NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HI

SCHOOLS, 2018–2019

Resolved: The United States Federa

Government Should Substantially Reduc

Restrictions on Legal Immigration to t

United States

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2018–201

Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. Section 1333

Compiled by the Congressional Research Service

Library of Congress

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HI

SCHOOLS, 2018–2019

Resolved: The United States Federa

Government Should Substantially Reduc

Restrictions on Legal Immigration to t

United States

NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2018–201

Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. Section 1333

Compiled by the Congressional Research Service

Library of Congress

U.S. Government Publishing Office

Washington, DC 2018

(II)

44 U.S.C., SECTION 1333

CHAPTER 13—PARTICULAR REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS

Sec. 1333. National high school and college debate topics

(a) The Librarian of Congress shall prepare compilations of pertine

bibliographical references, and other appropriate materials relating t

(1) the subject selected annually by the National University Ex

sociation as the national high school debate topic and

(2) the subject selected annually by the American Speech Associ

national college debate topic.

In preparing the compilations the Librarian shall include materials w

judgment are representative of, and give equal emphasis to, the opposin

view on the respective topics.

(b) The compilations on the high school debate topics shall be printe

documents and the compilations on the college debate topics shall be 

House of Representative documents, the cost of which shall be cha

congressional allotment for printing and binding. Additional cop

printed in the quantities and distributed in the manner the Joint 

on Printing directs.

(P.L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Supp. III, Sec. 170 [Sec. 276a] (Dec. 30

L. 88–246, Secs. 1, 2, 77 Stat. 802)

(III)

C O N T E N T S

FOREWORD ..................................................................................................

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................

SUMMARY .....................................................................................................

LANDMARK LEGISLATION .......................................................................

OVERVIEW ................................................................................................

SELECTED SPECIFIC LANDMARK LEGISLATION ...........................

TYPES OF ADMISSIONS ............................................................................

WORKFORCE IMPACT ................................................................................

IMPACT ON WAGES ................................................................................

IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT ...................................................................

FILLING SKILLS GAPS ...........................................................................

FISCAL IMPACT ...........................................................................................

EXPENDITURES .......................................................................................

REVENUES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ..............................................

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACT ...........................................................

IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION ..................................................................

POLITICAL AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT ..............................................

PUBLIC SAFETY IMPACT ..........................................................................

VISA SCREENING AND SECURITY ......................................................

INTERACTIONS WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT ....................................

SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................

(V)

Foreword

The 2018–2019 high school debate topic is: ‘‘Resolved: The Un

Federal Government Should Substantially Reduce Its Restrictions on L

gration to the United States.’’

In compliance with 44 U.S.C., Section 1333, the Congressiona

Service (CRS) and the Researcher and Reference Services Division of 

of Congress prepared this bibliography to assist high school debaters in 

the topic. This bibliography is intended to assist debaters in the identific

ther references and resources on the subject. In selecting items for inclu

bibliography, the Library of Congress has sampled a wide spectrum of 

flected in the current literature on this topic. No preference for any po

cated by the selection or positioning of articles, books, or websites cited

Library’s disapproval of any policy, position, or article to be inferred fro

sion.

The bibliography was prepared by Valerie S. Cervantes, Aud

Crane-Hirsch, Molly Higgins, and Sundeep Mahendra of the Knowled

Group, CRS, and by Leroy Bell, Jr. and Darren R. Jones, of the Research

erence Services Division, Library of Congress, under the direction of p

leader Elizabeth Larson, with assistance from Jill Wilson and Jerry W

We wish the best to each debater as they research, prepare, a

arguments on this year’s topic.

Mary B. Mazan

Congressional Resea


NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 2018–2019 

RESOLVED: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBS

REDUCE ITS RESTRICTIONS ON LEGAL IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED 

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE 2018–2019 HIGH SCHOOL DEBA

Compiled by 

Valerie S. Cervantes, Audrey Celeste Crane-Hirsch, Molly Higgins, and Sundeep M

Knowledge Services Group, 

Congressional Research Service 

and by 

Leroy Bell, Jr. and Darren R. Jones, 

Researcher and Reference Services Division, 

Library of Congress 

Under the direction of Elizabeth Larson, 

Knowledge Services Group, 

Congressional Research Service 

August 2018 

Introduction

The 2018–2019 high school debate topic is: “Resolved: The United States federal governm

substantially reduce its restrictions on legal immigration to the United States.” The topic i

annually by ballot of the delegates from the National Catholic Forensic League, the Nation

Coaches Association, and the National Speech and Debate Association, all organized unde

organization, the national Federation of State High School Associations. 

This selective bibliography, with brief annotations, is intended to assist debaters in identif

and references on the national debate topic. It lists citations to journal articles, books, cong

publications, legal cases, and websites. The bibliography is divided into six broad sections

Legislation, Types of Admissions, Workforce Impact, Fiscal Impact, Social and Political I

Public Safety Impact. 

Summary

The purpose of the bibliography is to provide students with a brief overview of informatio

2018–2019 high school debate topic.

This compilation is not intended to provide complete coverage of the topic. Further resear

may be accomplished at high school, public, and research libraries. 

In addition to the resources included in this bibliography, there are many more internation

U.S. government agencies, and non-governmental organizations that provide information 

topic and sub-topics on their websites. Debaters are encouraged to consult library resource

internet for their research. 

(3) JA 30-464 
Landmark Legislation 

Overview 

Books

Law, Anna. The Immigration Battle in American Courts. New York, NY: Cambridge Univ

2010. 

The author examines the different roles the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Courts of Ap

played in presiding over immigration cases. She traces how their distinctive institutional s

affected their judicial decision-making in immigration law as those institutional settings an

legislation have evolved over the years. 

LeMay, Michael and Elliott Robert Barkan, eds. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Law

A Documentary History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. 

This reference text presents a compilation of primary sources such as court cases, legislati

presidential remarks that tracks the major laws regulating immigration and naturalization 

provide “a historical overview of U.S. immigration and naturalization policies . . . [that] in

blend several essential elements: economic interest, foreign policy, racial values, and a sen

identity—who should be allowed to be 'an American.'” 

Vile, John. American Immigration and Citizenship: A Documentary History. Lanham, MD

Littlefield, 2016. 

From Calvin's Case (1608) that described the British view of citizenship to the 2016 U.S. 

ruling on an interpretation of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the author presents prin

documents with contextual essays to help readers understand the thought process behind th

of U.S. immigration legislation and policy throughout America's history. 

Zolberg, Aristide R. A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of Americ

NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. 

A comprehensive historical account of the politics surrounding immigration policies from 

period to today. The author shows how local and state level policies affected immigration, 

non-state actors influenced the direction of those policies. 

Reports

Cohn, D'Vera. “The Nation’s Immigration Laws, 1920 to Today.” In Modern Immigration 

59 Million to U.S., Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065. Washington, D

Research Center, Sept. 2015. 

Available at 

http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/chapter-1-the-nations-immigration-laws-1920-to

This is the first chapter in a Pew Research Center report on the impact of immigration on U

the last century. It reviews the historical immigration trends that brought about new immig

policies from 1920 to the present. Included is an interactive graph that charts the major U.

legislation and executive actions from 1790 to 2015, and compares them over time to the p

U.S. population that is foreign born. 

Cooper, Betsy and Kevin O'Neil. “Lessons from the Immigration Reform and Control Act 

Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, Aug. 2005. 

JA 30-464 
Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/lessons-immigration-reform-and-c

“The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was the first legislative attempt t

hensively address the issue of unauthorized immigration.” In this article, the authors descr

points of IRCA and how they were borne out of a series of debates and compromises betw

that lasted over a decade. The authors break down the major elements of IRCA, and trace 

challenges the U.S. government faced while trying to implement IRCA over the past 

two decades. 

Migration Policy Institute. Key Immigration Laws and Policy Developments Since 1986. W

DC: Migration Policy Institute, Mar. 2013. 

Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/timeline-1986. 

A timeline that reviews the changes in U.S. immigration legislation and policies from the 

Immigration Reform and Control Act to the 2013 comprehensive immigration reform prop

Obama administration and select Senators. 

Migration Policy Institute. Major U.S. Immigration Laws, 1790 – Present. Washington, D

Policy Institute, Mar. 2013. 

Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/timeline-1790. 

A list of the major U.S. immigration laws starting from the 1970 Naturalization Act to the 

Fence Act. It provides summaries of the provisions established by each of the laws listed. 

USCIS History Office and Library. Overview of INS History. Washington, DC: U.S. Citiz

Immigration Services, 2012. 

Available at 

https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/History%20and%20Genealogy/Our%20H

INS%20History/INSHistory.pdf. 

Overview of the major immigration laws that created and impacted the Immigration and N

Service (1940-2003), as well as the federal agencies that preceded and succeeded it. Also 

historical overview of major events and policies that shaped the agencies' mission over the 

Selected Specific Landmark Legislation 

The following resources give examples of how a single piece of legislation can significant

debate around immigration policy. This list is not intended to be a comprehensive list of im

in the United States since the nation was formed. 

Articles 

FitzGerald, David S. and David Cook-Martin. “The Geopolitical Origins of the U.S. Immi

1965.” Migration Information Source, Feb. 5, 2015. 

Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/geopolitical-origins-us-immigration-

On its 50th anniversary, an examination of the origins and impact of the U.S. Immigration 

which greatly shifted the immigration policy from national-origins quotas (from mainly N

Europe) to a system based on family relations with U.S. citizens or legal permanent reside

skill sets, was undertaken. 

Ngai, Mae. “The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination o

Immigration Act of 1924.” The Journal of American History, vol. 86, no. 1 (1999): 67-92. 

JA 30-464 
Ngai explores how the Immigration Act of 1924 – the first comprehensive immigration law 

structed racial categories.” She focuses on the invention of “national origins” (which appl

northern and western Europeans), the concept of “ineligibility to citizenship” (which restr

from immigration), and the “racialization” of the Mexican immigrants and Mexican Amer

affected Mexican immigration and assimilation even though they were not officially restri

Asian immigrants). 

Books

Reimers, David M. Still the Golden Door: the Third World Comes to America, 2nd edition

NY: Columbia University Press, 1992. 

The author provides a historical survey of immigration to the United States from the end o

until the end of the Cold War. This book focuses on U.S. immigration policies intended to 

migration from third world countries and discusses ways in which these policies have or h

their aims. 

Reports

Cadman, Dan. “Lessons Learned by an Insider in the 30 Years Since IRCA.” Washington

Immigration Studies, Oct. 26, 2016. 

Available at https://cis.org/Cadman/Lessons-Learned-Insider-30-Years-IRCA. 

For years, the author supervised one of the teams in the Immigration and Naturalization C

that was tasked with implementing the new measures for “employer sanctions” as mandat

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. For the 30th anniversary of IRCA, the auth

five main takeaways of IRCA from the decades that followed its passing. The Center for I

Studies generally favors more restrictions on immigration to the United States. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration and R

U.S. Immigration Law and Policy: 1952-1986, committee print. 100th Cong., 1st sess., Dec

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 1988. 

Available at https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008516246. 

This report reviews immigration and refugee legislation and policy changes since the pass

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 until the Immigration Reform and Control Act o

by Joyce Vialet from the Congressional Research Service for the Subcommittee on Immig

Refugee Affairs. 

Types of Admissions 

Articles 

Bernal, Rafael. “What is the Diversity Visa Lottery?” The Hill, Jan. 28, 2018. 

Available at http://thehill.com/latino/370879-what-is-the-diversity-visa-lottery. 

This explains how the diversity visa lottery works to allow people from countries with low 

rates to the United States the chance to apply for a visa. Applicants are vetted the same wa

immigrants applying for work, travel and student visas. 

JA 30-464 
Casella, Alessandra and Adam Cox. A Property Rights Approach to Temporary Work Visa

Discussion Papers: 12287 (2017). 

Available at http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1465&context=nyu_lewp.

The authors contend that U.S. temporary labor visa rules do not allocate visas efficiently, 

adequately protect domestic workers, and expose migrant workers to exploitation. To addr

problems, the authors urge that a firm’s right to hire a foreign worker should be “unbundle

worker’s right to reside and work in the country. The authors propose that pre-contract vis

auctioned to firms, which could then trade them on a secondary market, with ownership o

transferred to workers when an employment contract is signed. 

Clemens, Michael and Hannah Postel. “Temporary Work Visas as U.S.-Haiti Developmen

A Preliminary Impact Evaluation.” IZA Journal of Labor & Development, vol. 6, no. 4 (20

Available at https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/temporary-work-visas-us-haiti-deve

cooperation-preliminary-impact-evaluation.pdf. 

Clemens and Postel report that multiple benefits in a preliminary study of Haitian workers

agricultural jobs in the U.S.: very large economic benefits, including increasing the value 

labor 15-fold; roughly equal division between the two countries of these economic benefit

that directly benefit poor Haitian households. 

Curlee, Don. “H-2A Program’s Unreliability Threatens Agriculture’s Success.” Western F

38, no. 12: 13-13, 2/3 p. 

The author contends that “a bureaucratic jungle” threatens the reliability and success of th

program in supplying temporary foreign agricultural workers, especially for California. Th

that mature and ripe crops go unpicked due to backlogs and delays in processing H-2A ap

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the U.S. Department of Labor. “Many farm

surprised that the H-2A program is stumbling over its own bureaucracy.” 

Duleep, Harriet and Mark Regets. “U.S. Immigration Policy at a Crossroads: Should the U

Family-Friendly Policy?” International Migration Review, vol. 48, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 823-

This article argues that family-friendly visa policies attract highly skilled immigrants rega

own visa circumstances and that recent immigrants who have entered via kinship ties are e

productive. According to the authors there are no compelling reasons that new restrictions 

visas ought to accompany loosening restrictions on employment visas. 

Ellison, Jesse. “Why a Visa Crackdown is Bad for Business.” Bloomberg Businessweek, n

2017: 34-35. 

Ellison contends that after returning-worker exemptions in the H-2B visa program expired 

halving the number of visas, to 66,000 nationwide, the reduction of low-skilled jobs filled 

workers meant that fewer higher-wage management positions are available for native wor

American businesses that can’t get H-2B workers are forced to close or reduce operations

reports that a 2011 study from the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy found th

additional 100 H-2B workers resulted in an additional 464 jobs for Americans. 

Goldfinger, Desiree and Phillip K. Sholts. “Challenges in Employment-Based Immigratio

Location, Location.’” Federal Lawyer, vol. 64, no. 4 (May 2017): 34-42. 

Available at http://www.fedbar.org/Resources_1/Federal-Lawyer-Magazine/2017/May/Fe

Challenges-in-Employment-Based-Immigration-Location-Location-Location.aspx?FT=.pd

The authors contend that the H-1B visa system is outdated because employers are required 

geographic “area of intended employment” in a Labor Condition Application, even though

contemporary job markets, the physical location of a skilled worker is less important than 

The article recommends changing current visa laws to reflect the mobility of the modern w

JA 30-464 
Hunt, Jennifer. How Restricted is the Job Mobility of Skilled Temporary Work Visa Holde

MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2017. 

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23529. 

Analyzing data from the National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that temp

holders have voluntary job change rates similar to those of natives with similar characteris

data from temporary workers who acquire permanent residence suggest that mobility is re

20%. The author tentatively concludes that applicants “pay a small but not large professio

permanent access to the U.S. labor market.” 

Hyde, Alan. “The Law and Economics of Family Unification.” Georgetown Immigration L

vol. 28, no. 2 (Winter 2014): 355-390. 

The article argues that family unification is a good economic value for the United States. T

three economic models of migration or labor markets not generally applied to the visa deb

why there is no sharp distinction in how much immigrants earn based on whether their vis

based or employment-based. 

Lan, Xiaohuan. “The Effects of Green Cards on the Wages and Innovations of New PhDs

Policy Analysis & Management, vol. 32, no. 4 (Fall 2013): 807-834. 

Forty percent of U.S. PhDs in science and engineering are earned by foreign national temp

holders. Focusing specifically on students from China who have earned PhDs in the U.S. u

Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 (CSPA), the author argues that their visa restrictio

to do less post-doctoral training than natives. Four to eight years after graduation, the auth

beneficiaries earned 9% more than their native counterparts, published fewer research arti

likely to work in academia, and produced more patents. 

Books

Gonzales, Alberto R. and David N. Strange. A Conservative and Compassionate Approach 

Reform: Perspectives from a Former U.S. Attorney General. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech U

Press, 2014. 

The authors provide an overview of current immigration law and discuss its complexity. T

revising the visa system to expand employment-based visas for both skilled and unskilled 

eliminate the diversity program. They offer suggestions for systems that better track foreig

overstay temporary visas and try to remain in the United States permanently. 

O’Leary, Anna Ochoa, ed. Undocumented Immigrants in the United States: An Encyclope

Experience. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2014. 

This two volume encyclopedia includes entries on asylum, employment visas, family reun

cards, guestworker and contract labor policies, labor supply, legal status, refugees, student 

temporary protected status, and visa overstayers. 

Stiftung, Bertelsmann, ed. A Fair Deal on Talent—Fostering Just Migration Governance: 

Around the Globe. Gütersloh, Germany: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2015. 

This volume explores the mutual benefits of fair migration policies to migrants, destinatio

origin countries. It examines the challenges of migration policymaking and includes case 

lessons learned from both destination and origin countries. 

JA 30-464 
Reports

Pierce, Sarah and Juliet Gelatt. “Evolution of the H-1B: Latest Trends in a Program on the 

Reform.” Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2018. 

Available at 

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/evolution-h-1b-latest-trends-program-brink-refo

This report describes the current state of the H-1B visa program. It draws on recently relea

Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) data and other sources to look at trends an

the program, the visa holders and the companies that hire them. 

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Education and the Workforce. Subcommittee on Wo

Protections. Examining the Role of Lower-Skilled Guest Worker Programs in Today’s Eco

113th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 14, 2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Offic

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg79739/pdf/CHRG-113h

Hearing to look at if U.S. visa programs are serving the best interests of workers and empl

discussed include whether limits on visas each year undermine the success of the visa prog

right tools are in place to protect American workers; and if temporary visa programs meet 

needs of employers needing low-skilled workers. 

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Crisis of Confidence: Preventin

Infiltration through U.S. Refugee and Visa Programs, hearing. 114th Cong., 2nd sess., Feb

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2016. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg21522/pdf/CHRG-114h

A hearing to receive testimony regarding the threats posed by exploitation of the U.S. refu

programs by Islamic extremist groups. It includes testimony from U.S. Department of Hom

officials at Citizenship and Immigration Services; Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Border Protection; National Security Division, Homeland Security Investigations; as well 

Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. It also includes statements from represen

religious and refugee organizations. 

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Border and M

Security. Overstaying Their Welcome: National Security Risks Posed by Visa Overstays, h

114th Cong., 2nd sess., June 14, 2016. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Offic

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg24378/pdf/CHRG-114h

A hearing to examine the Department of Homeland Security’s entry-exit and visa overstay 

includes testimony from U.S. Department of Homeland Security officials at Customs and 

Protection; Immigration and Customs Enforcement; Screening Coordination Office; and th

Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, Science and Technology Directorate. 

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Border and M

Security. Visa Overstays: a Gap in the Nation’s Border Security, hearing. 115th Cong., 1st 

2017. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2017. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg27610/pdf/CHRG-115h

A hearing to examine visa overstays and their effect on National security. It includes testim

Department of Homeland Security officials at Border, Immigration, and Trade Office of P

and Border Protection; National Security Division, Homeland Security Investigations; and 

the Inspector General. 

U.S. Government Accountability Office. H-2A and H-2B Visa Programs: Increased Prote

for Foreign Workers. GAO-15-154. Mar. 2015 (reissued May 30, 2017). 

Available at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-154. 

JA 30-464 
This study examines a variety of abuses that occur in recruitment of foreign workers to en

on H-2A (agricultural) and H-2B (nonagricultural) visas. Abuses during recruitment inclu

recruiters charging workers prohibited fees; failing to provide wage and other information 

and providing false information about job conditions. The report identifies specific recom

federal interagency coordination to reduce abuses and reduce the risk of ineligible employ

approved to hire workers. 

U.S. Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. Guest Worker Programs. W

Feb. 2013. 

Available at https://www.loc.gov/law/help/guestworker/2013-008925%20FINAL091013.p

This report examines the guest worker programs of thirteen countries: Australia, Brazil, C

Germany, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russian Federation, South Korea, Spain, and th

Kingdom. It provides an overview of foreign immigration systems and guest worker visa p

U.S. Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. Citizenship Pathways and B

Protection. Washington, DC, Mar. 2013. 

Available at https://www.loc.gov/law/help/citizenship-pathways/index.php. 

This report examines the different legal approaches to immigration, citizenship, and borde

by thirteen countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mex

South Africa, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It provides overviews of the countries’ app

immigration, overstays, paths to citizenship, and border security. 

Websites

Immigrate (U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs) 

Available at https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate.html. 

Provides information on Family-Based Visas, Employment-Based Visas, Special Immigra

Diversity Visas. Includes a section on Frequently Asked Questions and a detailed A-Z Glo

Refugees (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services) 

Available at https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/refugees. 

This U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website provides information on types of 

eligibility determination, the refugee process, security screening, and filing for permanent 

Admissions and Arrivals (U.S. Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees and M

Available at http://www.wrapsnet.org/admissions-and-arrivals. 

Statistics provided by the Refugee Processing Center of the U.S. Department of State Bur

Population, Refugees and Migration on refugee arrivals by region, historical arrivals by re

by state, nationality, geographic mapping of arrivals, and top ten refugee native languages 

Visitor Visa (U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs) 

Available at https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/tourism-visit/visitor.html. 

Provides information on Business Visitor Visas (B-1), Pleasure, Tourism, Medical Treatm

(B-2), and the Visa Waiver Program. Includes sections on visa denial and ineligibility. 

JA 30-464 
Workforce Impact 

Impact on Wages 

Articles 

Birgier, Deborah P. “Immigration, Occupations, and Native Wages: Long Time Trends in 

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Vol. 51 (Oct. 2017): 41-55. 

Two different types of multilevel models cast doubt on immigration affecting native wage

that this negative view of immigration might be overstated. 

de Brauw, Alan. “Does Immigration Reduce Wages?” Cato Journal, vol. 37, no. 3 (Fall 2

Available at 

https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2017/9/cato-journal-v37

Empirical estimates describe the impacts of immigration on native wages that are either ve

The Cato Institute generally favors fewer restrictions on immigration. 

Dustmann, Christian, Uta Schönberg, and Jan Stuhler. “The Impact of Immigration: Why 

Reach Such Different Results?” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 30, no. 4 (Fal

Available at https://assets.aeaweb.org/assets/production/files/2599.pdf.

Empirical literature on the wage impact of immigration is classified into three groups, whe

first two groups estimate different relative effects, and studies in the third group estimate t

immigration on wages. 

Islam, Faridul and Saleheen Khan. “The Long Run Impact of Immigration on Labor Mark

Advanced Economy: Evidence from U.S. Data.” International Journal of Social Economi

(Apr. 13, 2015): 356-367. 

Available at 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277655236_The_long_run_impact_of_immigrat

market_in_an_advanced_economy_Evidence_from_US_data. 

Among other things, this paper finds that immigration flow in the United States depresses 

earnings of the natives in the long-run. 

Kelly, Amita. “FACT CHECK: Have Immigrants Lowered Wages For Blue-Collar Ameri

National Public Radio (Aug. 4, 2017). 

Available at https://www.npr.org/2017/08/04/541321716/fact-check-have-low-skilled-imm

american-jobs. 

The report finds that it is true that wages for low-wage workers have declined while the ho

high-wage workers rose. However, there is disagreement over whether an influx of immig

or contributed to declining blue-collar jobs and wages. 

Kim, Chong-Uk and Gieyoung Lim. “Immigration and Domestic Wage: An Empirical Stu

Competition Among Immigrants.” Applied Economics, vol.49, no. 34 (Nov. 25, 2016): 33

Available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2016.1259751.

Kim attempts to estimate the internal competition and wage effects among foreign-born w

United States. 

Martin, Darius and Ali Termos. “Does a High Minimum Wage Spur Low-Skilled Emigrat

Letters, vol. 137 (Dec. 2015): 200-202. 

JA 30-464 
The migration response to state and local variations in minimum wages in the United State

The findings show that a one dollar difference between two areas’ real minimum wage is 

more migration of low-skilled workers towards the location with the lower minimum wag

according to the authors, the minimum wage does not influence the migration decisions of 

workers.

Mason, Patrick. “Immigration and African American Wages and Employment: Critically A

Empirical Evidence.” Review of Black Political Economy, vol. 41, no. 3 (Sept. 2014): 271

Available at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12114-014-9182-1.pdf. 

The paper finds that for African Americans as a whole, immigration may have little effect 

and probability of employment. However, there is some evidence that immigration may ha

adverse impact on the labor market outcomes of African Americans belonging to low educ

experience groups. 

Pandey, Manish and Amrita Ray Chaudhuri. “Immigration-Induced Effects of Changes in 

Distribution of the Labor Force on Wages in the U.S.” Journal of Macroeconomics, vol. 5

118-134. 

Quantitative results indicate that immigration increases the relative average wages of the s

sector. Further, real wages of all workers increase due to reduced prices caused by the incr

labor force. 

Peri, Giovanni. “Immigrants, Productivity, and Labor Markets.” Journal of Economic Per

30, no. 4 (Fall 2016): 3-30. 

Available at https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.30.4.3.

Peri discusses the evolution of economic models used to describe the effects of immigratio

markets. His research shows that immigrants to rich countries have been generally balance

college and non-college educated. This, along with the adjustment of demand and technol

that immigration’s effects across the United States’ entire economy on relative and absolu

have been small. 

Simons, John. “H-1B Visas Keep Down U.S. Tech Wages, Study Shows.” Wall Street Jou

(Mar. 15, 2017). 

Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-new-look-at-the-h-1b-visa-programs-impact-

workers-1489483811. 

Research suggests the influx of skilled foreign workers has historically led to lower wages 

employees, but economists caution against making too much of the result. 

Smith, William C. and Frank Fernandez. “Education, Skills, and Wage Gaps in Canada an

States.” International Migration, vol. 55, no. 3 (June 2017): 57-73. 

Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/imig.12328. 

The authors found that, in the U.S., immigrants disproportionately work in low-wage occu

to large mean national differences between immigrants and native workers. The wage diff

disappears after accounting for education and cognitive skills. They argue that policies to 

wage gap should focus on reducing education and skill gaps. 

Toussaint-Comeau, Maude. “Mexican Immigration, Occupational Clustering, and the Loc

Adjustment of African-American Workers.” IZA Journal of Migration, vol. 5, no. 14 (Dec

Available at https://izajodm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40176-016-0062-2. 

The findings in this paper suggest that the effect of Mexican immigration could be conseq

being felt on a broader wage structure. 

JA 30-464 
Books

Blau, Francine D. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration. Washington, D

Academies Press, 2017. 

Available at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23550/the-economic-and-fiscal-consequences-o

The book assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal o

United States, a major destination of world population movements. 

Cafaro, Philip. How Many is Too Many?: The Progressive Argument for Reducing Immigr

United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015. 

Cafaro makes several arguments in this book, including that immigration has flooded labo

United States and has driven down workers’ wages and driven up inequality. 

Hanson, Gordon H., William R. Kerr, and Sarah Turner. High-Skilled Migration to the Un

Its Economic Consequences. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 

This volume addresses how the inflow of foreign workers has effects on innovation and pr

inequality across skill groups, and the behavior of multinational firms. 

Maynard, Micheline. Immigrants and the Economy: Do They Help Spur Growth? Washin

Press, 2017. 

This text takes a look at the economic arguments (pros and cons) of immigration and its im

United States. 

Shulman, Steven. The Impact of Immigration on African Americans. New York, NY: Rou

Shulman presents research and analysis that reflects and advances the debates about the ec

political consequences of immigration for African Americans. 

Reports

Bier, David. “Immigrants and American Wages: Americans Face Less Competition for Jo

Washington, DC: Niskanen Center, Feb. 23, 2015. 

Available at 

http://niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Niskanen-Immigrants-and-America

Bier writes that the argument that immigrants hurt the middle class is as wrong in fact as i

He says that foreign workers complement American workers and help to raise wages. 

Burstein, Ariel, Gordon Hanson, Lin Tian, and Jonathan Vogel. Tradability and the Labor

of Immigration: Theory and Evidence from the U.S. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of 

Research, Revised Sept. 2017. 

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23330.pdf. 

The authors of this working paper developed a framework that shows the labor-market adj

immigration differs across tradable and non-tradable occupations, thus lowering or raising 

wages.

Camarota, Steven A. “The Impact of Large-Scale Immigration on American Workers. Tes

for Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and the National In

Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, Mar. 15, 2016. 

Available at https://cis.org/Impact-LargeScale-Immigration-American-Workers. 

Camarota theorizes that immigrants benefit from the income they get by working in this c

is no body of research indicating that immigration substantially increases the per-capita G

JA 30-464 
natives. The Center for Immigration Studies generally favors more restrictions on immigra

United States. 

Hoban, Brennan. “Do Immigrants “Steal” Jobs from American Workers?” Washington, D

Brookings Institution, Aug. 24, 2017. 

Available at https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2017/08/24/do-immigrants-s

american-workers/. 

This Brookings Now web blog gives an overview of issues related to immigration and its 

U.S. economy, wages, and the American workforce. 

Impact on Employment 

Articles 

Borjas, George J. “Yes, Immigration Hurts American Workers,” Politico Magazine, (Sept

Available at https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/trump-clinton-immigration

unemployment-jobs-214216. 

Borjas writes that immigration redistributes wealth from those who compete with immigra

use immigrants—from the employee to the employer. And the additional profits are so lar

economic pie accruing to all natives actually grows. 

Cai, Zhengyu and John V. Winters. “Self-Employment Differentials Among Foreign-Born 

Non-STEM Workers.” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 32, no. 4 (July 2017): 371-384

The American Community Survey is used to examine the fact that foreign STEM graduate

lower self-employment rates than their non-STEM counterparts. The paper finds empirica

differing earnings opportunities as a partial explanation for this gap. 

Edwards, Ryan and Francesc Ortega. “The Economic Contribution of Unauthorized Work

Analysis.” Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 67 (Nov. 2017): 119-134. 

Available at http://ftp.iza.org/dp10366.pdf. 

The author provides a quantitative assessment of the economic contribution of unauthoriz

U.S. economy. 

Frum, David. “Does Immigration Harm Working Americans?” The Atlantic, (Jan. 5, 2015

Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/01/does-immigration-har

americans/384060/. 

Frum argues that many economists say that immigration does not harm working American

might be more complicated than they say it is. 

Kemeny, Thomas. “Immigrant Diversity and Economic Performance in Cities.” Internatio

Science Review, vol. 40, no. 2 (Mar. 2017): 164-208. 

This article reviews work that examines how growing heterogeneity in the composition of 

may beneficially or harmfully affect the production of goods, services, and ideas, especial

economies. 

Lewis, Ethan. “How Immigration Affects Workers: Two Wrong Models and a Right One.

vol. 37, no. 3 (Fall 2017): 461-472. 

Available at 

https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2017/9/cato-journal-v37

JA 30-464 
This article reviews what research by economists says about how immigration affects wor

covers two common “wrong” models of immigration before explaining the “right” model. 

Institute generally favors fewer restrictions on immigration. 

Lofstrom, Magnus. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Trends and Contributions.” Cato Journ

(Fall 2017): 503-522. 

Available at 

https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2017/9/cato-journal-v37

Lofstrom analyzes recent U.S. data to examine how immigrants during the last 15 years ha

to entrepreneurship through self-employment and earnings. It aims to address the question

immigrants contribute to recent U.S. self-employment trends. The Cato Institute generally 

restrictions on immigration. 

Orrenius, Pia. “Benefits of Immigration Outweigh the Costs.” The Catalyst: A Journal of I

Bush Institute (Online), no. 2 (Spring 2016). 

Available at 

http://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/north-american-century/benefits-of-immigration-outw

Orrenius writes that immigration is a net positive for the U.S. economy. She concludes tha

wages of competing workers, while raising the return to capital and the wages of complem

The immigration surplus goes primarily to the owners of capital, which includes businesse

and investors. 

Pellow, Nicholas. “Introducing the Economics of Immigration.” Chicago Policy Review (O

(Mar. 10, 2017). 

An analysis of immigration policy effects on wages, native unemployment, and factors for 

are the areas of highest concern and debate in the public discussion. 

Plumlee, Irina. “Immigration in the Workplace.” Risk Management, vol. 61, no. 2 (Mar. 2

Available at http://www.rmmagazine.com/2014/03/01/immigration-in-the-workplace/. 

The article discusses immigration compliance practices and related enforcement that shou

companies of all sizes and industry affiliation. 

Vandenbroucke, Guillaume and Heting Zhu. “Mixing the Melting Pot: The Impact of Imm

Labor Markets.” Regional Economist, vol. 25, no. 1 (First Qtr. 2017): 4-5. 

Available at https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/first_quarter_201

melting-pot-the-impact-of-immigration-on-labor-markets. 

This is a presentation of state-level data showing the relationship of immigration with une

with wages, and low-skilled workers and discusses the findings of studies about the econo

consequences of immigration. 

Books

Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson, and Madeline Zavodny. The Economics of Immigrat

NY: Routledge, 2015. 

This work examines the economic impact of immigration and immigration policies over th

Borjas, George J. We Wanted Workers: Unraveling the Immigration Narrative. New York

Norton & Company, 2016. 

Borjas writes that, in the grand scheme, immigration has not affected the average America

But it has created winners and losers and in the end immigration is mainly just another go

redistribution program. 

JA 30-464 
Chomsky, Aviva. “They Take Our Jobs!”: And 20 Other Myths About Immigration. Bosto

Press, 2018. 

A wide ranging discussion that includes claims that immigrants take American jobs and ar

American economy is contained in this book. 

Espejo, Roman. Migrant Workers. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2015. 

The impact of migrant workers on the low-skilled American workers is explored in this vo

examines the ethical use of migrant workers and how immigration reform will impact them

Kammer, Jerry. What Happened to Worksite Enforcement?: A Cautionary Tale of Failed I

Reform. Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2017.

The author says that failed workplace enforcement policies have been a magnet for unauth

coming to the United States for jobs which decreases the employment of native workers. T

Immigration Studies generally favors more restrictions on immigration to the United State

Kerr, William R. The Gift of Global Talent: How Migration Shapes Business, Economy & 

Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. 

Among other things, Kerr argues that talented migration drives the knowledge economy in 

States.

Peri, Giovanni. The Economics of International Migration. Hackensack, NJ: World Scient

This is a collection of articles on the economic determinants and consequences of internat

with a specific chapter devoted to the association between immigration and labor market o

the U.S. 

Stevens, Wayne. Foreign-Born STEM Entrepreneurship: Participation and Differences w

Workers. New York, NY: Novinka, 2016. 

Several explanations for differences in STEM entrepreneurship between college-educated 

foreign-born workers are investigated. Also explored are reasons for differences in entrepr

participation among foreign-born workers. 

Reports

Abramitzky, Ran and Leah Platt Boustan. Immigration in American Economic History. Ca

National Bureau of Economic Research, Jan. 2016. 

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w21882.pdf. 

This paper reviews the literature on historical and contemporary migrant flows, yielding in

migrant selection, assimilation of immigrants into U.S. economy and society, and the effe

on the labor market. 

Basso, Gaetano and Giovanni Peri. “The Association Between Immigration and Labor Ma

in the United States.” Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor, Oct. 2015. 

Available at http://ftp.iza.org/dp9436.pdf. 

Basso and Peri present important correlations between immigration and labor market outc

workers in the United States. 

Batalova, Jeanne and Michael Fix. “Will DREAMers Crowd U.S.-Born Millennials Out o

Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, Dec. 2017. 

Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/will-dreamers-crowd-us-born-millenn

JA 30-464 
The findings of this report tell a story of how the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals 

program immigrants will affect the overall employment prospects of young, native-born w

Camarota, Steven A. and Karen Zeigler. “For Every New Job, Two New Immigrants.” W

Center for Immigration Studies, Feb. 10, 2015. 

Available at https://cis.org/Report/Every-New-Job-Two-New-Immigrants. 

This is a discussion of the implications related to government data collected in December 

18 million immigrants living in the U.S. who arrived in January 2000 or later, but only 9.3 

being added over this time period. The Center for Immigration Studies generally favors m

on immigration to the United States. 

Furchtgott-Roth, Diana. “Does Immigration Increase Economic Growth?” New York, NY

Institute, Dec. 2014. 

Available at https://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/e21_02.pdf.

A review of scholarly literature and government data on immigration’s contribution to eco

find that it boosts economic growth and expands America's workforce, encouraging more 

start-ups.

Hong, Gihoon and John McLaren. Are Immigrants a Shot in the Arm for the Local Econom

MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Apr. 2015. 

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w21123.pdf. 

The effects of immigrants on local labor demand, due to the increase in consumer demand 

services created by them are studied in this paper. This effect can attenuate downward pre

immigrants on non-immigrants' wages, and also benefit non-immigrants by increasing the 

services available. For this reason, immigrants can raise native workers' real wages, and ea

could create more than one job. 

Passel, Jeffrey S. and D’Vera Cohn. “Size of U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Workforce Sta

Great Recession.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, Nov. 3, 2016. 

Available at http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/11/03/size-of-u-s-unauthorized-immigrant

stable-after-the-great-recession/. 

Using estimates of government data the Pew Research Center estimates that unauthorized 

make up 5% of the U.S. civilian labor force, was virtually unchanged from 2009 to the off

Great Recession. 

Singer, Audrey and Dowell Myers. “Labor Force Growth Increasingly Depends on Immig

Children.” Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Sept. 29, 2016. 

Available at https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/labor-force-growth-increasingly-depends-

their-children.

The authors contend that as large numbers of baby boomers begin to retire, given today’s 

population growth, workforce growth will happen primarily through immigrants and their 

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration and Bo

Hearing on the Legal Workforce Act. 114th Cong., 1st sess., Feb. 4, 2015. Washington, DC

Government Publishing Office, 2015. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg93081/pdf/CHRG-114h

Hearing on the proposed “Legal Workforce Act,” which would amend the Immigration an

Act to require an employer to attest, during the specified verification period for recruiting 

under penalty of perjury, that the employer has verified that an individual is not an unauth

The bill would also expand the E-Verify system and apply it to all U.S. employers. 

JA 30-464 
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. The Department of Homeland Security

Regulations Reforming the Investor Visa Program, hearing. 115th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 8, 

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2017. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg24970/pdf/CHRG-115h

Hearing on DHS proposed regulatory changes to the EB-5 investor visa program. Change

increasing the minimum investment amount and using census tracts instead of state or loc

determine high unemployment areas for investment. 

Websites

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. “Permanent Workers.” Washington, DC, 2018

Available at https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/permanent-workers. 

A federal government web site set up to provide immigrants who seek employment based 

skills with information about permanent work visa preference categories. 

Filling Skills Gaps 

Articles 

Goel, Vindu. “How ‘Hire American’ Could Affect a World of Tech Workers.” New York 

2017): A16. 

President Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to review immigrati

regards to employment and the issuance of work visas. 

Griswold, Daniel. “To Spur Growth, U.S. Must Welcome More Highly Skilled Immigrant

(Online), (Dec. 6, 2017). 

Available at http://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/363561-to-spur-growth-us-must-welc

highly-skilled-immigrants. 

Griswold contends that America’s immigration system needs a major overhaul. His opinio

U.S. is falling behind other countries in admitting immigrants that might spur the economy 

current immigration system does not allow for more high-skilled immigrants. 

Islam, Asadul, Faridul Islam and Chau Nguyen. “Skilled Immigration, Innovation, and the 

Native-Born Americans.” Industrial Relations, vol. 56, no. 3 (July 2017): 459-488. 

The paper examines the effects of skilled immigration on wages that can be credited to im

contribution to innovation. 

Kerr, Sari P., William R. Kerr, and William F. Lincoln. “Skilled Immigration and the Emp

Structures of U.S. Firms.” Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 33, supplement: (July 15, 20

The impact of skilled immigrants on the employment structures of U.S. firms using match

employee data is studied in this article. 

Peri, Giovanni. “The Impact of Immigration on Wages of Unskilled Workers.” Cato Journ

(Fall 2017): 449-460. 

Available at https://www.cato.org/cato-journal/fall-2017/impact-immigration-wages-unsk

This is a review of how the timing and skill sets of immigrants between 1970 and 2014 co

been responsible for wage declines and includes other evidence at the local level that impl

JA 30-464 
is not associated with wage declines for non-college workers. The Cato Institute generally 

restrictions on immigration. 

Books

Cohen, Gail A. Immigration Policy and the Search for Skilled Workers: Summary of a Wo

Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015. 

This is a summary of the proceedings of a fall 2014 workshop that focused on how immig

be used to attract and retain foreign talent. 

Hagan, Jacqueline Maria, Rubén Hernández-León, and Jean-Luc Demonsant. Skills of the 

Work and Mobility Among Mexican Migrants. Oakland, CA: University of California Pres

This book presents the findings of a five-year study that draws on research, including inter

Mexican migrants. It examines these migrants’ lifelong human capital and identifies mobi

associated with the acquisition and transfer of skills across the migratory circuit. 

Reports

Batalova, Jeanne and Michael Fix. “Through an Immigrant Lens: PIAAC Assessment of t

of Adults in the United States.” Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, Feb. 2015. 

Available at 

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/PIAAC-Immigrant-Adult

The Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) is a large-

assessment of working-age adults’ literacy and numeracy. This report by the Migration Po

discusses the results. It contends that many immigrant adults lack literacy skills which hel

widening income inequality. 

Enchautegui, Maria E. “Immigrant and Native Workers Compete for Different Low-Skille

Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Oct. 14, 2015. 

Available at 

https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/immigrant-and-native-workers-compete-different-low-

Enchautegui studied a cohort of 16 million American workers without high school diplom

that within this group, immigrants and native-born workers do very different jobs. 

Gitis, Ben and Douglas Hotz-Eakin. “How Changes in Immigration Can Impact Future W

in the United States and Silicon Valley.” Washington, DC: American Action Forum, Oct. 

Available at https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/how-changes-in-immigration

future-worker-shortages-in-the-united/. 

This report provides immigration analysis and policy recommendations to make the case f

pronged approach to meeting the projected skills gaps in the U.S. workforce. 

“Immigration Policy That Works.” Arlington, VA: Committee for Economic Developmen

Available at http://www.ced.org/reports/immigration-policy-that-works. 

This policy brief concludes that if U.S. immigration policies are more targeted to workers 

are in short supply, immigrant workers will not displace native-born workers or bid down 

stimulating greater economic growth and better meeting the needs of all citizens. 

Paral, Rob. “Ready to Work: Understanding Immigrant Skills in the United States to Build 

Labor.” Chicago, IL: Chicago Council on Global Affairs, Jan. 24, 2018. 

JA 30-464 
Available at https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/sites/default/files/report_ready_to_work_

The attributes of immigrants, including their socio-demographic characteristics, geograph

and current education levels and training are detailed in this report to provide context for a 

native-born workers. 

Websites

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. “Employment-Based Immigration: Third Pref

Washington, DC, 2018. 

Available at https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/permanent-workers/employmen

immigration-third-preference-eb-3. 

This website informs immigrants that they may be eligible for this visa preference categor

skilled workers, professionals, or fit into other employment subcategorizes. 

Fiscal Impact 

Expenditures

Articles 

Card, David, and Giovanni Peri. Immigration Economics: A Review. Working paper. Berk

n.p., 2016. 

Available at http://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/card-peri-jel-april-6-2016.pdf.

This is a graduate level economics paper. It presents a number of formulas to address the c

immigration in the U.S. labor market. It is an attempt to present a more nuanced set of for

are presented by George J. Borjas in his graduate level textbook Immigrant Economics.

Costa, Daniel, David Cooper, and Heidi Shierholz. “Facts About Immigration and the U.S

Answers to Frequently Asked Questions.” Economic Policy Institute, Aug. 12, 2014. 

Available at https://www.epi.org/publication/immigration-facts/. 

This fact sheet includes concise answers to questions like “How much do immigrants cont

economy?” and “Do immigrants take jobs away from American workers?” and “Do immi

wages for American workers?” 

Books

Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson, and Madeline Zavodny. The Economics of Immigrat

NY: Routledge, 2015. 

This book covers economic theories of immigration in language that is suitable for introdu

college students and students in disciplines other than economics. While it is not specific t

States, the examples do often draw on research from the United States. 

Blau, Francine D. and Christopher D. Mackie, eds. The Economic and Fiscal Consequenc

Immigration. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2017. 

This report divides economic and fiscal impacts of immigration. A large part of the econo

focuses on employment and wage impact of immigration. It also includes a section on wid

consumption, and economic growth impacts. The fiscal section looks at federal, state, and 

JA 30-464 
Reports

Brannon, Ike, and Logan Albright. The Economic and Fiscal Impact of Repealing DACA. 

DC: Cato Institute, 2017. 

Available at https://www.cato.org/blog/economic-fiscal-impact-repealing-daca. 

The report estimates that the fiscal cost of immediately deporting the approximately 750,0

currently in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program would be over 

the federal government along with a $280 billion reduction in economic growth over the n

The Cato Institute generally favors fewer restrictions on immigration. 

Hanson, Gordon. The Economics and Policy of Illegal Immigration in the United States. W

DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2009. 

Available at 

http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/economics-and-policy-illegal-immigration-unite

According to this report, the overall impact on the U.S. economy of unauthorized aliens is 

modest net gain that remains after subtracting U.S. workers’ losses from U.S. employers’ 

and if one accounts for the small fiscal burden that unauthorized immigrants impose, the o

benefit is close to zero. A substantial increase in spending on border and interior enforcem

easily cost far more than the tax savings generated from reducing the number of unauthori

the United States. 

National Conference of State Legislatures. A Summary of Selected State Reports on Fisca

Impacts of Immigrants. Washington, DC: NCSL, 2013. 

Available at http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/selected-state-reports-on-fiscal-im

This document provides select examples of fiscal and economic impacts of immigrants at 

and regional levels. The fiscal studies typically examine income and sales tax contribution

born, compared to costs of education, health care and corrections. A few examine broader 

impacts such as job creation and business development of the foreign born. 

U.S. Congressional Budget Office. The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budge

Local Governments. Washington, DC: CBO, 2007. 

Available at 

https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/110th-congress-2007-2008/reports/12-6-immigrati

Includes spending by state and local governments (broken down by education, health care

enforcement) as well as federal assistance (broken down by education, health care, and law 

U.S. Congressional Budget Office. How Changes in Immigration Policy Might Affect the F

Washington, DC: CBO, 2015. 

Available at 

https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-2016/reports/49868-Immigra

Includes questions used to estimate how changes in U.S. immigration policy, such as incre

visas or providing conditional nonimmigrant status for unauthorized residents, might affec

budget, based on tax revenues and expenditures such as health benefits and social security

a list of specific cost estimate reports on select bills. 

U.S. Congressional Budget Office. H.R. 3440, Dream Act of 2017. Washington, DC: CBO

Available at https://www.cbo.gov/publication/53409. 

S. 1615 and H.R. 3440 would increase budget deficits by $25.9 billion over the 2018-2027 

also cost $1 billion providing higher education assistance over the 2018-2022 period. 

JA 30-464 
U.S. Congressional Budget Office. S. 1615, Dream Act of 2017. Washington, DC: CBO, 2

Available at https://www.cbo.gov/publication/53410. 

S. 1615 and H.R. 3440 would increase budget deficits by $25.9 billion over the 2018-2027 

also cost $1 billion providing higher education assistance over the 2018-2022 period. 

Revenues and Economic Growth 

Articles 

Cortes, Patricia and Jose Tessada. “Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Hig

Women.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 3 no. 3 (July 2011): 88-1

Available at https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.3.3.88.

Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employees in services like hous

paper finds that low-skilled immigration decreases the time that high-skilled women spend 

and increase the amount they spend on housekeeping. 

Peri, Giovanni and Chad Sparber. “Task Specialization, Immigration, and Wages.” Americ

Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 1 no. 3 (July 2009): 135-169. 

Available at https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.1.3.135.

Foreign-born workers specialize in occupations intensive in manual-physical labor skills w

pursue jobs more intensive in communication-language tasks. This mechanism can explain 

analyses find only modest wage consequences of immigration for less educated native-bor

Shih, Kevin. “Do International Students Crowd-Out or Cross-Subsidize Americans in Hig

Journal of Public Economics, vol. 156 (Dec. 2016): 170-184. 

Available at http://kevinyshih.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/8/7/5587146/shih_crowdcross_dec

This paper examines how international students impact domestic enrollment, focusing on 

and bust in international matriculation into U.S. graduate programs from 1995-2005. Over

students appear to increase domestic enrollment. This positive effect is linked to cross-sub

whereby high net tuition payments from foreign students help subsidize additional domest

This positive effect is pronounced at public universities where foreign students face tuition 

2-3 times higher than those for domestic students. 

The Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities (LEO). The Fiscal Case for Refuge

Notre Dame, IN: The Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities (LEO), 2017. 

Available at https://leo.nd.edu/assets/231290/refugee_policy_brief_march_2017_v2.pdf.

This paper estimates that by their 10th year in the U.S., refugees are cost-neutral. Summin

they pay $21,195 more in taxes than benefits received. 

Zallman, Leah, Steffie Woolhandler, David Himmelstein, David Bor, and Danny McCorm

“Immigrants Contributed an Estimated $115.2 Billion More to the Medicare Trust Fund th

Out in 2002-2009.” Health Affairs, vol. 32, no. 6 (June 2013): 1153-1160. 

Available at https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1223. 

The authors found that, in part because of immigrant demographics, immigrants contribut

to the Medicare Trust Fund as they took out. In contrast, U.S.-born people generated a $30

They contend that policies restricting immigration may deplete Medicare's financial resou

JA 30-464 
Books

West, Darrell M. “The Costs and Benefits of Immigration.” In Brain Gain: Rethinking U.S

Policy, 1-20. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2011. 

Available at https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/braingain_chapter.p

West argues that the relatively contained costs of immigration are outweighed by immigra

contributions to economic, intellectual, social, and cultural life in the United States. His ch

to describe those costs and benefits. 

Reports

Bipartisan Policy Center. Immigration Reform: Implications for Growth, Budgets, and Ho

Washington, DC: Bipartisan Policy Center, 2013. 

Available at http://cdn.bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/BPC_Im

Economic_Impact.pdf. 

This report looks at the effects of several proposed immigration reform proposals on the e

housing, and wages. According to the authors, an influx of working-age immigrants spur e

growth, reduce federal deficits, help the housing sector, and mitigate the effects of an agin

By contrast, preventing unauthorized immigration without providing replacement labor w

damage to the economy. 

Chassamboulli, Andri, and Giovanni Peri. The Labor Market Effects of Reducing the Num

Immigrants. Cambridge, MA: The National Bureau of Economic Research, Revised Mar. 

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19932. 

This article looks at labor and unauthorized resident aliens in the United States and Mexic

shows that the presence of unskilled, undocumented immigrants reduces labor costs, creat

Increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens the low-skilled labor m

unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization decreases the unemployment r

income of native workers. 

Doran, Kirk, Alexander Gelber, and Adam Isen. The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration P

Evidence from H-1B Visa Lotteries. Berkeley, CA: Institute for Research on Labor and Em

(IRLE), 2015. 

Available at 

http://irle.berkeley.edu/files/2015/The-Effects-of-High-Skilled-Immigration-Policy-on-Fir

H-1B visas are supposed to increase innovation by allowing U.S. companies to hire worke

exceptional skills that the company could not easily find in a native worker. Many H-1B v

are awarded to workers who do not perform innovative work (e.g., technical support). Acc

authors, there is some evidence that H-1Bs crowd out the employment of other workers, le

average employee earnings, but higher company profits. 

Evans, William N. and Daniel Fitzgerald. The Economic and Social Outcomes of Refugees 

States: Evidence from the ACS. Cambridge, MA: The National Bureau of Economic Resea

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23498. 

The average cost of resettling a refugee in the United States between 1990 and 2014 was $

there are many factors at play, such as language barriers and age, the National Bureau of E

Research estimates that refugees pay $21,000 more in taxes than they receive in benefits o

20 years in the U.S. 

JA 30-464 
Hong, Gihoon, and John McLaren. Are Immigrants a Shot in the Arm for the Local Econo

MA: The National Bureau of Economic Research, Apr. 2015. 

Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w21123. 

Hong and McLaren’s working paper examines if immigrants do more than add to the labo

find that immigrants add to the demand for and variety of local services. Using U.S. Censu

1980 to 2000, this article shows that each immigrant creates 1.2 jobs for local workers, mo

going to native workers. 

Pastor, Manuel and Justin Scoggins. Citizen Gain: The Economic Benefits of Naturalizatio

Immigrants and the Economy. Los Angeles, CA: Center for the Study of Immigrant Integr

Available at https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/citizen_gain_web.pdf. 

This report looks at the difference between the economic contributions of immigrants and 

U.S. citizens, to determine whether providing a path to citizenship for certain immigrant g

economic growth in the United States. The analysis suggests that it can, although the cost 

and the complexity of the process discourage eligible immigrants from naturalizing. 

U.S. Small Business Administration. Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owner

Access to Financial Capital. Washington, DC: United States Small Business Administrati

Available at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/rs396tot.pdf. 

Immigrants create and own businesses at rates higher than non-immigrants. This is especi

engineering and technology companies. 

Social and Political Impact 

Immigrant Integration 

Articles 

Bacolod, Marigee, Marcos Rangel, and Marcos A. Rangel. “Economic Assimilation and S

Evidence from the Occupational Sorting of Childhood Immigrants.” Demography, vol. 54

2017): 571-602. 

The authors examine the economic assimilation of childhood immigrants to the United Sta

the relationship between English language proficiency and skill requirements for selected 

Duncan, Brian, and Stephen J. Trejo. “Assessing the Socioeconomic Mobility and Integra

Immigrants and Their Descendants.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and So

vol. 657, no. 1 (Jan. 2015): 108-135. 

This article discusses the issues that arise when investigating the socioeconomic integratio

and their U.S.-born descendants, including, but not limited to levels of schooling, English 

acquisition of skills needed to succeed in the U.S. labor market. 

Lash, Cristina L. “Defining ‘American’ in the Context of Immigration: a Case Study of H

Elementary.” Ethnic & Racial Studies, vol. 40, no. 6 (May 2017): 871-890. 

Based on a survey of fourth and fifth grade students in a high-immigrant community, this 

examination of how these children view the concept of “Americans” and includes a discus

of education in formation of these views. 

Meyer, Rachel and Janice Fine. “Grassroots Citizenship at Multiple Scales: Rethinking Im

Participation.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. 30, no. 4 (May 

JA 30-464 
Based on the assumption that marginalized individuals are less politically engaged, the au

article examine cases of politically active undocumented immigrants in comparison to the 

citizenship by others in the United States. 

Books

Kasinitz, Philip, John H. Mollenkopf, Mary C. Waters and Jennifer Holdaway. Inheriting 

Children of Immigrants Come of Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008. 

The authors of this book report the results of a major study on the social, cultural, politica

lives of second generation immigrants in New York City. They examine how this group c

generation immigrants and to those with native-born parents. The authors contend that tod

generation immigrants are able to combine elements of American culture with elements of 

cultures in ways that increase their upward mobility. 

Waters, Mary C. and Marisa Gerstein Pineau, eds. The Integration of Immigrants into Ame

Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2016. 

Available at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21746/the-integration-of-immigrants-into-ameri

This book offers a wide-ranging summary of research available regarding how immigrant

descendants are integrating into American society, focusing on areas such as education, oc

health, and language. 

Reports

Batalova, Jeanne and Jie Zong. “Language Diversity and English Proficiency in the Unite

The Online Journal of the Migration Policy Institute (2016). 

Available at 

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/language-diversity-and-english-proficiency-unite

This resource provides a broad overview of English proficiency in relation to languages sp

households within the United States. 

Political and Civic Engagement 

Articles 

Bloemraad, Irene. “Becoming a Citizen in the United States and Canada: Structured Mobi

Immigrant Political Incorporation.” Social Forces, vol. 85, no. 2 (2006): 667-695. 

Bloemraad examines three models of citizenship acquisition and presents a fourth which h

social aspects of immigrant political incorporation. 

Brown, Susan K. and Alejandra Jazmin Sanchez. “Parental Legal Status and the Political E

Second-Generation Mexican Americans.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of t

Sciences, vol. 3, no. 4 (2017): 136-147. 

Available at https://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.4.08.

This study examines the relationship between migration status of parents and the political 

engagement of their adult offspring. 

Byrne, Jennifer and Gregory C. Dixon. “Just Not Like Us: The Interactive Impact of Dime

Identity and Race in Attitudes Towards Immigration.” Social Sciences, vol. 5, no. 4 (2016

JA 30-464 
Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci5040059. 

While the number of Mexican immigrants leaving the United States has surpassed those e

country in recent years, the issue of Mexican immigration continues to be a hotly conteste

Drawing from this concept, the authors of this article examine the relationships between c

American identity and attitudes toward immigration and immigration policy. 

Candelo, Natalia, Rachel T. A. Croson, and Sherry Xin Li. “Identity and Social Exclusion

with Hispanic Immigrants in the U.S.” Experimental Economics, vol. 20, no. 2 (June 2017

To examine how identity and social exclusion influence civic engagement, the authors con

with individuals of Hispanic descent in three low-income neighborhoods in large U.S. cite

Waldinger, Roger and Lauren Duquette-Rury. “Emigrant Politics, Immigrant Engagement

and Immigrant Political Identity in the United States.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation 

Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 3 (2016): 42-59. 

Available at https://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.3.03.

Drawing from the view that “immigrants are also emigrants,” this article examines the pol

immigrants in the United States in relationship to social and political ties to their country o

Reports

Wilson, Sam and Alex Nowrasteh. “The Political Assimilation of Immigrants and Their D

Cato Institute Economic Development Bulletin, no. 23. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, F

Available at https://www.cato.org/publications/economic-development-bulletin/political-a

immigrants-their-descendants. 

This paper examines the political and ideological identifications of immigrants and descen

immigrants, particularly fourth-generation Americans. Their findings point to statistically 

differences between the political views of native-born Americans and immigrants. The Ca

generally favors fewer restrictions on immigration. 

Public Safety Impact 

Visa Screening and Security 

Articles 

Ardalan, Sabrineh. “Vetting Refugees: Is Our Screening Process Adequate, Humane, and 

Appropriate.” Federal Lawyer, vol. 64, no. 4 (May 2017): 56-65. 

Outlines the history, legal process, and security screening efforts for refugees coming to th

Arthur, Andrew R. “We Need Better Vetting, Better Screening, and Better Laws.” Immigr

Center for Immigration Studies, Jan. 16, 2018. 

Available at https://cis.org/Arthur/We-Need-Better-Vetting-Better-Screening-and-Better-L

Arthur discusses findings published in a report by the Department of Homeland Security (

Department of Justice (DOJ). He argues for more screening of foreign nationals coming to 

States in the interest of national security. The Center for Immigration Studies generally 

favors more restrictions on immigration to the United States. 

JA 30-464 
Bordelon, Brendan. “New Visa Rules Suggest Expanded Plans for, ‘Extreme Vetting' Via 

National Journal Daily, Apr. 5, 2018. 

Available at https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/666193/new-visa-rules-suggest-expanded

vetting-via-algorithm. 

This article discusses the potential problems with an algorithmic examination of social me

visa applicants and how the algorithm has no guarantee to be unbiased and accurate. The a

question of whether the algorithmic examination of social media accounts would transition 

accounts.

Hu, Margaret. “Crimmigration-Counterterrorism.” Wisconsin Law Review, vol. 2017, no. 

955-1002. 

Available at http://wisconsinlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hu-Final.pdf. 

This law review article discusses the “conflation of crime, immigration, and counterterrori

author examines past and current screening and vetting practices, their implementation, an

discriminatory result of these policies. 

Iaconangelo, David. “For U.S. Visa Hopefuls, Screening Hurdles Grow. Shades of 'Extrem

Christian Science Monitor, Mar. 24, 2017. 

Available at https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0324/For-US-visa-hopefuls-s

hurdles-grow.-Shades-of-extreme-vetting. 

Discusses two new visa policies being enforced that would potentially create longer visa p

Marks, Kile. “Hashtag Terrorist: Can Social Media Screenings at the Border Prevent Imm

Attacks.” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, vol. 31 no. 2 (2017), 453-457. 

After the attack in San Bernardino and Paris attacks of 2015, there was an increased focus 

social media accounts in vetting. This article discusses the impact of reviewing incoming 

media accounts would have in increasing public safety. 

Books

Skogberg Eastman, Cari Lee. Immigration: Examining the Facts. Santa Barbara, Californi

2017. See esp. chapter 5, “Immigration and Crime/Public Safety.” 

This book looks at specific claims about immigration and the origin of these claims, along 

research about these claims. Chapter 5 discusses questions concerning Immigration and C

Safety. 

Reports

Bier, David J. Extreme Vetting of Immigrants: Estimating Terrorism Vetting Failures. Wa

Cato Institute, Apr. 17, 2018. 

Available at https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa-838.pdf. 

This report estimates the number of terrorism vetting failures before and after the attacks o

2001. The Cato Institute generally favors fewer restrictions on immigration. 

Cadman, Dan. Extreme Vetting' and Social Media Inquiries. Washington, DC: Center for 

Studies, Apr. 3, 2018. 

Available at https://cis.org/Cadman/Extreme-Vetting-and-Social-Media-Inquiries. 

JA 30-464 
The Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs has released a proposal to start revi

media accounts of potential migrants. This blog post argues in favor of the proposal. The C

Immigration Studies generally favors more restrictions on immigration to the United State

Panduranga, Harsha, Faiza Patel, and Michael W. Price. Extreme Vetting and the Muslim B

NY: The Brennan Center for Justice, 2017. 

Available at 

http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/extreme_vetting_full_10.2_0

This report discusses the U.S. travel ban and vetting policies and their impact on national 

The Brennan Center for Justice is generally considered a progressive organization. 

U.S. Government Accountability Office. Border Security: Actions Needed to Strengthen P

Management and Planning for Expansion of DHS's Visa Security Program, GAO-18-314

Mar. 27, 2018. 

Available at https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-18-314. 

This report examines the Visa Issuance Process (VSP) and evaluates the performance of th

process.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. The 

U.S. Visa Programs, hearing. 114th Cong., 2nd sess., Mar. 15, 2016. Washington, DC: U.S

Publishing Office, 2017. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114shrg22768/pdf/CHRG-114s

Hearing before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ex

security of U.S. visa system and programs and initiatives to improve visa programs securi

Interactions with Law Enforcement 

Articles 

Adelman, Robert, Lesley Williams Reid, Gail Markle, Saskia Weiss, and Charles Jaret. “U

Rates and the Changing Face of Immigration: Evidence Across Four Decades.” Journal of 

Criminal Justice, vol. 15, no. 1 (2017): 52-77. 

This study investigates the immigration–crime relationship in 40 metropolitan areas betwe

2010. 

Alvarez-Rivera, Lorna L., Matt R. Nobles, and Kim M. Lersch. “Latino Immigrant Accult

Crime.” American Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 39, no. 1 (2014): 315-330. 

Examines the effect of acculturation on immigrant arrests and convictions using the arrest 

Latinos in two southwestern American cities. 

Armenta, Amada and Isabela Alvarez. “Policing Immigrants or Policing Immigration? Un

Local Law Enforcement Participation in Immigration Control.” Sociology Compass, vol. 1

This article discusses the ways local law enforcement contribute to immigration enforcem

affects how they interact with immigrant communities. The article suggests research shou

towards reviewing how the deportation system reflects in the immigrant communities’ vie

enforcement. 

Barboza, Gia, Silvia Dominguez, Laura Siller, and Miguel Montalva. “Citizenship, Fear, a

the Criminalization of Immigration.” Policing: An International Journal, vol. 40, no. 2 (2

JA 30-464 
Using the 2008 National Survey of Latinos, this paper examines the Latino communities’ 

criminalization of immigration. 

Beckett, Katherine and Heather Evans. “Crimmigration at the Local Level: Criminal Justi

the Shadow of Deportation.” Law & Society Review, vol. 49, no.1 (2015): 241-277. 

This article studies the impact of combining criminal and immigration enforcement in a ca

County, Washington. Using quantitative research and focus groups of prosecuting and def

this article discusses how the threat of deportation and extended penal sentencing affects c

proceedings.

Coon, Michael. “Local Immigration Enforcement and Arrests of the Hispanic Population.” 

Migration and Human Security, vol. 5, no. 3 (2017): 645-666. 

Available at http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/download/102/93. 

This article discusses the impact of Section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

in Frederick County, Maryland. The author discusses the potential racial profiling by law 

the interaction of the Hispanic community with law enforcement within Frederick County

Donato, Katharine M. and Leslie Ann Rodriguez. “Police Arrests in a Time of Uncertainty

287(g) on Arrests in a New Immigrant Gateway.” American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 58, 

1696-1722. 

This article explores the difference in reporting before and after the implementation of 278

County, Tennessee based on police narratives from 2005 to 2010. The article focuses on h

used in the narratives mixed with the current political climate impacted difference in the n

Ferraro, Vincent. “Immigration and Crime in the New Destinations, 2000-2007: A Test of 

Disorganizing Effect of Migration.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol. 32, no. 1 (2

Addresses the effect of immigration on crime within places that have experienced signific

immigration. 

Kerwin, Donald. “How Robust Refugee Protection Policies Can Strengthen Human and N

Security.” Journal on Migration and Human Security, vol. 4, no. 3 (2016): 83-140. 

Argues that refugee protection and national security protection are complementary to each 

strategies to promote both security and refugee protection. 

Koper, Christopher S., Thomas M. Guterbock, Daniel J. Woods, Bruce Taylor, and Timot

“The Effects of Local Immigration Enforcement on Crime and Disorder: A Case Study of 

County, Virginia.” Criminology and Public Policy, vol. 12, no. 2 (2013) 239-276. 

This article studies the immigration enforcement policy enacted in Prince William County

2008 and how it impacted actual crime and disorder in the county. 

Maciag, Mike. “Analysis: Undocumented Immigrants Not Linked With Higher Crime Rat

Mar. 2, 2017. 

Available at 

http://www.governing.com/gov-data/safety-justice/undocumented-immigrants-crime-effec

This article takes recently published estimates from the Pew Research Center for “unautho

immigrants,” a group that includes individuals crossing the border illegally or overstaying 

if there was any statistical correlation with property crime, violent crime, and murder rates 

areas.

JA 30-464 
Macías-Rojas, Patrisia. “Immigration and the War on Crime: Law and Order Politics and t

Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.” Journal on Migration a

Security, vol. 6, no. 1 (2018): 1-25. 

Available at http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/110. 

Macías-Rojas examines how the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibilit

(IIRIRA) was shaped not just by immigration reform debates, but by the War on Crime. S

policies of mass incarceration may have impacted the criminal provisions of the IIRIRA. 

Martinez, Daniel E., Ricardo D. Martinez-Schuldt, and Guillermo Cantor. “Providing San

Fostering Crime? A Review of the Research on ‘Sanctuary Cities’ and Crime.” Sociology 

12, no. 1 (2018). 

This article defines “sanctuary cities” and offers sociological explanations how the “sanctu

affect crime in the community. 

Morales, Daniel I. “Crimes of Migration.” Wake Forest Law Review, vol. 49, no. 5 (2014)

With the increase of federal prosecution of crimes of migration, this article poses the ques

of migration are the best use of criminal law. Using criminal law theory, political theory, a

sentencing norms, this article discusses the boundaries between criminal laws and immigr

Ousey, Graham C. and Charis E. Kubrin. “Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Contentio

Annual Review of Criminology, vol. 1 (2018): 63-84. 

This article is a meta-analysis addressing the question: are immigration and crime related? 

Pickett, Justin T. “On the Social Foundations for Crimmigration: Latino Threat and Suppo

Police Powers.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol. 32, no. 1 (2016): 103-132. 

Examines the relation between the perception of Latino economic and political threat and 

greater policing among different racial groups. 

“Policing Immigrant Communities.” Harvard Law Review, vol.128, no. 6 (2015): 1771-17

Available at https://harvardlawreview.org/2015/04/policing-immigrant-communities/. 

This law review article describes how the federal, state and local levels are policing immig

communities. It focuses on the gap between law enforcement officers’ capacity of harm an

rights.

Sohoni, Deenesh and Tracy W. P. Sohoni. “Perceptions of Immigrant Criminality: Crime 

Boundaries.” The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 1 (2014): 49-71. 

Examines public perception of immigrant criminality by analyzing coverage of immigratio

Gazette. 

Stowell, Jacob I., Steven F. Messner, Michael S. Barton, and Lawrence E. Raffalovich. “A

Subtraction? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Deportation Efforts on Violent Cri

Society Review, vol. 47, no. 4 (2013): 909-942. 

Examines the relationship between deportation activity and violent crime in Metropolitan 

within border patrol sectors. 

Stupi, Elizabeth K., Ted Chiricos, and Marc Gertz. “Perceived Criminal Threat from Undo

Immigrants: Antecedents and Consequences for Policy Preferences.” Justice Quarterly, vo

(2016): 239-266. 

Examines the relationship between the perception of criminal threat from undocumented i

measures of threat and public support for enhanced control against undocumented immigr

JA 30-464 
Books

Ackerman, Alissa R. and Rich Furman. The Criminalization of Immigration: Contexts and 

Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2014. 

This book explores key ways in which immigration is criminalized, and examines how pro

immigration become political tools. The authors seek to understand the process of “otherin

the immigrant population to exact social control, and they provide the impetus for why sta

or have attempted to enact state level immigration laws that make it nearly impossible for 

undocumented to live within the boundaries of these states. 

Dowing, Julie A. and Jonathan Xavier Inda, eds. Governing Immigration through Crime: 

Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. 

This collection of essays examines different ways in which the lines between immigration 

criminal law enforcement in the United States have blurred over the past two decades. 

Meissner, Doris, Donald M. Kerwin, Muzaffar Chishti, and Claire Bergeron. Immigration 

the United States: The Rise of a Formidable Machinery. Washington, DC: Migration Polic

2013. 

Available at https://www.carnegie.org/media/filer_public/02/9c/029cbacb-42a1-4871-958

c10307fafb20/ccny_grantee_2013_immigration.pdf. 

This report analyzes the six pillars of the current immigration enforcement system put in p

Immigration Reform and Control Act and focuses the question on how immigration enforc

to manage illegal immigration. 

Provine, Doris, Monica Varsanyi, Paul Lewis, and Scott Decker. Policing Immigrants: Lo

Enforcement on the Front Lines. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016. 

The authors trace the transition of immigration enforcement from a primarily federal ende

“patchwork system” of local police. They link the variation in responses to this transition 

politics of communities and argue that immigration enforcement at this level undermines t

of policing. 

Ventura Miller, Holly and Anthony Peguero. Routledge Handbook on Immigration and Cr

NY: Routledge, 2018. 

This book examines the relationship between immigration and crime by presenting key iss

historical and current perspectives. The volume includes a range of topics related to immig

crime, including the links between immigration rates and crime rates, nativity and crime, t

construction of the criminal immigrant, policy decisions and their relation to perceptions o

immigrant, theoretical perspectives on immigration and assimilation, sanctuary cities, and 

the context of the “war on terror.” 

Reports

Ewing, Walter A., Daniel E. Martínez, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. The Criminalization of Im

United States. Washington, DC: The American Immigration Council, 2015. 

Available at https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/the_

of_immigration_in_the_united_states.pdf. 

This report cites research that immigration is not associated with violent crime or property 

authors argue that the fears and prejudices of policymakers have impacted immigration law

enforcement. The American Immigration Council generally advocates for policies that sup

and place fewer restrictions on immigration. 

JA 30-464 
Feere, Jon. “The Myth of the ‘Otherwise Law-Abiding’ Illegal Alien.” Washington, DC: C

Immigration Studies, Oct. 7, 2013. 

Available at https://cis.org/Myth-Otherwise-LawAbiding-Illegal-Alien. 

In this report, Feere discusses the idea of the “otherwise law-abiding” unauthorized reside

outlines statutes other than property crimes or violent crimes that people in this group may 

Center for Immigration Studies generally favors more restrictions on immigration to the U

Ghandnoosh, Nazgol and Josh Rovner. Immigration and Public Safety. Washington, DC: 

Project, Mar. 16, 2017. 

Available at http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/immigration-public-safety/. 

This report presents information on research related to immigration’s impact on public saf

contend that immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than native-born citizens and tha

immigrants to criminality contributes to public fears that may undermine public safety gen

McElmurry, Sara, Juliana Kerr, Theresa Cardinal Brown, and Lazaro Zamora. Balancing P

Immigration, National Security, and Public Safety. Washington, DC: Bipartisan Policy Ce

Available at http://cdn.bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Balancing-Immig

Security-and-Public-Safety.pdf. 

This report discusses the intersections of national security and immigration policy. The au

several policy changes that focus on identifying security threats without limiting the positi

immigration. 

Ramón, Cristobal and Raven Quesenberry. Police, Jails, and Immigrants: How Do Immig

Immigration Enforcement System Interact with Local Law Enforcement? Washington, DC

Policy Center, 2018. 

Available at 

https://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/BPC-Immigration-Local-Law-En

The authors outline the complexity of the label “sanctuary city” or “sanctuary jurisdiction

the sometimes overlapping or conflicting policies of local law enforcement regarding imm

enforcement in four large cities. They argue that the actual operation of local law enforcem

and their work with immigration enforcement agencies must be researched, as it is more c

nuanced than is often understood. 

“Summary of Executive Order ‘Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United State

Washington, DC: American Immigration Council, May 2017. 

Available at 

https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/immigration-interior-enforcement-executiv

This fact sheet summarizes President Trump’s executive order signed on January 25, 2017

This order defines enforcement priorities and encourages state and local law enforcement 

federal immigration laws. This order would allow the Department of Homeland Security t

federal funding from sanctuary cities. The American Immigration Council generally advo

policies that support immigrants and place fewer restrictions on immigration. 

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration and Bo

Sanctuary Cities: A Threat to Public Safety, hearing. 114th Cong., 1st sess., July 23, 2015. 

DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2015. 

Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg95632/pdf/CHRG-114h

Hearing to examine sanctuary cities as a threat to public safety with testimonies, letters, an

from citizens, law enforcement, director of think tanks, and materials from members of th

JA 30-464 
Wong, Tom K. The Effects of Sanctuary Policies on Crime and the Economy. Washington

American Progress, Jan. 26, 2017. 

Available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2017/01/26/29

of-sanctuary-policies-on-crime-and-the-economy/. 

This report, using statistical analysis from a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement d

compares sanctuary counties to non-sanctuary counties to understand the impact of the po

communities. The Center for American Progress generally advocates for policies that supp

and place fewer restrictions on immigration. 

JA 30-464 
SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 

This section of the bibliography was compiled by the U. S. Government Pu

Library Services and Content Management. 

These resources are available for purchase at the GPO bookstor

https://bookstore.gpo.gov

“Resolved: The United States Federal Government Should Substantially Reduce 

on Legal Immigration to the United States.” 

Bienvenidos a los Estados Unidos de América: Guía Para Inmigrantes Nuev

Language)

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2007: 100 p.; ill. 

Price: $10.00 

Building an Americanization Movement for the Twenty-First Century: A Re

President of the United States from the Task Force on New Americans 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2008: 77 p. 

Price: $3.50 

Civics and Citizenship Multimedia Presentation (2 Disc set) 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2007: 2 discs and paper booklet.

Price: $21.00 

Civics and Citizenship Toolkit 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2011: Kit.

Price: $49.00 

JA 30-464 
Civics Flash Cards for the Naturalization Test (2017) 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2017: 100 cards; ill. 

Price: $18.00 

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, Revised as of J

Publisher: National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal 

Year/Pages: 2018: 1,185 p. 

Price: $68.00 

Description of the Immigrant Population, November 2004 

Publisher: Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office 

Year/Pages: 2004: 33 p. 

Price: $2.25 

Deterring Cybertrespass and Securing Cyberspace: Lessons from United St

Control Strategies 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense, Army, U. S. Army War College, Strateg

Institute

Year/Pages: 2017: 85 p.

Price: $12.00 

The Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages and Employment Opportu

Workers

Publisher: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 

Year/Pages: 2010: 88 p. 

Price: $7.50 

JA 30-464 
Services for Immigrants: A Report on Current Practices 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2007: 16 p.; ill. 

Price: $3.00 

Older Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administrat

Bureau

Year/Pages: 2002: 16 p.; ill. 

Price: $3.00

Preparación Para el Examen de Naturalización: Guía de Bosillo (Spanish La

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2017: 40 p. 

Price: $5.00 

Tarjetas de Educación Cívica Para el Examen de Naturalización 2017 (Span

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2017: 102 cards; ill.

Price: $18.00

The USCIS Naturalization Interview and Test (DVD) 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2010: DVD. 

Price: $9.50

JA 30-464 
Vocabulary Flash Cards for the New Naturalization Test 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2009: 1 box of 150 illustrated flash cards. 

Price: $19.00

Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2015: 115 p.; ill. 

Price: $22.00

Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants (Chinese Versio

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2007: 72 p.; ill. 

Price: $5.00

Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants (Chinese Langu

Traditional Version) 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigra

Year/Pages: 2015: 111 p. 

Price: $20.00

Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2006 

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Policy, Office of Im

Statistics 

Year/Pages: 2007: 100 p. 

Price: $3.38

JA 30-464 
Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2009

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Policy, Office of Im

Statistics 

Year/Pages: 2010: 109 p. 

Price: $9.00

Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2014

Publisher: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Policy, Office of Im

Statistics 

Year/Pages: 2016: 119 p. 

Price: $20.00 

JA 30-464