Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

749

Matter of H. ESTRADA, Respondent

Decided May 27, 2016

U.S. Department of Justice

Executive Office for Immigration Review

Board of Immigration Appeals

(1) In analyzing whether a conviction is for a crime of domestic violence under section 

237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i) 

(2012), the circumstance-specific approach is properly applied to determine the 

domestic nature of the offense. 

(2) Where the respondent’s original sentence for his Georgia conviction was ambiguous 

as to whether he was sentenced to probation or a probated term of imprisonment, a 

clarification order issued by the sentencing judge to correct an obvious discrepancy in 

her original order will be given effect in determining whether the respondent was 

sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least 1 year.

FOR RESPONDENT: David S. Kennedy, Jr., Esquire, Gainesville, Georgia

FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Bianca H. Brown, Assistant 

Chief Counsel 

BEFORE: Board Panel: PAULEY, GUENDELSBERGER, and MALPHRUS, Board 

Members.

PAULEY, Board Member:

In a decision dated September 30, 2015, an Immigration Judge found 

the respondent removable under section 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (2012), as 

an alien convicted of a crime of violence aggravated felony, and under 

section 237(a)(2)(E)(i), as an alien convicted of a crime of domestic 

violence. The Immigration Judge pretermitted the respondent’s application 

for cancellation of removal under section 240A(a)(3) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1229b(a)(3) (2012), based on his conviction for an aggravated felony. 

The respondent has appealed from that decision. The appeal will be 

dismissed in part and sustained in part, and the record will be remanded to 

the Immigration Judge for further proceedings.

The respondent is a native and citizen of Guatemala who adjusted his 

status to that of a lawful permanent resident on May 6, 1991. On May 7, 

1999, he was convicted of simple battery in violation of section 

16-5-23(a)(2) of the Georgia Code Annotated pursuant to a plea of guilty. 
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

750

The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated these removal 

proceedings on the basis of the respondent’s conviction.

1

On appeal, the respondent argues that under the categorical approach, 

his conviction for simple battery is not for a crime of domestic violence

because the Georgia Code does not specify that he was in a domestic 

relationship with the victim. He also contends that since his sentence was 

not to confinement for 1 year or more, his conviction is not for an 

aggravated felony under section 101(a)(43)(F) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1101(a)(43)(F) (2012). 

I. CRIME OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

We first consider whether the respondent’s conviction was for a crime 

of domestic violence. The term “crime of domestic violence” in section 

237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Act means 

any crime of violence (as defined in section 16 of title 18, United States Code) 

against a person committed by a current or former spouse of the person, by an 

individual with whom the person shares a child in common, by an individual who 

is cohabiting with or who has cohabited with the person as a spouse, by an 

individual similarly situated to a spouse of the person under the domestic or family 

violence laws of the jurisdiction where the offense occurs, or by any other 

individual against a person who is protected from that individual’s acts under the 

domestic or family violence laws of the United States or any State, Indian tribal 

government, or unit of local government.

A determination whether a conviction is for a crime of domestic 

violence necessarily begins with an elements-based approach, because a 

statute that lacks an element corresponding to a “crime of violence,” as 

defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16 (2012), cannot be a crime of domestic violence. 

See United States v. Castleman, 134 S. Ct. 1405, 1413 (2014). Under the 

precedent of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, in 

whose jurisdiction this case arises, simple battery in violation of section

16-5-23(a)(2) of the Georgia Code Annotated is a categorical crime of 

violence, which is defined in § 16(a) as “an offense that has as an element

the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force.” Hernandez 

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 513 F.3d 1336, 1339−42 (11th Cir. 2008); see also 

United States v. Yanes-Cruz, 634 F. App’x 247 (11th Cir. 2015) (finding 

that battery under section 16-5-23.1(a) of the Georgia Code Annotated is a 

 1 The respondent was also convicted of sexual battery in violation of section 16-6-22.1

of the Georgia Code Annotated on May 7, 1999. The DHS did not rely on that

conviction as a basis for removability and does not argue that it is pertinent on appeal.
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

751

categorical crime of violence). The respondent does not challenge the 

Immigration Judge’s determination that he was convicted of a categorical 

crime of violence based on the elements necessary for such a conviction.

Although the respondent does argue that the domestic nature of his

offense was not categorically established, the categorical approach does not 

necessarily apply to all aspects of the determination whether a conviction is 

for a crime of domestic violence. The Supreme Court has found that there 

is a distinction between statutes that must be analyzed under the categorical 

approach and those that require a different approach because “words such 

as ‘crime,’ ‘felony,’ ‘offense’ and the like sometimes refer to a generic 

crime . . . and sometimes refer to the specific acts in which an offender 

engaged on a specific occasion.” Nijhawan v. Holder, 557 U.S. 29, 33−34 

(2009) (citing Chambers v. United States, 555 U.S. 122, 125−26 (2009)). If 

the statutory language refers directly to a generic crime, then the categorical 

approach applies, but if the statute contains qualifying language that 

references the specific circumstances in which a crime was committed, then 

a circumstance-specific analysis must be applied. Id. at 37−38.

There is no uniformity among the circuits on the issue of the proper

approach to be employed in analyzing whether an offense is a crime of 

domestic violence. To our knowledge, the Eleventh Circuit has not 

addressed this matter. However, the more recent and persuasive authority 

supports the Immigration Judge’s conclusion that the question whether an 

alien has been convicted of a crime of domestic violence should be assessed

pursuant to a circumstance-specific inquiry, which permits recourse to all 

probative evidence. See Hernandez-Zavala v. Lynch, 806 F.3d 259, 266

(4th Cir. 2015) (holding that the circumstance-specific approach should 

apply in reviewing section 237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Act); Bianco v. Holder, 

624 F.3d 265, 272−73 (5th Cir. 2010) (holding that “a crime of domestic 

violence need not have as an element the domestic relation of the victim to 

the defendant,” which “can be proven by evidence generally admissible for 

proof of facts in administrative proceedings”); see also Matter of E. 

Velasquez, 25 I&N Dec. 278, 280−81 n.1 (BIA 2010). But see Tokatly 

v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 613 (9th Cir. 2004).

The Fourth Circuit’s decision, which was rendered after the 

Immigration Judge’s opinion in this case, relied on the Supreme Court’s 

interpretation of “nearly identical statutory text” in the criminal context in 

United States v. Hayes, 555 U.S. 415 (2009), which it found “to be 

instructive.” Hernandez-Zavala, 806 F.3d at 266. In Hayes, the Court held

that the domestic nature of a conviction for a “misdemeanor crime of 

domestic violence” need not be an element of the offense and may, instead,

be found by a factual inquiry. Hayes, 555 U.S. at 426. The Fourth Circuit 

found it significant that the Ninth Circuit’s contrary conclusion in Tokatly
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

752

was rendered before the Supreme Court decided both Hayes and Nijhawan,

which expressly determined that a circumstance-specific approach was 

appropriately applied to various provisions of the immigration 

statute. Consequently, the Fourth Circuit did “not find Tokatly’s

reasoning persuasive given the Supreme Court’s subsequent holdings.” 

Hernandez-Zavala, 806 F.3d at 267; accord Bianco, 624 F.3d at 269−70.

A circumstance-specific inquiry into the domestic nature of an offense 

is a limited one and “is not an invitation to relitigate the conviction itself.” 

Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 42 (quoting the Government’s brief). It “involves 

the inspection of a single threshold fact”—the relationship between the 

offender and the victim—which requires only a “straightforward and 

objective” determination by the adjudicator. Hernandez-Zavala, 806 F.3d 

at 267; see also Hayes, 555 U.S. at 427 n.9. This is an objective fact that 

can be readily ascertained by identifying the victim in question and his or 

her domestic relationship, if any, to the respondent. Such a limited 

assessment of the nature of the crime comports with due process and is 

fundamentally fair, because a respondent has two opportunities to contest 

the domestic nature of the offense—first during the criminal proceedings

and again at the removal hearing itself. See Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 42. 

The respondent argues that the circumstance-specific approach cannot 

be applied to determine whether his conviction for simple battery was for a 

“crime of domestic violence” because a separate battery statute, section 

16-5-23.1(f) of the Georgia Code Annotated, punishes the more serious

offense of “family violence battery.” We do not agree that the existence of 

a State statute expressly prohibiting domestic violence is dispositive as to 

whether a conviction is for a crime of domestic violence under section 

237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Act. This contention is based on the flawed 

assumption that the domestic nature of the crime must be described as an 

element of the underlying offense. Rather, the focus of the circumstance 

specific approach is on the factual circumstances in which the crime was 

committed. Additionally, there is no indication that domestic violence in 

Georgia is prosecuted only under section 16-5-23.1(f). As the Supreme 

Court has noted, domestic violence is routinely prosecuted under general 

assault and battery statutes, even in States with statutes that specifically 

proscribe domestic violence. See Hayes, 555 U.S. at 427; see also 

Castleman, 134 S. Ct. at 1411. 

Section 237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Act contemplates a variety of offenses 

that may constitute crimes of domestic violence under the appropriate 

circumstances. What these crimes have in common, beyond the element of 

force, is the domestic relationship between the offender and the victim. 

Congress passed the domestic violence provision in 1996 when two-thirds 

of the States did not have laws that specifically proscribed domestic 
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

753

violence. Hayes, 555 U.S. at 426; see also Castleman, 134 S. Ct. at 1413. 

To treat the domestic violence circumstance as requiring a categorical 

approach as to the domestic nature of the crime would frustrate the manifest 

purpose of the legislation by rendering it inapplicable in the clear majority 

of the States. See Hayes, 555 U.S. at 426−27; Hernandez-Zavala, 806 F.3d

at 267; Bianco, 624 F.3d at 272. We are not persuaded that Congress 

would have intended this result. See Luna Torres v. Lynch, No. 14-1096, 

2016 WL 2903424, at *6 (U.S. May 19, 2016) (reaffirming the principle 

from Nijhawan and Hayes that the categorical approach should not be 

applied so as to produce the “haphazard” result of preventing the Act from 

applying to a significant majority of State offenses). We therefore conclude 

that the circumstance-specific approach is properly applied in analyzing the 

domestic nature of a conviction to determine if it is for a crime of domestic 

violence.

Finally, the respondent argues that even if the circumstance-specific 

approach applies, the evidence is insufficient to establish the domestic 

nature of his battery conviction. We disagree. 

Under the circumstance-specific approach in immigration proceedings, 

all reliable evidence may be considered, including documents that comprise

the formal “record of conviction.” See Matter of Garza-Olivares, 26 I&N 

Dec. 736, 742 n.4 (BIA 2016); Matter of Babaisakov, 24 I&N Dec. 306, 

320−21 (BIA 2007); see also Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 41−43; Bianco, 624 

F.3d at 272−73 (stating that the Government may prove the domestic nature 

of an offense by “using the kind of evidence generally admissible before an 

immigration judge”). Such evidence may include police reports and 

records, provided that the information in the report is reliable. See Matter 

of Grijalva, 19 I&N Dec. 713, 721−22 (BIA 1988) (holding that police 

reports are admissible in immigration proceedings and that their contents 

are properly considered absent a claim that the respondent’s statements 

were made involuntarily or that information was obtained as the result of 

egregious police misconduct); cf. Garces v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 611 F.3d 1337, 

1349−50 (11th Cir. 2010) (finding that, absent corroboration, police reports

were not sufficient evidence to establish removability where the “arrest 

reports state the police officers’ conclusions . . . rather than recording their 

observations of facts to show guilt”).

Several documents in the record provide reliable evidence that the 

respondent and his victim were in a relationship covered by section 

237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Act. Two separate incident reports document the 

actions giving rise to the respondent’s simple battery conviction. The first 

report names the respondent and his victim, listing the same address for 

both. It details a statement the victim gave to the police, in which she 

identifies the respondent as her boyfriend. A second report, entitled a 
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

754

“Family Violence Incident Report,” was prepared by the police, as required

under Georgia law whenever an incident of family violence is investigated. 

See Ga. Code Ann. § 17-4-20.1(c) (West 1998). This report also states that

the respondent and his victim shared the same address. In answer to the 

question of the “relationship of primary aggressor to victim(s),” the

response selected is “lives in the same household or formerly lived in 

household.” See Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-23.1(f) (West 1998) (providing that

a battery committed between persons “living or formerly living in the same 

household” constitutes the offense of “family violence battery”); see also

Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-23(f) (West 1998) (employing the same language in 

relation to the offense of simple battery). The individual identified as the 

victim in these reports is also named on the criminal charging document 

that was the basis of the respondent’s guilty plea.

The respondent has offered no evidence to contest either the identity of 

the victim or her relationship to him. Furthermore, the evidence in the

record demonstrates that the respondent’s victim is “a person who is 

protected from [the respondent’s] acts under the domestic or family 

violence laws of . . . any State” within the meaning of section 

237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Act. See Matter of E. Velasquez, 25 I&N Dec. at 280 

n.1 (discussing the “broad class of victims” included in section 

237(a)(2)(E)(i)). Considering the totality of the evidence, we agree with the 

Immigration Judge that the DHS has established the domestic nature of the 

respondent’s offense by clear and convincing evidence and that the 

respondent is therefore removable under section 237(a)(2)(E)(i) based on 

his conviction for a crime of domestic violence. 

II. CRIME OF VIOLENCE AGGRAVATED FELONY

We must also decide whether the respondent’s simple battery offense is 

an aggravated felony under section 101(a)(43)(F) of the Act, as a “crime of 

violence . . . for which the term of imprisonment [was] at least one year.” 

Since we have determined that the respondent’s conviction is for a “crime 

of violence” under governing circuit law, the remaining issue is whether he 

was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least 1 year. 

The respondent’s conviction record includes a sentencing document on 

a preprinted form that provides for only two possible sentences: 

imprisonment or imprisonment with some or all of the term being served on 

probation. The form order does not allow for the possibility of probation as 

a separate punishment without a corresponding probated term of 

imprisonment. The distinction between this straight probation and a 

probated term of imprisonment is critical in this case because the Eleventh 

Circuit has concluded that the phrase “term of imprisonment” encompasses 
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

755

any amount of a prison or jail sentence that is “probated” under Georgia 

law. See United States v. Ayala-Gomez, 255 F.3d 1314, 1317−19 (11th Cir. 

2001).

The sentencing judge filled out the form order by circling 

“Misdemeanor Sentence” and writing “12” in the field corresponding to the 

total number of “months in the State Penal System” to be served. In the 

same section, the judge wrote “On Probation” and crossed out the form 

language pertaining to the imposition of a probated sentence. The language 

of the form order and the judge’s edits to that language make the meaning 

of the order unclear as to whether the respondent was sentenced to straight 

probation or a probated term of imprisonment. However, the same judge 

that presided over the respondent’s sentencing hearing subsequently issued 

an “Order Clarifying Sentence.” That order states in pertinent part:

No portion of the probationary time was subject to any term or period of 

confinement whatsoever. This Court clarifies that the entire probationary sentence 

was meant to be straight probation, not a probated confinement sentence. The use 

of fill-in template sentencing sheets . . . would appear to indicate that Defendant 

was sentenced to a period of confinement that was later probated, but this is not the 

case.

The Immigration Judge found that the most reasonable interpretation of 

the sentencing order is that it imposes a 12-month probated term of 

imprisonment. He concluded that the clarifying order is not entitled to 

deference, citing United States v. Garza-Mendez, 735 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir. 

2013). That case involved a clarification order issued by a State judge after 

the sentencing judge had ordered the defendant to serve 12 months of 

confinement. The Eleventh Circuit rejected the “subjective, interpretive

clarification order,” noting that it was obtained from a different judge, long 

after entry of the original State sentence, for the purpose of preventing 

enhancement of the defendant’s sentence for unlawful reentry in Federal 

court. Id. at 1289. In particular, the court was troubled by the fact that the 

original order was clear with respect to the imposition of a 12-month 

sentence to confinement. Id. at 1288; see also Herrera v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

811 F.3d 1298 (11th Cir. 2016) (concluding that an order purporting to 

clarify that the original sentence did not include “any confinement 

whatsoever” did not affect the initial order’s unambiguous imposition of 

house arrest as a condition of probation, which constituted a “term of 

imprisonment” under the Act). 

We do not read the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Garza-Mendez as 

rejecting all clarification orders, especially where the concerns raised by the 

court are not present. In this case, the sentencing judge entered the

clarification order in an attempt to correct an obvious discrepancy that 
Cite as 26 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 2016) Interim Decision #3863 

756

exists on the face of her original order. As the judge who imposed the 

original sentence, she is in the best position to ascribe meaning to the 

otherwise ambiguous alterations she made on the preprinted form order.

We therefore find it appropriate to give effect to the sentencing judge’s 

clarification order.

Our interpretation of the clarification order is consistent with section 

17-10-1(f) of the Georgia Code Annotated, which imposes strict time limits 

with respect to a sentencing court’s ability to change or “modify” a 

sentence. See also State v. Mohamed, 416 S.E.2d 358, 358 (Ga. Ct. App. 

1992) (holding that once the defendant’s sentence had been served, the

court lost jurisdiction over him and therefore lacked authority to modify the

sentence). However, all courts in Georgia have the authority to correct 

defects in their records at any time. See State v. Hart, 587 S.E.2d 164, 166 

(Ga. Ct. App. 2003) (stating that the court had the “inherent power to 

correct or conform an erroneous recording of [its] intended sentence”). 

This inherent power also includes the authority to correct discrepancies that 

arise from the use of preprinted sentencing forms, as was the situation here. 

See Hopper v. Williams, 234 S.E.2d 525, 526 (Ga. 1977). In this case, the

sentencing judge had the authority to clarify the prior sentencing order to 

reflect her original intent. See Rutland v. State, 82 S.E. 293, 295 (Ga. Ct. 

App. 1914) (“The power of amending records so as to make them speak the 

truth is of course inherent in all courts of record . . . .”).

According to the clarification order, the respondent was sentenced to 

probation for a period of 12 months, none of which was the result of a 

probated sentence of imprisonment. We therefore conclude that the 

respondent’s simple battery conviction is not for an aggravated felony 

within the meaning of section 101(a)(43)(F) of the Act because he was not 

sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least 1 year. Consequently, the

conviction does not support a finding that the respondent is removable 

under section 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) of the Act or that he is statutorily ineligible 

for cancellation of removal pursuant to section 240A(a)(3) of the Act.

Accordingly, the appeal will be sustained with respect to the

Immigration Judge’s finding that the respondent is removable under section 

237(a)(2)(A)(iii) of the Act as an alien convicted of an aggravated felony.

The respondent’s appeal will be dismissed with respect to his removability

under section 237(a)(2)(E)(i) as an alien convicted of a crime of domestic 

violence. The record will be remanded to give the respondent an 

opportunity to seek relief from removal.

ORDER: The appeal is dismissed in part and sustained in part.

FURTHER ORDER: The record is remanded to the Immigration 

Judge for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing opinion and for 

the entry of a new decision.