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[Congressional Bills 109th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 2198 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

109th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                S. 2198

 To ensure the United States successfully competes in the 21st century 
                            global economy.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                            January 26, 2006

 Mr. Domenici (for himself, Mr. Bingaman, Mr. Alexander, Ms. Mikulski, 
 Mr. Lugar, Mr. Dodd, Mr. Obama, Mr. Warner, Mr. Lieberman, Mr. Bond, 
    Mrs. Murray, Mr. Burns, Mr. Bayh, Mr. Craig, Ms. Cantwell, Mrs. 
 Hutchison, Mr. Menendez, Mr. DeWine, Mr. Kohl, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Kerry, 
Mr. Smith, Mr. Nelson of Florida, Mr. Voinovich, Mr. Leahy, Mr. Allen, 
   Mr. Akaka, Mr. Talent, Mr. Chambliss, Mr. Cornyn, Mr. Dayton, Mr. 
Coleman, Mr. Salazar, Mr. Martinez, Mr. Inouye, Mr. Stevens, Mr. Biden, 
    Mr. Cochran, Mr. Hagel, Ms. Murkowski, Mr. Pryor, Mr. Enzi, Ms. 
 Collins, Mr. Vitter, and Ms. Landrieu) introduced the following bill; 
     which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, 
                     Education, Labor, and Pensions

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
 To ensure the United States successfully competes in the 21st century 
                            global economy.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Protecting 
America's Competitive Edge Through Education and Research Act of 2006'' 
or the ``PACE-Education Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title.
TITLE I--10,000 TEACHERS, 10,000,000 MINDS K-12 MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE 
                               EDUCATION

                         Subtitle A--Education

Sec. 111. Definitions.
                  Chapter 1--Math and Science Teachers

Sec. 121. Baccalaureate degrees in mathematics and science with teacher 
                            certification.
Sec. 122. Master's degrees in mathematics and science education for 
                            teachers.
subchapter a--national science foundation scholarships for mathematics 
                          and science teachers
Sec. 131. Purpose.
Ssubchapter b--national science foundation fellowships for mathematics 
                          and science teachers
Sec. 141. National Science Foundation fellowships for mathematics and 
                            science teachers.
 Chapter 3--Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs

Sec. 151. Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs.
 Chapter 4--National Clearinghouse on Mathematics and Science Teaching 
                               Materials

Sec. 161. National clearinghouse on mathematics and science teaching 
                            materials.
           Chapter 5--Future American-Scientist Scholarships

Sec. 171. Future American-Scientist Scholarships.
                Chapter 6--Graduate Research Fellowships

Sec. 181. Graduate Research Fellowships in scientific areas of national 
                            need.
  Subtitle B--National Science Foundation Early-Career Research Grants

Sec. 191. National Science Foundation early-career research grants.
  TITLE II--SOWING THE SEEDS THROUGH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH

      Subtitle A--Office of Science and Technology Policy Matters

Sec. 211. Coordination of science, mathematics, and engineering 
                            education programs.
Sec. 212. National Coordination Office for Advanced Research 
                            Instrumentation and Facilities.
Sec. 213. High-risk, high-payoff research.
Sec. 214. President's Innovation Award.
   Subtitle B--National Aeronautics and Space Administration Matters

Sec. 221. National Aeronautics and Space Administration early-career 
                            research grants.
Sec. 222. Authorization of appropriations for the National Aeronautics 
                            and Space Administration for basic 
                            sciences.
                   Subtitle C--Communications Matters

Sec. 231. Sense of Senate on policies to accelerate deployment of 
                            access to broadband Internet.
                       Subtitle D--Science Parks

Sec. 241. Development of science parks.
 Subtitle E--Authorization of Appropriations for the National Science 
             Foundation for Research and Related Activities

Sec. 251. Authorization of appropriations for the National Science 
                            Foundation for research and related 
                            activities.
 TITLE III--ENSURING THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST REMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES

 Subtitle A--Visas for Doctorate Students in Mathematics, Engineering, 
                  Technology, or the Physical Sciences

Sec. 311. Findings.
Sec. 312. Sense of the Senate.
Sec. 313. Visas for doctorate students in mathematics, engineering, 
                            technology, or the physical sciences.
Sec. 314. Aliens not subject to numerical limitations on employment-
                            based immigrants.
                       Subtitle B--Patent Reform

Sec. 321. Patent reform.
                   TITLE IV--REFORMING DEEMED EXPORTS

Sec. 401. Sense of Senate on exemption of certain uses of technology 
                            from treatment as exports.
   TITLE V--STRENGTHENING BASIC RESEARCH AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Sec. 501. Department of Defense early-career research grants.
Sec. 502. Authorization of appropriations for the Department of Defense 
                            for basic research.

TITLE I--10,000 TEACHERS, 10,000,000 MINDS K-12 MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE 
                               EDUCATION

                         Subtitle A--Education

SEC. 111. DEFINITIONS.

    Unless otherwise specified in this subtitle, the terms used in this 
subtitle have the meanings given the terms in section 9101 of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801).

                  CHAPTER 1--MATH AND SCIENCE TEACHERS

SEC. 121. BACCALAUREATE DEGREES IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE WITH TEACHER 
              CERTIFICATION.

    (a) Grants Authorized.--From the amounts authorized under 
subsection (g), the Secretary shall award grants to eligible recipients 
to enable the eligible recipients to provide integrated courses of 
study in mathematics, science, or engineering and teacher education, 
that lead to a baccalaureate degree in mathematics, science, or 
engineering with concurrent teacher certification.
    (b) Definition of Eligible Recipient.--In this section, the term 
``eligible recipient'' means any department of mathematics, science, or 
engineering of an institution of higher education.
    (c) Award and Duration.--
            (1) Award.--The Secretary shall award a grant under this 
        section to each eligible recipient that collaborates with a 
        teacher preparation program at an institution of higher 
        education to develop undergraduate degrees in mathematics, 
        science, or engineering with pedagogy education and teacher 
        certification.
            (2) Duration.--The Secretary shall award a grant under this 
        section to each eligible recipient in an amount that is not 
        more than $1,000,000 per year for a period of 5 years.
    (d) Matching Requirement.--Each eligible recipient receiving a 
grant under this section shall provide, from non-Federal sources 
(provided in cash or in kind), to carry out the activities supported by 
the grant, an amount that is not less than 25 percent of the amount of 
the grant for the first year of the grant, not less than 35 percent of 
the amount of the grant for the second year of the grant, and not less 
than 50 percent of the amount of the grant for each succeeding fiscal 
year of the grant.
    (e) Application.--
            (1) In general.--Each eligible recipient desiring a grant 
        under this section shall submit an application to the Secretary 
        at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such 
        information as the Secretary may require.
            (2) Contents.--Each application submitted pursuant to 
        paragraph (1) shall include--
                    (A) a description of how the eligible recipient 
                will use grant funds to develop and administer 
                undergraduate degrees in mathematics, science, or 
                engineering with pedagogy education and teacher 
                certification, including a description of proposed 
                high-quality research and laboratory experiences that 
                will be available to students;
                    (B) a description of how the mathematics, science, 
                or engineering departments will coordinate with a 
                teacher preparation program to carry out the activities 
                authorized under this section;
                    (C) a resource assessment that describes the 
                resources available to the eligible recipient, the 
                intended use of the grant funds, and the commitment of 
                the resources of the eligible recipient to the 
                activities assisted under this section, including 
                financial support, faculty participation, time 
                commitments, and continuation of the activities 
                assisted under the grant when the grant period ends;
                    (D) an evaluation plan, including measurable 
                objectives and benchmarks for--
                            (i) improving student retention;
                            (ii) increasing the percentage of highly 
                        qualified mathematics and science teachers; and
                            (iii) improving kindergarten through grade 
                        12 student academic performance in mathematics 
                        and science;
                    (E) a description of the activities the eligible 
                recipient will conduct to ensure graduates of the 
                program keep informed of the latest developments in the 
                respective fields;
                    (F) a description of how the eligible recipient 
                will work with local educational agencies in the area 
                in which the eligible recipient is located and, to the 
                extent practicable, with local educational agencies 
                where graduates of the program authorized under this 
                section are employed, to ensure that the activities 
                required under subsection (f)(3) are carried out; and
                    (G) a description of efforts to encourage 
                applications to the program from underrepresented 
                groups, including women and minority groups.
    (f) Authorized Activities.--An eligible recipient shall use the 
funds received under this section--
            (1) to develop and administer teacher education and 
        certification programs with in-depth content education and 
        subject-specific education in pedagogy, leading to 
        baccalaureate degrees in mathematics, science, or engineering 
        with concurrent teacher certification;
            (2) to offer high-quality research experiences and training 
        in the use of educational technology; and
            (3) to work with local educational agencies in the area in 
        which the eligible recipient is located and, to the extent 
        practicable, with local educational agencies where graduates of 
        the program authorized under this section are employed, to 
        support the new teachers during the initial years of teaching, 
        which may include--
                    (A) promoting effective teaching skills;
                    (B) development of skills in educational 
                interventions based on scientifically-based research;
                    (C) providing opportunities for high-quality 
                teacher mentoring;
                    (D) providing opportunities for regular 
                professional development;
                    (E) interdisciplinary collaboration among exemplary 
                teachers, faculty, researchers, and other staff who 
                prepare new teachers; and
                    (F) allowing time for joint lesson planning and 
                other constructive collaborative activities.
    (g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section--
            (1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
            (2) $90,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
            (3) $190,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
            (4) $290,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
            (5) $390,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;
            (6) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and
            (7) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

SEC. 122. MASTER'S DEGREES IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION FOR 
              TEACHERS.

    (a) Purposes.--The purpose of this section is provide competitive 
institutional grants for eligible recipients to develop part-time, 3-
year master's degree programs in mathematics and science education for 
teachers in order to enhance the content knowledge and pedagogical 
skills of teachers.
    (b) Definition of Eligible Recipient.--In this section, the term 
``eligible recipient'' means a mathematics, science, or engineering 
department of an institution of higher education.
    (c) Grants Authorized.--
            (1) Grants to eligible recipients.--From the amounts 
        authorized under subsection (i), the Secretary is authorized to 
        award grants of not more than $1,000,000, on a competitive 
        basis, to eligible recipients to enable the eligible recipients 
        to carry out the authorized activities described in subsection 
        (f).
            (2) Qualification.--In order to qualify for a grant under 
        this section, an eligible recipient shall collaborate with a 
        teacher preparation program of an institution of higher 
        education.
    (d) Application.--To be eligible to receive a grant under this 
section, an eligible recipient shall submit an application to the 
Secretary that--
            (1) meets the requirements of this section;
            (2) includes a description of how the eligible recipient 
        intends to use the grant funds provided under this section;
            (3) contains such information and assurances as the 
        Secretary may require;
            (4) describes how the eligible recipient will prepare 
        teachers to become more effective mathematics or science 
        teachers;
            (5) describes how the eligible recipient will coordinate 
        with a teacher preparation program, and how the activities of 
        the eligible recipient will be consistent with State, local, 
        and other education reform activities that promote student 
        achievement;
            (6) describes the resources available to the eligible 
        recipient, the intended use of the grant funds, and the 
        commitment of resources of the eligible recipient to the 
        activities assisted under this section, including financial 
        support, faculty participation, time commitments, and 
        continuation of the activities when the grant period ends;
            (7) provides an evaluation plan pursuant to subsection (g);
            (8) describes how the eligible recipient will align the 
        proposed master's degree program with challenging student 
        academic achievement standards, and challenging academic 
        content standards, established by the State in which the 
        eligible recipient is located;
            (9) describes the activities the eligible recipient will 
        undertake to ensure that local educational agencies in the 
        geographic areas served by the eligible recipient are provided 
        information about the activities carried out with grant funds 
        under this section; and
            (10) describes how the eligible recipient will encourage 
        applications to the program from underrepresented groups, 
        including women and minority groups.
    (e) Priority.--The Secretary may give priority consideration to 
applications that demonstrate that the eligible recipient shall--
            (1) consult with local educational agencies in developing 
        and administering master's degree programs;
            (2) use online technology to allow for flexibility in the 
        pace at which candidates complete the master's degree programs; 
        and
            (3) develop innovative efforts aimed at reducing the 
        shortage of master's degree level mathematics or science 
        teachers in low-income urban or rural areas.
    (f) Authorized Activities.--An eligible recipient shall use the 
grant funds received under this section to develop part-time, 3-year 
master's degree programs in mathematics and science education for 
teachers, conducted over 3 full-time summer sessions, and alternate 
weekends during the academic year, as appropriate, which shall 
include--
            (1) developing courses that--
                    (A) are based on rigorous mathematics and science 
                content and aligned with challenging State academic 
                content standards;
                    (B) promote effective teaching skills; and
                    (C) promote understanding of effective 
                instructional strategies for students with special 
                needs, including students with disabilities, students 
                who are limited English proficient, and students who 
                are gifted and talented;
            (2) hiring and training professional staff to administer 
        the program;
            (3) purchasing equipment for computer and teaching aids;
            (4) providing educational instruction for not fewer than 20 
        teachers per year;
            (5) providing stipends to help support the participants in 
        the form of tuition reimbursement and travel expenses; and
            (6) creating opportunities for clinical experience and 
        training for teachers through participation with professionals 
        in business, research, and work environments relating to 
        mathematics, science, or engineering, including opportunities 
        for using laboratory equipment.
    (g) Annual Evaluation.--Each eligible recipient shall establish and 
include in the application submitted pursuant to section (d) an 
evaluation plan that includes strong performance objectives. The plan 
shall include objectives and measures for increasing--
            (1) the percentage of master's degree level mathematics or 
        science teachers hired by the State in which the eligible 
        recipient is located;
            (2) teacher retention;
            (3) the percentage of master's degree level mathematics or 
        science teachers serving in high-need schools;
            (4) the percentage of master's degree level mathematics or 
        science teachers among underrepresented groups; and
            (5) the competencies of program graduates in their 
        respective fields of mathematics or science.
    (h) Graduate Fellowships.--An individual who has received a 
master's degree in mathematics or science education under a program 
developed pursuant to this section and who meets the requirements of 
section 141(b)(2) shall be eligible for a fellowship authorized under 
such section 141(b)(2).
    (i) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section--
            (1) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
            (2) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
            (3) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
            (4) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
            (5) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;
            (6) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and
            (7) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

  CHAPTER 2--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SCHOLARSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS

Subchapter A--National Science Foundation Scholarships for Mathematics 
                          and Science Teachers

SEC. 131. PURPOSE.

    The purpose of this subchapter is to annually recruit and train 
10,000 new mathematics and science teachers by providing scholarships 
for undergraduate courses of study leading to baccalaureate degrees in 
mathematics, science, or engineering, with concurrent teacher 
certification.

SEC. 132. RECRUITING AND TRAINING NEW MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHERS.

    (a) Grants Authorized.--From the amounts authorized under 
subsection (g), the Director of the National Science Foundation 
(referred to in this section as the ``Director'') shall award merit-
based undergraduate scholarships to eligible students to assist the 
eligible students in paying their college education expenses, which 
shall include tuition, fees, books, supplies, and equipment required 
for courses of instruction.
    (b) Definition of Eligible Student.--In this section, the term 
``eligible student'' means a student who--
            (1) attends an institution of higher education;
            (2) is majoring in mathematics, science, or engineering;
            (3) is pursuing concurrent certification in teaching; and
            (4) demonstrates continued academic achievement and 
        progress, as determined by the Director, toward completion of a 
        baccalaureate degree in mathematics, science, or engineering 
        with concurrent certification in teaching.
    (c) Awards.--The Director shall award a scholarship under this 
section to an eligible student in an amount that is not greater than 
$20,000 per academic year for not more than 4 years of undergraduate 
study. The amount awarded for each academic year shall not exceed the 
student's cost of attendance for the academic year.
    (d) Service Requirements.--
            (1) Service requirement.--An individual who is awarded a 
        scholarship under this section shall enter into an agreement 
        with the Director under which the individual agrees to be 
        employed for not less than 5 academic years as a full-time 
        mathematics, science, or elementary school teacher in a public 
        elementary school or secondary school, or 4 academic years as a 
        full-time mathematics, science, or elementary school teacher in 
        a public elementary school or secondary school--
                    (A)(i) in which not less than 40 percent of the 
                children enrolled in the school are from low-income 
                families; or
                    (ii) designated with a school locale code of 7 or 
                8, or otherwise designated as a rural school, as 
                determined by the Secretary; and
                    (B)(i) in which there is a higher percentage of 
                teachers not teaching in the academic subject areas or 
                grade levels in which the teachers were trained to 
                teach; or
                    (ii) in which there is a high teacher turnover rate 
                or a high percentage of teachers with emergency, 
                provisional, or temporary certification or licenses.
            (2) Coordination with the secretary of education.--The 
        Director shall coordinate with the Secretary to determine 
        whether an individual who receives a scholarship award under 
        this section is employed as a full-time mathematics, science, 
        or elementary school teacher in accordance with paragraphs (1), 
        (3), and (4).
            (3) Failure to comply.--If an individual who receives a 
        scholarship award under this section fails to comply with the 
        agreement entered into pursuant to paragraph (1), the Director 
        shall take 1 or more of the following actions:
                    (A) Require the individual to repay all or the 
                applicable portion of the total scholarship amount 
                awarded to the individual under this section.
                    (B) Impose a fine or penalty in an amount to be 
                determined by the Director.
            (4) Regulations.--The Director shall promulgate regulations 
        setting forth the terms of repayment and the criteria to be 
        considered in granting a waiver for the service requirements. 
        Such criteria shall include whether compliance with the service 
        requirements is inequitable and represents undue hardship.
    (e) Coordination With the Secretary of Defense.--The Director shall 
coordinate with the Secretary of Defense to ensure members of the Armed 
Forces are aware of the educational opportunity under this section, 
particularly members of the Armed Forces who have training in 
engineering.
    (f) Fellowships.--An individual shall be eligible for a fellowship 
under section 141(b)(1) if the individual--
            (1) has received a baccalaureate degree in mathematics, 
        science, or engineering, and concurrent certification in 
        teaching;
            (2) has received a scholarship award under this section; 
        and
            (3) meets the requirements of section 141(b)(1).
    (g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section--
            (1) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
            (2) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
            (3) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
            (4) $170,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
            (5) $170,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;
            (6) $170,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and
            (7) $170,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

 Subchapter B--National Science Foundation Fellowships for Mathematics 
                          and Science Teachers

SEC. 141. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION FELLOWSHIPS FOR MATHEMATICS AND 
              SCIENCE TEACHERS.

    (a) Fellowship Authorized.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') is 
authorized to award fellowships to individuals, as described in 
subsection (b), a portion of which shall be used for continuing 
education and professional development activities.
    (b) Fellowship Awards.--The Director shall award the following 
fellowships:
            (1) The Director shall award $10,000 annually for 4 
        academic years to an individual who meets the following 
        criteria:
                    (A) The individual has received a baccalaureate 
                degree in mathematics, science, or engineering, and 
                concurrent certification in teaching.
                    (B) The individual received a scholarship award 
                under section 132.
                    (C) The individual is employed as a full-time 
                mathematics, science, or elementary school teacher in a 
                public elementary school or secondary school--
                            (i)(I) in which not less than 40 percent of 
                        the children enrolled in the school are from 
                        low-income families; or
                            (II) designated with a school locale code 
                        of 7 or 8, or otherwise designated as a rural 
                        school, as determined by the Secretary; and
                            (ii)(I) in which there is a high percentage 
                        of teachers not teaching in the academic 
                        subject areas or grade levels in which the 
                        teachers were trained to teach; or
                            (II) in which there is a high teacher 
                        turnover rate or a high percentage of teachers 
                        with emergency, provisional, or temporary 
                        certification or licenses.
            (2) The Director shall award $10,000 annually for 5 
        academic years to an individual who has received a master's 
        degree in mathematics or science education under a program 
        developed pursuant to section 122 and who undertakes increased 
        responsibilities, such as teacher mentoring and other 
        leadership activities.
    (c) Application.--An individual desiring a fellowship under this 
section shall submit an application to the Director at such time, in 
such manner, and accompanied by such information as the Director may 
require. Each application shall include assurances that the individual 
meets the requirements of the fellowship for which the individual is 
applying.
    (d) Coordination.--The Director shall coordinate with the Secretary 
to determine whether an individual who receives a fellowship under this 
section meets the requirements of this section.
    (e) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated--
            (1) to carry out subsection (b)(1)--
                    (A) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
                    (B) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
                    (C) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
                    (D) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;
                    (E) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and
                    (F) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2013; and
            (2) to carry out subsection (b)(2)--
                    (A) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
                    (B) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;
                    (C) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and
                    (D) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

 CHAPTER 3--ADVANCED PLACEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE PROGRAMS

SEC. 151. ADVANCED PLACEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE PROGRAMS.

    (a) Purpose.--The purposes of this section are--
            (1) to educate an additional 70,000 Advanced Placement (AP) 
        or International Baccalaureate (IB) and 80,000 pre-AP or pre-IB 
        teachers of mathematics and science over the 5 year period 
        beginning with 2007; and
            (2) to triple to 1,500,000 the number of students who take 
        AP and IB mathematics and science examinations.
    (b) Grants Authorized.--
            (1) In general.--From the amounts authorized under 
        subsection (i), the Secretary shall award grants, on a 
        competitive basis, to eligible recipients to enable the 
        eligible recipients to carry out the activities authorized in 
        subsection (f).
            (2) Limitation.--An eligible recipient may not receive more 
        than 1 grant at a time under this section to undertake 
        authorized activities within the same State.
    (c) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Eligible recipient.--The term ``eligible recipient'' 
        means a nonprofit educational entity with expertise in Advanced 
        Placement or International Baccalaureate services.
            (2) Master teacher.--The term ``master teacher'' means a 
        teacher--
                    (A) with an advanced degree or an advanced 
                certification;
                    (B) who uses the most effective teaching methods in 
                the teacher's disciplines; and
                    (C) who has shown demonstrable results of higher 
                student achievement in mathematics or science.
    (d) Application.--
            (1) In general.--Each eligible recipient desiring a grant 
        under this section shall submit an application to the Secretary 
        at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such 
        information as the Secretary may require.
            (2) Contents.--Each application submitted pursuant to 
        paragraph (1) shall--
                    (A) describe the need for increased access to 
                Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate 
                programs in mathematics and science;
                    (B) provide for the involvement of business and 
                community organizations in the activities to be 
                assisted;
                    (C) describe the availability of matching funds 
                from non-Federal sources to assist in the activities 
                authorized; and
                    (D) demonstrate an intent to carry out activities 
                that target local educational agencies--
                            (i) that serve not fewer than 10,000 
                        children from low-income families;
                            (ii) for which not less than 20 percent of 
                        the children served by the local educational 
                        agency are children from low-income families; 
                        or
                            (iii) with a total of less than 600 
                        students in average daily attendance at the 
                        schools that are served by the local 
                        educational agency and all of those schools are 
                        designated with a school locale code of 7 or 8, 
                        or otherwise designated as a rural school, as 
                        determined by the Secretary.
    (e) Priority Consideration.--The Secretary shall give priority to 
eligible recipients that submit an application under subsection (d) 
that demonstrates a pervasive need to expand or develop Advanced 
Placement or International Baccalaureate programs in mathematics and 
science.
    (f) Authorized Activities.--An eligible recipient shall use the 
grant funds provided under this section for the following activities:
            (1) To identify and work with local educational agencies to 
        expand or develop Advanced Placement or International 
        Baccalaureate and pre-Advanced Placement or pre-International 
        Baccalaureate programs in mathematics and science in schools 
        served by the local educational agencies.
            (2) To work with the local educational agencies to 
        establish Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate 
        coordinators in each secondary school served by the local 
        educational agencies.
            (3) To ensure master teachers provide training to prepare 
        teachers to teach Advanced Placement or International 
        Baccalaureate courses in mathematics and science, which shall 
        include at a minimum--
                    (A) week-long summer institutes; and
                    (B) 2-day seminars in the teachers' disciplines 
                each year for 4 years.
            (4) To ensure master teachers provide training to prepare 
        teachers to teach pre-Advanced Placement or pre-International 
        Baccalaureate courses in mathematics and science, which shall 
        include at a minimum--
                    (A) a 4-day summer institute; and
                    (B) 4 days on campus each year for 4 years.
            (5) To provide stipends to teachers who satisfactorily 
        complete the Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate 
        or pre-Advanced Placement or pre-International Baccalaureate 
        training.
            (6) To provide a bonus to a teacher who has satisfactorily 
        completed the Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate 
        or pre-Advanced Placement or pre-International Baccalaureate 
        training for each student of the teacher who passes an Advanced 
        Placement or International Baccalaureate examination in 
        mathematics and science.
            (7) To provide test preparation sessions for students 
        taking Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate 
        examinations in mathematics and science.
            (8) To reimburse students half of the cost of the Advanced 
        Placement or International Baccalaureate mathematics and 
        science examination fees.
            (9) To provide scholarships to students who pass the 
        Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate mathematics 
        and science examinations.
    (g) Evaluation and Accountability Plan.--
            (1) In general.--Each eligible recipient receiving a grant 
        under this section shall develop an evaluation and 
        accountability plan for activities assisted under this section 
        that includes rigorous objectives that measure the impact of 
        activities assisted under this section.
            (2) Contents.--The plan developed pursuant to paragraph (1) 
        shall include--
                    (A) the number of students served by the eligible 
                recipient who are taking pre-Advanced Placement or pre-
                International Baccalaureate courses in mathematics and 
                science;
                    (B) the number of students served by the eligible 
                recipient who are taking Advanced Placement or 
                International Baccalaureate courses in mathematics and 
                science;
                    (C) the number of students served by the eligible 
                recipient who take Advanced Placement or International 
                Baccalaureate mathematics and science examinations;
                    (D) the number of students served by the eligible 
                recipients who pass Advanced Placement or International 
                Baccalaureate mathematics and science examinations; and
                    (E) the number of teachers trained in Advanced 
                Placement or International Baccalaureate and pre-
                Advanced Placement or pre-International Baccalaureate 
                mathematics and science programs.
    (h) Matching Requirements for Grants.--Each eligible recipient 
receiving a grant under this section shall provide, from non-Federal 
sources (in cash or in kind), an amount equal to 100 percent of the 
amount of the grant for each year of the grant, of which not less than 
25 percent shall come from State sources.
    (i) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section--
            (1) $241,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
            (2) $341,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
            (3) $453,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
            (4) $596,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and
            (5) $731,000,000 for fiscal year 2011.

 CHAPTER 4--NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHING 
                               MATERIALS

SEC. 161. NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHING 
              MATERIALS.

    (a) Purpose.--The purpose of the this section is to strengthen the 
skills of mathematics and science teachers by establishing a national 
clearinghouse of proven effective kindergarten through grade 12 
mathematics and science teaching materials.
    (b) Effective Mathematics and Science Teaching Materials.--The 
Secretary is authorized to convene, not later than 1 year after the 
date of enactment of this Act, a national panel to collect proven 
effective kindergarten through grade 12 mathematics and science 
teaching materials, or to support the development of new materials 
where no effective models exist.
    (c) Composition of National Panel.--
            (1) Consultation.--The Secretary shall appoint members to 
        the panel after consultation with the National Academy of 
        Sciences of the National Academies.
            (2) Selection.--The Secretary shall ensure that the panel 
        broadly represents scientists, practitioners, educators, 
        representatives from entities with expertise in education, 
        mathematics, and science, and parents. The Secretary shall 
        ensure that the panel includes the following:
                    (A) A majority representation of educators and 
                parents directly involved in the kindergarten through 
                grade 12 education process.
                    (B) Proportionate representation of educators and 
                parents from all demographic areas, including urban, 
                suburban and rural schools.
                    (C) Proportionate representation of educators and 
                parents from public and private schools.
            (3) Qualifications of members.--The members of the panel 
        shall be individuals who have substantial knowledge or 
        experience relating to--
                    (A) education, mathematics, or science policy or 
                programs; or
                    (B) education, mathematics, or science curricula 
                content development.
    (d) Authorized Activities of National Panel.--The panel shall--
            (1) identify proven effective kindergarten through grade 12 
        mathematics and science teaching materials;
            (2) identify the need for new mathematics and science 
        teaching materials, and support the development of such new 
        materials through contracts and cooperative agreements; and
            (3) establish a national clearinghouse of information on 
        effective kindergarten through grade 12 mathematics and science 
        teaching materials.
    (e) Dissemination.--The Secretary shall disseminate information 
related to the clearinghouse to State educational agencies, and 
otherwise make available and accessible to local educational agencies 
and schools the teaching materials collected by the panel in the form 
of a searchable online database or Internet web site.
    (f) Mathematics and Science Teaching Materials.--
            (1) Reliability and measurement.--The kindergarten through 
        grade 12 mathematics and science teaching materials collected 
        under this section shall be--
                    (A) reliable, valid, and grounded in scientific 
                theory and research in existence as of the date of the 
                collection of materials;
                    (B) reviewed regularly to assess effectiveness; and
                    (C) developed in careful consideration of State 
                academic assessments and student academic achievement 
                standards.
            (2) Students with diverse learning needs.--The teaching 
        materials shall include relevant materials for students with 
        diverse learning needs, particularly for students with 
        disabilities and students with limited English proficiency.
    (g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 
and $20,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011.

           CHAPTER 5--FUTURE AMERICAN-SCIENTIST SCHOLARSHIPS

SEC. 171. FUTURE AMERICAN-SCIENTIST SCHOLARSHIPS.

    (a) Purpose.--The purpose of this section is to increase the number 
and percentage of citizens of the United States who earn baccalaureate 
degrees in mathematics or science (including engineering) by providing 
25,000 new competitive merit-based undergraduate scholarships to 
students who are citizens of the United States, for the purpose of 
enabling each such student to obtain a baccalaureate degree in 
mathematics or science at a 4-year institution of higher education.
    (b) Scholarships.--
            (1) In general.--From the amounts authorized under 
        subsection (e), the Secretary shall award the scholarships to 
        eligible students that shall be used by the eligible students 
        to pay for qualifying expenses at the 4-year institution of 
        higher education of the eligible students' choosing.
            (2) Future american-scientist scholarships.--A scholarship 
        awarded under this section shall be called a ``Future American-
        Scientist Scholarship''.
    (c) Amount; Duration.--
            (1) Amount.--A scholarship award under this section shall 
        be in an amount of not more than $20,000 per year.
            (2) Duration of scholarship.--A scholarship awarded to an 
        eligible student under this section shall be for the number of 
        years necessary for the eligible student to earn a 
        baccalaureate degree in mathematics or science, except that no 
        scholarship under this section shall be awarded for a period of 
        more than 4 years.
    (d) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Eligible student.--The term ``eligible student'' means 
        a student who--
                    (A) is a citizen of the United States;
                    (B) is attending a 4-year institution of higher 
                education;
                    (C) is enrolled, or will be enrolled at the start 
                of the next academic year, in a course of study at an 
                institution of higher education that leads to a 
                baccalaureate degree in mathematics or science;
                    (D) demonstrates aptitude, as determined by the 
                Secretary, in mathematics or science; or
                    (E) for each year of a scholarship under this 
                section, demonstrates continued academic achievement 
                and progress, as determined by the Secretary, toward 
                completion of a baccalaureate degree in mathematics or 
                science.
            (2) Institution of higher education.--The term 
        ``institution of higher education'' has the meaning given the 
        term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
        U.S.C. 1001(a)).
            (3) Qualified expenses.--The term ``qualified expenses'' 
        means the tuition, books, fees, supplies, and equipment 
        required for a course of instruction leading to a baccalaureate 
        degree in mathematics or science at a 4-year institution of 
        higher education of the eligible student's choosing.
            (4) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
        of Energy.
    (e) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to carry out this section--
            (1) $375,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
            (2) $750,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
            (3) $1,125,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and
            (4) $1,500,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2010 
        through 2013.

                CHAPTER 6--GRADUATE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS

SEC. 181. GRADUATE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN SCIENTIFIC AREAS OF NATIONAL 
              NEED.

    (a) Fellowships Authorized.--From the amounts appropriated under 
subsection (e), the Secretary shall establish a fellowship program to 
provide tuition and financial support for eligible students pursuing 
master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics or science (including 
engineering) or other areas of national need.
    (b) Areas of National Need.--The Secretary may establish, on an 
annual basis, areas of national need important to the mission of the 
Department of Energy, and may use the areas of national need in 
determining the specific fields of study to be supported by fellowship 
awards under this section. In establishing the areas of national need, 
the Secretary shall consider the results of the survey conducted under 
section 1101 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16411).
    (c) Use and Amount of Awards.--A fellowship award under this 
section shall be--
            (1) in an amount that is commensurate with the amount of 
        similar graduate research fellowships awarded by the National 
        Science Foundation; and
            (2) used by the eligible student to cover educational 
        expenses and to provide additional financial support.
    (d) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Eligible student.--The term ``eligible student'' means 
        a student who is enrolled in a master's or doctoral degree 
        program in mathematics or science (including engineering) or 
        other areas of national need at an institution of higher 
        education (as defined in section 171).
            (2) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
        of Energy.
    (e) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated under this section--
            (1) $225,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
            (2) $450,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and
            (3) $675,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 
        2013.

  Subtitle B--National Science Foundation Early-Career Research Grants

SEC. 191. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION EARLY-CAREER RESEARCH GRANTS.

    (a) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this section to authorize 
research grants in the National Science Foundation, for early-career 
scientists and engineers for purposes of pursuing independent research.
    (b) Definition of Eligible Early-Career Researcher.--In this 
section, the term ``eligible early-career researcher'' means an 
individual who--
            (1) completed a doctorate or other terminal degree not more 
        than 10 years before the date of enactment of this Act and has 
        demonstrated promise in the field of science, technology, 
        engineering, or mathematics; or
            (2) has an equivalent professional qualification in the 
        field of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics.
    (c) Grant Program Authorized.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall award not less than 65 grants per year to 
        outstanding eligible early-career researchers to support the 
        work of such researchers in universities, private industry, or 
        federally-funded research and development centers.
            (2) Application.--An eligible early-career researcher who 
        desires to receive a grant under this section shall submit to 
        the Director of the National Science Foundation an application 
        at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such 
        information as the Director may require.
            (3) Special consideration.--In awarding grants under this 
        section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall 
        give special consideration to eligible early-career researchers 
        who have followed alternative career paths such as working 
        part-time or in non-academic settings, or who have taken a 
        significant career break or other leave of absence.
            (4) Duration and amount.--A grant under this section shall 
        be 5 years in duration. An eligible early career-researcher who 
        receives a grant under this section shall receive $100,000 for 
        each year of the grant period.
            (5) Use of funds.--An eligible early career-researcher who 
        receives a grant under this section shall use the grant funds 
        for basic research in natural sciences, engineering, 
        mathematics, or computer sciences at a university, private 
        industry, or federally-funded research and development center.
            (6) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized 
        to be appropriated to carry out this section--
                    (A) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2007;
                    (B) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
                    (C) $19,500,000 for fiscal year 2009;
                    (D) $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and
                    (E) $32,500,000 for fiscal year 2011.

  TITLE II--SOWING THE SEEDS THROUGH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH

      Subtitle A--Office of Science and Technology Policy Matters

SEC. 211. COORDINATION OF SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENGINEERING 
              EDUCATION PROGRAMS.

    (a) National Goals.--
            (1) Body for establishment of goals.--The Director of the 
        Office of Science and Technology Policy shall establish within 
        the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology 
        a standing subcommittee on education in mathematics, science, 
        and engineering in the Federal Government.
            (2) Responsibility.--The subcommittee established under 
        this subsection shall--
                    (A) develop national goals for the support by the 
                Federal Government of education in mathematics, 
                science, and engineering; and
                    (B) periodically review and update any goals so 
                developed.
            (3) Public comment.--The Director shall enter into an 
        agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or other 
        appropriate scientific organization to seek public comment on 
        the national goals developed under this subsection.
    (b) Deputy Assistant Director for Science, Mathematics, and 
Engineering Education Programs.--
            (1) In general.--There shall be in the Office of Science 
        and Technology Policy a Deputy Assistant Director of the Office 
        of Science and Technology Policy for Science, Mathematics, and 
        Engineering Education Programs who shall be appointed by the 
        Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, acting 
        through the Associate Director for Science of the Office of 
        Science and Technology Policy, from among individuals having 
        the qualifications specified in paragraph (2).
            (2) Qualifications for appointment.--The qualifications of 
        an individual for appointment as Deputy Assistant Director 
        shall include such professional experience and expertise, and 
        such other qualifications, as the Director of the Office of 
        Science and Technology Policy considers appropriate to permit 
        such individual to advise the Director on all matters relating 
        to the education programs of the Executive Branch on 
        mathematics, science, and technology.
    (c) Responsibility.--The Deputy Assistant Director of the Office of 
Science and Technology Policy for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering 
Educations Programs shall ensure effective coordination among the 
departments, agencies, and elements of the Federal Government in the 
discharge of the education programs of the Executive Branch on 
mathematics, science, and technology.
    (d) Plan for Coordination of Programs.--
            (1) In general.--In carrying out the responsibility 
        described in subsection (c), the Deputy Assistant Director of 
        the Office of Science and Technology Policy for Science, 
        Mathematics, and Engineering Educations Programs shall develop 
        each year a plan for the coordination of the education programs 
        of the Executive Branch on mathematics, science, and technology 
        during the five fiscal years beginning in the year of such 
        plan.
            (2) Elements.--Each plan developed under this subsection 
        shall include--
                    (A) mechanisms for the coordination of the 
                education programs of the Executive Branch on 
                mathematics, science, and technology during the five 
                fiscal years beginning in the year of such plan; and
                    (B) recommendations on funding, by agency, of such 
                education programs during each such fiscal year.
            (3) Consistency with national goals.--Each plan developed 
        under this subsection shall be consistent with the most current 
        national goals for the support by the Federal Government of 
        education in mathematics, science, and engineering developed 
        under subsection (a).
            (4) Availability to public.--The Director of the Office of 
        Science and Technology Policy shall take appropriate actions to 
        ensure that each plan developed under this subsection is 
        available to the public.
    (e) Staffing and Other Resources.--The Director of the Office of 
Science and Technology Policy shall assign the Deputy Assistant 
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy for Science, 
Mathematics, and Engineering Educations Programs such personnel and 
other resources as the Director considers appropriate in order to 
permit the Deputy Assistant Director to carry out the duties of the 
Deputy Assistant Director under this section.
    (f) Deadlines for Certain Actions.--
            (1) Establishment of subcommittee.--The Director of the 
        Office of Science and Technology Policy shall establish the 
        subcommittee required by subsection (a)(1) not later than 30 
        days after the date of the enactment of this Act.
            (2) Appointment of deputy assistant director.--The Director 
        of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, acting through 
        the Associate Director for Science of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy, shall make the first appointment to the 
        position of Deputy Assistant Director of the Office of Science 
        and Technology Policy for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering 
        Education Programs under subsection (b)(1) not later than 60 
        days after the date of the enactment of this Act.

SEC. 212. NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH 
              INSTRUMENTATION AND FACILITIES.

    (a) Establishment.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy shall establish within the Office of Science 
        and Technology Policy an office to be known as the ``National 
        Coordination Office for Advanced Research Instrumentation and 
        Facilities''.
            (2) Head of office.--The head of the National Coordination 
        Office for Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities 
        shall be the Director of the National Coordination Office for 
        Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities, who shall be 
        appointed by the Director of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy.
            (3) Staff and other resources.--The Director of the Office 
        of Science and Technology Policy shall assign to the National 
        Coordination Office for Advanced Research Instrumentation and 
        Facilities such personnel and other resources as the Director 
        of the Office of Science and Technology Policy considers 
        appropriate in order to permit the National Coordination Office 
        for Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities to carry 
        out its duties under this section.
            (4) Deadline for establishment.--The National Coordination 
        Office for Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities 
        shall be established not later than 30 days after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act.
    (b) Duties.--
            (1) In general.--The National Coordination Office for 
        Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities shall 
        coordinate the award by the departments, agencies, and other 
        elements of the Federal Government of grants for advanced 
        research instrumentation and facilities.
            (2) Advanced research instrumentation and facilities.--
                    (A) In general.--For purposes of this section, 
                advanced research instrumentation and facilities are 
                specially designed and developed instruments or tools 
                (whether of a physical or nonphysical nature) that are 
                available commercially but are overly expensive for 
                design and development under a single research grant.
                    (B) Examples.--Examples of advanced research 
                instrumentation and facilities for purposes of this 
                section include the following:
                            (i) Single, stand-alone instruments or 
                        instrument suites.
                            (ii) Networks.
                            (iii) Computational modeling applications.
                            (iv) Computer databases.
                            (v) Sensor systems.
                            (vi) Facilities that house ensembles of 
                        interrelated instruments.
                            (vii) Instruments assembled from 
                        components.
            (3) Discharge of duties.--The Office shall coordinate the 
        award of grants for advanced research instrumentation and 
        facilities under this section in accordance with the strategic 
        implementation plan developed under subsection (c).
    (c) Strategic Implementation Plan.--
            (1) Plan required.--Not later than one year after the date 
        of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of 
        Science and Technology Policy shall, in consultation with the 
        Director of the Office of Management and Budget, develop a plan 
        for the award by the departments, agencies, and other elements 
        of the Federal Government of grants for advanced research 
        instrumentation and facilities during the five-year period 
        beginning on the date of the issuance of the plan.
            (2) Elements.--The plan required by paragraph (1) shall 
        include the following:
                    (A) Criteria applicable to the award of grants for 
                advanced research instrumentation and facilities, 
                including criteria applicable to--
                            (i) scientific and technical merit;
                            (ii) the identification of the strategic 
                        requirements of the departments, agencies, and 
                        other elements of the Federal Government; and
                            (iii) national science and technology 
                        needs.
                    (B) An assessment of the current and anticipated 
                needs of the departments, agencies, and other elements 
                of the Federal Government for advanced research 
                instrumentation and facilities.
                    (C) A report to Congress on the proposed allocation 
                of funds, including amounts authorized to be 
                appropriated by subsection (f), by the departments, 
                agencies, and other elements of the Federal Government 
                for grants for advanced research instrumentation and 
                facilities.
            (3) Public comment.--In developing the plan required by 
        paragraph (1), the Director of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy shall enter into an agreement with the 
        National Academy of Sciences, or other similar entity, to 
        secure public comments on the plan.
    (d) Recommendations on Agency Funding.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy shall, in consultation with the Director of 
        the National Coordination Office for Advanced Research 
        Instrumentation and Facilities, make recommendations each year 
        to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget on the 
        amount of funds to be requested for the departments, agencies, 
        and other elements of the Federal Government for the fiscal 
        year beginning in such year for the award of grants for 
        advanced research instrumentation and facilities.
            (2) Purpose.--The purpose of the recommendations under 
        paragraph (1) shall be to advise the Director of the Office of 
        Management and Budget on the amounts to be requested in the 
        budget of the President (as submitted to Congress under section 
        1105 of title 31, United States Code) for each fiscal year for 
        the award of grants for advanced research instrumentation and 
        facilities.
    (e) Use of Grant Amounts.--Amounts under grants awarded by 
departments, agencies, and other elements of the Federal Government for 
advanced research instrumentation and facilities may be used for 
purposes as follows:
            (1) The purchase and installation of instruments.
            (2) The commissioning of equipment.
            (3) The calibration of instruments.
            (4) The acquisition of parts and materials for construction 
        of instruments.
            (5) Personnel costs of personnel engaged in the development 
        of instruments.
            (6) The operation and maintenance of instruments.
            (7) Such other purposes as the Director of the National 
        Coordination Office for Advanced Research Instrumentation and 
        Facilities considers appropriate.
    (f) Authorization of Appropriations.--
            (1) In general.--In addition to amounts appropriated under 
        Federal law other than this Act, there is authorized to be 
        appropriated for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012, to 
        carry out this section (including the plan specified in 
        subsection (c))--
                    (A) $1,000,000 to the Office of Science and 
                Technology Policy;
                    (B) $150,000,000 to the National Science 
                Foundation;
                    (C) $87,000,000 to the Department of Defense;
                    (D) $152,000,000 to the Office of Science of the 
                Department of Energy; and
                    (E) $117,000,000 to the National Aeronautics and 
                Space Administration.
            (2) Availability.--The amount authorized to be appropriated 
        by this subsection shall remain available until expended.

SEC. 213. HIGH-RISK, HIGH-PAYOFF RESEARCH.

    (a) In General.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Science and 
Technology Policy shall, in consultation with the Director of the 
Office of Management and Budget, establish guidelines to ensure that 
each Federal research agency allocates not less than 8 percent of the 
funds available to such agency each fiscal year for basic research for 
high-risk, high-payoff research.
    (b) High-Risk, High-Payoff Research.--For purposes of this section, 
high-risk, high-payoff research is research that--
            (1) has the potential for yielding results with far-ranging 
        or wide-ranging implications; but
            (2) is too novel or spans too diverse a range of 
        disciplines to fare well in the traditional peer review 
        process.
    (c) Guideline Elements.--The guidelines required by subsection (a) 
shall include provisions on the following:
            (1) Expedited procedures for the approval of the use of 
        funds for high-risk, high-payoff research.
            (2) Annual reports by Federal research agencies on 
        activities relating to high-risk, high-payoff research.
            (3) Criteria to establish the duration of funding for high-
        risk, high-payoff research projects.
            (4) Objectives for high-risk, high-payoff research 
        projects.
            (5) Such other criteria, objectives, or other matters as 
        the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy 
        considers appropriate.
    (d) Public Comment.--The Director of the Office of Science and 
Technology Policy shall enter into an agreement with the National 
Academy of Sciences, or similar entity, to solicit public comment, 
through a broad media solicitation, on the guidelines required by 
subsection (a) before the final issuance of such guidelines.
    (e) Review.--The President's Committee of Advisors on Science and 
Technology shall, not less often than once every two years, conduct a 
review to determine whether or not Federal research agencies are 
allocating basic research funds in accordance with the guidelines 
required by subsection (a).
    (f) Annual Reports to Congress.--
            (1) Reports required.--The Director of the Office of 
        Management and Budget shall, in consultation with the Director 
        of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, submit to 
        Congress each year a report on the use by Federal research 
        agencies of basic research funds for high-risk, high-payoff 
        research during the preceding fiscal year.
            (2) Time for submittal.--The Director of the Office of 
        Management and Budget shall submit the report required by 
        paragraph (1) for a year together with the budget of the 
        President for the fiscal year beginning in such year (as 
        submitted to Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United 
        States Code).
    (g) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Federal research agency.--The term ``Federal research 
        agency'' means a major organizational component of a department 
        or agency of the Federal Government, or other establishment of 
        the Federal Government operating with appropriated funds, that 
        has as its primary purpose the performance of scientific 
        research.
            (2) Major organizational component.--The term ``major 
        organizational component'', with respect to a department, 
        agency, or other establishment of the Federal Government, means 
        a component of the department, agency, or other establishment 
        that is administered by an individual whose rate of basic pay 
        is not less than the rate of basic pay payable under level V of 
        the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of title 5, United 
        States Code.

SEC. 214. PRESIDENT'S INNOVATION AWARD.

    (a) Authority To Award.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy shall, subject to the approval of the 
        President, award each year to one or more individuals an award 
        that recognizes recent innovations in science and engineering 
        in the United States.
            (2) Designation.--The award made under this section shall 
        be known as the ``President's Innovation Award''.
            (3) Presentation.--The presentation of awards made under 
        this section shall be made by the President.
    (b) Selection of Recipients.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the Office of Science and 
        Technology Policy shall identify recipients of the award under 
        this section from among individuals whose achievements are 
        recognized in the most recent document entitled ``Interagency 
        Research and Development Priorities'' published by the Director 
        of the Office of Management and Budget and the Director of the 
        Office of Science and Technology Policy.
            (2) Solicitation of recommendations.--In identifying 
        potential recipients of the award under this section, the 
        Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall 
        solicit recommendations from the heads of Federal agencies and 
        the general public.
    (c) Nature of Award.--The award made under this section shall 
consist of the following:
            (1) A medal, of such design as the Director of the Office 
        of Science and Technology Policy shall determine (subject to 
        the approval of the President).
            (2) A certificate of recognition.
            (3) A cash prize, in such amount as the Director considers 
        appropriate.
    (d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is hereby authorized to 
be appropriated to the Office of Science and Technology Policy each 
fiscal year $1,000,000 for the making of awards under this section.

   Subtitle B--National Aeronautics and Space Administration Matters

SEC. 221. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION EARLY-CAREER 
              RESEARCH GRANTS.

    (a) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this section to authorize 
research grants in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 
for early-career scientists and engineers for purposes of pursuing 
independent research.
    (b) Definition of Eligible Early-Career Researcher.--In this 
section, the term ``eligible early-career researcher'' means an 
individual who--
            (1) completed a doctorate or other terminal degree not more 
        than 10 years before the date of enactment of this Act and has 
        demonstrated promise in the field of science, technology, 
        engineering, or mathematics; or
            (2) has an equivalent professional qualification in the 
        field of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics.
    (c) Grant Program Authorized.--
            (1) In general.--The Administrator of the National 
        Aeronautics and Space Administration shall award not less than 
        45 grants per year to outstanding eligible early-career 
        researchers to support the work of such researchers in 
        universities, private industry, or federally-funded research 
        and development centers.
            (2) Application.--An eligible early-career researcher who 
        desires to receive a grant under this section shall submit to 
        the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration an application at such time, in such manner, and 
        accompanied by such information as the Administrator may 
        require.
            (3) Special consideration.--In awarding grants under this 
        section, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
        Space Administration shall give special consideration to 
        eligible early-career researchers who have followed alternative 
        career paths such as working part-time or in non-academic 
        settings, or who have taken a significant career break or other 
        leave of absence.
            (4) Duration and amount.--A grant under this section shall 
        be 5 years in duration. An eligible early career-researcher who 
        receives a grant under this section shall receive $100,000 for 
        each year of the grant period.
            (5) Use of funds.--An eligible early career-researcher who 
        receives a grant under this section shall use the grant funds 
        for basic research in natural sciences, engineering, 
        mathematics, or computer sciences at a university, private 
        industry, or federally-funded research and development center.
            (6) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized 
        to be appropriated to carry out this section--
                    (A) $4,500,000 for fiscal year 2007;
                    (B) $9,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
                    (C) $13,500,000 for fiscal year 2009;
                    (D) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and
                    (E) $22,500,000 for fiscal year 2011.

SEC. 222. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS 
              AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION FOR BASIC SCIENCES.

    (a) In General.--There is hereby authorized to be appropriated for 
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for basic sciences 
for research specified in subsection (b), amounts as follows:
            (1) $2,768,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.
            (2) $3,044,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.
            (3) $3,349,000,000 for fiscal year 2009.
            (4) $3,684,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.
            (5) $4,052,000,000 for fiscal year 2011.
            (6) $4,457,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.
            (7) $4,903,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.
    (b) Covered Research.--The research specified in this subsection is 
research under programs as follows:
            (1) The Solar System Exploration Research Program.
            (2) The Mars Exploration Research Program.
            (3) The Astronomical Search for Origins Research Program.
            (4) The Structure and Evolution of the Universe Research 
        Program.
            (5) The Earth-Sun Connection Research Program.
            (6) The Earth Systems Science Research Program.
            (7) The Earth Science Applications Research Program.
            (8) The Biological Sciences Research Program.
            (9) The Physical Sciences Research Program.
            (10) The Aeronautics Program.
            (11) Such other basic research programs as the 
        Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration may determine to be appropriate, after notifying 
        the appropriate committees of Congress of the Administrator's 
        intent to make the determination.

                   Subtitle C--Communications Matters

SEC. 231. SENSE OF SENATE ON POLICIES TO ACCELERATE DEPLOYMENT OF 
              ACCESS TO BROADBAND INTERNET.

    It is the sense of the Senate that Congress and the Federal 
Communications Commission should work together to ensure the 
implementation of regulatory policies that facilitate and accelerate 
the deployment of access to broadband Internet to order to provide 
broadband Internet service to as many residences, businesses, and 
schools as possible in both urban areas and rural areas.

                       Subtitle D--Science Parks

SEC. 241. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE PARKS.

    (a) Finding.--Section 2 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology 
Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3701) is amended by adding at the end 
the following new paragraph:
            ``(12) It is in the best interests of the Nation to 
        encourage the formation of science parks to promote the 
        clustering of innovation through high technology activities.''.
    (b) Definition.--Section 4 of such Act (15 U.S.C. 3703) is amended 
by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:
            ``(14) `Science park' means a group of interrelated 
        companies and institutions, including suppliers, service 
        providers, institutions of higher education, start-up 
        incubators, and trade associations that cooperate and compete 
        and are located in a specific area whose administration 
        promotes real estate development, technology transfer, and 
        partnerships between such companies and institutions, and does 
        not mean a business or industrial park.
            ``(15) `Business or industrial park' means primarily a for-
        profit real estate venture of businesses or industries which do 
        not necessarily reinforce each other through supply chain or 
        technology transfer mechanisms.
            ``(16) `Science park infrastructure' means facilities that 
        support the daily economic activity of a science park.''.
    (c) Promotion of Development of Science Parks.--Section 5(c) of 
such Act (15 U.S.C. 3704(c)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (14), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in paragraph (15), by striking the period at the end 
        and inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(16) promote the formation of science parks.''.
    (d) Science Parks.--Such Act is further amended by adding at the 
end the following new section:

``SEC. 24. SCIENCE PARKS.

    ``(a) Development of Plans for Construction of Science Parks.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall award grants for the 
        development of feasibility studies and plans for the 
        construction of new or expansion of existing science parks.
            ``(2) Limitation on amount of grants.--The amount of a 
        grant awarded under this subsection may not exceed $750,000.
            ``(3) Award.--
                    ``(A) Competition required.--The Secretary shall 
                award any grant under this subsection pursuant to a 
                full and open competition.
                    ``(B) Advertising.--The Secretary shall advertise 
                any competition under this paragraph in the Commerce 
                Business Daily.
                    ``(C) Selection criteria.--The Secretary shall 
                publish the criteria to be utilized in any competition 
                under this paragraph for the selection of recipients of 
                grants under this subsection. Such criteria shall 
                include requirements relating to--
                            ``(i) the number of jobs to be created at 
                        the science park each year for a period of 5 
                        years;
                            ``(ii) the funding to be required to 
                        construct or expand the science park over the 
                        first 5 years;
                            ``(iii) the amount and type of cost 
                        matching by the applicant;
                            ``(iv) the types of businesses and research 
                        entities expected in the science park and 
                        surrounding community;
                            ``(v) letters of intent by businesses and 
                        research entities to locate in the science 
                        park;
                            ``(vi) the capacity of the science park for 
                        expansion over a period of 25 years;
                            ``(vii) the quality of life at the science 
                        park for employees at the science park;
                            ``(viii) the capability to attract a well 
                        trained workforce to the science park;
                            ``(ix) the management of the science park;
                            ``(x) expected risks in the construction 
                        and operation of the science park;
                            ``(xi) risk mitigation;
                            ``(xii) transportation and logistics;
                            ``(xiii) physical infrastructure, including 
                        telecommunications; and
                            ``(xiv) ability to collaborate with other 
                        science parks throughout the world.
            ``(4) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized 
        to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2012, 
        $7,500,000 to carry out this subsection.
    ``(b) Revolving Loan Program for Development of Science Park 
Infrastructure.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall make grants to six 
        regional centers for the development of existing science park 
        infrastructure through the operation of revolving loan funds by 
        such centers.
            ``(2) Selection of centers.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall select the 
                regional centers to be awarded grants under this 
                subsection utilizing such criteria as the Secretary 
                shall prescribe.
                    ``(B) Criteria.--The criteria prescribed by the 
                Secretary under this paragraph shall include criteria 
                relating to revolving loan funds and revolving loan 
                fund operators under paragraph (4), including--
                            ``(i) the qualifications of principal 
                        officers;
                            ``(ii) non-Federal cost matching 
                        requirements; and
                            ``(iii) conditions for the termination of 
                        loan funds.
            ``(3) Limitation on loan amount.--The amount of any loan 
        for the development of existing science park infrastructure 
        that is funded under this subsection may not exceed $3,000,000.
            ``(4) Revolving loan funds.--
                    ``(A) In general.--A regional center receiving a 
                grant under this subsection shall fund the development 
                of existing science park infrastructure through the 
                utilization of a revolving loan fund.
                    ``(B) Operation and integrity.--The Secretary shall 
                prescribe regulations to maintain the proper operation 
                and financial integrity of revolving loan funds under 
                this paragraph.
                    ``(C) Efficient administration.--The Secretary 
                may--
                            ``(i) at the request of a grantee, amend 
                        and consolidate grant agreements governing 
                        revolving loan funds to provide flexibility 
                        with respect to lending areas and borrower 
                        criteria;
                            ``(ii) assign or transfer assets of a 
                        revolving loan fund to a third party for the 
                        purpose of liquidation, and a third party may 
                        retain assets of the fund to defray costs 
                        related to liquidation; and
                            ``(iii) take such actions as are 
                        appropriate to enable revolving loan fund 
                        operators to sell or securitize loans (except 
                        that the actions may not include issuance of a 
                        Federal guaranty by the Secretary).
                    ``(D) Treatment of actions.--An action taken by the 
                Secretary under this paragraph with respect to a 
                revolving loan fund shall not constitute a new 
                obligation if all grant funds associated with the 
                original grant award have been disbursed to the 
                recipient.
                    ``(E) Preservation of securities laws.--
                            ``(i) Not treated as exempted securities.--
                        No securities issued pursuant to subparagraph 
                        (C)(iii) shall be treated as exempted 
                        securities for purposes of the Securities Act 
                        of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 
                        unless exempted by rule or regulation of the 
                        Securities and Exchange Commission.
                            ``(ii) Preservation.--Except as provided in 
                        clause (i), no provision of this paragraph or 
                        any regulation issued by the Secretary under 
                        this paragraph shall supersede or otherwise 
                        affect the application of the securities laws 
                        (as such term is defined in section 2(a)(47) of 
                        the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) or the 
                        rules, regulations, or orders of the Securities 
                        and Exchange Commission or a self-regulatory 
                        organization thereunder.
            ``(5) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized 
        to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2012, 
        $60,000,000 to carry out this subsection.
    ``(c) Loan Guarantees for Science Park Infrastructure.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall guarantee up to 80 
        percent of the loan amount for loans exceeding $10,000,000 for 
        projects for the construction of science park infrastructure.
            ``(2) Limitations on guarantee amounts.--The maximum amount 
        of loan principal guaranteed under this subsection may not 
        exceed--
                    ``(A) $50,000,000 with respect to any single 
                project; and
                    ``(B) $500,000,000 with respect to all projects.
            ``(3) Selection of guarantee recipients.--The Secretary 
        shall select recipients of loan guarantees under this 
        subsection based upon the ability of the recipient to 
        collateralize the loan amount through bonds, equity, property, 
        and other such criteria as the Secretary shall prescribe.
            ``(4) Terms and conditions for loan guarantees.--For 
        purposes of this section, the loans guaranteed shall be subject 
        to such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, 
        except that--
                    ``(A) the final maturity of such loans made or 
                guaranteed shall not exceed (as determined by the 
                Secretary) the lesser of--
                            ``(i) 30 years and 32 days; or
                            ``(ii) 90 percent of the useful life of any 
                        physical asset to be financed by such loan;
                    ``(B) no loan made or guaranteed may be 
                subordinated to another debt contracted by the borrower 
                or to any other claims against the borrowers in the 
                case of default;
                    ``(C) no loan may be guaranteed unless the 
                Secretary determines that the lender is responsible and 
                that adequate provision is made for servicing the loan 
                on reasonable terms and protecting the financial 
                interest of the United States;
                    ``(D) no loan may be guaranteed if the income from 
                such loan is excluded from gross income for purposes of 
                chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or if 
                the guarantee provides significant collateral or 
                security, as determined by the Secretary, for other 
                obligations the income from which is so excluded;
                    ``(E) any guarantee shall be conclusive evidence 
                that said guarantee has been properly obtained, that 
                the underlying loan qualified for such guarantee, and 
                that, but for fraud or material misrepresentation by 
                the holder, such guarantee shall be presumed to be 
                valid, legal, and enforceable;
                    ``(F) the Secretary shall prescribe explicit 
                standards for use in periodically assessing the credit 
                risk of new and existing direct loans or guaranteed 
                loans;
                    ``(G) the Secretary must find that there is a 
                reasonable assurance of repayment before extending 
                credit assistance; and
                    ``(H) new loan guarantees may not be committed 
                except to the extent that appropriations of budget 
                authority to cover their costs are made in advance, as 
                required in section 504 of the Federal Credit Reform 
                Act of 1990.
            ``(5) Payment of losses.--For purposes of this section--
                    ``(A) In general.--If, as a result of a default by 
                a borrower under a guaranteed loan, after the holder 
                thereof has made such further collection efforts and 
                instituted such enforcement proceedings as the 
                Secretary may require, the Secretary determines that 
                the holder has suffered a loss, the Secretary shall pay 
                to such holder the percentage of such loss (not more 
                than 80 percent) specified in the guarantee contract. 
                Upon making any such payment, the Secretary shall be 
                subrogated to all the rights of the recipient of the 
                payment. The Secretary shall be entitled to recover 
                from the borrower the amount of any payments made 
                pursuant to any guarantee entered into under this 
                section.
                    ``(B) Enforcement of rights.--The Attorney General 
                shall take such action as may be appropriate to enforce 
                any right accruing to the United States as a result of 
                the issuance of any guarantee under this section.
                    ``(C) Forbearance.--Nothing in this section may be 
                construed to preclude any forbearance for the benefit 
                of the borrower which may be agreed upon by the parties 
                to the guaranteed loan and approved by the Secretary, 
                if budget authority for any resulting subsidy costs (as 
                defined under the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990) is 
                available.
                    ``(D) Management of property.--Notwithstanding any 
                other provision of law relating to the acquisition, 
                handling, or disposal of property by the United States, 
                the Secretary shall have the right in the Secretary's 
                discretion to complete, recondition, reconstruct, 
                renovate, repair, maintain, operate, or sell any 
                property acquired by the Secretary pursuant to the 
                provisions of this section.
            ``(6) Review.--The Comptroller General of the United States 
        shall, within 2 years of the date of enactment of this section, 
        conduct a review of the subsidy estimates for the loan 
        guarantees under this subsection, and shall submit to Congress 
        a report on the review conducted under this paragraph.
            ``(7) Termination.--No loan may be guaranteed under this 
        subsection after September 30, 2012.
            ``(8) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized 
        to be appropriated--
                    ``(A) $35,000,000 for the cost, as defined in 
                section 502(5) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 
                1990, of guaranteeing $500,000,000 of loans under this 
                subsection; and
                    ``(B) $6,000,000 for administrative expenses for 
                fiscal year 2007 and such sums as necessary thereafter 
                for administrative expenses in subsequent years.
    ``(d) National Academy of Sciences Evaluation.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall enter into an 
        agreement with the National Academy of Sciences under which the 
        Academy shall evaluate, on a tri-annual basis, the activities 
        under this section.
            ``(2) Tri-annual report.--Under the agreement under 
        paragraph (1), the Academy shall submit to the Secretary a 
        report on its evaluation of science park development under that 
        paragraph. Each report may include such recommendations as the 
        Academy considers appropriate for additional activities to 
        promote and facilitate the development of science parks in the 
        United States.
    ``(e) Tri-Annual Report.--Not later than March 31 of every third 
year, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the activities 
under this section during the preceding 3 years, including any 
recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences under 
subsection (d)(2) during such period. Each report may include such 
recommendations for legislative or administrative action as the 
Secretary considers appropriate to further promote and facilitate the 
development of science parks in the United States.
    ``(f) Regulations.--
            ``(1) Regulations.--Consistent with Office of Management 
        and Budget Circular A-129, `Policies for Federal Credit 
        Programs and Non-Tax Receivables', the Secretary shall 
        prescribe regulations to carry out this section.
            ``(2) Deadline.--The Secretary shall prescribe such 
        regulations not later than one year after the date of enactment 
        of this section.''.

 Subtitle E--Authorization of Appropriations for the National Science 
             Foundation for Research and Related Activities

SEC. 251. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 
              FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES.

    (a) In General.--There is hereby authorized to be appropriated for 
the National Science Foundation for Research and Related Activities, 
amounts as follows:
            (1) $4,195,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.
            (2) $4,614,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.
            (3) $5,076,000,000 for fiscal year 2009
            (4) $5,584,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.
            (5) $6,143,000,000 for fiscal year 2011.
            (6) $6,757,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.
            (7) $7,432,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.
    (b) Limitation on Availability.--Amounts authorized to be 
appropriated for the National Science Foundation by subsection (a) 
shall not be available for the United States Solar Program and 
Integrative Activities of the Foundation.

 TITLE III--ENSURING THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST REMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES

 Subtitle A--Visas for Doctorate Students in Mathematics, Engineering, 
                  Technology, or the Physical Sciences

SEC. 311. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds the following:
            (1) The National Academies, in their congressionally 
        requested report entitled ``Rising Above the Gathering Storm: 
        Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic 
        Future'', recommended that Congress--
                    (A) continue to improve visa processing for 
                international students and scholars by providing less 
                complex procedures and continuing to make improvements 
                on issues such as visa categories and duration, travel 
                for scientific meetings, the technology-alert list, 
                reciprocity agreements, and changes in status;
                    (B) provide a 1-year automatic visa extension to 
                international students who receive doctorates or the 
                equivalent in science, technology, engineering, 
                mathematics, or other fields of national need at 
                qualified United States institutions to remain in the 
                United States to seek employment;
                    (C) provide such students with automatic work 
                permits and expedited residence status if they are 
                offered jobs by employers based in the United States 
                and pass a security screening test;
                    (D) institute a new skills-based, preferential 
                immigration option that gives applicants with 
                doctorate-level education and science and engineering 
                skills priority in obtaining United States citizenship; 
                and
                    (E) increase the number of H-1B visas by 10,000, 
                which should be allocated for applicants with doctorate 
                degrees in science, or engineering from a United States 
                university; and
            (2) Since the publication of the report by the National 
        Academies, the Senate has passed the Deficit Reduction Act of 
        2005, which authorizes an additional 30,000 H-1B visas per 
        year.

SEC. 312. SENSE OF THE SENATE.

    It is the sense of the Senate that--
            (1) the Department of State and the Department of Homeland 
        Security have made significant improvements since 2002 in the 
        efficiency with which visas are processed for--
                    (A) students at colleges and universities in the 
                United States; and
                    (B) foreign researchers to engage in appropriate 
                scientific research in the United States;
            (2) particular improvements have been made to the MANTIS 
        clearance process, which--
                    (A) reduce wait times from more than 70 days to 
                less than 15 days; and
                    (B) extend the duration of the MANTIS clearance 
                process up to 4 years, as appropriate, to cover the 
                duration of study for foreign students in the United 
                States;
            (3) both departments and related supporting agencies should 
        further improve efficiency and convenience in the granting of 
        visas to foreign students and researchers while protecting 
        national security;
            (4) the departments should extend MANTIS clearance for 
        foreign researchers for the duration of a specified scientific 
        research program while balancing security concerns; and
            (5) other such improvements should include--
                    (A) review of the technology-alert list; and
                    (B) efforts to better facilitate travel for 
                scientific conferences.

SEC. 313. VISAS FOR DOCTORATE STUDENTS IN MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, 
              TECHNOLOGY, OR THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES.

    (a) Creation of New Visa Category.--Section 101(a)(15)(F) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(F)) is amended--
            (1) in clause (i)--
                    (A) by inserting ``(except for a graduate program 
                described in clause (iv))'' after ``full course of 
                study'';
                    (B) by striking ``214(l)'' and inserting 
                ``214(m)''; and
                    (C) by striking the comma at the end and inserting 
                a semicolon;
            (2) in clause (ii)--
                    (A) by inserting ``or clause (iv)'' after ``clause 
                (i)''; and
                    (B) by striking ``, and'' and inserting a 
                semicolon;
            (3) in clause (iii), by inserting ``and'' at the end; and
            (4) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(iv) an alien described in clause (i) who has 
                been accepted and plans to attend an accredited 
                graduate program in mathematics, engineering, 
                technology, or the physical sciences in the United 
                States for the purpose of obtaining a doctorate 
                degree;''.
    (b) Requirements for Obtaining an F-4 Visa.--Section 214(m) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1184(m)) is amended--
            (1) by striking the matter preceding paragraph (1) and 
        inserting the following:
    ``(m) Nonimmigrant Elementary, Secondary, and Post-Secondary School 
Students.--''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(3)(A) An alien who obtains the status of a nonimmigrant under 
section 101(a)(15)(F)(iv) shall demonstrate an intent to--
            ``(i) return to the country of residence of such alien 
        immediately after the completion or termination of the graduate 
        program qualifying such alien for such status; or
            ``(ii) find employment in the United States related to the 
        field of study of such alien and become a permanent resident of 
        the United States upon the completion of the graduate program, 
        which was the basis for such nonimmigrant status.
    ``(B) A visa issued to an alien under section 101(a)(15)(F)(iv) 
shall be valid--
            ``(i) during the intended period of study in a graduate 
        program described in such section;
            ``(ii) for an additional period, not to exceed 1 year 
        beyond the completion of the graduate program, if the alien is 
        actively pursuing an offer of employment related to the 
        knowledge and skills obtained through the graduate program; and
            ``(iii) for an additional period, not to exceed 6 months, 
        while the alien's application for adjustment of status under 
        section 245(i)(4) is pending.
    ``(C) An alien shall qualify for adjustment of status to that of a 
person admitted for permanent residence if the alien--
            ``(i) has the status of a nonimmigrant under section 
        101(a)(15)(F)(iv);
            ``(ii) has successfully earned a doctorate degree in 
        mathematics, engineering, technology or the physical sciences 
        at an accredited college or university in the United States; 
        and
            ``(iii) is employed full-time in the United States in a 
        position related to the knowledge and skills gained while 
        pursuing such degree.''.
    (c) Adjustment of Status.--Section 245(i) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1255(i)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following:
    ``(4) The Secretary of Homeland Security may adjust the status of 
an alien who meets the requirements under section 214(m)(3) to that of 
an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien--
            ``(A) makes an application for such adjustment;
            ``(B) is eligible to receive an immigrant visa;
            ``(C) is admissible to the United States for permanent 
        residence; and
            ``(D) remits a fee of $1,000 to the Secretary.''.
    (d) Use of Fees.--
            (1) Job training; scholarships.--Section 286(s)(1) of the 
        Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1356(s)(1)) is 
        amended by inserting ``and 80 percent of the fees collected 
        under section 245(i)(4)'' before the period at the end.
            (2) Fraud prevention and detection.--Section 286(v)(1) of 
        the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1356(v)(1)) is 
        amended by inserting ``and 20 percent of the fees collected 
        under section 245(i)(4)'' before the period at the end.

SEC. 314. ALIENS NOT SUBJECT TO NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS ON EMPLOYMENT-
              BASED IMMIGRANTS.

    (a) In General.--Section 201(b)(1) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(1)) is amended by adding at the end 
the following:
                    ``(F) Aliens who have earned an advanced degree in 
                science, technology, engineering, or math and have been 
                working in a related field in the United States under a 
                nonimmigrant visa during the 3-year period preceding 
                their application for an immigrant visa under section 
                203(b).
                    ``(G) Aliens described in subparagraph (A) or (B) 
                of section 203(b)(1)(A) or who have received a national 
                interest waiver under section 203(b)(2)(B).
                    ``(H) The immediate relatives of an alien who is 
                admitted as an employment-based immigrant under section 
                203(b).''.
    (b) Applicability.--The amendments made by subsection (a) shall 
apply to any visa application pending on the date of enactment of this 
Act and any visa application filed on or after such date of enactment.

                       Subtitle B--Patent Reform

SEC. 321. PATENT REFORM.

    It is the sense of the Senate that--
            (1) the United States Patent and Trademark Office should be 
        provided with sufficient resources to make intellectual 
        property protection more timely, predictable, and effective;
            (2) the resources described under paragraph (1) should 
        include a 20 percent increase in overall funding to hire and 
        train additional examiners and implement more capable 
        electronic processing; and
            (3) Congress should implement comprehensive patent reform 
        that--
                    (A) establishes a first-inventor-to-file system;
                    (B) institutes an open review process following the 
                grant of a patent;
                    (C) encourages research uses of patented inventions 
                by shielding researchers from infringement liability; 
                and
                    (D) reduces barriers to innovation in specific 
                industries with specialized patent needs.

                   TITLE IV--REFORMING DEEMED EXPORTS

SEC. 401. SENSE OF SENATE ON EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN USES OF TECHNOLOGY 
              FROM TREATMENT AS EXPORTS.

    (a) Sense of Senate.--It is the sense of the Senate that the use of 
technology by an institution of higher education in the United States 
should not be treated as an export of such technology for purposes of 
section 5 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 
2404) and any regulations prescribed thereunder, as currently in effect 
pursuant to the provisions of the International Emergency Economic 
Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), or any other provision of law, if 
such technology is so used by such institution for fundamental 
research.
    (b) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Fundamental research.--The term ``fundamental 
        research'' has the meaning given that term in National Security 
        Decision Directive 189, entitled ``National Policy on Transfer 
        of Scientific, Technical, and Engineering Information'' and 
        dated September 21, 1985.
            (2) Institution of higher education.--The term 
        ``institution of higher education'' has the meaning given that 
        term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
        U.S.C. 1001(a).

   TITLE V--STRENGTHENING BASIC RESEARCH AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

SEC. 501. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE EARLY-CAREER RESEARCH GRANTS.

    (a) Purpose.--It is the purpose of this section to authorize 
research grants in the Department of Defense for early-career 
scientists and engineers for purposes of pursuing independent research.
    (b) Definition of Eligible Early-Career Researcher.--In this 
section, the term ``eligible early-career researcher'' means an 
individual who--
            (1) completed a doctorate or other terminal degree not more 
        than 10 years before the date of enactment of this Act and has 
        demonstrated promise in the field of science, technology, 
        engineering, or mathematics; or
            (2) has an equivalent professional qualification in the 
        field of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics.
    (c) Grant Program Authorized.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Defense shall award not 
        less than 25 grants per year to outstanding eligible early-
        career researchers to support the work of such researchers in 
        universities, private industry, or federally-funded research 
        and development centers.
            (2) Application.--An eligible early-career researcher who 
        desires to receive a grant under this section shall submit to 
        the Secretary of Defense an application at such time, in such 
        manner, and accompanied by such information as the Secretary 
        may require.
            (3) Special consideration.--In awarding grants under this 
        section, the Secretary of Defense shall give special 
        consideration to eligible early-career researchers who have 
        followed alternative career paths such as working part-time or 
        in non-academic settings, or who have taken a significant 
        career break or other leave of absence.
            (4) Duration and amount.--A grant under this section shall 
        be 5 years in duration. An eligible early career-researcher who 
        receives a grant under this section shall receive $100,000 for 
        each year of the grant period.
            (5) Use of funds.--An eligible early career-researcher who 
        receives a grant under this section shall use the grant funds 
        for basic research in natural sciences, engineering, 
        mathematics, or computer sciences at a university, private 
        industry, or federally-funded research and development center.
            (6) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized 
        to be appropriated to carry out this section--
                    (A) $2,500,000 for fiscal year 2007;
                    (B) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
                    (C) $7,500,000 for fiscal year 2009;
                    (D) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and
                    (E) $12,500,000 for fiscal year 2011.

SEC. 502. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 
              FOR BASIC RESEARCH.

    There is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the Department of 
Defense for basic (6.1) research, amounts for the research, 
development, test, and evaluation accounts of the Department, and for 
other accounts of the Department providing funding for such research, 
in the aggregate as follows:
            (1) $1,616,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.
            (2) $1,778,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.
            (3) $1,995,000,000 for fiscal year 2009.
            (4) $2,151,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.
            (5) $2,364,000,000 for fiscal year 2011.
            (6) $2,602,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.
            (7) $2,862,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.
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