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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 272

CONCENTRATION OF 

GERMANIUM IN THE ASH 

OF AMERICAN COALS 

A PROGRESS REPORT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 272

CONCENTRATION OF GERMANIUM IN THE ASH OF AMERICAN COALS

A PROGRESS REPORT

By Taisia Stadnichenko, K. J. Murata, Peter Zubovic, and Elizabeth L. Hufschmidt

Washington, D. C., 1953

Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

CONTENTS

Abstract................

Introduction.............

Acknowledgments........

Previous work ..........

Methods ................

Sampling of coal....

Ashing of coal......

Analysis of coal ash. 

Analytical results........

General remarks...,

Page

1 Analytical results--Continued

1 Concentration of germanium in

1 .isolated pieces of woody coal.........

2 Distribution of germanium within

2 coal beds ..........................

2 Distribution of germanium among

3 components of coal ..................

3 Possible regional variation in abundance

4 of germanium.......................

4 Selected bibliography .......................

Page

4

5

10

11

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

Figure 1. Lateral variation in germanium content of the Lower Kittanning coal bed and the

Middle Kittanning coal bed in eastern Ohio ............................................. . 7

2. Map showing localities of lignites from the Atlantic Coastal Plain ........................... 14

3. Map showing localities of coals from Pennsylvania ......................................... 16

4. Map showing localities of coals from Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina ............ -. ... 18

5. Map showing localities of coals from Virginia and West Virginia ............................ 19

6. Map showing localities of coals from Ohio ................................................. 21

7. Map showing localities of coals from New Mexico and Utah.................................. 24

8. Map showing localities of coals from Colorado ............................................. 25

9. Map showing localities of coals from Wyoming ............................................. 28

10. Map showing localities of coals from North Dakota ......................................... 31

11. Map showing localities of coals from Montana ............ ., .............................. . 33

TABLES

Page

Table -1. Vertical variation of the germanium content in the ash of various coals ....................... 5

2. Germanium content of the bottom blocks of the Lower and Middle Kittanning coals

of Ohio............................................................................... 7

3. Germanium content in the ash of woody coals and fusains ................................... 8

4. Germanium content in the ash of different gravity fractions of Lower Kittanning coals

of Ohio.............................................................................. 9

5. Germanium content of sulfide minerals from coals ........................................ . 10

6. List of American coals showing high concentrations of germanium........................... 13

7. Germanium content in the ash of the lignites of Cretaceous age from the

Atlantic Coastal Plain................................................................. 15

8. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Pennsylvania................................... 16

9. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina.......... 18

ID. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Virginia and West Virginia ....................... 19

11. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Ohio ......................................... . 22

12. permanium content in the ash of the Upper Cretaceous coals from New Mexico and Utah........ 24

13. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Colorado....................................... 25

14. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Wyoming....................................... 28

15. Germanium content in the ash of coals from North Dakota ................................... 31

16. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Montana .............................. ........ 33

iii

CONCENTRATION OF GERMANIUM IN THE ASH OF AMERICAN COALS

A PROGRESS REPORT

By Taisia Stadnichenko, K. J. Murata, Peter Zubovic, and Elizabeth L. Hufschmidt

ABSTRACT

The rapidly expanding use of germanium by the 

electronic industry has stimulated search for new 

sources of the element. Previous investigators in 

various parts of the world have found as much as 0.1 

to 1. 0 percent germanium in the ash of certain coals. 

The ash of most coals, however, contains less than 

0. 01 percent of the element. As a special part of a 

general geochemical study of minor elements in 

American coals, a systematic search is being made 

for beds rich in germanium. This paper reports 

analyses made for germanium in the ashes of over 

700 samples of American coals. Methods of collecting 

columnar samples of coals, of ashing the coals, and of 

analyzing the resultant ash spectrographically are 

described.

The highest concentrations of germanium have 

been found in coalified logs and pieces of woody coal 

occurring isolated in sediments. Lignitic logs of 

Cretaceous age distributed sporadically in the 

Atlantic Coastal Plain contain very high amounts of the 

element, as much as 7. 5 percent Ge in the ash. The 

richest commercial coal that has been found is the 

bottom horizon of the Lower Kittanning bed of 

Pennsylvanian age in Ohio, whose ash contains 

0. 2 percent germanium.

Usually the top and bottom layers of a coal bed 

show the highest concentrations of germanium. 

Laterally, over a distance of many miles, beds in Ohio 

have about a fifteenfold range of variation. Among 

the components of coal, germanium is most highly 

concentrated in bright woody coal (vitrain) with much 

less concentration in fusain (mineral charcoal), and 

no detectable concentration in pyrite or sphalerite. 

Simple gravity separation of crushed germaniferous 

coal produces fractions high in woody coal, whose 

ash is richer in germanium than the original coal by 

a factor of 2 to 2. 5.

Coal beds of certain f ields'in the Western States 

contain very little germanium in spite of being rich 

in woody coal. This suggests the possibility of a 

regional variation in the abundance of germanium.

INTRODUCTION

This report on the concentration of germanium in 

the ashes of American coals deals with one part of a 

broader study on the occurrence of fifteen minor 

elements in these coals. Although the study is not 

complete, the preliminary data for germanium are 

being published at this time because of the current 

interest in new sources for this element.

Increasing amounts of germanium are needed in 

the electronic industry for the manufacture of such 

devices as crystal diodes and transistors, which are 

replacing certain types of vacuum tubes. At the 

present time, practically all the germanium produced 

in this country comes as a byproduct of zinc smelting 

(Clark, 1951). 1 As future demands may far exceed 

what can be supplied from this source, active research 

is being carried on in both industry and government to 

find new domestic sources of the element.

Only three minerals containing more than 1 percent 

of germanium are known germanite [(Cu, Ge) (S,As)], 

argyrodite [Ag8 GeS 6l, and the recently discovered 

renierite (Cu, Fe) 3 (Fe,Ge, Zn, Sn) (S, As) 4 ;2 ,(Vaes, 1948), 

and none of them has been found in the United States. Deposits 

of the first two are either exhausted or extremely rare, and 

the amount of renierite that will become available is at present unknown. Sphalerite, containing a f ew hundredths of a 

percent of germanium, is the present major source of the 

element, which is recovered as a byproduct of zinc smelters. 

The current production of germanium, according to Clark 

(1950), is entirely dependent on zinc production 

"Concern was expressed by consumers (in 1948) 

as to the adequacy of future supplies in view of probable 

expanding requirements, combined with the possibility 

that Tri-State district zinc output, from which most 

germanium comes as a by-product, seemed certain to 

continue to decline. "

Coals in several countries have been found to 

contain appreciable concentrations of germanium in 

their ash. They represent a potentially important 

source that merits thorough investigation.

AC KNOWLEDGMENTS

The cooperation of Dr. A. P. Thompson and his 

staff and of Mr. R. L. Hallows, all of the Eagle - 

Picher Co., throughout this study is deeply appreciated. 

Several hundred of the analyses reported in this paper 

were made in their Laboratory.

The senior author wished to express her hearty 

thanks to the coal miners, superintendents, and coal 

operators for help and permission to work in the 

mines; to Dr. A. C. Fieldner, of the U. S. Bureau of 

Mines, for permission to use the laboratory facilities 

of the Pittsburgh Experimental Station; to 

Mr. H. P. Greenwald, superintendent of the station, 

and all the members of the coal analyses section; to

1 See page 11 for references.

2 The possibility that renierite is a ferroan variety of germanite 

has been discussed by Fleischer (1930).
Charles McConnell,. Donald M. Brown, B. W. Dyer, 

Arne A. Mattila, George Bywater, H. B. Lindeman, 

Percy Pierce, and other members of the Geological 

Survey who helped her in the field. Mr. H. I. Smith 

of the Mining Branch of the Conservation Division, 

Geological Survey, made many arrangements with 

various field offices of the Division that greatly 

facilitated the field work.

Help with analytical work was received from 

H. J. Rose, Jr., R. S. Earner, and Mrs. J. p. Fletcher, 

all of the Geochemistry and Petrology Branch of the 

Geological Survey, and from A. A. Chodos, formerly 

of the Geological Survey.

PREVIOUS WORK

The literature on the occurrence of germanium in 

coals has been summarized by Gibson and Selvig(1944) 

and by Fleischer and Harder (1946); the reader is referred to these sources for a more complete review. 

We shall briefly recall the salient features of historical 

developments and point out the worldwide interest and 

research in the field.

During the early 1930's, Goldschmidt (1930) and 

Goldschmidt and Peters (1933) first called attention to 

the unusual concentration of germanium and other rare 

elements in certain European coals. A sample of ash 

from the Hartley coal of Newcastle, England, was 

shown by them to contain the high concentration of 

1. 1 percent Ge. The average content of the richer 

samples studied by them was 0. 05 percent Ge in the ash.

Morgan and Davies (1937) in England found that a 

significant loss of germanium occurs when coals are 

burned under conditions of industrial practice and 

ascribed the loss to the volatility of the oxide and 

sulfide of divalent (reduced) germanium. They also 

demonstrated that a certain part of the volatilized^ 

germanium is concentrated in flue dusts, many samples 

of which were found to contain 0. 1 to 1.0 percent Ge. 

A method of recovery of the element from flue dusts 

of gas works by distillation of the tetrachloride was 

studied by them. Our analyses to date of flue dusts 

from power plants in this country do not show such 

concentrations of germanium.

Since the pioneering work of Goldschmidt, investigators have studied the germanium content of 

coal and coal products in the following countries:

England: Horton and Aubrey, 1950; Jones and 

Miller, 1939; Morgan and Davies, 1937; 

Powell, Lever, andWalpole, 1951; Aubrey, 1952.

Russia: Egorov and Kalinin, 1940; Katchenkov, 1948; 

Kostrikin, 1939; Ratynskii, 1943, 1945, and 

1946; Vakhrushev, 1940; Zilbermlntz, 1936; 

Zilbermintz, Rusanov, and Kostrikin, 1936.

Australia: Cooke, 1938.

Czechoslovakia: Simek, 1940; Simek, Coufalik, 

and Stadler, 1948.

India: Mukherjee and Dutta, 1949 and 1950. 

Argentina: Lexow and Maneschi, 1950.

New Zealand: Wilson and Rothbaum, 1950. 

Spain: Lqpez de Azcona and Puig, 1948.

United States of America: Headlee and Hunter, 1951; 

Stadnichenko, Murato, and Axelrod, 1950.

Germanium content of coals of this country has 

been b*ut little studied; however active research is now 

under way in several laboratories.

Headlee and Hunter (1951) have recently reported 

on germanium in coals of West Virginia. The 

Eagle-Picher Co., the major producer of germanium 

in this country, has been carrying on extensive research 

both on the germanium tenor of various coals and on 

commercial extraction of the element from coal ash.

In 1935, the senior author of this report submitted 

19 samples of coal from the Lower Kittanning bed of 

western Pennsylvania (Stadnichenko, 1934) to 

George Steiger, former chief chemist of the Geological 

Survey, who spectrographically detected germanium in 

one sample derived from woody plants collected at the 

Victor No. 29 mine in Indiana County. In 1942, 

Steiger spectrographed 28 ash samples prepared by the 

senior author from American coals of various types 

and rank. He detected germanium in 5 samples, all 

of which were derived from coals rich in woody plant 

remains.

The present project on the geochemistry of minor 

elements in American coals was initiated by the senior 

author in 1948, and two brief reports of the findings 

have been made (Stadnichenko, Murata, and Axelrod, 

1950; Stadnichenko and Murata, 1951).

In this report 588 analyses from ash of the 

95 columnar samples, 29 channel, and 15 grab samples 

are given. In addition, 63 samples of Cretaceous lignite logs from the Atlantic Coastal Plain have been 

analyzed in order to determine the areal extent of this 

material, which in the original discovery site in Maryland, contains as much as 7. 5 percent Ge in the ash. The 

main body of the results is presented in tables 6 to 16, and 

the localities at which the samples were collected are 

indicated on small-scale maps (figs. 1 to 11).

We are collecting coal samples in the different 

coalfields of the Western and Eastern States, and plan 

to publish the results of analyses in subsequent reports 

on germanium, as well as on-Da, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, 

Sn, Zn, Ni, Co, Mo, Y, La, and B, in all of the 

important deposits of the Nation. Full discussion of 

the geologic and geochemical relationships bearing on 

the concentration of germanium and the other elements 

in coal will be reserved for these later reports. This 

study outlines the methods used for sampling and ashing 

of coal and for spectrographically analyzing the ash, 

and presents the analytical results obtained to date on 

germanium.

METHODS 

Sampling of coal

To obtain representative mine samples, columnar 

samples are cut from the fresh face of the coal. This 

method of sampling in some mines requires much less 

time than does channel sampling. By selecting a protruding 

ledge on the working face, only two sides need to be cut to 

obtain a columnar sample.
The size of the column that is collected varies, depending on whether the particular coal had been previously 

studied for other work. The larger columns collected from 

mines not previously studied may have across section of 

6 by 8 inches or even 10by 12 inches. No attempt is made 

to collect the columns intact, but it is necessary to preserve 

the main benches of the bed. The natural parting into benches 

usually results in conveniently sized blocks, and the parting 

surface may show the nature of the change in the character 

of deposition that ultimately produced a plane of weakness 

in the coal bed.

The individual blocks, cut from the face of the coal 

bed, are laid out in consecutive order and a label with a code 

number for the mine and block is attached at the top of each 

block with friction tape. The thickness of each block is then 

measured, though if time does not permit in the field, this 

maybe done when the blocks are unwrapped in the laboratory. 

Samples of lignites and subbituminous coal are wrapped at 

first in several thicknesses of newspaper, and then with 

aluminum foil to keep them from slacking, whereas bituminous coals are wrapped with aluminum directly. The key 

label, indicating the total thickness of the column, number 

of blocks, and other pertinent data, is put in the bag or the 

box in which the samples are taken out of the mine.

A columnar sample, in contrast to a channel sample, 

makes possible the detailed study of the germanium content 

of abed, blockby block. It also makes possible the preparation of thin sections and other special samples for 

petrographical and chemical study of those portions of a 

bed that are found to be enriched in germanium or other 

minor elements.

Ashing of coal

In the laboratory, the blocks of coal are divided into 

two parts, either manually with chisel and hammer or by 

means of a motor-driven circular saw. One part is reserved 

for possible detailed petrographic and chemical studies as 

mentioned above'. The other half is ground to pass a 

60 mesh sieve.

Five-gram samples of the ground material are weighed 

in shallow aluminum trays, 8 cmx lOcmx 1. 8 cm, which 

serve both as weighing pans and sample holders. The 

samples are then weighed and placed in a cold muffle furnace. 

The door of the furnace is lowered to within an inch of complete 

closure and the temperature is raised rather rapidly to 

125° C and held there for 20 to 30 minutes. Then the temperature is raised to and held at 180° to 225° C in order to 

destroy the coking property of the coal. This expedites 

the oxidation of the coal, which takes place at 400° C. 

Periodic gentle shaking of the trays speeds the oxidation. 

Low-rank coals may be ashed within 3 hours; higher 

rank coals require almost 8 hours. At the end, the 

temperature may be raised to 430° to 450° C in order to 

burn the last particles of unoxidized carbon.

Recently, WendellP. Tucker and Claude L. Waring 

(1952) studied the effect of ashing temperatures on the 

volatility of germanium in three lignite samples. They 

found that neither temperature, which varied from 200° to 

1000° C, nor time of ashing (1 to 4 hours) affected the germanium content in the ash. These findings contrast sharply 

with the results reported in the literature cited of substantial 

losses of germanium during the ashing process. Morgan 

andDavies(1937), for example, noted that 30 to 50 percent 

of the germanium originally present in-coal is lost during 

ashing. Some unpublished results of tests made by EaglePicher Co. show losses as much as 50 percent, 

depending- on ashing conditions. It is evident that more 

work needs to be done to find the reasons for the 

apparently contradictory results obtained by different 

investigators,

3

Analysis of coal ash

Spectrographic methods have been used in the laboratories of both the Geological Survey and the Eagle-Picher 

Co. to analyze the coal ashes, and the techniques used in 

both places will be outlined. In the future, we shall also 

use the newly developed phenyfluorine colormetric method 

forgermanium(HosteandClayes, 1947;Cluley, 1951). 

We have found this method very satisfactory for determining germanium in coal ash, and its use will check and augment the spectrographic determinations.

The general spectrographic method used in the Geochemistry and Petrology Branch of the Geological Survey 

for simultaneously determining a large number of minor 

elements in silicate rocks has already been described 

(Gordon and Murata, 1952); so only the steps required to 

adapt it for the analysis of coal ashes need be mentioned 

here. The method involves d. c. arc excitation and the use 

of pegmatite -base comparison standards. The matrix of 

the pegmatite standards consists of 60 parts of quartz, 

40 parts of microcline, and 1 part of specially purified 

ferric oxide. This mixture burns very smoothly in the 

carbon arc at around 16 amperes. Germanium and other 

elements are incorporated into the pegmatite base as oxides, 

and standards containing the elements in steps of 1. 00, 

0. 464, 0. 215, 0.100, 0. 0464..... .0. 001 percent are

prepared by successive dilution with the base.

Coal ashes vary greatly in their chemical composition 

(GibsonandSelvig, 1944, p. 2). To overcome the effect of 

this variable composition on the accuracy of the analysis, 

all ashes, after a preliminary grinding in an agate mortar, 

are mixed with one-half of their weight of germanium-free 

pegmatite base. This proportion of ash to pegmatite base 

represents a compromise between the desire to make the 

samples more uniform in composition and the desire to 

avoid excessive dilution of the ash, which would result in 

loss of sensitivity. Twenty-five milligram duplicates 

of the prepared samples are arced to completion in the 

carbon arc, and the percentages of the various elements 

determined densitometrically through the use of previously 

established analytical curves based on pegmatite standards. 

No internal standard element is used.

Samples showing 0. 05 percent or more of germanium 

are diluted further with sufficient pegmatite base so that their 

reanalysis would be done at a germanium-concentration 

level of about 0.01 percent. The final values for the other 

elements, whenever possible, are also obtained during the 

reanalysis. This practice results in greater accuracy for 

samples high in germanium because they (in the diluted 

.state) closely approach the comparison standards in composition. All determination of germanium were made with 

the line at 2651. 18A.

The analytical work by the Geochemistry and 

Petrology Branch of the Geological Survey was done partly 

in Washington, D. C., and partly in Denver, Colo., and 

these two laboratories will herein be designated as G-1 

and G-^respectively. The limit of detection attained 

inG-l was 0.002percentGe, andinG-2, 0. OOlpercent 

Ge on account of the superior quality of the grating in the 

Denver spectrograph. The early qualitative analyses by 

Steiger, in Washington,with the medium quartz spectrograph 

are coded as G-3 in the tables, and the limit of the detection 

of this instrument is about 0. 01 percent Ge.

The Eagle-Picher Co. has kindly furnished us with a 

concise description of the method used in its research 

laboratory, and this description is quoted below. The 

method differs from ours principally in that a semiquantitative analysis involving visual estimation of line densities 

on the spectrographic plate is first made on all samples. In 

this step a heavier exposure may be used than in quantitative 

analysis, and this heavier exposure leads to a higher sensitivity
of detection (0. 0004 percent). The results of this initial 

analysis are coded as E in the tables. Samples found 

to be rich in germanium are reanalyzed according to 

a quantitative procedure, the values from which are 

labelled as EQ in the tables. The details of the two 

techniques used by Eagle-Picher laboratory are as 

follows:

A. Semiquantitative analysis.

"Preparation of sample: The entire ash was grounu 

and mixed in a mullite mortar. A ,2.0-mg portion of 

the mixed ash was weighed on an analytical balance, 

and packed in a conventional center-post type graphite 

anode. The counter electrode was of 1/8 inch rod 

sharpened in a pencil sharpener.

Excitation: The entire sample was vaporized in a 

10 ampere DC arc maintaining a 3 mm arc gap throughout the arc period.

Photography: Spectra were recorded on SA"1 film 

with radial sector opening of 15 percent and a 

20 micron slit. The films were developed in D-19 at 

73° F.

Calculations: The lines Ge 3039.1A, Ge 2651. 3A,and 

Ge 2691. 3A were appraised visually and assigned 

density values from 1 to 10 by comparison with a 

prepared chart. Prepared standards, having a similar 

base, have been arced under the same conditions and 

the line density numbers plotted vs log percent concentration. Concentration values were then read from 

this curve for unknowns. . If indium is present in the 

sample, the line In3039. 4A interferes with Ge 3039. 1A 

which necessitates the use of the other Ge lines only. "

B. Quantitative analysis

"Buffer: The buffer used was 2 parts Ge-free Li 2C0 3 

to which was added 1 part graphite powder.

Sample preparation: The ash was ground and mixed as 

for semi-quantitative analysis. To 10 mg of ground 

ash was added 30 mg of buffer. After thoroughly 

mixing in an agate mortar two 15-mg portions were 

packed in thin-walled graphite anodes whose cup 

diameter is 2. 5 mm and cup depth is 4 mm. The 

counter electrode was 1/8 inch graphite rod not 

sharpened.

Excitation: The entire sample was vaporized in a 

10 ampere DC arc with 3 mm arc gap throughout the 

arc period.

Photography: Same as for semi-quantitative except 

a 50 micron slit and a 10 percent filter were used. 

The filter was placed in front of the camera at 

3230A so that the line L13232. 6A could be used as 

reference line.

Calculations: The calculations were made according 

to standard relative intensity procedures using the 

line pairs L13232. 6A/Ge 3039.1A (net) and 

Li3232. 6A/Ge 2651. 3A (net). Background correction 

was necessary on both Ge lines. The method used 

was I (net) = I (line / bkg.) - 1 in terms of the 

emulsion calibration curve. "

ANALYTICAL RESULTS 

General remarks

Altogether, 989 analyses were made and germanium 

was detected in 53-9, which is 55 percent of the samples. 

The percentage of samples in which germanium ^was 

detected varies greatly from locality to locality from 

22 percent in coals of Pennsylvania to 95 percent in 

the eastern Coastal Plain lignites. These percentages 

do not have any precise meaning, but give a crude idea 

of our experience. It must be remembered that the 

three laboratories making the analyses have different 

limits of sensitivity (0. 0004 to 0. 002 percentGe). 

Presumably, if all laboratories had worked at the 

detection limit of 0. 0004 percent, the percentage of 

detection would'have been higher. On the other hand, 

most of our work so far has been of the reconnaissance 

type, and we have tended to select the top and bottom 

block and those richest in woody material (vitrain) 

from any given bed for initial analyses. As such 

blocks are most likely to show concentration of 

germanium, the practice would improve our chances 

of detecting the element and keep us from making 

large numbers of analyses of'unpromising beds.

The analytical data are given in tables 6 to 16 at 

the end of this report. The results are grouped by 

localities within a state or a group of states. Modern 

estimates of the average content of germanium in the 

sedimentary rocks have ranged between 1 x 10~4 percent 

(Fersman, 1933) to7xlO~4 percent(RankamaandSahama, 

1950). Anaverage value of 4x 10" 4 percent germanium in 

sedimentary rocks may be assumed in order to judge 

the degree of enrichment represented by the various 

percentages for the ashes in our tables.

Special attention is called to table 11 where the 

germanium content of samples from the Lower Kittanning 

bed of Ohio are given. The discovery of tenths of 

percent germanium in the ash of this industrially important coal was one of> the most gratifying developments 

in our work. Some general features of the distribution 

of'germanium, noted during the study, will be described 

in the following four sections. We shall reserve 

discussing the geochemical significance of these features 

for a later report because it is necessary to consider 

the data on many other elements to get as comprehensive a view as possible.

Concentration of germanium in 

Isolated pieces of woody coal

We (Stadnichenko, Murata, and Axelrod, 1950) 

have previously reported on the high concentration of 

germanium, as much as 6 percent of the ash, in logs 

of Cupressinoxylon occurring sporadically in the , Cretaceous clays and sands of the District of Columbia 

and vicinity. Later analyses have raised the maximum 

concentration found to 7. 5 percent Ge in the ash of a 

specimen from the original discovery site on the 

campus of the University of Maryland. None of the 

other localities of the region has produced samples 

with such high percentages, although many of them 

have yielded samples that contain 1 to 2 percent Ge 

in the ash (see table 5).

The occurrence and nature of these logs have 

been described by Knowlton (1889). In May 1951, we
were fortunate in discovering a locality in Prince Georges 

County, Md. (table 7) where a score of coalified stumps 

of Cupressinoxylon complete with roots were found in an 

upright position in clay, apparently remains of trees that 

were buried at sites where they grew during the Cretaceous 

period. This findsuggests that the widely scattered logs 

of this region had a local origin and were not transported 

long distances before burial. The logs represent a pos - 

sible commercial source of germanium, but their sporadic 

distribution over an area generally densely populated 

makes their recovery difficult. However, the clays 

that contain the logs are mined in several places for manufacturing bricks; so there is a possibility that the logs 

could be gathered as a byproduct from such clay pits.

Another example of isolated coalified wood containing 

a very high concentration of germanium was found in coal 

adhering to the so-called "kettle bottoms" (tree stumps) 

collected from the shale overlying the Roundup coal bed 

in Klein No. 2 mine at Klein, Mont, (table 16). The ash 

of this coal contained 3 to 5 percent Ge, whereas that of the 

richest block of the main bed contained only 0. 02 percent 

Similar, unusually high concentrations of a number of 

minor elements have been reported by Jones and Miller 

(1939) for kettle bottom coal found in shales overlying 

certain British coals.

In their report on the germanium content of coals 

of Kazakhstan, Egorov and Kalinin (1940) note that" Thin 

coal beds and'lenses, as well as separate pieces of coal 

occurring among sandy and clayey rocks, show a higher 

germanium content. Headlee and Hunter (1951) have 

found a similar enrichment in isolated thin lenses of coal 

in sandstone and shale overlying certain West Virginia 

coals. Reynolds (1948) has reported unusual concentrations 

of other minor elements, such asV, Cr, andNi, likewise 

in bands and fragments of vitrainlike coals in rocks immediately above or below certain coal beds in England.

Distribution of germanium within coal beds

-In common with a number of other investigators, 

we have noticed that germanium is not distributed 

uniformly throughout the thickness of a bed but tends 

to be concentrated at the top or bottom or both. This 

relationship does not hold invariably, but it has 

been observed by us and others frequently enough 

so that the trend is clear and should be looked 

for in every new bed studied. Some examples 

of variations in the vertical distribution of 

germanium within coal beds studied by us are 

presented in table 1.

Table 1. Vertical variation of germanium content in the ash of various coals

Mine and bed

Sunlight mine, D bed, Cattle

Analyzed by Lab. G-2.

Tuss mine, east of Lewis town

Creek, Colo.

, Mont.

Morrison formation. Columnar sample

5.8 ft thick. Analyzed by'Lab. E.

Sunnyhill Coal Co., New Lexington, Ohio.

Lower Kittanning bed. Analyzed by

Lab. G-l.

Stark Ceramics Co., Cameron property,

Carroll County, Ohio. Lower Kittanning

bed. Analyzed by Lab. G-l .

Block

1 (top)

2

6

10

11 (bottom)

l(v) (woody coal from top

block).

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

10

11

12-

13

14 (bottom)

1 (top)

2

3

4

5

6 (bottom)

1 (top)

2

3

4

5

6

7 (bottom)

.Ash 

(percent)

8.72

8.06

2.84

2.28

2.14

3-71

23-39

10.75

8.68

5.70

6.38

30.21

9.68

6.62

5.90

10.56

11.77

9.48

16.24

17-56

10.68

7.08

6.54

12.30

27.88

26.14

3.56

3.00

3.34

4.50

3.54

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.02

(>)

(0n(i)

.21

.0042

.0052

.0045

.042

.038

( l )

' .0060

.0060

.0021

.0042

.0048

.0049

.006

0)( l > C 1 ) ( l )

.02

.003

.004

(0

.003

.002

.01

.20

1 Germanium not detected. For limits of detection of the different laboratories, see page 3.

5
The results in table 1 indicate the reason 

for first analyzing the top and bottom blocks when 

searching for germaniferous coal beds. Negative 

results on these blocks would justify regarding 

the beds concerned as unpromising with only a 

small risk of overlooking a rich deposit. In 

this manner, a large number of beds could be 

examined for the element with a minimum of 

effort. The bed at the Tuss mine in Montana 

is one of the few we have found to show a 

marked enrichment toward the middle. Through 

an oversight only a selected sample of woody 

coal from the uppermost block of this bed was 

analyzed; so the germanium content of the whole 

block is not known. However, this does not in 

any way obscure the fact of enrichment in the 

middle blocks. Although examples of such a 

distribution are rare, they must be kept in 

mind when formulating any general theory to 

account for the distribution of germanium in 

coal beds.

Headlee and Hunter (1951) state that there 

is an enrichment of germanium in coal that is 

adjacent to a parting. Our samples from the 

Ramsey mine in Colorado (table 13) seem to 

offer an example of such enrichment. In the 

middle of the bed at the Tuss mine mentioned 

above, there is a layer of bony coal containing 

30 percent ash. If this layer is considered 

as a sort of parting, the germanium-rich layer 

immediately above it would constitute another 

example of this relationship.

The enrichment at the top and bottom of 

beds is also of interest in connection with the 

problem of commercial extraction of germanium. 

We are of the same opinion as Headlee and 

Hunter (1951) in believing that such enriched layers 

constitute the most valuable ore and should be 

selectively nrned. Such a practice would -correspond to what is done in mining ores of more 

common elements, such as copper.

Evidence is given below to show that 

germanium is combined with certain organic matter 

of coal so that a high percentage of ash, arising 

from an abundance of inorganic impurities, such 

as clay or calcite, lowers its concentration in 

the ash. This general inverse relationship between 

percentage of ash and percentage of germanium 

in the ash has been noted by a number of 

investigators. However, the enrichment at the 

top or bottom of a bed occurs regardless of 

whether the coal at these horizons is high or 

low in ash. This may upset the general inverse 

relationship; therefore it is necessary to take 

into account the position within the bed when 

comparing one coal sample with another.

We have obtained some data on the 

variation of germanium laterally in Middle Kittanning 

and Lower Kittanning beds over a distance of 

more than 100 miles in Ohio. To overcome the

difficulty posed by the nonuniform, vertical 

distribution of germanium within these beds, the 

germanium content (calculated as grams per 

ton of coal) of the bottom block at each locality 

is used for comparison. The results are 

presented in table 2 and figure 1.

The germanium content of the Lower Kittanning 

bed varies from 10 to 127 grams Ge per ton 

of coal; that of the Middle Kittanning varies from 

2 to 32 grams per ton; a thirteenfold to sixteenfold 

range of variation. There does not seem to be 

any consistent, trend going from northeast to 

southwest across the State, so that this appears 

to be the magnitude of random variation to be 

expected laterally. More detailed work is needed. 

To establish the average content of. any bed or 

portion of a bed even at a single locality, a number 

of samples should be analyzed because there 

may be large fluctuations in the germanium 

content between points only a few feet apart 

along the bed.

The data for the Cretaceous logs of the 

Atlantic Coastal Plain (table 1) give an idea 

of the range of variation found among samples 

of this type of material from many widely 

separated localities and also from single localities.

Distribution of germanium among components of coal

Even a casual glance at a coal bed reveals 

the sedimentary origin of this rock, which may 

be regarded as a lithified and metamorphosed 

peat deposit. Just as it is possible to identify 

fragments of many different plants in a presentday peat deposit, so it is possible by means of 

microscopic examination of thin sections and 

polished surfaces to recognize remains of ancient 

plants in coals. The nature and terminology of 

different types of plant material found microscopically and the correlation of these materials 

with megascopic features of coal are discussed 

in the following references: Raistrick and Marshall, 

1939; Stadnichenko, 1934; Thiessen and Francis, 

1929; Stopes, 1919.

A number of investigators including Ratynskii 

(1946) and Horton and Aubrey (19&0) have demonstrated that germanium is most highly concentrated 

in vitrain, that component of coal which has a 

characteristic pitchy luster and conchoidal fracture 

and which was derived from woody tissues. We 

shall use the more general term woody coal to 

cover not only the typical vitrain, as seen in 

bituminous coal, but also the duller less coalified 

wood that is found in subbituminous and lignitic 

coals. Another component of coal studied by us 

is the friable, charcoallike material called fusian. 

We have selected and analyzed woody coal and 

fusian mostly from the Cupressinoxylon deposits 

of the Atlantic Coastal Plain because of their 

richness in germanium; the results are given in table 3.
Table 2. Germanium content of the bottom blocks of the Lower and Middle Kittanning coals of Ohio

[Analyses by Lab. G-l]

Bed

Lower 

Kittanning.

Middle 

Kittanning.

Letter 

on

fig. 1

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

f

g 

h 

i 

j

a 

b 

c 

d 

e

Locality

Stark Ceramics Co., pit 13, Stark County 

Stark Ceramics Co., pit 14, Stark County 

Stark Ceramics Co., pit 20, Stark County 

Billman Coal Co., Stark County 

Stark Ceramics Co., Cameron pit, Carroll County 

Copperhead Coal Co., Tuscarawas County : 

Sunnyhill Coal Co., Perry County 

Junction City, Perry County 

J & R Coal Co., Columbiana County 

Stark Ceramics Co., pit 14, Stark County 

Stark Ceramics Co., Cameron pit, Carroll County 

Sunnyhill Coal Co., Perry County 

Metropolitan Clay Products, Stark County 

Ge

(g/ton)

52 

46 

39 

63 

27 

10 

107 

24 

34 

127

16 

32 

31 

20 

2

Canton 

Average 45>e

Lower Kittanning /

coal bed )

CD 34 

0127

a

Athens

J 25

EXPLANATION

©

Locality and letter

referred to

in table 2

107

Indicates grams of 

germanium per ton 

of the bottom coal

Canton 

Q

Middle Kittanning /

OHIO

75

'20

D _/

Athens ''

coal bed I

MILES

I

\

Figure 1.--Lateral variation in germanium content of the Lower Kittanning coal bed and the

Middle Kittanning coal bed in eastern Ohio.
Table J5. Germanium content in the ash of woody coals and fusains

[Analysis by Lab. G-1-]

Locality

Cupressinoxylon wardi, Edgewood, Md. 

C i7QT>rH Mn1 T»IH Y>lr Wr\ _______________ _

C. wardi, University of Maryland, site 2 . 

C. wardi, l8th and Montana Ave. NE, Washington, B.C. 

Sewell bed, Pottsville group, Thuraond, W. Va. 

Woody coal

Ash 

(percent)

2.62 

3.2 

2.40 

5.82 

1.4

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.90 

1.3 

3-0 

1.5 

.03

Fusain

Ash 

(percent)

7.10 

19-6 

12.20 

20.43 

5-0

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0) 

0.005 

.07 

.02 

.005

1 Germanium not detected; less than 0.002 percent.

Most Cupressinoxylon logs are preserved solely 

as woody coal, but a few of them have fusain in the 

interior. Also fragments of logs showing both types 

of preservation are found occasionally. The data in 

table 3 clearly show the greater enrichment of 

germanium in woody coal compared to fusain. The ash 

content of fusain is higher than that of woody coal, but 

the disparity in the concentration of germanium is far 

greater than can be explained by a simple diluting 

effect of the higher amount of ash. These results 

confirm the findings of previous workers in other parts 

of the world. The state of chemical combination of 

germanium in woody coal in unknown. The woody coal 

of Cupressinoxylon, which contains the highest concentration of germanium among coaly materials, seems to 

be a favorable study material for an inquiry into this 

fundamental question.

Although the concentration of germanium 

ih woody coals is well established, very little 

is known about the genera and species of plants 

represented in germanium-rich woody coals. 

Among coals studied by us, the Cupressinoxylon 

logs and the kettle bottoms of Klein mine in 

Montana are known to be remains of conifers. 

If germanium and other elements that are found 

concentrated in woody coals were accumulated 

by plants while they were living, a marked 

variation in the degree of concentration might be 

expected from genus to genus and possibly from species 

to species. Horton and Aubrey (1950) have" argued 

that the large variation found by them in the 

minor-element content of woody coal (vitrain), 

isolated from a single coal bed at several 

localities, constitutes evidence unfavorable for 

biological accumulation. This argument is weakened, 

however, by the lack of assurance that the same 

species of plant is represented in the woody coal from 

the several localities.

It is common practice today in many mines to 

beneficiate high-ash coals by removing inorganic 

impurities, such as shale and ankerite, by methods 

that take advantage of differences in specific gravity. 

For commercial recovery of germanium from coal 

ash, such an elimination of mineral impurities is 

highly desirable because it minimizes the dilution of

the element in the ash. It is possible through carefully 

controlled gravity separations to obtain'fractions low 

in extraneous mineral matter and fusain and very high 

in woody coal (vitrain). Such fractions would constitute 

the most favorable raw material for commercial 

recovery of germanium.

With this commercial aspect of gravity separation 

in mind, we have subjected 4 samples of Ohio coals, 

2 with low and 2 with high ash, to gravity separation 

to see what degree of practical enrichment could be 

obtained in this way. Carbon tetrachloride and ethanol 

mixtures of different specific gravities were used. The 

coals were crushed to pass an 8 mesh sieve and the 

separations made on material retained by a 100-mesh 

sieve. To determine the amount of germanium that 

would be lost in the fines, the part that passed through the 

100-mesh sieve was analyzed as a single fraction. 

The results of these experiments are given in table 4.

With the low-ash samples 1 and 2 of table 4, it 

is evident that a separate with specific gravity of 1. 30 

would represent about 75 percent of the original bulk 

of the coal, and its ash would contain germanium 

at concentrations higher by a factor of 2 to 2.5 over 

that of the original. Such an enriched product would 

require physical handling and chemical treatment of 

less weight of material per pound of recoverable 

germanium. In the preceding section, we advocated 

selective mining of the part of a coal bed that is -richest 

in germanium. Such selectively mined material could 

be subjected to a gravity separation to yield the most 

favorable ore.

Samples 3 and 4 are bony coals high in ash, but 

they contain sufficient germanium to rank among 

germanium-rich coals in terms of grams of the element 

per ton of coal. As may be seen from table 4, however, 

gravity separation made on these coals result in a low 

yield of the enriched product with consequent loss of 

much germanium in the heavier fractions. Some 

improvement might be obtained by finer grinding or 

by changing other variables in the process, but it is 

already clear that bony coals are less amenable to 

beneficiation through gravity separations. Compared 

to the original samples, the -100-mesh fractions of 

all 4 coals show a higher percentage of ash and a
Table 4. Germanium content in the ash of different gravity fractions of Lower Kittanning co

Fraction

Original 

-100 mesh 

Float 1.26 

1.28 

1.50 

1-.J2 

Sink 1.50 

1.52 

Coal 

(percent)-

100

13.0

47.5

27.7 

4.6

~6~3

I

Ash 

(percent)

3.54

4.6

1.56

2.28 

4.70

40.02

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.20

O64

.46

-52 

.14

.015

Coal 

(percent)

100

5-7

68.3 

7-7

isTs

2

Ash 

(percent)

6.86

11.26

3-0 

6.76

23.96

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.20

.12

.55 

.25

.022

Coal 

(percent)

i 

100

6-3

10.2

10.3 

73.3

3

Ash 

(percent)

20.48

"X.~l CO 31.52

5~68 

10.16

25.06

-

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.03

.01

.11 

.02

.01

(pe

Stark Ceramics Co., Malvern pit, block 7, Carroll County.

Stark Ceramics Co., Cameroa property, block 7, Stark County.

]?Magnolia Mining Co.,; block 1, Stark County. 

Magnolia Mining Co., block 2, Stark County.
lower percentage of germanium. This is to be explained 

by the fact that fusain and some extraneous minerals 

tend to be easily broken into fine particles during the 

grinding process.

Pyrite is commonly found in coal, in some 

localities in great abundance. Other sulfides, such as 

sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and millerite, are less 

commonly found. Because germanium occurs in high 

percentages in a number of sulfide minerals, the 

question naturally arises whether the germanium that 

is found in coal might not be mostly concentrated in 

the pyrite of the coal.

The distribution of germanium among the different 

gravity separates, previously described, gives a strong 

indication that the element is not. in pyrite or other 

sulfide minerals. The element is seen to concentrate 

in the lighter fractions whereas sulfide minerals are 

known to go into the heavier fractions.

We have separated pyrite from 12 coals and a 

mixture of pyrite and sphalerite from two others. In 

table 5, the germanium content of these sulfides is 

contrasted with that of the ash of the host coal. All 

the pyrite samples gave negative tests (less than 

0. 002 percent). Samples 13 and 14 of table 5, showing 0. 01 percent germanium, were crude separates 

containing both pyrite and sphalerite. Sample ISA 

was prepared from the same Cupressinoxylon log as 

sample 13, and it was carefully freed of adhering 

coaly material. It contained 0. 002 percent germanium 

whereas the coal ash contained 0.8 percent. Thus, 

our results, like the results of Ratynskii's (1946) study 

of sulfides from the germaniumrich Kurrarinskii

coal deposit of Caucasus, showed no appreciable 

concentration of germanium. The lack of concentration 

in secondary sulfide minerals in germanium-rich 

coals contrasts sharply with the existence of 

germanium-rich sphalerites, tennantites,and particularly argyrodite, renierite, and germanite and poses a 

very interesting geochemical question of the origin of 

germanium-rich sulfides, in general.

Possible regional variation in the 

abundance of germanium

From the results discussed above, it is evident 

that the greatest enrichment of germanium in coaly 

materials is most likely to be found (1) in woody coal 

occurring isolated in sediments (logs,, kettle bottoms, 

etc.) and (2) in woody coals in the top and bottom of 

coal beds. However, the bed of Eocene age at pit 1 

of Nugget Coal Co. in the Hanna field of Wyoming 

(table 14) consists largely of clean woody coal, and 

one would expect it to contain a higher concentration 

of germanium than the 0. 001 percent found only in the 

ash of the top block. Likewise, the germanium content 

of Finch beds 1 to 4 at the Gary mine, also in the 

Hanna field, is very low in spite of much woody coal 

in these beds. Only a well-preserved coalified 

coniferous log found in clay overlying Finch No. 4 

bed at Gary mine showed 0. 01 percent Ge in the ash. 

The question comes to mind whether these low values 

might not be an expression of an abnormally low 

percentage of germanium in the rocks of the region. 

We do not, as yet, have sufficient analyses of 

rocks from here and other regions to answer 

this question.

Table 5- Germanium content of sulfide minerals from coals

[Asterisk (*) indicates germanium in concentrates less than 0.002 percent]

Sample 

no.

1

2~5

4

5

6

7

8

9

LO

Ll

L2

L3

L3A

L4

Mine and bed

Upperman mine, Deer Park, Md. 

Junction City, Ohio. Lower Kittannlng 

Billman Coal Co., Stark County, Ohio. Lower Kittanning 

Billman Coal Co., Stark County, Ohio. Lower Kittanning.

Bottom of bed.

Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Lower Kittanning -

Columblanna County, Ohio. Middle Kittanning 

Magnolia Mining Co., Stark County, Ohio. Lower

Kittanning.

Stark Ceramics Co., Cameron property, Stark County, Ohio.

Lower Kittanning.

Sunnyhlll Coal Co., New Lexington, Ohio. Lower

Kit tanning-.

Sunnyhlll Coal Co., New Lexington, Ohio. Middle

Kittanning.

Stark Ceramics Co., pit 14, Stark County, Ohio. Lower

Kittanning.

Stark Ceramics Co., pit 13, Stark County, Ohio. Middle

Kittanning.

Cupressinoxylon, Good Luck Road, East Riverdale, Md.

Lignified tree trunk 1.

Cupressinoxylon, Good Luck Road, East Riverdale, Md.

Second sample from same lignified tree trunk.

Cupressinoxylon, Good Luck Road, East Riverdale, Md.

Lignified tree trunk 9.

Block

4

4

6

6

6

3

2

7

6

10

3

9

Ge in sulfide 

(percent)

*

*

*

*

*

V

*

*

*

*

*

*

0.01

.002

.01

Ge in ash 

(percent)

*

0.002

.002

.002

.002

*

.01

.20

.02

*

.005

.02

.80

.80

C 1 )

1 Looked for, but not found.

10
Farther west in Wyoming, the coals of the 

Rock Springs field of late Cretaceous age show appreciable concentrations of germanium. In Montana 

(table 16) the coals of the Red Lodge field and of 

Rosebud County of Eocenejige are_very_ low in,germanium whereas the coals of the Great. Falls and Lewiston 

fields of late Jurassic age are notably richer.

Although the number of samples analyzed by us 

from Wyoming and Montana is still too small to provide 

the basis for any generalizations, we are, nevertheless 

impressed by these differences among coals from 

various basins.

A factor that may prove to be of great significance 

in explaining these variations is the presence or absence 

of mineralization adjacent to or within coalfields.. There 

are zinc deposits near the germaniferous coal beds of 

Stark and Athens County, Ohio, and the coal beds of 

the Great Falls field in Montana. Conceivably, 

germanium could be introduced into .the rocks of an 

area during the formation of a zinc deposit or during 

its subsequent weathering. Mueller (1924) has reported 

0. 3 ppm of germanium in the mine water of a zinc mine 

in Kentucky. If a correlation could be established 

between regional mineralization and germanium 

content of coals, it would be a very valuable guide in 

searching for germaniferous coals.

We are also studying the effect of metamorphism, 

both igneous and regional, on the germanium content of 

coal and plan to present the data in a future report.

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11

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ashing temperatures on the volatility of germanium 

in lignite samples: U. S. Geological Survey. [Unpublished report. ]

Vaes, J. F., 1948, Renierite, a.germaniferous sulfide 

from the Prince Leopold mine, Kipushi, Belgium Congo: 

Ann. Soc. Beige Geol. Bull. 72, p. 19-32.

Vakhrushev, G. V., 1940, Exploration of rare elements 

in Bashkiriya (Southern Urals): Uchenye Zapiski 

Saratov Gosudarst Univ. N. G. Chernyshevskogo, 

v. 15, p. 124-146. Chem. Abs., v. 35, no. 6541, 

1940.

Wilson, S. H. , and Rothbaum, H. P., 1950, Spectrographic determination of gallium and germanium in ash 

of New Zealand coals: Dept. Sci. Ind. Research 

New Zealand, Coal Res; Comm. Rept. no. 248.

Zilbermintz, V. A., 1936, Germanium in the coals of 

the Donetz basin: Mineral. Syrie, v. 11, p. 16-26. 

Chem. Abs., v. 30, no. 7306, 1936.

Zilbermintz, V. A., Rusanov, A. K., andKostrikin, V. M. , 

1936, The question of the distribution of 

germanium in fossil coals; Akad. V. L Vernadskamu 

Pyatidessyatiletiya Nauch. Deyatelnosti v. 1, 

p. 169-190. Chem. Abs., v. 33, no. 8384, 

1939.

12
Table 6. List of American coals showing high concentrations of germanium

State and county

Do 

Ohio, 'Columblanna 

Do

Do 

Do 

North Dakota, 

Mclean .

Do 

Bed and formation

Lower Klttanning, 

Allegheny, Pennsylvanian. 

Middle Klttanning, 

Allegheny. 

Middle Klttanning 

Lower Klttanning 

 do 

Middle Klttanning, 

Allegheny. 

Lower Klttanning, 

Allegheny.

Lower Klttanning, 

Allegheny.

 _do 

Garrison Creek bed 

Unnamed bed,Morrison, 

Jurassic.

Lcwer Klttanning 

Middle Kittanning 

Lower Klttanning 

Location

Cameron pit, Stark 

Ceramics Co., 

East Canton. 

 do 

J & R Coal Co. 

Near Guilf ord 

Lake, Blsbon. 

Harris farm, near 

Sunnybrook. 

Strip mine, near 

Junction City 

Pit 13, Stark 

Ceramics Co. , 

East Canton.

Pit 14, Stark 

Ceramics Co., 

East Canton.

 do 

Pit 20, Stark 

Ceramics Co., 

East Canton. 

Metropolitan Clay 

Co., southwest 

of East Canton. 

Magnolia Mining 

Co., near 

Waynesburg. 

Blllman Coal Co., 

Millers farm 

near Waynesburg 

Copperhead Coal 

Co., Millers farm 

near Waynesburg. 

Duster mine, 

Garrison . 

5. M. Tuss mine, 

east of 

Lewis town. 

Sast Belt mine, 

Belt, 

iunnyhill mine, 

Sunnyhill Coal 

Co., New Lexington.

Metropolitan Clay 

Co., pit, southeast of East 

Canton .

Thickness 

of block 

(feet)

0.3 

.3 

.3 

 37

.55

.4 

 3

.95 

 55

 ^5

.12 

.65

.60 

.35 

.05 

 55

 25 

 5

3-0 

.60

Ash 

(percent)

KK88 

6.86 

8.27

20.3

7-90 

19.98

3.4 

7-85

5-55

18.56 

10.72

8.63 

7.23 

10.40 

11.39

16.50 

3.71

21.56 

7-55

11.50 

8.63

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.20 

.18 

.20 

.05

.03

.06 

.072

.2 

.11

.14

.022 

.05

.055 

.13 

.09 

.03

.043 

.21

.037 

.057

 03 

.054

Ge02 (Ibs 

per ton 

of coal)

0.20 

.56 

.40 

.12

.18

.14 

.41

.29 

 25

.21

.12 

-15

.13 

.27 

.27 

.10

.21 

.23

.23 

.12

.1 

.15

Remarks

Bottom block of the bed. Taken 

at two locations.

Bottom block of the bed. 

Do.

Block 2. 

Bottom block of the bed.

Bottom block of the seam collected May 1950. Bottom block 

of the seam collected 

September 1951- 

Bottom block of the bed.

Do. 

Do.

Do. 

Bottom block of the bed.

Bony coal in the top part of 

the bed.

Bottom block of the bed.

Do. 

Jetty coal at the top of the bed.

Composite sample of the bottom 

3 feet thick seam. 

Lowest block of the columnar 

sample.

Do. 

Do.

13
s

I 

I

NEW YORK j CONN,

/

PENNSYLVANIA <;* 

r

>* >

Philadelphia gX

EXPLANATION

Locality and number 

referred to in table 7

Figure 2. Map showing localities of lignites from the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

14
Table 7. Germanium content in the ash of the lignites of Cretaceous age from the Atlantic Coastal Plain

Laboratory: G-l, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory, sensitivity 0.0021 percent; G-2, U. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; G-3, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory (d. W. Steiger), sensitivity 0.01 percent; E, EaglePicher Co. Research Laboratory, sensitivity 0.0004 percent (semlquantitative method); EQ, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, 

quantitative method.

[Asterisk (*) signifies that getmaniu ; below sensitivity limit of method used in analysis 1

No. on 

fig. 2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

County

District of

Columbia.

 do 

 do 

 do 

 - do 

 do 

 do 

Prince Georges

County, Md.

 do -

 do 

 do -

 do -

 do -

Harford, Md. -

 do - -

Monmouth, N. J.--

Nassau, Long

Island, N. Y.

King George,

Va.

Arlington, Va. 

Fairfax, Va. 

Bed and 

formation

Potomac group

(Cretaceous) .

 do 

Magothy 

(Upper Cretaceous) .

 do 

 -Potomac Group

(Cretaceous) .

 do 

 do 

 do 

 do 

 do 

-Patuxent

(Lower Cretaceous) .

 do -

-Arundel

(Upper Cretaceous) .

-Magothy

(Upper Cretaceous).

 do 

Potomac Group

(Cretaceous).

 do 

Trlassic 

Location

Banneker play-ground, 9th

and Euclid Sts., NWV

Branch Ave. near

Pennsylvania Ave . , SE .

Nichols Ave . , near Port 

Grebble, SE.

Alsoph Quarry, Nichols

Ave., SE.

Clay pits, Bladensburg

Rd. , near Pennsylvania

RR.

Rhode Island Ave., and 

15th St., NE.

Montana Ave. and l8th St.,

NE.

Northwest Branch Anacostia

River, near gas tanks.

Public school grounds,

Sunnybrook.

Good Luck Rd. and

Washington-Baltimore

Parkway, near East

Riverdale .

Byrd Stadium, University

of Maryland,* College

Park, Md.

 do 

Clay pit, Washington

Brick Co., Mulrkirk, Md.

Clay pit, near Edgewood, 

' Md.

Aberdeen, Md. 

Oschwalt Brick Co.,

Cllffwood, N. J.

O'Bryan Pits, Port

Washington.

Van Valsah farm, near

Osso.

Seminary Rd. , 1 mile

southeast of Bailey's

Cross Roads.

Chantilly, Va., 8 miles

east.

Sample 

no.

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

34

1

1

2

3

4

5

l

2

3

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

f

J

1 

2

f

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

Ash 

(percent)

3.58

2.03

51.*

"^ "Vi

2 JA'

47.7

6.40

13.00

31.30

3-36

3.64

3-82

3.26

8.33

4.40

7.10

4.40

3-30

10.00 6.54

9.9

7-1

8.7

3-7

4.1

7-54

4.6

3-7

4.6

7-74

4.04

2.85

3.4

2.8

2.85

2.04

4.12

2.40

3.00

4.18

3-2

12.2

4.0

4.2

8.0

10-7

6.9

39.6

3-2

3-6

19.6

8.07

2.6

2.02

7-1

2.22

4.14

2.27

4.48

3-08

7.28

1.8

5-5,

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.2

.2

.003

2.3

.01

 03

 5

*

2.0

2.80

1-5

2.2

2.4

3.4

.02

 03

.01

.01

1.06

.8

.6

.4

1.9

.7

.8

1.11

2.0

1.1

2.3

4.9

7-5

2.3

5.0

6.7

2.4

.8

3-0

3-3

2.8

4.87

.07

3-0 

3-9

 5

1.5

1.0

2-7

1.3

1.3

.005

.6

.9 

 9

.29

.01

.007

.34

.16

2.0

1.4

*

Laboratory

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-3

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

EQ

EQ

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

EQ

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l 

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

Remarks

Lignitic remains of Cupressinoxylon log.

Samples: 1, lignitic remains in clay. Road excavation; 2, Comminuted

pieces of lignite same

locality.

Pieces of lignite.

Mineralized block of Cupressinoxylon log.

Samples: 1, part of a log;

2 and 3» composite of many

logs and pieces of logs; 4,

part of a log about 20 ft long.

Lignite, found in excavation 

for an apartment building.

Samples: 1, road excavation,

jetlike lignite (Cupressinoxylon) , woody; 2,

soft lignite part of the

above sample: 3, Same

locality, different,

samples of lignite;

4, Same as 3;

5, Pusain, same locality.

Various parts of a large

trunk of Cupressinoxylon

taken from the stream.

Composite of several samples

of Cupressinoxylon logs

and broken pieces.

Trunks of Cuppressinoxylon

found in place, collected,

May 1951. Samples: 1 to

6 tree trunks in upright

position; 7 and 8, lignif led roots of trunks

3 and 4; 9 to 11, lignite

remains scattered in the

locality. The latter were

collected March 1950.

Cupressinoxylon lignite

 remains. Collected at

different sites, JanuaryAugust 1950. Samples: 1 to

4, collected at the highest bed; 5 to 10, various

samples taken from lower

bed; 11, fusain from

sample 7-

Site 4, a trench in which 

copper mineralization was

evident. Most of the samples

are rich in copper.

Samples of Cupressinoxylon

in clay. Samples: f, fusain

taken from logs; j, jetty

log.

Samples: 1 and 2, small 

pieces of lignite; f, fusain.

Sewer excavation sample, 

presented by 0. M. Bishop,

U. S. Bur. Mines.

Samples: 1, broken pieces

of lignite in clay; 2,

fusain in clay.

Samples collected by

Wallace Laguna, U. S.

Geol. Survey.

Lignite in marly micaceous

clay. Presented by

John J. Bernard.

Sample taken from a well

diggings. Presented. by

George Schoechle, U. S.

Geol. Survey.

Log, collected by R. S. Cannon,

U. S. Geol. Survey.

15
«

\

EXPLANATION

Locality and number 

referred to in table 8

\

PENNSYLVANIA

iPittsburghQ

8 X II

9*

12

n Johnstown

L..

4 

o

Philadelphia

Figure 3. Map shoving localities of coals from Pennsylvania.,

Table 8. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Pennsylvania

nn,- Am' S ' ^^'S^y Washington laboratory, sensitivity 0.002 percent; G-2, D. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; G-3, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory (G. W. Steiger), sensitivity 0.01 percent; E, EagleRe3® h La^atory, sensitivity 0.004 percent (semiquantitative method); EQ, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory,

[Asterisk (*} signifies that genaaniu s below sensitivity limit of method used in analysis ]

No. o 

fig. 5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

County

Armstrong 

 pi ], 

Indiana 

- do 

Cambrian 

. do ____________

Cambria 

Allegheny 

Indiana ____

Bed and 

formation

Lower Kittanning, Allegheny (Pennaylvanian). 

 do 

 do - 

 do 

 do 

 do _

Lower

Kittanning,

Allegheny

(Pennsylvanian) .

Pittsburgh 

Monangahela 

(Pennsylvanian) .

Lower 

Kittanning.

Location

Cadogan No. 1 mine, 

Cadogan .

Proctor No. 9 mine, near

St. Mary'3

Victor No. 29 mine,

Clymer.

Creaaon No. 9 mine,

Cresaon.

Ehrenfeld, Ehrenfeld 

Franklin, Johnson 

Maryland, No. 1 mine, 

St. Michael.

Bur. Mines, Experimental 

mine , Bruce ton .

Waterman No. 2 mine, 

Rochester and

Pittsburgh Coal. Co., 

Homer City.

Block 

no.

1 

2

1

2

!>

l

2

!>

1

2

!>

1

2

1

2

!>1

2

J>

1 

2

1 

2d

2f 

2w

4

W

Ash 

(percent)

i o <C l^.D

12.4

T Q

1.0

14.2

12.3 

3-97

3-7

3-1

Ge in ash 

(percent

*

*

*

0.01

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

* 

*

*

* 

*

.012

Laboratory

G-3 

G-3

G-3

G-3

G-3 

G-3

G-3

G-3 

G-3

G-3

G-3 

G-3

G-3

G-3

G-3

G-3

G-3 

G-3

G-3

G-l 

G-l

E 

G-l

G-l 

G-l

G-l

G-l

Remarks

Blocks: 1, woody coal; 

2, fusain. Selected from

the columnar sample.

Blocks: 1, woody coal;

2, durain; 3, fusain.

Blocks: 1, woody coal;

2, durain; 3, fusain.

Blocks: 1, woody coal;

2, durain; 3, fusain.

Blocks: 1, woody coal;

2, durain.

Blocks: 1, woody coal;

2, durain microdebris;

3» fusain.

Blocks: 1, woody coal; 

2, durain; 3, fusain.

Channel sample, sent by 

T. Praser, U. S. Bur. 

Mines.

Columnar sample, 3.7 ft 

thick.

Blocks: 1, woody coal, 

0.4 ft thick; 2d, selected

coal rich in plant microdebris (durain); 2f,

fusain; 2w, woody, coal,

same block; (block 2,

thickness 0.9 ft); 4,

thickness 1.2 ft; 4w,

voody coal selected from

block 4.

16
Table 8. Germanium content In the ash of coals from Pennsylvania Continued

No. on 

fig. 3

11

12

County Bed and 

formation

Kittannlng.

port 

Allegheny 

( Pennsyl- 

 vanlan) .

location 

and bed 

unknown.

Location

mine, Freebrook Corp., 

Kittannlng.

Drill Core no. 836,

Rochester & Pittsburgh 

Coal Corp., Indiana.

Jeddo Highland. 

Loree Spiral plant silt. 

Susquehanna, Flotation 

Plant.

Block 

no.

1

2 

3 

4 

1

1

1 

1 

1

Ash 

(percent)

11.10

6.62 

10.2 

37.^8 

2.2

Ge In ash 

(percent)

0.01

.0017 

.0017 

.0012

Laboratory

E 

E 

E

G-l

G-l G-l' 

G-l

Remarks

thick, taken In 4 blocks. 

Block 1, thickness 

1.2 ft.

coal. The core was sent 

by Dr. C. J. Porter, 

Indiana.

sent by Pennsylvania State 

College.

17
Table 11. Germanium content in the aah of Ohio coals

Laboratory: 0-1, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory, aenaitivity 0.002 percent; 0-2, U. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

aenaitivity 0.001 percent; E, Eagle-Picher Co. Reaearch Laboratory, aenaitivity 0.0004 percent (semiquantitative method); EQ, 

Eagle-Picher Co. Reaearch Laboratory, quantitative method.

[Asterisk (*) signifies that germanium < s below sensitivity limit of method used in analysis }

No. on 

fig. 6

1

1

2

3

4

4

5

6

6

7

8

8

9

County

Athena --- 

. do 

Belmont 

Columbiana 

Pappol T

. do -- -

Coahocton 

 do 

 do 

Jackson 

Perry 

 do 

 do 

Bed and 

formation

Lower

Kittanning

Allegheny

(Pennaylvanian) . 

Middle

Kittanning

Allegheny.

Pittaburgh, 

Monangahela

(Pennsylvanian) .

Middle

Kittanning

Lower

Kittanning

Middle

Kittanning.

 do 

Lower

Kittanning

Middle

Kittanning,

Sharon 1,

Pottaville

( Pennaylvanian) .

jower 

Kittanning

Middle

Kittanning,

Lover

Kittanning.

Location

Expoaure at the Nelaonville Hoapital.

Strip mine, near 

Nelaonville Hoapital.

Georgetown, No. 10 mine, 

near Neff .

Guilford Lake, 

J. & R. Coal Co., near

Liabon .

Cameron pit, Stark Ceramica Co., near Malvern.

 do 

Stewart Coal Co. strip 

mine, 14 milea aouthweat of Coshocton.

Abandoned atrip mine,

Harria Farm, near

Sunnybrook.

 do 

McKittrick mine,

Jackaon.

Sunhyhill mine, 

New Lexington.

 do 

Strip mine, near Junction

City.

Block 

no.

4

6f

6

4

1 

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 

2

3

4

4f

4w

5

6

1

1

2

3

4

5

1 

2

3

4

5

1

5f

8f

8

1 

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4-

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

15

16

17

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Aah 

(percent)

12.1

4.9

5-6

7-4

12.24

8.55

12.62

13.00

13.00

9-50

8.38

20.3

27.88

26.14

3-71

3.00

3-34

4.50

3.54

10.88 

6.34

ru64

17.90

8.85

13.04

3-50

5-56

8.27

6.5

11.87

7-9

10.24

4.48

4.76

1.50 

2.80

2.10

2.70

6.00

10.8

26.5

19-6

21.9

15.21 

14.88

10.09

7-19

2.77

7-55

38.75

43-76

28.68

19-53

28.84

25-70

32.40

24.8

6.13

6.72

6.02

79-97

7.1*

6.24

4.81

7.78

11.50

24.42

22.96

18.81

20.34

13-51

5-78

7-20

19.98

Ge in aah 

(percent)

0.004

.007

.003

.01 

.0026

.0013

*

.0029

.003

.029

- .03

.003

.004

.0014

.003

.002

.01

.20

.18

 03 

.008

*

.0012

*

.002

.002

.048

f\~Xjt '

.0029

.061

.0005

.0005

.0008

 002 

.*004

.003

.004

.02

.008

*

*

*

.014 

.0018

.0016

.002

.0027

.057 .0018

.004

.003

.0023

*

*

*

*

.0012

.0034

.0014

*

.003

.0014

.0018

.0016

.03

.010

.012

.0022

.0020

.0016

.0025

.016

.072

Laboratory

G-l

G-l

G-l

G

n -J,

G-l 

E

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

EQ

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

EQ

G

-l

-J.

G-l

E

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

EQ

E

E

E

G-l 

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

EQ 

E

E

E

E

EQ

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

E

G-l

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

G-l

Remarka

Columnar aample, 2.1 ft

thick. Analyzed aelected

blocka only. 6f, fusain

in block 6.

Columnar aample, 6 ft thick. 

Selected block rich in

woody matter.

Columnar aample. Selected 

block of woody coal.

Columnar aample, 4.5 ft 

thick, taken in 8 blocka.

Columnar aample, 1.9 ft

thick, taken in 7 blocka.

Block 7a taken at the

bottom of the bed 6.6 ft

from the columnar aample.

Columnar samples, taken in 

6 blocka. Block 4: 4f,

fuaain; 4w, woody coal.

Columnar sample, 6 ft thick. 

Block 1, thickneaa 0.9 ft.

Selected samples of the

columnar aample 5.2 ft

thick. Block 2, thickneaa

0.4 ft.

Columnar aample. Selected 

blocka. Block 5, woody

coal below parting.

Drill aample of the entire

bed, 5-5 ft thick.

Blocka: 5f> coal rich in

fusain; 8f, fusain; 8,

dull (durain) coal.

Columnar sample, taken in 

6 blocks.

Columnar sample, taken in 

17 blocks. Moat of the

blocks are either bony

or form bone partings in

the bed.

olumnar sample, taken in

8 blocks.

22
Table 11. Germanium content in the ash of Ohio coals Continued

No. or 

fig. t

10

10

10

11

11

12

13

14

15

16

County

Stark

 do 

 do 

 do - - -

.

. do 

 do 

 do 

 do 

Tuscarawas 

Bed and 

formation

Lower

Kittanning.

 do -

 -do 

 do -------

Middle

Kittanning.

Lower 

Kittanning.

 do 

 do 

 do 

 do 

Location

Pit 13, Stark Ceramics

Co., East Canton.

 do r 

 -do 

Pit 14, Stark Ceramics

Co., East Canton.

 -do 

Pit 20, Stark Ceramics 

Co., East Canton.

Metropolitan Clay Co., 

pit, southeast of

East Canton.

Magnolia Mining Co., 

McCall's Farm near

Waynesburg.

Billman Coal Co., 

Miller's Farm,

Waynesburg.

Copperhead mine, Sugar 

Creek.

Block 

no.

1

3 

Bp

Bp

1

2

3f

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

1

2 

3

3f

4

4f

5

6

7

8

9

1 

2 

3

4

5

6

1 

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

l 

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ash 

(percent)

_

. 3.85

3-7

9.21

9-38

7-54

3.00

5.67

7-85

7.20

3.51

3.74

5-55

13.21

8.73 

6.14

18.10

17-5

13.6

4.68

8.96

8.72

23-52

18.57

12.04 

15.14 

13-35

31-31

17.78

10.72

24.73 

29-66

32.60

27.84

8.03

9.08

8.63

21.03 

14.93

6.16

26.54

4.38

3.84

7-23

10.40 

7-05

26.62

13-20

15-65

7.24

21.9

5.48

10.36

7-02

9.78

9-54

7.08

5.61

14.56

25-20

8.40

Ge in ash 

percent)

0.033

.10 

.26

.2

.013 *

»

.004

.03

.11

.004

.002?

.005

.13

.03

.013 

.0019 *

»

*

»

.0014

.004

.0013

.022

.02 

.02 

.0059

*

.002

.05

.0082

.004

.002

.0016

.005

.0019

.054

.06 

.019

.003

.0022

.003

.004

.13

.091

.025

.004

.001

.001C .002"

.003

.004

.006

.005

.014

.03 

.0022

.0016

.0015

.0021

.0022

.03

Laboratory1

G-l

G-l 

EQ

G-l

EQ

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

EQ

G-l

E

G-l

EQ

G-l

EQ 

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

G-l

E

EQ

G-l 

G-l 

EQ

E

G-l

EQ

EQ 

G-l

G-l

E

G-l

E

EQ

EQ 

EQ

G-l

E

G-l

G-l

EQ

EQ 

EQ

G-l

G-2

E

E

G-2

G-2

G-l

G-l

EQ

G-2 

E

E

E

E

E

G-2

Remarks

Blocks 1 and 3 of columnar

sample, collected 

December 1948. Bp, bottom

part of the bed.

Bottom part of the columnar

sample, 0.95 ft thick.

Columnar sample, 2.1 ft

thick. Collected in 5

blocks, September 26, 1951.

Blocks: 3f, fusian from

top of block; 5, thickness

0.5 ft.

Columnar sample, 3-1 ft

thick, taken in 4 blocks,

lowest block 0.45 ft thick.

Columnar sample, 3«1 ft

thick, taken in 9 blocks. 

Block 1, thickness 0.25 ft.

Middle Kittanning coal

lies 30 ft above the lower

Kittanning. The sample

was taken 30 ft below the

samples of the Lower

Kittanning bed. (See

columnar sample for pit

14, above.)

Columnar sample, 2.15 ft 

thick, taken in 6 blocks. 

Block 6, thickness 0.65 ft.

Columnar sample, 1-95 ft 

thick, taken in 7 blocks.

Block 7, thickness 0.6 ft.

Columnar sample, 1.8 ft 

thick, taken in 7 blocks.

Block 7, thickness 0.35 ft.

Columnar sample, 4.25 ft 

thick, taken in 11 blocks.

Block 1, thickness 0.05 ftColumnar sample, 3 ft thick, 

taken in 7 blocks.

Block 7, thickness 0.55 ft.
r

D

SALT LAKE CITY

a

Price

NEW

Socorro

D

MEXICO

D

Albuquerque

SANTA FE

U T H

EXPLANATION

 3

Locality and number 

[referred referred to in TOPIC table12\c.\ j

figure 7. Map showing localities of coals from New Mexico and Utah.

Table 12. Germanium content in the ash of the Upper Cretaceous coals from New Mexico and Utah

Laboratory: G-l, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory, sensitivity 0.002 percent; G-2, U. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; E, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, sensitivity 0.0004 percent (semlquantitatlve method); EQ, 

Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, quantitative method.

[Asterisk (*) signifies that germanium content is below sensitivity limit of method used in analysis ]

No. on 

fig. 7

1

1

2

County, field, 

and state

Socorro, Carthage,

N. Mex.

Carbon, Castelgate, Utah.

 do -

Bed and 

formation

Carthage,

Mesaverde.

Kenllworth,

Mesaverde .

Sunnyside,

Mesaverde.

Location

Boca mine,

New Carthage.

Kenilworth mine, Independent Coal & Coke Co.

Sunnyside No. 2 mine,

Kaiser Steel Corp.,

Sunnyside.

Block 

no.

1

5

1

5

8

10

1

2

5

6a

6b

6c

10

28a

Ash 

(percent)

12.56

9-65

7.64

5.50

4,02

5.84

3-74

13-96

5.82

2.42

1.55

4.86

2.20

3-58

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.001

.0012

*

.001

.0065

*

.001

.001

*

.0022

*

*

.0018

*

Laboratory

G-2

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

G-l

E

E

E

E

G-l

Remarks

Columnar sample. Selected

blocks analyzed.

Columnar sample, 12 ft

thick. Selected blocks

analyzed.

Columnar sample, 10 ft

thick. Selected blocks

analyzed.

Last block in the column,

28a. Upper part, block 1

rich In woody coal.

24
13

12 

X _^M

14,

Meeker

-10 

'9

C OLORADO

8

I7 I7 16 

* \N

25

O

Grand Junction

18 15

S

,19

D

DENVER

20 21

^24

*3

EXPLANATION

 3

Locality and number 

referred to in table 13

26

 a*

Ourango

* D Trinidad

j uurango |_ I

.Figure 8. Map ahowlng localities of coals from Colorado.

Table 13- Germanium content in the ash of coals from Colorado

Laboratory: G-l, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory, sensitivity 0.002 percent; G-2, U. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; E, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, sensitivity 0.0004 percent (semiquantitative method); EQ, 

Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, quantitative method.

[Asterisk (*) signifies that germanium concent is below sensitirity limit of method used in analysis ]

Ho. on 

fig. 8

1

2

J

4

5

6

7

8'

9

County and field

Los Animas,

Trinidad.

Huerfano,

Trinidad.

. do - -- 

Pretnont - -- 

. do 

Boulder, Denver

region.

Weld, Denver

region.

do

Routt, Green

River region.

Bed and 

formation

Frederick,

Baton

(Eocene ) .

tfalsen,

Venae jo

{Upper

Cretaceous),

Jrmamed,

Venue jo

 do--- 

3rookside,

Venae jo

Unnamed,

Laramie

(Upper

Cretaceous).

 do 

 do 

[jsnnox,

Mesaverde

(Upper

Cretaceous \

Location

Frederick mine, Colorado

Fuel & Iron Corp. ,

Valdez.

Kiebler No. 2 mine, Tioga 

Five miles west of

La Veta On Route 160.

Double Dick mine, southeast of Canon City.

Between Canon City and

Florence, Route 50.

Black Diamond,

Lafayette .

Washington mine, Erie 

Lincoln mine, Erie - .-- 

Edna mine, Oak Creek 

Block 

no.

1

2

3

4

1

20

1

1

1

1

1

1

Iw

3

5 

1

9

Ash 

(percent)

9.12

17-56

8.70

16.04

0.72

9-60

21.20

13.60

8.20

6.50

7.80

7.28

6.05

4.30

4

Qi- "5

4.41

5.20

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.004

.003

*

*

.005

*

*

*

*

*

*

 nno \J\Je~.

.002

# *

nnriK UUUJ3 .0005 *

Laboratory

G-2

G-l

G-l

G-2

G-l

G-2

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

G-l

Remarks

Columnar sample. Selected

blocks .

Do.

Grab sample, collected by

Larry Warner, U. S. Geol.

Survey.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Columnar sample. Selected

blocks. Rich in woody

coal. Iw, part of

block 1, woody.

Columnar sample. Selected

blocks .

25
 oa

USOIB^ UT $ s?[ooTq 

aBuranTOQ 'sTdniBS SS'2. 3J 

"1 iisAO ^tiBd jo 0q^ psq 

 oa 

 oa

'aeuj.Bftia.rBT; -fl 'S T°9Q 

 TBOO

pa^osTSS sjjooTq jo 

'jtofq^ USSTB;} T U 2. sj[ooTq 

sdssdu^ofq^ QJ.QA psTdnros 

°T^ U "[B spsq jo ^uaisjjrp 

psq.o8T9S 'ssTdnres -eadai 

'j[oTq^ U83£B^ T U £3 *sj[ooTq 

aBurariToo 'sTdtnss 9"£ W 

JO ^pOOA TBOO 

9Tdnres pssodrooQ ^T^^aBT 

) asddn ^aBd jo eqr; QTdnres ( 

tto^a UT £pooA TBOO 

'^^Tq^ psc^o9T0g B9Tdnres 

ps^oaT^S SJ[ooTq 

tiBUOTiTog 'sTdwBs 56*6 5j 

TB°° noaj J[ooTq 'T 

1?"2. W '^OTiW 'AT JjpooA 

s?[ooTq jo sqri aeddn ^aBd 

ttoja UT ipooA "TBOO 

«*»-«

a 

a 

a

a 

a

a 

a 

a

a 

a 

a 

a 

a

T-O

T-0 

T-0

T-O

3-0 

3-0 

T-0 

3-0 

T-0 

3-0

ij

3-0 

3-0 

3-0

3-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0

tj L 

T-0 

T-O 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0

3-0

tJ L 

3-0 

3-0

.J L 

T~0

T-0

a

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0 

T-0

Xoo^^oqn

Sooo5000" 

6SOO2.TOO2.TOO3TOO3TOOSTOOSoooSoooSooo5TOO"

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30-

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SoooSoooTOO'

STOOftoo2.900-0

SQ Uf qsB 

s 89; 

T 89' 

T 69' 

svs

ft;9

6T'9 

9T S9' 

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ST'OT

oi.-L 

os-i?

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09-8

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09'S

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lr£'ST 

06'8 

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38'£ 

96'^?

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96-2.

2.9-3

Co-2. 

09-3

fii'C

08'9 

OS'3 

WOT

es;^

(,uooaad)

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£T

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5

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03 

8T 

ST

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6T 

2.T

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3T 

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3T 

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S

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 ou

"jssasmos

 op 

JBSU ^TOAjasay 9 ssTpn 

UQASS s8T"pn tRaou 05 

- op 

- op 

- op 

sTM 8 TTTH 'airpn aBsu 

UO-f.BOCn

sw ABB 9 spa 

 op 

 op 

'a,, ii 

'V,, ii 

ssTrt 'TTTH 

- op - 

-SSSk

psg PUB 

 op 

;-- op . 

 uofSea

- pO . 

- op 

 op - 

- op 

 uofSea

- op 

aaAta uo^Sea 

 op 

 op 

 op 

£}unoo PUB PT9TJ 

oo

03 

03

6T 

8T 

2.T

9T

ST

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3T

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OT

-3TJ 3 

-ON ao 

"£T eqq. qsB jo SIBOO moaj opBaotoo 
Table 15. Germanium content In the aah of coals from Colorado Continued

No. or 

fig. £

25

24 

25

26 

o£

26

26

County and field

Gunnlaon, 

Created Butte.

. do -

La Plata, San Juan 

.River region.

Bed and 

formation

Upper 

Meaaverde, 

Meaaverde .

Unnamed, 

Meaaverde.

Meaaverde .

Utfnamed, 

Prultland?

 do --------

Frultland 

(Upper 

Cretaceous^ 

 do 

Location

Created Butte, Created 

Butte.

Mine on eaat aide of 

Slate Creek. Pour mllea 

north of Created Butte.

Caatle mine, 5 mllea 

northweat of Durango.

northweat of Durango.

Durango on Route 160.

Bayfleld.

Block 

no.

1 

7 

10 

12

1 

2

1

5 

5 

6 

7v 

8 

1

1

1

1

Ash 

percent)

6.80 

2.20 

2.62 

2.40 

16.80

8

QQ

5.26 

12.44 

8.88 

1.50 

.12.74 

5-90

56.80

16.60

Ge In .ash 

(percent)

0.0026 

.0015 

.0012 

.0014

*

.0018

.0005

.0005 

.0005

.02

.0005

.002 

.002

»

«

Laboratory

G-1 

E 

E 

E 

G-1

E 

E 

E 

G-1 

E 

G-1

G-1

G-1

G-1

Remarks

Columnar sample. Selected 

blocks.

Grab sample, collected by 

Larry Warner, U. S. Geol. 

Survey.

taken In 8 blocks. TV, 

woody coal, selected 

from block 7.

Grab sample, collected by 

Larry Warner, U. S. Geol. 

Survey. 

Do.

Collected by Larry Warner, 

U. S. Geol. Survey.

Larry Warner, U. S. Geol. 

Survey.

27
Q Sheridan

EXPLANATION

 3

Locality and number 

referred to in table 14

10

8

w Y 0 M N

Figure 9---Map shewing localities of coals from Wyoming.

D Kemmerer

Rawlins Q

D

Green River

Table 14. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Wyoming

Laboratory: 0-1, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory, sensitivity 0.002 percent; 0-2, U. S. Gaol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; E, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, sensitivity 0.0004 percent (semiqua'ntitative method); EQ, 

Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, quantitative method.

[Asterisk (*) signifies chat germanium content is below sensitivity limit of method used in analysis ]

No. on 

fig. 9

1

1

1

1

2

2

County and field

Carbon, Hanna 

 do 

. do .

t do .

 do 

 do ---- - -

Bed and 

formation

Hanna No. 1,

Hanna formation

(Eocene) .

Hanna No. 2,

Hanna.

 do 

 do 

Pinch No. 1,

Hanna.

Pinch No. 2,

Hanna.

Location

Pit 1, Nugget Coal Co.,

Hanna.

Pit 2, Nugget Coal Co.,

Hanna.

Monolith Portland Midwest

Coal Co., Hanna.

Union Pacific Coal Co.

mine, Hanna.

Gary mine, Elk Mt. Coal

Co., 12 miles south to

southeast of Hanna.

 do ----- -----

Block 

no.

1

Iw

7

9

1

2

1

1

2

5

-5

4

5

6

l

2

7

Ash 

(percent)

1.9

2.7

2.2

2-3

1.0

1-7

1.0

1-7

10.5

3.5

6.0

4.2

3-6

6.6

4.4

5.1

5-6

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.001

*

Laboratory

0-2

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

Remarks

Columnar sample, 9.9 ft

thick. Selected blocks of

woody coal. Block 1,

thickness 0.9 ft; Iw,

bright glossy coal (vitrain)

Columnar sample, 10.1 f£

thick. Selected samples

of glossy coal (vitrain)

from the top part of the

bed.

Selected sample of woody

coal 0.8 ft thick from

the top of the bed,l8 ft

thick.

Type samples, selected at

the tipple. Samples:- 1,

woody coal; 2 microdebris

' with fusain; 3, durain.

Columnar sample, 2.1 ft

thick. Selected blocks

analyzed.

Columnar sample, 1.3 ft

thick. Selected blocks

analyzed.

28
Table 14. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Wyoming Continued

No. on 

fig. 9

2

2

2

3

4

4

5

5

5

6

6

6

7

8

9

County and field

Carbon, Hanna 

j_

f\n

Carbon, Green

River region.

Sweetwater, Rock

Springs .

rln

. do 

 do -

_«___dn 

 do 

 do 

 do 

Lincoln, Ham's

Pork region.

Campbell, Powder

River region.

Sheridan, Powder

River region.

Bed and 

formation

Finch No. 3,

Hanna.

Pinch No. 4,

Hanna.

Pinch Ho. 5,

Hanna.

Unnamed,

Mesaverde

(Late

Cretaceous).

Rock Springs

No. 3,

Mesaverde .

Rock Springs 

No. 7i,

Mesaverde .

Rock Springs 

No. 7,

Mesaverde.

Rock Springs 

No. 11,

Mesaverde .

Rock Springs 

No. 9,

Mesaverde.

 do 

Rock Springs 

No. 15,

Mesaverde .

Unnamed, 

Mesaverde.

Klkol,

Adaville

(Upper Cretaceous).

Smith bed,

Port Union

( Paleocene) .

Monarch, Port

Union

(Paleocene).

Location

Gary mine. Elk Mt. Coal 

Co . , 12 miles south to

southeast of Hanna.

 do -- -' 

 do 

18 miles south of

Wamsetter.

Stansbury mine, Union

Pacific Coal Co.,

Stansbury.

 do 

Reliance mine, Union 

Pacific Coal Co.,

Reliance .

 do 

 .do ---

Superior D. 0. Clarke

mine, Superior.

Copenhagen mine , 

Superior.

Elkol mine, Kammerer Coal

Co., Kanmerer.

Wiodak east of Gillette 

Monarch Coal Co.,

Monarch.

Block 

no.

2

3

4

5

1

2

1

3

5

7

10

12

15

22

26

31

33

1

1

5

7

11

1

2

4

6

7

8

9

10

12

14

17

1

3

5

8

11

1

2

6

6a

7

8

14

1

3

1

2

3

6

1

1

2

1

2

3

1

2

5iwo

9

10

13

Ash 

(percent)

6

rf 7 

4.9

2.8

5.4

1.2

1.5

12.04

12.92

9-98

4.02

7.82

5.80

6.14

5.06

5-96

5-50

4.48

6.26

2.74

2.57

2.61

2.47

2

/r/r .DO

.06

2.90

2.36

3.44

3.42

2.54

3-45

9-37

2.51

2.30

4.51

3.13

3.43

1.85

8.02

2.90 

2.15

2.05

5-43

1.97

2.33

4.09

2.55

2.60

2.55

1-77

2.60

2.55

1.53

10.2

3.08

2.30

6-7

7.2

6.9

7-32

9-34

4.30

4.70

4.80

4.6

5-79

3-6

Ge in aah 

(percent)

f

*

*

*

.01

.001

.0017

.0012

.0015

.0015

.062

.048

.0011

.0012

.0014

*

*

.0010

.0017

.0009

.0012

.0016

.0011

.001

.0031

.0022

.0017 

.0013

.0013

.0020

.0016

.0012

 0033

.052

.043

.052

.065

.043

.0018

.0052

^

.0014

*

*

*

*

.0007

.0005

*

*

*

*

.0005

*

Laboratory

0-1

0-1

G-l

G-l

0-1

G-l

0-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-2

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

EQ

EQ

E

E

E

E

E

E

£

£

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E niQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

E

E

G-l

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

G-l

Remarks

Columnar sample, 3.1 ft

thick. Selected blocks

analyzed.

Columnar samples, 1.6 ft

thick. Blocks: 1, coalified

log about 1 ft long found

in clay roof above the top

of the bed; 2, topmost

block of the bed.

Columnar sample, 7.5 ft

thick, taken in 33 blocks.

Block 1, thickness 0.75 ft.

Grab sample, collected by

H. B. Lindeman,

U. S. Geol. Survey.

Columnar sample, 6.5 ft

thick. Selected blocks of

woody coal.

Columnar sample, 7.1 ft thick

taken in 17 blocks.

Blocks: 1, thickness 0.9 ft;

2, thickness 0.4 ft.

Columnar sample, 5.2 ft thick, 

taken in 11 blocks.

Selected blocks.

Columnar sample, 8 ft thick,

taken in 14 blocks.

Block 6, thickness 2.3 ft,

was divided in the laboratory

into 6 and 6a.

Columnar sample, 6.8 ft

thick. Only two blocks

(1 and 3) of bright woody

coal were analyzed.

Columnar sample, 7.5 ft

thick. Maximum Ge concentration in block 1,

thickness 1.2 ft.

Grab sample, collected by

Larry Warner, U. S. Geol.

Survey

Channel sample. Total thickness of the bed, 85 ft.

Block samples selected at

the different levels of

the bed 55 ft thick.

Columnar sample, 10.2 ft

thick, taken in 13 blocks,

selected blocks analyzed-.

29
Table 14. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Wyoming Continued

No. on 

fig- 9

10

1 County and field

River region.

Bed and 

formation

Union formation.

Dry Creek 

level.

24 ft 

below 

Healy.

160 ft be- 

' low Healy.

355 ft below Healy.

110 ft below Healy.

Location

 do 

 do 

 do 

 do 

Block 

no.

1

3

4

5

6

Ash 

(percent)

23.4

PP Q

14.4

9-5

25-7

Ge in ash 

(percent)

*

#

Laboratory

0-1

0-1

0-1

0-1

Remarks

by W. J. Mapel, Jr., 

U. S. Geol. Survey. 

15.67 ft thick. 

11.58 ft thick.

2.25 ft thick.

13.0 ft thick.

30
I Crosby

NORTH DAKOTA

7 a

/ Stonton 

o

EXPLANATION

 3

Locality and number 

referred to in toble 15

\

BISMARK

I__________

Figure 10. Map shewing localities of coals from North Dakota.

Table 15. Germanium content in the ash of coals from North Dakota

Laboratory: G-l, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington laboratory, sensitivity 0.002 percent; G-2, U. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; E, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, sensitivity 0.0004 percent (semlquantitative method); EQ, 

Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, quantitative method.

[Asterisk ( } signifies that germanium content is below sensitivity limit of method used in analysis }

No. on 

fig. 1C

1

1

1

1

County and field

Divide, Port

Union region.

. do 

. do 

. do 

Bed and 

formation

Noonan, Fort

Union

(Paleocene)

 do 

Unnamed,

local bed,

30 ft above

Noonan. 

Unnamed,

50 ft above

Noonan bed,

Fort Union.

Locality

Baukol-Noonan mine,

Noonan .

. dO 

 do 

. __ do ______ _ - _ 

Block 

no.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

1

2

3f

1

2

1

2

3

4

6

8

12

14

16

17

18

20

22

22b

Ash 

(percent)

7.26

6.86

6.96

6.48

9.68

5.82

5.58

4.92

4.92

6.50

8.74

7.88

10.14

8.88

7-30

6.88

15.68

11.30

22.04

14.22

23.4

6.46

12.24

6.88

6.02

5.02

8.46

7.28

7-56

9.7^

9.84

20.78

13.86

6.54

7.28

28.24

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.02

.0

.006

.03

.004

Laboratory

G-2

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-2

G-2

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

Remarks

Columnar sample, 7 ft thick,

taken in 17 blocks.

Block 1, thickness 0.35 ft.

Blocks: 1 and 2, glossy

jetllke lignite; 3f,

semif usain from same

column .

Brown coal in shale above the

bed. Topmost block of the

bed.

Columnar sample including 

shale at bottom part of

block 22. Block 18 includes

block 19, and 20 includes

block 21; 22b, bony coal.
Table 15- Germanium content In the ash of coals from North Dakota Contlnusd

No. on 

fig. 10

2

3

4

4

5

6

7

County and field

Burke, Port Union

region.

Mclean, Port Union

region.

 do 

 do 

Mercer _ - --

j

Oliver 

Bed and 

formation

Unnamed,

30 ft above

Garrison

Creek, Port

Union.

Garrison

Creek, Port

Union.

Unnamed, 

30 ft above

Garrison

Creek.

 do -

Unnamed, Port 

Union. '

Port Union 

Locality

Cateau mine, near

Gateau.

Custer mine, near

Garrison.

 do 

Dakota Star mine, TruaxTraer Coal Co., Hazen.

Beulah mine, Knife River 

Coal Co., Beulah.

Western part of the

county.

Block 

no.

1

4

9

19

20

23

28

31

36

40

42

49

52

55

63

1

2- 4

6

7

8- 9

13-14

17

L8-19

20

21-22

25

27

28

30

1

1

2

1

2

1 

2

5

6

9

10

15

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ash 

(percent)

9.17

7.86

7-81

5.68

5.26

6.41

7-93

7.04

6.86

7.84

8.16

14.17

19-63

12.90

9.88

10.9

6.75

7-05

4.6

11.76

6.47

6.56

6.52

7-05

9.40

7-74

6.11

9-05

16.64

2.5

9-0 

33.0

2.7 

4.2

14.61

10 ."6

12.35

7.78

9-49

14.59

22.4

7.6

9-7

14.7

10.5

20.0

9.0

21.1

Ge in ash 

(percent)

0.0013

.002

.0013

.0013

.0012

.0012

*

*

*

.0012

.0011

.001

.001

.001

.001

.0012

.001

.001

.001

.001

.0046

.0013

.0012

.043

'

 nmUUJ.

*

t

*

rtrtrtc UUU2

*

.0005

.0005

.0005 .0008

.0008

*

*

*

*

*

.002

*

Laboratory

E

E

E

E

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

EQ

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

Remarks

Columnar sample. Selected

blocks analyzed.

Columnar sample, 6 ft thick.

Selected block analyzed.

Lowermost block (30), 0.25 ft

thick.

Lignite of the outer part 

of mineralized upright

tree trunk.

Selected samples from same

bed: 1, woody lignite;

2, fusain. 

Columnar sample. Selected

blocks.

Columnar sample, 10 ft thick. 

Selected blocks.

Seven samples, collected by

Wm. Johnson, U. S. Geol.

Survey.
MONTANA

I

* I

 I

Great Falls

\

/

EXPLANATION

 3

Locality and number 

referred to in table 16

Roundup Q -^. a

9

D Billings

Q Forsyth

 ^ 

4

\ r\ ' 

« ^ ».-* \' v ' ' *

Figure 11.~Map showing localities of coals from Montana.

Table 16. Germanium content in the ash of coals from Montana

Laboratory: G-l, U. S. Geol. Survey Washington Laboratory, sensitivity 0.002 percent; G-2, U. S. Geol. Survey Denver laboratory, 

sensitivity 0.001 percent; E, Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, sensitivity 0.0004 percent (semiquantitative method); EQ, 

Eagle-Picher Co. Research Laboratory, quantitative method.

[Asterisk (*) signifies that gwmaoiu itivity limit of method used in analysis }

No. on 

fig. 11

1

2

2

1)

4

County and field

Carbon, Red Lodge 

Musselshell, Bull

Mountain .

 do -

 do 

Rosebud, Porsyth 

Bed and 

formation

No. J>, Fort

Union

(Paleocene).

Roundup,

Tongue

River

member,

Fort Union.

-' do 

Carpenter

Creek,

50 ft below

Roundup

bed; Fort

Union.

Rosebud, Fort

Union .

Location

Foster Creek mine, Montana

Coal Iron Co., Washoe.

Klein No. 2 mine, Republic

Coal Co., Klein.

. dor 

Keene No. 2 mine, BairCollins Coal Co.,

Keene.

Rosebud mine, Colstrip

Bench 1.

Bench 4- 

Bench 5 

Block 

no.

1

J>

3a

4

5

6

1

2

4

5

6f

6w

1

2

3

3

3a

3b

3c

7

8

12

2

4

8

9

14 

1

3

4

5

8

1

3

6

7f

9

12

l

2

3

4

Ash 

(percent)

5-86

15-23

12.32

5-7^

1^-33

9.78

10.30

12.90

5-22

11.00

7.08

?.98 

2.4

3-0

2.7

3-50

2.60

3.50

3-90

5-10

3-00

10.60

7.62

6.91

8.38

9-69

8.59

11.15 

7-03

8.01

8.84

8.11

9.48

10.54

7-32

20.68

5-77

6.02 9.13

7.77

8.75

7-96

Ge in ash 

(percent)

#

*

*

*

*

*

0.01

*

.0012

*

*

.02 

2.8

3-4

4.7

.01

.0005

.0017

*

*

* 

*

*

.0011

*

#

.0013 .0017

*

.0011

*

.0013

*

#

Laboratory

E

E

E

E

E

E

G-l

E

E

E

G-2

G-2 

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

Remarks

Columnar sample, 6.5 ft

thick. All blocks analyzed,

except bony coal, block 2.

Columnar sample, 5.3 ft

thick:. Selected blocks

were analyzed. Sample 6w,

woody coal; 6f, sample rich

in fusain.

"Kettle bottoms" found in

shaly roof of the coal

bed.

Columnar sample, 6.8 ft

thick. Selected blocks

analyzed: 3> the entire

block; 3a, central part

of the coalified log in

block 3; 3b» outer part of

the log; 3c, bark of the log.

Columnar sample, 26.5 ft

thick. Selected blocks from

5 benches analyzed.

Bench 4, block 7f is largely

fusain .
Table 16. Germanium content In the ash of coals from Montana Continued

No. on 

fig. 11

5

6

7

County and field

L/SL3C£LCL@; Crtt&8i1s

Falls.

 do 

Fergus,

' Lewis town.

Rlchland,

Girard.

Bed and 

formation

Unnamed,

Morrison

(Upper

Jurassic) . 

__do -

 do 

Different

beds In

Tongue

River member, Fort

Union.

Location

East Belt mine, Belt 

 do 

C. M. Tuss, sec. 34,

T. 15 N., R. 20 E.

Sections from T. 27 N.,

R.55 E. to T. 25 N.,

R. 57 E.

Block 

no.

1

1

Iw

2

1

4

5

6

7

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Ash 

'percent)

i QQ 3.88

21.78

3-71

23-39

10.75

8.68

5-70

6.38

30.21

9.98

6.62

5-90

1056

11.77

9.48

19.68

59.16

15-92

25.32

7.80

16.10

10.02

9.80

14.14

14.10

24.20

9.80

24.20

3e In ash: 

[percent)

0.03

.037

.21

.0042

.0052

.0045

.042

.038

*

.0060

.0060

.0021

.0042

.0048

.0049

Laboratory

G-l

EQ

EQ

E

E

E

EQ

EQ

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

G-l

Remarks

Woody coal, selected from

upper part of the bed;

5.2 ft thick.

Composite sample of the lower 

part of the bed, 3 ft thick.

Columnar sample, 5.8 ft

thick. Maximum concentration In block 5; Iw,

selected woody coal.

Blocks 7 and 15 » bony coal.

Channel and auger samples,

collected by George S. Prichard,

U. S. Geol. Survey.

34 IHT.-KJP. SBC.. WASH.. D.C-1.HH