SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO . A

- 4443

- 17T4 STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Pla intiff

- Respondent,

v. FRANK L. AIGOTTI, a/k/a FRANK L. AIGOTTI, JR., JAMES WILKE, MOORE JA MES, JAMES MOORE, and FRANK L. AIGOTT, JR., Defendant

- Appellant.

_________________________ __

Argued telephonically March 24, 2020

– Decided April 27, 2020 Before Judges Yannotti, Hoffman and Currier. On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Sussex County, Indictment No. 15

- 06

- 0258. Ahmed J. Kassim, Designated Counsel, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Ahmed J. Kassim, of counsel and on the brief s ).

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court

. " A lthough it is posted on the internet , this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited

. R

. 1:36

- 3.2 A

- 4443

- 17T4 Shaina Brenner, Assistant Prosecutor, ar gued the cause for respondent (Francis A. Koch, Sussex County Prosecutor, attorney; Shaina Brenner, of counsel and on the brief). Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM Defendant was tried before a jury and found guilty of first

- degree robbery and second

- degree conspiracy to commit robbery. Defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction (JOC) dated March 1 3 , 2018. We affirm.
I. On or about May 19, 2015, a Sussex County Grand Jury returned Indictment No. 15

- 06

- 0258 char ging defendant with first

- degree robbery of Lakeland Bank, by placing teller Donna O'Neill in fear of immediate bodily injury , N.J.S.A. 2C:15

- 1 (count one); second

- degree conspiracy to commit robbery and theft, N.J.S.A. 2C:5

- 2, 2C:15

- 1, 2C:20

- 3 (count thre e); third

- degree theft by unlawful taking, N.J.S.A. 2C:20

- 3 and 2C:2

- 6 (count four); and third

degree credit card fraud, N.J.S.A. 2C:21

- 6(h) (count s six and seven)

. Co

- defendant Jacinda Moore was charged with defendant in count s three, four, six , and se ven. Moore was also charged with first

- degree aiding defendant in the commission of the robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15

- 1 and 2C:2

- 6 (count two); third

- degree hindering the apprehension of defendant, N.J.S.A. 2C:29

- 3(a)3 A

- 4443

- 17T4

(count five ); third

- degree unlawful possess ion of a controlled dangerous substance (CDS) (heroin), N.J.S.A. 2C:35

- 10(a) (count eight); third

- degree unlawful possession of a CDS (cocaine), N.J.S.A. 2C:35

- 10(a)(1) (count nine); and third

- degree theft, N.J.S.A. 2C:20

- 3(a) (count ten). On November 1 5, 2016, the trial judge entered an order which, among other things, denied without prejudice defendant's pro se motion to dismiss the indictment based on an alleged violation of his right to a speedy trial. On that date, the judge also entered an order g ranting defendant's motion to dismiss counts one, two, three, five , and six

. The State thereafter moved to vacate the order of November 15, 2016 and reinstate the dismissed counts. The State also moved to amend the charges in count one and the related charges to state that , during the robbery, defendant had placed one or more person s in fear of immediate bodily injury. The judge granted the motions.
At a proceeding on March 1, 2017, the judge de cided that the charges against defendant and Moore wou ld be severed. The State thereafter advised the court that it would proceed only on counts one and three, and any reference to theft in count three should be deleted.4 A

- 4443

- 17T4 II. At the trial, testimony was presented which established that on the morning of January 13, 2015, at approximately 11:35 a.m., O'Neill, Dawn Keener, and Martina Styles were working at the Lakeland Bank on Route 23 in Wantage. Two customer s, L ynne Dyer and Benjamin Sim m ons, entered the bank

. A fter Simmons completed a transaction, he and Dyer were speaking with the bank 's employees when a person entered the bank and said, "Give me the money." Dyer and Styles testified that the person was motioning in a way that made it appear he might have a we apon in his pocket. Simmons stated, "You've got to be kidding. This doesn't happen." The
person stepped close r and repeated, "Give me the money." Dyer and Simmons backed away. Simmons raised his hand s and put them flat on the counter because he bel ieved the man was armed. O'Neill opened her teller drawer and handed the person money. He said, "Give me more." She then provided the person with additional money. The bank 's employees estimated that the entire incident took less than one minute. They locked the doors and called the police. They determined that the teller had given defendant $1477.5 A

- 4443

- 17T4

Trooper Brad Cos h of the New Jersey State Police (NJSP) arrived on the scene promptly and other law enforcement officers arrived later

. Witnesses said the perpetrator w as wearing dark clothing with white sneakers and gloves. The y said he had his face covered except for his eyes, and appeared to have long, dark, curly hair that could have been fake. The bank's surveillance cameras record ed the incident. Surveillance video footage from neighboring businesses depicted the individual fleeing the area of the bank , crossing Route 23 to the southbound side , walking through a wooded area near an abandoned house , heading south to Pond School Roa d, and entering the trunk of a vehicle near a diner on Route 23. Detective Steven Deckert of the NJSP identified the vehicle in the surveillance footage as a silver Dodge Dart SE bearing a temporary New Jersey registration

. On January 19, 2015, Decker t went to Franklin Sussex Auto Mall (FSAM) on Route 23 and obtained sales records for all Dodge Darts sold at that location since 2013. Later , while stopped at a traffic light, Deckert observed a white male driving a silver Dodge Dart . He pulled behind t he vehicle and noted the vehicle's temporary New Jersey vehicle registration number. Deckert identified the registered owner of the car and found his name on the list of purchasers that he had obtained from FSAM . Members of the NJSP6 A

- 4443

- 17T4

met with a sales re presentative at FSAM , and she provided sales i nformation, which indicated that on December 18, 2014, the registered owner had purchased the Dodge Dart. The sales representative said Moore co - signed the loan for the purchase of the car

. She said she is Moore's sister and Moore was in a relationship with defendant. On January 20, 2015, defendant was arrested at the Sussex County courthouse for an unrelated matter. Thereafter, h e was processed at the Sussex County Correctional Facilit y and a corrections officer inventoried his property, which included a cellphone and the keys to a Dodge vehicle. Detective Thomas Laird of the Sussex County Prosecutor's Office (SCPO) was informed of defendant's arrest. Laird o btained a search warrant and retrieved defendant's phone. Laird thereafter conducted a forensic examination of the calls and text messages on the phone. Laird's examination revealed that on January 13, 2015, defendant sent a text message to a person stating he had money to pay what he owed

. The examination also revealed that Moore called defendant at 11:21 a.m. on January 13, 2015. Laird obtained a communications data warrant for defendant's and Moore's phones , as well as the ir call

- detail records. The records indicated tha t defendant made several calls to Moore on January 13, 2015, including a call at7 A

- 4443

- 17T4

11:38 a.m. that lasted more than fifteen minutes , and a call at 11:55 a.m. that lasted more than five minutes. Laird also determined that Moore used her phone for certain internet searches, including search es regarding the robbery at Lakeland Bank. On January 21, 2015, Laird conducted surveillance at a residence in Wantage where defendant and Moore were living

. He observed a 2015 Dodge
Dart parked in the driveway. Thereafter, a judge issued a warrant to search the residence , and on January 29, 2015, Laird and other law enforcement officers executed the warrant. Defendant and Moore were present at the time

. De tective Jared Cramer of the NJSP conducted a walkthrough of the property. He observed a grey Dodge Dart parked in the driveway, with a temporary registration tag from FSAM . The car was seized and taken to NJSP headquarters in Totowa for processing. I n th e garage, Cramer recovered a black work glove with yellow markings o n the top with the letters "FG." Cramer th en searched the home. In the master bedroom , he found several items, including a "Mossy Oak"

- brand sweater, cellphones, and red sneakers.
Moor e was transported to the NJSP barracks in Sussex County and charged in connection with her role in the robbery. She was informed of and8 A

- 4443

- 17T4

waived her Miranda rights. 1 Laird then interviewed Moore and the interview was recorded

. Moore stated that she and defendant had been dating since December 10, 2005, and that they had two children together. She received a phone call from defendant shortly before 11:00 a.m. on January 13, 2015. During the phone call, defendant stated he had several bills to pay including one to his attorney. On the same day, at 11:39 a.m., defendant called and requested that she pick him up

near the diner on Route 23 because "people were after him." Defendant told her he had robbed a bank.
Moore said she arrive d at the location . Defendant was still on the phone and told her to open the trunk of her vehicle. Moore observed defendant exit a wooded area. She said defendant was wearing a wig, a blue and gray jogging suit, and white sneakers . He was covering his face. He entered her vehicle’s
trunk.
M oore drove southbound on Route 23 and proceeded to Paterson, where she stopped on a dead

- end road that she knew did not have surveillance cameras.
D efendant exited the trunk and gave Moore between $400 and $600 to purchase drugs.

1 Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 (1966)

.9 A

- 4443

- 17T4

According to Moore, de fendant changed his cl othes and threw the clothes he had been wearing in to a garbage can. After Moore bought the drugs, she rejoined defendant and they purchased red shoes so that he could d ispose of his white sn eakers. They went to a Walmart in Riverdale and then returned to their home in Wantage. After he took Moore's statement, Laird obtained additional surveillance footage from traffic cameras in Paterson , which showed the 2015 Dodge Dart driving around th e city on the date of the robbery. Laird also went to a shoe store in Paterson and obtained video camera footage, which showed defendant entering the store . He was wearing a dark

- colored jacke t and white sneakers. Laird entered a nearby store and took a photo of a pair of red sneakers that

w ere s old in the store. The sneakers matched the sneakers that were recovered from defendant's residence on January 29, 2015. Surveillance footage obtained from the Walmart in Riverdale depicted the 2015 Dodge Dart driving through the parking lot, and defendant and Moore entering the store from the main
entrance. According to Laird , d efendant was wearing a dark colored jacket and bright red shoes. On the v ideo f ootage from within the store , defendant is see n purchasing various items , including a "Mossy Oak "

- brand sweater

. The store's10 A

- 4443

- 17T4

surveillance footage also shows that d efendant was wearing the same brand of
sweater when he exited the store. The jury found defendant guilty of robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery. The reafter, the judge granted the State's motion to sentence defendant to an extended term pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) as a persistent offender. For the robbery, t he judge sentenced defendant to a forty

- year term of incarceration, wit h an eighty

- five percent period of parole ineligibility and five years of parole supervision, pursuant to the No Early Release Act (NERA),
N.J.S.A. 2C:43

- 7.2

. The judge also sentenced defendant to a concurrent ten

year prison term for the conspiracy to commit robbery. The judge entered a JOC dated March 1 3 , 2018. This appeal followed. Defendant 's counsel has filed a brief in which he argues:
POINT I DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL WAS VIOLA TED BY THE NEARLY THREE

- YEAR DELAY IN BRINGING HIM TO TRIAL.
POINT II THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REINSTATING COUNTS ONE, TWO, THREE, AND FIVE OF THE INDICTMENT WITHOUT HAVING THE STATE SEEK A SUPERSEDING INDICTMENT. POINT III THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PER MITTING THE STATE TO REOPEN ITS CASE AND TO PLAY11 A

- 4443

- 17T4 RECORDED CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN [DEFENDANT] AND MOORE FOR THE JURY BECAUSE THE CONVERSATIONS WERE PREJUDICIAL AND THEIR ADMISSION DEPRIVED [DEFENDANT] OF A FAIR TRIAL. POINT IV REVERSAL IS REQUIRED BECAUSE T HE STATE'S CASE WAS BOLSTERED BY INADMISSIBLE OPINION TESTIMONY.
POINT V THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT SENTENCED [DEFENDANT] AS A PERSISTENT OFFENDER BASED ON FOURTH

DEGREE CRIMES AND IMPOSED AN EXCESSIVE SENTENCE. Defendant has filed a p ro se supplemental brief. He argues: [ POINT I ] THE STATE DID NOT HAVE THE RIGHT TO FILE A MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION AS THE COURT RULE DOE [ S ] NOT ALLOW FOR RECONSIDERATION IN CRIMINAL COURTS AND THE COURT SHOULD HAVE DECLINED TO HEAR SUCH A MOTION. ADDI TIONALLY[,] THE COURT'S ORIGINAL DECISION WAS THE CORRECT ONE AND SHOULD HAVE BEEN LEFT ALONE BECAUSE THE AMENDING OF THE INDICTMENT IN THIS INSTANCE WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. (Not Raised Below). [ POINT II ] PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT AT [THE] GRAND JURY, FAILURE TO CALL WITNESSES OF THE CRIME, INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE FIRST

- DEGREE ROBBERY12 A

- 4443

- 17T4 INDICTMENT AND CONVICTION, PERJURY BY DETECTIVE LAIRD WHICH WAS CLEARLY SUBORNED BY THE PROSECUTOR, AND INADEQUA TE JURY CHARGE FOR FIRST

DEGREE ROBBERY. (Not Raised Below). [ POINT III ] INSOFAR AS THERE WAS AN IDENTIFIABLE FACE ON THE VIDEO, THE JURY WAS JUST AS WELL POSITIONED AS DETECTIVE LAIRD AND [ TROOPER C ] OSH WERE TO DETERMINE (A) IF IT WAS THE DEFENDANT IN THE SHOE STORE VIDEO AND (B) IF THE ATM VIDEO SHOWED THE GLOVE THAT THE STATE PRESENTED AS EVIDENCE. (Not Raised Below). [ POINT IV ] DEFENDANT WAS THE VICTIM OF JUDICIAL AND PROSECUTORIAL VINDICTIVENESS AS A RESULT OF HI [ S] HAVING SUCCESSFULLY EXERCISED H IS CONSTITUTIONAL AND PROCEDURAL RIGHTS IN THE 2010 PROSECUTION. THE COURT IGNORED DEFENDANT'S MOTION SEEKING DISMISSAL FOR SAME. (Not Raised Below). [ POINT V ] THE STATE NEEDLESSLY ELICITED TESTIMONY FROM [THE] STATE'S MAIN WITNESS JACINDA MOORE ABOUT DR UG USE AND OTHER CRIMES EVIDENCE. (Not Raised Below). [ POINT VI ] [DEFENDANT] FILED MANY PRO SE MOTIONS WHICH WERE DENIED BY THE COURT. THEY SHOULD HAVE BEEN TAKEN SERIOUSLY AND G I VEN DUE WEIGHT, ESPECIALLY THE13 A

- 4443

- 17T4 INTERPRETATION OF THE N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) MOTION. (Not Raised Below).
II I

. We turn first to defendant's argument that his right to a speedy trial was violated by the delay in bringing th is matter to trial. Defendant argues that th is court should reverse his convictions and remand the matter with instructions to dismiss the indictment. Alternatively, defendant argues that we should remand the matter to the trial court for a full hearing and further considera tion of his speedy

- trial claim. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a defendant's right to a speedy trial and that right is applied to the states by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. State v. Cahill , 21 3 N. J. 253, 264 (2013) (citing Klopfer v. North Carolina , 386 U.S. 213, 222

- 23 (1967)).
In Barker v. Wingo , 407 U.S. 514, 530

- 33 (1972), the Court established a balancing test to evaluate claims of violations of the right to a speedy trial.
In Barker , the C ourt identified four non

- exclusive factors a court should consider when evaluati ng a speedy

- trial claim : length of the delay, reason s for the delay, assertion of the right to a speedy trial by the defendant, and prejudice to the defendant. 407 U.S. at 530

- 33

. All four factors are not necessary or sufficient "to the finding of a deprivation of the right of speedy trial. Rather,14 A

- 4443

- 17T4

they are related factors and must be considered together with such other circumstances as may be relevant." Id . at 533. Applyin g these factors, we are not convinced defendant was denied his right to a speedy trial in this matter

. The record shows that d efendant was arrested on January 29, 2015, and his trial did not begin until November 28 , 2017. According to defendant, completion of discovery was delayed. The record shows that this case involves an array of eviden tiary materials that the detectives ga thered from various witnesses and sources

. The evidence includes surveillance videos, forensic examination s of phones, motor vehicle records, and physical evidence. It also includes various witness statements. Defendant has not shown that discovery was delayed unnecessarily, or that the delay was entirely the State's fault. Moreover, the parties devoted considerable time to motions, including defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment , the State's motion to reinstate the dismissed counts, the State's motion to disqualify counsel , and the State's motion for leave to appeal the denial of its disqualification motion

. Defendant contends the State's motion to disqualify defense counsel was meritless and merely a delaying tactic ; however, the State appeared to have a legitimate concern that counsel might be a witness at trial.15 A

- 4443

- 17T4

As noted, there wa s evidence that defendant owed his attorney money and one of defendant's reasons for robbing t he bank was to pay his attorney. It appears that counsel had confirmed th at defendant owed him money. At trial, however, the assistant prosecutor informed the judge that the issue had been resolved because counsel had "changed his position and said that money was not owed." Defendant's contention that the State's motion to disqualify counsel was merely a delay tactic is not supported by the record. In addition, at the time these charges were pending, defendant faced charges under at least four other in dictments, and the State chose to try the oldest case first. Other delays were attributable to the defense , the State, and the court.
T he record does not support defendant's contention that the State deliberately attempted to delay the trial in this matter. We note that defendant did assert his right to a speedy trial when he filed his pro se motion s in May 2016. It appears that defendan t's attorney did not thereafter file a formal motion to assert defendant's right to a speedy trial because the trial had been scheduled for June 6, 2017. In any event, defendant has not show n he was prejudiced by the delays in bringing this case to trial . He has not shown that the delays prejudiced his defense. He also has not shown he was subjected to oppressive pretrial16 A

- 4443

- 17T4

incarceration or suffered anxiety greater than the anxiety any defendant experiences while incarcerated awaiting trial.
IV. We next consider defendant's contention that the trial judge erred by reinstating and amending counts one, two, three, five , and six of the indictment. Defendant contends that by allowing the State to amend the indictment, the judge violated his constitut ional right s to indictment by a grand jury and notice of the charges against him. We disagree. We are convinced that the trial judge did not err by vacating the November 15, 2016 order , reinstating the dismissed
counts and allowing the State to amend the indictment

. Rule 3:7

- 4 provides that the court " may ame nd the indictment . . . to correct an error in form or the description of the crime intended to be charged

. . . provided that the amendment does not charge another or different offense from that alleged and the defendant will not be prejudiced thereby in his . . . defense on the merits." Therefore , "[a]n error relating to the substance or 'essence' of an offense ca nnot be amended by operation of that rule." State v.
Dorn , 233 N.J. 81, 94 (2018). "[T]he analysis as to whether an indictment was sufficient and whether an amendment under Rule 3: 7

- 4 was appropriate hinges
upon whether the defendant was provided with ad equate notice of the charges17 A

- 4443

- 17T4

and whether an amendment would prejudice defendant in the formulation of a defense. " Id. at 96. Here, the judge initially dismissed counts one, two, three, five , and six of the indictment because the State had not presented evidence to the grand jury showing that O'Neill observed defendant simulating the possession of, or intended use of , a deadly weapon. The judge also found that the State had not presented the grand jury with any evidence that could support the conclusion that O'Neill " was in fear of immediate bodily injury as a result of such simulation." The State thereafter moved for reinstatement of the dismissed counts and leave to amend the indictment to indicate that other persons who were in the bank at the time of the robbery had been placed in fear of immediate bodily injury by defendant's simulation. The judge granted the State's motion

. Therefore, c ount one was amended to charge defendant with committing the theft at Lakeland Bank, and in the course thereo f, "put [ting] one (1) or more persons in fear of immediate bodily injury in the course of committing a theft specifically by acting in a manner consistent with having a deadly weapon in h is pocket while demanding money .

. . . " The related charges were am ended accordingly, including count three, in which defendant was charged with18 A

- 4443

- 17T4

conspiring with Moore to commit the robbery. As noted previously, the State later chose to proceed only on counts one and three. We are convinced t he amendment s to the indictment were permitted by Rule 3:7

- 4 . The amendment s merely corrected an error in the description of the offense and did not charge a new offense. Furthermore, defendant had adequate notice of the charges . He was charged with committing the ro bbery by placing persons in fear of immediate bodily injury, through his simulated use of a weapon. D e fendant has not shown that the amendment s prejudiced his defense.
V. Defendant argues that after the State rested its case, the trial judge erred by a llowing the State to reopen its case and p l ay recordings of certain conversations he had with Moore during his incarceration . He contends the evidence was prejudicial and de priv ed him of a fair trial. We disagree. "The conduct of a trial, civil or cri minal, is in the hands of the judge." State v. Menke , 25 N.J. 66, 70 (1957). The "[d]ecision as to whether to permit the State to reopen after resting . . . must be allowed to rest in [the judge's] discretion." Id. at 70

- 71. When deciding whether to a llow the State to reopen its case , the court considers certain factors, including: (1) "whether the defendant had excused his19 A

- 4443

- 17T4

witnesses who would have been used to rebut the new evidence offered, and had called to the attention of the court the disadvantag eous position in which the State had placed him;" (2) "whether the prosecutor had deliberately withheld the

so - called additional evidence until that late stage of the trial;" (3) “ the extent, if any, to which the defendant suffered greater damage than woul d have been imposed if the evidence had been offered at the proper time." Id. at 71. We review the court's decision for abuse of discretion. Ibid. Here, the record shows that the State moved to reopen its case before defendant began to present his case. The State sought to present evidence that , while he was incarcerated, defendant had been calling Moore utilizing other inmates ’ personal identification numbers. On November 29, 20 17, the day before she was scheduled to testify at trial, defendant called Moore to discuss her upcoming testimony. The judge permitted the State to reopen its case, relying on N.J.R.E. 608. The judge found that the State did not deliberately withh o ld the evidence to surprise defendant. The judge also found that if there was a ny prejudice to defendant , it was "very, very ” minor. The judge therefore allowed the State to
p l ay recordings of defendant's conversations with Moore.20 A

- 4443

- 17T4

We are convinced that t he judge's decision was not a mistaken exercise of discretion. Since defendant had not begun presenting his defense, he had not excused any witnesses who could have rebutted this evidence

. The record also does not support defendant's contention that th e State deliberately withheld this evidence. Moreover, since the State apparently became aware of defendant’s
conversation s with Moore after it rested its case , the State could not have offered th is evidence “at [a] proper time.” Menke , 25 N.J. at 71.
VI. Defendant further argues that the trial judge erred by allowing the State to present what he claims was inadmissible opinion testimony. He asserts the surveillance video evidence was inconclusive and Moore lacked credibility as a witness

. He contends the State attempted to make up for those deficiencies by allowing Cosh, Laird, and Deckert to narrate the surveillance

- video footage , despite a lack o f personal knowledge by these witnesses

. He argues that this testimony improperly bolstered the State's case . Again, we disagree. We note that d efendant did not object to the testimony at trial. Therefore, we must determine whether the judge erred by permitting the testimony and, if so, whether the error is "of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result . . .

. " R. 2:10

- 2. To warrant reversal of a conviction ,21 A

- 4443

- 17T4

t he error must be "sufficient to ‘ raise a reasonable doubt

. . . as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached

. ’ " State v. Funderburg , 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016) (quoting State v. Jenkins , 178 N.J. 347, 361 (2004)). Evidence Rule 701 states "[i]f a witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' [s] testimony in the form of opinions or inferences may be admitted if it (a) is rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) will assist in understanding the witness' [s] testimony or in determining a fact in issue."
N .J.R.E. 701. "The central purpose of [Rule] 701 is to ensure that lay opinion is based on a sufficient foundation, and not inadmissible hearsay." Rice v. Miller , 455 N.J. Super. 90, 104 (App. Div. 2018). "[L]ay opinion testimony is limited to what was directly perceived by the witness and may not rest on otherwise inadmissible hearsay." State v. McLean , 205 N.J. 438, 460 (2011). The courts "have established th e boundary line that separates factual testimony by police officers from permissible expert opinion testimony." Ibid. "On one side of that line is fact testimony, through which an officer is permitted to set forth what he or she perceived through one or more of the senses." Ibid. Such fact testimony consists of "a description of what the officer did and saw," and is an "ordinary fact

- based recitation by a witness with first

- hand22 A

- 4443

- 17T4

knowledge." Ibid. "On the other side of the line . . . , experts, with ap propriate qualifications, [can] explain the implications of observed behaviors that would otherwise fall outside the understanding of ordinary people on the jury." Ibid. At trial, Cosh was shown surveillance footage and still photographs from inside La keland Bank taken before and after the robbery. Cosh identified the bank’s front entrance, the side of the bank facing Route 23 southbound, the bank's drive

- through lane, an aerial photo of the Route 23 area near the bank, and the suspect fleeing the bank wearing certain clothing. He did not testify that defendant was the suspect seen in the surveillance footage. Deckert was shown surveillance footage from a camera at the diner on
Route 23. He identified a "lone subject" who entered the picture from a n earby wooded area , walk ed towards the Pond School Road area, and then retra ced hi s

or her steps. Deckert testified that the individual was seen approach ing a vehicle

near Pond School Road and entering the tru n k of the vehicle . The vehicle then proceeded southbound on Route 23. Using a still photograph, Deckert identified that vehicle as a Dodge Dart. In his testimony, Laird stated that defendant was the person depicted in the footage obtained from the shoe store in Paterson and the Walmart in Riverdale . Laird testified that he had personal knowledge of defendant after23 A

- 4443

- 17T4

having observed defendant in the Sussex County courthouse following his arrest

. Laird did not, however, state that defendant was the person seen in the bank security footage. Laird said still photos depicted a "male departing from the bank right after the bank robbery . . . ." He added that the male had " the same clothing, [and] the same glove with a wad of cash in his hand." We are convinced t hat t he testimony of the se three witnesses was admissible under N.J.R.E. 701. Each witness provided factual observations based on his personal review and observation of the surveillance videos or photographs

. Furthermore , b ased on their respective knowle dge and experience, each witness was able to assist the jury perform its fact

- finding role. They were able to explain the locations depicted and "the implications of observed behaviors that would otherwise fall outside the understanding of ordinary people on the jury." McLean , 205 N.J. at 460.
In arguing that the judge erred by allowing the testimony , defendant relies

on State v. Lazo , 209 N.J. 9 (2012). In that case , the Court concluded that it was improper for a detective to opine that the defendant’ s arrest photo closely resembled a composite sketch of the suspect. Id. at 24. The Court stated that "[t]he detective had not witnessed the crime and did not know the defendant; the officer’s opinion stemmed entirely from the victim’s description.” Ibid.24 A

- 4443

- 17T4

Defendant's reliance upon Lazo is misplaced. As noted, Cosh and Deckert did not identify defendant as the person seen in the surveillance videos or still photos

. Laird stated that defendant was the person seen in the video surveillance obtained fr om the shoe store in Paterson and the Walmart in Riverdale, but Laird had personal knowledge of defendant' s appearance , having seen him in the Sussex County courthouse after his arrest

. Moreover, Laird did not identify defendant as the person seen in the bank's surveillance footage , and he never opined that defendant was the person who committed the robbery.
VII. Defendant contends the judge erred by sentencing him to an extended term

as a " persistent offender , " pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:4 4

- 3(a). The sta tute provides that the court may impose an extended term of imprisonment if "[t]he defendant has been convicted of a crime of the first, second or third degree and is a persistent offender. " Ibid. A "persistent offender" is defined as:

a person who at th e time of the commission of the crime is [twenty

- one] years of age or over, who has been previously convicted on at least two separate occasions of two crimes, committed at different times, when he was at least [eighteen] years of age, if the latest in tim e of these crimes or the date of the defendant's last release from confinement, whichever is later, is within [ten] years of the date of the crime for which the defendant is being sentenced.25 A

- 4443

- 17T4 [ Ibid. ] As noted, the jury found defendant guilty of robbery and conspiracy to commit robbery, which occurred on January 13, 2015. Defendant contends the judge erred by considering crimes he committed in 2004 and 2005 , which he claims were outside the ten

- year window established in N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a)

. Tho se offenses were third

- degree resisting arrest and third

- degree witness tampering, respectively. Defendant was sentenced in June 2006 to an eighteen

- month prison term

. Moreover, defendant was released from confinement within ten years of the date of t he offense for which he was being sentenced. Therefore, the judge did not err by considering the offenses defendant committed in 2004 and 2005 in determining if he was a persistent offender under N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a). Defendant also argues that the ju dge erred by considering his conviction s

o f three fourth

- degree offenses , which were committed within the ten

- year window under N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a). Defendant asserts it would be contrary to the Legislature's intent to consider fourth

- degree offenses in d etermining whether he is a " persistent offender. " Again, we disagree. When interpreting a statute, we must "give effect to the intent of the Legislature." State v. Harper , 229 N.J. 228, 237 (2017) (quoting State v.26 A

- 4443

- 17T4

Morrison , 227 N.J. 295, 308 (2016))

. In doing so, we begin our analysis with the plain language of the statute and " [ i ] f it clearly reveals the Legislature's intent, the inquiry is over." Ibid. (citing DiProspero v. Penn , 183 N.J. 477, 492 (2005)). We may not, under the guise of interpre tation, " rewrite a statute or add language that the Legislature omitted

. " State v. Munafo , 222 N.J. 480, 488 (2015) (citing DiProspero , 183 N.J. at 492)

. The pertinent language of N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) is clear and unambiguous. It states that a defendant may be sentenced to an extended term if the defendant "has been previously convicted on at least two separate occasions of two crimes , committed at different times

. . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) (emphas is added). The
statute therefore allows the court to consider any "crimes" and does not exclude fourth

- degree offenses. Defendant argues , however, that fourth

- degree offenses should not be considered for purposes of determining whether an extended term may be imposed under N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) because fourth

- degree offenses are not considered in sentencing under the Persistent Offenders Accountability Act,
N.J.S.A. 2C:43

- 7.1, which is commonly known as the "Three Strikes" law. The "Three Strikes" law provides , in part , that an extended term under
N.J.S.A. 2C:43

- 7 may be imposed when a person is convicted of at least three27 A

- 4443

- 17T4

specified second

- or third

- degree offenses. N.J.S.A. 2C:43

- 7.1(b)(1). However, N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) and the "Three Strikes" law are separate and distinct sentencing schemes

. The "Three Strikes " law does not allow for the consideration of fourth

degree offenses, whereas N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 3(a) does not preclude consideration of such crimes in determining if a defendant is a "persistent offender." Therefore, the judge did not err by considering the fourth

- degree offenses in determining whether defendant was a "persistent offender" under N.J.S.A.
2C:44

- 3(a).
VIII. In addition, d efendant challenges his sentence

. He contends the judge erred by finding aggravating factor twelve . He also contends his sentence is excessive when compared to the sentence imposed on Moore and a nother person who testified at trial. "An appellate court's review of a sentencing court's imposition of sente nce is guided by an abuse of discretion standard." State v. Jones , 232 N.J. 308, 318 (2018). In reviewing a sentence, the court must determine whether: "(1) the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the findings of aggravating and mitigating factors w ere . . . 'based upon competent credible evidence in the28 A

- 4443

- 17T4

record;' [and] (3) 'the application of the guidelines to the facts' of the case 'shock[s] the judicial conscience.'" State v. Bolvito , 217 N.J. 221, 228 (2014) (third alteration in original) (quotin g State v. Roth , 95 N.J. 334, 364

- 65 (1984)). "An appellate court is bound to affirm a sentence, even if it would have arrived at a different result, as long as the trial court properly identifies and balances aggravating and mitigating factors that are su pported by competent credible evidence in the record." State v. O'Donnell , 117 N.J. 210, 215 (1989) (citing State v. Jarbath , 114 N.J. 394, 400

- 01 (1989); Roth , 95 N.J. at 364

- 65). Here, the judge found aggravating factors three, N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 1(a)(3) ( risk defendant will commit another offense); six, N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 1(a)(6) (extent of defendant's prior criminal record and the seriousness of the offenses of which he has been convicted); nine, N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 1(a)(9) (need to deter defendant and others from violating the law) ; and twelve, N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 1(a)(12) (offense was committed against a person defendant knew or should have known was sixty years of age or older, or disabled). The judge also found mitigating factor six, N.J.S.A. 2C:44

- 1(b) (6) (defenda nt will compensate the victim).
A s stated previously, for the robbery, the judge sentenced defendant to forty years in State prison, with an eighty

- five percent period of parole29 A

- 4443

- 17T4

ineligibility and five years of parole supervision, pursuant to NERA. Fo r the conspiracy to commit robbery, the judge sentenced defendant to a concurrent
ten

- year term of incarceration. The judge ordered defendant to pay restitution to the bank in the amount of $1477. The judge also imposed fines, fees, and penalties. Defe ndant argues that the judge erred by finding aggravating factor twelve. He contends there was no specific evidence that any of the victims w ere over the age of sixty years. However, Dyer testified that she was in the bank when the robbery was committed. She said a person entered the bank, demanded money, and "intimated he had a weapon." Dyer said she ha d been living in Wantage for sixty years. Thus, there was a sufficient factual basis for the finding of aggravating factor twelve. Defendant further argues that his sentence is excessive when compared to the sentence that Moore received

. "[U]niformity [i]s one of the major sentencing goals in the administration of criminal justice." State v. Roach , 146 N.J. 208, 231 (1996). A sentencing "[d]isparity may invalidate an otherwise sound and lawful sentence." Id. at 232. However, a defendant's sentence "is not erroneous merely because a co

defendant's sentence is lighter." Ibid. (quoting State v. Hicks , 54 N.J. 390, 39130 A

- 4443

- 17T4

(1969)). The court "must determine whether the co

- defendant is identical or substantially similar to the defendant regarding all relevant sentencing criteria.”
Id. at 233. The court must determine " whether the disparity is justi fiable or unjustifiable." Ibid. Here, Moore faced charges related to the bank robbery and was charged with other offenses. She pled guilty to second

- degree robbery as an accomplic e and agreed to testify against defendant. She received a five

- year Drug Court
sentence. O n the other hand, defendant was tried and found guilty of first

- degree robbery and second

- degree conspiracy to commit robbery. He has an extensive criminal record and was eligible for an extended term under N.J.S.A. 2C : 44

- 3(a)

. Defend ant and Moore are not similarly situated with respect to the relevant sentencing criteria, and t he disparity between the sentences is justifiable. Defendant also contends his sentence is excessive when compared to a sentence imposed on Keven Puza, who te stified for the State

. Puza stated that he robbed Lakeland Bank in 2014, pled guilty, and was sentenced to a five

- year term of incarceration, subject to NERA. However, Puza was not convicted of a first

- degree offense. Defendant and Puza are not similarl y situated with re spect to the sentencing criteria . The different sentences are justifiable.31 A

- 4443

- 17T4

We therefore conclude that the record supports the judge's findings of aggravating and mitigating factors and the sentence imposed is not an abuse of discretion. We reject defendant's claim that his sentence is excessive or disproportionate to the sentence s imposed on Moore and Puza.
IX. As noted , defendant has raised several additional arguments in his pro se supplemental brief

. These arguments are raised for the first time on appeal. Defendant contends the trial court did not have authority under the court rules to entertain the State's motion to reconsider the order of November 15, 2015, which dismissed certain counts of the indictment. Defendant argues that the rules governing crimi nal proceedings do not permit motions for reconsideration. Th is argument is patently without merit. See State v. Timmendequas , 161 N.J. 515, 554 (1999) (noting that the Court "has never questioned the appropriateness of interlocutory motions to reconsider in criminal matters."). Defendant also argues that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by only calling Laird before the grand jury, and by charging defendant with first

degree robbery. He contends the State did not present sufficient evidenc e to the grand jury to support the first

- degree robbery charge. It is well

- established,32 A

- 4443

- 17T4

however, that a grand jury may return an indictment even if based primarily on hearsay. State v. Vasky , 218 N.J. Super. 487, 491 (App. Div. 1987). The State
was not required to present the grand jury with testimony from persons who witnessed the robbery

. Moreover, there was sufficient evidence to support the first

- degree robbery charge. Defendant further argues that the trial judge improperly admitted evidence of o ther crimes, wrongs, or acts, specifically testimony by Moore regarding his drug use. He also argues that the judge did not properly instruct the jury on the limits to its use of this evidence. Again, we disagree. Evidence of a person's "other crimes, wrongs, or acts" may not be admitted "to prove the disposition of a person in order to show that such person acted in conformity therewith. " N.J.R.E. 404(b). However, the rule permits such evidence to be admitted as "proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when such matters are relevant to a material issue in dispute." Ibid. The evidence of defendant's drug use was properly admitted since it was relevant to defendant's motive for committing the robbery. In addition , the judge properly instructed the jury on its use of this evidence. The judge stated :

In this case, evidence has been presented with regard to drug use by the defendant. This may b e used for the33 A

- 4443

- 17T4 limited purpose of motive. Whether this evidence in fact demonstrates motive is for you to decide. You may decide that the evidence does not demonstrate motive and is not helpful to you at all. In that case, you must disregard the evidenc e. On the other hand, you may decide that the evidence does demonstrate motive and you may only use it for that specific limited purpose. However, you may not use this evidence to decide that the defendant has a tendency to commit crimes or that he is a bad person. Defendant further argues that he was a victim of judicial an d prosecutorial "vindictiveness" because he successfully exercised his constitutional rights in a 2010 prosecution and the trial court ignored his motion to dismiss the indictment

on this basis. The argument is meritless. "The essence of the concept of prosecutorial vindictiveness is a violation of due process by retaliating against a defendant for exercising a legal right."
State v. Gomez , 341 N.J. Super. 560, 571 (App. Div. 2001 ) (citing Blackledge v. Perry , 417 U.S. 21, 27

- 28 (1974)). There is nothing in the record to support defendant's claim that he was prosecuted for exercising a legal right. Defendant also contends that: the prosecutor improperly permitted Laird to present false testimony before the grand jury ; the jury charge for the first

degree robbery charge was inadequate ; Laird and Cosh should not have been permitted to testify as to what they observed in video recordings; and the trial34 A

- 4443

- 17T4

court failed to take his pro se motions seriously. These arguments lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion

. R. 2:11

- 3(e)(2). Affirmed.