# Patent

## Title
Tissue having high improved cross-direction stretch

## Abstract

The present invention provides tissue products having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95, yet relatively high geometric tensile strength, such as geometric mean tensile strengths greater than about 1500 g/3′′ and more preferably greater than about 2000 g/3′′. The combination of a tough, yet relatively supple sheet is preferably achieved by subjecting the embryonic web to a speed differential as it is passed from one fabric in the papermaking process to another, commonly referred to as rush transfer.

## Background
PRIORITY
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/755,516, filed Jan. 31, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,702,905.


BACKGROUND
In the field of tissue products, such as facial tissue, bath tissue, table napkins, paper towels and the like, the tensile strength of these sheet products is often measured as the geometric mean tensile strength (GMT), which takes into account the machine direction (MD) tensile strength and the cross-machine direction (CD) tensile strength. The GMT is calculated as the square root of the product of the MD and CD tensile strengths. However, using a single strength value to characterize a sheet can be misleading because the MD and CD tensile strength values are typically very different, with the MD tensile strength being much greater than the CD tensile strength. In use, the product is more likely to fail because its strength is limited by the weakest link, namely the CD tensile strength. In response, some prior emphasis has been made on making products stronger in the CD, thereby reducing sheet failure caused by a relatively weak CD tensile strength.
Efforts to increase the CD tensile strength of tissue products such that it is equal to or greater than the MD tensile strength however have not been successful. Moreover, attempts to improve other CD properties, such as tensile energy absorption (TEA) and stretch, such that they are in parity with MD properties has not been successful. Therefore, there remains a need in the art for a tissue product having substantially similar MD and CD tensile strengths, while improving other important CD properties, such as TEA and stretch.
SUMMARY
It has now been surprisingly discovered that CD tensile strength may be increased such that it is equal to or greater than MD tensile by manufacturing a tissue sheet using a process in which the embryonic web is subjected to a high degree of rush transfer, even when the GMT of the web is greater than about 1500 g/3′′, such as from about 1500 to about 3500 g/3′′, and more preferably from about 2200 to about 3000 g/3′′. The term “rush transfer” generally refers to the process of subjecting the embryonic web to differing speeds as it is transferred from one fabric in the papermaking process to another. The present invention provides a process in which the embryonic web is subjected to a high degree of rush transfer when the web is transferred from the forming fabric to the transfer fabric, i.e., the “first position.” The overall speed differential between the forming fabric and the transfer fabric may be, for example, from about 30 to about 70 percent, more preferably from about 50 to about 60 percent.
Accordingly, in certain embodiments the present invention offers an improvement in papermaking methods and products, by providing a tissue sheet and a method to obtain a tissue sheet, with improved CD properties, and more specifically CD tensile strength that is greater than or equal to MD tensile strength and high stretch. Thus, by way of example, the present invention provides a tissue sheet having a basis weight greater than about 30 grams per square meter (gsm) and an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95, such as from about 0.75 to about 0.95, and more preferably from about 0.80 to about 0.93. The improvement in CD properties, particularly improvements which bring CD properties to parity with MD properties, improves the hand feel of the tissue sheet while also reducing the tendency of the sheet to fail in the CD in-use.
In other embodiments the present invention provides a tissue product having a GMT from about 1500 to about 3500 g/3′′ and an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95.
In another embodiment the present invention provides a tissue product having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95 and CD Stretch greater than about 10 percent.
In yet other embodiments the present invention provides a tissue product having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95 a GM Stretch greater than about 22 percent.
In other embodiments the present invention provides a single ply through-air dried tissue product having a basis weight greater than about 40 gsm, an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95 and a GMT greater than about 2200 g/3′′.
In still other embodiments the present invention provides a tissue product that does not comprise a latex binder or the like, rather the tissue comprises a wet strength agent such as polyamide epichlorohydrin resins or glyoxalated polyacrylamide resins. Accordingly, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a tissue product comprising cellulosic fibers and a wet strength agent selected from the group consisting of polyamide epichlorohydrin resins and glyoxalated polyacrylamide resins, the tissue product having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph plotting GMT (x-axis) versus GM Slope (y-axis) for inventive tissue products and illustrates the linear relationship achieved between the two properties;
FIG. 2 is a graph plotting GMT (x-axis) versus GM Slope (y-axis) for prior art and inventive tissue products;
FIG. 3 is a graph plotting bone dry basis weight (x-axis) versus GM Slope (y-axis) for prior art and inventive tissue products;
FIG. 4 is a graph plotting GMT (x-axis) versus Stiffness Index (y-axis) for prior art and inventive tissue products;
FIG. 5 is a graph plotting Sheet Bulk (x-axis) versus Stiffness Index (y-axis) for prior art and inventive tissue products; and
FIG. 6 is a photograph of a through-air drying fabric, referred to herein as T2407-13, useful in producing the inventive tissue disclosed herein.



DEFINITIONS
As used herein, the term “tissue product” refers to products made from tissue webs and includes, bath tissues, facial tissues, paper towels, industrial wipers, foodservice wipers, napkins, medical pads, and other similar products. Tissue products may comprise one, two, three or more plies.
As used herein, the terms “tissue web” and “tissue sheet” refer to a fibrous sheet material suitable for forming a tissue product.
As used herein, the term “caliper” is the representative thickness of a single sheet (caliper of tissue products comprising two or more plies is the thickness of a single sheet of tissue product comprising all plies) measured in accordance with TAPPI test method T402 using an EMVECO 200-A Microgage automated micrometer (EMVECO, Inc., Newberg, Oreg.). The micrometer has an anvil diameter of 2.22 inches (56.4 mm) and an anvil pressure of 132 grams per square inch (per 6.45 square centimeters) (2.0 kPa).
As used herein, the term “basis weight” generally refers to the bone dry weight per unit area of a tissue and is generally expressed as grams per square meter (gsm). Basis weight is measured using TAPPI test method T-220.
As used herein, the term “Sheet Bulk” refers to the quotient of the caliper (μm) divided by the bone dry basis weight (gsm). The resulting Sheet Bulk is expressed in cubic centimeters per gram (cc/g).
As used herein, the term “Geometric Mean Tensile” (GMT) refers to the square root of the product of the machine direction tensile (generally expressed as g/3′′) and the cross-machine direction tensile (generally expressed as g/3′′) of the web, which are determined as described in the Test Method section.
As used herein, the term “MD/CD Tensile Ratio” refers to the machine direction tensile strength (generally expressed as g/3′′) divided by the cross-machine direction tensile (generally expressed as g/3′′), both measured as described in the Test Method section.
As used herein, the term “Tensile Energy Absorption” (TEA) refers to the area under the stress-strain curve during the tensile test described in the Test Methods section below. Since the thickness of a paper sheet is generally unknown and varies during the test, it is common practice to ignore the cross-sectional area of the sheet and report the “stress” on the sheet as a load per unit length or typically in the units of grams per 3 inches of width. For the TEA calculation, the stress is converted to grams per centimeter and the area calculated by integration. The units of strain are centimeters per centimeter so that the final TEA units become g-cm/cm2. Separate TEA values are reported for the MD and CD directions. Further, the term “GM TEA” refers to the square root of the product of the MD TEA and the CD TEA of the web.
As used herein, the term “Stretch” generally refers to the Ratio of the slack-corrected elongation of a specimen at the point it generates its peak load divided by the slack-corrected gauge length in any given orientation. Stretch is an output of the MTS TestWorksTM in the course of determining the tensile strength as described in the Test Methods section herein. Stretch is reported as a percentage and may be reported for machine direction stretch (MDS), cross machine direction stretch (CDS) or geometric mean stretch (GMS).
As used herein, the term “Geometric Mean Stretch” (GM Stretch) generally refers to the square root of the product of machine direction stretch and cross-machine direction stretch.
As used herein, the term “Slope” refers to slope of the line resulting from plotting tensile versus stretch and is an output of the MTS TestWorksTM in the course of determining the tensile strength as described in the Test Methods section herein. Slope is generally reported in the units of mass (generally kg or g) per unit of sample width (generally three inches) and is measured as the gradient of the least-squares line fitted to the load-corrected strain points falling between a specimen-generated force of 70 to 157 grams (0.687 to 1.540 N) divided by the specimen width.
As used herein, the term “Geometric Mean Slope” (GM Slope) generally refers to the square root of the product of machine direction slope and cross-machine direction slope.
As used herein, the term “Stiffness Index” refers to the quotient of the GM Slope (having units of g/3′′) divided by the Geometric Mean Tensile strength (having units of g/3′′).
As used herein, the term “roll bulk” refers to the volume of paper divided by its mass on the wound roll. Roll bulk is calculated by multiplying pi (3.142) by the quantity obtained by calculating the difference of the roll diameter squared (cm2) and the outer core diameter squared (cm2) divided by 4, divided by the quantity sheet length (cm) multiplied by the sheet count multiplied by the bone dry basis weight of the sheet in grams per square meter (gsm).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The instant tissue products and webs have improved cross-machine direction (CD) properties, particularly CD tensile strengths, which are preferably equal to or greater than MD tensile strengths. Thus, in certain embodiments tissue products of the present invention have an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95, such as from about 0.75 to about 0.95, and more preferably from about 0.80 to about 0.93. The foregoing MD/CD Tensile Ratios are present at relatively high tensile strengths, such as geometric mean tensile (GMT) strengths greater than about 1500 g/3′′ and more preferably greater than about 2000 g/3′′, such as from about 2000 to about 3500 g/3′′, and more preferably from about 2200 to about 3000 g/3′′.
The combination of a tough, yet relatively supple sheet is preferably achieved by subjecting the embryonic web to a speed differential as it is passed from one fabric in the papermaking process to another, commonly referred to as rush transfer. Rush transfer is preferably performed when the web is transferred from the forming fabric to the transfer fabric. Speed differentials between the forming fabric and the transfer fabric are generally from about 30 to about 70 percent and more preferably from about 50 to about 60 percent.
Generally as the degree of rush transfer is increased the MD Stretch is increased, however, the structural change in the sheet resulting from the imposed speed differential enables CD properties to be altered as well. The structural change is best described as extensive microfolding in a sheet arising from the imposed mass balance requirements at the point of sheet transfer. The resulting web further has improved CD Stretch and MD/CD Tensile Ratio compared to webs and products made according to the prior art. These improved properties are achieved without a decrease in GMT compared to prior art tissue products. These improvements translate into improved tissue products, as summarized in Table 1, below.














TABLE 1







MD
MD
CD
CD
MD/




GMT
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Stretch
CD
GM


Product
(g/3”)
(g/3”) 
(%)
(g/3”)
(%)
Ratio
Stretch






















Brawny
2748
2897
19.4
2607
8.6
1.11
12.9


Viva
1346
1613
36.1
1124
22.6
1.43
28.6


Bounty
3458
3951
15.2
3027
9.4
1.31
11.9


Scott
2654
2693
20.0
2676
12.5
1.01
15.8


Great Value
3608
3993
13.1
3259
5.8
1.23
8.7


Kirkland 
3444
3755
20.1
3159
9.7
1.19
14.0


Signature









Member's 
2983
3078
29.7
2892
9.5
1.06
16.8


Mark









Great Value
3719
4130
14.4
3350
8.8
1.23
11.3


Inventive
2412
2140
46.8
2721
11.6
0.79
23.3


Inventive
2759
2622
45.1
2903
10.9
0.90
22.2


Inventive
3130
2952
48.8
3319
10.8
0.89
23.0


Inventive
2921
2782
48.3
3067
11.5
0.91
23.6









The methods of manufacture set forth herein are particularly well suited for the manufacture of tissue products and more particularly towel products having bone dry basis weight greater than about 35 gsm, such as from about 35 to about 70 gsm, and more preferably from about 45 to about 60 gsm. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, rolled products made according to the present invention may comprise a spirally wound single-ply or multi-ply (such as two, three or four plies) tissue web having a bone dry basis weight greater than about 35 gsm, such as from about 35 to about 70 gsm, and more preferably from about 45 to about 60 gsm.
While having improved properties, the tissue webs prepared according to the present invention continue to be strong enough to withstand use by a consumer. Further, when the tissue webs of the present invention are converted into rolled tissue products they maintain a significant amount of their tensile strength such that the decrease in geometric mean tensile during conversion is less than about 30 percent and still more preferably less than about 25 percent, such as from about 10 to about 30 percent. As such the finished products preferably have a GMT greater than about 1500 g/3′′, such as from about 1500 to about 3500 g/3′′, and more preferably from about 2200 to about 3200 g/3′′.
Not only are the tissue webs of the present invention strong enough to withstand use, but they are not overly stiff. Accordingly, in certain embodiments tissue webs prepared as described herein have a GMT from about 1500 to about 3500 g/3′′, while having an MD Slope less than about 10.0 kg and more preferably less than about 8.0 kg, such as from about 3 to about 8.0 kg. In one particular embodiment, for instance, the disclosure provides a rolled tissue product comprising a spirally wound single ply tissue web having a basis weight from about 40 to about 60 gsm, GMT greater than about 1500 g/3′′ and an MD Slope less than about 8.0 kg.
In addition to having reduced MD Slopes, the products of the present invention also have relatively high CD stretch and relatively low CD Slopes. Therefore, products of the present invention generally have reduced GM Slope, particularly given the relatively high tensile strengths. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, tissue sheets and products prepared as described herein generally have a GM Slope less than about 10.0 kg, such as from about 4.0 to about 10.0 kg, and more preferably from about 5.0 to about 9.0 kg. While the tissue sheets of the present invention generally have lower geometric mean slopes compared to sheets of the prior art, the sheets maintain a sufficient amount of tensile strength to remain useful to the consumer. In this manner the disclosure provides tissue sheets and products having a low Stiffness Index. For example, tissue sheets preferably have a Stiffness Index less than about 5.0, such as from about 2.0 to about 5.0, and more preferably from about 3.0 to about 4.0. In a particularly preferred embodiment the present invention provides a single ply tissue web having a bone dry basis weight greater than about 45 gsm, a Stiffness Index less than about 5.0 and a GMT from about 1500 to about 3000 g/3′′.
In still other embodiments, the present invention provides tissue webs having enhanced bulk and durability and decreased stiffness. Improved durability may be measured as increased machine and cross-machine direction stretch (MDS and CDS) or as increased MD TEA, while reduced stiffness may be measured as a reduction in the slope of the tensile-strain curve or the Stiffness Index. For example, spirally wound products preferably have a geometric mean stretch (GMS) greater than about 22 percent, such as from about 22 to about 30 percent and more preferably from about 22 to about 25 percent. In other embodiments tissue products have a GM TEA greater than about 40 g-cm/cm2, such as from about 40 to about 50 g-cm/cm2, and more preferably from about 42 to about 48 g-cm/cm2.
Accordingly, compared to the prior art the tissue products of the present invention generally have a low MD/CD Ratio, such as less than about 0.95, while having improved GM Stretch and GM TEA, without sacrificing tensile strength. A comparison of inventive tissue products and those of the prior art is provided in the table below.












TABLE 2






BW
GMT
GM TEA
MD/CD
GM


Product
(gsm)
(g/3′′)
(g-cm/cm2)
Ratio
Stretch




















Brawny TM Paper Towels
48
2748
27.5
1.11
12.9


Viva TM Paper Towels
56
1346
31.1
1.43
28.6


Bounty TM ExtraSoft
48
3458
27.6
1.31
12.5


Scott TM Towels
36
2534
36.1
0.97
20.0


Great Value TM Towels
46
3719
32
1.23
11.3


Kirkland Signature TM
41
3444
32.6
1.19
14.0


Paper Towels







Member's Mark TM
42
2869
28.5
0.95
12.5


Paper Towels







Inventive
58
2412
33.8
0.79
23.3


Inventive
62
3130
47.1
0.89
23.0


Inventive
60
2921
44.3
0.91
23.6









In addition to having relatively high GM TEA and GM Stretch at a given tensile strength, the tissue sheets and products of the present invention have improved caliper and bulk, particularly when compared to commercial one ply products, as illustrated in Table 3. Accordingly, in certain embodiments the present disclosure provides a one ply tissue product having a GMT from about 2200 to about 3500 g/3′′, a GM Slope less than about 10.0 kg and a Sheet Bulk greater than about 15 cc/g.














TABLE 3








GM


Sheet
Stiff-





Slope
BW
Caliper
Bulk
ness


Product
Plies
GMT
(kg/3”)
(gsm)
(um)
(cc/g)
Index






















Bounty TM Basic
1
2099
12.9
38.1
683.3
17.9
6.1


Scott TM Towels
1
2564
14.86
37.1
650.2
17.5
5.8


Scott TM Naturals
1
2326
13.75
39.6
769.6
19.4
5.8


Inventive
1
2860
8.2
60.8
990.6
16.3
2.8









As noted previously, webs prepared as described herein may be converted into either single or multi-ply rolled tissue products that have improved properties over the prior art. Table 4 below compares certain inventive multi-ply tissue products with commercially available multi-ply products. As illustrated in Table 4 the inventive multi-ply tissue products generally have improved properties compared to commercially available multi-ply products, such as lower GM Slope and higher MD TEA at a given tensile strength. Accordingly, in one embodiment the present invention provides a rolled tissue product comprising a spirally wound multi-ply tissue web, wherein the tissue web has a GMT greater than about 1500 g/3′′ and an MD Slope less than about 10.0 kg and more preferably less than about 8.0 kg. In other embodiments the disclosure provides a spirally wound multi-ply tissue sheet having a basis weight greater than about 45 gsm and a Stiffness Index less than about 5.0 and more preferably less than about 4.0.














TABLE 4










MD






MD
MD
GM
TEA

Stiff-




Stretch
Slope
Slope
(g-cm/
GMT
ness


Product
Plies
(%)
(kg/3”)
(kg/3”)
cm2)
(kg/3”)
Index






















Brawny TM 
2
20.2
8.2
13.3
33.0
2207
6.03


Paper Towels









Bounty TM 
2
13.9
19.4
21.7
38.9
3009
7.21


ExtraSoft









Sparkle TM 
2
17.5
17.2
27.2
47.5
3315
8.21


Paper Towels









Inventive
2
24.4
9.7
9.2
47.0
2304
3.99









Webs useful in preparing spirally wound tissue products according to the present invention can vary depending upon the particular application. In general, the webs can be made from any suitable type of fiber. For instance, the base web can be made from pulp fibers, other natural fibers, synthetic fibers, and the like. Suitable cellulosic fibers for use in connection with this invention include secondary (recycled) papermaking fibers and virgin papermaking fibers in all proportions. Such fibers include, without limitation, hardwood and softwood fibers as well as nonwoody fibers. Noncellulosic synthetic fibers can also be included as a portion of the furnish.
Tissue webs made in accordance with the present invention can be made with a homogeneous fiber furnish or can be formed from a stratified fiber furnish producing layers within the single- or multi-ply product. Stratified base webs can be formed using equipment known in the art, such as a multi-layered headbox. Both strength and softness of the base web can be adjusted as desired through layered tissues, such as those produced from stratified headboxes.
For instance, different fiber furnishes can be used in each layer in order to create a layer with the desired characteristics. For example, layers containing softwood fibers have higher tensile strengths than layers containing hardwood fibers. Hardwood fibers, on the other hand, can increase the softness of the web. In one embodiment, the single ply base web of the present invention includes a first outer layer and a second outer layer containing primarily hardwood fibers. The hardwood fibers can be mixed, if desired, with paper broke in an amount up to about 10 percent by weight and/or softwood fibers in an amount up to about 10 percent by weight. The base web further includes a middle layer positioned in between the first outer layer and the second outer layer. The middle layer can contain primarily softwood fibers. If desired, other fibers, such as high-yield fibers or synthetic fibers may be mixed with the softwood fibers in an amount up to about 10 percent by weight.
When constructing a web from a stratified fiber furnish, the relative weight of each layer can vary depending upon the particular application. For example, in one embodiment, when constructing a web containing three layers, each layer can be from about 15 to about 40 percent of the total weight of the web, such as from about 25 to about 35 percent of the weight of the web.
Wet strength resins may be added to the furnish as desired to increase the wet strength of the final product. Generally, the addition of wet strength resins is preferred compared to the addition of a latex binder, or the like, in the preparation of the instant tissue products. Presently, the most commonly used wet strength resins belong to the class of polymers termed polyamide-polyamine epichlorohydrin resins. There are many commercial suppliers of these types of resins including Hercules, Inc. (KymeneTM), Henkel Corp. (FibrabondTM), Borden Chemical (CascamideTM), Georgia-Pacific Corp. and others. These polymers are characterized by having a polyamide backbone containing reactive crosslinking groups distributed along the backbone. Other useful wet strength agents are marketed by American Cyanamid under the ParezTM trade name.
Similarly, dry strength resins can be added to the furnish as desired to increase the dry strength of the final product. Such dry strength resins include, but are not limited to carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC), any type of starch, starch derivatives, gums, polyacrylamide resins, and others as are well known. Commercial suppliers of such resins are the same as those that supply the wet strength resins discussed above.
Another strength chemical that can be added to the furnish is Baystrength 3000 available from Kemira (Atlanta, Ga.), which is a glyoxalated cationic polyacrylamide used for imparting dry and temporary wet tensile strength to tissue webs.
As described above, the tissue products of the present invention can generally be formed by any of a variety of papermaking processes known in the art. Preferably the tissue web is formed by through-air drying and be either creped or uncreped. For example, a papermaking process of the present invention can utilize adhesive creping, wet creping, double creping, embossing, wet-pressing, air pressing, through-air drying, creped through-air drying, uncreped through-air drying, as well as other steps in forming the paper web. Some examples of such techniques are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,048,589, 5,399,412, 5,129,988 and 5,494,554 all of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. When forming multi-ply tissue products, the separate plies can be made from the same process or from different processes as desired.
Preferably the base web is formed by an uncreped through-air drying process, such as the process described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,656,132 and 6,017,417, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in a manner consistent with the present invention.
In one embodiment the web is formed using a twin wire former having a papermaking headbox that injects or deposits a furnish of an aqueous suspension of papermaking fibers onto a plurality of forming fabrics, such as the outer forming fabric and the inner forming fabric, thereby forming a wet tissue web. The forming process of the present invention may be any conventional forming process known in the papermaking industry. Such formation processes include, but are not limited to, Fourdriniers, roof formers such as suction breast roll formers, and gap formers such as twin wire formers and crescent formers.
The wet tissue web forms on the inner forming fabric as the inner forming fabric revolves about a forming roll. The inner forming fabric serves to support and carry the newly-formed wet tissue web downstream in the process as the wet tissue web is partially dewatered to a consistency of about 10 percent based on the dry weight of the fibers. Additional dewatering of the wet tissue web may be carried out by known paper making techniques, such as vacuum suction boxes, while the inner forming fabric supports the wet tissue web. The wet tissue web may be additionally dewatered to a consistency of greater than 20 percent, more specifically between about 20 to about 40 percent, and more specifically about 20 to about 30 percent.
The forming fabric can generally be made from any suitable porous material, such as metal wires or polymeric filaments. For instance, some suitable fabrics can include, but are not limited to, Albany 84M and 94M available from Albany International (Albany, N.Y.) Asten 856, 866, 867, 892, 934, 939, 959, or 937; Asten Synweve Design 274, all of which are available from Asten Forming Fabrics, Inc. (Appleton, Wis.); and Voith 2164 available from Voith Fabrics (Appleton, Wis.).
The wet web is then transferred from the forming fabric to a transfer fabric while at a solids consistency of between about 10 to about 35 percent, and particularly, between about 20 to about 30 percent. As used herein, a “transfer fabric” is a fabric that is positioned between the forming section and the drying section of the web manufacturing process.
Transfer to the transfer fabric may be carried out with the assistance of positive and/or negative pressure. For example, in one embodiment, a vacuum shoe can apply negative pressure such that the forming fabric and the transfer fabric simultaneously converge and diverge at the leading edge of the vacuum slot. Typically, the vacuum shoe supplies pressure at levels between about 10 to about 25 inches of mercury. As stated above, the vacuum transfer shoe (negative pressure) can be supplemented or replaced by the use of positive pressure from the opposite side of the web to blow the web onto the next fabric. In some embodiments, other vacuum shoes can also be used to assist in drawing the fibrous web onto the surface of the transfer fabric.
Typically, the transfer fabric travels at a slower speed than the forming fabric to enhance the MD and CD stretch of the web, which generally refers to the stretch of a web in its cross (CD) or machine direction (MD) (expressed as percent elongation at sample failure). For example, the relative speed difference between the two fabrics can be from about 30 to about 70 percent and more preferably from about 40 to about 60 percent. This is commonly referred to as “rush transfer”. During rush transfer many of the bonds of the web are believed to be broken, thereby forcing the sheet to bend and fold into the depressions on the surface of the transfer fabric. Such molding to the contours of the surface of the transfer fabric may increase the MD and CD stretch of the web. Rush transfer from one fabric to another can follow the principles taught in any one of the following patents, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,667,636, 5,830,321, 4,440,597, 4,551,199, 4,849,054, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in a manner consistent with the present invention.
The wet tissue web is then transferred from the transfer fabric to a through-air drying fabric. Typically, the transfer fabric travels at approximately the same speed as the through-air drying fabric. However, a second rush transfer may be performed as the web is transferred from the transfer fabric to the through-air drying fabric. This rush transfer is referred to as occurring at the second position and is achieved by operating the through-air drying fabric at a slower speed than the transfer fabric.
In addition to rush transferring the wet tissue web from the transfer fabric to the through-air drying fabric, the wet tissue web may be macroscopically rearranged to conform to the surface of the through-air drying fabric with the aid of a vacuum transfer roll or a vacuum transfer shoe. If desired, the through-air drying fabric can be run at a speed slower than the speed of the transfer fabric to further enhance MD stretch of the resulting absorbent tissue product. The transfer may be carried out with vacuum assistance to ensure conformation of the wet tissue web to the topography of the through-air drying fabric.
While supported by a through-air drying fabric, the wet tissue web is dried to a final consistency of about 94 percent or greater by a through-air dryer. The web then passes through the winding nip between the reel drum and the reel and is wound into a roll of tissue for subsequent converting.
The following examples are intended to illustrate particular embodiments of the present invention without limiting the scope of the appended claims.
Test Methods
Tensile
Samples for tensile strength testing are prepared by cutting a 3′′ (76.2 mm)×5′′ (127 mm) long strip in either the machine direction (MD) or cross-machine direction (CD) orientation using a JDC Precision Sample Cutter (Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa., Model No. JDC 3-10, Ser. No. 37333). The instrument used for measuring tensile strengths is an MTS Systems Sintech 11S, Serial No. 6233. The data acquisition software is MTS TestWorksTM for Windows Ver. 4 (MTS Systems Corp., Research Triangle Park, N.C.). The load cell is selected from either a 50 Newton or 100 Newton maximum, depending on the strength of the sample being tested, such that the majority of peak load values fall between 10 and 90 percent of the load cell's full scale value. The gauge length between jaws is 4±0.04 inches (50.8±1 mm). The jaws are operated using pneumatic-action and are rubber coated. The minimum grip face width is 3′′ (76.2 mm), and the approximate height of a jaw is 0.5 inches (12.7 mm). The crosshead speed is 10±0.4 inches/min (254±1 mm/min), and the break sensitivity is set at 65 percent. The sample is placed in the jaws of the instrument, centered both vertically and horizontally. The test is then started and ends when the specimen breaks. The peak load is recorded as either the “MD tensile strength” or the “CD tensile strength” of the specimen depending on the sample being tested. At least six (6) representative specimens are tested for each product, taken “as is,” and the arithmetic average of all individual specimen tests is either the MD or CD tensile strength for the product.
In addition to tensile strength, the stretch, tensile energy absorbed (TEA), and slope are also reported by the MTS TestWorksTM program for each sample measured. Stretch (either MD stretch or CD stretch) is reported as a percentage and is defined as the Ratio of the slack-corrected elongation of a specimen at the point it generates its peak load divided by the slack-corrected gauge length. Slope is defined as the gradient of the least-squares line fitted to the load-corrected strain points falling between a specimen-generated force of 70 to 157 grams (0.687 to 1.540 N) divided by the specimen width.
Total energy absorbed (TEA) is calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve during the same tensile test as has previously been described above. The area is based on the strain value reached when the sheet is strained to rupture and the load placed on the sheet has dropped to 65 percent of the peak tensile load. For the TEA calculation, the stress is converted to grams per centimeter and the area calculated by integration. The units of strain are centimeters per centimeter so that the final TEA units become g-cm/cm2.
Roll Firmness
Roll Firmness was measured using the Kershaw Test as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,590, which is incorporated herein by reference in a manner consistent with the present invention. The apparatus is available from Kershaw Instrumentation, Inc. (Swedesboro, N.J.) and is known as a Model RDT-2002 Roll Density Tester.
EXAMPLES
Base sheets were made using a through-air dried papermaking process commonly referred to as “uncreped through-air dried” (“UCTAD”) and generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,551, the contents of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. Base sheets with a target bone dry basis weight of about 64 grams per square meter (gsm) were produced. The base sheets were then converted and spirally wound into rolled tissue products.
In all cases the base sheets were produced from a furnish comprising northern softwood kraft and eucalyptus kraft using a layered headbox fed by three stock chests such that the webs having three layers (two outer layers and a middle layer) were formed. The two outer layers were comprised of eucalyptus (EHWK). The middle layer comprised NSWSK. Strength was controlled via the addition of CMC, Kymene and/or by refining the NSWK furnish as set forth in Table 5, below.
The tissue web was formed on a Voith Fabrics TissueForm V forming fabric, vacuum dewatered to approximately 25 percent consistency and then subjected to rush transfer when transferred to the transfer fabric. The degree of rush transfer varied by sample, as set forth in Table 5, below. The transfer fabric was the fabric described as t1207-11 (commercially available from Voith Fabrics, Appleton, Wis.). The web was then transferred to a through-air drying fabric as set forth in Table 5, below. Transfer to the through-drying fabric was done using vacuum levels of greater than 10 inches of mercury at the transfer. The web was then dried to approximately 98 percent solids before winding.











TABLE 5









Rush



Layer Split
Refining
TAD
Transfer


Sample
(Wt. % Air/Middle/Felt)
(hpt/day) 
Fabric
(%)







1
25 EUC/50 NSWK/25 EUC
In loop
T2407-13
60


2
25 EUC/50 NSWK/25 EUC
In loop
T2407-13
60


3
25 EUC/50 NSWK/25 EUC
In loop
T2407-13
60


4
25 EUC/50 NSWK/25 EUC
In loop
T2407-13
60









The base sheet webs were converted into various rolled towels. Specifically, base sheet was calendered using one or two conventional polyurethane/steel calenders comprising a 4 P&J polyurethane roll on the air side of the sheet and a standard steel roll on the fabric side. Process conditions for each sample are provided below. All rolled products comprised a single ply of base sheet, such that rolled product sample.












TABLE 6






4 P&J
Product
Product
Product
Roll



Calender 
Basis 
Sheet 
Sheet 
Firmness


Sample
Load (pli)
Weight (gsm)
Caliper (μm)
Bulk (cc/g)
(mm)







1
30
57.9
947
16.4
5.0


2
30
61.8
998
16.1
5.4


3
30
62.1
1016 
16.4
3.1


4
30
60.4
967
16.0
4.5






















TABLE 7









Product
Product
Product



Product
Product
Product
MD/CD
MD
CD



GMT
MD Tensile
CD Tensile
Tensile
Stretch
Stretch


Sample
(g/3”)
(g/3”)
(g/3”)
Ratio
(%)
(%)







1
2412
2140
2721
0.79
46.8
11.6


2
2759
2622
2903
0.90
45.1
10.9


3
3130
2952
3319
0.89
48.8
10.8


4
2921
2782
3067
0.91
48.3
11.5






















TABLE 8








Product
Product
Product 
Product




GM Stretch 
GM Slope
GM TEA
Stiffness



Sample
(%)
(kg/3′′)
(g-cm/cm2)
Index









1
23.3
6.600
33.8
2.74



2
22.2
8.049
40.8
2.69



3
23.0
7.842
47.1
2.78



4
23.6
7.520
44.3
2.61










While the invention has been described in detail with respect to the specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto.

## Claims

1. A tissue product having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than 0.95, a basis weight from about 45 to about 80 grams per square meter (gsm) and a GMT from about 1500 to about 3500 g/3′′.

2. The tissue product of claim 1 wherein the GMT is from about 2200 to about 3000 g/3′′.

3. The tissue product of claim 1 having a GM Stretch greater than about 22 percent.

4. The tissue product of claim 1 having a percent CD Stretch greater than about 10 percent.

5. The tissue product of claim 4 wherein the single ply tissue web is an uncreped through-air dried web.

6. The tissue product of claim 1 wherein the product comprises a single ply tissue web having a weight from about 50 to about 80 gsm.

7. The tissue product of claim 1 wherein the MD/CD Tensile Ratio is from about 0.80 less than 0.95.

8. A tissue product having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95, a GMT from about 2200 to about 3500 g/3′′ and a GM Stretch greater than about 22 percent.

9. The tissue product of claim 8 having a percent CD Stretch greater than about 10 percent.

10. The tissue product of claim 8 having a GM Slope less than about 10 kg/3′′.

11. The tissue product of claim 8 having a Stiffness Index less than about 5.0.

12. The tissue product of claim 8 having a basis weight greater than about 50 gsm.

13. The tissue product of claim 8 wherein the product comprises at least one through-air dried tissue ply.

14. The tissue product of claim 13 wherein the at least one through-air dried tissue ply is uncreped.

15. A tissue product comprising cellulosic fibers and a wet strength agent selected from the group consisting of polyamide epichlorohydrin resins and glyoxalated polyacrylamide resins, the tissue product having an MD/CD Tensile Ratio less than about 0.95, a basis weight from about 40 to about 80 gsm, a GMT from about 1500 to about 3500 g/3′′ and a GM TEA greater than about 40.0 g-cm/cm2.

16. The rolled tissue product of claim 15 having a percent CD Stretch greater than about 10 percent.

17. The tissue product of claim 15 wherein the GMT is from about 2000 to about 3000 g/3′′.

18. The tissue product of claim 15 wherein the GM Stretch is greater than about 22 percent.