover 

and Judy L. Sokolowski, Stafford County; Greg Starbuck, Historic Sandusky Foundation; 

George E. Tabb Jr., Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Regional Park; Michael Taylor, Hampton Roads 

Naval Museum; Charlie "Bill" Totten, Town of Saltville; Bob Whisonant, Radford University; 

and Paul Ziluca, Citizens Committee for the Civil War Cavalry Battles of Aldie, Middleburg 

and Upperville. 

Wendy Musumeci of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, and Leslie Grayson, 

Jeff Matthews, and Jennifer Perkins of the Virginia Outdoors Foundation, provided 

information about easement holdings in Virginia. Rick Shaffer and Alan Wehler of the 

Civil War Preservation Trust provided much of the additional land protection information 

needed for this update. 

The American Battlefield Protection Program is especially grateful to its colleagues at the 

Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation—Howard Kittell, Elizabeth Stern, John 

Hutchinson, Nancy Long, and Patrick "Chase" Milner—who graciously hosted our staff 

during field surveys in the Shenandoah Valley and provided invaluable support and 

assistance throughout this study.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 3 

Table of Contents 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4

SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................................ 8

METHOD STATEMENT ....................................................................................... 13

RESEARCH AND FIELD SURVEYS ........................................................................................ 13 

QUESTIONNAIRES........................................................................................................... 17 

SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS OF VIRGINIA’S CIVIL WAR BATTLEFIELDS ......... 18

QUANTIFIED LAND AREAS ............................................................................................... 18 

CONDITION ASSESSMENTS ............................................................................................... 22 

REGISTRATION............................................................................................................... 23 

STEWARDSHIP ............................................................................................................... 27 

PUBLIC ACCESS AND INTERPRETATION ............................................................................... 32 

LOCAL ADVOCACY ........................................................................................................ 33

INDIVIDUAL BATTLEFIELD PROFILES ................................................................ 37

APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 327

APPENDIX A. CIVIL WAR BATTLEFIELD PRESERVATION ACT OF 2002 .................................. 327 

APPENDIX B. BATTLEFIELD QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................... 330 

APPENDIX C. CIVIL WAR BATTLEFIELD LAND ACQUISITION GRANTS.................................... 333 

APPENDIX D. AMERICAN BATTLEFIELD PROTECTION PROGRAM PLANNING GRANTS .............. 334 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 4 

Introduction 

The information in this report fulfills, in part, the purposes of the Civil War Battlefield 

Preservation Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-359, 111 Stat. 3016). Those purposes are: 

1) to act quickly and proactively to preserve and protect nationally significant Civil 

War battlefields through conservation easements and fee-simple purchases of those 

battlefields from willing sellers; and 

2) to create partnerships among state and local governments, regional entities, and 

the private sector to preserve, conserve, and enhance nationally significant Civil 

War battlefields. 

The Civil War Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002 directs the Secretary of the Interior, 

acting through the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) of the National Park 

Service, to update the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) Report on the Nation’s 

Civil War Battlefields. The CWSAC was established by Congress in 1991 and published its 

report in 1993. Congress provided funding for this update in FY 2005 and FY 2007. 

Congress asked that the updated report reflect the following: 

• Preservation activities carried out at the 384 battlefields identified by the CWSAC 

during the period between 1993 and the update; 

• Changes in the condition of the battlefields during that period; and 

• Any other relevant developments relating to the battlefields during that period. 

In accordance with the legislation, this report presents information about Civil War 

battlefields in Virginia for use by Congress, federal, state, and local government agencies, 

landowners, and other interest groups. Other state reports will be issued as surveys and 

analyses are completed. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 5 

Figure 1. CWSAC Battlefields in Virginia (1861-1862) 

Figure 2. CWSAC Battlefields in Virginia (1863)
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 6 

Figure 3. CWSAC Battlefields in Virginia (1864) 

Figure 4. CWSAC Battlefields Around Richmond and Petersburg (1864) 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 7 

Figure 5. CWSAC Battlefields in Virginia (1865) 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 8 

Synopsis 

There are 122 CWSAC battlefields in the Commonwealth of Virginia.1

 Historically, these 

battlefields encompassed one million acres.2

 Today, about 576,000.00 acres of these 

landscapes survive. These 576,000.00 acres retain sufficient significance and integrity to 

make them worthy of preservation.3

 At present, about 74,000 acres, or 13 percent, are 

permanently protected by governments and private nonprofit organizations. The 

remaining lands are at risk of being lost. 

There have been numerous notable successes in Virginia since 1993. More than 1,000 acres 

have been protected at each of 5 battlefields—Trevelian Station, Cedar Creek, Brandy 

Station, McDowell, and Mine Run. At least 100 additional acres have been protected at 

each of 40 other battlefields.4

 There have also been prominent losses. Despite 

coordinated efforts to minimize damage to the battlefield, residential and commercial 

development along State Route 3 in Spotsylvania County has eaten away nearly half of the 

historic landscape of the Chancellorsville battlefield. In Loudoun County, which has seen 

explosive growth since 1993, only 18 percent of Virginia’s share of the Ball’s Bluff 

battlefield survives.5

 The battlefields of Dinwiddie Court House, Fort Stedman,

Kernstown I, Rice’s Station, Swift Creek, and Ware Bottom Church represented 

good opportunities for land preservation in 1993. Today, only a few important places on 

those battlefields have escaped development. The need for long-range preservation 

planning and public-private efforts to protect battlefields in the Commonwealth, 

especially where development pressure is building in rural and semi-rural areas, cannot be 

overstated. 

The CWSAC used a four-tiered system that combined historic significance, current 

condition, and level of threat to determine priorities for preservation among the 

battlefields. Nationwide, the CWSAC identified 50 top priority battlefields; 20 of them 

were in Virginia. The CWSAC viewed these battlefields as the most historically significant 

of the war, the most endangered in 1993, and having a “critical need for action.” The 

CWSAC assigned 29 more Virginia battlefields to the second highest priority, those 

considered “opportunities for comprehensive preservation.” These were battlefields “in 

relatively good condition, [and] face few threats, but are relatively unprotected....” The 

third priority included battlefields “that already have substantial historic land under 

protection and face limited threats,” but that needed “some additional land protection.” 

Thirty-two were in Virginia. Finally, the CWSAC named 41 Civil War battlefields in Virginia 

as “fragmented.” The CWSAC explained, “While some lost battlefields are truly 

obliterated, important remnants of others still exist....” Although these sites “to varying 

 

1

 The CWSAC Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields listed 123 battlefields in Virginia. Upon review of the histories of the 

battles, the ABPP has combined White Oak Swamp (VA020a) and Glendale (VA020b) into a single entry: the overall count is one 

battlefield fewer, but both engagement areas are included. 

2

Using GIS, and accounting for overlapping areas, ABPP calculated that the Study Areas for the 122 battlefields in Virginia represent 

1,024,270.83 acres. The Study Areas for the battles of Aquia Creek, Ball’s Bluff, and Cockpit Point include an additional 10,691.94 

acres of land and water in the State of Maryland. The Study Areas for the battles of Harpers Ferry and Summit Point, West Virginia, 

which will be discussed in the update for that state, also encompassed some 3,700 acres in Loudoun County and Clarke County, 

Virginia. 

3

 Using GIS, and accounting for overlapping areas, ABPP calculated that the Potential National Register Boundaries for the 122 

battlefields in Virginia represent 576,312.18 acres. 

4

 The term “protected” indicates either lands purchased for the purposes of conservation and historic preservation by a government 

or a non- profit organization or lands for which development rights have been severed and are now held in the form of a perpetual 

conservation easement by a government or qualified organization. 

5

 By comparison, almost 100 percent of the land in the Ball’s Bluff Study Area that lies in Montgomery County, Maryland, survives. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 9 

degrees no longer convey an authentic sense of the sweep and setting of the battle, they 

often remain important areas suitable for interpretation, museums, and 

commemoration.”6

Despite recent efforts to protect large portions of their landscapes, 10 of Virginia’s first tier 

battlefields remain highly threatened: Brandy Station, Bristoe Station, Boydton Plank 

Road, Cedar Creek, Deep Bottom II, Gaines’ Mill, Malvern Hill, White Oak Road, 

White Oak Swamp/Glendale, and Wilderness. At eight other battlefields to which the 

CWSAC gave top priority in 1993, some additional land has been protected, but 

development has taken a toll as well. Historic land has been lost at Chaffin's Farm/New 

Market Heights, Chancellorsville, Cold Harbor, Fisher’s Hill, Kernstown I, Second 

Manassas, Petersburg III, and Spotsylvania Courthouse. Their degraded overall 

condition makes them less urgent priorities today compared with more pristine battlefields 

confronting similar development threats. At Mine Run and North Anna, development 

pressures are relatively slower than predicted in 1993. Large portions of their historic 

landscapes remain to be preserved. 

Of the CWSAC’s second tier battlefields in Virginia, five—Cross Keys, Cumberland Church, 

Hampton Roads, Port Republic, and Ream's Station II—face imminent threats today 

and require immediate action to protect surviving landscapes and resources. The historic 

landscapes of four others—Rice's Station, Suffolk II, Swift Creek, and Ware Bottom 

Church—are now fragmented; the opportunity for comprehensive preservation is past. 

The other 21 battlefields remain good opportunities for comprehensive preservation 

within the next 3 to 10 years. 

 

6

 Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields, Washington, DC: National Park Service, U.S. 

Department of the Interior, 1993, 22- 23.

CWSAC Priority Battlefield County/City 

I Critical Need Boydton Plank Road (VA079) Dinwiddie 

20 Battlefields Brandy Station (VA035) Culpeper, Fauquier 

 Bristoe Station (VA040) Prince William 

 Cedar Creek (VA122) Frederick, Shenandoah, Warren 

 Chaffin's Farm/New Market Heights (VA075) Henrico 

 Chancellorsville (VA032) Spotsylvania 

 Cold Harbor (VA062) Hanover, Henrico 

 Deep Bottom II (VA071) Henrico 

 Fisher's Hill (VA120) Shenandoah 

 Gaines' Mill (VA017) Hanover, Henrico 

 Kernstown I (VA101) Frederick 

 Malvern Hill (VA021) Henrico 

 Manassas II (VA026) Prince William, Fairfax 

 Mine Run (VA044) Orange 

 North Anna (VA055) Hanover 

 Petersburg III (VA089) Dinwiddie, Petersburg 

 Spotsylvania Court House (VA048) Spotsylvania 

 White Oak Road (VA087) Dinwiddie 

 White Oak Swamp/Glendale (VA020) Henrico 

 Wilderness (VA046) Spotsylvania, Orange 

Table 1. CWSAC Preservation Priorities from 1993 – First Tier 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 10 

The ABPP’s review of third tier battlefields in Virginia produced mixed results. 

Preservation concerns at Ball’s Bluff, Cloyd’s Mountain, Cockpit Point, Kelly's Ford, 

Sappony Church, Williamsburg, and Yorktown remain similar to those of 1993. 

However, after reviewing battle histories, the ABPP found that many other battlefields 

from this category include more terrain and cultural resources than previously identified. 

As a result, landscape conditions had to be re-assessed, and threats associated with those 

larger landscapes were identified. The ABPP believes that 23 battlefields should be viewed 

as higher priorities for preservation. Most of these battlefields are threatened by 

residential and commercial development, and currently present opportunities for largescale landscape preservation. For example, Amelia Springs and Namozine Church in 

Amelia County, part of the growing Metropolitan Richmond Statistical Area (2000 Census), 

are unprotected (save one acre), remarkably unchanged, and susceptible to development 

pressures. Two battlefields from this list, the Crater and Fort Stedman, are now small 

islands of protected land amid a sea of suburban structures and roads. No further 

preservation opportunities exist at these two battlefields. 

The ABPP’s research and recent assessments have also redefined many severely fragmented 

and “lost” battlefields in the fourth tier of CWSAC priorities. Of 24 battlefields considered 

low priorities in 1993, the ABPP found that some or most historic features do survive. 

Among those with good integrity but high threats are New Market, Rappahannock 

CWSAC Priority Battlefield County/City 

II Comprehensive Aquia Creek (VA002) Stafford; Charles County, Maryland 

Preservation Berryville (VA118) Clarke 

Possible Buckland Mills (VA042) Fauquier, Prince William 

29 Battlefields Cedar Mountain (VA022) Culpeper 

 Cool Spring (VA114) Clarke 

 Cross Keys (VA105) Rockingham 

 Cumberland Church (VA094) Prince Edward, Cumberland 

 Deep Bottom I (VA069) Henrico 

 Dinwiddie Court House (VA086) Dinwiddie 

 Hampton Roads (VA008) Hampton 

 Hatcher's Run (VA083) Dinwiddie 

 Haw's Shop (VA058) Hanover 

 Lewis's Farm (VA085) Dinwiddie 

 Peebles' Farm (VA074) Dinwiddie 

 Piedmont (VA111) Augusta 

 Port Republic (VA106) Rockingham 

 Port Walthall Junction (VA047) Chesterfield 

 Rappahannock Station I (VA023) Culpeper, Fauquier 

 Ream's Station II (VA073) Dinwiddie 

 Rice's Station (VA092) Prince Edward 

 Sailor's Creek (VA093) Amelia, Nottaway, Prince Edward 

 Saltville I (VA076) Smyth 

 Saltville II (VA082) Smyth, Washington 

 Suffolk II (VA031) Suffolk 

 Sutherland's Station (VA090) Dinwiddie 

 Swift Creek (VA050) Chesterfield 

 Tom's Brook (VA121) Shenandoah 

 Trevilian Station (VA099) Louisa 

 Ware Bottom Church (VA054) Chesterfield 

Table 2. CWSAC Preservation Priorities from 1993 – Second Tier 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 11 

Station II, Sewell’s Point, and Suffolk I. Almost all of these battlefields continue to 

erode under accelerating development pressure. Protection efforts at these battlefields 

quickly need to target remaining parcels of historical significance. Three of the “found” 

battlefields—Saint Mary's Church , Walkerton, and Wilson's Wharf—have good 

integrity and low threats, allowing time for extensive landscape protection. 

The ABPP confirmed that 17 battlefields in Virginia are either severely fragmented (only 

remnant landscape or cultural features of the battle survive) or destroyed due to 

significant changes in land use since the time of the battle. In most cases, only previously 

protected areas of these fields endure. These battlefields provide opportunities for 

commemoration, but few opportunities for cultural resource preservation beyond what 

has already been saved and maintained. 

CWSAC Priority Battlefield County/City

III Additional Aldie (VA036) Loudoun, Fauquier 

Protection Amelia Springs (VA091) Amelia 

Needed Appomattox (VA097) Appomattox 

32 Battlefields Auburn I (VA039) Fauquier 

 Auburn II (VA041) Fauquier 

 Ball's Bluff (VA006) Loudoun; Montgomery County, Maryland

 Brick House Point/ Eltham's 

 Landing (VA011) New Kent, King William 

 Cloyd's Mountain (VA049) Pulaski 

 Cockpit Point (VA100) Prince William; Charles County, Maryland 

 Cove Mountain (VA109) Wythe 

 Crater (VA070) Petersburg 

 Drewry's Bluff (VA012) Chesterfield 

 Five Forks (VA088) Dinwiddie 

 Fort Stedman (VA084) Petersburg 

 Hanover Court House (VA013) Hanover 

 High Bridge (VA095) Prince Edward, Cumberland 

 Kelly's Ford (VA029) Culpeper, Fauquier 

 Manassas I (VA005) Prince William, Fairfax 

 Manassas Gap (VA108) Warren, Fauquier 

 McDowell (VA102) Highland, Augusta 

 Middleburg (VA037) Loudoun, Fauquier 

 Morton's Ford (VA045) Orange, Culpeper 

 Namozine Church (VA124) Amelia 

 Old Church (VA059) Hanover 

 Petersburg II (VA063) Prince George, Petersburg 

 Ream's Station I (VA068) Dinwiddie 

 Sappony Church (VA067) Sussex 

 Staunton River Bridge (VA113) Halifax, Charlotte 

 Thoroughfare Gap (VA025) Prince William, Fauquier 

 Upperville (VA038) Loudoun, Fauquier 

 Williamsburg (VA010) York, Williamsburg 

 Yorktown (VA009) York, Newport News 

Table 3. CWSAC Preservation Priorities from 1993 – Third Tier 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 12 

See the Individual Battlefield Profiles for detailed condition assessments and preservation 

recommendations. The National Park Service will issue updated priorities after all of the 

CWSAC battlefields nationwide have been surveyed and all state reports have been 

completed

CWSAC Priority Battlefield County/City 

IV Fragmented/ Rappahannock Station II (VA043) Fauquier, Culpeper

 Destroyed Appomattox Station (VA096) Appomattox 

41 Battlefields Beaver Dam Creek (VA016) Hanover, Henrico

 Big Bethel (VA003) York, Hampton 

 Blackburn's Ford (VA004) Prince William, Fairfax 

 Chantilly (VA027) Fairfax 

 Chester Station (VA051) Chesterfield 

 Darbytown and New Market Roads (VA077) Henrico 

 Darbytown and New Market Roads (VA078) Henrico 

 Darbytown and Williamsburg Roads (VA080) Henrico 

 Dranesville (VA007) Fairfax 

 Fredericksburg I (VA028) Fredericksburg, Stafford, Spotsylvania

 Fredericksburg II (VA034) Fredericksburg, Stafford, Spotsylvania

 Front Royal (VA103) Warren 

 Garnett's and Golding's Farms (VA018) Henrico 

 Globe Tavern (VA072) Dinwiddie, Petersburg 

 Guard Hill (VA117) Warren 

 Jerusalem Plank Road (VA065) Dinwiddie, Petersburg 

 Kernstown II (VA116) Frederick 

 Lynchburg (VA064) Lynchburg 

 Manassas Station Operations (VA024) Prince William, Fairfax 

 Marion (VA081) Smyth 

 New Market (VA110) Shenandoah, Rockingham 

 Oak Grove (VA015) Henrico 

 Opequon/Third Winchester (VA119) Frederick, Clark, Winchester 

 Petersburg I (VA098) Petersburg 

 Proctor's Creek (VA053) Chesterfield 

 Rutherford's Farm (VA115) Frederick 

 Saint Mary's Church (VA066) Charles City 

 Salem Church (VA033) Spotsylvania, Stafford 

 Savage's Station (VA019) Henrico 

 Seven Pines (VA014) Henrico, Hanover 

 Sewell's Point (VA001) Norfolk 

 Suffolk I (VA030) Suffolk 

 Totopotomoy Creek (VA057) Hanover 

 Walkerton (VA125) King and Queen 

 Waynesboro (VA123) Augusta 

 Wilson's Wharf (VA056) Charles City 

 Winchester I (VA104) Frederick, Winchester 

 Winchester II (VA107) Frederick, Winchester 

 Yellow Tavern (VA052) Henrico, Hanover 

Table 4. CWSAC Preservation Priorities from 1993 – Fourth Tier 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 13 

Method Statement

Congress instructed the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the American Battlefield 

Protection Program (ABPP), to report on changes in the condition of the battlefields since 

1993 and on “preservation activities” and “other relevant developments” carried out at 

each battlefield since 1993. To fulfill those assignments, the ABPP 1) conducted a site 

survey of each battlefield, and 2) prepared and sent out questionnaires to battlefield 

managers and advocacy organizations (see Appendix B). 

The 1993 significance rankings for each battlefield stand. Significance was assigned by the 

Civil War Sites Advisory Commission and the ABPP sustains the CWSAC’s opinions as to the 

relevant importance of each battle within the larger context of the war. 

Research and Field Surveys 

The ABPP conducted the field assessments of Virginia battlefields from September 2005 

through October 2006. The surveys entailed additional historical research, on-the-ground 

documentation and assessment of site conditions, identification of impending threats to 

each site, and site mapping. Surveyors used the Global Positioning System (GPS) to map 

historic features of each battlefield and used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to 

draw site boundaries. The ABPP retains all final survey materials. Each battlefield survey 

file includes a survey form (field notes, list of defining features, list of documentary 

sources, and a photo log), photographs, spatial coordinates of significant features, and 

boundaries described on USGS topographic maps. The surveys did not include 

archeological investigations for reasons of time and expense. 

Study Areas and Core Areas 

The CWSAC identified a Study Area and a Core Area for each principal battlefield (see 

Figure 6 for definitions). The CWSAC boundaries have proven invaluable as guides to local 

land and resource preservation efforts at Civil War battlefields. However, since 1993, the 

National Park Service has refined its battlefield survey techniques, which include research, 

working with site stewards, identifying and documenting lines of approach and 

withdrawal used by opposing forces, and applying the concepts of military terrain analysis 

to all battlefield landscapes. The ABPP’s Battlefield Survey Manual explains the field 

methods employed during this study.7

 The surveys also incorporate the concepts 

recommended in the National Register of Historic Places’ Guidelines for Identifying, 

Evaluating, and Registering America’s Historic Battlefields, which was published in 1992 

after the CWSAC had completed its original assessments of the battlefields. 

Using its refined methodology, the ABPP was able to validate or adjust the CWSAC’s Study 

Area and Core Area boundaries to reflect more accurately the full nature and original 

resources of the battlefields (see Table 5). At all 122 battlefields in Virginia, the refined 

methodology resulted in significant increases in the size of Study Areas, Core Areas, or 

both. However, it is important to note that the Study Area and Core Area boundaries are 

simply historical boundaries that describe where the battle took place; neither indicates 

the current integrity of the battlefield landscape, so neither can be used on its own to 

identify surviving portions of battlefield land that may merit protection and preservation. 

 

7

 American Battlefield Protection Program, “Battlefield Survey Manual,” (Washington, DC: National Park Service, revised 2007), 

http://www.nps.gov/history/abpp/battlefieldsurveymanual.pdf , October 2008. 
’

 14 

Figure 6: Boundary Definitions

The Study Area represents the historic extent 

of the battle as it unfolded across the 

landscape. The Study Area contains resources 

known to relate to or contribute to the battle 

event: where troops maneuvered and 

deployed, immediately before and after 

combat, and where they fought during 

combat. Historic accounts, terrain analysis, 

and feature identification inform the 

delineation of the Study Area boundary. The 

Study Area indicates the extent to which 

historic and archeological resources associated 

with the battle (areas of combat, command, 

communications, logistics, medical services, 

etc.) may be found and protected. Surveyors 

delineated Study Area boundaries for every 

battle site that was positively identified 

through research and field survey, regardless 

of its present integrity. 

The Core Area represents the areas of 

fighting on the battlefield. Positions that 

delivered or received fire, and the intervening 

space and terrain between them, fall within 

the Core Area. Frequently described as 

“hallowed ground,” land within the Core 

Area is often the first to be targeted for 

protection. The Core Area lies within the 

Study Area. 

Unlike the Study and Core Areas, which are 

based only upon the interpretation of historic 

events, the Potential National Register 

(PotNR) boundary represents ABPP’s 

assessment of a Study Area’s current integrity 

(the surviving landscape and features that 

convey the site’s historic sense of place). The 

PotNR boundary may include all or some of 

the Study Area, and all or some of the Core 

Area. Lands within PotNR boundaries should 

be considered worthy of further attention, 

although future evaluations may reveal more 

or less integrity than indicated by the ABPP 

surveys. 

Potential National Register Boundaries

To address the question of what part of 

the battlefield remains reasonably intact 

and warrants preservation, this study 

introduced a third boundary line that was 

not attempted by the CWSAC: the 

Potential National Register boundary (see 

Figure 6). 

Looking at each Study Area, the surveyors 

assigned PotNR boundaries where they 

judged that enough battlefield land 

remained to convey the significance of the 

engagement. In a few cases, the PotNR 

boundary encompasses the entire Study 

Area. In most cases, however, the PotNR 

boundary includes less land than identified 

in the full Study Area. 

In assigning PotNR boundaries, the ABPP 

followed National Register of Historic 

Places guidelines when identifying and 

mapping areas that retain integrity and 

cohesion within the Study Areas.8

 

However, because the ABPP focuses only 

on areas of battle, the ABPP did not 

evaluate lands adjacent to the Study Area 

that may contribute to a broader historical 

and chronological definition of “cultural 

landscape.” Lands outside of the Study 

Area associated with other historic events 

and cultural practices may need to be 

evaluated in preparation for a formal 

nomination of the cultural landscape. 

Most importantly, the PotNR boundary 

does not constitute a formal 

determination of eligibility by the 

Keeper of the National Register of 

Historic Places.

9

 The PotNR boundary is 

designed to be used as a planning tool for 

government agencies and the public. Like 

the Study and Core Area boundaries, the 

PotNR boundary places no restriction on 

private property use. 

 

8

 For general guidance about integrity issues and National Register properties, see National Park Service, How to Apply the National 

Register Criteria for Evaluation (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, revised 1997). The survey evaluations described 

above do not meet the more stringent integrity standards for National Historic Landmark designation. See National Park Service, 

How to Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1999), 36- 37. 9

 See 36 CFR 60.1- 14 for regulations about nominating a property to the National Register and 36 CFR 63 for regulations concerning 

Determinations of Eligibility for inclusion in the National Register.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 15 

The term integrity, as defined by the National Register of Historic Places, is “the ability of a 

property to convey its significance.”10 While assessments of integrity are subjective, 

battlefields can have integrity only if they can be positively located through research and 

“ground-truthing,” and only if significant portions of the landscape’s historic terrain have 

not been substantially disturbed. Other conditions contribute to the degree of integrity a 

battlefield retains: 

• the quantity and quality of surviving battle-period resources (e.g., 

buildings, roads, fence lines, military structures, and archeological 

features); 

• the quantity and quality of the spatial relationships between and among 

those resources and the intervening terrain that connects them; 

• the extent to which current battlefield land use is similar to battle-period 

land use; and 

• the extent to which a battlefield’s physical features and overall character 

visually communicate an authentic sense of the sweep and setting of the 

battle. 

Natural changes in vegetation—woods growing out of historic farm fields, for example—

do not necessarily diminish the landscape’s integrity. Significant changes in land use since 

the Civil War do affect integrity; the degree to which post-war development has altered 

and fragmented the historic landscape and destroyed historic features is critical when 

assessing integrity. Still, some post-battle development is expected; slight or moderate 

change within the battlefield may not substantially diminish a battlefield’s integrity. 

Often these post-battle “non-contributing” elements are included in the PotNR boundary 

in accordance with National Register of Historic Places guidelines. 

The Potential National Register boundaries therefore indicate which battlefields are likely

eligible for future listing in the National Register of Historic Places and likely deserving of 

future preservation efforts. If a surveyor determined that a battlefield was entirely 

compromised by land use incompatible with the preservation of historic features (i.e., it 

has little or no integrity), it did not receive a PotNR boundary. In cases where a battlefield 

was already listed in the National Register, surveyors reassessed the existing 

documentation based on current scholarship and resource integrity, and, when 

appropriate, provided new information and proposed new boundaries as part of the 

surveys. As a result, some PotNR boundaries will contain lands already listed in the 

National Register of Historic Places. In other cases, PotNR boundaries will exclude listed 

lands that have lost integrity. (See Tables 5 and 6 for boundary comparisons for each 

battlefield.)11

The data from which all three boundaries are drawn do not necessarily reflect the full 

research needed for a formal National Register nomination. Potential National Register 

boundaries are based on an assessment of aboveground historic features associated with 

 

10 National Park Service, Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating, and Registering America’s Historic Battlefields, 1992 (Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division), 10. Archeological integrity was not 

examined during this study, but should be considered in future battlefield studies and formal nominations to the National Register. 11 The ABPP’s surveys and PotNR assessments do not constitute formal action on behalf of the office of the National Register of 

Historic Places. PotNR assessments are intended for planning purposes only; they do not carry the authority to add, change, or 

remove an official listing. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 16 

the cultural and natural landscape. The surveys did not include a professional 

archeological inventory or assessment of subsurface features or indications. In some cases, 

future archeological testing will help determine whether subsurface features remain, 

whether subsurface battle features convey important information about a battle or 

historic property, and whether that information may help to confirm, refine, or refute the 

boundaries previously determined by historic studies and terrain analysis. 

The ABPP survey information should be reassessed during future compliance processes 

such as the Section 106 process required by the National Historic Preservation Act12 and 

Environmental Impact Statements/Environmental Assessments required by the National 

Environmental Policy Act.13 Likewise, more detailed research and assessments should take 

place when any battlefield is formally nominated to the National Register or proposed for 

designation as a National Historic Landmark. New research and intensive-level surveys of 

these sites will enlighten future preservation and compliance work. Agencies should 

continue to consult local and state experts for up-to-date information about these 

battlefields. 

Thirty-one Virginia battlefields are already listed in the National Register or are designated 

National Historic Landmarks (see Table 7). At most of these battlefields, the ABPP 

recommends a PotNR boundary that is of equal or greater size than the existing National 

Register boundary (although the PotNR may not trace the existing boundary exactly if 

previously registered land has lost integrity). 

Figure 7: New construction can spoil a battlefield’s historic setting and disrupt the visitor’s sense of 

place. At Bristoe Station, Centex Homes worked with Prince William County and preservationists 

to minimize physical and visual impacts to the battlefield. The developer also donated 133 acres to 

the Civil War Preservation Trust for permanent protection. Photo by Lisa Rupple, 2005.

 

12 16 USC 470f. 

13 42 USC 4331- 4332.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 17 

Questionnaires

While the ABPP maintains data about its own program activities at Civil War battlefields, 

most preservation work occurs at the local level. Therefore, to answer Congress's directive 

for information about battlefield preservation activities, the ABPP sought input from local 

battlefield managers and advocacy organizations. The ABPP distributed questionnaires 

designed to gather information about the types of preservation activities that have taken 

place at the battlefields since 1993. The Questionnaire is reproduced in Appendix B. 

In Virginia, representatives of 33 organizations completed and returned the 

questionnaires. Their responses, combined with the survey findings, allowed the ABPP to 

create a profile of conditions and activities at Virginia’s Civil War battlefields. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 18 

Summary of Conditions of Virginia’s Civil War Battlefields 

Quantified Land Areas 

Using Geographic Information Systems, the ABPP calculated the amount of land 

historically associated with the battle (Study Area), the amount of land where forces were 

engaged (Core Area), and the amount of land that may retain enough integrity to be 

eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (Potential National Register 

boundary). 

As noted above, Study Areas and Core Areas have been revised in many cases. In 

particular, the original CWSAC surveys did not consistently include routes of approach and 

withdrawal or secondary actions that influenced the course or outcome of the battle. The 

revised boundaries take these movements and actions into account. In some instances, 

new or additional research has sharpened historical understanding of battle events. 

Therefore, the ABPP determined that additional lands belong appropriately in the Study 

and Core Areas because they lend additional understanding to the battle story. The 

individual battlefield profiles at the end of this report provide additional information 

about the extent of and reasons for any revisions to the CWSAC Study Area and Core Area 

boundaries. 

Table 5 lists the size of the three boundaries, as determined by the ABPP, for each 

battlefield. Because Civil War armies waged numerous battles in Virginia over the same 

ground—examples include First and Second Manassas, First and Second Kernstown, First 

and Second Fredericksburg, and many of the engagements around Richmond, Petersburg, 

and Winchester—the total number of Civil War battlefield acres in Virginia is lower than a 

simple summation of the Table 5 data would indicate. Calculating for the overlapping 

areas of the battlefields, there are 1,011,141.91 total Study Area acres, 473,566.76 total 

Core Area acres, and 576,312.18 total acres that are likely eligible for listing in the National 

Register. 

Table 5. Battlefield Area Statistics 

Battlefield Study Area Core Area

PotNR 

Boundary

 

Aldie (VA036) 3,865.83 846.54 3,854.52 

Amelia Springs (VA091) 4,825.29 687.37 4,825.29 

Appomattox Court House (VA097) 5,356.25 2,107.18 3,282.59 

Appomattox Station (VA096) 4,016.59 290.96 130.11 

Aquia Creek (VA002)* 1,140.18 1,594.14 1,069.56 

Auburn I (VA039) 2,265.26 501.24 2,228.11 

Auburn II (VA041) 4,403.24 1,584.58 4,403.24 

Ball's Bluff (VA006)* 5,782.94 2,620.64 1,072.29 

Beaver Dam Creek (VA016) 14,908.23 2,687.25 4,184.59 

Berryville (VA118) 7,018.01 1,880.94 6,206.78 

Big Bethel (VA003) 121,468.07 684.04 N/A 

Blackburn's Ford (VA004) 1,975.38 863.56 482.27 

Boydton Plank Road (VA079) 8,222.69 1,157.50 6,069.85 

Brandy Station (VA035) 19,324.00 7,632.00 18,986.00 

Bristoe Station (VA040) 5,722.04 3,438.42 3,299.95 
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 19 

Buckland Mills (VA042) 10,375.40 2,333.41 6,527.11 

Cedar Creek (VA122) 13,995.28 6,252.02 12,091.95 

Cedar Mountain (VA022) 9,812.46 3,225.71 9,583.97 

Chaffin's Farm/New Market Heights (VA075) 19,216.16 7,744.14 10,201.56 

Chancellorsville (VA032) 41,489.06 8,991.21 21,099.80 

Chantilly (VA027) 1,557.86 366.34 N/A 

Chester Station (VA051) 3,752.90 1,071.34 1,183.00 

Cloyd's Mountain (VA049) 1,906.80 369.30 503.49 

Cockpit Point (VA100)* 197.05 78.08 142.91 

Cold Harbor (VA062) 37,422.75 11,518.37 29,416.87 

Cool Spring (VA114) 6,187.00 1,960.81 5,726.77 

Cove Mountain (VA109) 2,876.45 1,049.77 2,285.81 

Crater (VA070) 1,352.00 222.21 627.56 

Cross Keys (VA105) 4,498.12 2,152.88 4,498.12 

Cumberland Church (VA094) 2,557.94 511.84 2,557.94 

Darbytown & New Market Roads (VA077) 9,401.34 2,423.62 4,824.00 

Darbytown Road (VA078) 6,860.23 1,969.05 3,703.48 

Deep Bottom I (VA069) 14,941.31 5,675.70 13,990.28 

Deep Bottom II (VA071) 16,171.88 87,875.32 16,171.88 

Dinwiddie Court House (VA086) 6,359.75 2,388.77 4,636.78 

Dranesville (VA007) 1,272.24 742.89 N/A 

Drewry's Bluff (VA012) 564.83 258.34 550.95 

Eltham's Landing (Brickhouse Point) (VA011) 9,717.40 2,924.83 8,749.47 

Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road (VA080) 10,997.88 3,704.22 5,609.19 

Fisher's Hill (VA120) 10,248.76 2,750.95 9,703.13 

Five Forks (VA088) 5,688.00 1,272.01 5,688.00 

Fort Stedman (VA084) 1,874.25 300.86 1,346.83 

Fredericksburg I (VA028) 13,188.00 8,931.12 3,290.59 

Fredericksburg II (VA034) 12,649.15 4,384.62 2,838.23 

Front Royal (VA103) 6,030.48 944.34 N/A 

Gaines' Mill (VA017) 11,545.33 3,331.36 7,641.40 

Garnett's & Golding's Farms (VA018) 4,683.88 1,970.63 960.70 

Globe Tavern (VA072) 4,508.13 1,897.93 1,208.74 

Guard Hill (VA117) 2,341.19 1,043.53 863.00 

Hampton Roads (VA008) 46,034.51 13,686.42 35,040.82 

Hanover Court House (VA013) 7,746.83 2,078.07 6,813.70 

Hatcher's Run (VA083) 11,886.79 1,185.79 9,481.02 

Haw's Shop (VA058) 5,273.50 1,217.24 4,486.97 

High Bridge (VA095) 3,760.45 562.89 3,368.89 

Jerusalem Plank Road (VA065) 6,391.64 1,820.20 1,512.66 

Kelly's Ford (VA029) 3,755.50 1,894.52 3,547.00 

Kernstown I (VA101) 4,485.72 1,553.87 2,036.36 

Kernstown II (VA116) 7,542.29 2,296.17 2,564.12 

Lewis's Farm (VA085) 1,017.34 316.68 487.17 

Lynchburg (VA064) 8,122.42 2,793.58 N/A 

Malvern Hill (VA021) 9,659.00 3,229.24 8,718.15 

Manassas I (VA005) 18,052.10 2,390.08 8,067.50 

Manassas II (VA026) 17,346.50 6,890.13 8,006.36 

Manassas Gap (VA108) 5,225.05 1,745.57 4,674.29 
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 20 

Manassas Station Operations (VA024) 11,279.66 3,771.22 2,491.78 

Marion (VA081) 1,969.20 356.48 228.84 

McDowell (VA102) 7,441.30 2,258.22 7,441.30 

Middleburg (VA037) 4,368.19 1,600.93 4,368.19 

Mine Run (VA044) 16,769.00 4,076.00 14,837.75 

Morton's Ford (VA045) 6,710.00 2,422.74 6,710.00 

Namozine Church (VA124) 3,828.76 267.32 3,828.76 

New Market (VA110) 5,928.92 2,260.69 5,411.82 

North Anna (VA055) 16,506.26 8,352.33 13,767.99 

Oak Grove (VA015) 5,881.98 2,539.47 N/A 

Old Church (VA059) 2,116.40 699.96 1,952.41 

Opequon (VA119) 13,688.50 5,288.90 4,262.52 

Peebles' Farm (VA074) 5,222.80 1,845.26 3,352.90 

Petersburg I (VA098) 9,441.52 426.50 2,563.30 

Petersburg II (VA063) 15,511.16 2,380.47 2,434.44 

Petersburg III (VA089) 20,528.02 3,477.64 12,656.17 

Piedmont (VA111) 7,676.96 2,862.31 7,426.84 

Port Republic (VA106) 5,445.90 2,144.74 5,390.58 

Port Walthall Junction (VA047) 3,297.00 71,683.61 1,473.41 

Proctor's Creek (VA053) 12,684.76 4,995.77 5,090.69 

Rappahannock Station I (VA023) 34,745.39 2,358.46 28,464.00 

Rappahannock Station II (VA043) 11,808.74 3,876.00 11,531.00 

Ream's Station I (VA068) 3,904.08 1,152.98 3,904.08 

Ream's Station II (VA073) 6,773.20 2,627.89 6,773.20 

Rice's Station (VA092) 1,854.74 193.68 610.03 

Rutherford's Farm (VA115) 2,393.97 1,175.08 565.27 

Sailor's Creek (VA093) 5,809.27 1,524.74 5,809.27 

Saint Mary's Church (VA066) 11,080.26 3,931.03 10,430.63 

Salem Church (VA033) 8,090.56 2,451.26 N/A 

Saltville I (VA076) 3,561.17 1,334.78 2,267.82 

Saltville II (VA082) 2,562.15 552.68 1,722.92 

Sappony Church (VA067) 2,588.51 367.04 2,502.00 

Savage's Station (VA019) 17,279.88 1,925.84 8,490.79 

Seven Pines (VA014) 11,578.55 4,037.55 3,085.65 

Sewell's Point (VA001) 11,568.96 1,781.39 9,878.91 

Spotsylvania Court House (VA048) 22,509.68 8,958.91 14,200.00 

Staunton River Bridge (VA113) 4,326.50 562.18 3,849.00 

Suffolk I (VA030) 1,476.26 346.63 1,118.06 

Suffolk II (VA031) 40,210.29 3,582.23 15,974.26 

Sutherland's Station (VA090) 1,905.90 351.17 684.00 

Swift Creek (VA050) 7,000.90 772.85 3,669.80 

Thoroughfare Gap (VA025) 3,872.19 825.78 3,488.62 

Tom's Brook (VA121) 9,989.22 2,018.44 9,989.22 

Totopotomoy Creek (VA057) 29,301.10 6,137.82 20,829.70 

Trevilian Station (VA099) 13,186.01 4,361.23 13,071.03 

Upperville (VA038) 14,586.90 4,042.60 14,586.90 

Walkerton (VA125) 4,572.50 750.30 4,551.00 

Ware Bottom Church (VA054) 11,294.92 2,468.98 5,052.30 

Waynesboro (VA123) 2,205.16 603.56 N/A 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 21 

White Oak Road (VA087) 4,601.26 3,090.64 3,061.07 

White Oak Swamp/Glendale (VA020) 16,497.36 5,231.68 11,969.83 

Wilderness (VA046) 16,506.29 7,028.00 13,048.26 

Williamsburg (VA010) 10,369.37 1,575.42 1,075.23 

Wilson's Wharf (VA056) 3,898.22 597.74 3,898.22 

Winchester I (VA104) 5,153.50 1,760.28 N/A 

Winchester II (VA107) 18,133.49 3,113.34 977.16 

Yellow Tavern (VA052) 5,114.60 2,093.65 N/A 

Yorktown (VA009) 63,960.79 5,905.90 17,734.22 

 

*Boundary figures reflect only those areas in Virginia. See the Individual Battlefield Profiles for information about the size

of these battlefields as they extend into Maryland.

Figure 8: The engagement at Harris Farm, part of the battle of Spotsylvania Court House, 

 was fought over this ground, now an estate-lot development. Photo by Tanya Gossett, 2006. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 22 

Condition Assessments 

Using field survey data, the ABPP assessed the overall condition of each battlefield’s Study 

Area. While no battlefield remains completely unaltered since the Civil War, more than 

half of Virginia’s battlefields have experienced relatively little or only moderate change to 

their terrain and aboveground battle features in nearly 150 years.14

 

14 The condition of archeological resources within the battlefields was not assessed. Future studies are needed to determine the

degree of archeological integrity associated with subsurface battle deposits. 

Table 6: Battlefield Condition Summary 

Condition Battlefield

Land use is little changed (33) Aldie, Amelia Springs, Appomattox Court House, 

Auburn I, Auburn II, Cove Mountain, Cumberland 

Church, Drewry's Bluff, Malvern Hill, Cross Keys, Deep 

Bottom I, Deep Bottom II, Eltham's Landing/ 

Brickhouse Point, Five Forks, Haw's Shop, High 

Bridge, McDowell, Middleburg, Morton's Ford, 

Namozine Church, Old Church, Piedmont, Port 

Republic, Ream's Station I, Ream's Station II, Sailor's 

Creek, Saint Mary's Church, Staunton River Bridge, 

Trevilian Station, Upperville, Walkerton, White Oak 

Swamp/Glendale, Wilson's Wharf 

Portions of landscape have been altered, 

but most essential features remain (38)

Aquia Creek, Berryville, Boydton Plank Road, Brandy 

Station, Bristoe Station, Buckland Mills, Cedar Creek, 

Cedar Mountain, Chaffin's Farm/New Market Heights, 

Cloyd's Mountain, Cold Harbor, Cool Spring, Crater, 

Dinwiddie Court House, Fisher's Hill, Gaines' Mill, 

Hampton Roads, Hanover Courthouse, Hatcher's Run, 

Kelly's Ford, Lewis's Farm, Manassas Gap, Mine Run, 

New Market, North Anna, Peebles' Farm, 

Rappahannock Station I, Rappahannock Station II, 

Sappony Church, Sewell's Point, Spotsylvania Court 

House, Suffolk I, Sutherland's Station, Thoroughfare 

Gap, Tom's Brook, White Oak Road, Wilderness, 

Yorktown 

Much of the landscape has been altered 

and fragmented, leaving some essential 

features (41)

Appomattox Station, Ball's Bluff, Beaver Dam Creek, 

Blackburn's Ford, Chancellorsville, Chester Station, 

Cockpit Point, Darbytown and New Market, 

Darbytown Road, Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, 

Fort Stedman, Fredericksburg I, Fredericksburg II, 

Front Royal, Garnett's and Golding's Farm, Globe 

Tavern, Guard Hill, Jerusalem Plank Road, Kernstown 

I, Kernstown II, Manassas I, Manassas II, Manassas 

Station Operations, Marion, Opequon/Third 

Winchester, Petersburg II, Petersburg III, Port Walthall 

Junction, Proctor's Creek, Rice's Station, Rutherford's 

Farm, Saltville I, Saltville II, Savage's Station, Seven 

Pines, Suffolk II, Swift Creek, Totopotomy 

Creek/Bethesda Church, Ware Bottom Church, 

Williamsburg, Winchester II 

Landscape and terrain have been altered 

beyond recognition (10)

Big Bethel, Chantilly, Dranesville, Lynchburg, Oak 

Grove, Petersburg I, Salem Church, Waynesboro, 

Winchester I, Yellow Tavern 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 23 

Registration 

The nation’s official method for recognizing historic properties worthy of preservation is 

listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). However, only 31 of Virginia’s 

122 battlefields have been listed in the NRHP as of 2009, and most of those listings do not 

include all of the land considered significant and eligible by the ABPP. The ABPP 

evaluated the integrity of the greater battlefield landscape. Isolated but significant 

fragments or features of battlefields may be eligible for listing in the National Register, 

but only as remnants, not as cohesive landscapes. 

The ABPP found that 80 battlefield landscapes probably retain enough integrity to be 

eligible for listing. Given the growth in Virginia since the Civil War, the ABPP found a 

surprising number of battlefields where most of the Study Area is intact. Among the most 

pristine are Amelia Springs, McDowell, Morton’s Ford, Namozine Church, Sailor’s 

Creek, and Upperville. 

Registered battlefields meet national standards for documentation, physical integrity, and 

demonstrable significance to the history of our nation. Federal, state, and local agencies 

use information from the National Register as a planning tool to identify and make 

decisions about cultural resources. Federal and state laws, most notably Section 106 of the 

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, require agencies to account for the effects their 

projects (roads, wetland permits, quarrying, cell towers, etc.) may have on listed and 

eligible historic properties, such as battlefields. Listing allows project designers to quickly 

identify the battlefield and avoid or minimize impacts to the landscape. 

Properties listed on the National Register are also eligible for numerous federal and state 

historic preservation grant programs. Recognition as a registered battlefield may also 

advance public understanding of and appreciation for the battlefield, and may encourage 

advocacy for its preservation.15

As Table 7 indicates, 31 of Virginia’s battlefields are designated as National Historic 

Landmarks (NHL), or are independently listed in the NRHP. Only seven have been 

designated or listed since the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission’s study of battlefields in 

the early 1990s: Cedar Creek (Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park, 2002); 

Cool Spring (NRHP, 1997); Manassas I and Manassas II (NHRP boundary increase, 2006); 

Petersburg III (Petersburg Breakthrough Battlefield Historic District NHL, 2006); 

Thoroughfare Gap (NHRP, 1999); and Yorktown (NHRP, 1995). The other 24 battlefields 

were designated or listed prior to the CWSAC study. Of the 91 battlefields not listed or 

designated, 80 potentially retain enough historic landscape to be eligible under the 

NRHP’s current criteria for listing. 

The boundaries of Virginia battlefields already designated or listed include more than 

31,000 acres.16 The ABPP’s assessments, however, indicate that a total of about 576,000 

acres, including previously listed properties, may be eligible for NRHP or NHL status. Table 

7 compares the number of acres already designated or listed with the number of acres that 

 

15 There are three levels of federal recognition for historic properties. Congressional designations, such as national park units (NPS), 

National Historic Landmarks (NHL), and listings in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Congress creates national 

park units. The Secretary of the Interior designates National Historic Landmarks – nationally significant historic sites – for their 

exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. The National Register of Historic Places 

is the nation’s official list of cultural sites significant at the national, state, or local level and worthy of preservation. National park

units and NHLs are also treated as listed in the National Register. 16 Using GIS, and accounting for overlapping areas, ABPP calculated that 31,278.00 acres among Virginia’s 122 battlefields are 

currently listed in the National Register. Note also that some National Register lands may have lost integrity since they were

listed. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 24 

are likely to meet the same criteria, but are not currently part of the existing NRHP, NHL or 

NPS boundary. As noted earlier, many Virginia battlefields overlap in land area. 

Therefore, the total amount of intact land potentially eligible for listing is lower than a 

simple summation of the Table 7 data. 

Table 7: Acres Registered Compared with Acres Potentially 

Eligible to be Registered

Battlefield Acres Designation

PotNR 

Acres 

Registered 

Acres

Unlisted 

Acres

Aldie (VA036) 3,854.52 0.00 3,854.52 

Amelia Springs (VA091) 4,825.29 0.00 4,825.29 

Appomattox Courthouse (VA097) NPS 3,282.59 1,294.43 1,988.16 

Appomattox Station (VA096) 130.11 0.00 130.11 

Aquia Creek (VA002)* 1,069.56 0.00 1,069.56 

Auburn I (VA039) 2,228.11 0.00 2,228.11 

Auburn II (VA041) 4,403.24 0.00 4,403.24 

Ball’s Bluff (VA006)* NHL 1,072.29 80.58 991.71 

Beaver Dam Creek (VA016) NPS 4,184.59 55.03 4,129.56 

Berryville (VA118) 6,206.78 0.00 6,206.78 

Big Bethel (VA003) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Blackburn’s Ford (VA004) 482.27 0.00 482.27 

Boydton Plank Road (VA079) 6,069.85 0.00 6,069.85 

Brandy Station (VA035) 18,986.00 0.00 18,986.00 

Bristoe Station (VA040) 3,299.95 0.00 3,299.95 

Buckland Mills (VA042) 6,527.11 0.00 6,527.11 

Cedar Creek (VA122) NPS 12,091.95 8.00 12,083.95 

Cedar Mountain (VA022) 9,583.97 0.00 9,583.97 

Chaffin’s Farm/New Market Heights 

(VA075) NPS 10,201.56 321.00 9,880.56 

Chancellorsville (VA032) NPS 21,099.80 1,674.31 19,425.49 

Chantilly (VA027) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Chester Station (VA051) 1,183.00 0.00 1,183.00 

Cloyd’s Mountain (VA049) 503.49 0.00 503.49 

Cockpit Point (VA100)* 142.91 0.00 142.91 

Cold Harbor (VA062) NPS 29,416.87 288.00 29,128.87 

Cool Spring (VA114) NRHP 5,726.77 3,965.97 1,760.80 

Cove Mountain (VA109) 2,285.81 0.00 2,285.81 

Crater (VA070) NPS 627.56 405.33 222.23 

Cross Keys (VA105) 4,498.12 0.00 4,498.12 

Cumberland Church (VA094) 2,557.94 0.00 2,557.94 

Darbytown and New Market (VA077) 4,824.00 0.00 4,824.00 

Darbytown Road (VA078) 3,703.48 0.00 3,703.48 

Deep Bottom I (VA069) 13,990.28 0.00 13,990.28 

Deep Bottom II (VA071) 16,171.88 0.00 16,171.88 

Dinwiddie Court House (VA086) 4,636.78 0.00 4,636.78 

Dranesville (VA007) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Drewry’s Bluff (VA012) NPS 550.95 42.00 508.95 

Eltham’s Landing (VA011) 8,749.47 0.00 8,749.47 

Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road (VA080) 5,609.19 0.00 5,609.19 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 25 

Fisher's Hill (VA120) 9,703.13 0.00 9,703.13 

Five Forks (VA088) NPS 5,688.00 1,715.78 3,972.22 

Fort Stedman (VA084) NPS 1,346.83 1,093.04 253.79 

Fredericksburg I (VA028) NPS 3,290.59 1,439.87 1,850.72 

Fredericksburg II (VA034) NPS 2,838.23 1,440.87 1,397.36 

Front Royal (VA103) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Gaines’ Mill (VA017) NPS 7,641.40 225.52 7,415.88 

Garnett’s and Golding’s Farm 

(VA018) 960.70 0.00 960.70 

Globe Tavern (VA072) NRHP 1,208.74 23.78 1,184.96 

Guard Hill (VA117) 863.00 0.00 863.00 

Hampton Roads (VA008) 35,040.82 0.00 35,040.82 

Hanover Courthouse (VA013) 6,813.70 0.00 6,813.70 

Hatcher’s Run (VA083) 9,481.02 0.00 9,481.02 

Haw’s Shop (VA058) 4,486.97 0.00 4,486.97 

High Bridge (VA095) 3,368.89 0.00 3,368.89 

Jerusalem Plank Road (VA065) 1,512.66 0.00 1,512.66 

Kelly’s Ford (VA029) 3,547.00 0.00 3,547.00 

Kernstown I (VA101) 2,036.36 0.00 2,036.36 

Kernstown II (VA116) 2,564.12 0.00 2,564.12 

Lewis's Farm (VA085) 487.17 0.00 487.17 

Lynchburg (VA064) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Malvern Hill (VA021) NPS 8,718.15 807.00 7,911.15 

Manassas I (VA005) NPS 8,067.50 4,705.60 3,361.90 

Manassas II (VA026) NPS 8,006.36 4,705.60 3,300.76 

Manassas Gap (VA108) 4,674.29 0.00 4,674.29 

Manassas Station Operations (VA024) 2,491.78 0.00 2,491.78 

Marion (VA081) 228.84 0.00 228.84 

McDowell (VA102) 7,441.30 0.00 7,441.30 

Middleburg (VA037) 4,368.19 0.00 4,368.19 

Mine Run (VA045) 14,837.75 0.00 14,837.75 

Morton’s Ford (045) 6,710.00 0.00 6,710.00 

Namozine Church (VA124) 3,828.76 0.00 3,828.76 

New Market (VA110) NRHP 5,411.82 160.00 5,251.82 

North Anna (VA055) 13,767.99 0.00 13,767.99 

Oak Grove (VA015) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Old Church (VA059) 1,952.41 0.00 1,952.41 

Opequon/Third Winchester (VA119) 4,262.52 0.00 4,262.52 

Peebles’ Farm (VA074) 3,352.90 0.00 3,352.90 

Petersburg I (VA098) NPS 2,563.30 57.85 2,505.45 

Petersburg II (VA063) NPS 2,434.44 1,443.48 990.96 

Petersburg III (VA089) NHL 12,656.17 551.11 12,105.06 

Piedmont (VA111) 7,426.84 0.00 7,426.84 

Port Republic (VA106) 5,390.58 0.00 5,390.58 

Port Walthall Junction (VA047) 1,473.41 0.00 1,473.41 

Proctor’s Creek (VA053) 5,090.69 0.00 5,090.69 

Rappahannock Station I (VA023) 28,464.00 0.00 28,464.00 

Rappahannock Station II (VA043) 11,531.00 0.00 11,531.00 

Ream’s Station I (VA068) 3,904.08 0.00 3,904.08 

Ream’s Station II (VA073) 6,773.20 0.00 6,773.20 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 26 

Rice’s Station (VA092) 610.03 0.00 610.03 

Rutherford’s Farm (VA115) 565.27 0.00 565.27 

Sailor’s Creek (VA093) NHL 5,809.27 985.29 4,823.98 

Saint Mary’s Church (VA066) 10,430.63 0.00 10,430.63 

Salem Church (VA033) NPS N/A 212.16 0.00 

Saltville I (VA082) 2,267.82 0.00 2,267.82 

Saltville II (VA076) 1,722.92 0.00 1,722.92 

Sappony Church (VA067) 2,502.00 0.00 2,502.00 

Savage’s Station (VA019) 8,490.79 0.00 8,490.79 

Seven Pines (VA014) 3,085.65 0.00 3,085.65 

Sewell’s Point (VA001) 9,878.91 0.00 9,878.91 

Spotsylvania Court House (VA048) NPS 14,200.00 1,335.73 12,864.27 

Staunton River Bridge (VA113) 3,849.00 0.00 3,849.00 

Suffolk/Norfleet House (VA030) 1,118.06 0.00 1,118.06 

Suffolk/Hill’s Point (VA031) 15,974.26 0.00 15,974.26 

Sutherland’s Station (VA090) 684.00 0.00 684.00 

Swift Creek (VA050) 3,669.80 0.00 3,669.80 

Thoroughfare Gap (VA025) NRHP 3,488.62 520.45 2,968.17 

Tom’s Brook (VA121) 9,989.22 0.00 9,989.22 

Totopotomoy Creek/Bethesda Church 

(VA057) NPS 20,829.70 124.40 20,705.30 

Trevilian Station (VA099) 13,071.03 0.00 13,071.03 

Upperville (VA038) 14,586.90 0.00 14,586.90 

Walkerton (VA125) 4,551.00 0.00 4,551.00 

Ware Bottom Church (VA054) 5,052.30 0.00 5,052.30 

Waynesboro (VA0123) N/A 0.00 0.00 

White Oak Road (VA087) 3,061.07 0.00 3,061.07 

White Oak Swamp/Glendale (VA020) NPS 11,969.83 776.18 11,193.65 

Wilderness (VA046) NPS 13,048.26 2,773.94 10,274.32 

Williamsburg (VA010) 1,075.23 0.00 1,075.23 

Wilson’s Wharf (VA056) 3,898.22 0.00 3,898.22 

Winchester I (VA104) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Winchester II (VA107) 977.16 0.00 977.16 

Yellow Tavern (VA052) N/A 0.00 0.00 

Yorktown (VA009) NRHP 17,734.22 142.80 17,591.42 

 

* Boundary figures reflect only those areas in Virginia. See the Individual Battlefield Profiles for information about the size 

of these battlefields as they extend into Maryland.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 27 

Stewardship 

Virginia offers a model for successful cooperative Civil War battlefield stewardship, with 

preservation achievements notable at all levels of government – federal, state and local – 

and made possible through the efforts of many private nonprofit organizations. Together 

these public and private groups have created a partnership network that supports efforts 

to protect Civil War battle sites throughout the Commonwealth. 

At the Federal level, the National Park Service currently owns more than 54 percent of all 

protected battlefield land in Virginia. This land includes properties associated with parks 

created with the preservation and interpretation of Civil War history as their primary 

objectives – Appomattox Court House National Historical Park (1,411.14 acres); Cedar Creek 

and Belle Grove National Historical Park (8.00 acres); Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania 

National Military Park (7,341.55 acres); Manassas National Battlefield Park (15,823.48 

acres); Petersburg National Battlefield (4,293.32 acres); and Richmond National Battlefield 

Park (3,432.32 acres). In addition, this 54 percent also includes the 4,775.85 acres of the 

Yorktown Civil War battlefield landscape, protected within Colonial National Historical 

Park, and the 56.00 acres of Cool Spring, preserved as part of the Appalachian National 

Scenic Trail. Federal holdings in Virginia also include portions of Chaffin’s Farm/New 

Market Heights at the Fort Harrison National Cemetery, managed by the U.S. 

Department of Veterans Affairs, and portions of McDowell at George Washington 

National Forest, managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

With easement holdings on more than 20 percent of all the protected battlefield land in 

the Commonwealth, the Virginia Outdoors Foundation (VOF) is the preeminent state 

steward of battlefield landscapes in Virginia. VOF holds preservation easements on 37 of 

Virginia’s 122 Civil War battlefields, accounting for 14,647.31 total protected acres. As an 

easement holder, VOF has successfully undertaken stewardship responsibilities that include 

periodic monitoring of battlefield conditions. This effort ensures that any changes made 

to easement properties will be compatible with preservation and interpretation priorities.

Coupled with VOF’s efforts, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) also 

provides easement administration services to municipal governments, nonprofit 

organizations, and private parties that wish to establish perpetual protection for their 

historic resources. As the state historic preservation office, DHR holds easements on more 

than 2,400.00 acres of Virginia’s historic battlefields. 

The Commonwealth of Virginia’s Department of Conservation and Recreation protects 

325.00 acres at Sailor’s Creek and 340.00 acres at Staunton River Bridge. Other state 

agencies such as the Virginia Department of Transportation, Virginia Department of Game 

and Fisheries, and the Virginia Military Institute also protect portions of historic 

battlefields located within their management areas. 

Following the examples set by Federal and State government, municipalities throughout 

Virginia have also assumed leadership roles in on-going efforts to preserve historic 

battlefields. As Table 8 summarizes, county, city and town governments in all regions of 

the state have committed their resources to protecting battlefield landscapes within their 

communities, with the City of Newport News, the Northern Virginia Regional Park 

Authority,17 and Henrico County leading the way. 

 

17 The Park Authority represents Arlington County, Fairfax County, Loudoun County, the City of Alexandria, the City of Falls 

Church, and the City of Fairfax. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 28 

Table 8: Local Government Stewardship of Battlefield Land

Local Government 

Battlefield(s) Owned by 

Local Government 

Total 

Acres 

Protected 

 

City of Newport News Yorktown 7,600.00 

Northern Virginia Regional 

 Park Authority 

Ball’s Bluff, Manassas Station Operations, 

Blackburn's Ford 

707.50

Henrico County Chaffin’s Farm, Deep Bottom I and II 657.00 

Town of Saltville Saltville I and II 309.50 

Prince William County Bristoe Station, Manassas Station Operations 260.30 

Hanover County Cold Harbor, Hanover Court House, North Anna 180.00 

City of Petersburg Jerusalem Plank, Petersburg I 156.47 

Chesterfield County Proctor's Creek, Ware Bottom Church 131.79 

Fauquier County Rappahannock Station I and II 53.50

Stafford County Aquia Creek 32.20 

City of Manassas Manassas Station Operations 12.00 

Fairfax County Chantilly, Dranesville 9.80 

Culpeper County Kelly's Ford 8.75 

City of Waynesboro Waynesboro 1.00 

Dinwiddie County Dinwiddie Court House 1.00 

Prince Edward County Rice’s Station 1.00 

In addition to these federal, state, and local government efforts, nonprofit organizations 

have provided private support for battlefield preservation in Virginia. The Civil War 

Preservation Trust (CWPT), which provides leadership to Civil War battlefield preservation 

efforts throughout the country, has been especially successful in Virginia. CWPT’s fee 

simple ownership and easement holdings account for approximately nine percent of all 

protected battlefield land in Virginia. CWPT currently owns 6,527.12 acres of battlefield 

land in the state, and holds easements on an additional 39.72 acres. 

Regional and local nonprofit organizations have also proven to be enthusiastic partners in 

Civil War battlefield preservation efforts, often working in collaboration with the 

American Battlefield Protection Program, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 

the Virginia Outdoors Foundation, or the Civil War Preservation Trust. The Trevilian 

Station Battlefield Foundation (TSBF) is one of Virginia’s greatest grass-root preservation 

success stories. TSBF, which formed in 1996, is dedicated to preserving lands associated 

with the June 1864 all-cavalry battle of Trevilian Station. To that end, the group has 

purchased an astonishing 1,798.88 acres. 

In 1996, Congress established the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District, 

a national heritage area.18 As required by the enabling legislation, a management entity 

for the District was created: the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation (SVBF). The 

SVBF works to protect ten historic battlefields: Cedar Creek, Cross Keys, Fisher’s Hill, 

Kernstown II, McDowell, New Market, Port Republic, Opequon/Third Winchester, 

Tom’s Brook, and Winchester II. As the District’s management entity, SVBF receives 

annual federal appropriations of up to $2 million to accomplish its preservation mission. 

Through purchase of land and easements, SVBF currently protects 1,329.95 acres of 

battlefield land in the Shenandoah Valley region. SVBF also engages in interpretation, 

education, visitor service and promotional activities associated with the battlefields. 

 

18 110 Stat. 4175; 16 USC 461 note. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 29 

Through the development of collaborative partnerships among federal, state, and local 

governments, civic organizations, nonprofit groups and private individuals, significant 

protective measures have been and can continue to be effective in Virginia. Opportunities 

for concerted action on the part of private landowners and land conservation groups are 

especially ripe at 27 battlefields where all surviving lands are privately owned and 

unprotected. For each battlefield, Table 9 compares the amount of land permanently 

protected from development with the total amount of land that remains intact but is not 

protected.19 This information may serve planners as a tool for prioritizing future 

preservation initiatives. 

Table 9: Protective Stewardship of Battlefield Land 

Battlefield 

Permanently 

Protected 

Acres 

ABPP PotNR 

Acres 

Unprotected 

Acres 

Remaining* 

 

Aldie (VA036) 461.27 3,854.52 3,393.25 

Amelia Springs (VA091) 0.00 4,825.29 4,825.29 

Appomattox Courthouse (VA097) 1,367.18 3,282.59 1,915.41 

Appomattox Station (VA096) 116.71 130.11 13.40 

Aquia Creek (VA002)* 33.20 1,069.56 1,036.36 

Auburn I (VA039) 234.83 2,228.11 1,993.28 

Auburn II (VA041) 234.83 4,403.24 4,168.41 

Ball’s Bluff (VA006)* 223.00 1,072.29 849.29 

Beaver Dam Creek (VA016) 57.24 4,184.59 4,127.35 

Berryville (VA118) 99.32 6,206.78 6,107.46 

Big Bethel (VA003) 0.00 N/A 0.00 

Blackburn’s Ford (VA004) 204.50 482.27 277.77 

Boydton Plank Road (VA079) 0.00 6,069.85 6,069.85 

Brandy Station (VA035) 1,041.80 18,986.00 17,944.20 

Bristoe Station (VA040) 133.30 3,299.95 3,166.65 

Buckland Mills (VA042) 0.00 6,527.11 6,527.11 

Cedar Creek (VA122) 1,455.12 12,091.95 10,636.83 

Cedar Mountain (VA022) 336.78 9,583.97 9,247.19 

Chaffin’s Farm/New Market Heights 

(VA075) 

541.00 10,201.56 9,660.56 

Chancellorsville (VA032) 2,841.21 21,099.80 18,258.59 

Chantilly (VA027) 4.92 N/A 0.00 

Chester Station (VA051) 0.00 1,183.00 1,183.00 

Cloyd’s Mountain (VA049) 0.00 503.49 503.49 

Cockpit Point (VA100)* 0.00 142.91 142.91 

Cold Harbor (VA062) 570.17 29,416.87 28,846.70 

Cool Spring (VA114) 598.61 5,726.77 5,128.16 

Cove Mountain (VA109) 0.00 2,285.81 2,285.81 

Crater (VA070) 226.21 627.56 401.35 

 

19 The ABPP culled information about permanently protected lands from questionnaire respondants and numerous partner 

organizations. The data is not necessarily complete but provides an approximate idea of the amount of land protected at each 

battlefield as of 2009. Boundary figures reflect only those areas in Virginia. See the Individual Battlefield Profiles for information 

about the size of these battlefields as they extend into Maryland.
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 30 

Cross Keys (VA105) 400.82 4,498.12 4,097.30 

Cumberland Church (VA094) 0.00 2,557.94 2,557.94 

Darbytown and New Market (VA077) 190.11 4,824.00 4,633.89 

Darbytown Road (VA078) 1.80 3,703.48 3,701.68 

Deep Bottom I (VA069) 1,276.00 13,990.28 12,714.28 

Deep Bottom II (VA071) 1,046.41 16,171.88 15,125.47 

Dinwiddie Court House (VA086) 95.28 4,636.78 4,541.50 

Dranesville (VA007) 5.00 N/A 0.00 

Drewry’s Bluff (VA012) 42.00 550.95 508.95 

Eltham’s Landing (VA011) 0.00 8,749.47 8,749.47 

Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road (VA081) 0.00 5,609.19 5,609.19 

Fisher’s Hill (VA120) 359.53 9,703.13 9,270.85 

Five Forks (VA088) 2,347.81 5,688.00 3,340.19 

Fort Stedman (VA084) 935.00 1,346.83 411.83 

Fredericksburg I (VA028) 1,959.62 3,290.59 1,330.97 

Fredericksburg II (VA034) 1,959.62 2,838.23 878.61 

Front Royal (VA103) 0.00 N/A 0.00 

Gaines’ Mill (VA017) 196.74 7,641.40 7,444.66 

Garnett’s and Goldings Farm (VA018) 0.00 960.70 960.70 

Globe Tavern (VA072) 10.54 1,208.74 1,198.20 

Guard Hill (VA117) 0.00 863.00 863.00 

Hampton Roads (VA008) 15.00 35,040.82 35,025.82 

Hanover Courthouse (VA013) 124.00 6,813.70 6,689.70 

Hatcher’s Run (VA083) 378.00 9,481.02 9,103.02 

Haw’s Shop (VA058) 0.00 4,486.97 4,486.97 

High Bridge (VA095) 0.00 3,368.89 3,368.89 

Jerusalem Plank Road (VA065) 156.41 1,512.66 1,356.25 

Kelly’s Ford (VA029) 413.75 3,547.00 3,133.25 

Kernstown I (VA101) 623.00 2,036.36 1,413.36 

Kernstown II (VA116) 623.00 2,564.12 1941.12 

Lewis's Farm (VA085) 0.00 487.17 487.17 

Lynchburg (VA064) 4.00 N/A 0.00 

Malvern Hill (VA021) 1,332.57 8,718.15 7,385.58 

Manassas I (VA005) 3,521.93 8,067.50 4,545.57 

Manassas II (VA026) 4,525.81 8,006.36 3,480.55 

Manassas Gap (VA108) 0.00 4,674.29 4,674.29 

Manassas Station Operations (VA024) 419.00 2,491.78 2,072.78 

Marion (VA081) 0.00 228.84 228.84 

McDowell (VA102) 1,130.50 7,441.30 6,310.80 

Middleburg (VA037) 57.46 4,368.19 4,310.73 

Mine Run (VA045) 1,341.00 14,837.75 13,496.75 

Morton’s Ford (045) 965.00 6,710.00 5,745.00 

Namozine Church (VA124) 1.00 3,828.76 3,827.76 

New Market (VA110) 590.40 5,411.82 4,821.42 

North Anna (VA055) 80.00 13,767.99 13,687.99 

Oak Grove (VA015) 0.00 N/A 0.00 

Old Church (VA059) 0.00 1,952.41 1,952.41 

Opequon/Third Winchester (VA119) 415.00 4,262.52 3,847.52 

Peebles’ Farm (VA074) 447.00 3,352.90 2,905.90 

Petersburg I (VA098) 0.06 2,563.30 2,563.24 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 31 

Petersburg II (VA063) 1,443.48 2,434.44 990.96 

Petersburg III (VA089) 548.54 12,656.17 12,107.63 

Piedmont (VA111) 199.97 7,426.84 7,226.87 

Port Republic (VA106) 366.38 5,390.58 5024.19 

Port Walthall Junction (VA047) 0.00 1,473.41 1,473.41 

Proctor’s Creek (VA053) 48.47 5,090.69 5,042.22 

Rappahannock Station I (VA023) 780.30 28,464.00 27,683.70 

Rappahannock Station II (VA043) 1,042.21 11,531.00 10,488.79 

Ream’s Station I (VA068) 0.00 3,904.08 3,904.08 

Ream’s Station II (VA073) 292.60 6,773.20 6,480.60 

Rice’s Station (VA092) 1.00 610.03 609.03 

Rutherford’s Farm (VA115) 5.00 565.27 560.27 

Sailor’s Creek (VA093) 803.60 5,809.27 5,005.67 

Saint Mary’s Church (VA066) 0.00 10,430.63 10,430.63 

Salem Church (VA033) 165.85 N/A 0.00 

Saltville I (VA082) 211.50 2,267.82 2,056.32 

Saltville II (VA076) 98.00 1,722.92 1,624.92 

Sappony Church (VA067) 0.00 2,502.00 2,502.00 

Savage’s Station (VA019) 0.00 8,490.79 8,490.79 

Seven Pines (VA014) 0.00 3,085.65 3,085.65 

Sewell’s Point (VA001) 15.00 9,878.91 9,863.91 

Spotsylvania Court House (VA048) 1,405.28 14,200.00 12,794.72 

Staunton River Bridge (VA113) 340.00 3,849.00 3,509.00 

Suffolk/Hill’s Point (VA031) 0.00 15,974.26 15,974.26 

Suffolk/Norfleet House (AV030) 0.00 1,118.06 1,118.06 

Sutherland’s Station (VA090) 0.00 684.00 684.00 

Swift Creek (VA050) 0.00 3,669.80 3,669.80 

Thoroughfare Gap (VA025) 1,137.18 3,488.62 2,351.44 

Tom’s Brook (VA121) 167.33 9,989.22 9,821.89 

Totopotomoy Creek/Bethesda Church 

(VA057) 345.90 20,829.70 20,483.80 

Trevilian Station (VA099) 1,798.88 13,071.03 11,272.15 

Upperville (VA038) 4,601.00 14,586.90 9,985.90 

Walkerton (VA125) 0.00 4,551.00 4,551.00 

Ware Bottom Church (VA054) 129.63 5,052.30 4,922.67 

Waynesboro (VA0123) 1.00 N/A 0.00 

White Oak Road (VA087) 847.20 3,061.07 2,213.87 

White Oak Swamp/Glendale (VA020) 779.50 11,969.83 11,190.33 

Wilderness (VA046) 2,842.33 13,048.26 10,205.93 

Williamsburg (VA010) 342.54 1,075.23 732.69 

Wilson’s Wharf (VA056) 59.60 3,898.22 3,838.62 

Winchester I (VA104) 0.00 N/A 0.00 

Winchester II (VA107) 197.57 977.16 779.59 

Yellow Tavern (VA052) 1.00 N/A 0.00 

Yorktown (VA009) 12,036.24 17,734.22 5,697.98 

* Not all protected lands are included in the PotNR boundaries. The ABPP did not assign a PotNR boundary if substantial 

portions of the landscape do not survive. In cases such as Chantilly, most of the battlefield landscape has been destroyed, 

although small protected parcels survive. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 32 

Public Access and Interpretation 

In its questionnaire (see Appendix B), the ABPP asked battlefield stewards about the types 

of public access and interpretation available at the battlefields. The ABPP did not collect 

information about the purpose or intent of the interpretation and access, such as whether 

development of wayside exhibit was for purely educational reasons, to promote heritage 

tourism, or to boost local economic development. 

The ABPP asked respondents to indicate the type of interpretation available at or about 

the battlefield. The categories included brochures, driving tours, living history 

demonstrations, maintained historic features or areas, walking tours and trails, wayside 

exhibits, websites, and other specialized programs. The results, summarized in Table 10, 

indicate that 102 of Virginia’s 122 Civil War battlefields currently provide some degree of 

public interpretation and educational opportunities. 

 *For details, see each site's Individual Battlefield Profile. 

Table 10: Types of Interpretation at Virginia Battlefields

On-site Interpretation Battlefield

Battlefields with public 

interpretation, including 

visitors center (28) 

Appomattox Courthouse, Appomattox Station, Brandy 

Station, Chaffin's Farm/New Market Heights, Chancellorsville, 

Cold Harbor, Crater, Five Forks, Fort Stedman, Fredericksburg I, 

Gaines' Mill, Kernstown I, Kernstown II, Lynchburg, Malvern 

Hill, Manassas I, Manassas II, McDowell, New Market, 

Opequon/Third Winchester, Petersburg II, Petersburg III, 

Ream's Station II, Sailor's Creek, Saltville I, Saltville II, White 

Oak Swamp/Glendale, Wilson's Wharf 

Battlefields with public 

interpretation, but no visitors 

center (75) 

Aldie, Amelia Springs, Aquia Creek, Auburn I, Auburn II, Balls 

Bluff, Beaver Dam Creek, Berryville, Blackburn's Ford, Bristoe 

Station, Cedar Creek, Cedar Mountain, Chantilly, Chester 

Station, Cool Spring, Cross Keys, Cumberland Church, 

Darbytown and New Market, Deep Bottom I, Deep Bottom II, 

Dinwiddie Court House, Dranesville, Drewry's Bluff, Fisher's 

Hill, Fredericksburg II, Front Royal, Globe Tavern, Guard Hill, 

Hampton Roads, Hanover Courthouse, Hatcher's Run, Haw's 

Shop, High Bridge, Jerusalem Plank Road, Kelly's Ford, 

Manassas Station Operations, Marion, Middleburg, Namozine 

Church, North Anna, Old Church, Peebles Farm, Petersburg I, 

Piedmont, Port Republic, Proctor's Creek, Rappahannock 

Station II, Ream's Station I, Rice’s Station, Rutherford Farm, 

Salem Church, Sappony Church, Savage Station, Seven Pines, 

Sewell's Point, Spotsylvania Court House, Staunton River 

Bridge, Suffolk/Hill's Point, Sutherland Station, Swift Creek, 

Thoroughfare Gap, Toms Brook, Totopotomoy Creek/Bethesda 

Church, Trevilian Station, Upperville, Walkerton, Ware Bottom 

Church, Waynesboro, White Oak Road, Wilderness, 

Williamsburg, Winchester I, Winchester II, Yellow Tavern, 

Yorktown 

Battlefields with no public 

interpretation (19) 

Big Bethel, Boydton Plank Road, Buckland Mills, Cloyd's 

Mountain, Cockpit Point, Cove Mountain, Darbytown Road, 

Eltham's Landing, Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, Garnett's 

and Golding's Farm, Lewis's Farm, Manassas Gap, Mine Run, 

Morton's Ford, Oak Grove, Port Walthall Junction, 

Rappahannock Station I, Saint Mary's Church, Suffolk/Norfleet 

House
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 33 

Local Advocacy 

Nonprofit organizations play important roles in protecting historic battlefields. They step 

in to preserve historic sites when public funding and management for historic preservation 

are absent. When public funding is available, nonprofits serve as vital partners in publicprivate preservation efforts, acting as conduits for public funds, raising critical private 

matching funds, keeping history and preservation in the public eye, and working with 

landowners to find ways to protect battlefield parcels. Virginia battlefields have several 

well-organized and visionary local groups that have built and maintained relationships 

with all levels of government, most notably the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 

and other battlefield stakeholders. 

While organizations with general historical interests may play important roles in 

battlefield preservation, the nonprofit friends groups identified in Table 11 are dedicated 

solely to the preservation, interpretation, and promotion of a specific battlefield or 

battlefields. Of the 21 organizations listed in the table, 16 formed or incorporated during 

or after the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission’s study in the early 1990s. This 

information indicates that the CWSAC’s efforts did help focus attention on the 

vulnerability of Virginia’s battlefields, and did inspire action. Today, however, friends 

groups lead local preservation efforts at only 28 percent of the battlefields. There remains 

a tremendous opportunity for grassroots activism on behalf of the “unclaimed” 

battlefields. 

Table 11: Active Battlefield Friends Groups 

Battlefield Friends Group(s) Year 

Founded

Aldie (VA036) Citizens Committee for the Civil War 

Cavalry Battles of Aldie, Middleburg and 

Upperville 

2000 

Amelia Springs (VA091) None 

Appomattox Courthouse (VA097) None 

Appomattox Station (VA096) None 

Aquia Creek (VA002) None 

Auburn I (VA039) None 

Auburn II (VA041) None 

Ball’s Bluff (VA006) None 

Beaver Dam Creek (VA016) None 

Berryville (VA118) None 

Big Bethel (VA003) None 

Blackburn’s Ford (VA004) Bull Run Civil War Round Table 1991 

Boydton Plank Road (VA079) Battle of Richmond Association, Inc. 2001 

Brandy Station (VA035) Brandy Station Foundation 1989 

Bristoe Station (VA040) None 

Buckland Mills (VA042) Buckland Preservation Society 2003 

Cedar Creek (VA122)* Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation 1988 

 Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Cedar Mountain (VA022) Friends of Cedar Mountain 2004 

Chaffin’s Farm/New Market Heights 

(VA075) 

None 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 34 

Chancellorsville (VA032) Friends of Fredericksburg Area Battlefields 1997 

Chantilly (VA027) Chantilly Battlefield Association 1986 

Chester Station (VA051) None 

Cloyd’s Mountain (VA049) None 

Cockpit Point (VA100) None 

Cold Harbor (VA062) None 

Cool Spring (VA114) None 

Cove Mountain (VA109) None 

Crater (VA070) None 

Cross Keys (VA105) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Cumberland Church (VA094) None 

Darbytown and New Market (VA077) None 

Darbytown Road (VA078) None 

Deep Bottom I (VA069) None 

Deep Bottom II (VA071) None 

Dinwiddie Court House (VA086) None 

Dranesville (VA007) None 

Drewry’s Bluff (VA012) None 

Eltham’s Landing (VA011) None 

Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road (VA081) None 

Fisher’s Hill (VA120) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Five Forks (VA088) None 

Fort Stedman (VA084) None 

Fredericksburg I (VA028) Friends of Fredericksburg Area Battlefields 1997 

Fredericksburg II (VA034) Friends of Fredericksburg Area Battlefields 1997 

Front Royal (VA103) None 

Gaines’ Mill (VA017) None 

Garnett’s and Goldings Farm (VA018) None 

Globe Tavern (VA072) None 

Guard Hill (VA117) None 

Hampton Roads (VA008) None 

Hanover Courthouse (VA013) None 

Hatcher’s Run (VA083) None 

Haw’s Shop (VA058) None 

High Bridge (VA095) None 

Jerusalem Plank Road (VA065) None 

Kelly’s Ford (VA029) Brandy Station Foundation 1989 

Kernstown I (VA101) Kernstown Battlefield Association 1996 

 Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Kernstown II (VA116) Kernstown Battlefield Association 1996 

 Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Lewis's Farm (VA085) None 

Lynchburg (VA064) Historic Sandusky Foundation 2000 

Malvern Hill (VA021) None 

Manassas I (VA005) Friends of Manassas National Battlefield 

Park 

1996 

Manassas II (VA026) Friends of Manassas National Battlefield 

Park 

1996 
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 35 

Manassas Gap (VA108) None 

Manassas Station Operations (VA024) None 

Marion (VA081) None 

McDowell (VA102) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Middleburg (VA037) Citizens Committee for the Civil War 

Cavalry Battles of Aldie, Middleburg, and 

Upperville 

2000 

Mine Run (VA045) None 

Morton’s Ford (045) None 

Namozine Church (VA124) None 

New Market (VA110) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

North Anna (VA055) None 

Oak Grove (VA015) None 

Old Church (VA059) None 

Opequon/Third Winchester (VA119) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Peebles’ Farm (VA074) None 

Petersburg I (VA098) None 

Petersburg II (VA063) None 

Petersburg III (VA089) None 

Piedmont (VA111) None 

Port Republic (VA106) Society of Port Republic Preservationists, Inc. 1976 

 Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 

Port Walthall Junction (VA047) None 

Proctor’s Creek (VA053) None 

Rappahannock Station I (VA023) None 

Rappahannock Station II (VA043) None 

Ream’s Station I (VA068) None 

Ream’s Station II (VA073) None 

Rice’s Station (VA092) None 

Rutherford’s Farm (VA115) None 

Sailor’s Creek (VA093) Sailor's Creek Reenactment and 

Preservation Committee 

1989 

Saint Mary’s Church (VA066) None 

Salem Church (VA033) Friends of Fredericksburg Area Battlefields 1997 

Saltville I (VA082) None 

Saltville II (VA076) None 

Sappony Church (VA067) None 

Savage’s Station (VA019) None 

Seven Pines (VA014) None 

Sewell’s Point (VA001) None 

Spotsylvania Court House (VA048) Friends of Fredericksburg Area Battlefields 1997 

Staunton River Bridge (VA113) Historic Staunton River Foundation 1994 

Suffolk/Norfleet House (VA030) None 

Suffolk/Hill’s Point (VA031) None 

Sutherland’s Station (VA090) None 

Swift Creek (VA050) None 

Thoroughfare Gap (VA025) None 

Tom’s Brook (VA121) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 2000 
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Totopotomoy Creek/ Bethesda Church 

(VA057) 

Totopotomoy Battlefield at Rural Plains 

Foundation 

1999 

Trevilian Station (VA099) Trevilian Station Battlefield Foundation, Inc. 1996 

Upperville (VA038) Citizens Committee for the Civil War 

Cavalry Battles of Aldie, Middleburg and 

Upperville 

2000 

Walkerton (VA125) None 

Ware Bottom Church (VA054) None 

Waynesboro (VA0123) None 

White Oak Road (VA087) None 

White Oak Swamp/Glendale (VA020) None 

Wilderness (VA046) Friends of Wilderness Battlefield 1995 

 Friends of Fredericksburg Area Battlefields 1997 

Williamsburg (VA010) None 

Wilson’s Wharf (VA056) Fort Pocahontas Limited 1995 

Winchester I (VA104) None 

Winchester II (VA107) Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation 1996 

Yellow Tavern (VA052) None 

Yorktown (VA009) None 

*Cedar Creek has a unique partnership arrangement. When the battlefield became a national park in 2002, its Federal 

authorizing legislation specified key partners: Belle Grove, Inc. (1977), the Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation (1988), the 

National Trust for Historic Preservation (1964), the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields Foundation (2000), and Shenandoah 

County Parks and Recreation. 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation s Civil War Battlefields 

Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 37-326

Individual Battlefield Profiles

Please see the Individual Battlefield Profile Adobe PDF files on the ABPP website at: 

http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/CWSII/CWSIIStateReportVA.htm 
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Appendices 

Appendix A. Civil War Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002 

Public Law 107-359, 111 Stat. 3016, 17 December 2002 

Amends the American Battlefield Protection Program Act of 1996 (16 U.S.C. 469k) 

An Act 

 

To amend the American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996 to authorize the Secretary of the Interior 

to establish a battlefield acquisition grant program. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 

Congress assembled, 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

This Act may be cited as the ``Civil War Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002''. 

SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. 

 (a) Findings.--Congress finds the following 

 (1) Civil War battlefields provide a means for the people of 

 the United States to understand a tragic period in the history 

 of the United States. 

 (2) According to the Report on the Nation's Civil War 

 Battlefields, prepared by the Civil War Sites Advisory 

 Commission, and dated July 1993, of the 384 principal Civil War 

 battlefields-- 

 (A) almost 20 percent are lost or fragmented; 

 (B) 17 percent are in poor condition; and 

 (C) 60 percent have been lost or are in imminent 

 danger of being fragmented by development and lost as 

 coherent historic sites. 

 (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are-- 

 (1) to act quickly and proactively to preserve and protect 

 nationally significant Civil War battlefields through 

 conservation easements and fee-simple purchases of those 

 battlefields from willing sellers; and 

 (2) to create partnerships among State and local 

 governments, regional entities, and the private sector to 

 preserve, conserve, and enhance nationally significant Civil War 

 battlefields. 

SEC. 3. BATTLEFIELD ACQUISITION GRANT PROGRAM. 

The American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996 (16 U.S.C. 469k) is amended-- 

 (1) by redesignating subsection (d) as paragraph (3) of 

 subsection (c), and indenting appropriately; 

 (2) in paragraph (3) of subsection (c) (as redesignated by 

 paragraph (1))-- 

 
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(A) by striking ``Appropriations'' and inserting 

 ``appropriations''; and 

 (B) by striking ``section'' and inserting 

 ``subsection''; 

 (3) by inserting after subsection (c) the following 

 ``(d) Battlefield Acquisition Grant Program.-- 

 ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection 

 ``(A) Battlefield report.--The term `Battlefield 

 Report' means the document entitled `Report on the 

 Nation's Civil War Battlefields', prepared by the Civil 

 War Sites Advisory Commission, and dated July 1993. 

 ``(B) Eligible entity.--The term `eligible entity' 

 means a State or local government. 

 ``(C) Eligible site.--The term `eligible site' means 

 a site-- 

 ``(i) that is not within the exterior 

 boundaries of a unit of the National Park System; 

 and 

 ``(ii) that is identified in the Battlefield 

 Report. 

 ``(D) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means the 

 Secretary of the Interior, acting through the American 

 Battlefield Protection Program. 

 ``(2) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish a 

 battlefield acquisition grant program under which the Secretary 

 may provide grants to eligible entities to pay the Federal share 

 of the cost of acquiring interests in eligible sites for the 

 preservation and protection of those eligible sites. 

 ``(3) Nonprofit partners.--An eligible entity may acquire an 

 interest in an eligible site using a grant under this subsection 

 in partnership with a nonprofit organization. 

 ``(4) Non-federal share.--The non-Federal share of the total 

 cost of acquiring an interest in an eligible site under this 

 subsection shall be not less than 50 percent. 

 ``(5) Limitation on land use.--An interest in an eligible 

 site acquired under this subsection shall be subject to section 

 6(f)(3) of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (16 

 U.S.C. 460l-8(f)(3)). 

 ``(6) Reports.-- 

 ``(A) In general.--Not later than 5 years after the 

 date of the enactment of this subparagraph, the 

 Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the 

 activities carried out under this subsection. 

 ``(B) Update of battlefield report.--Not later than 

 2 years after the date of the enactment of this 

 subsection, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a 

 report that updates the Battlefield Report to reflect-- 

 ``(i) preservation activities carried out at 

 the 384 battlefields during the period between 

 publication of the Battlefield Report and the 

 update; 

 ``(ii) changes in the condition of the 

 battlefields during that period; and 

 ``(iii) any other relevant developments 

 relating to the battlefields during that period. 
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 329 

 

 ``(7) Authorization of appropriations.-- 

 ``(A) In general.--There are authorized to be 

 appropriated to the Secretary from the Land and Water 

 Conservation Fund to provide grants under this 

 subsection $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 

 through 2008. 

 ``(B) Update of battlefield report.--There are 

 authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

 out paragraph (6)(B), $500,000.''; and 

 (4) in subsection (e)-- 

 (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``as of'' and all 

 that follows through the period and inserting ``on 

 September 30, 2008.''; and 

 (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``and provide 

 battlefield acquisition grants'' after ``studies''. 

-end- 
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Appendix B. Battlefield Questionnaire 

State 

Battlefield 

Person Completing Form 

Date of completion 

I. Protected Lands of the Battlefield (“Protected lands” are these “owned” for historic 

preservation or conservation purposes. Please provide information on land protected since 1993.) 

1) Identify protected lands by parcel since 1993. Then answer these questions about each parcel, 

following example in the chart below. What is the acreage of each parcel? Is parcel owned fee 

simple, by whom? Is there is an easement, if so name easement holder? Was the land purchased or 

the easement conveyed after 1993? What was cost of purchase or easement? What was source of 

funding and the amount that source contributed? Choose from these possible sources: Coin money, 

LWCF, Farm Bill, State Government, Local Government, Private Owner, Private Non-Profit (provide 

name), or Other (describe). 

Parcel Acres Owner Easement Year Cost Source 

Joe Smith Farm 194 Private SHPO 1995 $500,000 LWCF/$250,000 

 Private/$250,000 

Sue Jones Tract 16 Battlefield Friends, Inc. No 2002 $41,000 State/$20,000 

 BFI/$21,000 

2) Other public or non-profit lands within the battlefield? (Y/N) 

• If yes, describe 

• Name of public or non-profit owner or easement holder 

• Number of Acres owned/held 

3) Is the information in a GIS? (Y/N) 

 If yes, may NPS obtain a copy of the data? (Y/N) 
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II. Preservation Groups

1) Is there a formal interested entity (friends group, etc) associated with the battlefield? (Y/N)

 If yes 

 Name 

 Address 

 Phone 

 Fax 

 E-mail 

 Web site? (Y/N) 

 If yes, what is the URL? 

 Does the web site have a preservation message? (Y/N) 

 What year did the group form? 

III. Public Access and Interpretation

1) Does the site have designated Public Access? (Y/N) (Count public roads if there are designated 

interpretive signs or pull-offs) 

If yes, what entity provides the public access (Access may occur on lands owned in fee or under 

 easement to the above entities) 

F Federal government 

F State government 

F Local government 

F Private Nonprofit organization 

F Private owner 

F Other 

Name of entity (if applicable) 

Number of Acres Accessible to the Public (size of the area in which the public may physically visit 

without trespassing. Do not include viewsheds.) 

2) Does the site have interpretation? (Y/N) 

If yes, what type of interpretation is available? 

F Visitor Center 

F Brochure(s) 

F Wayside exhibits 

F Driving Tour 

F Walking Tour 

F Audio tour tapes 

F Maintained historic features/areas 

F Living History 

F Website 

F Other 

IV. Registration 

Applies only to the battlefield landscape, not to individual contributing features of a battlefield 

(i.e., the individually listed Dunker Church property of .2 acres does not represent the Antietam 

battlefield for the purposes of this exercise) 

1) Is the site a designated National Historic Landmark? (Y/N) 

 If yes, NHL and ID Number 

2) Is the site listed in the National Register? (Y/N)

 If yes, NRHP Name and ID Number 
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3) Is the site listed in the State Register? (Y/N) 

 If yes, State Register Name and ID Number 

4) Is the site in the State Inventory? (Y/N) 

 If yes, State Inventory Name and ID Number 

5) Is the site designated as a local landmark or historic site? (Y/N) 

 Type of Designation/Listing 

V. Program Activities

What types of preservation program activities have occurred at the battlefield? Provide 

final product name and date if applicable (e.g., Phase I Archeological Survey Report on the 

Piper Farm, 1994 and Antietam Preservation Plan, 2001, etc.) 

1) Research and Documentation 

2) Cultural Resource surveys and inventories (building/structure and landscape 

inventories, archeological surveys, landscape surveys, etc.) 

3) Planning Projects (preservation plans, site management plans, cultural landscape 

reports, etc.) 

4) Interpretation Projects (also includes education) 

5) Advocacy (any project meant to engage the public in a way that would benefit the 

preservation of the site, e.g. PR, lobbying, public outreach, petitioning for action, 

etc.) 

6) Legislation (any local, state, or federal legislation designed to encourage 

preservation of the battlefield individually or together with other similar sites) 

7) Fundraising 

a. To support program activities? 

b. To support land acquisition/easements? 

8) Other
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

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Appendix C. Civil War Battlefield Land Acquisition Grants 

In 1998, the ABPP began its land acquisition grant program, which helps states and local 

communities purchase significant Civil War battlefield lands for permanent protection. In 

2002, Congress officially authorized the program.20 Eligible battlefields are those listed in 

the 1993 Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields prepared by the Congressionallychartered CWSAC. Eligible acquisition projects may be for fee interest in land or for a 

protective interest such as a perpetual easement. 

Congress has appropriated a total of $34.9 million for this Civil War Battlefield Land 

Acquisition Grants. These grants have assisted in the permanent protection of 14,741 acres 

at 59 Civil War battlefields in 14 states. Of the 59 battlefields these funds have helped, 25 

are in Virginia. 

 

20 The Civil War Battlefield Preservation Act of 2002 (PL 107- 359) amended the American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996 (16 USC 

469k) to authorize the land acquisition grants. 

Battlefield 

CWSAC 

Priority 

Total Acres 

Acquired Total CWBLAG

Total 

Non-Federal 

Leveraged 

Funds 

Total Acquisition 

Costs

Appomattox 

Court House III 11.9 $98,403.00 $98,403.00 $196,806.00 

Brandy Station I 638.32 $3,102,850.00 $5,722,955.00 $8,825,805.00 

Buckland Mills II 2 $61,750.00 $61,750.00 $123,500.00 

Cedar Creek I 317.26 $575,000.00 $1,165,648.00 $1,740,648.00 

Cedar 

Mountain II 155.72 $28,000.00 $103,474.00 $131,474.00 

Chancellorsville I 214.54 $1,504,788.00 $1,504,788.00 $3,009,576.00 

Cold Harbor I 61 $280,000.00 $280,000.00 $560,000.00 

Deep Bottom I II 119 972,850.00 972,850.00 $1,945,700.00 

Fisher’s Hill I 97.67 $52,000.00* $52,000.00 $104,000.00 

Fredericksburg IV 226.94 $2,250,000.00 $10,777,759.16 $13,027,759.16 

Gaines’ Mill I 27 $325,000.00 $325,000.00 $650,000.00 

Hatcher’s Run II 328 $247,291.00 $247,291.00 $494,582.00 

Kernstown I 423 $845,000.00 $4,070,000.00 $4,915,000.00 

Manassas II I 135.97 $200,000.00 $400,000.00 $600,000.00 

McDowell III 273 $427,762.00 $427,763.00 $855,525.00 

Mine Run I 685 $1,080,250.00* $1,399,239.00 $2,479,489.00 

Opequon/Third 

Winchester IV 232 $866,000.00* $1,571,819.00 $2,437,819.00 

Peebles Farm II 385.42 $1,464,069.22 $1,464,069.22 $2,928,138.44 

Rappahannock 

Station I and II II, IV 25.5 $250,000.00* $625,000.00 $875,000.00 

Ream’s Station I 

and II III, II 42.86 $61,456.00* $61,456.00 $122,912.00 

Sailor’s Creek II 650.74 $345,000.00* $345,000.00 $690,000.00 

Totopotomy 

Creek IV 5.8 $87,500.00* $87,500.00 $175,000.00 

Trevilian Station II 809 $672,703.00 $1,094,922.00 $1,767,625.00 

 Ware Bottom 

Church 

II 10.33 $176,500.00 $176,500.00 $353,000.00 

White Oak Road I 848.7 $708,333.00 $731,667.00 $1,440,000.00 

Total 6726.66 $16,682,505.22 $25,766,853.38 $42,449,358.60 
Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields 

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Appendix D. American Battlefield Protection Program Planning Grants 

Through its American Battlefield Protection Program, the Federal government also 

provides grants and technical advice to communities working to preserve battlefields. The 

ABPP has two grant programs: planning grants and land acquisition grants. 

Since 1992, the ABPP has offered annual planning grants to nonprofit organizations, 

academic institutions, and local, regional, state, and tribal governments to help protect 

battlefields located on American soil. Applicants are encouraged to work with partner 

organizations and federal, State and local government agencies as early as possible to 

integrate their efforts into a larger battle site protection strategy. The ABPP has awarded 

$2,483,509.00 to proponents of Virginia’s Civil War battlefields. 

Grantee Year Project Title Award 

 

Arlington County, VA 2008 Fort Ethan Allen Preservation $60,000.00

 Management Plan 

Arlington Heritage Alliance 2005 Fort Ethan Allen Cultural Landscape $31,750.00 

 Documentation Project 

Association for the 1992 Interpretive Exhibits at Fisher’s Hill Battlefield $5,000.00 

Preservation of Civil 1993 Plan for McDowell Battlefield $10,300.00

War Sites 1994 Port Republic and Toms Brook Battlefield $9,000.00 

 Site Plan 

 1994 Richmond Battlefield Documentation $75,000.00 

 1994 Preservation Planning, Interpretation, and $192,300.00 

 1995 Public Outreach at Various 

 Civil War Battlefields 

 1996 Interpretation Sign and Driving-tour $38,900.00 

 Brochures for Various Sites 

 1998 Quad-state Meeting Project $28,100.00 

Association for the 1994 Alternative Development Plans for Via and $18,000.00 

Preservation of Pointer Farms at Cold Harbor Battlefield 

Virginia Antiquities 

Blue and Gray 1996 North Anna Battlefield Interpretation $9,000.00 

Education Society

Brandy Station Foundation 1993 Graffiti House Archaeological Site Stabilization $20,000.00 

Buckland Preservation 2004 Buckland Mills Battlefield Archeology and $25,000.00 

Society Boundary Survey 

 2007 Buckland Battlefield Preservation Plan $40,100.00 

Cedar Creek 1994 Wayside Exhibit for Cedar Creek Battlefield $7,500.00 

Battlefield Foundation

Citizens Committee for Aldie, 2003 GIS Mapping of Battlefields of Aldie, $3,000.00 

Middleburg, and Upperville Middleburg, and Upperville 

Citizens for Fauquier County 2007 Auburn Battlefield and Rural Historic $25,100.00 

 District Documentation 

City of Fredericksburg 1996 Resources Inventory of the Rappahannock $15,000.00 

 River Valley 

City of Petersburg 1996 Civil War Guide to the City of Petersburg $5,000.00 

Civil War Preservation Trust 2003 Third Winchester Interpretive Plan $20,000.00 
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 335

2005 Battlefield Protection Rapid $20,000.00 

 Assessment Mapping 

 2008 Mine Run Battlefield Interpretive Plan $50,000.00 

Civil War Trust 1993 Management Plan for $32,250.00 

 Brandy Station Battlefield 

 1997 Civil War Explorer Education Materials $35,000.00 

 1996 The Wilderness: Building Community $5,000.00 

 Support and Consensus 

 1996 Continuation of Civil War Discovery System $55,000.00 

 1998 List Serve and Battlefield Charrettes $36,410.00 

 1999 Tea-21 Implementation Project $7,000.00 

Clarke County 1994 National Register Nomination of $18,050.00 

 Cool Spring Battlefield 

College of William and Mary 2000 Wilson’s Wharf Battlefield Project $20,300.00 

Dinwiddie County 1998 Building Support for Battlefield Trails $7,300.00 

2000 Developing a Civil War Trail in $16,300.00 

 Dinwiddie County 

Fauquier County 2007 Public Education Project: Civil War $18,100.00 

 Battlefields of Fauquier County 

Frederick County 1993 County-wide Battlefield Vision and $21,000.00 

 Protection Plan for Kernstown Battlefield 

 1995 Resource Management and Site Preservation $10,000.00 

 Plan at Kernstown Battlefield 

 1998 Third Winchester (Opequon) Battlefield $25,000.00 

 Preservation Plan 

 1999 Management and Interpretation Plan for $25,000.00 

 Star Fort 

Friends of Cedar Mountain 2005 Land Protection Guide and Mapping for $21,038.00 

Battlefield, Inc. Cedar Mountain 

Friends of Fredericksburg 1997 Grants Knoll Interpretation $9,000.00 

Area Battlefield 

Friends of the Manassas 1997 ABPP Exhibit $15,000.00 

National Battlefield 

Hanover County 1993 Interpretation and Public Meetings at $20,000.00 

 Cold Harbor 

 1994 Preservation of the Garthwright House $33,682.00 

 1996 Comprehensive Plan Amendment for $10,000.00 

 Hanover County Battlefield Preservation 

 1998 Preservation and Implementation Plan for $15,000.00 

 Cold Harbor, Gaines’ Mill, Totopotomy and 

 North Anna Battlefields 

 2000 Cataloging Hanover County’s Civil War Sites $11,600.00 

Kernstown Battlefield 2008 Kernstown Battlefield Association $7,500.00 

Association, Inc. Interpretive Booklet 

Lord Fairfax Planning 1992 Develop Battlefield Preservation Plan for $20,000.00 

District Commission Five Northern Counties of the 

 Shenandoah Valley 

 1993- Continue to Develop the Battlefield $63,000.00 

 1996 Preservation Plan for the Five Northern 

 Counties of the Shenandoah Valley 
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Final DRAFT - Commonwealth of Virginia 336

 1996 Executive Director Position for the $55,000.00 

 “Shenandoah Valley Heritage, Inc.” 

Montpelier Foundation 2003 Archeological Survey of 1863-1864 $24,000.00 

 Confederate Winter Encampments, 

 Montpelier Station 

 2008 Archeological Survey of Confederate Winter $35,090.00 

 Encampment at Montpelier 

Natural Lands Trust 1993 Develop Conservation Guidelines for $69,500.00 

 Civil War Resources in Spotsylvania County 

Northern Virginia Regional 1997 Volunteer Interpreters Program at $10,000.00 

Park Authority Balls Bluff Battlefield 

Orange County 1994 Wayside Exhibit for Mine Run Battlefield $10,000.00 

Historical Society 

Partners In Parks 1995 Community Outreach at Petersburg $21,700.00 

 1996 Community Outreach at Petersburg $27,440.00 

 1998 Internship Program at Battlefield Parks $40,500.00 

Prince William County 2006 Study of Critical Historic Viewsheds of $60,000.00 

 Manassas Battlefield 

Radford University 2004 Civil War Battles for Saltville: $43,246.00 

 Inventory and Assessment of Battlefield 

 Resources using GIS/GPS Technology 

 2007 Saltville Battlefields Preservation Plan and $61,841.00 

 National Register Nomination 

Rappahannock Valley 1993 Virginia Civil War Heritage $2,900.00 

Civil War Round Table Preservation Conference 

 1994 Virginia Civil War Heritage $3,400.00 

 Preservation Conference 

Rockingham County 2001 Preservation Plan for Cross Keys and $30,000.00 

 Port Republic Battlefields 

Shenandoah County 2002 Shenandoah Battlefield Preservation Plan $50,000.00 

Shenandoah Valley 2003 Interpretation and Education Plan for $35,000.00 

Battlefields Foundation Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National 

 Historic District 

 2008 Geo-referencing Historic Civil War $43,518.00 

 Battlefield Maps 

Shenandoah Valley 1992 Comprehensive Map and Brochure of $20,000.00 

Travel Association Civil War Battlefields in the 

 Shenandoah Valley 

 1993 Seven Brochures on Stonewall Jackson’s $20,000.00 

 1862 Campaign 

Spotsylvania County 1993 Incorporation of Civil War Resources into $50,000.00 

 County Comprehensive Plan 

 1996 Spotsylvania Court House Historic $20,000.00 

 Architectural Guidelines 

2005 Chancellorsville Battlefield Area Plan $46,500.00 

Society of Port Republic 1993 Interpretation Plan for the Kemper House $16,000.00 

Preservationists 

Town of Appomattox 2006 Battle of Appomattox Station Battlefield $34,634.00 

 Resource Management Plan and GIS Survey 
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Unison Preservation Society 2006 The Unison Civil War Battlefield $2,000.00 

 Mapping Project 

 2008 Civil War Battle of Unison National Register $34,660.00 

 Nomination Project 

Valley Conservation Council 1993 McDowell Battlefield Corridor Protection Plan $20,140.00 

 1993 Continuation of the McDowell Battlefield $53,000.00 

 1997 Staunton-to-Parkers Pike Project 

 1994 Develop Preservation Publications for $5,000.00 

 McDowell Battlefield Project 

 1998 Better Models for Development in the $30,200.00 

 Shenandoah Valley 

 1999 Shenandoah Valley Community $25,000.00 

 Conservation Project 

 2000 Promoting Voluntary Measures for $14,000.00 

 Protecting Battlefields in the 

 Shenandoah Valley 

Virginia Department of 1995 Completion of CWSAC Survey of $88,575.00 

Historic Resources Battlefields and Research for Guidebook to 

 Virginia’s Civil War Battlefields 

 1995 Guidebook to Virginia’s Civil War $29,335.00 

 Battlefields and GIS Database 

 1995 Continuation of Guidebook to Virginia’s $48,500.00 

 1997 Civil War Battlefields 

War Memorial Museum of 2007 Peninsula Campaign Earthwork $12,750.00 

Virginia Foundation Conservation and Cultural Resource Survey 

Winchester-Frederick County 1992 Interpretive Museum Exhibits in the $24,500.00 

Economic Development Kurtz Center on the Civil War in the 

Commission Shenandoah Valley 

Total ABPP Planning Grants to Virginia Battlefields as of FY2008 $2,483,509.00 

* Obligated funds, not final disbursement