Water 

Data for 

Metropolitan 

Areas

A SUMMARY OF DATA FROM 222 

AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES

Compiled by WILLIAM J. SCHNEIDER

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1871
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. OS 68-219

First printing 1968 

Second printing 1970

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON : 1968

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.G. 20402 - Price $1.50 (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract--- --- __________________________ ___ 1

Introduction _ _ ______ -.-___ ____ _____ __ 1

Water information _____________________________ _____ 12

Alabama _________________________________________ - 13

Arizona _ ___ _____ ------- _ ____-- - 23

Arkansas _ _ - ___ - ___ _ _ ___ _ 28

California- ___________________________________ 33

Colorado----_______ __________________ _ _ 57

Connecticut ______ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ 63

Delaware ______ _ _ __________ _ ____ _ 71

District of Columbia ______ ___ __ _ --__ - 74

Florida _____________________ 77

Georgia _ ___ _______________ ___ __ __ 93

Hawaii _ ___ 103

Idaho_____________________________________ 105

Illinois __ __________ ____ _ 108

Indiana _____________________________________________ 119

Iowa __ ___ 132

Kansas ___________________________________________ 140

Kentucky____ __________________________________ 147

Louisiana ________ _________________________________ 152

Maine _ - _________________ ____ 163

Maryland _____________________________________ 166

Massachusetts-------.-- ________ __ ___ _ 169

Michigan--.- _____ _________ ___ ______ ____ 179

Minnesota ___ ___________ ____________ __ 192

Mississippi _ __________________________________ _ 196

Missouri ____ ____________________ _____ _ 199

Montana ____________ ______ ___ __ _________ 204

Nebraska ______________ __ 207

Nevada __- _ ______ ____ ___ ______ _ _ 211

New Hampshire_______________________ ____ _ 216

New Jersey ______ _________________________________ 218

New Mexico_____________________________ ________ 227

New York _ _________ _ 229

North Carolina ____________________ 243

North Dakota ________________ _ 255

Ohio _ _______ 258

III
IV CONTENTS

Page 

Water information Continued

Oklahoma ___-__________________--_ 281

Oregon __-.____.______,_________------_----_-- 286

Pennsylvania.---____-_____________--____-__---___--_ 292

Puerto Rico-_____._--____.-__-.-__-------_----_----_ 311

Rhode Island -___-__--____________-_-_-____--_-_-__-- 316

South Carolina.__-__-.____.-___--___--_---_-_----_--_ 319

South Dakota -______________________________________ 324

Tennessee .___-_____---__.-___>__._>---__-_----___-_ 326

Texas .-__-_-__.___-.____________--_--_-___-_--___-_ 334

Utah _______________________________________________ 363

Virginia _---_-_^____.___._._-_.___-._-_--____-_-___- 369

Washington..____..__-.._____________-_____-__---_---_- 378

West Virginia -_-_________-_-._*_.--._-_____.---__--- 384

Wisconsin .«________..____..____._.._________________-_ 389

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

Figure 1. Graph showing capital expenditures for urban

drainage improvements ___-__-__------___--_ 2

2. Map showing areas covered by the parts of the 

periodic reports of surface-water supply of 

the conterminous United States ______________ 7

3. Map showing areas covered by the parts of the 

periodic reports on water levels and artesian 

pressure in observation wells in the conterminous United States »____---__-_---____ 9

TABLES

Page 

Table 1. Water-supply papers containing records of

streamflow in the United States, 1931-1960 5

2. Compilation of records of streamflow----________ 6

3. Water-supply papers containing records of water 

levels and artesian pressure in observation 

wells in the United States, 1935-57 8
CONTENTS V

Page

Table 4. Water-supply papers containing data on chemical 

analysis, sediment transport, and water temperature of streams in the United States________ 9

5. Water-supply papers containing records of flood

stages, discharges, and areal runoff ___________ 10
WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

A SUMMARY OF DATA FROM 222 AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES

Compiled by WILLIAM J. SCHNEIDER

Abstract

Expansion of metropolitan areas poses persistent problems in management of the hydrologic environment. Adequate hydrologic data are prerequisite to proper planning and engineering design of urban environments. Some 

such data are available and are tabulated for each Standard Metropolitan 

Statistical Area in the United States. Information for each area consists of 

(1) data on size and population, (2) a short statement of the hydrology of 

the area, (3) a summary of current data-collection activities in the area, 

(4) a listing of current U.S. Geological Survey investigational projects in 

the area, and (5) a short listing of reports relating to the hydrology of 

the area.

INTRODUCTION

About 130 million Americans two-thirds of the population of 

the United States live in urban and suburban environments. 

Of these, 100 million live in 250 major cities. Predictions based 

on statistical trends indicate a continued growth of the metropolitan areas, estimated at almost 2 million additional acres by the 

end of the century. Such expansion poses serious problems for the 

proper design and management of engineering facilities to 

accommodate the hydrologic effects of this expansion.

Indeed, the problems persist. The obliteration of natural drainage courses, the building of houses, and the paving of large areas 

have created changes in natural patterns of storm runoff and 

ground-water recharge. The accelerated accumulations of the 

wastes of urban living have resulted in chemical, biological, and 

sediment pollution. The flooding of urban areas is a common 

problem, especially where storm drainage facilities are overtaxed 

by the increased runoff.

The American Public Works Association estimates that capital 

expenditures for urban drainage improvement totaled $417
WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

450

400

o350

Q

0 300

C/5

2

250

200

C/5

£150

100

50

0

1946 1950 1955 

YEAR

1960 1965

FIGURE 1. Capital expenditures for urban drainage improvements (data 

from American Public Works Association).

million by 1965 (fig. 1). It also estimates that the needed 

expenditure for urban drainage improvement ranges from $2.1 

billion for 1966 to $2.8 billion for 1975.

Adequate design of engineering-projects in urban areas requires 

basic hydrologic data on rates and volumes of runoff, ground 

water, and chemical quality of the water. Such data are collected 

by the U.S. Geological Survey and other Federal agencies in 

almost all urban areas of the United States. At many sites the 

data are collected as part of national programs of inventorying 

and monitoring the water resources; at other sites the data are 

collected in conjunction with special projects of local or regional 

significance. Even though the data have been collected as part of 

other programs, these data are available for use in studying and 

resolving many of the water problems of the cities. However, 

because many of the programs are not designed for that purpose,
INTRODUCTION 3

the resultant available data often are inadequate to cover the 

full range of urban water problems.

Information on the location and availability of some of the 

pertinent water data obtained by the Geological Survey both as 

part of national programs and in cooperation with other Federal, 

State, and local agencies are summarized in this report to facilitate their use by planners and engineers concerned with the 

hydrology of the urban areas.

This information is listed by Standard Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (SMSA). As denned by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget, an 

SMSA is a county or group of counties that has at least one 

city of 50,000 inhabitants or more or twin cities with a combined 

population of at least 50,000. In addition to the county or counties 

having such a city or cities, contiguous counties are included in 

an SMSA if, according to certain criteria, they are basically 

metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. SMSA's used in this report are 

those denned by the Bureau of the Budget as of March 1967.

New England is an exception here the information is summarized by the Metropolitan State Economic Area (MSEA), 

which is defined in terms of whole counties rather than in terms 

of the towns and cities used to define the SMSA in this region. 

The MSEA was used rather than the SMSA for this region 

because hydrologic data were available on a county basis.

Information for each area consists of (1) data on size and 

population, (2) a short statement of the hydrology of the area, 

(3) a summary of current data-collection activities in the area 

as reported by Federal agencies, (4) a listing of current Geological 

Survey investigational projects in the area, and (5) a tabulation 

of reports by Geological Survey personnel relating to the 

hydrology of the area.

Population data are those of July 1, 1965, as estimated by the 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. The short statement on the hydrology 

of the area consists mainly of identifying the source, or sources, 

of water supplies for the area and present water-related problems.

The tables on current data give the number of sites at which 

data of each particular type were collected. The tabulation includes only those sites at which data were being obtained on July 

1, 1966, either on a systematic or a continuous basis. A further 

constraint is that at least 3 years of record were available or could 

be reasonably anticipated at the site. No distinction was made 

in the listing as to frequency of observations, except that a mini-
4 WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

mum of four observations per year was made. Practically all the 

surface-water data were obtained in open channels; currently few, 

if any, data are collected in closed conduits or storm sewer systems. The water-quality data included sites on both streams and 

wells. Information on the current data-collection programs was 

obtained from the Office of Water Data Coordination, U.S. Geological Survey.

Information on the current activities of the Geological Survey 

in each of the areas shows those investigational projects that 

were active as of July 1, 1967. The projects are listed only by 

titles to give a general idea of the field of investigation. Detailed 

information on any investigations can be obtained from the 

District Office of the Geological Survey responsible for the execution of the project.

The references include all significant reports authored by 

specialists of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological 

Survey, and directly relate to the hydrology of the area. Statewide reports of the Geological Survey, which contain hydrologic 

data on all or some of the SMSA's within the State, have been 

listed under a general State summary that precedes the listings 

for the SMSA's within that State. Also listed in the State summary is the address of the District Office of the Geological Survey 

responsible for programs within that State. Additional information on the hydrology of the urban areas can be obtained by 

inquiry of the District Chief.

Water data for all or some of the SMSA's are published in 

several series of publications of the Geological Survey. Some of 

the data are published systematically and are nationwide or 

regional in scope. These reports contain basic data on surface 

water, ground water, and chemical quality of water.

Records of daily flows of streams for some 7,500 sites distributed throughout the 50 States, Guam, Samoa, and Puerto 

Rico are published in water-supply papers of the Geological 

Survey in the series "Surface Water Supply of the United States." 

Table 1 lists the volume numbers of the annual reports in this 

series that have been published since 1931. Table 2 lists volume 

numbers of two series of compilation reports the 1950 compilation that contains a summary of records of streamflow through 

September 1950 and the 1960 compilation that contains a summary of streamflow records for water years 1951-60. For convenience, the data are published by parts, which consist generally 

of major river basins. These areas are shown in figure 2.
TABLE 1. Water-supply papers containing records of streamflow in t

Report 

year

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Water-supply papers for indicated 

1

711

726

741

766

781

801

821

851

871

891

921

951

971

1001

1031

1051

1081

1111

1141

1171

1201 

1202

1231 

1232

1271 

1272

1331 

1332

1381 

1382

2

712

727

742

767

782

802

822

852

872

892

922

952

972

1002

1032

1052

1082

1112

1142

1172

1203 

1204

1233 

1234

1273 

1274

1333 

1334

1383 

1384

3

713

728

743

758

783

803

823

853

873

893

923

953

973

1003

1033

1063

1083

1113

1143

1173

1206 

1206

1235 

1236

1276 

1276

1335 

1336

1385 

1386

4

714

729

744

769

784

804

824

854

874

894

924

954

974

1004

1034

1054

1084

1114

1144

1174

1207

1237

1277

1337

1387

5

716

730

746

760

785

805

825

855

875

896

925

955

976

1005

1035

1055

1085

1115

1145

1175

1208

1238

1278

1338

1388

6

716

731

746

761

786

806

826

856

876

896

926

956

976

1006

1036

1056

1086

1116

1146

1176

1209 

1210

1239 

1240

1279 

1280

1339 

1340

1389 

1390

7

717

732

747

762

787

807

827

857

877

897

927

967

977

1007

1037

1057

1087

1117

1147

1177

1211

1241

1281

1341

1391

8

718

733

748

763

788

808

828

858

878

898

928

958

978

1008

1038

1058

1088

1118

1148

1178

1212

1242

1282

1342

1392

9

719

734

749

764

789

809

829

859

879

899

929

959

979

1009

1039

1059

1089

1119

1149

1179

1213

1243

1283

1343

1393

See footnotes at end of table.
WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

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INTRODUCTION

Part number of 

periodic report

FIGURE 2. Areas covered by the parts of the periodic reports of surfacewater supply of the conterminous United States.

The Geological Survey regularly measures ground-water levels 

and artesian pressures and reports them in feet above or below 

a selected datum, such as mean sea level or the local land surface. 

Beginning with the calendar year 1935, these records have been 

published annually in water-supply papers under the title "Water 

Levels and Artesian Pressures in Observation Wells in the United 

States, 19 ." Beginning in 1965, this title was changed to 

"Ground-Water Levels in the United States, 19 ." For 1940-55 

the records were published annually in a series of six watersupply papers, each for a different area of the country (fig. 3). 

Beginning with 1956, the annual compilation of data for each 

area has been changed to a 5-year compilation, with one or two 

parts being published each year. The water-supply paper numbers 

for these data reports are shown in table 3. In addition to the 

selected records of water levels published in the water-supply 

paper series, the Geological Survey measures and reports water 

levels for many other wells in State-published data reports and in 

areal reports on ground-water resources.

Analyses of surface-water samples are published annually by 

the Geological Survey. The analyses usually show temperature, 

pH, specific conductance, dissolved solids (including silica, iron, 

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate, 

sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, boron, and hardness as 

CaC03 ), percent sodium, and where data suffice, the weighted
8 WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

average of constituents for the year. Results of special studies 

and analyses (minor elements and radioactivity, for example) 

are published at irregular intervals. Analyses of ground water 

are usually published in reports on ground-water investigations 

of specific areas.

TABLE 3. Water-supply papers containing records of water levels and 

artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States, 1935-57

Report 

year

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

3 "54

^55

1956

1957

1956-1958

1956-1959

1956-1960

1957-1961

1958-1962

1959-1963

1960-1964

Water-supply paper for indicated part *

1

777

817

840

845

886

906

936

944

986

1016

1023

1071

1096

1126

1156

1165

1191

1221

1265

1321

1404

1537

__

__

__

_ _

__

1782

____

 

2

_._.

__

_ _

____

____

907

937

945

987

1017

1024

1072

1097

1127

1157

1166

1192

1222

1266

1322

1405

__

1538

____

____

1803

 -

3

____

__

__

____

__

908

938

946

988

1018

1025

1073

1098

1128

1158

1167

1193

1223

1267

1323

1406

1456

1781

 -

4

__

__

____

____

909

939

947

989

1019

1026

1074

1099

1129

1159

1168

1194

1224

1268

1324

1407

1549

__

1824

5

__

__

____

910

940

948

990

1020

1027

1075

1100

1130

1160

1169

1195

1225

1269

1325

1408

1760

 -

6

__

__

____

__

911

941

949

991

1021

1028

1076

1101

1131

1161

1170

1196

1226

1270

1326

1409

1770

 

1 See fig. 3 for area covered by numbered part.

The annual quality of surface water reports published in the 

water-supply paper series are listed in table 4. In order to meet 

interim requirements, records on quality of surface water on a 

yearly basis for individual States are made available from the 

office of the District Chief for each State.

The Geological Survey issues an annual report of data from 

gaging stations on flood stages, discharges, and areal runoff. 

These data are reported in the water-supply papers in table 5.
INTRODUCTION

TABLE 4. Water-supply papers containing data on chemical analysis, sediment transport, and water temperature of streams in the United States 

[Part numbers refer to the major river basins shown in figr. 2]

Year Water-supply paper

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

Ports 2-9 

942 

950 

970

Parts 1-9 

1022 

1030 

1050

Parts 1-14 

1102

Parts 1-6 

1132 

1162

Parts 1-4 

1186 

1197 

1250 

1290 

1350 

1400 

1450 

1520 

1571

Parts 1-2 

1641

1881

1941

1947

Port* 7-14 

1133

Ports 5-6 

1187 

1198 

1251 

1291 

1351 

1401 

1451 

1521 

1572

Ports 3-4 

1642

1942

1948

Ports 7-11 

1163

Parts 7-8 

1188 

1199 

1252 

1292 

1352 

1402 

1452 

1522 

1573

Ports 5-6 

1643 

1743 

1883 

1943 

1949

Port* 9-14 

1189 

1200 

1263 

1293 

1353 

1403 

1453 

1523 

1574

Ports 7-8 

1644

1944

1950

Ports 9-14 

1645

1885

1945

1951

Southwestern

6 I

^ L r

Part number of 

periodic report

FIGURE 3. Areas covered by the parts of the periodic reports on water levels 

and artesian pressure in observation wells in the conterminous United 

States.
10 WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

TABLE 5. Water-supply papers containing

records of flood stages, discharges,

and areal runoff

Year Water-supply paper

1950 ______________________1137

1951 ______________________1227

1952 ______________________1260

1953 ______________________1320

1954 ______________________1370

1955 ______________________1455

1956 ______________________1530

1957 ______________________1652

1958 ______________________1660

1959 ______________________1750

1960 ______________________1790

1961 ______________________1810

1962 ______________________1820

1963 ______________________1830

1964 ______________________1840

There are many additional references that contain data on 

either a nationwide basis or for a large part of the country. The 

following references, either nationwide or areawide in scope, 

provide either direct or indirect information on all or some of the 

metropolitan areas:

Blakey, J. F., I960, Temperature of surface waters in the conterminous 

United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-235, 3 sheets, 

8 p. text.

Boswell, E. H., Moore, G. K., MacCary, L. M., and others, 1965, Cretaceous 

aquifers in the Mississippi embayment, with discussions of Quality of 

the water, by Jeffery, H. G.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 448-C, 37 p.

Busby, M. W., 1966, Annual runoff in the conterminous United States: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-212, 1 sheet.

Durfor, C. N., and Becker, Edith, 1964a, Chemical quality of public water 

supplies of the United States and Puerto Rico, 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-200, 1 sheet.

 1964b, Chemical quality of public water supplies of the United States 

and Puerto Rico, 1962, shown as Statewide averages, mainly in graphic 

and tabular form: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-200, 1 sheet.

1964c, Public water supplies of the 100 largest cities in the United

States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1812, 364 p.

Feth, J. H., 1965, Calcium, sodium, sulfate, and chloride in stream water 

of the western conterminous United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. 

Inv. Atlas HA-189, 4 sheets.

Feth, J. H., and others, 1965, Preliminary map of the conterminous United 

States showing depth to and quality of shallowest ground water containing more than 1,000 parts per million dissolved solids: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-199, 1 sheet.
INTRODUCTION 11

Gatewood, J. S., Wilson, Alfonso, Thomas, H. E., and Kister, L. R., 1964,

General effects of drought on water resources of the Southwest: U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 372-B, 55 p. 

Hely, A. G., and Peck, E. L., 1964, Precipitation, runoff, and water loss in

the lower Colorado River Salton Sea area: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 486-B, 16 p. 

Hely, A. G., Hughes, G. H., and Irelan, Burdge, 1966, Hydrologic regimen

of Salton Sea, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 486-C, 32 p. 

lorns, W. V., and others, 1964, Water resources of the upper Colorado River

basin basic data: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 442, 1036 p.

 1965, Water resources of the upper Colorado River basin^technical

report: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 441, 370 p. 

McGuinness, C. L., 1963, The role of ground water in the national water

situation: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1800, 1121 p.

 compiler, 1964, Generalized map showing annual runoff and productive aquifers in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-194, 1 sheet.

Martin, R. 0. R., and Hanson, Ronald L., 1966, Reservoirs in the United 

States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1838, 114 p.

Nace, R. L., and Pluhowski, E. J., 1965, Drought of the 1950's with special 

reference to the Midcontinent: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1804, 88 p.

Parker, G. G., and others, 1964, Water resources of the Delaware River 

basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 381, 200 p.

Rainwater, F. H., 1962, Stream composition of the conterminous United 

States: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-61, 3 sheets.

Schneider, W. J., and others, 1965, Water resources of the Appalachian 

Region, Pennsylvania to Alabama: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol Atlas 

HA-198, 11 sheets.

Speer, Paul R., Golden, Harold G., Patterson, James F., and others, 1964, 

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Mississippi embayment in 

Mississippi and Alabama with a section on Quality of the water, by 

Welborne, W. J.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 448-1, 47 p.

Speer, Paul R., Hines, Marion S., Calandro, A. J., and others, 1966, Lowflow characteristics of streams in the Mississippi embayment in southern Arkansas, northern Louisiana, and northeastern Texas, with a 

section on Quality of the water, by Jeffery, H. G.: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 448-C, 40 p.

Speer, Paul R., Hines, Marion S., Janson, M. E., and others, 1966, Low-flow 

characteristics of streams in the Mississippi embayment in northern 

Arkansas and in Missouri, with a section on Quality of the water, by 

Jeffery, H. G.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 448-F, 25 p.

Speer, Paul R., Perry, W. J., McCabe, John A., Lara, 0. G., and others, 

1965, Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Mississippi embayment 

in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois, with a section on Quality of the 

water, by Jeffery, H. G.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 448-H, 36 p.

Stringfield, V. T., 1966, Artesian water in Tertiary limestone in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 517, 226 p.
12 WATER DATA FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

Thomas, H. E., 1962, The meteorologic phenomenon of drought in the 

Southwest: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 372-A, 43 p.

 1963, General summary of effects of the drought in the Southwest:

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 372-H, 22 p. 

Thomas, H. E., and others, 1963a, Effects of drought along Pacific Coast

in California: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 372-G, 25 p.

 1963b, Effects of drought in basins of interior drainage: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 372-E, 51 p.

 1963c, Effects of drought in central and south Texas: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 372-C, 31 p.

 1963d, Effects of drought in the Colorado River basin: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 372-F, 51 p.

 1963e, Effects of drought in the Rio Grande basin: U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 372-D, 59 p.

WATER INFORMATION

The following sections contain information on the location and 

availability of pertinent water data for use by planners and 

engineers concerned with the hydrology metropolitan areas.
ALABAMA

There are six Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Alabama. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Golden, H. G., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 2 B, South Atlantic 

slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, Ogeechee River to 

Pearl River: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1674, 

409 p.

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Somers, W. P., 1961, Floods of FebruaryMarch 1961 in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 

452, 21 p.

Cherry, R. N., 1963, Chemical quality of water of Alabama

streams, 1960 a reconnaissance study: Alabama Geol. Survey 

Inf. Ser. 27, 95 p.

Drago, E. A., 1962, Flood problems in Alabama: Auburn, Ala., 

Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, Alabama Sec., Water Resources 

Comm., 50 p.

Gamble, C. R., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama: Alabama Highway Dept. Alabama Highway Research HPR 

Rept. 5, 42 p.

O'Rear, D. M., 1964, Ground-water levels in Alabama in 1959 

and 1960: Alabama Geol. Survey Circ. 23, 123 p.

Peirce, L. B., 1954, Floods in Alabama, magnitude and frequency: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 342, 105 p.

 1959, Low-flow and flow-duration data for Alabama streams: 

Montgomery, Alabama Water Improvement Comm., 168 p.

-1965, Flood-frequency synthesis for small streams interim

progress report: Alabama Highway Dept. Alabama Highway 

Research HPR Rept. 11, 48 p.

-1967, 7-day low flows and flow duration of Alabama streams:

Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 87, pt. A, 114 p. 

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency

of floods in the United States, Part 3 B, Cumberland and

Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1676, 340 p. 

Swindel, G. W., Jr., and others, 1963, Water in Alabama: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1765, 89 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Box V 

University, Ala. 35486

J. t3
14 ALABAMA

Birmingham

Area: 1,118 sq mi. 

Subarea: Jefferson County. 

Population: 644,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes from 

the Cahaba River, Lake Purdy, Inland Lake, Lewis Smith Lake, 

Turkey Creek, Locust Fork, and geologic formations that range 

in age from Mississippian to Pennsylvanian.

The metropolitan area of Birmingham is so situated that sufficient quantities of water are not available in the immediate vicinity but are available in the streams surrounding Birmingham; 

however, impounding reservoirs and rather long supply lines will 

be required to utilize these streams. Only moderate supplies of 

ground water from wells, springs, and mines are available. In 

general, ground water is of poorer quality than surface water; 

however, pollution may impair the quality of surface water.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) txo 

rt

7

Discharge

6

o

C

0

^

0

Peak stage discharge 

3

§

Id

3 o

E

6

^

u

0)

0)

<« 

 o

o 

_o

6

Means andtremes o:

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

6

c

O 

0) 

CO

CO 

CO

o

!H

u

6

< *

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

0)

£i0)

a

H

0

10

a

rt

c

.5

ct 'o.

 a 

o 

o

E

0

Precipitatic

0

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

>

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

0) g

4)

| 

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

6

Specific 

conductance

6

Turbidity

0

o 

U

0

o

5

0

Radioactivity

0

T3 

0)

X 

a

0

2

a

X 

a

6

.C

0

0)

6

0

Chemical

CO o

Dissolved soi

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

6

Hardness

6

Radiochemica

0

0) 

hn

Dissolved oxy

0

CO 

0) 

CO

rf 

txo

0)

6

0

0)

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthet ic detergents

0

0)

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

micro- Otherorganisms

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

0)

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

4)

8

0
GADSDEN 15

Current projects:

Water resources of Upper Tombigbee Black Warrior River basin.

References:

Johnston, W. D., Jr., 1933, Ground water in the Paleozoic rocks

of northern Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 16, pt. 1,

414 p.; pt. 2, 48 tables. 

Peirce, L. B., 1955, Hydrology and surface-water resources of

east-central Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 22,

318 p. 

 1959, Surface-water resources and hydrology of west-central

Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 24, 236 p. 

Robinson, W. H., Ivey, J. B., and Billingsley, G. A., 1953, Water

supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama: U.S. Geol. Survey

Circ. 254, 53 p. 

Simpson, T. A., 1965, Geologic and hydrologic studies in the

Birmingham red-iron-ore district, Alabama: U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 473-C, p. C1-C47.

Gadsden

Area: 555 sq mi.

Sub area: Etowah County.

Population: 94,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from the 

Coosa River, Big Wills and Black Creeks, and wells in the 

Conasauga Formation, Cambrian or Ordovician dolomites, Pottsville Formation, and alluvium. Although ground-water supplies 

in some areas have become inadequate, future water requirements 

can be met by increased use of surface water and deeper drilled 

wells.

Flood problems along the Coosa River probably have been reduced by the operation of multipurpose dams near the headwaters 

of the stream. Other problems of major importance are disposal 

of municipal and industrial wastes.
16 ALABAMA

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

rt

3

Discharge

2

1

0

(H 

O

Peak stage discharge 

0

o

"3

(H

73

o

S

2

^

0)

Flood frequ

3

Means and<tremes o:

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

0

d

0)

Drainage ar

3

o

Cross- sect

2

 8 

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

a

0)

 ft e

H

0

CO

a

E

.S

"a

 o 

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

co 

0) 

73

 fH

H

0

Contents

0

|

Surface infl

outflow

0

.^

CO

ti

§4) l-H

M «

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

o>

IH

Temperatu

2

o>

Specific conductanc

2

Turbidity

0

o "3 

u

0

IH 

O

S

0

>>

Radioactiv

0

73 

^ 

S

K 

a

0

|

K 

a

2

J3 

U

0

IH

HI

S

0

Chemical

tn

73

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

C

icCommon 

2

Hardness

2

__,

a 

y

Radiochem

0

San>i

X

Dissolved <

0

tn

0)

ca 

ts M

0)

S

0

0)

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O 

«

0

0)

8

0

Sediment

o

Concent rat

0

0) 

N

Particle s

0

1

8

0

Current projects:

Water resources of Upper Coosa River basin.

References:

Causey, L. V., 1961, Ground-water resources of Etowah County,

Alabama a reconnaissance: Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 25,

63 p. 

Johnston, W. D., Jr., 1933, Ground water in the Paleozoic rocks

of northern Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 16,

414 p.

Huntsville

Area: 1,348 sq mi.

Subarea: Madison and Limestone Counties,

Population: 224,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supply comes from Wheeler 

Reservoir in the Tennessee River and from the Fort Payne ChertTuscumbia Limestone aquifers. The area is in a region of adequate water supply, and if stream pollution can be controlled, 

future water requirements can be met.
HUNTSVILLE 17

The lower part of the Aldridge Creek and Big Spring basins are 

subject to occasional brief flood damage in the topographically 

flat areas adjacent to the Tennessee River. Other problems of 

major importance are foundation problems associated with solution caverns in limestone and disposal of municipal and industrial 

wastes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

00

a

55

6

Discharge

6

3

6

t,

O

Peak stage discharge

0

o

"3

TD 

?

5

^

o

0)

frequ Flood 

5

X !"

Means andtremes o:

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

ed

0)

Drainage ar

11

o

Cross-sect

11

*0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

t>

ed 

L.

t>

 r-l

H

0

ra

0, ed 

S

S

a "a.

TD

O

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

ra

t>

TD r-l

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

.outflow

0

^_

ra

§

§ 

o

<U '- 

tlfl W c > 

cd ^

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

L.

Temperate

5

0)

Specific conductanc

5

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

o

S

0

^

*;

Radioactiv

0

TD

EC

Q.

0

I 

EC

Q,

0

W

0

6

0

Chemical

01 o

en

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

Common i

0

Hardness

0

rt

 -H

Radiochero

0

c

V

on

^

0

Dissolved

0

01

CO

rt 

tuo

6

0

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

LI

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

PS

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O

CQ

0

5

0

Sediment

Concentra

1

0)

^

Particle s

1

LI <u

6

i

Current projects:

Water resources of the Tennessee River basin.

References:

Curtis, H. A., 1953, Utilization of water in the Tennessee Valley:

Alabama Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 25, p. 35 37. 

Johnston, W. D., Jr., 1933, Ground water in the Paleozoic rocks

of northern Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 16,

414 p. 

LaMoreaux, P. E., 1949, Ground-water geology of Tennessee

Valley area in Alabama, with reference to vertical drainage:

Alabama Geol. Survey Circ. 18, 13 p. 

LaMoreaux, P. E., and Powell, W. J., 1960, Stratigraphic and

structural guides to the development of water wells and well

fields in a limestone terrane: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology

Pub. 52, p. 363-375.
18 ALABAMA

LaMoreaux, P. E., Swindel, G. W., Jr., and Lanphere, C. R., 1950, 

Ground-water resources of the Huntsville area, Alabama: 

Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 62, 82 p.

Malmberg, G. T., and Downing, H. T., 1957, Geology and groundwater resources of Madison County, Alabama: Alabama Geol. 

Survey County Kept. 3, 225 p.

Sanford, T. H., Jr., 1955, Progress report on ground-water

rtudies in the Huntsville area, Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey 

Inf. Ser. 1, 4 p.

 1957, Interim report on ground-water studies in the Huntsville area, Alabama, to February 1957: Alabama Geol. Survey 

Inf. Ser. 9, 131 p.

 1965, Ground-water conditions in the Huntsville area,

Alabama, January 1960 through June 1961: Alabama Geol. Survey Circ. 24, 46 p.

Sanford, T. H., Jr., and West, L. R., 1960, Ground-water levels 

in Madison County, Alabama, July 1956 to July 1959: Alabama 

Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 22, 42 p.

Mobile

Area: 2,855 sq mi.

Subarea: Mobile and Baldwin Counties.

Population: 391,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Mobile and Escatawpa Rivers, Chickasaw Creek, Big 

Creek Lake, and water wells developed in geologic units that 

range in age from Tertiary to Quaternary.

Because the metropolitan area is near sea level and flat, the 

area is subject to hurricane damage. Salt water encroachment 

from Mobile Bay into the Mobile River poses a problem, and 

large withdrawals of ground water in the Mobile area also result 

in encroachment of salt water. Other problems of major importance are disposal of municipal and industrial wastes and sedimentation of ship channels.
MOBILE 19

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

&o

at

10

Discharge

6

o

C

1

o

Peak stge discharge 

1

o

13 t,

3 

73

4

>^

O 

01

cr

-a 

o 

_o

4

Means andtremes o

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

n)

Drainage ar

1

§

Cross-sect

5

*0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

1

o>

al 

t,

"o

0>

e

H

0

CO

a

at

6

.S 

a"a

 a 

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatic

1

W

«

4

Contents

0

8

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

CO

s

§u

01 -Tj 

5 Q) .e "" 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

o>

Temperatu

5

Specific conductanc

5

Turbidity

0

o

"o 

u

0

t, 

o

s

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

S 

a

0

rt

W 

a

5

«

0

t, o>

C

0

Chemical

M

"o

Dissolved £

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

W

c

Common io

5

Hardness

5

al 

U

Radiochem

0

o>

X

Dissolved c

0

«t

o>W

n) be

0)

6

0

o>

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,o>

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

Other micorganisrr

0

Q 

O

0

V

6

0

Sediment

,!

Concentrat

0

V 

N

Particle s

0

V

S

0

Current projects:

Wragg Swamp canal investigation.

Relation of oil and gas industry to water resources.

Water resources of southwest Alabama.

References:

LaMoreaux, P. E., 1948, Fluoride in the ground water of the

Tertiary area of Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 59, 77 p.

McCain, J. F., 1965, An evaluation of the hydraulic performance 

of Wragg Swamp Canal, Mobile, Alabama: Alabama Highway 

Dept. Alabama Highway Research HPR Kept. 15, 26 p.

Peirce, L. B., and Rogers, S. M., 1966, Surface water in southwestern Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 84, 182 p.

Peterson, C. G. B., 1947, Ground-water investigations in the 

Mobile area, Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 58, 32 p.

Robinson, W. H., Powell, W. J., and Brown, Eugene, 1956, Water 

resources of the Mobile area, Alabama: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 373, 45 p.
20 ALABAMA

Montgomery

Area: 1,418 sq mi.

Subarea: Montgomery and Elmore Counties.

Population: 207,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from deposits of Cretaceous age and from the Alabama, Coosa, and 

Tallapoosa Rivers. The area is in a region of adequate water 

supply, and if upstream pollution can be controlled, future water 

requirements can be met.

Flood damage from the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa Rivers 

has been reduced by the building of large reservoirs for hydroelectric power development; however, flood damage still occurs 

at Montgomery from these rivers and from Catoma, Galbraith 

Mill, and other creeks in the area. Other problems of major 

importance are disposal of municipal and industrial waste.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) 

be 

td

10

Discharge

4

o 

C

1

SH 

0

Peak stage discharge 

1

§

"S

T3 

5

E

4

^>

4)

cr

4)

T3 

O

£

6

o

4) t-i

Means andtremes o

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

i-,

4)

Ground wat

station

0

n)

4)

Drainage ai

10

§

Cross-sect

5

o m

Coefficient roughnes

2

>

"o

4)

H

3

COas

sat 'a

13 

O 

O

0

c

Precipitati<

0

CO

4) 

T3

H

0

Contents

2

,

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

^_

CO

g

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

5

Specific 

conductance

4

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

T3

K 

a

0

1

K 

a

0

.c M

0

0)

S

0

Chemical

(0 

T3

Dissolved soi

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

4) tin

Dissolved oxy

0

10 

0) 

(0

n) 

cm

4)

8

0

4)

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

0

S

0

4)

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

0

1

8

0

Current projects:

Water resources of east-central Alabama.
TUSCALOOSA 21

References:

Knowles, D. B., Reade, H. L., Jr., and Scott, J. C., 1960, Geology 

and ground-water resources of Montgomery County, Alabama: 

Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 68, pt. B, 493 p.

Peirce, L. B., and Brown, Eugene, 1955, Hydrology and surfacewater resources of east-central Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 22, 318 p.

Peirce, L. B., and Rogers, S. M., 1966, Surface water in southwestern Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 84, 182 p.

Powell, W. J., Reade, H. L., and Scott, J. C., 1957, Interim report 

on the geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery, 

Alabama, and vicinity: Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 3, 108 p.

Tuscaloosa

Area: 1,340 sq mi. 

Subarea: Tuscaloosa County. 

Population: 118,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from 

aquifers of Pennsylvanian, Cretaceous, and Quaternary age and 

from the Black Warrior River, North River, and Yellow Creek. 

Moderate reserves of ground water are available in the southern 

part of the county. Average annual rainfall is about 53 inches, 

and additional supplies of surface water can be developed. However, utilization of surface water from the Black Warrior River 

will depend on adequate control of pollution.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

(0

18

Discharg

8

1

0

fc.

0

V §0

Peak stag dischar

1

§

 o

o 

£

8

o

0)

cr

0)

A 

 o

0 

jO

12

o

Q> VH

 O °

Means antremes

8

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

fc.

0)

Ground w station

0

01

0)

01

Drainage

15

§

0

Cross-se

9

° CO

+j CO

Coefficiel roughn

0

1

«4

"3

0)

6

0

01

g

.2

01 "3.

Tl 

O 

O

£

0

Precipita

10

CO

2

0

Contents

2

o

5

Surface iioutflow

2

CO

1

g

o

fl) t 1 I*3 ^ 

<5

2

Siltation

2
22 ALABAMA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

9

Specific 

conductance

9

Turbidity

0

o 

U

0

S-,

o

5

0

Radioactivity

0

2

53 

a

0

I

53 

a

6

W

0

S-,

0)

6

0

Chemical

 aW

Dissolved so]

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ions

6

Hardness

6

Radiochemica

0

0) 

M

Dissolved oxy

0

W 

0) 

W

nl 60

0)

s

0

0)

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

1

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O 

«

0

1

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

S

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Upper Tombigbee Black Warrior River 

basin.

References:

Johnston, W. D., Jr., 1933, Ground water in the Paleozoic rocks 

of northern Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 16, 

pt. 1, 414 p.; pt. 2, 48 tables.

Miller, J. D., Jr., and Causey, L. V., 1958, Geology and groundwater resources of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama an interim 

report: Alabama Geol. Survey Inf. Ser. 14, 71 p.

Paulson, Q. F., Miller, J. D., Jr., and Drennen, C. W., 1962, 

Ground-water resources and geology of Tuscaloosa County, 

Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey County Rept. 6, 97 p.

Peirce, L. B., 1959, Surface-water resources and hydrology of 

west-central Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 24, 

236 p.

 1962, Surface water in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, with a 

section on Chemical quality of Surface water, by Grantham, 

Rodney G.: Alabama Geol. Survey County Rept. 9, 89 p.
ARIZONA

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Arizona. Hydrologic data and information for these areas are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

Arizona State Land Department, issued annually since 1957, Annual report on ground water in Arizona: Arizona Land Dept. 

Water Resources Repts. 2,5-7, 10, 11, 15, 19, 24.

Click, D. E., and Aldridge, B. N., 1967, Floods from small drainage areas in Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 26 p.

Halpenny, L. C., and others, 1952, Ground water in the Gila River 

basin and adjacent areas a summary: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 224 p.

Harshbarger, J. W., and others, 1966, Arizona water: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1648, 85 p.

Musgrove, R. H., 1966, Ground water in Arizona, with special 

reference to the lower Santa Cruz basin and the Salt River valley: Arizona Pollution Control Assoc. Official Bull., v. 26, no. 

no. 1, p. 40-52.

Patterson, J. L., and Somers, W. P., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 9, Colorado River 

basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1683, 475 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

2555 East 1st Street 

Post Office Box 4070 

Tucson, Ariz. 85717

Phoenix

Area: 9,253 sq mi.

Sub area: Maricopa County.

Population: 818,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the Phoenix area for irrigation, municipal, and industrial uses is obtained from ground water pumped 

from the alluvial deposits in the valley between the mountain 

ranges and from surface water from the highly developed Salt 

and Verde River systems. Recharge to the alluvial deposits occurs from runoff in the intermittent streams and washes that

23
24 ARIZONA

drain the area and from water in irrigation canals and drains. 

Runoff occurs mostly as flash floods following thundershowers, 

and seldom do the main drainageways carry water for as long as 

a day. High evaporation and low unit-runoff rates are characteristic of the area. Runoff from the steep mountain slopes within 

the metropolitan area creates locally severe flood and drainage 

problems. Occasionally, runoff originating in the mountains 

northeast of Phoenix flows through the city via the Salt River and 

damages roads and property on the flood plain and in the river 

channel.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V

cd

30

Discharge

27

C 

3

0

(H 

0

Peak stge discharge

34

§

Id

(H

0

fa

1

^

U

c

01

<«

T3

8

0

Means andtremes o

23

Runoff

22

Supplementary data

(H 

01

Ground wat

station

0

cd

01

Drainage ai

59

§

u

01 

CO

CO 

CO

o

(H 

U

35

° to

Coefficient roughnes

1

"3

(H

? 

01

e

H

0

«

ft

£

.S 

"ft

T3 

O 

O

E

0

Precipitati

0

to

u o

H

0

Contents

1

o

Surface inf

outflow

1

.^

to

1

§

O

Q) rH

if 1

1

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

5

Specific 

conductance

5

Turbidity

0

fe 

U

0

(H

O

s

0

Radioactivity

0

2 

li

<*-! 

ft

0

3

a

3

JZU

0

S

0

Chemical

 o

^

Dissolved so

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ion

3

Hardness

0

,_, cd

Radiochemic

0

c

M

Dissolved ox

0

to

tocd

60 

be

s

0

(H

S

3

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H 

U

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro organisms

0

Q

O

0

(H 

V

S

0

Sediment

c

Concentratio

2

Particle size

2

(H 

U

£

0

Current projects:

Statewide observation-well program.

Statewide streamflow program.

Statewide chemical quality and sediment program.

Ground-water resources of the western part of the Salt River

valley.

Hydrology of alluvial basins in Arizona. 

Study of effects of vegetation manipulation on surface runoff 

Sycamore Creek. 

Flood hydrology of Arizona. 

Aquifer characteristics of Paradise Valley.
TUCSON 25

References:

Aldridge, B. N., 1966, Floods of December 1965 to January 1966 

in the Salt and Gila Rivers downstream from Granite Reef Dam, 

Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 78 p.

Anderson, T. W., 1968, Electrical-analog analysis of groundwater depletion in central Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1860 [in press],

Briggs, P. C., and Werho, L. L., 1966, Infiltration and recharge 

from the flow of April 1965 in the Salt River near Phoenix, 

Arizona: Arizona Land Dept. Water Resources Rept. 29, 12 p.

Kam, William, 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of 

McMullen Valley, Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, 

Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1665, 64 p.

 1965, Earth cracks a cause of gullying, in Geological Survey research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525-B, 

p. B122-B125.

Kam, William, and others, 1966, Basic ground-water data for 

western Salt River valley, Maricopa County, Arizona: Arizona 

Land Dept. Water Resources Rept. 27, 72 p.

Schumann, H. H., 1967, Water resources of lower Sycamore 

Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 54 p.

Skibitzke, H. E., and others, 1961, Symposium on history of 

development of water supply in an arid area of Southwestern 

United States, Salt River valley, Arizona: Internat. Assoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Pub. 57, p. 706-742.

Werho, L. L., 1967, Compilation of flood data for Maricopa

County, Arizona, through September 1965: Arizona Land Dept. 

Water Resources Rept. 31, 36 p.

White, N. D., 1963, Ground-water conditions in the Rainbow Valley and Waterman Wash areas, Maricopa and Final Counties, 

Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669 F, 

p. F1-F50.

White, N. D., Stulik, R. S., and Rauh, C. L., 1964, Effects of 

ground-water withdrawal in part of central Arizona projected 

to 1969: Arizona Land Dept. Water Resources Rept. 16, 25 p.

Tucson

Area: 9,241 sq mi. 

Subarea: Pima County. 

Population: 307,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the Tucson area for irrigation, municipal, 

and industrial uses is obtained from ground water pumped from
26 ARIZONA

the alluvial deposits in the valleys between the mountain ranges. 

Recharge to the alluvial deposits occurs from runoff in the intermittent streams and washes that drain the area. Runoff occurs 

mostly as flash floods following thunder showers, and seldom do 

the main drainageways carry water for as long as a day. High 

evaporation and low unit-runoff rates are characteristic of the 

area.

Annual ground-water pumpage exceeds annual recharge, and 

water levels declined as much as 60 feet from 1940 to 1967 in the 

Tucson basin and more than 70 feet in the Avra Valley in the 

same period. Surface water is not used for water supplies because of long periods of no flow, high variability of flow, and lack 

of suitable storage sites. Runoff from steep mountain slopes 

within the metropolitan area creates locally severe flood and 

drainage problems. Occasional flooding of the flood plains of the 

main channels causes severe damage to property.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

OJO 

01

12

Discharg

12

1 

C

0

g

(U g,

Peak stag 

dischar 

37

e

0

 o

1

7

^

o

0"

01

i: 

 o

0

o

E

1

X *"

T3 °

Means atremes

11

Runoff

24

Supplementary data

"a

Ground w station

0

01o>

01

Drainage

49

§

"o

Cross-se

37

*O M

^ tfi

Coefficie roughn

1

"a;

01

*o

o>g

H

0

tn

a

01

g

.S

"a

 o

o 

o

0

G

Precipita

7

tn

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

?

Surface Loutflow

0

«^

tn

o>

g

u

§1JS

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

o>

!_

3

Temperat

0

o> u

Specific conductan

0

Turbidity

0

fe "o

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactr

0

o>

S 

o.

0

1

K 

a

0

JSU

0

o>

JS

5

0

Chemical

 o

"o 

w

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

tn 

§

Common i

0

Hardness

0

01 

O°rt

Radiochen

0

c

0)

X

o

Dissolved

0

tn

0) tn

01 

V

5

0

<U

0

Organic

Pesticide

0

Synthetic detergent

0

t,

V

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

sg

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O

0

o>

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

0

V 

N

Particle s

0

<U

S

0

Current projects:

Statewide observation-well program.

Statewide streamflow program.

Statewide chemical quality and sediment program.

Hydrology of alluvial basins in Arizona.
TUCSON 27

Water-resources appraisal of the Tucson basin. 

Flood hydrology of Arizona.

References:

Andrews, D. A., 1937, Ground water in Avra-Altar Valley, Arizona: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 796-E, p. 163-180.

Condes de la Torre, Alberto, 1967, Streamflow and flood characteristics, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 24 p.

Harshbarger, John, and others, 1959, Capturing additional water 

in the Tucson area: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 70 p.

Heindle, L. A., and Cosner, O. J., 1961, Hydrologic data and

drillers' logs, Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona, with a section 

on Chemical quality of the water, by Kister, L. R.: Arizona Land 

Dept. Water Resources Rept. 9, 116 p.

Heindle, L. A., and others, 1962, Summary of ground water on the 

Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. 

Inv. Atlas HA-55.

Heindl, L. A., and White, N. D., 1965, Hydrologic and drill-hole 

data, San Xavier Indian Reservation and vicinity, Pima County, 

Arizona: Arizona Land Dept. Water Resources Rept. 20, 48 p.

Lewis, D. D., 1963, Desert floods a report on southern Arizona 

floods of September 1962: Arizona Land Dept. Water Resources 

Rept. 13, 13 p.

Pashley, E. F., Jr., 1966, Structure and stratigraphy of the central, northern, and eastern parts of the Tucson basin, Arizona; 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 273 p.

Turner, S. F., and others, 1943, Ground-water resources of the 

Santa Cruz basin, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

84 p.

 1947, Further investigation of the ground-water resources 

of the Santa Cruz basin, Arizona: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 45 p.

White, N. D., Matlock, W. G., and Schwalen, H. C., 1966, An

appraisal of the ground-water resources of Avra and Altar Valleys, Pima County, Arizona: Arizona Land Dept. Water Resources Rept. 25, 66 p.
ARKANSAS

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in Arkansas. Hydrologic information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Baker, R. C., 1955, Arkansas ground-water resources: Arkansas

Geol. and Conserv. Comm. Water Resources Circ. 1, 16 p. 

Hines, M. S., 1965, Water-supply characteristics of selected

Arkansas streams: Arkansas Geol. Comm. Water Resources

Circ. 9, 43 p. 

Laine, L. L., and others, 1951, Public water supplies in Oklahoma:

Oklahoma Plan and Resources Board, Div. Water Resources. 

Patterson, J. L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 636 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U. S. Geological Survey

Federal Office Building

700 West Capitol

Little Rock, Ark. 72201

Fort Smith, Arkansas-Oklahoma

Area: 3,391 sq mi.

Subarea: Sebastian and Crawford Counties, Ark.; Leflore and

Sequoyah Counties, Okla. 

Population: 154,000.

Hydrologic background:

The Fort Smith Water Department supplies about 13 million 

gallons of water per day to Fort Smith, Van Buren, and smaller 

towns in Sebastian and Crawford Counties. The sources of the 

Fort Smith water supply are Lakes Fort Smith and Shepard 

Spring with a combined capacity of 19,000 acre-ft. The supply is 

adequate for present needs. In the Arkansas part of the metropolitan area, about 0.6 mgd of water is supplied from sources 

outside the Fort Smith Water Department. Several small towns 

in the Oklahoma part of the area use small quantities of surface 

water from small reservoirs.

28
FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS OKLAHOMA 29

Fort Smith and Van Buren are protected from flood damage 

from the Arkansas River by floodwalls, but these towns, as well 

as others, are subject to flooding by tributary streams during 

flash floods.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

no

rt

17

(U

Discharg

9

S

1

kl 

o

Peak staj dischar

7

o

 o

4

>>

0)

a1

<« 

 o

8 

E

3

o

* C

 o °

Means antremes

8

Runoff

7

Supplementary data

0)

13

Ground w station

0

a

a

Drainage

18

§

u

Cross-se

10

"8 00

*_, tn

Coefficiej roughn

3

0)

(H

0)

s

H

7

tn

a

5

aa 'a 

 o

8

E

0

Precipita

4

tn

01 o 

H

0

Contents

2

,

o

ySurface ii

outflow

2

.^

tn

g

§

u

U

2

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

5

Specific 

conductance

4

Turbidity

2

js "3 

u

3

o

S

0

Radioactivity

1

 o

0)

S 

a

1

1

X 

a

3

W

0

tl

0)

8

0

Chemical

CD o

Dissolved soi

4

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

4

ions Common 

4

Hardness

4

Radiochemica

1

0) tin

Dissolved oxy

1

to

0)

tn

rt

0)

S

0

0)

S

2

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

<u

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro- organisms

1

Q 

O

1

01

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

3

Particle size

2

01

8

0

Current projects:

Ground-water hydrology of the alluvial valleys of Arkansas and 

Verdigris River valleys.

References:

Bedinger, M. S., Emmett, L. F., and Jeffery, H. G., 1963,

Ground-water potential of the alluvium of the Arkansas River

between Little Rock and Fort Smith, Arkansas: U. S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-L, p. L1-L29. 

Cordova, R. M., 1963, Reconnaissance of the ground-water

resources of the Arkansas Valley region, Arkansas: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-BB, p. BB1-BB33. 

Halberg, H. N., and Stephens, J. W., 1966, Use of water in

Arkansas, 1965: Arkansas Geol. Comm. Water Resources

Summ. 5, 12 p.
30 ARKANSAS

Stephens, J. W., and Halberg, H. N., 1961, Use of water in 

Arkansas, 1960: Arkansas Geol. and Conserv. Comm. Spec. 

Ground-Water Rept. 4, 8 p.

Little Rock-North Little Rock

Area: 767 sq mi. 

Subarea: Pulaski County. 

Population: 279,000.

Hydrologic background:

The Little Rock Water Department supplies about 29 mgd to 

Little Rock and North Little Rock from Lakes Winona and 

Maumelle, which have a combined capacity of about 82 billion 

gallons. About 3 mgd of ground water is also used for public 

supply purposes, external to the Little Rock system. This 

ground water is primarily derived from alluvium of Quaternary 

age.

The varied topography of the area poses varied storm-drainage 

problems. Headwater floods are common in Fourche Bottoms, 

south of Little Rock. In other areas, flash floods in the uplands 

and general flooding in the lowlands are major chronic ailments.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M

a

4

Discharge

2

C

s

1

L,

O

Peak stage discharge 

2

1

13

L,

 o 

|

1

^

U

v

v

 o 

o

1

?

Q) - .

Means andtremes o

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

LI <u Ground wat

station

0

a

Drainage ai

5

§ 1-4

O

en

en 

en 

OL,

U

2

o w

Coefficient roughnes

1

>

L, 

<U

e

H

1

m

e

aa "a

 a 

o

0

0

Precipitati

1

en <u o

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

-^

m

V

8U

Q) r*4

bo <u

1-

U .

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

2

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

2

"o

U

2

LI

0

s

0

Radioactivity

1

2 "3

E 

a

1

3a

E

a

1

u

0

L, 

0)

6

0

Chemical

en O

Dissolved sol

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

Common ins

2

Hardness

2

Radiochemica

1

<u W)

Dissolved oxy

1

en

V

en

0) bo

L, 

0)

6

0

L, 

0)

2

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

Li 

<U

6

i

Biological

Coliforn\s

1

r

micro- therorganisms

1

Q 

O

m

i

LI <u

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

1

L, 

0)

6

0
PINE BLUFF 31

Current projects:

Ground-water hydrology of the alluvial valleys of the Arkansas 

and Verdigris River valleys.

References:

Bedinger, M. S., Emmett, L. F., and Jeffery, H. G., 1963,

Ground-water potential of the alluvium of the Arkansas River

between Little Rock and Fort Smith, Arkansas: U. S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-L, p. L1-L29. 

Bedinger, M. S., and Jeffery, H. G., 1964, Ground water in the

lower Arkansas River valley, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1669-V, p. V1-V17. 

Cordova, R. M., 1963, Reconnaissance of the ground-water

resources of the Arkansas Valley region, Arkansas: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-BB, p. BB1-BB33. 

Ilalberg, H. N., and Stephens, J. W., 1966, Use of water in

Arkansas, 1965: Arkansas Geol. Comm. Water Resources

Summ. 5, 12 p.

Plebuch, R. O., 1961, Special ground-water report no. 3, Jacksonville area, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Plebuch, R. O., and Mines, M. S., 1967, Water resources of

Pulaski and Saline Counties, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1839-B, p. B1-B25. 

Stephens, J. W., and Halberg, H. N., 1961, Use of water in

Arkansas, 1960: Arkansas Geol. and Conserv. Comm. Spec.

Ground-Water Rept. 4, 8 p.

Pine Bluff

Area: 890 sq mi. 

Subarea: Jefferson County. 

Population: 86,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Sparta Sand of Tertiary age. Water-supply problems 

may arise from heavy industrial pumpage by two papermills and 

the Pine Bluff Arsenal. A third papermill is being contemplated. 

An extensive cone of depression has already developed in the 

area.

Although the area is relatively flat, no flood problems are 

imminent, as the city is protected from the Arkansas River by 

levees. Flooding is local in extent due to slow runoff of storm 

drainage.
32 ARKANSAS

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

D U) n)

3

3

Discharge

0

^o 

J

2

o

Peak stage discharge

3

o

"S 

iTl 

|

E

0

c <u gD 

<h 

Tl

8 

E

0

x c

Means and<

tremes ol

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

iGround wate 

station

0

nj 

D

Drainager

3

§

o

D

tn

tn 

tn 

O 1-, U

3

*O m

Coefficient roughnes

2

o> >

a I.,

"o

4>

6 

H

6

COsE

.5

5 "H.

 a 

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

01

D 

Tl

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^__

CO

0)1u

(D t-H Si «

1-

o

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

D

Temperatur

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

fe "o 

U

0

1-, o

S

0

>,

Radioactivit

0

73 "3

a

0

2n) 

S

a.

0

s. 

M

0

a>

S

0

Chemical

at

TJ

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

»

Common ior

0

Hardness

0

__,

n)

C)

Radiochemi

0

W)

>,

X

Dissolved o

0

D 

» n) W)

1

S

0

i01

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t*

01

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o tn

micr< Otherorganism

0

Q

O

n

0

iV

g

0

Sediment

n

Concentrati

0

D

Particle siz

0

i4)

S

0

Current projects:

Ground-water hydrology of the alluvial valleys of the Arkansas 

and Verdigris River valleys.

References:

Albin, D. R., Stephens, J. W., and Edds, Joe, 1968, Ground-water 

levels in deposits of Quaternary and Tertiary age, spring 1965: 

Arkansas Geol. Comm. Water Resources Summ. 4.

Bedinger, M. S., and Jeffery, H. G., 1964, Ground water in the 

lower Arkansas River valley, Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1669-V, p. V1-V17.

Bedinger, M. S., Stephens, J. W., and Edds, Joe, 1960, Decline of 

water levels in the Pine Bluff area: Arkansas Geol. and Conserv. 

Comm. Spec. Ground-Water Rept. 2, 10 p.

Halberg, H. N., and Stephens, J.W., 1966, Use of water in Arkansas, 

1965: Arkansas Geol. Comm. Water Resources Summ. 5, 12 p.

Klein, Howard, Baker, R.C., and Billingsley, G. A., 1950, Groundwater resources of Jefferson County, Arkansas: Arkansas Univ. 

Inst. Sci. and Technology Research Ser. 19, 44 p.

Stephen, J.W., and Halberg, H. N., 1961, Use of water in Arkansas, 

1960: Arkansas Geol. and Conserv. Comm. Spec. Ground-water 

Rept. 4, 8 p.
CALIFORNIA

There are 14 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) in 

California. Hydrologic data and information on all or some of 

these areas are included in the following statewide reports:

Bader, J. S., 1967, Water-level records for wells in California, 

1961-65: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 8 p.; app., 1,200 p.

Kapustka, S. F., 1965, Water pollution Prevention and corrective 

measures: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 15 p.

Silvey, W. D., 1966, Occurrence of selected minor elements in 

waters of California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 68 p.

Smith, Winchell, and Hains, C. F., 1961, Flow-duration and highand low-flow tables for California streams: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 600 p.

Waananen, A. O., 1967, Floods from small drainage areas in 

California, October 1958 to September 1966: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 223 p.

Waananen, A. O., and Bean, R. T., 1966, Water resources appraisal, in Mineral and water resources of California, Part 2 

Water resources: U.S. 89th Cong., 2 sess., Senate Comm. 

Interior and Insular Affairs Comm. Print, pt. 2, sec. 1, p. 451 

513.

Waananen, A. O., and others, 1966, Water resources development, 

in Mineral and water resources of California, Part 2 Water 

resources: U.S. 89th Cong., 2d sess., Senate Comm. Interior 

and Insular Affairs Comm. Print, pt. 2, sec. 2, p. 515 650.

Young, L. E., and Cruff, R. W., 1967, Magnitude and frequency of 

floods in the United States, Part 11, Pacific slope basins in 

California, Volume 1, Coastal basins south of the Klamath River 

basin and Central Valley drainage from the west: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1685, 272 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

855 Oak Grove Avenue 

Menlo Park, Calif. 94025

Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove

Area: 782 sq mi. 

Subarea: Orange County. 

Population: 1,107,000.

33
34 CALIFORNIA

Hydrologic background:

The principal municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from local ground-water and surface-water sources and, 

in smaller amounts, from the Colorado River. Commencing in 

1972 these sources will be supplemented by water from northern 

California delivered through the facilities of the State Water 

Project. This urban area and the Los Angeles SMSA have, in 

general, common hydrologic problems.

Heavy and sustained pumping of ground-water reservoirs near 

the coast has allowed saline water to enter underground freshwater supplies. Injection of fresh water in lines of wells between 

the sea and the principal ground-water bodies in the coastal plain 

has provided hydraulic barriers to saline water intrusion. Other 

ground-water reservoirs have been contaminated by irrigation 

return flows and by municipal and industrial waste waters, singly 

or in combination. Other problems of major importance include 

the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes and the contamination of coastal waters, as well as problems in ground-water recharge, waste-water reclamation, and land subsidence.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

D 

&0 cd

16

Discharge

15

o

I

6

o

Peak stage discharge 

2

o

'cd

 o 

o

E

6

u

0)

cr

0)

TJ 

0

o

E

5

Uo

Means andtremes o:

13

Runoff

9

Supplementary data

Ground wat 

station

0

cd<u

Drainage ar

21

o

u <u a)

CO 

COO i-,

2

0

Coefficient roughnes

4

'v

cdi-, M

D

s

0

0)

E

.S 

"H.

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO<u a

 r*

H

2

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

m *-»

D

O 

U

a; >-i 

ao ^ c *"

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

10

Turbidity

0

J3 "o 

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

0)

K 

Q.

0

I

K 

a

10

W

0

i-,

0)

5

0

Chemical

CO o

Dissolved soli

10

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

10

Common ins

10

Hardness

10

Radiochemica

0

<u 

nn

Dissolved oxy

0

CO<u

!Dcd 

ao

i-,

0)

5

i

D

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

10

D

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other microorganisms

0

Q 

0

0

i*

D

5

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

i-,

5

0
ANAHEIM SANTA ANA GARDEN GROVE 35

Current projects:

Orange County analog model.

Evaluation of ground-water quality monitoring network, Orange

County Water District. 

Hydrology of deep aquifers in Orange County.

References:

Miller, R. E., 1966, Land subsidence in southern California, in 

Lung, Richard, and Proctor, Richard, eds., U.C. Engineering 

geology in southern California: Glendale, Calif., Assoc. Eng. 

Geologists, Los Angeles Sec., p. 273-279.

Piper, A. M., and others, 1942, Index of factual data from water 

wells on a part of the coastal plain in Los Angeles and Orange 

Counties, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 298 p.

Poland, J. F., 1947, Summary statement of ground-water conditions and saline contamination along the coast of Orange 

County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 20 p.

 1959, Hydrology of the Long Beach Santa Ana area, California, with special reference to the watertightness of the 

Newport Ingle wood structural zone, with a section on Withdrawal 

of ground water, 1932-41, by Sinnott, Alien and Poland, J. F.: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1471, 257 p.

Stafford, H. M., and Troxell, H. C., 1953, Coastal basins near 

Los Angeles, California, in The physical and economic foundation of natural resources, Part 4 Subsurface facilities of 

water management and patterns of supply, type-area studies: 

U.S. Cong. House Comm. Interior and Insular Affairs, p. 21 50.

Troxell, H. C., 1957, Water resources of southern California 

with special reference to the drought of 1944 51: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1366, 139 p.

Troxell, H. C., and Hofmann, Walter, 1954, Hydrology of the Los 

Angeles region, in Geology of southern California, Chapter 6, 

Hydrology: California Div. Mines Bull. 170, p. 5-12.

Troxell, H. C., and others, 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 844, 399 p.

Wall, J. R., and Butcher, L. C., 1965, Progress report on water 

studies in the Orange County coastal area, California: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 37 p.

Wall, J. R., Cordes, E. H., and Moreland, J. H., 1966, Progress 

report on salt-water intrusion studies, Sunset and Bolsa Gaps, 

Orange County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

32 p.
P

g ^

»£>

 ^ e-H

X fD

» sa

c-+- P

p" p 

o> j*

4j>-

P C/l 

"-S 

fD * 

cn >_,

fD"j£

t-t O5

3 W P p

C/l"

P ^

e-H l i

fD O

jn O 

^ cn

fD 

O 

fDI

fD

SJ 

fDi-i» ?sO

fD

1 O 

o e 3 i-j .g ^a _ ^oV

to

<o

4^ 

to

to0o0o

CO 

00oo

CO

«o

to

I1 0

CO

<o

CO

Cn oo0

too

M 

01oM0oo00oo

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical 9

(R)So

Biological

Sediment

H

01OaR(a

WATER QUALITY

M 

<O

M 

OO0M-0

*.

to 

to

M 

-J

M MO

COw

M d

I1 00o

to0MOMO

Stage

Discharge

Low flow

Peak stage or 

discharge

Flow duration

Flood frequency

Means and extremes of flow

Runoff

Ground water 

station

Drainage area

Cross- section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain maps

Precipitation

Tides

Contents

Surface inflowoutflow

Change contents/ 

. level

Siltation

3A 

01

2,

| P

Supplementary dat

SURFACE WATER
FRESNO 37

Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650 A, 

p. A1-A156.

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963b, Floods of December 

1955-January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650 B, 

p. B1-B580.

Fresno

Area: 5,964 sq mi. 

Subarea: Fresno County. 

Population: 403,000.

Hydrologic background:

Wells constitute the principal source of water supplies, and 

water is obtained from aquifers at depths of 80 to 600 feet. The 

depths of most of the wells are between 200 and 300 feet.

Municipal and industrial wastes require treatment and disposal 

so as to avoid contamination of ground and surface waters. The 

lands of the Fresno region are level, and storm-runoff problems 

occur in the urbanized area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) 

00cd

42

Discharge

39

1

5

1

Peak stge or 

discharge

12

Flow duration

18

X

Flood frequenc

24

?

Means andex-of flc tremes 

36

Runoff

17

Supplementary data

Ground water

station

0

Drainage are

52

Cross -section

11

Coefficient of

roughness

16

Time oftravel

0

a

<d

S

'«d 

"a

o

0

Precipitation

1

at

 o 

H

0

Contents

10

Surface inflowoutflow

1

^_

at

Change content 

level. 

9

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperatu

11

Specific conductanc

13

Turbidity

6

js"o 

U

0

o

S

0

Jj

Radioactivi

0

T3

>M

DG

a

1

i

10

w

0

br

9)

8

0

Chemical

 a

Dissolved

11

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

6

at

c

Common io

11

Hardness

6

<d

Radiochem

0

c

9)

b

Dissolved c

0

9) 

01

t, 

9)

8

0

In 

4)

8

6

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

5

br

4)

a

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

O ;;

Other micorganisnr

0

0

8

0

1 8

0

Sediment

c

Concentrat

1

Particle s

1

In 

V

3

0
38 CALIFORNIA

Current projects:

Study of ground-water geology and hydrology in the HanfordVisalia area, San Joaquin Valley. 

Study of ground-water geology and hydrology in the Fresno area,

San Joaquin Valley.

References:

Crawford, C. B., Jr., Page, R. W., and LeBlanc, R. A., 1965, Data 

for wells in the Fresno area, San Joaquin Valley, California: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 263 p.

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., I963a, Floods of December 

1955 January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650-A, p. AlA156.

 I963b, Floods of December 1955-January 1956 in the Far 

Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1650-B, p. B1-B580.

Young, L. E., and Harris, E. E., 1966, Floods of January February 1963 in California and Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1830-A, p. A1-A472.

Los Angeles-Long Beach

Area: 4,060 sq mi.

Subarea: Los Angeles County.

Population: 6,765,000.

Hydrologic background:

The principal municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from the Colorado River, the Owens Valley east of the 

Sierra Nevada, and, in smaller amounts, from local ground-water 

and surface-water sources. Commencing in 1972 these sources 

will be supplemented by water from northern California delivered 

through the facilities of the State Water Project. This highlydeveloped and rapidly growing urban area is within a region of 

water scarcity, and long-range planning and development of water 

supplies for industrial and municipal uses is necessary.

Heavy and sustained pumping of ground-water reservoirs near 

the coast has allowed saline water to enter underground fresh 

water supplies; injection of fresh water in lines of wells between 

the sea and the principal ground-water bodies in the coastal plain 

has provided hydraulic barriers to saline water intrusion. Other 

ground-water reservoirs have been contaminated by irrigation 

return flows and by municipal and industrial waste waters, singly 

or in combination.
LOS ANGELES LONG BEACH 39

Flood flows from occasional heavy winter storms bring large 

volumes of sediment into channels, particularly in newly settled 

developments. In some low-lying flat areas storm drainage must 

be collected in sumps and pumped to suitable disposal systems.

There is continued pressure for development of scenic hillside 

or hilltop areas that, after wet periods or prolonged lawn irrigation, may become unstable. Knowledge of highly localized hydrogeology is still too limited for reliable decisions as to which 

areas are suitable for such development. Other problems of 

major importance include the disposal of industrial and municipal 

wastes and contamination of coastal waters. Ground-water recharge, waste-water reclamation, and the large-scale desalination of sea water are envisioned as important future water sources, 

and increased knowledge of these processes is needed.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

s>

26

Discharge

26

1 C

a

0

£

Peak stage discharge

11

g

1

 o

o 

fe

12

g

Flood frequ

12

 £

O

X

Means and-tremes o

25

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

(1) 41

Drainage ar

33

§

Cross-sect

10

"8 m

Coefficient roughnes

11

1CO

"3

41 

H

0

0)

ffi

G

art "3,

 o

8

0

c

Precipitatic

3

0)

 a 

H

0

Contents

0

1

fc

Surface inf]

outflow

0

g

I 

u

41 r-l 3*1

9

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

41 

U

Temperatu

2

41

Specific conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

o

S

0

£

Radioactivi

0

S41

X 

a

0

I

1

W

0

41

g

0

Chemical

 o

"o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

0)

1 

g

o

U

1

Hardness

1

(4

Radiochem

0

c

0)

RX

Dissolved <

0

0)

41 

CO 

(4 W>

0)

5

0

41

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

41

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

u 5 

11

5°

0

Q 

O

n

0

41

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

4

41 

N

Particle s

4

4)

8

0

Current projects: 

None.
40 CALIFORNIA

References:

Garrett, A. A., 1951, Possibility of excessive rise of the water 

table at the site of Birmingham General Hospital, San Fernando 

Valley, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 6 p.

Piper, A. M., and others, 1942, Index of factual data from water 

wells on a part of the coastal plain in Los Angeles and Orange 

Counties, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 298 p.

Piper, A. M., and Poland, J. F., 1944, Geologic features along 

the southern California coast which influence the chemical 

character of ground water in the South Coastal Basin: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 30 p.

Poland, J. F., Garrett, A. A., and Sinnott, Alien, 1959, Geology, 

hydrology, and chemical character of ground waters in the 

Tor ranee-Santa Monica area, California: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1461, 425 p.

Stafford, H. M., and Troxell, H.C., 1953, Coastal basins near Los 

Angeles, California, in The physical and economic foundation of 

natural resources, [Part] 4, Subsurface facilities of water management and patterns of supply, type-ware studies: U.S. Cong. 

House Comm. Interior and Insular Affairs, p. 21 50.

Troxell, H. C., 1957, Water resources of southern California with 

special reference to the drought of 1944 51: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1366, 139 p.

Troxell, H. C., and Hofmann, Walter, 1954, Hydrology of the Los 

Angeles region, in Geology of southern California, Chapter 6, 

Hydrology: California Div. Mines Bull. 170, p. 5-12.

Troxe1 !, H. C., and others, 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 844, 399 p.

Oxnard-Ventura

Area: 1,851 sq mi. 

Subarea: Ventura County. 

Population: 318,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water supplies are obtained from wells 200 to 1,600 feet deep 

and from surface-water development in the Santa Clara and 

Ventura Rivers and Piru Creek basins.

Occasional inundation of lowlands occurs during floods in the 

Santa Clara River, but river training works have provided partial 

protection and control. Casitas Reservoir on Coyote Creek also 

provides some flood control in the Ventura area. Expansion of 

the urbanized region has been accompanied by encroachment upon 

the rivers, and storm runoff patterns have changed as areas have
OXNARD-VENTURA 41

been paved and sewered. Control and disposal of storm runoff 

and the treatment and disposal of municipal and industrial wastes 

present the usual problems in urban hydrology.

Heavy pumping of underlying ground-water bodies has resulted 

in subsidence of the land surface in some places in the Oxnard 

plain. Control of irrigation return flows in the Santa Clara River 

valley is necessary to avoid contamination of the underground 

fresh water bodies that supply water to the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o>

QJ3

cd

30

Discharge

29

o 

C

0

IH

O

Peak stage discharge

4

c

 *- "S

 a

10

^

u

3

cr o>

 a

o

fo

18

X C'

Means and<tremes ol

29

Runoff

18

Supplementary data

i,

Ground wat«

station

0

rt 

o>

Drainager

33

o

Cross-secti

6

"8 

Coefficient roughness

16

"3

IH

0)

6

H

0

ra

S1

(w

£

.S

rt "3.

T3

8

0

c

Precipitatio

2

CO 

0) a 

H

0

Contents

3

?

Surface infl

outflow

1

^_

CO§

a

D * i

a"

3

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) 

IH

Temperatu

5

0)

Specific 

conductanc

12

Turbidity

2

o "o 

U

0

IH

O

S

0

£>

Radioactivi

0

73 

0)

a

0

3n) 

K

a.

12

x: W

0

IHa>

S

0

Chemical

 a

"o

Dissolved .

12

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

10

CO

c

Common ic

12

Hardness

10

^

nj 

u

Radiochem

0

U)

S

Dissolved (

0

tn

o> 

en 

nj QJ3

0)

S

0

IH

0)

S

2

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

10

IH

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o m

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O

0

IH

0)

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

6

o>

N

Particle s

6

IH

0)

5

1

Current projects:

None.

References:

Hedman, E. R., and Pearson, E. G., 1966, Floods of November 

and December 1965 in southern California: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 90 p.

Poland, J. F., Garrett, A. A., and Mann, J. F., 1948, Progress report on water supply for the Point Mugu Naval Base, Ventura 

County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 51 p.

Troxell, H.C., and others, 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 844, 399 p.
42 CALIFORNIA

Sacramento

Area: 3,441 sq mi.

Subarea: Sacramento, Placer, and Yolo Counties.

Population: 737,000.

Hydrologic background:

Most of the city of Sacramento and some of its suburban area 

are supplied with water obtained from the Sacramento River. The 

remainder of the city and much of the suburban territory obtain 

water from wells in the alluvial deposits of the region. Roseville 

and smaller nearby cities use water from the Yuba and Bear Rivers.

Municipal and industrial wastes, including wastes from foodprocessing plants in the Sacramento Valley, must be extensively 

treated to prevent contamination of surface water. Irrigation return flows generally are of good quality and do not pose threats to 

water quality in this region at the present time. The expanding 

urban development creates the usual problems in the accomodation of a changing regimen of storm runoff.

In the past there has been occasional severe flooding because 

of major rises in the Sacramento and American Rivers. Extensive 

training works, diversions, bypasses, and related flood-control 

facilities, together with the operation of upstream flood-control 

reservoirs, have provided a high degree of flood control and effected substantial reductions in flood damages.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) 

00 

0)

62

D

Discharg

51

1 

I

0

S-,

o

4> M

Peak stag 

dischar 

4

G 

O

 a 

o

E

12

^

u

4)

er

4)

TJ 

O 

O

E

20

5

, o

4) *i i

 o °

Means antremes

44

Runoff

23

Supplementary data

4)

0)

Ground wstation

0

0) 

4)

13

Drainage

45

§

o

Cross-se

3

o «,

+j W

Coefficiei roughn

11

4>

0)

e

H

1

M

1

.5

,2 "a

TJ 

0

o

E

0

Precipita

3

4> 

TJ

H

1

Contents

7

o

Surface iiy

outflow

4

--

1

su

4) 1-1 

«10 «

e"

8

Siltation

0
SALINAS MONTEREY 43

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01

Temperatu

21

4)

Specific conductanc

19

Turbidity

15

fe "o 

U

1

t, 

O

S

0

>>

Radioactiv

1

 o

01

E

Q.

5

3

n)

E 

Q.

9

tJ

0

01

6

0

Chemical

in

73

'o 

in

Dissolved

21

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

9

in 

C

Common ic

21

Hardness

11

CO

o

Radiochem

2

4) 

Bfl

O

Dissolved

5

in

in 

a

M 

01

6

0

L> 

01

x:

6

10

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

10

01

6

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

Pn

Other mici organisr

1

Q 

0

ra

1

L> 

01

S

0

Sediment

c

_0

Concentra'

7

01 

SI

Particle si

6

01

6

2

Current projects:

None.

References:

Craig, F. C., 1961, Tide-affected flow of Sacramento River at 

Sacramento, California, in Geological Survey research, 1961: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, p. C184-C186.

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., I963a, Floods of December 

1955 January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650-A, p. A1-A156.

 1963b, Floods of December 1955-January 1956 in the Far 

Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1650-B, p. B1-B580.

Rantz, S. E., and Moore, A. M., 1965, Floods of December 1964 

in Far Western States: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 205 p.

Young, L. E., and Harris, E. E., 1966, Floods of January-February 1963 in California and Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1830-A, p. A1-A472.

Salinas-Monterey

Area: 3,324 sq mi. 

Subarea: Monterey County. 

Population: 222,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supplies in this region are obtained primarily from 

wells, although Monterey uses surface water from the Los Padres 

and San Clemente reservoirs on the Carmel River.

Hydrologic problems in the area consist principally of those 

usually accompanying urban development, including disposal of 

storm runoff and municipal and industrial waste waters.
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pH (field)

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Eh

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SAN BERNARDINO RIVERSIDE ONTARIO

Hydrologic background:

45

The principal municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from the Colorado River and from local ground-water and 

surface-water sources. Commencing in 1972 these sources will 

be supplemented by water from northern California delivered 

through the facilities of the State Water Project.

Ground-water reservoirs have been contaminated by irrigation 

return flows and by municipal and industrial waste waters, singly 

or in combination. Floodflows from occasional heavy winter 

storms bring large volumes of sediment and create problems, 

particularly in newly settled developments. Other problems of 

major importance include the disposal of industrial and municipal 

wastes and problems in ground-water recharge.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01

bo

rt

91

Discharg

107

C

0

^

0

S* bo

Peak stag dischar

33

c

o

3 o

0

E

22

^

o 

c

01

cr

01

 o 

o

_0

79

T3 °

Means atremes

84

Runoff

51

Supplementary data

"rt

Ground wstation

1

rt

rt

Drainage

107

c

u

Cross-se

38

««

0 10

*j co

Coefficie roughn

40

"Hj

>

!-

"o

(LI

S 

H

0

to

a

rt

^

.S

rt "a 

 o

8 

E

0

c

 £

Precipita

18

en

01 o 

H

0

Contents

4

j

o

c

Surface ioutflow

0

^_

co

C

 M

g

U 

4) --J

rt _5i 

U

3

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

o> 

t.

Temperat

15

01

Specific conductan

33

Turbidity

1

o

"o 

U

1

o

s

0

£

Radioactiv

1

 u

X 

a

8

I 

o.

33

W

0

L,

U

S

0

Chemical

T3

"o 

to

Dissolved

34

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

9

to

0

Common i

34

Hardness

26

,_,

a 

o

Radiochenr

2

bo

X 

O

Dissolved

1

to

to 

a bo

01

6

3

01

S

1

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

18

fc, 

41

5

i

Biological

Coliforms

9

2p

Other micorganis

1

Q 

O

n

i

fc,

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

5

01 

N

Particle s

4

L. 

U

6

0

Current projects:

Streamflow regime of the Upper Santa Ana River as affected by

manmade development, San Bernardino County. 

Appraisal of hydrologic conditions in the Upper Santa Ana Valley.
46 CALIFORNIA

References:

Dutcher, L. C., 1965a, Progress report on water studies in the 

Bloomington-Colton area, Upper Santa Ana Valley, California, 

1964: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 30 p.

 1965b, Progress report on water studies in the San Timoteo 

Smiley Heights area, Upper Santa Ana Valley, California, 1964: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 31 p.

Dutcher, L. C., and French, J. J., 1965, Progress report on water 

studies in the Chino-Corona area, Upper Santa Ana Valley, 

California, 1964, part 1: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 36 p.

Dutcher, L. C., and Garrett, A. A., 1963, Geologic and hydrologic 

features of San Bernardino area, California, with special 

reference to underflow across the San Jacinto fault: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1419, 114 p.

McClelland, E. J., 1963, Aquifer-test compilation for the Upper 

Santa Ana Valley area, San Bernardino County, California: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 29 p.

Stafford, H. M., and Troxell, H. C., 1953, Coastal basins near 

Los Angeles, California, in The physical and economic foundation of natural resources, [Part] 4, Subsurface facilities of 

water management and patterns of supply, type-area studies: 

U.S. Cong. House Comm. Interior and Insular Affairs, p. 21 50.

Troxell, H. C., 1957, Water resources of southern California with 

special reference to the drought of 1944 51: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1366, 139 p.

Troxell, H. C., and Hofmann, Walter, 1954, Hydrology of the Los 

Angeles region, in Geology of southern California, Chapter 6, 

Hydrology: California Div. Mines Bull. 170, p. 5-12.

Troxell, H. C., and others, 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 844, 399 p.

 1954, Hydrology of the San Bernardino and eastern San 

Gabriel Mountains, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. 

Atlas HA-1, 13 sheets.

San Diego

Area: 4,255 sq mi. 

Subarea: San Diego County. 

Population: 1,136,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water supplies in the San Diego metropolitan region were obtained until recently from the limited local ground and surfacewater sources. These sources are now supplemented by importation of Colorado River water through the facilities of the 

Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. Additional
SAN DIEGO 47

future supplies will be provided by the State Water Project and 

possibly by large-scale desalting plants.

Significant hydrologic problems in the region include the intrusion of saline water into heavily pumped fresh-water aquifers 

near the coast, pollution of coastal waters, and occupation of 

flood-prone lowlands bordering streams that are often dry for 

periods of many months. Problems of storm drainage and the 

disposal of storm runoff from infrequent heavy storms are similar to those.in other urbanized areas.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

bort

55

58

Discharge

53

o

C

0

^

0

Peak stge discharge 

17

g

'rt

3 o

E

13

^

o

cu

3

 o

o

0

E

35

Means andtremes o

48

Runoff

23

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

cu

Drainage ar

65

§

Cross- sect

20

tt-<

0 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

32

i>

>

n) 

t,

0)

6

H

0

to

o.

rt

S

.5

_rt '3.

 o

O 

0

E

9

Precipitatic

14

03

Oi o

1

Contents

11

?

o

Surface infl

outflow

11

.^

ta

C

§y

4) <- 1

rt ^ 

U

9

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

i.

Temperatu

16

CD

Specific conductanc

18

Turbidity

0

t,

o

"o 

U

0

o

s

0

i>

Radioactivi

0

 a

as 

a

0

3

ns

K 

a

39

.c fcj

0

Lc

0)

5

0

Chemical

TD

^^

0

Dissolved .

39

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

03

c

Common ic

39

Hardness

39

rt

CJ

Radiochem

0

n

i>

M

>^

X

Dissolved c

0

011> 

co 

rt

cu

5

0

cu

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

23

t<

cu

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

2

(o «

Other micr organisn

0

Q 

O

PQ

0

t,i>

6

0

Sediment

£J

.O

Concentrat

0

N

Particle s

0

Other

0

Current projects: 

None.

References:

Ellis, A. J., and Lee, C. H., 1919, Geology and ground waters of

the western part of San Diego County, California: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 446, 321 p. 

Hedman, E. R., and Pearson, E. G., 1966, Floods of November

and December 1965 in southern California: U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 90 p.
48 CALIFORNIA

Piper, A. M., and Poland, J. F., 1945, Ground water for emergency 

public supply at San Diego, California: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 29 p.

Ray, H. A., and Young, L. E., 1964, Areas of potential flood inundation, San Luis Rey River basin, California, in San Diego 

County flood hazard investigation: California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 112, app. G, 21 p.

Troxell, H. C., and others, 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 844, 399 p.

Young, L. E., and Ray, H. A., 1964, Areas of potential flood inundation, San Dieguito River basin, California, in San Diego 

County flood hazard investigation: California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 112, app. F, 31 p.

San Francisco-Oakland

Area: 2,486 sq mi.

Subarea: Alameda, San Francisco, Contra Costa, Marin, and

San Mateo Counties. 

Population: 2,918,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supplies for San Francisco 

and the other communities on the San Francisco peninsula are 

principally from the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct, which brings water 

from the Tuolumne River in the Sierra Nevada and from the 

Alameda system. The Alameda system supplies water from the 

Mokelumne River to Oakland, Richmond, Alameda, and other 

communities north of Hayward on the east side of San Francisco 

Bay. Fremont and Newark depend primarily upon wells and local 

surface-water supplies; these supplies will be supplemented to 

an increasing extent in the future by water from the Sierra 

Nevada and northern California provided through the Hetch 

Hetchy and California Aqueduct systems. Marin County communities obtain their supplies largely from local surface-water 

sources.

Disposal of wastes, both solid and liquid, is a major problem 

in the region. Pollution of the Bay by direct introduction of 

liquid wastes probably is decreasing as a result of strenous efforts toward alleviation by improvement in treatment and control. 

Solid wastes have been used as land fill along the Bay shore, but 

suitable locations for such operations are becoming scarce.

Recent residential land developments have been concentrated 

in hillside areas. Increased storm runoff from these areas, with 

associated greater water and sediment loads, imposes a burden
SAN FRANCISCO OAKLAND 49

on the older sewerage systems. Landslides also have occurred 

during major storm periods. Measures for averting trouble from 

such flows are costly, and the multiplicity of political boundaries 

often involved presents additional problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

HI

bo

19

Discharge

18

1 

C

0

0

Peak stage discharge 

6

o

15

3 u

S

6

^

u

cr 

LI

 u 

o

16

Means andtremes o:

18

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

LI

Ground wat

station

0

HI

Drainage ar

23

§

Cross-sect

5

*0 ro

Coefficient roughnes

11

>

«t

OJ

6

0

en

a

at

.5 

a"a

 U 

0

o

0

c

Precipitatic

0

en

 o 

H

1

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

.^

en

g

§ 

u

4) ^H M 1J

u

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

m

Temperatu

15

Specific 

conductanc

17

Turbidity

8

J3 "o 

U

2

0

S

3

>-,

Radioactivi

0

v

<L) 

«i-i

K 

a

0

3

a)

a

10

£ 

U

0

L.

a>

6

0

Chemical

en U

"o

Dissolved

17

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

6

en

C

Common io

16

Hardness

8

«t 

o

Radiochem

0

c

OJ bn>-,

X

Dissolved c

1

OJ

en 

«t M

L<

0

S

1

L. 

(U

8

6

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

6

L. 

(U

S

1

Biological

Coliforms

2

0 M

Other micorganisrr

1

Q 

O

pa

0

1 

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

4

OJ

Particle s

4

01

8

0

Current projects:

Fluvial sediment transport to San Francisco Bay. 

Channel morphology of San Francisquito Creek tributary. 

Hydrologic effects of urban development near Palo Alto, Calif. 

Flood flows and sediment yield of Colma Creek basin.

References:

Crippen, J. R., 1965, Changes in character of-unit hydrographs, 

Sharon Creek, California, after suburban development, in Geological Survey research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

525-D, p. D196-D198.

 1966, Selected effects of suburban development on runoff in 

a small basin near Palo Alto, California: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 19 p.

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963a, Floods of December 

1955 January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650-A, p. A1-A156.
50 CALIFORNIA

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963b, Floods of December 

1955-January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650 B, 

p. B1-B580.

Hogenson, G. M., Wahl, K. O., and Brennan, Robert, 1967, Effects 

of proposed salinity-control barriers in San Francisco Bay, 

California, upon ground-water resources: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 99 p.

Matthai, H. F., and others, 1957, Water resources of the San 

Francisco Bay area, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 378, 

55 p.

Rantz, S. E., 1956, Flood of January 1952 in the south San 

Francisco Bay region, in Floods of 1952 in California: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1260-D, p. 531-561.

Rantz, S. E., and Moore, A. M., 1965, Floods of December 1964 

in the Far Western States: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

205 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1962, Floods at Fremont, California, 1962: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-54.

Young, L. E., and Harris, E. E., 1966, Floods of January February 1963 in California and Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1830-A, A1-A472.

San Jose

Area: 1,302 sq mi.

Subarea: Santa Clara County.

Population: 885,000.

Hydrologic background:

The city of San Jose depends primarily upon wells and local 

surface-water supplies; these supplies will be supplemented to 

an increasing extent by water from the Sierra Nevada and northern 

California provided through the Hetch Hetchy and California 

Aqueduct systems. The municipal and industrial supplies for 

communities north of San Jose are provided principally from the 

Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which supplies San Francisco.

In the past, heavy and continued pumping from ground-water 

reservoirs south of the Bay lowered water levels and caused subsidence of the land surface. Ground-water recharge through 

percolation of surface water and reduction in demand on the 

ground-water reservoirs through use of imported water sources 

should relieve the overdraft and permit stabilization of the water 

levels.
SAN JOSE 51

Return flow from irrigation, waste-water disposal, and saline 

water intrustion have caused some contamination of ground-water 

supplies. Development in foothill areas causes problems because 

of erosion, sediment transport to downstream areas, and increased 

storm runoff.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

nt

18

Discharge

18

1 

I

0

!~

O

Peak stage discharge 

2

n

o

Is

3 

T3

8

^

u

0)

3 

<T 0)

<«

T3 

0 

O

E

10

Means andtremes o:

18

Runoff

12

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

n) <D

Drainage ar

30

c

Cross-sect)

2

0 , 

Coefficient roughnes

6

0)

>

n) 

t,

"o

0)

S 

H

0

CO

a

a 

6

.5

nt "a

 a 

o

0

E.

0

Precipitatic

0

CO 

0) 

T3

H

0

Contents

10

 e

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

CO

c

§ 

u

0) -J

U ,

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperate

0

Specific conductanc

3

Turbidity

3

J3 

o 

U

0

o

S

0

>>

 tn

Radioactiv

0

2'v

BG o.

0

2nl

BG 

a

3

W

0

t,

0)

6

0

Chemical

o

T3

7!

CO

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

3

CO

s

Common i

3

Hardness

3

(_)

nt

Radiochem

0

on

X

n

Dissolved

0

a

Qfl

t,

0)

5

0

0)

6

3

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

3

t,

0)

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 »

L C

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O

0

t.

0)

§

0

Sediment

n

Concentra

2

0)

Particle s

2

1 

S

0

Current projects:

Analog model, Santa Clara Valley, Santa Clara County. 

Hydrologic effects of urban development near Palo Alto, Calif.

References:

Crippen, J. R., 1966, Selected effects of suburban development on 

runoff in a small basin near Palo Alto, California: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 19 p.

Green, J. H., 1962, Compaction of the aquifer system and land 

subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley, California, in Geological 

Survey research 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-D, 

p. D175-D178.
52 CALIFORNIA

Hains, C. F., and Young, L. E., 1962, Drainage areas tributary to 

San Francisco Bay: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 35 p.

Harris, E. E., and Rantz, S. E., 1964, Effect to urban growth on 

streamflow regimen of Permanente Creek, Santa Clara County, 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1591-B, 

p. B1-B18.

Piper, A. M., 1935, Water supply at the U.S. Naval Air Station 

Sunnyvale, Mountain View, California: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 28 p.

Poland, J. F., and Green, J. H., 1962, Subsidence in the Santa 

Clara Valley, California a progress report: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1619-C, p. C1-C16.

Wood, P. R., 1967, Analog-model study of the ground-water reservoir in the Santa Clara Valley, California: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 10 p.

Young, L. E., and Harris, E. E., 1966, Floods of January-February 1963 in California and Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1830-A, p. A1-A472.

Santa Barbara

Area: 2,738 sq mi.

Sub area: Santa Barbara County.

Population: 243,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supplies for the urbanized region are obtained almost entirely from the Gibraltar and Cachuma reservoirs on the 

Santa Ynez River.

Control and disposal of storm runoff in streams that are ordinarily dry and lack well-defined channels in the alluvial fans on 

which much of the urban development has occurred constitutes 

one of the major hydrologic problems in the region. Another 

problem relates to the control of chemical and biological quality 

of water in Cachuma Reservoir.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

rt

31

Discharge

31

*

3

1

o

Peak stge discharge 

5

c

o

"n! 

i,

73

_o

12

^

o

0)

0)

73 

O 

_O

15

 f

0) u_

Means andtremes o

32

Runoff

20

Supplementary data

0)

Ground wat

station

0

n)

0)

Drainagei

38

o

Cross- sect

5

o m

Coefficient roughnes

9

0)

i«

"o

0)

H

0

CO

n. at

e

.5

"am

73

o 

o

0

Precipitati(

3

CO

0) 

73

H

0

Contents

2

o

Surface inf

outflow

1

CO 1

§u

*3 Q)

JG -1 U

2

Siltation

0
STOCKTON 53

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

V

t.,

Temperatu

66

V

Specific 

conductanc

66

Turbidity

0

t.,

_o"o 

U

0

t.,

o

s

0

>,

Radioactiv

0

2 "3

K 

a

0

J3_rt 

"a

66

x: 

H

0

cu

5

0

Chemical

ta o

Dissolved i

66

Chlorides

5

Nutrients

0

ta

Common ic

66

Hardness

64

n)

Radiochem

0

cu 6n

>>

Dissolved <

0

in

cu in

Hi M

(*

(U

g

0

(*

<U

§

3

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

5

(*

<U

s

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

0

«

0

(H

<U

6

0

Sediment

Concentrat

2

cu

N

Particle s

2

u

V

S

0

Current projects:

Water-resources appraisal of Santa Barbara County. 

Hydrology of Cachuma Reservoir.

References:

Evenson, R. E., Wilson, H. D., Jr., and Muir, K. S., 1962, Yield 

of the Carpinteria and Goleta ground-water basins, Santa 

Barbara County, California, 1941 58: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 112 p.

Hedman, E. R., and Pearson, E. G., 1966, Floods of November 

and December 1965 in southern California: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 90 p.

Lippincott, J. B., 1905, Water problems of Santa Barbara, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 116, 99 p.

Muir, K. S., 1967, Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa 

Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California. 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 41 p.

Rantz, S. E., 1962, Flow of springs and small streams in the 

Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-R, p. R1-R26.

Troxell, H. C., and others, 1942, Floods of March 1938 in southern 

California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 844, 399 p.

Upson, J. E., 1951, Geology and ground-water resources of the 

south-coast basins of Santa Barbara County, California, with a 

section on Surface-water resources, by Thomasson, H. G., Jr.,: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1108, 144 p.

Stockton

Area: 1,409 sq mi.

Subarea: San Joaquin County.

Population: 273,000.
54 CALIFORNIA

Hydrologic background:

Water supplies in the area are obtained from wells 80 to 1,050 

feet deep in the alluvial fill of the San Joaquin Valley.

Stockton is on level, low-lying ground; Mormon Slough and the 

Calaveras River traverse the city and join the San Joaquin River 

on the west side. Training works and flood-control reservoirs 

have reduced the likelihood of flooding from the Calaveras River, 

but overflow from Mormon Slough may still cause flooding. During high-water periods difficulties are experienced in the treatment and disposal of municipal waste waters.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

 4)

14

Discharge

7

o

C

0

^

0

Peak stage discharge

1

m

73

|

5

^

u

<u a<u £

73

8

E

2

<U <^

Means andtremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

<u

Ground wat

station

0

mu

Drainage ai

7

c

o

Cross-sect

0

0 to

Coefficient roughnes

1

>

M

 3

u

e

H

0

a

.5 

5

73 

0 

O

£

0

c

Precipitatic

0

10

u

73

2

Contents

2

*

o

inf! Surface 

outflow

1

^^

10

S

o 

u

QJ ^* a"

2

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

25

Specific 

conductance

34

Turbidity

26

U

1

0

5

4

Radioactivity

1

"3

3

a

13

3

a 

a

18

.Cw

0

0)

0

Chemical

10

73

Dissolved sol

32

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

19

Common ins

34

Hardness

19

Radiochemica

1

Ul

Dissolved oxy

12

10

u

10(11

U)

4

u

S

17

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

17

1 

S

5

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro- organisms

5

Q 

O ffl

1

u

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

4

Particle size

3

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963a, Floods of December 

1955-January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650-A, p. A1-A156.

 1963b, Floods of December 1955-January 1956 in the Far 

Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1650-B, p. B1-B580.
to

1-1

i > w

l-l

N) O

00

oooo

1-1 o

01

Ol

eno

oo

1-1

CnO

Ol

t--

l-i Oo

1-1

1-1 o

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical o

Biological

Sediment

i-" 

*>

ooo

*>

*>

oo

oo

-jo

I-"

CnW

tooowww

towo

Stage

Discharge

Low flow

Peak stage or 

discharge

Flow duration

Flood frequency

Means and extremes of flow

Runoff

Ground water 

station

Drainage area

Cross- section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain maps

Precipitation

Tides

Contents

Surface inflowoutflow

Change contents/ 

level

Siltation

1<D 

en

2,

1 ?

Supplementary dat

Current data: Francisco Bay.

°* !±

§8

P 2, p"3

-i 

s §a 

5'3

XI P o £ 

i i (D

^ 1

supplies. Waste-ution ofSa Pablo

W 3

p p_

P 

3 &

p en

3 0

>-> en

0 £ *-*}

r/} ^*

irl cj

5 enPi ' 

en 0

from Cache Slough, disposal, andsaline

Return flowrmwater intrusion he

< Mm 2.

d P

w S±

fD O

a 3

3

p 

en

fD

<~> I

y &

3- P

3 fD

5"P

The municipal and

local surface-water

industrial water: 

and ground-water

en c

O TJ

t- XI

I t i <~> £' 

m fD

en

0 p

*"* fD

5 oCT CL <-* 

i± p < 5-

fD £

>-< fD

£ a

3 0a3

Hydroback

a
56 CALIFORNIA

Current projects:

Fluvial sediment transport to San Francisco Bay. 

Flood inundation map, Napa, Napa County.

References:

Hains, C. F., and Young, L. E., 1962, Drainage areas tributary to 

San Francisco Bay: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 35 p.

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963a, Floods of December 

1955-January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650-A, p. A1-A156.

 1963b, Floods of December 1955-January 1956 in the Far 

Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1650-B, p. B1-B580.

Hogenson, G. M., Wahl, K. O., and Brennan, Robert, 1967, Effects 

of proposed salinity-control barriers in San Francisco Bay, 

California, upon ground-water resources: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 99 p.

Matthai, H. F., and others, 1957, Water resources of the San 

Francisco Bay area, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 378, 

55 p.

Rantz, S. E., and Moore, A. M., 1965, Floods of December 1964 

in the Far Western States: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

205 p.

Renick, B. C., 1924, Report on additional ground-water supplies 

for the Mare Island Navy Yard, California: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 12 p.

Yo'ung, L. E., and Harris, E. E., 1966, Floods of January February 1963 in California and Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1830-A, p. A1-A472.
COLORADO

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Colorado. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Follansbee, Robert, and Sawyer, L. R. 1948, Floods in Colorado:

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 997, 151 p. 

Gregg, D. O., and others, 1961, Public water supplies of Colorado,

1959-60: Colorado State Univ. Agj\ Expt. Sta. Gen. Ser. 757,

128 p. 

Patterson, James L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in

the United States, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 636 p. 

 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States,

Part 6 A, Missouri River basin above Sioux City, Iowa: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1679, 471 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, 

contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

Building 25, Denver Federal Center

Denver, Colo. 80225

Colorado Springs

Area: 2,150 sq mi. 

Subarea: El Paso County. 

Population: 176,000.

Hydrologic background:

The source of water for municipal and industrial use is from 

impounded surface waters in the basin and inported water from 

the Blue and Eagle Rivers in the Colorado River drainage. This 

water is treated by coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and 

chlorination. The supply is adequate for all foreseeable future 

needs. Outlying towns around Colorado Springs use deep and 

shallow wells with or without treatment. The usual treatment is 

chlorination. No real problems of drainage or polluted surface 

and ground-water supplies exist.

57
58 COLORADO

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

cd

4

Discharge

4

1

0

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

§

tS

TD 

O

E

0

^

0)

cr

0) 

TD

o 

o

E

3

CD «~,

Means andtremes o

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

t..

(LI

Ground wat 

station

0

cd

0)

Drainage ar

4

§

Cross- sect

4

*O m

Coefficient roughnes

3

>

c*

I 

H

0

01

a

£

'rt

"a

 O

8

0

Precipitatic

0

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

CO

c

§ 

u

no £ c * l-s

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

0

l-H

O

u

0

t-. 

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

 o

0)

35 

O.

0

1

35 

a

0

x: W

0

fc, 

0)

S

0

Chemical

01 o

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

.

Radiochemica

0

bn

Dissolved oxy

0

M

01cd no

b

6

0

S-.

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

t..

HI

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

V

6

0

Current projects:

Air Force Academy ground-water supply, El Paso County.

References:

Jenkins, E. D., 1961, Records, logs, and water-level measurements of selected wells and test holes, and chemical analyses 

of ground water in Fountain, Jimmy Camp, and Black Squirrel 

Valleys, El Paso County, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. 

Board Basic-Data Rept. 3, 25 p.

Jenkins, E. D., and Glover, R. E., 1964, Ground water in Fountain 

and Jimmy Camp Valleys, El Paso County, Colorado, with a 

section on Computations of drawdowns caused by the pumping 

of wells in Fountain Valley, by Glover, R. E., and Jenkins, 

E. D.: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1583, 66 p.

McLaughlin, T. G., 1946, Geology and ground-water resources of 

parts of Lincoln, Elbert and El Paso Counties, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board Ground-water Serv. Bull. 1, 139 p.

Varnes, D. J., and Scott, G. R., 1967, General and engineering 

geology of the United States Air Force Academy site, Colorado, 

with a section on Ground water, by Cardwell, W. D. E., and 

Jenkins, Edward D.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 551, 93 p.
COLORADO 59

Denver

Area: 2,150 sq mi.

Subarea: Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Denver, and Jefferson

Counties. 

Population: 1,073,000.

Elydrologic background:

Surface-water sources furnish both municipal and industrial 

water: South Platte River and tributaries (impounded), 45 percent; 

Fraser River and tributaries (impounded), 47 percent; other, 8 

percent. Some wells tap the various alluviums and comprise most 

of the "other, 8 percent." Municipal water will be imported from 

the Eagle River basin beginning in 1968.

Water pollution is a problem in the South Platte River where 

industry dumps wastes. Measures are now in force to curb further pollution of the South Platte.

The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (northeast of the Denver area), 

through their disposal ponds, has polluted a ground-water source 

by infiltration of chlorides, gasolines, and so on. Deep injection 

of wastes into the bedrock was substituted for surface ponds, but 

according to widely held views, the injection has contributed to 

earthquake activity. Studies are underway by the Survey and 

other agencies to investigate this possibility,

Storm runoff is transported from remote areas of Denver into 

a combination of surface and subsurface sewers and into theSouth 

Platte River. Treated sewage water is conveyed via the Burlington Canal and subsurface outlets into the South Platte River. 

There are no major problems connected with sediment transport 

by storm runoff.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01

n)

22

Discharg<

20

o 

C5'

12

* M

Peak stg 

dischar 

12

c

L, 

 0

_O

12

*.

c

3.

 fa

 O 

8

fc

20

il

T3

Means atremes

20

Runoff

20

Supplementary data

cd

Ground wstation

0

n)

n)

Drainage

21

§

t!

Cross-se

20

<M

O n

*. *

Coefficiel roughn

7

SJ ;

fl

"o

I 

H

0

S.

fi

.sfl) "3.

o

0

^

Precipita

1

M

01 o

H

0

Contents

2

 s

Surface iioutflow

2

10

c

§o

&s>

a ^> JC *^

U

1

Siltation

0
60 COLORADO

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

<u

L<

a

Temperat

36

QJ

O

Specific conductan

34

Turbidity

0

tc

"o 

U

0

tc

o

S

0

Radioacth

0

2 "3

K 

a

0

I 

a

34

JSW

0

0)

S

0

Chemical

to a

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

<o C

Common i

34

Hardness

0

0)

u

f

Radiochen

0

c

X

Dissolved

0

m

10cd bo

(H

6

0

In 

V

g

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

In

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

(H M 

V (H 

£ 0

8

0

Q 

O

m

0

V

8

0

Sediment

§

 * »

Concentra

2

(U

Particle s

0

tc

s

0

Current projects:

Urban hydrology of the Denver area.

References:

Emmons, S. F., Cross, Whitman, and Eldridge, G. H., 1896, Geology of the Denver Basin in Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 27, 556 p.

Fenneman, N. M., 1905, Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 265, 101 p.

Jenkins, C. T., 1960, Preliminary report on frequency and extent 

of flood inundation on Boulder Creek at Boulder, Colorado: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 28 p.

 1961, Preliminary report on floods on Boulder Creek below 

Boulder, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 25 p.

 1963, Floods on St. Vrain and Lefthand Creeks at Longmont, 

Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 32 p.

Jenkins, E. D., 1961, Records and logs of selected wells and test 

holes, and chemical and radiometric analyses of ground water 

in the Boulder area, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board 

Basic-Data Rept. 5, 30 p.

McConaghy, J. A., and others, 1964, Hydrogeologic data of the 

Denver, Basin, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board 

Basic-Data Rept. 15, 224 p.

McLaughlin, T. G., 1955, Ground water in the Denver metropolitan area: Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geologists Guidebook 1955, 

p. 60-67.

Petri, L. R., and Smith, R. O., 1959, Investigation of the quality 

of ground water in the vicinity of Derby, Colorado: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 77 p.

Schneider, P. A., Jr., 1962, Records and logs of selected wells 

and test holes, and chemical analyses of ground water in the 

South Platte River basin in western Adams and southwestern 

Weld Counties, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board 

Basic-Data Rept. 9, 84 p.
PUEBLO 61

Smith, R. O., Schneider, P. A., Jr., Petri, L. R., 1364, Groundwater resources of the South Platte River basin in western 

Adams and southwestern Weld Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1658, 132 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Floods of Boulder, Colorado: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA^il [1962].

Pueblo

Area: 2,300 sq mi. 

Subarea: Pueblo County. 

Population: 119,000.

Hydrologic background:

Fresh-water sources are directly from the Arkansas River 

and the Eagle River. Treatment involves plain sedimentation, 

coagulation, taste and odor control, and chlorination. There are 

some restrictions on lawn sprinkling during some years. Well 

fields also produce water supplies in times of emergency; nevertheless, the supply seems adequate for future needs. Some pollution (color) has resulted from the CF and I Steel Mills in Pueblo. CF and I promotes its own control and samples for sediment, 

chemical quality and turbidity. No other treatment is known. 

There are no particular drainage problems with storm runoff.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

a

5

Discharge

5

1

C

0

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

8

Flow durati

0

>>

2

<h

 a 

8 

fa

5

o

and MeansoJtremes 

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

a

Drainage ar

5

§

Cross -sect

5

*O HI

Coefficient roughnes

5

0)

4) 

1

0

CO

a

6

.5Aa 

 o

8

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO

4) o

P

0

Contents

0

,

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

CO1

u

s ^ 

v~

0

Siltation

0
62 COLORADO

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01t,

3

Tempers

2

01

c

Specific conducta

2

Turbidity

0

 3 

O

0

t, 

o

s

0

>.

.>

Radioact

0

2

X 

a

0

I 

a

2

.c

0

i.

0

Chemical

VI

T3

1

T3

Dissolve

0

10

Chloride

0

Nutrients

0

01

C

Common

2

Hardness

0

__id 

u

E

Radioche

0

c

M

X

T)

Dissolve

0

01

0)

203

ttO

&

0

1

0

Organic

01

Pe sticid

0

to

Synthetic detergen

0

1

5

0

Biological

10

Coliform

0

0 «

U to

t, M

£fe

6

0

Q 

8

0

I,

01

8

0

Sediment

o

"5

Concentr

1

V 

N

10

Particle

1

1

6

0

Current projects:

Ground-water appraisal, Pueblo Army Depot.

References:

Fisher, C. A., 1906, Description of the Nepesta quadrangle 

[Colorado]: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas,Folio 135, 6 p., 

3 maps.

Gilbert, G. K., 1897, Description of the Pueblo quadrangle

[Colorado]: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 36, 9p., 5 maps.

McGovern, H. E., Gregg, D. O., and Brennan, Robert, 1964, 

Hydrogeologic data of the alluvial deposits in Pueblo and Fremont Counties, Colorado: Colorado Water Conserv. Board 

Basic-Data Release 18, 27 p. [1965}.
CONNECTICUT

There are four State Economic Areas (SEA) in Connecticut. 

Hydrologic data and information are contained in the following 

statewide reports:

Bigwood, B. L., and Thomas, M. P., 1955, A flood-flow formula 

for Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 365, 16 p.

Bogart, D. B., 1960, Floods of August October 1955, New England 

to North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1420, 

854 p.

Brown, J. S., 1925, A study of coastal ground water with specific 

reference to Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 537, 101 p.

Dalrymple, Tate, 1965, Flood peak runoff and associated precipitation in selected drainage basins in the United States: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1813, 406 p.

Green, A. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States, Part 1 A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to 

Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1671, 260 p.

Grover, N.C., 1937, The floods of March 1936, Part l,New England 

rivers: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 798, 466 p.

Knox, C. E., and Nordenson, T. J., 1955, Average runoff and 

precipitation in the New England New York area: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 7.

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of public 

water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 1, States east of 

the Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1299, 639 p.

Paulsen, C. G., and others, 1940, Hurricane floods of September 

1938: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 867, 562 p.

Thomson, M. T., and others, 1964, Historical floods in New England: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M, p. MlM105.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Minor floods of 1938 in the North 

Atlantic States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 966, 

426 p. [1948].

Data for each SEA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

235 Post Office Building 

Post Office Box 715 

Hartford, Conn. 06101

63
64 CONNECTICUT

Bridgeport, Stamford, and Norwalk

Area: 633 sq mi.

Sub are a: Fairfield County.

Population: 746,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the coastal aquifers and streams draining into Long Island 

Sound. The surface-water supply of the city of Bridgeport and 

contiguous areas comes from the Trap Falls Reservoir in the 

Far Mill River basin, the Hemlock and Easton Reservoirs in the 

Mill River basin, and the Aspetuck and Saugatuck Reservoirs in 

the Saugatuck River basin. This supply is supplemented by water 

from a well field beside the Housatonic River near Shelton. The 

surface-water supply of the city of Stamford comes from Siscowit, 

Trinity Lake, Laurel, and North Stamford Reservoirs in the 

Rippowam River basin. The surface-water supply of the city of 

Norwalk comes from eight reservoirs in the Silvermine River 

basin, a part of the Norwalk River basin.

Surface-water sources of water supply near these areas are 

so highly developed that there is little opportunity for future 

development nearby. Ground-water aquifers are limited in extent, and large supplies in the future will probably have to come 

from more distant sources.

Because the metropolitan areas of Bridgeport, Stamford, and 

Norwalk are near sea level, they are subject to flooding by hurricane tidal waves. Other problems are disposal of municipal and 

industrial wastes, encroachment of saline water on fresh groundwater supplies, contamination of surface waters and ground water 

by road salt used on highways, and effects of large industrial 

areas on the quality of coastal waters.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u

tXO

a

25

Discharge

22

1

12

^

o

Peak stage discharge 

6

c

o

a

t,

3-a 

*

2

^

c<u

3 

or

01

-a 

o 

_o

15

C3

Means andtremes o:

10

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

Ground wat 

station

0

a

0}

Drainage ar

25

c

Cross-sect

0

«»-i

0 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

0

u

>

a

t, U

<uG 

H

0

(0

a

G

.5

^ "a

 a 

o 

o

C

0

Precipitatic

0

10

(U o

0

Contents

3

^

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

«^

10

C

§y

0) I-H

JZ i|"-1

u

3

Siltation

0
HARTFORD AND NEW BRITAIN 65

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

SH

"o 

U

0

SH

O

s

0

Radioactivity

0

T? "a!

X 

a.

0

nl

X 

a.

0

w

0

SH

5

0

Chemical

 o

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ions

0

Hardness

0

^

Radiochemica

0

an

Dissolved oxy

0

w 

o 

w 

rt

an

(H

0)

6

0

(H 

HI

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i«

o

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q

O PQ

0

(H 

HI

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

6

0

Current project:

Water-resources inventory of Connecticut, Part 4, Southwestern 

coastal river basins.

References:

Palmer, H. S., 1920, Ground water in the Norwalk, Suffield, and 

Glastonbury areas, Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 470, 171 p.

Hartford and New Britain

Area: 740 sq mi.

Sub area: Hartford County.

Population: 765,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 98 percent of the municipal and industrial water supply 

for the area comes from surface sources. The Farmington River 

upstream from Collinsville is the chief source of water for public 

supply, whereas the Connecticut River is the chief source of 

water for nonconsumptive use by industry. Future requirements 

for public supply can be met by further development of the Farmington River basin, and the Connecticut River offers an almost 

unlimited source of water of good chemical quality, although 

treatment may be required if the water is to be used for special 

purposes. Small to moderate supplies suitable for domestic and 

industrial use also are available in ground-water aquifers within 

the area.

Hartford, because of its location on the Park and Connecticut 

Rivers, has been subjected to severe flooding since it was first 

settled; but since 1943, the Connecticut River has been controlled 

by dikes and the Park River has been controlled by enclosing it
66 CONNECTICUT

in a conduit. Pollution is a problem in these rivers, but water 

from them may still be suitable for limited industrial or agricultural use.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<D

M

a 

%

53

Discharge

41

5

<*-!

£

!

20

i, 

o

Peak stage discharge

4

o

Flow durati

20

>,

c

0

cr

0

i,

-o 

o

_o

£

25

5

x C

Means andtremes o

23

Runoff

21

Supplementary data

i.

Ground wat

station

0

n> O

Drainager

49

c 

o

Cross- sect

1

"3 ;n

Coefficient roughnes

0

<D >

n> 

b

<*-! 

O

O

s

H

3

w

Q,

E

.5

n> "H. 

-o

O 

O

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

w

u o

p

1

Contents

8

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

w

c

&i

o 

o

QJ ' I

M £

r- >

« ^

j=

u

8

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

t

TemperaU

2

<u

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

1

i*

"o 

U

1

o

5

0

£'

Radioactiv

1

K

D.

1

2

n>

K 

D.

0

w

0

s

0

Chemical

 ow

^j

<n

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

S

Common i

1

Hardness

1

Hi

O

Radiochem

1

>*,

X

0

Dissolved

1

to

w

a

S

1

u

s

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

u

S

1

Biological

Coliforms

1

(

PC

Other micorganisr

1

Q 

O

n

i

S

0

Sediment

c

o

Concentral

1

N

Particle s

0

6

0

Current projects:

Water-resources inventory of Connecticut, Part 7, Upper Connecticut River basin.

References:

Cushman, R. V., 1964, Ground-water resources of north-central 

Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1752, 96 p.

Cushman, R. V., Tanski, D., and Thomas, M. P., 1964, Water 

resources of the Hartford-New Britain area, Connecticut: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499-H, p. H1-H96.

Kinnison, H. B., Conover, L. F., and Bigwood, B. L., 1938, Stages 

and flood discharges of the Connecticut River at Hartford, 

Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 836-A, 

p. 1-18.
CONNECTICUT 67

New Haven, Waterbury, and Meriden

Area: 610 sq mi.

Subarea: New Haven County.

Population: 704,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply of New Haven comes 

from several reservoirs on small coastal streams in the immediate area. Local surface-water sources are almost completely 

developed, and future needs will require that water be transported 

from more distant sites. Small to moderate supplies are available in ground-water aquifers within the area. Because New 

Haven is near sea level it is subject to flooding by hurricane 

tidal waves. Other problems of major importance are disposal 

of municipal and industrial wastes, encroachment of saline water 

on fresh ground-water supplies, and effects of the industrial area 

on the coastal waters.

The municipal and industrial water supply of Waterbury comes 

primarily from Pitch, Morris, and Wigwam Reservoirs on 

Branch Brook, which enters the Naugatuck River near Thomaston, 

5 miles north of Waterbury, and from Shepaug Reservoir across 

the divide in the Shepaug River basin. This reservoir system 

provides a dependable supply. The principal source of surface 

water is the main stem of the Naugatuck River, which is capable 

of supplying the needs of the area for many years to come, but 

pollution restricts use without treatment. Below Waterbury, 

most of the Naugatuck River is suitable at low flow only for transportation of sewage and industrial wastes without nuisance and 

for power and some other industrial uses. The chief source of 

water used by industry in the Waterbury area is the ground-water 

aquifer. Many industrial wells located along the Naugatuck valley 

produce adequate supplies of water of good quality. If a well derives part of its supply from induced infiltration from the 

Naugatuck River, treatment generally is required before the 

water is used.

The municipal and industrial water supply of Meriden comes 

from several reservoirs on small tributaries of the Quinnipiac 

River and several wells for emergency use. Small to moderate 

supplies are available in ground-water aquifers in the area. The 

principal source of surface water is the main stem of the 

Quinnipiac River, which is available for nonconsumptive use by 

industry, although treatment may be required if the water is to 

be used for special purposes.
w

!- P !- 

o '-s o

c ec c-f- P c-f-

.^ o .^

co co c 

0^0

(P (D

O i ' O

J-* CD {"* ,

to

OC : tma

I ff § - ? *3jd.n 

p J *.w .w o W ."^ <T>'

o <

O vj c

s < 

& ^ 

* S- 

? rc <T> 

5'

r-fIT 

(D

jfj. (/) 

CD £

a

S 2,

" sr

<T) (T) ( P S

CD

to

CO

t.oIa

^ ^ -w - < >- n p ^

O I- £ p

C_l 3 CD ^ "^

CO 3 05 ^ g

05 (T) cri ' "

O !^ >n «-*

c £3. ^ &

 t fn i t

13 13

P g P

0) £> (D

»f>. Q' 00

*. 2 CD

CD 3 -J

CO 

00

7 "P O ' o3

a> o

> I t-J p f[) .w co a>

O 1 W

O c Kj

CD ^ ^

° ° rt n> j-- o p g co ^

CO _ to p

gr o o ^

^ O5 (T)

CT'O

O o33

References

None

rrent pro

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Col if or ms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Phy

Ch

9O

S O

Bio

S
CONNECTICUT 69

New London, Groton, and Norwich

Area: 672 sq mi.

Subarea: New London County.

Population: 216,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply for New London comes from four 

reservoirs in the Niantic River basin: Fairy Lake, Barnes Reservoir, Boque Brook Reservoir, and Lake Konomoc. Possible expansion plans construction of a new reservoir on Upper Hunts 

Brook.

The municipal and industrial water supply for Groton comes 

from a series of impounding reservoirs on Great Brook, which is 

nearly completely developed. Future development will probably 

be from ground water aquifers.

The municipal and industrial water supply for Norwich comes 

from three reservoirs Fairview Reservoir and Deep River 

Reservoir in the Yantic River basin and Stony Brook Reservoir 

in the Stony Brook basin. Future plans include raising the level 

of Deep River Reservoir as the need for water increases.

In each of these three systems, water is used once only and is 

not available for reuse, for it is disposed of into tidal estuaries 

of Long Island Sound.

Because the metropolitan areas of New London, Groton, and 

Norwich are near sea level, they are subject to hurricane damage 

by flooding. Other problems are disposal of municipal and industrial wastes and the encroachment of saline water on fresh groundwater supplies. In the Groton New London area there have been 

instances of ground-water contamination by industry, and problems 

have arisen regarding the disposal of domestic wastes from expanding housing developments. Use of the Thames River estuary 

because of its saline quality is largely restricted to navigation 

and disposal of sewage, although some industries in Groton and 

Montville use salt water directly for cooling purposes.
70 CONNECTICUT

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

tXD

cd

55

24

Discharg

20

£

7

t,

o

v S)

Peak stg dischar

6

c 

o

t,

 D

_O

fe

18

X

quenc

01

i

 o 

o 

o

£

18

S

x C

V '> \

 D °

Means atremes

19

Runoff

7

Supplementary data

IH 

<U

cd

Ground w station

0

area

Drainage

23

o 

u

Cross-se

0

"o to

<j W

c u

Coefficie roughn

0

<u

cd t<

«*-i o

<u

6

H

0

01

a

rt

.5

"a 

 o 

o 

o

E

0

o

Precipita

1

in

<u o

H

1

Contents

4

O

s

Surface ioutflow

0

01

ontent

Change c 

level

4

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

aj

Temperatur

1

Specific 

conductanct

1

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

1

o

5

0

.^

Radioactivi

0

X 

o.

0

3_ed

a

1 0

JS

6

0

Chemical

10 o

, t

0

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ioi

1

Hardness

1

cd

0

Radiochemi

0

c

Ol

on

X

Dissolved o

0

Ol 

(0

cd 00

6

0

HI

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

s:

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

t

^ 10

Other micr( organism

0

Q 

O

0

S

0

Sediment

c

n

Concentrati

0

Particle siz

0

HI

5

0

Current projects:

Water-resources Inventory of Connecticut, Part 3, Lower Thames 

and southeastern Connecticut River basins.

References:

See list of statewide reports.
DELAWARE

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

Delaware. Hydrologic data and information for this area are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

Cohen, Bernard, and McCarthy, L. T., Jr., 1962, Salinity of the 

Delaware estuary: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1586-B, p. B1-B47.

Keighton, W. B., 1966, Fresh-water discharge salinity relations 

in the tidal Delaware River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1586-G, p. G1-G16.

Marine, I. W., and Rasmussen, W. C., 1955, Preliminary report 

on the geology and ground-water resources of Delaware: Delaware Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 336 p.

Miller, E. G., 1962, Observations of tidal flow in the Delaware 

River: U.S. Geol. Water-Supply Paper 1586-C, p. C1-C26.

Parker, G. G., and others, 1964 [1965]. Water resources of the 

Delaware River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 381, 

200 p.

Rasmussen, W. C., Odell, J. W., and Beamer, N. H., 1966, Delaware water: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1767, 106 p.

Data for this SMSA are listed below. For further information, 

contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

724 York Road

Towson, Md. 21204

Wilmington

Area: 1,139 sq mi.

Subarea: New Castle County, Del.; Salem County, N. J.; Cecil

County, Md. 

Population: 468,000.

Hydrologic background:

The principal municipal and industrial supplies for the area 

come from coastal aquifers and from Brandywine, Stoney Run, 

Christina, Red Clay, and White Clay Creeks. Ground-water 

sources supply about one-third and surface-water sources about 

two-thirds of the water used in the area. Water supplies are 

abundant and, with continuing pollution control, should meet future 

requirements.

71
72 DELAWARE

Floods do not constitute a major threat to the area although 

flooding by small streams in the uplands and inundation of coastal 

areas by storm tides or floods pose local problems. Water 

problems are primarily those of pollution control and salt-water 

encroachment in coastal aquifers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

rt

a

6

Discharge

15

o 

C

q

8

t. 

o

Peak stage discharge

9

c 

o

t.

 o

o

E

13

^

c

01

3

cr

-o 

o 

o

E

7

x * -

Means andtremes o:

13

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

t.

Ground wat< 

station

8

rt

0)

Drainage ar

25

o

Cross- sect

5

*0 ro

Coefficient roughnes

3

>

a

o> 

H

0

co

O,

e

.5

_rt "3. 

 o

O 

O

E

0

c

Precipitatic

10

o> o

H

3

Contents

0

o

t

rface infl

outflow

0

^_

co

01

o 

u

8.3 Jl

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(Ll

Temperatui

6

Specific 

co--1uctance

7

>>

-a 

o

^

1

u 

o"o 

u

8

u 

o

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

T3 "3

I 

D.

0

1

I

D.

8

x; 

U

0

^

(Ll

5

0

Chemical

(C o

"o

Dissolved

6

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

7

co

Common io

7

Hardness

7

rt 

o

Radiochemi

0

c

0) 

M

>> 

X

Dissolved o

1

0)

w 

rt M

u

01

5

1

t_

(Ll

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

2

t-,

(Ll

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

A <»

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O

ra

0

t-,

0)

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

3

0)

Particle sis

3

t-,

01

S

0

Current projects:

Geology and ground-water resources of Salem County.

References:

Boggess, D. H., and Rima, D. R., 1962, Experiments in water 

spreading in Newark, Delaware: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1594-B, p. B1-B15.

Groot, J. J., and Rasmussen, W. C., 1954, Geology and groundwater resources of the Newark area, Delaware, with a section on 

Surface-water resources, by Hulme, A. E.: Delaware Geol. 

Survey Bull. 2, 133 p.

Guy, H. P., 1957, The trend of suspended-sediment discharge of 

the Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Delaware, 1947-55: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 55 p.
WILMINGTON 7 3

Overbeck, R. M., Slaughter, T. H., and Hulme, A. H., The water 

resources of Cecil, Kent and Queen Annes Counties: Maryland 

Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 21, 463 p.

Rasmussen, W. C., Groot, J. J., and Beamer, N. H., 1958, Wells 

for the observation of chloride and water levels in aquifers that 

cross the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal: Delaware Geol. 

Survey Rept. Inv. 3, 22 p.

Rasmussen, W. C., and others, 1957, The water resources of 

northern Delaware: Delaware Geol. Survey Bull. 6, v. 1., 223 p.

Rima, D. R., Coskery, O. J., and Anderson, P. W., 1964, Groundwater resources of southern New Castle County, Delaware: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1756, 54 p.

Spicer, H. C., McCollough, R. A., and Mack, F. K., 1955, A search 

for aquifers of sand and gravel by electrical resistivity methods 

in north-central New Castle County, Delaware: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 18 p.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

The District of Columbia, along with the city of Alexandria and 

four adjacent counties in Maryland and Virginia, comprise one 

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). Hydrologic data 

and information for this SMSA are included in references listed 

below. For further information on the District of Columbia and 

Maryland parts of the area, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

724 York Road

Towson, Md. 21204

For information on the Virginia parts of the area, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

200 West Grace Street 

Richmond, Va. 23220

Washington

Area: 1,483 sq mi.

Subarea: District of Columbia; Montgomery and Prince

Georges Counties, Md.; Arlington and Fairfax, 

Counties, Va., and Alexandria City, Va.

Population: 2,408,000.

Hydrologic background:

Most of the municipal water supply for the area comes from 

the Potomac River. Occoquan Creek and Goose Creek in Virginia 

provide water for Alexandria and Fairfax, and the Patuxent River 

is the source of part of the water supply of Montgomery and 

Prince Georges Counties. Less than 5 percent of the public supply 

is derived from ground water which is obtained from wells drilled 

to aquifers in both the Coastal Plain and Piedmont physiographic 

provinces.

The area has a potentially abundant supply of water available, 

and water problems are principally ones of distribution and storage. Of growing importance are problems of pollution and waste 

disposal.

74
WASHINGTON 75

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

to

CO

39

Discharge

16

0

1

39

Li 

O

Peak stage discharge

72

c 

o

"X

T3 

£

fa

11

J^

u 

to

cr

0) 

T3

o

fa

42

Means and<tremes o:

15

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

5

CO 

to

Drainage ar

90

o

Cross-sect

57

Coefficient roughnes

57

to

cO

Li

"o

HI

6

1

01

n.

a

6

.5

CO "E.

T3 

O 

O

C

50

c

Precipitatic

41

in

to -a

H

4

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

-^

01

to

Change coni 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

to

Temperatur

4

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

1

o "o

u

2

Li 

O

S

0

>,

Radioactivit

1

T3

to 

K

Q.

2

3CO

K

Q.

1

.C

u

0

Li

0)

6

0

Chemical

ID-a

75

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

2

Nutrients

2

U]

Common ior

2

Hardness

2

CO 

0

Radiochemi

1

to

*

Dissolved o

3

0) 

U]

CO M

0)

5

0

Li

0)

5

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

0)

5

i

Biological

Coliforms

4

o ra

||

0) Li si o

1

Q 

O

m

i

0)

6

0

Sediment

0

Concentrati

5

0)

Particle siz

4

Li

0

Current projects:

Sediment-trap efficiency of flood-retarding structure on North 

Branch Rock Creek near Rockville, Md.

Chemical and physical character of municipal water supplies in 

Maryland.

Sedimentation and hydrology in Rock Creek and Anacostia River 

basins.

References:

Cooke, C. W., Martin, R.O. R., and Meyer, Gerald, 1952, Geology 

and water resources of Prince Georges County: Maryland Dept. 

Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 10, 270 p.

Dingman, R. J., Meyer, Gerald, and Martin, R.O. R., 1954, The 

water resources of Howard and Montgomery Counties: Maryland 

Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 14, 260 p.

Durfor, C. N., 1961, Water quality and hydrology in the Fort 

Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954 55: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1586-A, p. A1-A57.

Johnston, P. M., 1960, Ground-water supplies in shale and sandstone in Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William Counties, 

Virginia: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 424, 7 p.
76 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Johnston, P. M., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of 

the Fairfax quadrangle, Virginia: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1539-L, p. L1-L61.

 1964, Geology and ground water resources of Washington, 

D. C., and vicinity with a section on Chemical quality of the water, 

by Weaver, D. E., and, Siu, Leonard: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1776, 97 p.

Johnston, P. M., and Otton, E. G., 1963, Availability of ground

water for urban and industrial development in upper Montgomery 

County, Maryland: Baltimore, Maryland Natl. Capitol Park and 

Planning Comm., and Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines and 

Mineral Resources, 47 p.

Mack, F. K., 1966, Ground water in Prince Georges County: 

Maryland Geol. Survey Bull. 29.

Otton, E. G., 1955, Ground-water resources of the southern 

Maryland Coastal Plain: Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines and 

Water Resources Bull. 15, 347 p.

Parker, H. H., and others, 1907, The Potomac River basin: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 192, 364 p.
FLORIDA

There are eight Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Florida. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports;

Barnes, Harry H., Jr., and Golden, Harold G., 1966, Magnitude 

and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 2 B, South 

Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, Ogeechee 

River to Pearl River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1674, 409 p.

Cooper, H. H., Jr., and Stringfield, V. T., 1950, Ground water in 

Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 3, 7 p.

Ferguson, E. E., and others, 1947, Springs of Florida: Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 31, 196 p.

Healy, Henry G., 1962a, Water levels in artesian and nonartesian 

aquifers of Florida in I960: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 

33, 19 p.

 1962b, Piezometric surface of the Floridan aquifer in Florida, July 6-17, 1961: Florida Geol. Survey Map Ser. 1.

 1962c, Piezometric surface and areas of artesian flow of

the Floridan aquifer in Florida, July 6-17, 1961: Florida Geol. 

Survey Map Ser. 4.

-1965, Water levels in artesian and nonartesian aquifers of

Florida, 1961-62: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 48, 53 p. 

-1966, Water levels in artesian and nonartesian aquifers of

Florida, 1963-64: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 48, 53 p. 

Hyde, Luther W., 1965, Principal aquifers in Florida: Florida

Geol. Survey Map Ser. 16. 

Kenner, W. E., 1961, Stage characteristics of Florida lakes:

Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 31, 82 p. 

 1964, Maps showing depths of selected lakes in Florida:

Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 40, 82 p.

-1966, Runoff in Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Map Ser. 22.

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 1, States 

east of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1299, p. 94-119.

Pride, R. W., 1958, Floods in Florida, magnitude and frequency: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 136 p.

Pride, R. W., and Crooks, J. W., 1962, The drought of 1954-56 

its effects on Florida's surface-water resources: Florida 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 26, 65 p.

Shampine, William J., 1965a, Chloride concentration in water 

from the upper part of Floridan aquifer in Florida: Florida 

Geol. Survey Map Ser. No. 12.

 1965b, Hardness of water from the upper part of the Floridan aquifer in Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Map Ser. 13.

77
78 FLORIDA

Shampine, William J., 1965c, Dissolved solids in water from the

upper part of the Floridan aquifer in Florida: Florida Geol. 

Survey Map Ser. 14.

 1965d, Sulfate concentration in water from the upper part 

of the Floridan aquifer in Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Map 

Ser. 15.

Stringfield, V. T., 1936, Artesian water in the Florida peninsula: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 773-C, p. 115-195.

 1938, Ground-water supplies in Florida: Civil Eng., v. 8, 

no. 7, p.447-458.

-1966, Artesian water in Tertiary limestone in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 517, 226 p.

Stringfield, V. T., and Cooper, H. H., Jr., 1951, Economic aspects of ground water in Florida: Mining Eng., v. 3, no. 6, 

p. 525-533.

Thompson, D. G., and Stringfield, V. T., 1931, Ground-water 

resources of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Press Bull. 13, 

18 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Box 2315 

Tallahassee, Fla. 32304

Fort Lauderdale-Holly wood

Area: 150 sq mi. 

Subarea: Broward County. 

Population: 441,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies in the area are obtained from shallow permeable water-bearing materials of the 

Biscayne aquifer, which are hydraulically connected to the network of canals of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control 

District. Thus the aquifer is recharged by both local rainfall 

(60 in. per yr) and water conveyed into the area by the regional 

water-control system. Water for industrial cooling and most 

agricultural use is obtained from the canal system.

The explosive urbanization of the low-lying coastal area has 

been accompanied by several natural and manmade water problems. Low areas are subject to flooding because of intense 

rainfall during hurricane season, and droughts occur periodically
FORT LAUDERDALE HOLLYWOOD 79

during the winter dry season. Sea water intrusion is a longstanding threat because of overdrainage and heavy withdrawals 

near the coast, and the disposal of effluent wastes is a growing 

problem. Present water supplies are adequate, however, and 

future needs can be met by careful management and protection of 

water resources.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

OS 

03

49

Discharge

19

o

G

0

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

o

"«

T!

E

0

u

<U

(T 

<U

 o 

o 

_o

0

Means and<tremes o:

14

Runoff

14

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

<U

Drainage ar

0

o

Cross-sect

0

 g

Coefficient roughnes

0

<u

a 

<*-»

0

<u 

g 

H

0

in

a

rt

a

£ "3.

T! 

0

o

E

0

G

Precipitatic

3

en

V 

T!

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

-^

in

g

§ 

o

<y .-i 

U

15

Silt ion at

0

WATER gUALlTY

Types of data

Physical

<u

3

Temper at

13

u

Specific conductan

13

Turbidity

0

i*

"o 

U

11

0

s

0

>,

Radioacti'

0

K 

a

0

1 

a

13

x 

W

0

t,

V

6

0

Chemical

in o

"o

in

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

in

6 o

Common

13

Hardness

8

,_,

03 

U

r

Radiochen

0

c

OS

X

o

Dissolved

0

(!)

inci) OS 

(U

5

0

(U

6

0

Organic

Pesticide

0

Synthetic detergent

0

(U

§

0

Biological

Col iforms

0

" S

»- 6

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O

0

<u

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

0

<u

Particle s

0

CD

6

0

Current projects:

Water resources of Broward County. 

Ground-water studies in central Broward County. 

Pompano Beach water records.

Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District water 

records.

References:

Parker, G. G., and others, 1955, Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground 

water of the Miami area: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1255, 965 p. [1956].

Schroeder, M. C., Klein, Howard, and Hoy, Nevin D., 1958, Biscayne aquifer of Dade and Broward Counties, Florida: Florida 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 17, 56 p.
80 FLORIDA

Sherwood, C. B., 1959, Ground-water resources of the Oakland

Park area of eastern Broward County, Florida: Florida Geol.

Survey Kept. Inv. 20, 40 p. 

Sherwood, C. B., and Grantham, R. G., 1965, Water control vs.

sea-water intrusion, Broward County, Florida: Florida Geol.

Survey Leaflet 5 [12 p.]. 

Tarver, George R., 1964,Hydrology of the Biscayne aquifer in the

Pompano Beach area, Broward County, Florida: Florida Geol.

Survey Rept. Inv. 36, 47 p. 

Vorhis, Robert C., 1948, Geology and ground-water of the Fort

Lauderdale area, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 6,

32 p.

Jacksonville

Area: 777 sq mi. 

Subarea: Duval County. 

Population: 497,000.

Hydrologic background:

Practically all the potable water in the Jacksonville area is 

obtained from wells drilled into the Floridan aquifer. The withdrawal of water from this aquifer has increased from less than 

50 mgd to more than 200 mgd in the last 25 years, and water 

levels have declined an average of 1.5 to 2 feet per year. In addition, there has been some salt water intrusion into the fresh 

water zones in this aquifer in nearby areas. These trends have 

caused local concern about how to properly develop the groundwater supplies so that there will be sufficient fresh water in the 

future. Investigations are being conducted to determine the safe 

yield of the aquifer and to locate new sources of fresh water. 

Other problems in the area include pollution of surface streams 

and decreased yields of wells.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

 D

9

Discharge

5

5

3

0

Peak stage discharge 

10

"S 

t,

T! 

0

E

0

^

u

<l)

it

 u 

o

0

E

0

o <-

Means andtremes o

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

o

Ground wat

station

0

n)

Drainage ai

16

o

U

<i> n

(0

n

0

U

0

o 

Coefficient roughnes

0

it

"o

S 

H

0

M

a

n)

.3

"a.

 o

o 

o

E

0

Precipitatic

0

n

01 o 

H

2

Contents

0

g

Surface inf

outflow

0

^.

co

1

o

4) r-H 

A j

U

0

Siltation

0
MIAMI 81

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

m i_

Temperatu

11

0)

Specific conductanc

5

Turbidity

8

i_ 

U

11

o

S

0

 M

Radioactiv]

0

2 "3

53 

a

8

J2

a

10

x; 

U

0

V

8

0

Chemical

10 o

0

Dissolved

8

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

10

C

Common ic

11

Hardness

8

rt 

o

Radiochem

0

c

HI bo

X

Dissolved c

0

10

11) 

10

rt bo

l* &>

8

0

6

6

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

o

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

o 2

Other micr organisn

2

Q 

O

PQ

6

8

0

Sediment

c 

o

Concentrat

0

mN

Particle s

0

m

8

0

Current projects:

Water resources of Duval County.

References:

Cooper, H. H., 1963, Ground-water investigations in Florida

(with special reference to Duval and Nassau Counties): Am.

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 36, no. 2, p. 169-185. 

Leve, G. W., 1961, Preliminary investigation of the ground-water

resources of northeast Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf.

Circ. 27, 28 p.

 1966a, Ground water in Duval and Nassau Counties, Florida: 

Florida Geol. Survey Kept. Inv. 43, 91 p.

 1966b, Drilling of deep-test monitor wells at Jacksonville: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 16 p.

Miami

Area: 2,352 sq mi. 

Subarea: Dade County. 

Population: 1,061,000.

Hydrologic background:

The Miami area is hydrologically unique because of the highly 

integrated nature of the surface- and ground-water flow systems. 

The excellent interconnection between canals and the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer facilitates the management of the southern part of the vast flood-control system of the Central and 

Southern Florida Flood Control District.

The regulation of stages and flows in the network of canals 

connecting large inland water conservation areas to the coast 

provides for rapid drainage of urban and agricultural lands
82 FLORIDA

during flood seasons and for infiltration of fresh water to the 

Biscayne aquifer during droughts. Coastal drainage is almost 

entirely regulated to prevent both sea water intrusion and excessive loss of fresh water. Water supplies are obtained entirely 

from the Biscayne aquifer, which contains sufficient ground water 

to satisfy future demands if the hydrologic system is properly 

managed.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

on

flj

54

Discharge

15

 i

<+-!

0

(H 

0

Peak stage discharge 

0

1"S

(H

 o

0

o

(U

cr

QJ

T3 

8

0

rtj ._

and Meanstremes o

12

Runoff

12

Supplementary data

(H

0)

Ground wat 

station

1

n)

0)

Drainage ai

1

§

o

0) 

CO

u 

u

o

(H

u

1

"3 M

Coefficient roughnes

0

"S

(H

6

H

0

Ul

O.

Rl

S

.s

.2 "3.

T3

o

O

e

i

Precipitati

9

u

0) 

T3

 rHE5

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

-^_

to

0)

Change con 

level

6

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

13

Specific 

conductance

13

Turbidity

1

J3 'o 

U

13

(H 

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

0)

K 

a

0

1

ffi 

a

13

s:w

0

0)

S

0

Chemical

CO o

Dissolved soi

6

Chlorides

i

Nutrients

0

Common ins

13

Hardness

10

Radiochemica

0

0) tin

Dissolved oxy

0

co

Hi

tn

at 

OH

V 

-C

s

0

(H

0)

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

V

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

m

0

(H

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

i*

5

0

Current projects:

Hydrologic base for ground-water management in Dade County. 

Salt water encroachment studies.

Ecology of Everglades National Park as related to water availability.

Water management effects in southeastern Florida. 

Analog model of Biscayne aquifer. 

Effect of Canal 111 on salt water encroachment.

References:

Brown, R. H., and Parker, G. G., 1945, Salt-water encroachment 

in limestone at Silver Bluff, Miami, Florida: Econ. Geology, 

v. 40, no. 4, p. 235-262.
ORLANDO 83

Klein, Howard, and Sherwood, C. B., 1961, Hydrologic conditions 

in the vicinity of Levee 30, northern Dade County, Florida: 

Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 24, pt. 1, 24 p.

Kohout, F. A., 1960, Cyclic flow of salt water in the Biscayne 

aquifer of southeastern Florida: Jour. Geophys. Research, 

v. 65, no. 7, p. 2133-2141.

Kohout, F. A., and Hartwell, J.H., 1968, Hydrologic effects of 

of Area B Flood Control on urbanization of Dade County, 

Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. [In press].

Kohout, F. A., and Leach, S. D., 1963, Salt-water movement

caused by control-dam operation in Snake Creek Canal, Miami, 

Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 24, pt. 4, 49 p.

Leach, S. D., and Grantham, R. G., 1966, Salt-water study of the 

Miami River and its tributaries, Dade County, Florida: Florida 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 45, 36 p.

Parker, G. G., 1945, Salt water encroachment in southern Florida: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 37, no. 6, p. 526 542.

 1951, Geologic and hydrologic factors in the perennial yield 

of the Biscayne aquifer, Miami, Florida, with Discussion, by 

Glass, W. A.: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 43, no. 10, 

p. 817-835.

Parker, G. G., and Cooke, C. W., 1944, Late Cenozoic geology of 

southern Florida, with a discussion of ground water: Florida 

Geol. Survey Bull. 27, 119 p.

Parker, G. G., and others, 1955, Water resources of southeastern 

Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water 

of the Miami area: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1255, 965 p. [1956].

Schroeder, M. C., Klein, Howard, and Hoy, N. D., 1959, Biscayne 

aquifer of Dade and Broward Counties, Florida: Florida Geol. 

Survey Rept. Inv. 17, 56 p.

Sherwood, C. B., and Klein, Howard, 1964, Surface- and groundwater relation in a highly permeable environment: Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 63, p. 454-468.

Sherwood, C. B., and Leach, S. D., 1962, Hydrologic studies in 

the Snapper Creek Canal area, Dade County, Florida: Florida 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 24, pt. 2.

Orlando

Area: 1,320 sq mi.

Subarea: Orange and Seminole Counties.

Population: 372,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area conies 

almost exclusively from the artesian Floridan aquifer. A shallow 

nonartesian aquifer provides water for lawn irrigation and some
84 FLORIDA

rural domestic use. Agricultural irrigation water is obtained 

from many lakes and from the Floridan aquifer. The Floridan 

aquifer is recharged by local rainfall. If the absorbent areas are 

preserved and the water resources properly managed, the future 

water requirements can be met.

Major problems are: Contamination of the upper part of the 

Floridan aquifer by drainage wells which receive untreated street 

and other surface-water runoff, pollution of lakes, salt water 

intrusion in eastern Orange County and parts of Seminole County, 

and the disposal of an increasing amount of municipal and industrial waste. Decline of artesian levels due to pumping may trigger sinkhole formation in some areas and cause lowering of lakes 

which have good connections to the artesian aquifer. Artificial 

recharge may be needed in the future to maintain high water 

levels and control salt water encroachment.

Surface drainage is generally poor; most drainage is underground and recharges ground-water aquifers. Many closed depressions are subject to flooding during periods of above-average 

rainfall.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o>M 

rt

17

Discharge

8

£

1

Peak stage or 

discharge 

2

Flow duration

0

u

c

o>

13

O

0

&

Means andex-of flotremes 

6

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground water

station

0

Drainage are

18

Cross ion -sect 

0

Coefficient of

roughness

0

IB 

(H

01

H

0

01

Q.

n) 

g

.5

"a 

 o

o 

o

E

0

Precipitation

2

(0

01 o 

H

0

Contents

0

Surface inflowoutflow

0

^_

CO

Change content 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01

t,

3

Temperat

34

01

u

Specific conductan

35

Turbidity

0

fe "3 

u

33

t,

0

s

2£

Radioactii

0

K 

a

0

3rt

K 

a

33

W

0

t,

01

5

0

Chemical

U) o

'o

(0

Dissolved

31

Chlorides

1

Nutrients

0

(0

o

Common ]

33

Hardness

30

r_) OS

u 

r

Radiochen

0

M

X

O

Dissolved

0

10(i)

(0

ol

U)

<u

5

0

Ol

5

0

Organic

Pesticide.

0

Synthetic detergent.

0

(H 

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Si

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O 

«

0

0)

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

0

0)

Particle s

0

1

S

0
PENSACOLA 85 

Current projects:

Hydrology of Cocoa well field. 

Lake studies in Orange County. 

Orange County basic records.

Basic records, Reedy Creek drainage district, southwestern 

Orange County.

References:

Anderson, Warren, and Joyner, B. F., 1966, Availability and

quality of surface water in Orange County, Florida: Florida

Geol. Survey Map Ser. 24. 

Anderson, Warren, Litchtler, W. F., and Joyner, B. F., 1965,

Control of lake levels in Orange County, Florida: Florida

Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 47, 15 p. 

Barraclough, J. T., 1962, Ground-water resources of Seminole

County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 27, 91 p. 

Litchtler, W. F., and Joyner, B. F., 1966, Availability of ground

water in Orange County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Map

Ser. 21. 

Lichtler, W. F., Anderson, Warren, and Joyner, B. F., 1964,

Interim report on the water resources of Orange County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 41, 50 p. 

 1968, Water resources of Orange County, Florida: Florida

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. [in press],

-1966, Hydrology of Green Swamp area in central Florida:

Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 42, 137 p.

Stringfield, V. T., 1934, Ground water in Seminole County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 1, 14 p.

Unklesbay, A. G., 1944, Ground-water conditions in Orlando and 

vicinity, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 5, 72 p.

Pensacola

Area: 1,681 sq mi.

Subarea: Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties.

Population: 224,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal, industrial, and rural water supply for the area 

is derived from the sand and gravel aquifer which extends from 

near the land surface to various depths ranging from 200 to 1,000 

feet. The sand and gravel aquifer contains a large supply of exceptionally soft and unmineralized water. The Floridan aquifer, 

consisting of limestones which underlie" the sand-and-gravel aquifer, contains a large supply of harder, more mineralized water
86 FLORIDA

and is virtually untapped. Water use in 1962 of 87 mgd was primarily from the sand and gravel aquifer. More than 8.5 bgd of 

fresh water flow into the 200 square miles of estuarine bays from 

the four major rivers. The Escambia River, the fifth largest in 

Florida, has an average flow of over 4.5 bgd. Many smaller 

streams produce large quantities of water.

Because the area is near the seacoast, the area is subject to 

hurricane damage and to some flooding. The low level and flatness of topography pose some problems of local flooding and 

storm drainage. Some problems of disposal of municipal and 

industrial wastes into the bays and rivers, which are essentially 

unpolluted and used for recreation, fishing, and shipping, exist. 

Salt water encroachment and decline of water levels, caused primarily by closely spaced wells is of concern. Disposal of some 

industrial waste into the saline limestone aquifer is practiced, 

and consideration is being given to increasing the practice to 

reduce the problem of contamination of the rivers and bays.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

OJ

11

Discharge

7

1

1

O fl) 2? 

5 rt «-g

.* CQ 

1'

Ok

3

o«(H"S

TJ 

|

0

^u

0)

cr<u

i«

 o

0

o

0

 i

0) <«

Means andtremes c

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

0)

Ground wastation

0

at

V

i,

Drainage

9

o

Cross-seel

0

° CO

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

0)

0

CO

o. rt 

g

aa "a

 o 

o

0

0

Precipitati

1

CQ 

0) o 

H

4

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

CO

1

u

0) «jj

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

3"S

0) 

0.

1

4

0)

u 

.. oj Specific conduct

16

>,

Turbidi

16

L,

"o 

u

16

0

S

If

>lH

Radioac

1

T?

S

EC

0.

19

0.

14

U

0

0)

S

0

Chemical

in o

"o

CQ

 o 

(1)

Dissolv

19

CQ 

(1)

Chlorid

0

CQ

Nutrien

1

CQ

£

0 

U

19

CO

0)

1OJ

EC

19

_,

emica

Radioch

1

M

0

 o

0)

Dissolv

1

CQ 

0)

0)

S

3

0)

1

Organic

CQ 

0)

Pestici

1

CQ

H c

£ V

V CuO £ t,

OT 

t*T>

1

I* 

0)

s

1

Biological

CQ

P

Colifor

L7

licrolisms

« a

I_i W) 

0) t, 

J3 0

5

i

Q 

O PQ

1

t,0)

S

1

Sediment

o

"rt

t,

Concen

1

0) 

N'co

Par tic1

0

t,

0)

S

0

Current projects:

Injection well study at Pensacola.
TALLAHASSEE 87

References:

Barraclough, J. T., 1967, Ground-water features in Escambia 

and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Map 

Ser. No. 26.

Barraclough, J. T., and Marsh, O. T., 1962, Aquifers and quality 

of ground water along the Gulf coast of western Florida: 

Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 29, 28 p.

Heath, R. C., and Clark, W. E., 1951, Potential yield of ground 

water on the Fair Point Peninsula, Santa Rosa County, Florida: 

Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 7, pt. 2, p. 5-45.

Marsh, O. T., 1962, Relation of the Bucatunna clay member 

(Byram Formation, Oligocene) to geology and ground water of 

western-most Florida: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 73, no.2, 

p. 243-252.

 1966, Geology of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, western Florida panhandle: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 46, 140 p.

Musgrove, R. H., Barraclough, J. T., and Grantham, R. G., 1965, 

Water resources of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 40, 102 p.

Tallahassee

Area: 685 sq mi. 

Subarea: Leon County. 

Population: 83,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal, industrial, and rural water supply for the area 

is derived from the Floridan limestone aquifer, which lies from 

less than 50 to more than 100 feet below the surface and contains 

potable water to a depth of at least 600 feet. The limestone is 

exceptionably permeable, and wells yield as much as 5,000 gpm 

with specific capacities greater than 1,000 gpm per ft. The potential of the aquifer has hardly been tapped; the recharge is 

large and the discharge as represented by springs to the south 

probably exceeds 400 mgd. Pumpage from the aquifer is estimated at about 1 5 mgd of which about 12 mgd is in the immediate 

Tallahassee area. Industrial use of water is small. More than 

20 mgd of ground water is used for air conditioning of some state 

office buildings and at the two universities.

The area is characterized by karst topography, and numerous 

closed depressions exist. No through-flowing streams exist in 

the immediate area, but numerous lakes exist, some of which 

fluctuate widely in lake levels. The Ochlockonee River, which 

heads in Georgia, forms the western boundary of the county. The 

river is dammed for power generation and creates Lake Talquin.
88 FLORIDA

The area experiences few water problems. Some local flooding 

of housing developments occurs in the depressions and around 

the lakes, especially Lake Jackson. Excess surface water is 

drained to the Floridan aquifer through wells in some low areas 

which could be a source of pollution. A number of sinkholes 

drain surface waters naturally, and disposal of wastes to sinkholes could, likewise, cause pollution of the aquifer. Some heat 

pollution of the ground water has occurred from return of water 

used for air conditioning.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

1)

tu> ri

4

Discharge

1

G

0

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

£

Q

IS

^

-g

o

E

0

u

c

5

f

TJ 

0

^o

0

 s

o

iSMeans and <ol tremes 

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

1

a

V

Drainage ar

3

"5

IB

CO 

CO 

0

u

0

O m

Coefficient roughness

0

*a5

>

a t,

H

0

0)

rt

g

'rt

"3. 

 o 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

CO

 o 

H

0

Contents

1

1

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

o 

u 

41 i *

§ > 

« «J

u

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

J3

0

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

as

D,

1

a

0

s: W

0

S

0

Chemical

CO u

^

Dissolved so

0

Chlorides

1

Nutrients

0

Common ion

0

Hardness

0

^

rt

Radiochemic

0

wi

Dissolved ox

1

CO 

CO

rt M

6

0

J5

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t.

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

.

Other micro organisms

0

Q 

O

n

0

s

0

Sediment

c

Concentratio

0

Particle size

0

41

0

Current projects:

Flood mapping, Lake Jackson quadrangle.

References:

Hendry, C. W., Jr., and Sproul, C. R., 1966, Geology and groundwater resources of Leon County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 47, 177 p.

Hughes, G. H., 1967, Analysis of the water-level fluctuations of 

Lake Jackson near Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey 

Rept. Inv. 48.
FLORIDA 89

Tampa-St. Petersburg

Area: 200 sq mi.

Subarea: Hillsborough and Pinellas Counties.

Population: 874,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial supplies for the Tampa area come 

chiefly from the Hillsborough River. Because of seasonal distribution of rainfall and the limited storage capacity of the city 

reservoir, this source is inadequate during dry periods, and a 

supplemental supply from a large spring (Sulphur Spring) is 

utilized. The supply for the St. Petersburg area is obtained from 

two wells fields (pumping from Floridan aquifer) in adjacent 

Hillsborough County. Adequate quantities of water are available 

from the Floridan aquifer to meet the future water requirements 

of the area.

Much of the metropolitan area is subject to hurricane damage 

because of its location near sea level and because of extensive 

residential development along the waterfront. Tampa, which is 

in the lower reaches of the Hillsborough River, is subject to 

flood damage during periods of excessive rainfall. However, this 

problem will be alleviated in the near future as flood regulation 

reservoirs and bypass channels are completed upstream from 

the city. Other problems of major importance are encroachment 

of saline water on fresh ground-water supplies, disposal of municipal waters, and the effects of the metropolitan complex on the 

coastal waters.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

cu 

n)

52

Discharge

26

*

£

0

0

Peak stage 

discharg 

4

o -4 "3

 u 

o

c

0

:*,

O

cu§ 

cu

t«-l

 o

0

E

0

CU (M

Means andtremes c

16

Runoff

16

Supplementary data

t,

cu

Ground wastation

0

n) 

cu 

t.

Drainage

44

|

Cross-sec

0

° to

Coefficient roughnes

0

cu

i,

?

cu6

H

0

n O. oj

.5

,2 "3,

 u 

o 

o

0

o

Precipitati

6

CO

cu

TD

H

4

Contents

0

o1 C

Surface inJ

outflow

0

w

cu

o

CU '-'

jj

0

Siltation

0
90 FLORIDA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperatu

29

Specific 

conductanc

48

Turbidity

0

i*

"o 

U

8

i* 

o

S

0

Radioactiv

0

2"a!

5

s

a

0

I

S 

o.

24

W

0

ll

8

0

Chemical

(0 a*^

tn

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

17

Nutrients

0

H

Common ic

27

Hardness

10

at

Radiochem

0

c

t)£

^

O

Dissolved

0

(0n) 

em 

t*

5

0

8

3

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o m

L C

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

0

m

0

5

0

Sediment

c

Concentra

0

Particle s

0

8

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Middle Gulf area, Florida.

Hydrologic effects of pumping from the Floridan aquifer in northwest Hillsborough, northeast Pinellas, and southwest Pasco 

Counties, Fla.

Public water supplies in the Southwest Florida Water Management 

District, west-central Florida.

Hillsborough River basin model study.

Hydrology of upper Old Tampa Bay, Hillsborough and Pinellas 

Counties.

References:

Bredehoeft, J. D., Papadopulos, I. S., and Stewart, J. W., 1965,

Hydrologic effects of ground-water pumping in northwest

Hillsborough County, Florida: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept., 24 p. 

Heath, R. C., and Smith, P. C., 1954, Ground-water resources of

Pinellas County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 12,

139 p. 

Menke, C. G., Meredith, E. W., and Wetterhall, W. S., 1961, Water

resources of Hillsborough County, Florida: Florida Geol.

Survey Rept. Inv. 25, 101 p. 

Pride, R. W., 1962, Floods at Tampa, Florida: U.S. Geol. Survey

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-66, 25 sheets.

West Palm Beach

Area: 1,978 sq mi.

Subarea: Palm Beach County.

Population: 281,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies in the area are obtained from an integrated surface- and ground-water flow system.
WEST PALM BEACH 91

Controlled canals bring fresh water from inland water storage 

areas to help replenish the shallow water-table aquifer and lakes 

during periods of deficient rainfall. Clear Lake and Lake Mangonia are public water-supply sources for towns adjacent to the 

lakes and for Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. The water 

supply for the remainder of the area comes from the shallow 

water-table aquifer.

The threat of salt water intrusion is always a problem because 

of low land elevations and lowered water levels in well fields 

near the coast. The problem of waste disposal becomes more 

important as population increases. Adequate water supplies are 

available for the present and foreseable future. Problems of 

water management and pollution control will require more study.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V

bo cd

39

Discharg

13

8

G

S

0

o

*> bo

Peak stag dischar

0

o

t, 

 §

o

0

^

u 

Hi

a1

 o

8

0

S

v <«

T, °

Means atremes

11

Runoff

11

Supplementary data

t,

V

cd

Ground w station

0

cd

V

cd

Drainage

1

§

u

Cross-se

0

"S rn

4-> CQ

Coefficiei roughn(

0

V

t,

0)

g

H

0

to 

a

cd

.5

43 "a

 o

o 

o

E

0

c

 rj

Precipita

5

03

<U

2

H

0

Contents

0

o

9Surface ii

outflow

0

to

V

u

ty rt f «

u , 8

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

V

t, 3

Temperat

8

V

u

Specific conductan

8

Turbidity

0

fe "o 

U

6

o

S

0

£>

Radioactii

0

V

K 

a

0

3

K 

a

8

J3 

U

0

t,

HI

5

0

Chemical

CQ

T3

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to

C

Common i

8

Hardness

6

^cd 

u

C!

Radiocher

0

wi

Dissolved

0

to

0)

to cd bO

t,

8

0

V

8

0

Organic

Pesticide

0

Synthetic detergent

0

t,

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

P r

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O 

W

0

<l>

8

0

Sediment

0

Concentra

0

0) 

N

Particle s

0

ID

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Parker, G. G., and others, 1955, Water resources of southeastern 

Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water
92 FLORIDA

of the Miami area: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1255, 965 p. [1956].

Schroeder, M. C., and others, 1954, Water resources of Palm 

Beach County, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 13, 

62 p.
GEORGIA

There are six Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Georgia. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Barnes, Harry H., and Golden, Harold G., 1966, Magnitude and

frequency of floods in the United States, Part 2 B, South

Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, Ogeechee

River to Pearl River: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1674, 409 p. 

Bunch, C. M., and Price, McGlone, 1962, Floods in Georgia,

magnitude and frequency: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.,

152 p. 

Callahan, J. T., Newcomb, L. E., and Geurin, J. W., 1965, Water

in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1762, 88 p. 

Carter, R. F., 1959, Drainage-area data for Georgia streams:

U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 252 p. 

Cherry, R. N., 1961, Chemical quality of water of Georgia

streams, 1957 58, a reconnaissance study: Georgia Geol.

Survey Bull. 69, 100 p. 

Georgia Department of Public Health, Water Quality Division,

1959, Fluoride content of Georgia water supplies: Atlanta,

Georgia Dept. Public Healthy Water Quality Div., lip. 

Kennedy, V. C., 1964, Sediment transported by Georgia streams:

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1668, 101 p. 

Lamar, W. L., 1942, Industrial quality of public-water supplies

in Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 912, 83 p.

 1944, Chemical character of surface waters of Georgia: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 889-E, p. 317-380.

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of 

public-water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 1, 

States east of the Mississippi River: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1299, 639 p.

McCallie, S. W., 1913, A preliminary report on the mineral 

springs of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 20, 190 p.

Rabon, J. W., 1961, Flow duration of Georgia streams: U. S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 326 p.

Speer, Paul R., and Gamble, Charles R., 1964a, Magnitude and 

frequency of floods in the United States, Part 2 A, South 

Atlantic slope basins, James River to Savannah River: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1673, 329 p.

 1964b, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United 

States, Part 3 B, Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: 

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1676, 340 p.

Thomson, M. T., 1960, Streamflow maps of Georgia's major 

rivers: Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 21, 29 p.

93
94 GEORGIA

Thomson, M. T., and Carter, R. F., 1955, Surface water resources

of Georgia during the drought of 1954, Part 1, Streamflow:

Georgia Geol. Survey Inf, Circ.,17, 79 p. 

 1963, Effect of a severe drought (1954) on streamflow in

Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 73, 97 p. 

Thomson, M. T., Herrick, S. M., and Brown, Eugene, 1956, The

availability and use of water in Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey

Bull. 65, 329 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U. S. Geological Survey

Peachtree-Seventh Building

Room 164

Atlanta, Ga. 30323

Albany

Area: 326 sq mi.

Subarea: Dougherty County.

Population: 89,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply is from many deep 

wells.

Low-lying areas along the Flint River and its tributaries are 

subject to occasional flooding.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

60

2

Discharge

1

£

0

i*

o

Peak stge discharge 

0

n

o

"rt 

1*

T3

1

^

<u

a"

T3

8

£

i

Means and<

tremes o:

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

0

01

Drainage ar

2

c

o

Cross-sect

0

m

0 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

V

>

a

V

S 

H

0

to

a.

at

M

.5

ct "3.

T3 

O O

e

0

Precipitatic

1

V 

T3

H

0

Contents

0

8

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

0)

c

(u

§ 

u

6 s

0

Siltation

0
ATLANTA 95

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

3

Specific 

conductance

3

Turbidity

3

o "o 

U

3

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

ID

sc

a

0

I 

a.

3

W

0

ID

S

0

Chemical

 Om

Dissolved soi

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

.

Radiochemica

0

bo

Dissolved oxy

0

in

ID 

M

rt bo

1

6

0

1 

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

0

O

0

ID

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

h

6

0

Current projects:

Ground-water levels.

Flood hydrology on small drainage areas in Georgia.

River-system studies.

Crest-stage gages.

Low-flow studies.

References:

Wait, R. L., 1960, Source and quality of ground water in southwestern Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 18, 74 p.

 1963, Geology and ground-water resources of Dougherty 

County, Georgia: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1539-P, p. P1-P102.

Atlanta

Area: 1,723 sq mi.

Subarea: De Kalb, Fulton, Clayton, Cobb, and Gwinnett

Counties. 

Population: 1,216,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply is obtained principally from the Chattahoochee River and Sweetwater Creek, a 

tributary to the Chattahoochee. With proper control of pollution, 

surface water available in the area will be adequate for future 

requirements.

Flood danger from the Chattahoochee River has been greatly 

reduced by Buford Dam and Reservoir; however, local flooding 

from tributaries to the Chattahoochee does occur occasionally. 

Flooding also occurs on the Yellow and South Rivers and their
96 GEORGIA

tributaries. Disposal of municipal and industrial waste is a 

problem of major importance.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u

00 

at

15

Discharg

12

 t

3

^

o

V Syj

Peak st§ 

dischar 

7

g

o

3

 o

8

E

10

^

c

cu

cr

T3 

0

o

E

18

 o °

Means atremes

10

Runoff

11

Supplementary data

"at

Ground w station

0

at &

at

Drainage

25

"5

Cross-se

4

o M ^ to

Coefficie roughn

3

&>

£

"o

1

H

0

to

a

S

.5

at 'a

 a

o 

o

E

0

Precipita

0

to 

cu o

H

0

Contents

1

 t

o

«P

Surface ii

outflow

1

^_

01

$

g

u

m * S> « 

u ,

i

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

2

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

2

\-

"o 

U

1

i. 

o

S

0

Radioactivity

1

2

 1-4m

X 

a

2

X 

a

0

U

0

a;

8

0

Chemical

01 o

 ^

Dissolved so

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

1

Hardness

1

nt

Radiochemic

1

c

hn

Dissolved ox

2

to <u 

to at bo

i.

0)

6

0

Ll m

s

1

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

0)

8

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro organisms

1

Q

8

1

8

i

Sediment

c

Concentratio

1

size Particle 

0

I*

0)

8

0

Current "projects:

Crest-stage gages.

Flood hydrology on small drainage areas in Georgia.

Flood studies in southern Atlanta metropolitan area.

Flood studies in western Atlanta metropolitan area.

Ground-water levels.

River-system studies.

Low-flow studies Statewide.

References:

Carter, R. F., and Gannon, W. B., 1962, Surface-water resources

of the Yellow River basin in Gwinnett County, Georgia:

Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 22, 34 p. 

Carter, R. W., and Herrick, S. M., 1951, Water resources of the

Atlanta metropolitan area: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 148, 19 p. 

Herrick, S. M., and LeGrand, H. E., 1949, Geology and

ground-water resources of the Atlanta area: Georgia Geol.

Survey Bull. 55, 124 p.
AUGUSTA 97

Stewart, J. W., and Herrick, S. M., 1963, Emergency water

supplies for the Atlanta area in a national disaster: Georgia 

Geol. Survey Spec. Pub. 1, map with text.

Augusta

Area: 1,422 sq mi.

Subarea: Richmond County, Ga.; Aiken County, S. C.

Population: 237,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply is obtained principally from the Savannah River. Aiken, S. C. obtains its supply 

from Shaw Creek and deep wells. With proper control of pollution, available surface water will be adequate for future requirements.

Flood danger from the Savannah River has been greatly 

reduced by Clark Hill Dam and Reservoir; however, local flooding does occur from tributaries to the Savannah River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

rt 

35

4

Discharge

6

o 

C

5

0

Peak stge discharge

1

o

fc.

 o

1

0

Xu

3

<u

(H

T3

O

1

Means andtremes o;

3

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

9

o

Cross-sect

4

*0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

rt

(H

"3

D

e

H

0

CO

a

rt

.S

rt "a

 o

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatic

0

in

0) 

T3

 1-4

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

^.

CO

g

gu

f!

U .

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

i.

Temperatu

7

0)

Specific conductanc

4

Turbidity

1

J3 "3 

u

5

(H

O

s

0

>.

Radioactivi

1

2 I

S 

a

1

1 

a

4

U

0

0)

8

0

Chemical

m D

"o

Dissolved ..

5

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

CO

c

Common ic

5

Hardness

5

__

nJ

U

Radiochem

1

c

M

X

Dissolved <

1

en

0) 

ID

a 

i)

6

0

t-, 

8

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

1 

5

1

Biological

Coliforms

1

o S

Other microrganisn

1

Q 

0

0

(H

<L>

8

i

Sediment

.2

Concentrat

1

0) 

N

Particle s

0

(H

1)

JC

0
98 GEORGIA

Current projects:

Ground-water levels.

Low-flow studies.

Crest-stage studies.

Flood hydrology on small drainage areas in Georgia.

References:

LeGrand, H. E., and Furcron, H. E., 1956, Geology and

ground-water resources of central-east Georgia with a chapter 

on the Surface-water resources, by Carter, R. F. and Lendo, 

A. C.: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 64, 316 p.

Siple, George, 1967, Geology and ground water of the Savannah 

River Plant and vicinity, South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1841, 113 p.

Columbus

Area: 1,112 sq mi.

Subarea: Muscogee and Chattahoochee County, Ga.; Russell

County, Ala. 

Population: 260,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply is obtained principally from the Chattahoochee River.

Occasional flooding occurs on the Chattahoochee River and its 

tributaries.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

0)

4

Discharge

2

o

C

5

2

0

Peak stage discharge 

1

o

Is t,

 o

E

2

^

u

4)

tr

Ol

TJ 

0

o

S

2

4> «M

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

4)

Ground wat

station

0

OS 

4)

Drainage ai

7

§

Cross- sect

2

"8 CO

Coefficient roughnes

2

>

fc,

O! 

g

H

0

to

a

a

e

.5

et "3.

 o

O 

O

E

0

Precipitati

1

to

Ol o

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf

outflow

0

^

CO

Ol

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0
MACON 99

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

3

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

1

"o 

U

1

0

s

0

Radioactivity

1

T3 

5

K 

o.

1

(it

K 

o.

0

U

0

01

S

0

Chemical

Dissolved solids

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

Common ins

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

10 

01 

10 

0) M

4)

8

4)

8

Organic

Pesticides Synthetic detergents

4)

8

Biological

Coliforms

Other micro-organisms

Q 

O

t,

4)

8

Sediment

Concentration Particle size

0

t,

4)

J3

S

0

Current projects:

Streamflow records.

Crest-stage gages.

Flood hydrology on small drainage areas in Georgia,

Ground-water levels.

Low-flow studies.

References:

Peirce, L. B., 1955, Hydrology and surface-water resources of 

east-central Alabama, uith a section on Quality of water, by 

Brain, Eugene: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 22, 318 p.

Macon

Area: 630 sq mi.

Subarea: Bibb and Houston Counties.

Population: 201,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the city of 

Macon and environs is obtained from the Ocmulgee River. With 

proper control of pollution, available surface water will be 

adequate for future requirements. The water supply for other 

municipalities in the area is obtained from deep wells.

Occasional flooding from the Ocmulgee and its tributaries 

occurs in the southern part of the city of Macon. Some areas in 

Warner Robins and Perry are also subject to occasional flooding,
Area: 441 sq mi.Subarea: Chatham C<Population: 192,000. u

rt- *

LeGrand, H.E.,1962 

the Macon area,G 

67 p.

n> *

3 O

TO &

m M i >

P .. O

< TO

i s P P 4 a

References :

Crest -stage gages. Flood hydrology on siGround -water levels. River -system studies Low -flowstudies St

£ 3

fD P*

S- ^

0) *"*

P 

TO

n>

03

Current projects:

H3!

W S5

-4

to

Q 

n> o

ooooooo0o0oo0o0o0oo00ooooo

«?o0

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physica

Chemic

900eo

Biologic

Sedime
SAVANNAH 101

Hydrologic background:

The sources of municipal and industrial water supply for 

Savannah are Abercorn Creek and many deep wells.

Occasional flooding occurs on canals and streams tributary to 

the Savannah River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

U) 

rt

1

Discharge

0

1 

S

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

t. 

 o

o

E,

a

^

0)

cr

01

 o 

o

E

0

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

0

n)

01

Drainager

0

§

Cross- sect

0

*0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

"3

2 M

01

6

H

0

So. n)

.S 

,2 IS.

 O

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatio

0

CO 

01

j-I

1

Contents

0

8

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

at

§

S

D rH

tXO « 

S

> 

4)

U ,

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01

t.

Temperatu

1

OJ

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

1

t.

"o 

U

1

0

S

0

>,

Radioactiv

1

2

01

 l-t

K 

a

1

1

K 

a

0

jC 

W

0

fc,

41

8

0

Chemical

solids

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

CO

s

iCommon 

1

Hardness

1

-3

u

Radiochem

1

oxygen

Dissolved

1

10

(0

rt U)

41

6

0

01

5

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

1

S

1

Biological

Coliforms

1

£s

u S

fe? J= 0

5

i

Q

1

01

1

Sediment

o

Concentral

1

41 

N

Particle s

0

41

0

Current projects:

Ground-water levels.

Low-flow studies.

Salt-water encroachment Savannah area.

Flood studies in Savannah metropolitan area.

References:

Callahan, J. T., 1964, The yield of sedimentary aquifers of the 

Coastal Plain, Southeast River Basin: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1669-W, p. W1-W56.
102 GEORGIA

Counts, Harlan B., and Donsky, Ellis, 1963, Salt-water encroachment, geology and ground-water resources of Savannah area, 

Georgia and South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1611, 100 p.

Herrick, S. M., 1952, Results of chloride determinations of water 

samples from observation wells in the Savannah area, Georgia, 

October 1952: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 10 p.

Herrick, S. M., and Wait, R. L., 1955, Interim report on results 

of test drilling in the Savannah area, Georgia and South 

Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 41 p.

Lamar, W. L., 1940, Salinity of the lower Savannah River in

relation to stream-flow and tidal action: Am. Geophys. Union 

Trans., v. 21, pt. 2, p. 463^70.

McCollum, M. J., 1964, Salt-water movement in the principal 

artesian aquifer to the Savannah area, Georgia and South 

Carolina: Ground Water, v. 2, no. 4, p. 4 8.

McCollum, M. J., and Counts, H. B., 1964, Relation of salt-water 

encroachment to the major aquifer zones, Savannah area, 

Georgia and South Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1613-D, p. D1-D26.

Odom, O. B., 1961, Effects of tides, ships, trains and changes in 

atmospheric pressure on artesian-water levels in wells in the 

Savannah area, Georgia: Georgia Mineral Newsletter, v. 14, 

no. 1, p. 28-29.

Wait, R. L., and Callahan, J. T., 1965, Relations of fresh and

salty ground water along the Southeastern U. S. Atlantic coast: 

Ground Water, v. 3, no. 4, p. 3-17.

Warren, M. A., 1944, Artesian water in southeastern Georgia, 

with special references to the coastal area: Georgia Geol. 

Survey Bull. 49, 140 p.

 1955, A summary of the artesian-water resources in the 

Savannah area, Georgia, and an outline of additional studies 

needed: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 22 p.
HAWAII

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

Hawaii. Hydrologic data and information for this area are contained in the following statewide report:

Vaudrey, Walter C., 1963, Floods of March-May 1963 in Hawaii: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 65 p.

Data for the SMSA are listed below. For additional information, 

contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

Room 330, First Insurance Building

1100 Ward Avenue

Honolulu, Hawaii 96814

Honolulu

Area: 604 sq mi.

Subarea: Honolulu County (Island of Oahu).

Population: 571,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal, industrial, and irrigation water supply comes 

from limestone and basaltic bedrock aquifers and several 

streams. Large and easily developed sources of ground water 

are adequate to meet present and immediate future demands, but 

additional demands will necessitate development of more expensive sources of ground water.

Because of high initial gradients of streams, frequent rainfall 

of high intensity, and low final gradients of streams, floods and 

flood damages must be expected. Other problems include accelerated runoff of water and sediment caused by urbanization; pollution of bays and harbors by disposal of municipal, industrial, 

military, and agricultural wastes; salt water encroachment of 

aquifers; mixing of fresh and salt water in aquifers in the Pearl 

Harbor area; and storage and utilization of dike-confined water 

by proper bulkheading in development tunnels.

103
104 HAWAII

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M 

rt

53

Discharge

53

*

o

J

15

^

o

Peak stge discharge

24

c

o

0!

73 

_O

20

^

c

cr

Ol 

73

o 

o

E

28

Means andtremes o

53

Runoff

53

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

73

c

Cross-sect

45

*-i

0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

23

Ol

>

Ol

"o

Ol

E 

H

0

to

a

6

S 

"a

73

o 

o

6

Precipitatic

8

01

Ol 

T3

H

0

Contents

0

^

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

01

C

 V

§ 

U

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Ol

Temperatu

49

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "o

U

0

o

5

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

73

X 

a.

0

3 

.2

X 

a.

0

U

0

Ol

S

0

Chemical

01

73

'o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

82

Nutrients

0

Ul

C

Common io

0

Hardness

0

(__) Ol 

0

Radiochem

0

bn

X

Dissolved c

0

Ol

w

Ol W>

5

0

Ol

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

u.

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

Other micorganisn"

0

Q 

O 

CQ

0

Ol

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

0

Ol

Particle s

0

S

0

Current projects:

Watei resources of windward Oahu.

Water resources of the Waianae area, Oahu.

Water resources of the Mokuleia-Waialua area (north-central

Oahu).

Hydrology of basal water systems, Oahu. 

Water resources of the Kahuku area, Oahu. 

Flood-data collection.

Hydrologic studies flow characteristics. 

Flood-plain mapping, Waimanalo, Oahu. 

Flood-plain mapping, Waiahole, Oahu. 

Flood-plain mapping, Makaha, Oahu. 

Water resources of Schofield area, Oahu. 

Ground-water study of the Kahana-Punaluu area, Oahu. 

Discharge-head relations in the Pearl Harbor area. 

Availability of flood flow for recharge in the Pearl Harbor area. 

Flood-plain mapping, Punaluu area, Oahu.

References:

See statewide report.
IDAHO

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) 

in Idaho. Hydrologic data and information for this area are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

U. S. Geological Survey, 1964, Mineral and water resources of 

Idaho: U. S. 88th Cong., 2d sess., Senate Comm. Interior and 

Insular Affairs, Comm. Print, 335 p. (Also issued as Idaho 

Bur. Mines and Geology Spec. Kept. 1.)

Walker, E. H., 1966, Boise Valley, in Burnham, W. L., and others, 

Summary of ground-water conditions in Idaho, 1966: Idaho 

Dept. Reclamation Water Inf. Bull. 1, p. 20-22.

Data for this SMSA are listed below. For further information, 

contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U. S. Geological Survey 

914 Jefferson Street 

Boise, Idaho 83702

Boise City

Area: 1,042 sq mi. 

Subarea: Ada County. 

Population: 99,000 (1965).

Hydrologic background:

The municipal, industrial, and irrigation water supply for the 

area is derived from shallow unconfined aquifers, from both 

shallow and deeper confined aquifers, and from the Boise River. 

The surface-water supply of the Boise Valley is more than 

ample for the valley, owing to large upstream storage and regulatory dams and reservoirs. The valley also contains a large 

volume of ground water in storage, and the perennial rate of 

recharge is large. Conditions generally are favorable for future 

water requirements.

Water levels rose noticeably in the Boise Valley after completion of the first large-scale irrigation projects in the early 

1900's, and this rise caused waterlogging and drainage problems 

in many low areas where extensive systems of drainage ditches 

and drainage wells have only partly remedied the problems. 

Some areas in the valley seem to be on the verge of an unfavorable salt balance, and there has been some depreciation of the

105
106 IDAHO

quality of the ground water. Other problems of major importance 

are related to (1) pollution in the Boise metropolitan area from 

disposal of waste effluents to the Boise River, (2) storm runoff 

from the mountain front northeast of Boise, and (3) sewerage 

and drainage. These problems can be, and are being, alleviated 

by improved management of the over-all water resources of the 

area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o

M 

at

%

5

Discharge

4

1

3

0

0

Peak stage discharge 

0

0

15 i*

 u 

o

E

0

o

<L>

gO

«h

 U 

O 

O

E

i

*

^c

Means andtremes o:

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

t-,

Ground wat 

station

0

n)

0

Drainage ar

5

§

o

0

co

Ifl 

co 

O 

t_ 

U

0

*0 tn

Coefficient roughnes

0

i> 

>

rt 

^

CM 

O

O

6 

£

0

co

a

a)

'at 

"a. 

 u

0

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

in

<L> 

T3 pH

H

0

Contents

1

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

co

g

Change con 

level. 

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

"3 

u

i

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

"3

X 

a

0

"2

ct 

X

a

1

u

0

tl

8

0

Chemical

m o

Dissolvedo

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common in

1

Hardness

1

_,(rt

Radiochemic

0

c

M

Dissolved ox

0

in

at 

ao

V

6

0

8

i

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t*

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro

organisms

0

Q 

O 

«

0

t.

8

0

Sediment

r

Concentratio

0

Particle size

0

V

8

0

Current projects:

Ground-water basic-data network in southwestern Idaho.

References:

Laird, L. B., 1964, Chemical quality of surface waters of the 

Snake River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 417-D, 

p. D1-D47.

Love, S. K., and Benedict, P. C., 1948, Discharge and sediment 

loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho, 1939-40: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1048, 150 p.

Mundorff, M. J., Crosthwaite, E. G., and Kilburn, Chabot, 1964, 

Ground-water for irrigation in the Snake River basin in Idaho: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1654, 224 p.
BOISE CITY 107

Nace, R. L., West, S. W., and Mower, R. W., 1957, Feasibility

of ground-water features of the alternate plan for the Mountain

Home project, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1376, 121 p. 

Thomas, C. A., 1963, Cloudburst floods at Boise, Idaho, August

20, September 22, 26, 1959: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.,

12 p. 

Thomas, C. A., and Lamke, R. D., 1962, Floods of February 1962

in southern Idaho and northeastern Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey

Circ. 467, 30 p. 

Thomas, C. A., Broom, H. C., and Cummans, J. E., 1963,

Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, Part

13, Snake River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1688, 250 p. [1964]. 

West, S. W., 1955, Ground-water and drainage problems in the

Whitney Terrace area, Boise, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 21 p.
ILLINOIS

There are eight Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Illinois. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Mitchell, W. D., 1948, Unit hydrographs in Illinois: Illinois Div. 

Waterways, 294 p.

 1950, Water-supply characteristics of Illinois streams: 

Illinois Div. Waterways, 311 p.

 1954, Floods in Illinois, magnitude and frequency: Illinois

Div. Waterways, 386 p. 

 1957, Flow duration of Illinois streams: Illinois Div.

Waterways, 189 p. 

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1965, Magnitude and frequency

of floods in the United States, Part 3 A, Ohio River except

Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p. 

Wiitala, S. W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

605 South Neil Street 

Champaign, 111. 61820

Bloomington-Normal

Area: 1,173 sq mi. 

Subareas: McLean County. 

Population: 90,000.

Hydrologic background:

The city of Bloomington gets its water supply from Lake 

Bloomington, which is located on the lower reaches of Money 

Creek. Normal gets its water supply from ground-water wells.

Bloomington and Normal are located near the ridge that 

divides the Mackinaw and Sangamon River basins. Thus the 

flood problems are mainly those of a local drainage nature 

rather than inundation from large streams.

108
CHAMPAIGN URBANA 109

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

(U 

00

a 

%

0

Discharge

0

1

1

0

t, 

c

r

eak stage discharge

0

o

Flow durati

0

>,

c. <u

CP

<L> U

 §

_o

u.

0

*

x C

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

LI

Ground wat

station

0

Rl

<L>

Drainager

0

§

Cross- sect

0

*o , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

<U>

fl

Ll

*O 

<U

E 

H

0

(A 

Q.

E

.5 

_«"S.

 o 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

M

(U o 

h

0

Contents

0

S

Surface infl

outflow

0

(A

g

Change conl 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Li

Temperatu

0

(U

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

fe "o 

U

0

i,

o

S

0

> 

Radioactiv

0

2 "3

"S.

0

Rl

a

0

Si

a

0

<U

8

0

Chemical

m O

"o

fA

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

(A

S

Common i(

0

Hardness

0

1_^

Rl 

U'T*

Radiochem

0

c

S

s

Dissolved

0

(A

(A

at bo

L, 

4>

6

0

Li

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Li

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

?c Other mici organisr

0

Q 

0 

ffl

0

01

6

0

Sediment

 r*

Concentral

0

<U 

N

Particle s

0

(Uj=

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Champaign-Urbana

Area: 1,000 sq mi. 

Subarea: Champaign County. 

Population: 133,000.

Hydrologic background:

The cities of Champaign and Urbana are located on an imperceptible ridge that forms a drainage divide between Saline 

Branch, which flows eastward, and the Embarras and Kaskaskia 

Rivers, which flow southeastward and southwestward, respectively. Being located in the headwaters there is not a sufficient 

amount of surface water to be considered for a supply. The area
110 ILLINOIS

is supplied by ground-water wells that penetrate three separate 

aquifers in the glacial drift.

Flood problems are local in nature and result primarily from 

inadequate storm drainage and backwater in storm drains from 

Boneyard Creek, which flows eastward into Saline Branch. Local 

drainage problems in the area are aggravated by the lack of 

relief that would permit faster runoff.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

Rl 

5)

4

Discharge

4

o 

C

S

0

i,

o

Peak stge discharge 

2

c

o

Flow durati

0

o

t>

3 

tT 

0>

<h

 O

O 

O

E

0

Means andtremes o

4

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

u.

Ground wat

station

0

Rl 

U

Drainage ar

6

o

4) 

CO

Ul 

CO

o 

u.

4

"3 oi

Coefficient roughnes

0

01

Rl 

U.

"o

o;

s

H

0

COn.

Rl

£

a

"3.

 0

O 

O

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

Ul

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

.^

CO

e

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

u

Temperatur

0

1 

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

J3 

U

0

u.

o

8

0

>,

Radioactivi!

0

 o

I 

a

0

Rl

X 

a

0

U

0

L. 

1)

S

0

Chemical

Ul o

?!

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

Common ior

0

Hardness

0

a

O

Radiochemi

0

4) 

ttl

X

Dissolved o

0

4) 

CO

a bo

4)

S

0

01 

J3

6

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

u. 1)

s

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

n Ul

Other micr( organism

0

Q 

O

m

0

u. 1)

s

0

Sediment

n

Concentrati

0

D

Particle siz

0

1

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Chicago

Area: 3,714 sq mi.

Subareas: Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will

Counties. 

Population: 6,689,000.
CHICAGO 111

Hydrologic background:

The city of Chicago and 66 suburban communities obtain water 

from Lake Michigan. Water supplies for the other municipalities 

in the metropolitan area utilize ground water. There are two 

primary aquifers from which water is being pumped: the shallow 

dolomite aquifer and the deep Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer. 

Water from the shallow aquifer is generally of poorer quality 

owing to high mineral content.

To prevent pollution of Lake Michigan, the principal source of 

supply, the course of the Chicago River was altered about 1900 

to flow away from the lake through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship 

Canal into the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers. Sewage effluent 

from Chicago and almost all suburban Cook County is discharged 

into the Ship Canal after treatment by the Metropolitan Sanitary 

District of Greater Chicago. Sufficient dilution water to prevent 

pollution is not available from streams in the area. Thus, water 

is diverted from Lake Michigan for dual purposes: dilution of 

sewage effluent and navigation. Since 1930 this diversion has 

been limited to 1,500 cubic feet per second by decree of the U.S. 

Supreme Court. Streams throughout the metropolitan area are 

generally polluted because of inadequate flow for the amounts of 

sewage effluent discharged. This is particularly true for areas 

not served by the Metropolitan Sanitary District. Another serious 

problem is the possibility of pollution of the shallow aquifers by 

recharge from the streams and seepage from many private septic 

tanks in the suburban areas.

As is typical of many other densely populated areas, encroachment on the flood plains has caused serious flood problems in 

the metropolitan area. Streams in the area are relatively small 

(generally draining less than 100 sq mi) but their gradients are 

low; consequently runoff is sluggish and permits overflow to 

occur frequently. Due to the flat terrain, basement flooding 

resulting from backup in storm drains occurs at numerous places 

outside the flood plains. Transportation is frequently interrupted 

due to flooding of the many underpasses throughout the area, 

particularly in the city of Chicago.
112 

Current data:

ILLINOIS

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

u bO 

a

35

44

Discharge

32

0

C

S

2

0

Peak stage discharge

62

§

rt 

t,

T>

_O

E

0

>-,

D

3 O1 

0)

£

 o

o

0

E

0

5

x «

Means ando)tremes 

32

Runoff

29

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

a

D

Drainage ar

83

§

Cross- sect

35

*3 H,

Coefficient roughnes

4

V

a t,

*S

1>

£ 

H

0

01 

Q.

S

.5

,2 "a

 a

o

0

E

34

c

Precipitatic

1

(A 

D 

T>

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

01

g

§ 

u

4) -H M 4>

X § £ "*

U

0

1

to

c/3

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

V

b

Temperatu

3

1>

Specific conductanc

3

Turbidity

2

js"o 

U

2

0

S

2

>>

Radioactiv

0

* -(

sc

a

0

3ra

SC 

a

3

.c

0

!H

S

1

Chemical

10 o

"o

M

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

w

S

Common i<

3

Hardness

1

a

Radiochern

0

V

X

o

Dissolved

2

w

01

a

S

0

C

2

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

2

D

C

0

Biological

Coliforms

3

0 "

i- P

Other micorganist

3

Q 

0

n

2

!H

HI

c

0

Sediment

1

Concentra

3

N

Particle s

0

Other

0

Current projects:

Flood-inundation mapping, northeastern Illinois.

References:

Alien, H. E., 1966, Floods in Tinley Park quadrangle, Illinois:

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-152. 

Alien, H. E., and May, V. J., 1964, Floods in Harvey quadrangle,

Illinois: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-90.

 1965, Floods in Naperville quadrangle, Illinois: U.S. Geol.

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 154. 

Alien, H. E., Ellis, D. W., and Long, D. E., 1964, Floods in

Palatine quadrangle, Illinois: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv.

Atlas HA-87. 

Daniels, W. S., and Hale, M. D., 1958, Floods of October 1954

in the Chicago area, Illinois and Indiana: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1370-B, p. 107-200. 

Ellis, D. W., Alien, H. E., and Noehre, A. W., 1963a, Floods in

Arlington Heights quadrangle, Illinois: U.S. Geol. Survey

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-67.

 1963b, Floods in Elmhurst quadrangle, Illinois: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-68.
DAVENPORT ROCK ISLAND MOLINE, IOWA ILLINOIS 113

Noehre, A. W., and Mycyk, R. T., 1966, Floods in Palos Park

quadrangle, northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol.

Inv. Atlas HA-145. 

Noehre, A. W., Walter, G. L., and Alien, H. E., 1965, Floods in

Barrington quadrangle, northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geol.

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-150. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1960, Floods in the Little Calumet River

basin near Chicago Heights, Illinois, in 1954 and 1957: U.S.

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-39 [1961].

Davenport-Rock Island-Moline, Iowa-Illinois

Area: 1,700 sq mi.

Subarea: Scott County, Iowa; Rock Island and Henry Counties,

111. 

Population: 339,000.

Hydrologic background:

The area is situated on the Mississippi River at the mouth of 

Rock River. The Mississippi River provides ample water supply 

for the area. Private ground-water supplies tapping the upper 

bedrock aquifer are subject to contamination locally. Water from 

the deeper aquifers is of poor quality.

Major problems are flooding due to inadequate local drainage 

and overflow from the Mississippi and Rock Rivers. Problems 

relating to encroachment by urban and suburban development on 

the flood plain of Duck Creek in Davenport and Bettendorf, Iowa, 

have been encountered in recent years.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

n

0)

17

Discharge

4

|

V*

 £

1

L, 

O

Peak stage discharge

4

o

"rt

3 o

i

JO

tu

0

>,

c

0)

a

Hi 

fc,

 o

O

0

x c

Means and<

tremes 01

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

L,

Ground wat«

station

0

rt

n

Drainage ar

11

o

Cross-sect]

7

"3 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

3

0)

0) 

L.

"3

tu

e

H

0

Ul

n,

E

.5

0) "a

 o 

o 

o

E

0

u

Precipitatic

1

Ul

n"H

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

Ul

0;

o 

o

11U

0

Slltation

0
114 ILLINOIS

WATER QUALITY

Typos of data

Physical

HI

Temperatu

0

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

i,

0

5

0

>-,

Radioactivi

0

a

0

re 

a

0 0

Other

0

Chemical

 a

"o

Dissolved

0

en11 -o

o 

U

0

Nutrients

0

en

r;

Common io

0

Hardness

0

a 

u

Radiocherrn

0

c

>-,

X

Dissolved c

0

o> 

ra

Sfl

OJ

5

0

X

g

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

en

.H "S *j O 

O Ofl 

X 1-,

en -o

0

u

X

5

0

Biologiral

Collforms

0

- x

Other rnicr organisrr

0

Q 

O 

at

0

Other

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

D

en 

j,

OJ

a.

0

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Anderson, D. D., and Burmeister, I. L., 1968, Floods of MarchMay 1965 in upper Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1850 A [in press].

U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Floods of 1952 in the basins of the 

upper Mississippi River and Red River of the North: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1260-C, p. 303-529.

Decatur

Area: 577 sq mi. 

Subarea: Macon County. 

Population: 122,000.

Hydrologic background:

Decatur, one of the larger industrial centers in Illinois, is 

located on the Sangamon River. A dam on the river forms Lake 

Decatur, which is the primary source of water supply for the 

city. A minor amount of ground-water pumpage supplements 

the surface-water supply.

Flooding results from inadequate local drainage and backwater 

from the Sangamon River. Because of the industrial complex 

at Decatur the organic load received at the sewage-treatment 

plants is highly variable. During periods of low flow the streamflow for water supply is stored in Lake Decatur and thus creates 

a pollution problem for several miles downstream.
PEORIA 115

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

00n)

1

Discharge

1

g

C

J

0

i.

o

Peak stge discharge

1

c

o

« 

 o

_o

E

0

>^

o

HI

3

tr

 o

o 

_o

C

0

Means andtremes o:

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wat< 

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

2

c

Cross-sect

2

<«

Coefficient roughnes

1

HI

rt

"3 

V 

S

H

0

CO

n

rt

£

.5 

a "H.

TJ 

O

O

E

0

*-

Precipitatic

0

CO 8

H

0

Contents

0

S

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

CO

c

o 

u

4) t-H

rt **^ 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Typf-s of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

fe "o 

O

0

(H 

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

 a

"S.

0

3ra

£ 

a

0

£

0

01

8

0

Chemical

 a

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

r_^

Radiochemica

0

c

00

Dissolved oxy

0

CO 

01 

CO 

Rl 

00

(H

8

0

(H

01

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

m

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

0

i.

U

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

01

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Peoria

Area: 1,805 sq mi.

Subareas: Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford Counties.

Population: 320,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water supply for the area is obtained from sand and gravel 

aquifers adjacent to the Illinois River. Artificial recharge of 

these aquifers has been conducted by the Illinois State Water 

Survey over the past fifteen years.

Flood problems in the area result from overflows of the Illinois 

River, Farm Creek, and Kickapoo Creek.
116 ILLINOIS

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

no 

a

20

Discharge

8

*

5

0

^

o

Peak stge discharge

5

o

"rt

L, 

 D 

?

0

^

O

0)

cr

Cb

 D

O

0

?

o

O u*

Means and tremes o

8

Runoff

7

Supplementary data

0)

Ground wat

station

0

as

Drainage ai

14

c

o

V

ra

0)<n o LI

10

«M

0 u,

Coefficient roughnes

2

0)

>

Ol

E 

H

0

U)

O. A

E

.5 

la.

 D

o

o

0

Precipitati

0

in

0) D

H

0

Contents

0

i*

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

»^

ID

C

-M

O 

U

rt , 

U

2

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatu

0

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

u 

o

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

 S"S

"a.

0

2

rt

E 

a.

0

x:

U

0

U 

0)

6

0

Chemical

\n

r>

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

U]

C

Common io

0

Hardness

0

,_

a 

u

Radiochemi

0

Ml

>, 

X

Dissolved c

0

0) 

U)

rt 

00

U. 

V

a

0

L, 

0)

6

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t_,

<D

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 m

Other micorganisrr

0

Q 

O 

CO

0

t-,

0)

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

0

0)

si' Particle 

0

t_

0)

a

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Illinois Division of Waterways, 1945, The floods of May 1943 in 

Illinois: Springfield, Illinois Div. Waterways, 168 p.

Rockford

Area: 812 sq mi.

Subarea: Winnebago and Boone Counties.

Population: 247,000.

Hydrologic background:

Primary water supply is from wells penetrating sandstone 

aquifers. The area is situated on the Rock River and several 

small tributaries flow through the area. The major hydrologic 

problem in the area is flooding along the tributaries that results 

from intensive rainstorms and backwater from the Rock River.
SPRINGFIELD 117

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M 

a

6

Discharge

3

_o

0

L,

Peak stage discharge

4

c

15

L,

"O

_0

0

>^

c

cr 

««

T3

0

o

c

0

Means andoi tremes 

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

10

S

Cross-sect

6

v«

O in

Coefficient roughnes

3

to

rt

L,

"3

6 

H

0

01

n,

c

.5 

"o.

"O

0

o

c

0

Precipitatic

1

<D "O

H

0

Contents

0

*

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

01

C

O 

u

So "« 

||

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

of data

Physical

i.

Temperatu

0

to

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

L,

"o 

u

0

o

S

0

>>

Radioactiv

0

"a

0

"a

0

JC

U

0

L, 

01

5

0

Chemical

"O

7J

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

a 

u

Radiochem

0

c

01 W)

n

Dissolved

0

01

U! id 

bo

to

6

0

<u

s:

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

to

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

? r

Other miciorganisr

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

§

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

N

Particle s

0

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Larson, B. O., Hiser, H. W., and Daniels, W. S., 1955, The storm 

of July 18 19, 1952, Rockford, Illinois and vicinity: Illinois 

Water Survey Kept. Inv. 24, 14 p.

Springfield

Area: 880 sq mi.

Subarea: Sangamon County.

Population: 153,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for Springfield is obtained from Lake Springfield, which is located on Sugar Creek. Springfield is situated 

on the divide between Sugar Creek, to the south and east, and 

Spring Creek, to the west and north. Consequently, flood problems are local in nature and result from inadequate drainage to 

those streams.
118 ILLINOIS

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

CO

3

Discharge

2

_O

a

0

u

o

Peak stage discharge

3

o

Io

3 

73

jD

0

>^

o 

c

u

Flood frequ

0

Means andtremes o:

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

L,

Ground wat

station

0

CO

0

Drainage ar

5

o

Cross-sect

4

*0 m

Coefficient roughnes

2

OJ

CO 

i,

"3 

u

EH

0

0)

n,

CO

E

.5

_£) "3.

73 

O 

O

E

0

^

Precipitatic

0

01

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

-^

01

g

o 

o

x; "" 

U

0

Slltation

0

QUALITY WATER

Typfs of data

Physical

OJ 

fc,

Temperatu

0

0

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

JO"o 

U

0

tn

O

s

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

73 

0)

X

a.

0

jrt

I 

a

0

x;

0

t,

0

s

0

Chemical

in

73

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

C

Common ia

0

Hardness

0

l_)

CO

o

Radiochem

0

an:*>

x

Dissolved (

0

in

u

01n) 

d)

S

0

0

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o "2

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

0 ffl

0

s,

OJ

5

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

0

0 

N

Particle s

0

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.
INDIANA

There are nine Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Indiana. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Hoggatt, R. E., 1962, Low-flow characteristics of Indiana streams;

Bloomington, Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, 171 p. 

Indiana Division of Water Resources, 1956, Water level records

of Indiana: Indiana Div. Water Resources Bull. 7, 113 p. 

Southwood, R. J., 1966, Ground-water levels in Indiana, 1955-1962:

Indiana Div. Water Resources Bull. 30, 120 p. 

Speer, Paul R., and Gamble, Charles R., 1956, Magnitude and

frequency of floods in the United States, Part 3-A, Ohio River

basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p. 

Wiitala, S. W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: U. S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U. S. Geological Survey

Room 516, 611 North Park Avenue

Indianapolis, Ind. 46204

Anderson

Area: 453 sq mi. 

Subarea: Madison County. 

Population: 130,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from sand and gravel aquifers underlying the region and from the 

White River. These sources of water are adequate to supply 

future water requirements of the area if stream pollution can be 

controlled.

The major water problem of the region is pollution of the 

White River at low flows due to disposal of municipal and 

industrial wastes.

119
120 INDIANA

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

u bo nl

3

Discharge

2

C

1

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

8

"5

(H 

T3

E

i

^

c 

u

u

T3 

8

1

and Means tr erneso:

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat<

station

0

a

u

Drainage ar

3

§

Cross-sect

0

"o

Coefficient roughnes!

0

m

s

"5 

m 

6 

H

0

m

m

g

.5 

a"a 

 o

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

M

111

T3

 r-4

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

.^

M

g

§u

4) ^H

§

> fl) 

.

6 , 0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

(H 

O

5

0

Radioactivity

0

2 "a!

E 

a

0

I

E 

a.

0

U

0

11

s

0

Chemical

en o

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides .

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

,_

Radiochemica

0

c

U)

Dissolved oxy

0

CO

u

COm bo

(Hm

8

0

(H 

11

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H

U

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O 

CQ

0

(H

U

s

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

size Particle 

0

1

8

0

Current projects:

Time-of-travel studies.

Wabash River basin comprehensive study.

Water resources of upper White River basin, Indiana.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Evansville, Indiana-Kentucky

Area: 1,072 sq mi.

Subarea: Vanderburgh and Warrick Counties, Ind.; Henderson

County, Ky. 

Population: 223,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and most of the industrial water supply for the 

area comes from the Ohio River. In the vicinity of Henderson,
EVANSVDLLE. INDIANA KENTUCKY 121

Ky., however, many industries obtain their water supply from 

wells finished in the Ohio River alluvium. Both the surface and 

subsurface sources are more than sufficient to meet current 

needs. The large supply of ground water available in the Ohio 

River alluvium in the vicinity of Evansville, Ind., is virtually 

untapped.

The most important potential problem in the area is the 

possible deterioration of the chemical quality of the Ohio River. 

Coupled with this is the equally important problem of the treatment of sewage effluent. In the Henderson, Ky., area, overdevelopment of ground water in the Ohio River alluvium is the most 

immediate problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

rt

7

Discharge

4

*

0

i_

o

Peak stge discharge

0

go

"8 

 a 

_o

2

^

c

d

cr <u 

i,

 a 

o 

_o

2

* ^

Means andtremes o:

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

n

d

Drainage ar

6

8

u 

a>

M 

10

0

6

i

« «

0 rn

Coefficient roughness

1

d

> 

a

5 

H

0

n

D.

H

.5 

n"a

 o 

o 

o

0

Precipitatic

3

to

d O

h

0

Contents

0

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

to

C

d

§

41 -> 

C ^

JC """

o

0

Silt ation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

1

o

s

0

Radioactivity

0

2

d

K 

a

0

1

K 

a.

1

W

0

t,d

6

0

Chemical

CO o

Dissolved soi

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to

S

§ 

H

0

U

1

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

0

d

O 

 o 

d j>"o

B> 

B>

s

0

[0

d

B>

So

t, d

6

0

d

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t, d

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

0

«

0

i,

d

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

V

8

0
122 INDIANA

Current projects:

None.

References:

Cable, L. W., and Wolf., R. J., 1968, Ground-water resources of

Vanderburgh County, Indiana: Indiana Div. Water Resources

Bull. 38 [in press]. 

Gallaher, J. T., 1964, Geology and hydrology of alluvial deposits

along the Ohio River in the Henderson area, Kentucky: U. S.

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-91. 

Harvey, E. J., 1956, Geology and ground-water resources of the

Henderson area, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1356, 227 p. 

Maxwell, B. W., and Devaul, R. W., 1962, Availability of ground

water in Union and Henderson Counties, Kentucky: U. S. Geol.

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-28.

Fort Wayne

Area: 670 sq mi. 

Subarea: Alien County. 

Population: 259,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply for the area comes primarily from 

the St. Joseph River with some supplies from both the limestone 

aquifers and the sand and gravel aquifers. Industrial water 

supplies for the area are from both sources.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes is a problem, 

especially during periods of low flow. Except for extreme floods, 

such as the 1913 flood, flooding is not a serious problem in the 

metropolitan area, but there may be considerable flooding of 

low-lying farmlands along the Maumee River to the east of New 

Haven.
GARY HAMMOND EAST CHICAGO 123

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

rt a?

10

Discharge

5

9

1

o

Peak stge discharge 

0

o

"8

3 o

5

^5

C

Flood frequ

5

Means andtremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

10

§

Cross-sect

0

"3 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

<LI

rt 

"3

H

0

CO

a

g

.5 

.2 "a 

 a

0

o

e

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO 

0) "2

H

0

Contents

0

|

infl Surface 

outflow

1

^___

to

8

§ ;

fll i-H

M « 

||

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

IV^

"5

0) t0)

H

0

fa

a

Specific conduct

0

>>

Turbidi

0

S"o 

U

0

8

0

£>

>

Radioac

0

T)

0)

K 

a

0

J3

K 

a

0

x:

U

0

§

0

Chemical

 a

"o

 a

o> j> "3

CO 

CQ

S

0

CQ 

<L>

Chlorid

0

CQ

Nutrien

0

CQ

 -4

C

o

g

g0

U

0

CQ

Hardne

0

,_,

rt 

u i-t

HV

Radioch

0

&a

X

 o

0)

Dissolv

0

CQ

CQ 

rf3>

IL,

0)

8

0

tl

0)

0

Organic

to

IV

Pestici

0

CQ 

CJ 'c

3 § 

V M 

£ >-, 

tJ <» 

&« 

W T3

0

6

0

Biological

U)

P

Colifor

0

0 "> i S

u n

'+4 * "*

(H ttfi

5°

0

Q 

O 

W

0

t,

0)

6

0

Sediment

 i-4

cd 

J-,

Concen

0

0) 

N

CO

ill

Particl

0

<u

0

Current projects:

Time-of-travel studies.

Sediment yield of Indiana streams.

References:

Deutsch, Morris, and Wallace, J. C., 1966, Six illustrations 

showing water-resources information on Maumee River 

basin, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan: U. S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept.

Gary-Hammond-East Chicago

Area: 939 sq mi.

Subarea: Lake and Porter Counties.

Population: 596,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water for municipal and industrial use is obtained from Lake 

Michigan and from unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers. The 

area has an adequate water supply for the foreseeable future.
124 INDIANA

The major problems of the area are contamination of Lake 

Michigan and of the water-table parts of the sand and gravel 

aquifers and flood damage along the Kankakee River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

bo cd

16

Discharge

10

1

1

0

Peak stge discharge 

0

o

"cd 

T3 

O

E

10

o"

£

cr

 o 

o 

o

E

10

o

Means andtremes o

10

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

cd 

01

Drainager

15

§

"5 

<a

10 

10

o 

U

0

04 

0 H>

Coefficient roughnes

0

<u

i* 

"o

S 

H

0

10

a

S

.5_cd "a

TJ

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

T3 

H

0

Contents

0

,

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

10

c

§

O

fli i t

rf > 

cd ^ ^

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

3

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

2

o1

a

2

0

S

1

Radioactivity

1

2

o> 

a

2

E 

a

2

W

0

6

0

Chemical

at

T3

Dissolved sol

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

3

Common ins

3

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

1

bo

Dissolved oxy

3

M

tOcd CUD

o>

6

0

D

S

3

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

3

6

1

Biological

Coliforms

3

Other micro-organisms

3

Q 

8

3

1

0

Sediment

Concentration

3

Particle size

0

fe 

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Daniels, W. S., and Hale, M. D., 1958, Floods of October 1954 in

the Chicago area, Illinois and Indiana: U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1370-B, p. 107-200. 

Rosenshein, J. S., 1961, Ground-water resources of northwestern

Indiana, preliminary report Lake County: Indiana Div. Water

Resources Bull. 10, 229 p. 

 1963, Recharge rates of principal aquifers in Lake County,

Indiana: Ground Water, v. 1, no. 4, p. 13 20. 

Rosenshein, J. S., and Hunn, J. D., 1968, Geohydrology and

ground-water potential of Lake County, Indiana: Indiana Div.

Water Resources Bull, [in press].
INDIANA 125

Indianapolis

Area: 3,182 sq mi.

Subarea: Marion, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson,

Morgan, Shelby, and Boone Counties. 

Population: 984,000.

Hydrologic background:

The principal municipal and industrial supply for the area 

comes from the White River and Cicero and Fall Creeks. Additional supply is obtained from extensive sand, gravel, and limestone aquifers underlying the White River valley.

Present studies indicate the water supply to be adequate, 

with only stream pollution posing any serious problem. Although 

only Eagle Creek is controlled in the area, only minor local 

flooding occurs for any except high recurrence-interval floods.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

cu

sr

29

Discharg

23

S

C

S

13

o

a. &

Peak stag 

dischar 

3

g

1

fa

20

^

u

c

V

g.

VA o

o

1

19

 o y

Means atremes

23

Runoff

23

Supplementary data

"8

Ground w station

0

n)

cu

n)

Drainage

42

§

*> u

cu to

CO

to

o

3

X-.

., (0

Coefficiei roughn

2

cu

2

 s

V

6

to

a

n)

e

.5n) "a 

o

0

B

Precipita

2

to

V o

0

Contents

0

g

5Surface iioutflow

0

^

<n

1

g

u

<U i i

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

cu u

Temperatu

0

cu

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

0

U

0

o

S

0

£

Radioactiv

0

2

V

S 

ac

a

0

I

E 

a

0

W

0

cu

S

0

Chemical

 o

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

o

Radiochem

0

c

V

8X

Dissolved <

0

to

V

to

a) 

U)

V

0

V

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

cu 

§

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

Other mic organisn

0

Q

a

0

cu

§

0

Sediment

.2

Concentrat

0

cu

N

Particle s

0

cu

0
126 INDIANA

Current projects:

Evaporation losses from lakes in Indiana.

Time-of-travel studies.

Wabash River basin comprehensive study.

Water resources of the upper White River basin, Indiana.

References:

McGuinness, C. L., 1943, Ground-water resources of the

Indianapolis area, Marion County, Indiana: Indianapolis,

Indiana Dept. Conserv., Div. Geology, 2 p. 

Roberts, C. M., Widman, L. E., and Brown, P. N., 1955, Water

resources of the Indianapolis area, Indiana: U. S. Geol.

Survey Circ. 336, 45 p.

Lafayette-West Lafayette

Area: 501 sq mi.

Subarea: Tippecanoe County.

Population: 96,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from sand and gravel aquifers. Water supply is not a problem in 

the area at this time as there is additional water available in the 

sand and gravel deposits and from the Wabash River, which to 

date has not been used for water supply in this area.

Except for extreme floods, such as the 1913 flood, flooding 

is not a serious problem in urban areas, but there may be considerable flooding of low-lying farmlands.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

1

4

0)

Discharg

3

o 

C

S

1

o

** oo

Peak sta| 

dischar 

0

o

 o

_o

3

^

01

cr

0)

o

E

3

QJ V,

"O

Means atremes

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

L,

0)

m

Ground w station

0

A)

0) 

t.

0}

Drainage

5

§

o

Cross- se

0

<« 

o w

Coefficiel roughn

0

0)

L,

d)

S

H

0

n

O. A

a

.yn) "D.

 o

o 

o

e

0

o

5

Precipita

0

n

 S

H

0

Contents

0

o

9

Surface Loutflow

0

.^

n

!§

oj <-* 

<3 j>

e

0

Siltation

0
MUNCIE 127

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

<u

In

Temperatu

0

<u

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

'o 

U

0

0

5

0

£>

Radioactivi

0

2 

^

X 

a

0

3m

X 

a

0

w

0

fc.

0)

8

0

Chemical

U)

T3

0

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to 

c

Common io

0

Hardness

0

(_) m 

u

Radiochem

0

tin

X

Dissolved c

0

in

V

m 

t*

0)

8

0

<u

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

<u

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o S

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O

0

D

8

0

Sediment

§

Concentrat

0

<u

N

Particle s

0

<u

S

0

Current projects:

Time-of-travel studies.

Wabash River basin comprehensive study.

References:

Rosenshein, J. S., and Cosner, O. J., 1956, Ground-water 

resources of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, Appendix Basic 

data: Indiana Div. Water Resources Bull. 8, 67 p.

 1959, Hydrologic interrelation of ground and surface waters 

at Lafayette, Indiana: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 51, 

no. 4, p. 503-510.

Muncie

Area: 398 sq mi.

Subarea: Delaware County.

Population: 117,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the White River, Prairie Creek Reservoir (an impoundment 

on an upstream White River tributary), glaciofluvial sand and 

gravel aquifers, and the upper 100 feet of dolomite of Silurian 

age. Buck Creek was used for municipal supply before completion of Prairie Creek Reservoir. Water of sufficient quantity and 

quality is available with proper development in the streams and 

in the aquifers for expected increases in the foreseeable future.

Several areas adjacent to the White River are subject to 

flooding during extreme high water. Levee and channel work has 

decreased the flood problem along various reaches of the channel.
128 INDIANA

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M

«

3

Discharge

3

1

1

L.

0

Peak stge discharge

0

S

13

 a 

1

E

3

^

o

o

IT 

L. 

T3 

8

3

mMeans and(tremes ol

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

m

Ground wat(

station

0

a

o

Drainage ar

4

c

Cross- sect]

0

«w

O rft

Coefficient roughness

0

"01

^

L!

*0

1

1

in

O,

rt

E

S

"a

 a

o

0

0

Precipitatic

0

M

H

0

Contents

0

»

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^__

0}

c

§o

1) t-H

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

fe "o 

U

0

o

3

0

Radioactivity

0

 a"a!

E 

a

0

I

E 

a

0

W

0

L,

8

0

Chemical

in a

^

Dissolved so

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ion

0

Hardness

0

^

rt

Radiochemic

0

c

un

Dissolved ox

0

in

in 

rt txo

LI

8

0

u

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

L,

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

.

Other micro organisms

0

Q

O

m

0

<u

8

0

Sediment

c

Concentratio

0

Particle sizt

0

L! 

4>

8

0

Current projects:

Time-of-travel studies.

Wabash River basin comprehensive study.

Upper White River basin.

References:

Hoggatt, R. E., Hunn, J. D., and Steen, W. J., 1968, Water

resources of Delaware County, Indiana: Indiana Div. Water 

Resources Bull, [in press].

South Bend

Area: 911 sq. mi.

Subarea: St. Joseph and Marshall Counties.

Population: 270,000.

Hydro logic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained from 

sand and gravel aquifers, which can supply more than enough
SOUTH BEND 129

water for the foreseeable future. The St. Joseph, Kankakee, 

Yellow, and Tippecanoe Rivers are additional potential sources 

of water. The major problem of the area is contamination of 

the water-table part of sand and gravel aquifers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<D 

BO

a

8

Discharge

2

o 

C

£

1

0

Peak stage discharge 

0

o

13 LI

3 a

2

^

<D

CT

<D

 O 

O 

£

1

<L ^^

and Meanstremes o

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

Li 

<u

Ground wat 

station

0

a

Drainage ai

9

o

Cross-sect

0

*S to

Coefficient roughnes

0

<D

Li

"3

1

H

0

co

a

a

.S

ct

 a 

o 

o

e

0

c

Precipitatic

0

co

V o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

co

<D

§ 

0

D >-< BO « c *

rt j

u

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperatu

0

<D

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

LI

"o 

U

0

Ll o

3

0

£

Radioactiv

0

 3

<u

(1-4

K 

a

0

3 

43

K 

a

0

w

0

Li tb

5

0

Chemical

01

Tl

^

O 

rn

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

S

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

i_t

ai

u

Radiochem

0

5

X

n

Dissolved

0

<n

co

01BO

Li <D

S

0

<L>

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Li

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Pr

Other miciorganisr

0

Q 

O

PQ

0

LI

S

0

Sediment

|

Concentral

0

N

Particle s

0

Li

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Hunn, J. D., and Rosenshein, J. S., 1968, Geohydrology and

ground-water potential of St. Joseph County, Indiana: Indiana 

Div. Water Resources Bull, [in press].

Klaer, F. H., Jr., and Stallman, R. W., 1948, Ground-water 

resources of St. Joseph County, Indiana, Part 1, South Bend 

area: Indiana Div. Water Resources Bull. 3, 177 p.

Rosenshein, J. S., and Hunn, J. D., 1962, Ground-water resources 

of northwestern Indiana, preliminary report St Joseph 

County: Indiana Div. Water Resources Bull. 15, 318 p.
130 INDIANA

Terre Haute

Area: 1,499 sq mi.

Subarea: Vigo, Clay, Sullivan, and Vermillion Counties.

Population: 167,000.

Hydrologic background:

The largest user in this area, Terre Haute, obtains most of 

its water from the Wabash River; except at extreme low flow the 

supply for Terre Haute is supplemented by ground water because 

of a taste problem. All other municipal and industrial supplies 

are from sand and gravel aquifers except for that used in the 

steam generation of power from the Wabash River.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes during periods 

of low flow and the encroachment of saline water on fresh 

ground-water supplies are major problems. Flooding is a 

problem, especially in the West Terre Haute area and low-lying 

farmlands.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

bo 

a

10

Discharge

9

o

C

S

4

o

Peak stge discharge 

0

o

"3

(H

3 

T3

O

E

9

^

0)

3

cr

01 

(H (4-1

T3 

O 

O

E

9

S

Means andtremes o:

9

Runoff

9

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat 

station

0

n) 01

Drainage ar

14

§

Cross-sect

0

*O m

Coefficient roughnes

0

01

a

(H

(M

o

01

6

H

0

in

D.

e

.s

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

01 

01 a 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

10

c

SU

OJ ^H

c ^ 

cu 1> 

£ 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01 

(H

Temperatu

0

01

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

(H

'o 

U

0

(H

O

s

0

>.

Radioactiv

0

2

K

D.

0

1

a

0

U

0

(H

5

0

Chemical

01

T3

'o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

10

c

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

(

n) 

o

Radiochem

0

X

Dissolved

0

01

01 

01

a bo

(H01

6

0

(H

01

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o J2

(H DO 0; U

JS O

5

0

Q 

0 CQ

0

01

§

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

0

01 

N

Particle si

0

(H

8

0
TERRE HAUTE 131

Current projects:

Time-of-travel studies.

Wabash River basin comprehensive study.

References:

Cable, L. W., Watkins, F. A., Jr., and Robison, T. M., 1964, 

Hydrogeology of the principal aquifers in Vigo and Clay 

Counties, Indiana: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 57 p.

Watkins, F. A., Jr., and Jordan, D. G., 1963, Ground-water

resources of west-central Indiana, preliminary report Vigo 

County: Indiana Div. Water Resources Bull. 17, 358 p.
IOWA

There are five Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Towa. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of these 

areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Bennion, V. R., 1956, Surface water resources of Iowa, October 1,

1950, to September 30, 1955: Iowa Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Bull. 6, 405 p. 

Crawford, L. C., 1942, Summaries of yearly and flood flow

relating to Iowa streams, 1873 1940: Iowa Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Bull. 1, 58 p.

 1944, Surface water resources of Iowa for the period

October 1, 1940, to September 30, 1942: Iowa Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Bull. 2, 217 p. 

Iowa Geological Survey, 1955, Quality of surface waters of Iowa,

1886-1954: Iowa Geol. Survey Water-Supply Bull. 5, 351 p. 

Iowa State Planning Board, 1935, Streamflows of Iowa, 1873-1932:

Des Moines, Towa State Plan. Board, 567 p. 

Larimer, O. J., 1957, Drainage areas of Iowa streams: Iowa

Highway Research Board Bull. 7. 

Matthai, H. F., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 6 B, Missouri River basin below Sioux

City, Iowa: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1680

[in press]. 

Mummey, Samuel, Jr., 1953, Surface water resources of Iowa,

October 1, 1942, to September 30, 1950: Iowa Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Bull. 3, 583 p. 

Myers, R. E., 1963, Surface water resources of Iowa, October 1,

1955, to September 30, 1960: Iowa Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Bull. 8, 526 p. 

Patterson, J. L., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 6 A, Missouri River basin above Sioux

City, Towa: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1679,

471 p.

 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States,

Part 5, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basin: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1678 [in press]. 

Saboe, C. W., 1966, Summer base-flow recession curves for Iowa

streams: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 27 p. 

Schwob, H. H., 1958, Low-flow characteristics of Iowa streams:

Iowa Nat. Resources Council Bull. 9, 111 p.

 1966a, Magnitude and frequency of Iowa floods: Towa 

Highway Research Board Bull. 28, pt. 1, 47 p.

 1966b, Magnitude and frequency of Towa floods: Iowa

Highway Research Board Bull. 28, pt. 2, 376 p.

'Davenport, Iowa, see Illinois.

132
CEDAR RAPIDS 133

Data for each SMSA are listed below, 

mat ion contact:

For additional inforDistrict Chief

Water Resources Division 

U. S. Geological Survey 

508 Hydraulics Laboratory 

Iowa City, Iowa 52240

Cedar Rapids

Area: 713 sq mi. 

Subarea: Linn County. 

Population: 148,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply is obtained from 14 wells 

finished in the Cedar River alluvium at depths up to 90 feet. 

Most commercial and industrial supplies are from the Silurian 

aquifer at a depth of about 400 feet. Some industrial supplies 

are obtained from the Jordan aquifer at a depth of 1,500 feet.

Principal water problems include: flooding by the Cedar 

River and Prairie, Indian, and Squaw Creeks; urban and suburban 

encroachment on the flood plains of above creeks; disposal of 

municipal and industrial wastes; and gradual areal recession of 

water levels in Silurian aquifer.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

60 

fll

2

Discharg

1

C

5

6

o

Peak stag 

dischar 

1

s

t, 

 o

1

^

V

tr

4)

 o

O

1

o

T3

Means atremes

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

"S

Ground w station

0

4>

a

Drainage

9

§

u

Cross- se

1

*o

-M CO

Coefficiel roughn

0

>

(tf

"8

4)

H

0

s&

g

.5

Flood pla

0

c

Precipita

0 .

CO

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

,

*

5Surface ii

outflow

0

^

CO

g

S

ii3 <D

6

0

Siltation

0
134 IOWA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(H

Temperatu

0

<a

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "o 

u

0

o

3

0

£'

Radioactiv

0

2

33 

a

0

K 

a

0

W

0

t,

5

0

Chemical

in

T3

,_,

O

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

c

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

,_,

rt

o

Radiochem

0

c

ui ^

X

Dissolved <

0

01

n) W)

(H

5

0

(H 

JC

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

r

Sc .as a'S

(H W) 

1> (H

43 0

6

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

1

0

Sediment

g

.0

Concentral

0

N

Particle s

0

<u

6

0

Current projects:

Geology and ground-water resources of Linn County, Iowa. 

Flood profiles and flood-plain information, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Flood profiles and flood-plain information, Linn County, Iowa.

References:

Anderson, D. B., and Burmeister, I. L., 1968, Floods of

March May 1965 in upper Mississippi River basin: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1850 A [in press]. 

Schwob, H. H., 1963, Cedar River basin floods: Iowa Highway

Research Board Bull. 27, 57 p. 

 1967, Floods on Otter Creek in Linn County, Iowa: U. S.

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 22 p. 

Yost, I. D., 1958, Floods of June 1954 in Iowa: U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1370-A, p. 1-106.

Des Moines

Area: 594 sq mi. 

Subarea: Polk County. 

Population: 271,000.

Hydrologic background:

Des Moines lies at the junction of the Raccoon and Des Moines 

Rivers. The public water supply is obtained from the Raccoon 

River and from infiltration galleries on the flood plain of 

Raccoon River. The water is treated by softening and filtering.

Principal water problems include: flooding by the two main 

rivers and Walnut, Fourmile, and Beaver Creeks; encroachment 

on the flood plains of these streams and disposal of municipal 

and industrial wastes, a problem aggravated by the very low
*! H g 0 > £1 2 0

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l-l

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Stage

Discharge

Low flow

Peak stage or 

 discharge

Flow duration

Flood frequency

Means and extremes of flow

Runoff

Ground water 

station

Drainage area

Cross-section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain maps

Precipitation

Tides

Contents

Surface inflowoutflow

Change contents/ 

level

Siltation

H3(D

tna

s. Pw

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SIOUX CITY, IOWA NEBRASKA 137

References:

Anderson, D. B., and Burmeister, I. L., 1968, Floods of

March May 1965 in upper Mississippi River basin: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1850 A [in press]. 

U. S. Geological Survey, 1955, Floods of 1952 in the basins of the

upper Mississippi River and Red River of the North: U. S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1260-C, p. 303-529.

Sioux City, Iowa-Nebraska

Area: 1,126 sq mi.

Subarea: Woodbury County, Iowa; Dakota County, Nebr.

Population: 114,000.

Hydrologic background:

This metropolitan area straddles the Missouri River. The 

Big Sioux and Floyd Rivers and Perry Creek join the Missouri in 

Sioux City. The public water supply is obtained from wells 

completed at depths ranging from 261 to 450 feet in the Dakota 

Sandstone. The raw water is very hard and contains objectionable concentrations of iron and sulfate.

Flooding by the three tributary streams, all of which transport 

heavy sediment loads at high flows, is the principal surface-water 

problem. Concentration of meat packing and food processing 

industries in the area poses special waste-treatment problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

ra

16

Discharge

6

G

6

^

o

Peak stge discharge

2

o

"S 

 o

J3

4

^

o

OJ

aV 

«h

 o

O

o

E

4

OJ c_

Means andtremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

D

Ground wat

station

0

n)

OJ

Drainagei

14

§

Cross-sect

4

0 co

Coefficient roughnes

0

 jj

St,

"3

0)

6 

H

0

01

a

ri

g

.sri 'a

73

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatu

0

01

IV o

0

Contents

0

j

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

01

S

§U

c3 Q) 

U

0

Silt ion at

0
138 IOWA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

3

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

J5

6

0

0

5

0

Radioactivity

0

2 

ac

O.

0

id

K 

a

0

a

0

11

5

0

Chemical

U]

U

Dissolved soi

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

G

hi)

Dissolved oxy

0

in

11 

U]

id bo

11

6

0

(U

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(U

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

0

(U

5

0

Sediment

Concentration

3

Particle size

3

5

3

Current projects:

None.

References:

U. S. Geological Survey, 1955a, Floods of April 1952 in the

Missouri River basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1260-B, p. 49-302

 1955b, Floods of June 1953 in northwestern Iowa: U. S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1320-A, p. 1-106.

Waterloo

Area: 567 sq mi.

Subarea: Black Hawk County.

Population: 124,000.

Hydrologic background:

Waterloo and its companion city, Cedar Falls, are situated on 

the Cedar River less than 20 miles downstream from the junction of the Cedar, West Fork Cedar, and Shell Rock Rivers. 

Beaver and Blackhawk Creeks enter the Cedar about 10 miles 

upstream of, and in, Waterloo, respectively. Municipal and 

industrial water supplies are obtained from carbonate bedrock 

aquifers at depths up to 300 feet and from the alluvium along 

Cedar River. Water quality and quantity are exceptionally good 

from the carbonate aquifer.

Principal water problems are flooding from the Cedar River 

and tributaries and the disposal of municipal and industrial 

wastes. Iron bacteria problems exist in some alluvial wells.
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ffi " " O CTQ' C "^

oooooo

'oooooooooooo0o0o00ooooo

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

O
KANSAS

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Kansas. Hydrologic data and information for all these areas 

are contained in the following statewide reports:

Collins, D. L., 1965, A general classification of sources of fluvial 

sediments in Kansas: Kansas Water Resources Board Bull. 8, 

21 p.

Ellis, D. W., and Edelen, G. W., Jr., 1960, Kansas streamflow 

characteristics, Part 3, Flood frequency: Kansas Water Resources Board Tech. Rept. 3, 221 p.

Furness, L. W., 1959, Kansas streamflow characteristics, Part 1, 

Flow duration: Kansas Water Resources Board Tech. Rept. 1, 

213 p.

 1960, Kansas streamflow characteristics, Part 2, Lowflow 

frequency: Kansas Water Resources Board Tech. Rept. 2, 179 p.

Furness, L. W., Burnes, C. V., and Busby, M. W., 1964, Kansas 

streamflow characteristics,Part 5, Storage requirements to 

control high flow: Kansas Water Resources Board Tech. Rept. 5, 

169 p.

Kansas Division of Sanitation, 1960, Chemical quality of surface 

waters in Kansas, 1957 1960: Topeka, Kansas, Board Health.

Kansas Water Resources Fact-Finding and Research Committee, 

1955a, Water in Kansas, 1955 a report to the Kansas State 

Legislature: Topeka, Kansas State Finance Council, 216 p.

 1955b, Appendix to Water in Kansas, 1955: Topeka, Kansas 

State Finance Council.

Lohr, E. W. and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of public 

water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 2, States west 

of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1300, 462 p.

Mayes, J. L., and Culbertson, D. M., 1964, Chemical quality of 

surface waters in Kansas, 1962 wateryear: Kansas Dept. Health, 

Environmental Health Services Bull. 1 4. 61 p.

Mayes, J. L., and Diaz, A. M., 1965, Chemical quality of surface 

waters in Kansas, 1963 water year: Kansas Dept. Health, Environmental Health Services Bull. 1 8, 67 p.

Mundorff, J. C., 1958, Fluvial sediment in Kansas: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 447 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

110 Lindley Hall 

University of Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas 66044 

140
KANSAS 141

Kansas City, Missouri-Kansas

Area: 2,777 sq mi.

Subarea: Clay, Jackson, Cass, and Platte Counties, Mo.;

Johnson and Wyandotte Counties, Kans. 

Population: 1,183,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal water supplies for Kansas City are taken from the 

Missouri River. Adjacent towns and most industries on or near 

the flood plains of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers use water from 

wells in the alluvium. Water for future development along the 

Kansas and Missouri Rivers in both the rivers and the flood plains 

is abundant.

Problems of flooding are generally local. Areas along the 

Missouri and Kansas Rivers are protected by extensive floodcontrol measures.

Channel depths for Missouri River navigation are maintained by 

releases from upstream impoundments, although sedimentation 

must be counteracted by dredging.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data <

0) 

tuOnf

26

Discharge

10

o

C

S

7

LI 

o

Peak stge discharge 

4

o

"S

LI

 o

£

E

3

o

o- 

<u

 O 

O 

O

E

4

0) <-,

and Means tremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

0)

Ground wat 

station

0

CO 

0)

Drainage ai

18

o

o

0)

co

Ul

co

O

Li 

U

12

*3 co

Coefficient roughnes

0

"3

L.

UH 

O 

OJ

E 

H

0

co

n.

M

E

43 

"a

T3 

0

o

0

Precipitati

1

Ul 

OJ

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

-^.

co

0)

§u 

c ^

5~

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatui

7

Specific 

conductance

3

Turbidity

4

LI o

'o 

0

t.

0

S

1

>»

Radioactivi

3

T3

OJ

i3

E 

a

4

SCO

E 

a

2

j=W

0

Ll

0)

S

0

Chemical

Ul o

"o

Dissolved

9

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

3

Ul

c

Common io

6

Hardness

6

CO

o

Radiochemi

3

0)bo

>»

X

Dissolved o

2

0) 

(0

a <u>

L. 

V

S

0

LI

<L>

6

3

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

3

L, 

OJ

S

3

Biological

Coliforms

4

0 M

Other micorganism

3

Q 

O 

«

2

<u

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

8

OJ

Particle siz

4

L. 

OJ

S

0
142 KANSAS

Current projects:

Geology and ground-water resources of Johnson County, Kansas. 

Ground-water resources of the alluvial deposits in the Kansas 

River valley between Junction City and Kansas City.

References:

Bowie, J. E., and Gann, E. E., 1968, Floods of July 18 23, 1965, 

in northwestern Missouri: Missouri Div. Geol. Survey and 

Water Resources [in press],

Dufford, A. E., 1958, Quaternary geology and ground-water resources of Kansas River valley between Bonner Springs and 

Lawrence, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull, 130, pt. 1 p. 1 96

Fishel, V. C., 1948, Ground-water resources of Kansas City, 

Kansas, area: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 71, 109 p.

Fishel, V. C., Searcy, J. K., and Rainwater, F. H., 1953, Water 

resources of the Kansas City area, Missouri and Kansas: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 273, 52 p.

Follansbee, Robert, and Spiegel, J. B., 1937, Flood on Republican 

and Kansas Rivers, Mayand June 1935: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 796-B, p. 21-52.

Kansas Water Resources Board, 1959, Preliminary appraisal of 

Kansas water problems, Section 3,Kansas Unit: Kansas Water 

Resources Board State Water Plan Studies, pt. A, 193 p.

 1962, Preliminary appraisal -of Kansas water problems, 

Section 10,Missouri Unit: Kansas Water Resources Board State 

Water Plan Studies, pt. A, 109 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1952, Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1139, 239 p.

Topeka

Area: 545 sq mi. 

Subarea: Shawnee County. 

Urban population: 149,000.

Hydrologic Background:

Water supply for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use is 

from the Kansas River and from wells in the alluvium in the 

Kansas valley. Aided by conservation storage in reservoirs upstream, the supply will be adequate for many years, but continued 

increase in population and industry may require extension of pollution abatement programs.

Flood-control reservoirs upstream and local levees and channel 

diversions provide protection in low-lying urban areas against
TOPEKA 143

Kansas River floods. Flooding in residential areas from small 

local streams is a present problem that may increase as the 

amount of paved area increases with urban growth.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

(LI M 

n)

as

7

Types of data

Discharge

3

o

S

2

IH 

O

Peak stage discharge 

2

§

"rt

IH 

%

O

E

0

>>

c

(LI 3

tr <u

£

73 

O 

_O

fc

0

o

* «3

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

L,

Ground wat

station

1

n)

V

Drainager

10

o

Cross- sect

0

"o ,/,

Coefficient roughnes

0

<u

n)

IH

"o 

<ue

H

0

ta

%

E

"rt

"a

73 

0

o

C

0

c

Precipitatio

0

ta<u

73 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

CO

g

1u

(U -~< M «

JS

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

2

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

1

o "o 

U

1

IH 

O

S

0

Radioactivity

1

(LI

a

1

1 

a

1

w

0

IH 

(LI

S

0

Chemical

in

73

soli Dissolved 

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

ions Common 

2

Hardness

2

Radiochemica

1

w>

Dissolved oxy

1

in

(LI

in

n)

(LI

S

0

IH 

(LI

6

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

(LI

S

1

Biological

if Colms or 

1

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

0

1

L,

s

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

1

IH

6

0

Current projects:

Soldier Creek Project.

Ground-water resources of the alluvial deposits in the Kansas 

valley Junction City to Kansas City.

References:

Beck, H. V., 1959, Geology and ground-water resources of Kansas 

River valley between Wamego and Topeka vicinity: Kansas Geol. 

Survey Bull, 135, 88 p.

Davis, S. N., and Carlson, W. A., 1952, Geology and ground-water 

resources of the Kansas River valley between Lawrence and 

Topeka, in 1952 Reports of Studies: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 96, 

pt. 5, p. 201-276.

Kansas Water Resources Board, 1959, Preliminary appraisal of 

Kansas water problems, Section 3, Kansas unit: Kansas Water 

Resources Board State Water Plan Studies, pt. A, 193 p.
144 KANSAS

Langbein, W. B., and others, 1959, Floods at Topeka, Kansas: U.S.

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-14. 

Leeson, E. R., 1958, History of natural flows Kansas River: U.S.

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 5 p. 

Winslow, J. D., and Nuzman, D. E., 1966, Electronic simulation

of ground-water hydrology in the Kansas River valley near

Topeka, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Spec.-Distrib. Publ. 29,

24 p.

Wichita

Area: 2,442 sq mi.

Subarea: Sedgwick and Butler Counties.

Population: 389,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

principally from the"Equus beds" area north of the area and 

from immediately local aquifers. The supply is augmented by 

allocated storage in the Cheney Reservoir. The quantity and 

quality of the existing and potential supply are adequate for the 

future public and industrial requirements for many years.

The generally low topographic relief in much of the urbanized 

area poses problems of flooding from the larger streams and 

from storm drainage. Problems of flooding from the larger 

streams have been largely resolved by a network of levees and 

diversion channels. Local zoning ordinances are successfully 

alleviating storm drainage problems in areas of new development.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u

EuO 

n)

55

10

Discharge

6

 s

I

1

fc. 

O

Peak stage discharge

3

o

"rt

73 

£

0

^J

o

<T

73 

O 

_O

0

Means and tremes o:

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

tGround wat

station

0

n)

O)

Drainage ar

13

o

Cross-sect

0

Coefficient roughnes

0

"a!

n) 

"o

O)

£ 

H

0

U]

n,

n)

g

.5 n) "a

73

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

3

01

73

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

1

-^

in

<u

o

U

c > 

U

0

Silt ion at

0
WICHITA 145

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

10

Specific 

conductance

10

Turbidity

1

L,

"o 

U

0

Ll

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

K 

o.

1

3ri

K 

O.

9

.c W

0

5

0

Chemical

in

73

Dissolved soi

10

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

10

ssaupjujjj

10

Radiochemica

0

hn

Dissolved oxy

0

Cfl <v in

L!

S

0

S

i

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

S

0

Biological

Conforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

0

L!

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

2

<u

6

0

Current projects:

Effect of urbanization on flood runoff, Wichita area. 

Geology and ground-water resources of Butler County. 

Chemical quality of water in the South Fork Ninnescah River 

basin, Kansas.

References:

Albert, C. D., 1964, Brine in surface water of the Little Arkansas

River basin, Kansas: Kansas Dept. Health, Environmental

Health Services Bull. 1-5, 15 p. 

Albert, C. D., and Stramel, G. J., 1966, Fluvial sediment in the

Little Arkansas River basin, Kansas: U.S.Geol. Survey Water -

Supply Paper 1798-B, p. B1-B30. 

Ellis, D. W., 1963, Floods at Wichita, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-63. 

James, I. C., II, 1967, Flood runoff from partially urbanized areas,

Wichita, Kansas, Report 1, Analysis of initial conditions: U.S.

Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Lane, C. W., and Miller, D. C., 1965, Geohydrology of Sedgwick

County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 176, 100 p. 

Lane, C. W., Reavis, E. L., and Stramel, G. J., 1962, Emergency

water supplies in the Wichita area, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-58. 

Petri, L. W., and Lane, C. W., and Furness, L. W., 1964, Water

resources of the Wichita area, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1499 1, p. 11 169. 

Stramel, G. J., 1956,Progress report on the ground-water hydrology

of the Equus beds area, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 119,

pt. 1, p. 1-59. 

 1966, Progress report on the ground-water hydrology of

the "Equus-beds" area, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 187,

pt. 2, 27 p.
146 KANSAS

Williams, C. C., and Lohman, S. W., 1949, Geology and groundwater resources of a part of south-central Kansas, with special 

reference to the Wichita municipal water supply: Kansas Geol. 

Survey Bull. 79, 455 p.
KENTUCKY*

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Kentucky. Hydrologic data and information for both areas are 

contained in the following statewide and areal reports:

Beaber, H. C., and Rostvedt, J. O., 1965, Floods of March 1964 

along the Ohio River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1840-A, p. A1-A158.

Kulp, W. K., and Hopkins, H. T., 1960, Public and industrial water 

supplies of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 4, 162 p.

McCabe, John A., 1962, Floods in Kentucky, magnitude and frequency: Kentucky Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 9, 196 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of groundwater in Bullitt, Jefferson, and Oldham Counties, Kentucky: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-22.

 1961, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Blue 

Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1533, 39 p.

Spear, Paul K., and Gamble, Charles R., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 3 A, Ohio River basin 

except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1938, Floods of Ohio and Mississippi 

Rivers, January February 1937, with a section on Flood deposits 

of the Ohio River, January February 1937, by Mansfield, G. R.: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 838, 746 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Room 310, Center Building 

522 West Jefferson Street 

Louisville, Ky. 40202

Lexington

Area: 280 sq mi.

Subarea: Fayette County, Ky.

Population: 159,000.

Hydrologic Background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the Lexington 

metropolitan area comes from the Kentucky River. Annual withdrawal by the Lexington Water Company for all uses was

* Ashland, Ky.. see. West Virginia. 1 . _
148 KENTUCKY

6.44 billion gallons in 1965. Rural domestic and farm supplies 

are withdrawn from wells and springs in the Middle and Upper 

Ordovician rocks. Future water needs through the year 2000 are 

available for the area from the Kentucky River. However, future 

demands for water upstream and downstream from this area 

beyond the year 2000 may require prorating of water along the 

entire Kentucky River basin.

The major problem of water quality is bacterial rather than 

chemical. Consideration of treatment facilities into larger and 

more modern treatment plants has resulted in longer transit lines 

and distance of travel for untreated sewerage. The increased 

transit time gives a longer incubation period for bacterial growth, 

and the greater distance traveled results in a greater opportunity 

for loss of untreated sewerage through leakage. The concentration of treated effluent in fewer areas may exceed the dilution 

capacity of tributary streams. The problem is basically an engineering problem but requires monitoring of shallow ground-water 

aquifers and streams in the area for extent and intensity of 

pollution.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

tu 

ao 

a

%

2

Discharge

2

^o

<* *

!

0

[_

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

"S 

t.3

73 

|

E

2

>,

o

O>

3 

cr

4) 

[_

73 

O 

O

E

2

£

M d

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

[_

Ground wat

station

0

rt 

OJ

Drainager

2

§

o o> 

to

COm 

O!-,

U

0

*o m

Coefficient roughnes

0

"w

rt 

(* *-»

*o 

o>

 pH

H

0

to 

a

rt

S 

a'a

73 

O

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

CO

O> o

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

ca

g

§

U

0) i-H So s; c > 

a «

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

4> 

fc,

Temperatt

0

4>

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

o

T3

O

0

£

Radioactiv

0

73 

4>

E

Q.

0

3

E

Q.

1

J3

0

4)

8

0

Chemical

tn

73

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

,_,

ni 

o

Radiochem

0

c

on

o

Dissolved

0

CO

CO

rt 

4>

8

0

4>

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

4>

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

P r,

Other mici organisr

0

Q 

O

0

tu

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentrai

0

cu

N

Particle si

0

JS

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Lexington-F'ayette County area, Kentucky.
LOUISVILLE 149

References:

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground-water occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky 

Geol. Survey Bull. 5, ser. 9, 67 p.

Hendrickson, G. E., and Krieger, R. A., 1964, Geochemistry of 

natural waters of the Bluegrass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1700, 135 p.

Hopkins, H. T., 1963, Availability of water resources of the 

Lexington-Fayette County area, Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., 

Lexington Metropolitan Plan. Comm. Lexington and Fayette 

Counties, 16 p.

Louisville

Area: 370 sq mi.

Subarea: Jefferson County, Ky.; Clark and Floyd Counties, Ind.

Population: 771,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Ohio River and from the alluvial aquifer filling the bedrock valley underlying and adjacent to the river. The municipal 

supply for Louisville is entirely from the Ohio River, but a large 

number of industries withdraw ground water from the alluvium. 

The city of Jeffersonville, Ind., obtains its water from shallow 

wells in the Ohio River alluvial aquifer and the supply for the 

city of New Albany, Ind., comes directly from the Ohio River. 

The area is in a region of adequate water supply, and if upstream 

and local pollution can be controlled, future water requirements 

can be met. Louisville anticipates the need for an additional 

river intake and additional treatment facilities by 1980.

Water problems of the area are chiefly those of management 

and are associated with flooding, drainage, and the distribution 

and quality of water supplies. Although extensive floodwalls and 

levees protect most of the urban area, local flooding of unprotected 

areas still takes place. Storm drainage is a problem in some 

areas because of the flatness of the topography. Pollution and 

undesirable chemical quality of water are other problems affecting the optimum development of the water resources, but adequate 

control measures will provide satisfactory solutions.
150

Current data:

KENTUCKY

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M

n!

8

Discharge

6

0

1

o

Peak stge discharge

0

0

"S 

t*

3 o 

S

6

^

D

(T

OJ

 o

0

6

and Meanstremes o

6

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

n) D

Drainage ar

8

§

Cross-sect

2

*O m

Coefficient roughnes

2

a>

n)

"o

S 

H

0

u

0.

E

.5

'a 

 o 

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

3

u 

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

inf] Surface 

outflow

0

^,

w

c

§ 

o

a> r< 

ao SJ

l~ 

U

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperatu

5

Specific 

conductanc

4

Turbidity

1

13 "o

U

1

I* 

o

S

0

>,

Radioactivi

1

2

OJ

S 

a

4

S 

a

4

JS

u

0

OJ

5

0

Chemical

 o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

<a 

c

Common io

5

Hardness

4

 a

o

Radiochem

1

c

00 

X

Dissolved c

1

OJ

tn 

n) 00

S

0

S

1

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

t*

S

1

Biological

Coliforms

1

0 5

Other micorganisnr

1

Q 

O

m

i

S

i

Sediment

o

Concentrat

1

OJ

si Particle 

0

L,

S

0

Current projects:

None, but monitoring of water levels and water quality in heavily 

pumped areas is continuing.

References:

Bell, E. A., 1966, Summary of hydrologic conditions of the Louisville area, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1819-C, p. C1-C36.

Bell, E. A., Kellogg, R. W., and Kulp, W. K., 1963, Progress report on the ground-water resources of the Louisville area, 

Kentucky, 1949-55: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1579, 

49 p.

MacCary, L. M., 1956, Availability of ground water for domestic 

use in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. 

Inv. Atlas HA-8.

Price, W. E., Jr., 1964a, Geology and hydrology of alluvial deposits along the Ohio River between Prospect and southwestern 

Louisville, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas 

HA-130, 2 sheets.

 1964b, Geology and hydrology of alluvial deposits along the 

Ohio River between southwestern Louisville and West Point, 

Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-111,2 sheets.
LOUISVILLE 151

Rorabaugh, M. I., 1946, Ground-water resources of the southwestern part of the Louisville area, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 39 p.

 1949, Progress report on the ground-water resources of 

the Louisville area, Kentucky, 1945-49: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 64 p.

-1956, Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky:

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1360-B, p. 101-169. 

Rorabaugh, M. I., Schrader, F. F., and Laird, L. B., 1953, Water

resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana: U.S.

Geol. Survey Circ. 276, 49 p. 

Whitesides, D. V., and Nichols, Edith S., 1961, Water levels in

observation wells in Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1935 through

1960: Kentucky Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 6, 75 p.
LOUISIANA

There are six Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Louisiana. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Bieber, P. P., and Forbes, M. J., Jr., 1966, Pumpage of water in

Louisiana, 1965: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works

Water Resources Pamph. 20, 8 p. 

Cook, M. F., 1968, Statistical summaries of stream-gaging station

records, Louisiana: Louisiana Dept. Public Works. [In press]. 

Duncan, A. C., 1967, Chemical quality of surface waters of

Louisiana 1959 63, basic records report no. 2: Louisiana Dept.

Public Works, 149 p. 

Kapustka, S. F., 1964, Chemical composition of surface waters of

Louisiana 1943 58: Louisiana Dept. Public Works, 187 p. 

Page, L. V., 1963, Water-supply characteristics of Louisiana

streams: Louisiana Dept. Public Works Tech. Kept, 1, 109 p. 

Patter son, J. L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 636 p. 

 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States,

Part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1682, 506 p. 

Sauer, V. B., 1964, Floods in Louisiana, magnitude and frequency

[2d edition]: Louisiana Dept. Highways, 402 p. 

Smith, R. P., 1964, Floods of April-May 1958 in Louisiana and

adjacent States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1660-A,

p. A1-A149. 

Snider, J. L., and Forbes, M. J., Jr., 1961, Pumpage of water in

Louisiana, 1960: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Louisiana Dept.

Public Works, 6 p. 

Snider, J. L., Winner, M. D., Jr., and Epstein, J. B., 1962, Ground

water for Louisiana's public supplies: Louisiana Dept. Public

Works, 267 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

6554 Florida Boulevard 

Baton Rouge, La. 70806

152
LOUISIANA

Baton Rouge

Area: 462 sq mi.

Subarea: East Baton Rouge Parish.

Population: 255,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water for public supply is withdrawn from aquifers, primarily 

the "1,200-," "1,500-," "2,000-," and "2,400-foot" sands. All industries use ground water, and those industries needing very 

large quantities also withdraw water from the Mississippi River. 

Although some problems have developed, principally lowering 

water levels and salt-water encroachment in aquifers, the local 

and regional supply is adequate to meet the future water requirements of the area. The Amite River basin, which contains large 

quantities of water of excellent quality, is undeveloped.

The flat topography poses drainage problems in the city and 

suburban areas, and the Amite River basin is subject to frequent 

flooding. Sedimentation in drainage canals is also a problem. 

Encroachment of saline water in aquifers is being monitored. Because of natural controls, saline water encroachment is known to 

be a serious problem only in the "600-" and "2,800-foot" sands. 

Although water levels are declining, subsidence has not yet become a problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

CO

8

Discharge

3

S

o

4

t_ 

o

Peak stage discharge

27

o

"cO

S

 o

_o

£

3

>*>

u

c

IT

CIJ

 o

O

^o

£

4

CJ ( ,

and Meanstremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

HI

Ground wat 

station

0

2

Drainage ai

9

§

Cross-sect

5

"3 CO

Coefficient roughnes

0

i, 

"o

HI

H

0

CO

a

e

.5

"a

 o 

o 

£

13

c

Precipitatic

0

enD o

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf.

outflow

0

^.

CO

11

O 0

<u -7; M «> 

|| 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

43

Specific 

conductance

29

Turbidity

0

o "o 

0

25

o

3

0

Radioactivity

0

2"ou 

a

1

2CO

"a

43 0

Other

0

Chemical

CO

Dissolved soi

25

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

25

Common ions

42

Hardness

24

Radiochemical

0

c

Dissolved oxyg

0

CO 

i)

en

CO

(H

6

0

(H

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H

O

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

0

(H

i)

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

§

0
154 LOUISIANA

Current projects:

Flood-inundation mapping, Baton Rouge, La.

Collection of basic ground-water records.

Collection of basic quality-of-water records.

Water resources of Amite and Tickfaw River basins, La.

References:

Calandro, A. J., 1968, Rainfall-runoff relations for southeastern 

Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi: Louisiana Dept. Public 

Works Tech. Rept. 2a. [In press].

Camp, J. D., 1964, Flood of 1962 near Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-126.

Lowe, A. S., 1964, Floods of 1964 near Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 1 p.

Meyer, R. R., and Rollo, J. R., 1965, Salt-water encroachment, 

Baton Rouge area, Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. 

Public Works Water Resources Pamp. 17, 9 p.

Meyer, R. R., and Turcan, A. N., Jr., 1955, Geology and groundwater resources of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1296, 138 p.

Morgan, C. O., 1961, Ground-water conditions in the Baton Rouge 

area, 1954 59, with special reference to increased pumpage: 

Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works Water Resources 

Bull. 2, 78 p.

Morgan, C. O., and Winner, M. D., Jr., 1964, Salt-water encroachment in aquifers of the Baton Rouge area preliminary report 

and proposal: Louisiana Dept. Public Works, 37 p.

Rollo, J. R., Salt-water encroachment in aquifers of the Baton 

Rouge area: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works 

Water Resources Bull. [In press].

Sauer, V. B., 1968, Unit hydrographs for southeastern Louisiana 

and southwestern Mississippi: Louisiana Dept. Public Works 

Tech. Rept. 2b. [In press].

Stewart, M. R., 1967, Time of travel of solutes in Mississippi 

River from Baton Rouge to New Orleans, Louisiana: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-260.

Lafayette

Area: 283 sq mi.

Subarea: Lafayette Parish.

Population: 98,000.
LAFAYETTE 155

Hydrologic background:

Water for municipal and industrial uses is withdrawn from the 

Chicot aquifer, the principal source of ground water in southwestern Louisiana. The Chicot aquifer and the Vermilion River, 

which has considerable potential, can adequately meet the foreseeable water needs of the area.

Sediment and high turbidity create problems in the Vermilion 

River. Because of channel dredging, salt-water intrusion in the 

Vermilion River may also become a problem in the Lafayette 

area. Drainage problems result from the flat terrain and poorly 

developed natural drainage.

Although water levels have declined with increasing development, the rate is not excessive. The principal ground-water problem is the high iron content of the water that requires treatment 

and locally creates production problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u tit 

rt

5

Discharge

0

0

C

0

o

Peak stge discharge

3

c

Q

"rt

Li 

3 

TD

0

E

0

^

o

4)

3

cr

T3

O

_o

0

S

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

0

c

Cross-sect

0

Coefficient roughnes

0

"3

>rt

Li

"o

(U

g

H

0

to 

a

rt

g

.5

?i 

 a

o 

o

0

Precipitatic

0

ID

 a

0

Contents

0

15

Surface infl

outflow

0

ra

c

(U'§

u 

<u -<

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Li

Temperatu

0

<U

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

?J 

U

0

Li

o

S

0

£

Radioactiv

0

o.

0

a

0

w

0

Li 

<U

6

0

Chemical

tn-o

0

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to

c

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

r_1

rt 

o

Radiochem

0

an

%

Dissolved (

0

</> 0) 

to 

rt

Li

<U

6

0

(U

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Li

<U

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 m

Other microrganisn

0

Q

O 

B

0

6

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

<U 

N

Particle s

0

0)

8

0

Current projects:

Collection of basic ground-water records. 

Collection of basic quality-of-water records.
156 LOUISIANA

References:

Harder, A. H., and others, 1967, Effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels and salt-water encroachment in southwestern Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public 

Works Water Resources Bull. 10, 56 p.

Harder, A. H., Whitman, H. M., and Rogers, S. M., 1965, Methane 

in the fresh-water aquifers of southwestern Louisiana and 

theoretical explosion hazards: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. 

Public Works Water Resources Pamph. 14, 22 p.

Jones, P. H., and others, 1956, Water resources of southwestern 

Louisiana: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1364, 460 p.

Turcan, A. N., Jr., and Fader, S. W., 1959, Summary of groundwater conditions in southwestern Louisiana, 1957 and 1958, with 

a discussion of iron in water from the Chicot aquifer: Louisiana 

Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works Water Resources Pamph. 

6, 29 p.

Lake Charles

Area: 1,104 sq mi. 

Subarea: Calcasieu Parish. 

Population: 135,000.

Hydrologic background:

The Lake Charles area obtains its public supply and a significant 

part of its industrial water supply from the Chicot aquifer, principally the "500-foot" sand. Industries withdraw large quantities 

of water from the Calcasieu River. Creation of a salt-water 

barrier in the Calcasieu gives it the potential to supply large 

quantities of water for future industrial needs. Despite waterlevel declines in the Lake Charles area, the Chicot aquifer has 

the potential to meet large additional demands for ground water 

of good quality.

The Calcasieu River causes flooding at extreme high stages, 

and drainage is a problem during periods of storm runoff. Saltwater encroachment in the "700-foot" sand is the principal groundwater problem.
LAKE CHARLES 157

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M

OJ

9

Discharg 5

0

«&

Peak stag 

dischar 

B

"S

^

T3 

O

E

u

0)

tr

T3 

0 

O

E

, 0

^o

Means atremes

Runoff

Supplementary data

t*

Id

Ground w station

0

a

o>

a

Drainage

3

o

u

Cross-se

1

0 ro

*j CO

Coefficie roughn

0

"3

« t*

"o

0>

E

H

0

a

A

-S

,2 "a

"8

o

E

0

c

Precipita

4

to

4) 

TJ

H

2

Contents

0

o

?

Surface iioutflow

0

CO *>

S

Ru

* "aJ 

c ^ 

« ,2J

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)b

3

Tempera

16

V

u

c

Specific conducta

16

Turbidity

0

o

3

11

L. 

O

S

0

Radioact

0

 o

"(5

a

14

1 

a

16

JZ

0

t*

S

0

Chemical

to

T3

"o 

to

0)

"o 

to 

to

S

14

ro

Chloride

2

Nutrients

14

to 

§

Common

16

Hardness

14

OJ

u

E

Radioche

0

X 

0

Tl

Dissolve

8

to

OJ bd

t* <U

6

i

V

0

Organic

Pesticidt

0

Synthetic detergen

0

<o

6

0

Biological

Coliform

0

0 "

t, E

Other miorgan!

0

0 

O

0

1

6

0

Sediment

|

Concentr

0

<o

N

Particle

0

V

0

Current projects:

Flood-inundation mapping, Lake Charles, La. 

Collection of basic ground-water records. 

Collection of basic quality-of-water records.

References:

Harder, A. H., 1960, The geology and ground-water resources of 

Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1488, 102 p.

Harder, A. H., and others, 1967, Effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels and salt-water encroachment in southwestern Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public 

Works Water Resources Bull. 10, 56 p.

Harder, A. H., Whitman, H. M., and Rogers, S. M., 1965, Methane 

in the fresh-water aquifers of southwestern Louisiana and 

theoretical explosion hazards: Louisiana Geol. Survey and 

Dept. Public Works Water Resources Pamph. 14, 22 p.

Hodges, A. L., Jr., Rogers, S. M., and Harder, A. H., 1963, Gas 

and brackish water in fresh-water aquifers, Lake Charles area, 

Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works 

Water Resources Pamph. 13, 35 p.

Jones, P. H., and others, 1956, Water resources of southwestern 

Louisiana: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1364, 460 p.
158 LOUISIANA

Swindel, G. W., and Hodges, A. L., Jr., 1962, Emergency groundwater supplies in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. 

Survey and Dept. Public Works Map, with text.

Whitman, H. M., and Kilburn, Chabot, 1963, Ground-water conditions in southwestern Louisiana, 1961 and 1962, with a discussion 

of the Chicot aquifer in the coastal area: Louisiana Geol. Survey 

and Dept. Public Works Water Resources Pamph. 12, 32 p.

Monroe

Area: 642 sq mi. 

Subarea: Ouachita Parish. 

Population: 112,000.

Hydrologic background:

Public water supplies are obtained from wells in the Sparta 

Sand and from Bayou De Siard and Bayou Bartholomew. Industrial 

supplies are from the Ouachita River and the Sparta Sand. Although additional water supplies can be developed from groundwater sources in the Monroe area, the potential is limited compared to that of the Ouachita River, which has a very large potential, particularly in light of abatement of pollution from oil-field 

wastes.

Although urban areas are protected from overflow from major 

streams, local drainage problems persist. During low flow the 

Ouachita has been subject to contamination from papermill wastes 

and high salinity resulting from influx of oilfield brines. Rapidly 

declining ground-water levels and local increases in chloride in 

deep sands of the Sparta are principal ground-water problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

tM 

n)

6

Discharge

3

_o

0

o

Peak stge discharge

3

o

"3

t, 

3 

73

_O

0

j>^

0)

cr

0)

73

O

1

Means andtremes o

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

n) HI

Drainage ar

1

c

o

Cross-sect

4

0 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

1

>

rt

L.

"o

0)

e

H

0

w

n,

e

.5

rt "a 

n

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

w0) a

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

01

fc

Change conl 

level

0

Silt ion at

0
NEW ORLEANS 159

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

Color

1

fc.

O

S

0

Radioactivity

1

0)

"a

0

3 .2

K 

a

1

Xi

W

0

fc.

0)

S

0

Chemical

en o

Dissolved sol

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

ions Common 

1

Hardness

1

_

Radiochemica

0

tin

Dissolved oxy

0

(0 

4> 

Ul

nt tin

0)

S

0

L,

0)

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

IH

0)

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

m

0

0)

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

L,

0)

8

0

Current projects:

Collection of basic ground-water records. 

Collection of basic quality-of-water records.

References:

Jones, P. H., and Holmes, C. N., 1947, Ground-water conditions 

in the Monroe area, Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey Geol. 

Bull. 24, 47 p.

Rogers, J. E., Calandro, A. J., and Gaydos, M. W., 1968, Water 

resources of Ouachita Parish, Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works [in press].

Rogers, S. M., and Kapustka, S. F., 1964, Quality of surface waters 

near Monroe, Louisiana: Louisiana Dept. Public Works, 53 p.

Speer, P. R., and others, 1966, Low-flow characteristics of 

streams in the Mississippi embayment in southern Arkansas, 

northern Louisiana, and northeastern Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 448-G, p. G1-G40.

New Orleans

Area: 2,026 sq mi.

Subarea: Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and St. Tammany

Parishes. 

Population: 1,027,000.

Hydrologic background:

The New Orleans area obtains its public supplies and the bulk 

of industrial supplies from the Mississippi River. However, large 

quantities of ground water also are pumped by industries, principally from the "700-foot" sand which contains potable water in the 

northern part of the area. Although subject to quality problems, 

the Mississippi River is the largest source of fresh water on this 

continent. Aquifers beneath Lake Pontchartrain, north of the urban
160 LOUISIANA

area, and streams north of the lake have a large undeveloped 

potential. Thus, New Orleans has the water-supply potential to 

meet any foreseeable needs.

The Mississippi River is subject to contamination from industrial wastes, untreated sewage, and intrusion of salty water from 

the Gulf. High sediment concentrations cause treatment problems. 

The local ground-water supply is extensively developed, and this 

fact has resulted in declining water levels and salt-water encroachment that is now stabilized by the distribution of pumping. 

Color of water is a problem in the "700-foot" sand.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

rt

a

31

Discharge

4

5

4

L,

0

Peak stage discharge

10

c

o

3 

T3

E

i

^

c

41

cr

4) 

L.

-a

o

_0

3

w C2

4? 'i

Means andtremes o

1

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

4)

Ground wat

station

0

a

Drainage ai

11

c

.2

Cross-sect

5

<4-l

0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

1

41

>

41

H

0

U)

a

6

.5

"a 

-a 

o

0

E

0

Precipitatit

3

(0

41 

13

H

9

Contents

0

»

0

Surface inf

outflow

0

^_

(C

C

o 

o

01 -H

M J 

||

U

0

Silt ation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

26

Specific 

conductance

8

Turbidity

0

t, 

U

2

t, 

0

s

0

Radioactivity

0

2"3

"a.

2

"3.

23

JS

0

t,

41

6

0

Chemical

U) -a

Dissolved sol

2

Chlorides

7

Nutrients

2

Common ins

23

Hardness

2

Radiochemica

0

4)

nn

Dissolved oxy

2

w

4) 

U) (d 

on

o>

6

0

tn 

0>

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

0

i_ o>

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

0

o>

8

2

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

2

o>

8

0

Current projects:

Collection of basic ground-water records. 

Collection of basic quality-of-water records.

References:

Cardwell, G. T., Forbes, M. J., Jr., and Gaydos, M. W., 1966, 

Progress report on the availability of fresh water, Lake 

Pontchartrain area, Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and 

Dept. Public Works Water Resources Pamph. 18, 24 p.
SHREVEPORT 161

Cardwell, G. T., Forbes, M. J., Jr., and Gaydos, M. W., 1967, Water 

resources of the Lake Pontchartrain area, Louisiana: Louisiana 

Geol. Survey and Dept. Public Works Water Resources Bull. 12, 

105 p.

Cardwell, G. T., Rollo, J. R., and Long, R. A., 1963, Basic

ground-water data for the Mississippi River parishes south of 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Baton Rouge, Louisiana Dept. Public 

Works, 5 p.

Eddards, M. L., Kister, L. R., and Scarcia, Glenn, 1956, Water 

resources of the New Orleans area, Louisiana: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 374, 41 p.

Stewart, M. R., 1967, Time of travel of solutes in Mississippi 

River from Baton Rouge to New Orleans, Louisiana: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-260.

Shreveport

Area: 1,741 sq mi.

Subarea: Bossier and Caddo Parishes.

Population: 289,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply for Shreveport is obtained from 

Cross Lake, Twelvemile Bayou, and Red River. Bossier City 

uses water from the Red River, and other supplies are from 

Caddo Lake and (small local supplies) from ground water. Ground 

water of good quality is not available in large quantities; however, 

large quantities of very hard water are available from the Red 

River alluvial aquifer. Although of variable quality, the Red River 

can furnish the required quantities of water for the area's future 

needs.

During low flow the salinity of Red River water reaches objectionable levels, and turbidity causes treatment problems at most 

stages. Although major streams are well controlled, local drainage problems occur.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

fa M 

rt

26

Discharge

14

I

7

^

o

Peak stage discharge

33

c

o

3 

TJ

O

E

9

X

o

11

cr <u

TJ

o

_o

7

Means and(

tremes o;

10

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

Ground wat(

station

0

nl

Drainage ar

29

§

Cross- sect

11

O ,n

Coefficient roughnes.

1

"ill

^

rt 

*0

6

H

1

(0

a

nl

e

.5

nl "a

TJ

O

o

E

0

Precipitatic

5

01 

TJ

H

0

Contents

'3

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

4

^^

(0

c

u

o

0 

* "aj

U

3

Siltation

1
162 LOUISIANA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Qj 

!H

Temperatu

13

<D

Specific 

conductanc

13

Turbidity

1

o 'o 

U

5

t, 

o

TJ 

O

0

£

Radioactiv

1

 a 

'3

Q,

1

3

rt

I 

a,

10

H

0

L.

6

0

Chemical

U] -o

"o

Dissolved

5

Chlorides

1

Nutrients

5

M

Common ic

14

Hardness

5

rt 

o r-<

Radiochem

1

<u bo

X

n

Dissolved

0

w

M

n) 

uo

6

0

6

1

Organic

esticides FJ

0

Synthetic detergents

1

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

P r

Other miciorganisn

1

Q 

0 

DQ

0

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

1

0, 

N

Particle si

0

6

0

Current projects:

Flood-inundation mapping, Shreveport, La. 

Collection of basic ground-water records. 

Collection of basic quality-of-water records.

References:

Newcome, Roy, Jr., I960, Ground-water resources of the Red 

River Valley alluvium in Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey 

and Dept. Public Works Water Resources Pamph. 7, 21 p.

Page, L. V., and May, H. G., 1964, Water resources of Bossier 

and Caddo Parishes, Louisiana: Louisiana Geol. Survey and 

Dept. Public Works Water Resources Bull. 5, 105 p.
MAINE

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Maine. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Grover, N. C., 1937, The floods of March 1936, Part 1, New England rivers: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 798, 466 p.

Prescott, G. C., Jr., 1963, Reconnaissance of ground-water conditions in Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-T, 

p. T1-T52.

Thomson, M. T., and others, 1964, Historical floods in New England: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M, p. MlM105.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

Vickery-Hill Building

Court Street

Augusta, Maine 04330

Lewiston-Auburn

Area: 478 sq mi.

Subarea: Androscoggin County.

Population: 91,000.

Hydrologic background:

The Androscoggin River runs through the center of this area 

and is the boundary between the cities of Lewiston and Auburn. 

This river supplies much of the water for industrial use and municipal water is obtained from its tributaries or from localized 

aquifers which are generally of glacial origin. Domestic supplies 

in the fringes of the urban areas are obtained from wells in bedrock or shallow unconsolidated aquifers. Ample supplies of water 

are available, although pollution of the main stem of the Androscoggin and the economics of providing good quality water where 

needed are problems.

The area is not subject to flood damage except in extremely 

unusual cases. Rather severe upstream industrial pollution of 

the main river creates esthetic and recreational problems, but 

tributary streams and lakes are usable for most purposes. Large

163
164 MAINE

scale ground-water supplies are generally unavailable except 

possibly where sand and gravel aquifers have good interconnection 

with the rivers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

ao rt

5

Discharge

3

o

C

o

0

o

Peak stge discharge

0

o

3 

73

1

>^

O 

C

Hi

3a1

Hi

<*-(

T3 

O 

O

£

0

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Hi

Drainager

5

o

Cross-sect

3

*0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

"01

rt 

"o

Hi

6

H

0

01

n.

a

e

.5

rt "o.

73

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

U] 

TJ

H

0

Contents

2

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

.^

CO

s

0 

U

4) t-H

i|

XI

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

D

Temperate

0

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "3 

o

0

!_

o

§

0

>> .^j

Radioactiv

0

2

0)

K

Q.

0

2

5

K 

Q.

0

XI

U

0

u

XI

6

0

Chemical

 o

in

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

Common i(

0

Hardness

0

^

rt

Radiochem

0

Wl

>,

X

0

Dissolved

0

to

03

ao 

t, 

u

6

0

Ui <u

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i. <u

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

PS

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O

m

0

u

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentral

0

D

Particle s

0

0)

5

0

Current projects: 

None.

References:

Prescott, G. C., Jr., 1967, Lower Androscoggin River basin area: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Maine Basic-Data Rept. 3, Ground-water 

Ser., open-file rept., 63 p.

 1968, Ground-water favorability areas and surficial geology 

of the lower Androscoggin River basin, Maine: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 285 [in press].

Portland

Area: 855 sq mi.

Subarea: Cumberland County.

Population: 197,000.
PORTLAND 165

Hydrologic background:

The major municipal and industrial water supply for the area 

comes from the Presumpscot River or its tributaries and is 

chiefly withdrawn from Sebago Lake. Localized aquifers of 

glacial origin or bedrock are minor sources of municipal and industrial supplies as well as domestic supplies for homes in the 

fringes of the urban centers. The area is in a region of adequate 

water supply, and the economics of distribution is the major 

problem in future water-supply requirements.

The area is not subject to severe flooding because of good relief. However, since its metropolitan center is located on the 

Atlantic Ocean, some damage occurs from tidal flooding during 

unusually severe northeast storms. Disposal of municipal and 

industrial wastes both inland and into Casco Bay poses a major 

problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

be

CO

4

Discharge

4

o 

G

S

0

%

Peak stage discharge

0

o

Flow durati

1

^

c

3

Li

T3 

O 

_0

£

0

Means andtremes o

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

OJ 

0)

Drainage ar

4

§

Cross- sect

3

"3 tn

Coefficient roughnes

0

CD

Rl 

Li

"o

i

H

0

(0

g.

E

S

Rl "o.

T3

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

(0

CD 

TJ

1

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

to*>

g

1

0

4) i i

=?!

x; " 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

Ll

"o 

U

0

o 

§

0

Radioactivity

0

2

X 

o.

0

1 

a

0 0

0)

S

0

Chemical

to

T3

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

ions Common 

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

c

0) bn

Dissolved oxy

0

in

Rl bo 

LI

S

0

0)

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

<u S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

0

0)

5

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

0)

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.
MARYLAND

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

Maryland. Hydrologic data and information for this area are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

Darling, J. M., 1962, Maryland streamflow characteristics flood 

frequency, low-flow frequency, and flow duration: Maryland 

Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 25, 136 p.

Thomas, J. D., 1966, Chemical-quality reconnaissance of water 

of Maryland streams: Maryland Geol. Survey Kept. Inv. 5, 61 p.

Data for this SMSA are listed below. For further information, 

contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

724 York Road

Towson, Md. 21204

Baltimore

Area: 1,807 sq. mi.

Subarea: Baltimore City and Anne Arundel, Baltimore,

Carroll, and Howard Counties. 

Population: 1,854,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

primarily from Gunpowder Falls and the Patapsco and Susquehanna 

Rivers, with some obtained from wells in crystalline rock and 

coastal-plain aquifers. The area is in a region of adequate water 

supply, and the ability to meet future water requirements is 

generally limited only by distribution problems.

The area lies mainly in a region of rolling topography, and 

floods do not pose a major threat. The principal water problems 

are those of pollution of upland supplies and estuarine areas. 

The problems of erratic yield of wells in the crystalline rocks 

and ground-water contamination by residential septic tanks can 

be resolved by expanded water and sewerage service.

166
BALTIMORE 167

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

rt

4

Discharge

27

o

9

o

Peak stage discharge

15

o

"a

 o 

?

fa

17

^

c <u

u-

<u

is

T3

o 

fa

17

X

4> <w

Means andtremes o

27

Runoff

27

Supplementary data

4)

Ground wat

station

6

ciSi>

Drainagej

35

o

Cross-sect

2

CM

o en

Coefficient roughnes

2

0)

"o

ID 

g

0

n

Q.

E

.5 

"a

TJ

o 

o

E

0

Precipitati

13

en

0) "S

3

Contents

0

0

Surface inf

outflow

0

^

CO

0)

o 

u

4) .-t

ao «

C £ 

rt ^

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatu

0

Specific conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

JO"o 

U

1

o

S

0

*

Radioactivi

0

 a

0)

K 

a

0

3 45

K 

a

1

W

0

4)

6

0

Chemical

en -a

"o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

en

C

Common io

1

Hardness

1

n)

0

Radiochem

0

c <u an

X

Dissolved c

0

0)

en ciS 00

0)

S

0

0)

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 52

Other microrganisrr

0

Q 

O

0

0)

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

2

0)

Particle s

2

0)

§

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Bennett, R. R., and Meyer, R. R., 1952, Geology and groundwater resources of the Baltimore area: Maryland Dept. Geology, 

Mines and Water Resources Bull, 4, 555 p.

Brookhardt, J. W. and Bennion, V. R., 1949, The water resources 

of Anne Arundel County: Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines and 

Water Resources Bull, 5, 149 p.

Dingman, R. J., Ferguson, H. F., and Martin, R. O. R., 1956. The 

water resources of Baltimore and Harford Counties: Maryland 

Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 17, 233 p.

Dingman, R. J., Meyer, Gerald, and Martin, R. O. R., 1954, The 

water resources of Howard and Montgomery Counties: Maryland 

Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 14, 260 p.

Laughlin, C. P., 1966, Records of wells and springs in Baltimore 

County, Maryland: Maryland Geol. Survey Water Resources 

Basic Data Rept. 1, 403 p.
168 MARYLAND

Mack, F. K., and Richardson, C. A., 1962, Ground-water supplies

for industrial and urban development in Anne Arundel County:

Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull, 26,

90 p. 

Meyer, Gerald, and Beall, R. M., 1958, The water resources of

Carroll and Frederick Counties: Maryland Dept. Geology,

Mines and Water Resources Bull. 22, 355 p. 

O'Bryan, Deric, and McAvoy, R. L., 1966, Gunpowder Falls,

Maryland uses of a water resource today and tomorrow: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1815, 90 p. 

Otton, E. G., Martin, R. O. R., and Durum, W. H., 1964, Water

resources of the Baltimore area, Maryland: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1499-F, p. Fl F105.
MASSACHUSETTS

There are -six Metropolitan State Economic Areas (MSEA) in 

Massachusetts. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

or these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Bogart, D. B., I960, Floods of August-October 1955, New England

to North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1420,

854 p. 

Green, A. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 1 A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to

Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1671, 260p., 

Grover, N. C., 1937, The floods of March 1936, Part 1: New England

rivers: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper .798, 466 p. 

Hackett, O. M., 1963, Massachusetts, in McQuinness, C. L., The

role of ground water in the national water situation: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1800, p. 402-411. 

Knox, C. E., and Johnson, C. G., Jr., 1965, Flood-frequency

formulas for Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.,

IP. 

Knox, C. E., and Nordenson, T. J., 1955, Average annual runoff

and precipitation in the New England New York area: U.S.

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 7- 

Paulsen, C. G., and others, 1940, Hurricane floods of September

1938: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 867, 562 p. 

Thomson, M. T., and others, 1964, Historical floods in New

England: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M,

p. M1-M105.

Data for each MSEA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

2300 John F. Kennedy Federal Building 

Boston, Mass. 02203

Boston, Lawrence-Haverhill, and Lowell

Area: 1,782 sq mi.

Subarea: Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, and Norfolk Counties.

Population: 3,205,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water for Boston and 29 surrounding cities and towns is supplied 

by the Metropolitan District Commission, which gets its water

169
170 MASSACHUSETTS

from several reservoirs west of Boston principally Quabbin 

Reservoir in central Massachusetts, which impounds water from 

the Swift and Ware Rivers (tributaries to the Connecticut River), 

and Wachusett and Sudbury Reservoirs in the Merrimack River 

basin. Although this system supplies nearly half of the population 

of the state, no serious water shortages occurred during the 

1961 66 drought. Current plans to increase the capacity of the 

system include possible diversion of high flows from the Connecticut River to Quabbin Reservoir via the Northfield Mountain 

Pumped Storage Project and from Millers River basin (part of 

the Connecticut River system).

Water for Lawrence and Lowell comes from the Merrimack 

River and requires filtration and chemical treatment. Lowell 

has an additional source from two well fields in unconsolidated 

glacial deposits. The Haverhill water supply is from four lakes 

and from one reservoir which impounds water from a small 

tributary to the Merrimack River. Towns in the subarea outside 

of the four metropolitan areas described above generally rely on 

ground-water sources from the unconsolidated glacial deposits. 

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes in the Merrimack 

and Charles Rivers and other streams create pollution problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

bo 

at

24

Discharge

22

o

C

o

4

o

Peak stage discharge 

9

S

13

L, 

O

15

01

§ 

01(-,

-o 

o 

o

fo

6

Means andtremes o

22

Runoff

16

Supplementary data

L,

Ground wat 

station

0

rt

01

Drainage ar

32

§

Cross-sect

30

*O rn

Coefficient roughnes

11

OI

L,

01

 1-4

H

0

co

a

at

e

a

"a

T>

o 

o

0

S

Precipitatic

4

CO

01 "H 

H

0

Contents

0

|

Surface inf

outflow

0

-^

CO "S

go

t) '-C

.c ^ 

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01 

L, 

1

Temper at

6

01

o

Specific conductan

5

Turbidity

1

L,

"o 

u

1

L,

O

s

0

£

Radioacti\

1

"o! 

a

6

33 

a

5

w

0

L,

0)

5

0

Chemical

CO

u

"o

CO

Dissolved

5

Chlorides

2

Nutrients

3

CO

o

Common i

4

Hardness

3

. . ,

at 

u

Radiocherr

0

(i)

bfl

X 

0

Dissolved

1

CO

CO

at

L,

01

§

0

L,

01

6

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

t*

S

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

2p

Other micorganis

1

Q

O

1

L, 

01

6

0

Sediment

c 

o

Concentra

1

01 

N

Particle s

0

o> 

§

0
BROCKTON

Current projects:

Ground-water hydrology of the central Boston area.

Merrimack River tidal study.

Water resources of the Neponset -Weymouth River basins.

References:

Baker, J. A., 1964, Ground-water resources of .the Lowell area, 

Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669 Y, 

p. Y1-Y37.

Baker, J. A., Healy, H. G., and Hackett, O. M., 1964, Geology and 

ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, 

Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1694, 

80 p.

Halberg, H. N.,and Free, H. L., Jr., 1950, Ground-water resources 

of the Greater Boston area, Massachusetts: Boston Soc. Civil 

Engineers Jour., v. 37, no. 2, p. 204-230.

Halberg, H. N., and Roberts, C. M., 1949, Recovery of groundwater supplies by pumping from water-table ponds, Middlesex 

County, Massachusetts: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 30, 

no. 2, p. 283-292.

Perlmutter, N. M., 1962, Ground-water geology and hydrology of 

the Maynard area, Massachusetts with a section on An aquifer test 

in deposits of glacial outwash, by Lusczynski, N. J.: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1539-E, p, E1-E69 [1963].

Sammel, E. A., 1962, Configuration of the bedrock beneath the 

channel of the lower Merrimack River, Massachusetts, in 

Geological Survey research 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

450-D, p. D125-D127.

 1967, Water resources of the Parker and Rowley River 

basins, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas 

HA-247.

Sammel, E. A., Baker, J. A., and Brackley, R. A., 1966, Water 

resources of the Ipswich River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1826, 83 p.

Sammel, E. A., Brackley, R. A., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1964, 

Synopsis of water resources of the Ipswich River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-196.

Brockton

Area: 664 sq mi. 

Subarea: Plymouth County. 

Population: 296,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the city of Brockton and five nearby towns 

comes from one reservoir, which impounds the water of Beaver
172 MASSACHUSETTS

Brook (tributary of the Matfield River), and from a large lake 

(Silver Lake), which is recharged during the winter and spring by 

pumping the overflow from two ponds in the area. The system is 

inadequate, although it carried the area through the recent drought. 

A Central Plymouth County Water District has been formed to 

investigate new sources of water.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes in streams creates 

pollution problems in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

00

a

3

Discharge

3

£

a

0

Li

o

Peak stage discharge 

2

§

"S

Li

 o

_o

0

^

o

D

IT

il 

 o

0

_o

0

D '.

Means and tremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

<u

Ground wat

station

0

nj

Drainage ai

5

c

Cross-sect

5

<u

0 CO

Coefficient roughnes

3

"a;

Li

6

H

0

w

CO

E

.S

43 ".

 o

o

0

0

H

Precipitati

1

01 

(U o 

H

0

Contents

0

1

Surface inf

outflow

0

^_

w

§ 

o

4) *-< 

OJ a/

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) 

Li

Temperatu

3

(U

Specific conductanc

3

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

Li

o

S

0

>»

Radioactiv

0

2"3

K 

a

3

a

3

.

0

Li

S

0

Chemical

 o

"o

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

C

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

., a

Radiochem

0

GUI

Dissolved

0

in

01

a

00 

Li

S

0

Li

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Li

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O

n

0

Li

s

0

Sediment

.2

Concentrat

0

N

Particle s

0

1

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Taunton River basin.

References:

Petersen, R. G., 1962, Records of selected wells, test holes, ponds, 

and streams in the Brockton-Pembroke area, Massachusetts: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 46.

Petersen, R. G., and Shaw, C. E., Jr., 1961, Ground-water favorability map of the Brockton-Pembroke area, Massachusetts: 

Massachusetts Water Resources Comm. Hydrol. Inv. Chart HI 1.
NEW BEDFORD AND FALL RIVER 173

Williams, J. R., and Willey, R. E., 1967, Records of wells, test 

holes, borings, seismic data, municipal water systems, and 

chemical analyses of water in the northern part of the Ten Mile 

andTauntonRiver basins, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 56 p.

New Bedford and Fall River

Area: 556 sq mi. 

Subarea: Bristol County. 

Population: 411,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for New Bedford and two adjacent towns comes 

from Assawompsett, Great Quitticas, Little Quitticas, and Long 

Ponds, all in the Taunton River basin. Fall River gets its supply 

from North and South Watuppa Ponds, which drain to Mount Hope 

Bay, and from a third reservoir, which is used in emergencies. 

Both cities experienced shortages during the recent drought and 

presently are investigating possibilities for additional supplies.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes creates pollution 

problems in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V

CUD

0)

5

Discharge

5

C

S

0

o

Peak stage discharge

4

o

Flow durati

2

o

V

3

cr

 o 

o

0

£

1

and Meanstremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

0

0)

01

Drainager

9

§

Cross-sect

9

*o «,

Coefficient roughnes

5

'3

a

0)

S 

H

0

CO

a

at

.s

at 'a 

 o

8

0

B

Precipitatic

1

01

0) u 

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

CO

s

o 

u

flj r-l So <i> a*2

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

4) 

t,

3

Temperat

0

4)

O

Specific conductan

0

Turbidity

0

o 'o 

U

0

t, 

o

S

0

£*

Radioactn

0

0)

K 

a.

0

a)

X 

a

0

U

0

t,

0)

S

0

Chemical

01

T)

'o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

s

Common i

0

Hardness

0

,_

a 

u

f

Radiochen

0

o/>

X

Dissolved

0

01

01

a

M 

0

0

(Ha)

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

2 S fct E

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O W

0

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

0

Particle s

0

1

0
174 MASSACHUSETTS

Current projects:

Water resources of the Taunton River basin.

References:

Hecht, R. J., and Hackett, O. M., 1958, Reconnaissance of the 

ground-water conditions at Horseneck Beach and Gooseberry 

Neck, Westport, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 30 p.

Maevsky, Anthony, and Drake, J. A., 1963, Records and logs of 

selected wells and test holes and chemical analyses of water in 

southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

55 p.

Shaw, C. E., Jr., and Petersen R. G., 1960, Ground-water conditions in the Mattapoisett River basin, Massachusetts, m Special 

report on ground-water resources in the Mattapoisett River 

valley: Massachusetts Water Resources Comm. Bull, W.R. 1, 

p. 9-25.

Pittsfield

Area: 942 sq mi.

Subarea: Berkshire County.

Population: 144,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the city of Pittsfield comes from six 

reservoirs which impound water from several brooks in the 

Housatonic River basin. Additional sources are under investigation. Supplies for Adams, North Adams, Great Barrington, Williamstown, and smaller towns within the area come from groundand surface-water sources in the Housatonic and Hoosic River 

basins.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes in streams creates 

pollution problems.

Current data;

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u bO ed

%

11

Discharge

11

^o

5

46

0

Peak stage discharge 

5

o

Flow durati

8

>>

z01

0"

01f« 

 o

I

£

5

 i

x &

and Meanstremes o:

11

Runoff

11

Supplementary data

1*

Ground watf

station

0

c«

OJ

Drainage ar

60

§

Cross-sect

16

 K m

Coefficient roughnes

10

"a!

cd 

?

QJ 

£

2

0)

a

a)

g

.5

a) 'a

"8

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

3

wQJ 

TJ

£

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

W »

s

§o

aj i » £> 

« 5 £ u

0

Siltation

0
SPRINGFIELD CHICOPEE HOLYOKE 175

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) i*

Temperatu

0

0)

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

fe "o 

U

0

I,

O

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

 o

0)

DC

Q.

0

"3.

0

XI

W

0

Cl

5

0

Chemical

 O

"o

Dissolved .

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

ca

C

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

^

a

Radiochem

0

60

X

Dissolved (

0

en

(!) 

U)

n)

60

d

e

0

Cl

e

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

L.

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o J2

Other micr organisn

0

Q

Om

0

!-

S

0

Sediment

c

o

Concentrat

0

N

si Particle 

0

L.

5

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Deerfield-Hoosic River basins.

References:

Norvitch, R. F., and Lamb, M. E. S., 1966, Records of selected 

wells, springs, test holes, materials tests, and chemical analyses 

of water in the Housatonic River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 40 p.

Norvitch, R. F., and others, 1968, Hydrology and water resources 

of the Housatonic River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Hydrol, Inv. Atlas HA-281 [in press].

Petersen R. G., and Maevsky, Anthony, 1962, Records and logs of 

selected wells and test holes, records of selected springs, and 

chemical analyses of water in western Massachusetts: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 31 p.

Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke

Area: 1,149 sq mi.

Subarea: Hampden and Hampshire Counties.

Population: 550,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the city of Springfield and five surrounding 

towns comes from Borden Brook and Cobble Mountain Reservoirs, 

which impound the water of Little River (a tributary of the Westfield River), and from Ludlow Reservoir on a small tributary of 

the Chicopee River. Future plans for additional water call for the 

multi-use of Littleville Reservoir, a flood-control reservoir on 

Middle Branch Westfield River, and an investigation into possible 

ground-water sources. Holyoke gets its water from four reservoirs 

and two ponds. Additional sources are being investigated. Under 

an agreement with the Metropolitan District Commission, Chicopee 

receives its water supply from Quabbin Reservoir (see Boston 

MSEA). Northampton, also in the area, gets its water from two 

reservoirs and two wells.
176 MASSACHUSETTS

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes creates pollution 

problems in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) 

00 

nt

20

Discharge

17

J

21

Li

O

Peak stage discharge 

7

g

o

Li

3

73 

0

E

10

^

c

4)

§ 

4)

73 

O 

0

E

10

3

* ^

Means andtremes o:

15

Runoff

15

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

0

0)

Drainage ar

46

§

Cross- sect

22

O «i

Coefficient roughnes

16

4)

>

a

Li u"3

4)

1

1

03

a

g

.S

,2 "3.

73

o

0

c

0

Precipitatic

3

03 

4) 

73

0

Contents

4

 t

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

CD *»tf§u

4) I-H

C £

Si *

u

3

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatur

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

J3 'o 

U

0

Ll 

0

5

0

>>

Radioactivit

0

3

0)

3 

s

a

0

I

K 

a

0

w

0

Ll

0)

6

0

Chemical

01

73

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

03

Common ioi

0

Hardness

0

^

nt 

o

Radiochemi

0

>s >**

X

Dissolved o

0

0) 

01

a

00

LI <u

6

0

0)

§

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

LI

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

n 01

Other micorganism

0

Q

O

n

0

<tt

8

0

Sediment

0

Concentrati

0

0)

Particle siz

0

LI <u

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Cederstrom, D. J., and Hodges, A. L., Jr. 1967, Ground-water

favorability of the Connecticut River basin, New England States:

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-249. 

Jahns, R. H., 1947, Geologic features of the Connecticut Valley,

Massachusetts, as related to recent floods: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 996, 158 p. 

Kammerer, J. C., and Baldwin, H. L., 1962, Water problems in

the Springfield-Holyoke area, Massachusetts: U.S.Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1670, 68 p.
WORCESTER AND FITCHBURG LEOMINSTER 177

Petersen, R. G., 1962, Generalized surficial geology and groundwater favorability map of the Ware-Quaboag-Quinebaug-French 

River basins, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Water Resources 

Comm. Hydrol. Inv. Chart HI-2.

 1964, Ground-water favorability map of the Westfield River 

basin, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Water Resources Comm. 

Hydrol. Inv. Chart HI-3.

Petersen, R. G., and Maevsky, Anthony, 1962, Records and logs of 

selected wells and test holes, records of selected springs, and 

chemical analyses of water in we stern Mas sachu setts: U.S.Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 31 p.

Worcester and Fitchburg-Leominster

Area: 1,516 sq mi. 

Subarea: Worcester County. 

Population: 608,000.

Hydrologic background:

The city of Worcester is served by several reservoirs in the 

Blackstone and Nashua River basins, In an emergency, water can 

be supplied by the Metropolitan District Commission from Wachusett 

Reservoir. An emergency supply was needed during the recent 

drought.

The water supply for Fitchburg comes from five reservoirs and 

two ponds. Leominster uses two reservoirs and one pond and has 

two wells in unconsolidated glacial deposits. Both systems were 

found to be inadequate during the drought, and emergency restrictions were needed.

There are pollution problems related to the disposal of municipal 

and industrial wastes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

(U

a

31

Discharge

31

*

46

t, 

o

Peak stge discharge

8

0

Flow durati

16

>-»

u 

c

(U

IT 

0)

 o

O 

O

6

Means andtremes o

24

Runoff

22

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

0

a

0)

Drainage ar

82

o

Cross-sect

31

Coefficient roughnes

18

>

01

(U

e

H

0

Ul

a.

01

E

S 

rci

 o 

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatic

10

Cfl 

0) 

TD

0

Contents

0

 t

o

inf] Surface 

outflow

0

^_

ra

0)

Change coni 

level

0

Siltation

0
178 MASSACHUSETTS

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

OJ

Temperatu

0

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

IH

"c

u

0

0

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

K 

Q.

0

M-t

Q.

0

w

0

11

6

0

Chemical

at a

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

w

n

Common io

0

Hardness

0

r_i

o

Radiochem

0

c

hf>

x'

Dissolved c

0

OJ w ni bo

OJ

5

0.

S-,

OJ

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

S-,

OJ

s

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 "

Other micorganisrr

0

Q 

0 

PQ

0

cu %

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

OJ

Particle s

0

S-,

OJ

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Collings, M. R., Wiesnet, D. R., and Fleck, W. B., 1968, Water 

resources of the Millers River basin, north-central Massachusetts 

and south-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. 

Inv. Atlas HA-293 [in press].

Petersen, R. B., 1962, Generalized surficial geology and groundwater favorability map of the Ware-Quaboag-Quinebaug-French 

River basins, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Water Resources 

Comm. Hydrol. Inv. Chart HI-3.

Wiesnet, D. R., and Fleck, W. B., 1967, Records of selected wells, 

test holes, borings, public water-supply systems, and chemical 

analyses of water in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 29 p.
MICHIGAN

There are ten Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Michigan. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Knutilla, R. L., 1967, Flow characteristics of Michigan streams:

U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 55 p. 

Twenter, F. R., 1966, General availability of ground water from

bedrock in Michigan: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file map. 

Twenter, F. R., and others, 1966, General availability of ground

water from the glacial deposits in Michigan: U. S. Geol.

Survey open-file map. 

Wiitala, S. W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: U. S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U. S. Geological Survey

700 Capitol Savings and Loan Building

Lansing, Mich. 48933

Ann Arbor

Area: 723 sq mi.

Subarea: Washtenaw County.

Population: 187,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial supply for Ann Arbor is obtained 

from the Huron River and from wells finished in glacial drift 

aquifers. The supplies for the remainder of the county of 

Washtenaw are obtained entirely from wells finished in glacial 

drift aquifers, except for a few wells tapping the Marshall 

Formation in the northeastern part.

Most of the area has considerable relief and good drainage. 

Surface formation consist of moraines and some till plain and 

outwash, although lake beds occur in the southeastern part. 

Underlying bedrock formations yield little water or water of poor 

quality except locally in the western part.

179
180 MICHIGAN

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M 

cd

55

4

Discharge

4

o

a

3

2

t, 

o

Peak stge discharge 

0

o

Flow durati

4

^

o

0)

3

cr

HI 

t,

 o 

o

4

Means andtremes o:

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

t-,

Ground wat< 

station

0

cd

0)

Drainage ar

6

§

"o

0) 

CO

en 

en 

O

t, 

U

6

*o , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

'S

cd

t,

*0

0)

H

0

CO

a

cd

s

.5

cd 'a 

 a

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO

0) 

T3

H

0

Contents

0

5

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

<n

0)

Change conl 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

"Jypes of data

Physical

0)

Temperatui

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

o 'o 

U

0

t, 

o

3

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

T3 "cu

K 

a

0

XI

£ 

a.

0

w

0

t,

u

S

0

Chemical

tn a

'o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

c

Common io

0

Hardness

0

i_l

cd

o

Radiochemi

0

tin

>>

X

Dissolved o

0

0) 

CO

cd M

0)

S

0

0)

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

S

0

Biological

Conforms

0

0 "»

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O 

«

0

^

0)

S

0

Sediment

§

Concentrati

0

<v

Particle sis

0

(H 

<U

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

McGuiness, C. L., Poindexter, O. F., and Otton, E. G., 1949, 

Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1078, 105 p.

Stoimenoff, L. E., 1963, Floods in southeastern Michigan, 

magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

Bay City

Area: 451 sq mi. 

Subarea: Bay County. 

Population: 109,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area is 

obtained from pipelines drawing water from Saginaw Bay and
BAY CITY 181

Lake Huron. The supply is adequate. Ground-water aquifers in 

the area generally yield inadequate supplies of water of poor 

quality.

The area is one of low relief and poor drainage. Surface 

formations consist of clayey and sandy lake beds and some 

water-laid moraines. The underlying bedrock is the Saginaw 

Formation, which in Bay County yields little water of generally 

poor quality.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

be

re

2

Discharge

1

_o

a

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

Flow durati

1

>^

u

4)

Flood frequ

1

Means andtremes ol

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

0

(L)

Drainage ar

1

§

Cross-sect

1

0 , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

 ->

>a

(L)

e

0

Ul

a

rt6

.5

rt 'a

T)

§

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

Ul

(L) 

T3

0

Contents

0

^

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^.

01

C

(L)

O

o

c > 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(L)

Temperatu

2

Specific conductanc

2

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

0

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

2

(L)

E 

a

0

2

oj

a

2

W

0

S-i 

(L)

5

0

Chemical

U)

T)

"o

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

in

C

Common io

2

Hardness

2

_,

rt 

u

Radiochemi

0

tin

X

Dissolved c

2

0) 

U)

ctf be

01

5

0

t,

(L)

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

2

(L)

5

2

Biological

Coliforms

2

0 "1

Other micorganisn"

0

Q 

O CO

2

t,

01 j=

0

Sediment

8

Concentrat

0

V

Particle s

0

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.
182 MICHIGAN

Detroit

Area: 2,005 sq mi.

Subarea: Wayne, Macomb, and Oakland Counties.

Population: 3,987,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial supplies are for the most part 

supplied by the Detroit system which obtains its water from the 

Detroit River. A large intake into Lake Huron is presently 

being built to augment the Detroit River system. Other area 

supplies are obtained from Lake St. Clair and from glacial drift 

deposits. In much of Macomb and Wayne Counties, ground-water 

supplies are inadequate or of poor quality. The bedrock aquifers 

generally yield little water or water of poor quality.

The area in Wayne, Macomb, and southeastern Oakland Counties 

is of low relief consisting mostly of lake plain. Drainage conditions are poor. In northwestern Oakland County, however, there 

is considerable relief. Moraines and scattered outwash deposits 

predominate, and drainage is not generally a problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

^

40

Discharg

34

S

C

S

31

o

»> W

Peak stag 

dischar 

9

§

(H 

T3

_O

33

^

y 

0)

0*

0)

 O 

O

33

T3 °

Means antremes

34

Runoff

34

Supplementary data

(H

"8

Ground wstation

0

a

0)

CO

Drainage

68

o

 8

Cross- se

68

0 w

+j CO

Coefficie roughn

2

0)

"o 

H

0

CO

a

g

.S

,2 "3, 

 o

8

e

0

c

Precipita

1

CO

01 o 

H

0

Contents

1

o

Surface yii

outflow

0

«^

CO

1

g

u

Q) i <

XI ^

U

1

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

47

Specific 

conductance

46

Turbidity

3

(H

"o

U

2

o

5

0

Radioactivity

2

T3

 iH

K 

a

2

I

S 

a

45

x; W

0

(H

(U

s

0

Chemical

(0

T3

soli Dissolved 

47

Chlorides

1

Nutrients

46

Common ins

46

Hardness

46

Radiochemica

2

tin

Dissolved oxy

47

to

<D

to

rt W

0) 

X!

6

0

(H(1)

s

2

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

4

0)

5

48

Biological

Coliforms

47

Other micro- organisms

2

Q

O

47

(H 

0)

5

0

Sediment

Concentration

3

Particle size

0

<u

S

0
FLINT 183

Current projects:

Water resources of Oakland County, Mich. 

Gazetteer of river basins in southeast Michigan.

References:

Ferris, J. G., and others, 1954, Ground-water resources of

southeastern Oakland County, Michigan: Michigan Geol. Survey

Prog. Kept. 16, 158 p. 

Wiitala, S. W., 1961, Some aspects of the effect of urban and

suburban development upon runoff: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept., 28 p. 

Wiitala, S. W., and Ash, A. D., 1962, Floods in Mt. Clemens,

Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 59. 

Wisler, C. O., Stramel, G. J., and Laird, L. B., 1952, Water

resources of the Detroit area, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey

Circ. 183, 36 p.

Flint

Area: 1,311 sq mi.

Subarea: Genessee and Lapeer Counties.

Population: 459,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial supplies for the city of Flint are 

obtained from the Flint River. Other area supplies are obtained 

from wells tapping sandstones of the Saginaw Formation and 

glacial drift deposits. Ground-water supplies are inadequate or 

of poor quality in much of the area. A large pipeline to Lake 

Huron is being constructed by the Detroit system to supply the 

needs of the Flint area.

Moraines, till plains and some outwash deposits are the 

surface formations. In most of the area relief is sufficient for 

good drainage.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

CO

6

Discharge

5

1

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

Flow durati

5

^

o

4>

cT

CU

 u

0

5

X t"

Means andtremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat 

station

0

CO

Drainage ar

6

o

Cross-sect

5

Coefficient roughnes

0

1

CO

4)

6

H

0

Cfl

a

CO

E

.5

CO 'a

 a

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

CO

4) 

TD

H

0

Contents

1

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

CO

c

§o

(U 1 1

if I

J3 ^

u

1

Siltation

0
184 MICHIGAN

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

i,

"o 

U

0

o

8

0

Radioactivity

0

T3 

0)

rc

Q.

0

3a

K

Q.

0

JS

W

0

to>

5

0

Chemical

tfl a

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

c

0) bn

Dissolved oxy

0

CQ 

0) 

(Q 

cU 

bO

0)

5

0

o>

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

o>

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other microorganisms

0

Q 

O

0

0)

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

o>

6

0

Current projects:

Gazetteer of river basins in southeast Michigan Black and 

Belle Rivers.

References:

Wiitala, S. W., and others, 1960, Water resources of the Flint 

area, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499-E, 

86 p.

Grand Rapids

Area: 1,440 sq mi.

Subarea: Kent and Ottawa Counties.

Population: 502,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial supplies are mostly obtained from 

pipelines to Lake Michigan. Some supplies are obtained from 

rivers and inland lakes, from wells finished in glacial-drift 

deposits, from sandstones of the Marshall Formation, and from 

the Ionia Sandstone. Supplies are adequate. The use of Lake 

Michigan water has decreased the dependence of much of the area 

on ground-water sources.

The eastern part of the area is well drained with high relief in 

the form of moraines. The western part, however, is an area of 

low relief consisting mostly of sandy lake plain.
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Temperature

Specific 

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Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

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Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

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Other microorganisms

BOD

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Discharge

Low flow

Peak stage or 

discharge

Flow duration

Flood frequency

Means and extremes of flo

Hunoff

Ground water 

station

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Cross- section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain map

Precipitation

Tides

Contents

Surface inflowoutflow

Change content

level

Siltation
MICHIGAN 187

Kalamazoo

Area: 580 sq mi.

Subarea: Kalamazoo County.

Population: 181,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial supplies in the area are obtained from 

wells finished in the glacial drift and alluvial deposits. In addition, large industrial supplies are also obtained from the Kalamazoo River. Locally, surface recharge ponds contribute significant amounts of water to the aquifers. With proper planning, 

supplies of water should be adequate to meet the needs of the 

area. In the southwestern part of the county, aquifers that can 

yield large quantities of water are as yet untapped.

Industrial waste disposal is somewhat of a problem. Drainage 

is good except in the southeastern part of the county. Surface 

formations consist mostly of outwash materials, with some 

morainal and lake deposits.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V

cfl

3?

9

Discharge

9

o

1

16

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

§

13 

 a 

^o

9

^

u

V

V

 a 

8

E

9

Means andtremes o

9

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

V

Ground wat

station

0

cfl

V

Drainage ai

25

§

Cross- sect

25

"8 01

Coefficient roughnes

2

V

"3

V

e

H

0

SD. cfl g

1"3.

 O 

O 

O

E

0

Precipitati

0

w

4) O

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

^^

at

V

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

o 

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2 '3

K 

a

0

I 

a

0

w

0

V

8

0

Chemical

to a

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

c <u bo

Dissolved oxy

0

to <u 

to 

a bo

L,

6

0

V

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

V

8

0

Biological

Coliforras

0

Other micro-organisms

0

§

0

V

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

o>

N°5

V

1

OH

0

£* 

V

1

0
188 MICHIGAN

Current projects:

Water resources of Kalamazoo County.

References:

Deutsch, Morris, 1962, Controlled induced-re charge tests at

Kalamazoo, Michigan: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54,

no. 2, p. 181-196. 

Deutsch, Morris, and others, 1960, Ground-water hydrology and

glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan: Michigan

Geol. Survey Prog. Kept. 23, 122 p. 

Reed, J. E., and others, 1966, Induced recharge of an artesian

glacial-drift aquifer at Kalamazoo, Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1594-D, p. D1-D62.

Lansing

Area: 1,705 sq mi.

Subarea: Ingham, Clinton, and Eaton Counties.

Population: 336,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area is 

obtained from sandstone beds of the Saginaw Formation and from 

glacial drift deposits. Supplies are adequate, but planning and 

water management is needed to control the declining trend of 

ground-water levels in the central metropolitan area.

Surface formations consist mostly of till plain and morainal 

deposits. Locally, drainage is somewhat of a problem. Disposal 

of municipal and industrial wastes is also a problem during 

low-flow periods.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o> 

bo 

rt

5

Discharg

3

_o 

1

14

o

o»

Peak stag 

dischar 

0

S

-a 

£

E

3

^

c

01

cr

0)

T3 

0 

_O

3

x c

 a °

Means antremes

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

0)

Ground wstation

0

ctl 0>

n)

Drainage

19

§

o

Cross-se

17

0 rn

4-, 10

Coefficie roughn

0

01

0)

*o

01

S

H

0

in

a

6

.5

a) "a

TJ

O 

O

E

0

c

 >-«

Precipita

2

in

01 

t3

H

0

Contents

0

0

f

Surface ioutflow

0

^

10

01

No

d) .-. M «

x; ^ 

u

0

Siltation

0
MUSKEGON MUSKEGON HEIGHTS 189

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

4)

P

Temperal

I

41

U

Specific conductar

0

Turbidity

0

"3 

u

0

I* 

o

S

0

>>

>

Radioacti

0

73 

41

S3 

a

0

1

S3 

a

0

W

0

u

6

0

Chemical

(A

73

"3

Dis solveo

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

(A

S

Common

0

Hardness

0

p-_ ,

tf

y i-ip

Radioche]

0

bo

X

Dis solve

0

(A

41

M

bo

41

S

0

<u

5

0

Organic

tA

Pesticide

0

(A

Synthetic detergent

0

41

6

0

Biological

Coliform

0

o 2

o

s| 

fe£f

£ 0

S

0

Q 

O

0

i<

41

6

0

Sediment

§ f-4

"S

Concentr

0

u

N

Particle

0

41

6

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Tri-County area (Clinton, Eaton, Ingham

Counties), Mich.

Grand River basin comprehensive study. 

Regional draft-storage relationships for the Grand River basin.

References:

Ash, A. D., and others, 1958, Hydrologic studies of small watersheds in agricultural areas of southern Michigan, Report 1, 

Deer-Sloan basin: Michigan Water Resources Comm., 77 p.

Stuart, W. T., 1945, Ground-water resources of the Lansing area, 

Michigan: Michigan Geol. Survey Prog. Rept. 13, 33 p.

Vanlier, K. E., 1962, Summary of ground-water investigations in 

the Elsie area, Michigan: Michigan Geol. Survey Prog. Kept. 

25, 35 p.

Muskegon-Muskegon Heights

Area: 519 sq mi.

Subarea: Muskegon County.

Population: 153,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial supplies are obtained from a pipeline 

to Lake Michigan. Some supplies are obtained from wells finished 

in glacial drift deposits. Supplies are generally adequate although 

water- supply problems exist locally.

Lake beds in the southern part result in poor drainage. However, the sandy outwash deposits in the northern part provide good 

drainage.
190 MICHIGAN

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

Mat

2

Discharge

2

0

C

5

1

.

Peak stage o 

discharge

0

c

Flow duratio

2

^

u

c

Flood freque

2

Means andejoftremes 

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

Ground watei 

station

0

at

Drainage are

3

c

Cross-sectic

3

U-l

Coefficient oroughness

0

T>

Time oftrav

0

en

O.

0)

.5

,2 "H.

 a

0

o

S

0

Precipitatior

0

en 

 a 

H

0

Contents

0

*

Surface inlo 

outflow

0

~^_

CO

c

o 

u

M £ 

C >

n) ^

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

*

Temperatui

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

u 

o

"o 

u

0

u 

o

s

0

5^»

Radioactivi

0

2"a!

I 

a

0

,0)

EC 0.

0

JC

0

5

0

Chemical

en a"~*t

0

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

c

Common io

0

Hardness

0

rt

o

Radiochemi

0

^

^

Dissolved o

0

0) 

CO

at

CIO

5

0

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i-4

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 «!

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O

0

<u

0

Sediment

c

o

Concentrati

0

&>

Particle sis

0

1

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Saginaw

Area: 814 sq mi. 

Subarea: Saginaw County. 

Population: 208,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial supplies are obtained from a pipeline 

to Lake Huron. Some supplies are obtained from wells finished 

in glacial-drift deposits and from wells tapping sandstones of the 

Saginaw Formation. The sandstones, however, generally yield 

water of poor quality.
SAGINAW 191

Drainage is poor because of the low relief of the lake-bed 

deposits covering most of the county.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

Hi 

00 

rt

0

Discharge

0

1 

G

1

0

t, 

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

Id

-o

o 

fe

0

x

o 

c

U

cr

Hi

-o 

8

fc

0

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

t.

Hi

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Hi

Drainagei

0

§

Cross-sect

0

0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

"3

 *-»

tlH 

O

U

6

H

0

to

n, rt

.5 

rt "a.

0

o

E

0

Precipitatic

0

to

0) 

T3

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

~^

to

Hi

§U

U

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

J3 "o 

U

0

t,

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

jo

Hi

tlH

K

Q.

0

rt

K

Q.

0 0

t*

6

0

Chemical

01 o

sol Dissolved 

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

,_,

Radiochemica

0

c

an

Dissolved oxy

0

CO 

<U

to

rt

00 

<U

6

0

t.

Hi

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

41

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O 

03

0

<U

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

o>

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.
MINNESOTA

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Minnesota. Hydrologic data and information for these areas 

are contained in the following statewide reports:

Maderak, M. L., 1963, Quality of waters, Minnesota a compilation, 1955-62: Minnesota Div. Waters Bull. 21, 104 p.

Patterson, James L., and Gamble, Charles R., 1968, Magnitude 

and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 5, Hudson 

Bay and upper Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1678 [in press].

Prior, C. H., and Hess, J. H., 1961, Floods in Minnesota, magnitude and frequency: Minnesota Div. Waters Bull. 12, 142 p.

Straka, G. C., and Miller, W. A., 1963, Graphs of ground-water 

levels in Minnesota, 1957 1961: Minnesota Div. Waters Bull. 

18, 58 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

1002 Post Office Building 

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

Duluth-Superior, Minnesota- Wisconsin

Area: 130 sq mi.

Subarea: St. Louis County, Minn.; Douglas County, Wis.

Population: 267,000.

Hydrologic background:

Duluth obtains its water supply directly from Lake Superior. 

A 60-inch intake line extends 1,500 feet offshore, and the water is 

taken from a depth of 72 feet. The quality of the water is excellent and remains uniform throughout the year. The public supply 

is chlorinated as a safety precaution and is suitable for most uses 

without additional treatment. The city of Superior obtains its 

water supply from a large number of shallow wells and a horizontal infiltration gallery on Minnesota Point, a very thin sandpit 

which extends almost 7 miles from the Minnesota shore across 

the end of Lake Superior. This supply is an infiltration system 

that utilizes Lake Superior water and is adequate for the present

*Moorhead, Minnesota, see North Dakota.

192
DULUTH-SUPERIOR. MINNESOTA-WISCONSIN 193

consumption of about 5 mgd. Future development of this source 

may be too costly and may require a cheaper source of direct 

pumpage of Lake Superior water.

Flooding is not a problem in the area because of adequate 

channel capacity and the steep slopes of the St. Louis River which 

allows rapid runoff through the metropolitan area and into Lake 

Superior. Pollution is not a serious problem; however, water in 

the St. Louis River is carefully monitored for water quality.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

HI

no

<S

14

Discharge

8

JO

0

S-,

0

Peak stage discharge

12

e

o

Is

 o 

5

fa

2

^

u

HI

CT 

HI 

L.

 o

0 

fa

4

Means andoi tremes 

8

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

<sflj

Drainage ar

16

§

Cross-sect

11

<M

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

11

'HI

<s ^

HI

6

H

0

03

Q.

<S

6

a

'5.

 o 

o

0

0

Precipitatic

1

03

HI o 

H

0

Contents

0

^

Q

Surface infl

outflow

1

^

03

S

O

u

nj t-i 

M «

6^

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

HI 

i.

Temperatu

3

<u

Specific conductanc

3

Turbidity

1

t, 

o

"o 

U

2

t, 

o

s

0

>>

Radioactivi

I

2

HI

33 

0.

1

3CO

33 

0.

3

x; W

0

S-, 

HI

6

0

Chemical

01 o

"o

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

3

03

C

Common io

4

Hardness

4

OS 

0

Radiochem

I

c

HI ui>

>>

X

Dissolved c

I

<u 

ca 

rt W)

HI

s:

S

0

HI

S

1

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

S-, 

HI

s:

S

1

Biological

Coliforms

1

o 2

Other micorganisn

I

Q 

O

n

i

i-. HI

£

S

3

Sediment

0

Concentrat

2

<u

N

Particle s

0

HI

s:

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Rogers, J. E., 1962, Reconnaissance of ground-water conditions

in the Duluth Municipal Airport area, Minnesota: U.S. Geol.

Survey open-file rept., 18 p. 

Weidman, Samuel, and Schultz, A. R., 1915, The underground and

surface-water supplies of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geol. and Nat.

History Survey Bull. 35, 664 p.
194 MINNESOTA

Minneapolis-St. Paul

Area: 1,700 sq mi.

Subarea: Hennepin, Ramsey, Anoka, Dakota, and Washington

Counties. 

Population: 1,612,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water from the Mississippi River and other surface-water 

sources provides over half the supply for municipal and domestic 

purposes. Ground water from sandstones, limestones, and 

dolomite of Paleozoic age provides over two-thirds of the supply 

for industrial and commercial uses. Supplies are adequate for 

present needs, but piezometric levels are declining in the major 

aquifer zones.

Flooding has been a problem on the flood plain of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, but flood-control works have been 

adequate recently for all but the largest floods. Pollution of the 

Mississippi River also is a growing problem in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

CD 

rt

53

21

Discharge

8

o

3

0

0

Peak stge discharge

2

0

"S 

 o

o

E

2

^

o

CD

cr

CD

TJ 

O

_O

4

ID , 

Means andtremes o

6

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

CL)

Ground wat

station

0

nl

CD

Drainage ai

14

§

Cross -sect

2

"o m

Coefficient roughnes

2

"3

*o

CD

6

H

0

01

a

rt

.S

"a

TJ

o

0

E

0

Precipitatit

3

01

CD 

TJ

H

0

Contents

1

0

Surface inf!

outflow

1

-^

to

CD

§

y

So'jj 

|| 

U

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

t,

"o 

U

1

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

cu 

"a

0

n)

K 

a

2

W

0

L,

CD

5

0

Chemical

TJ

Dissolved sol

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

1

Hardness

2

t

Radiochemica

0

on

Dissolved oxy

0

ra

CD 

CO

a

CD

6

0

CD

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

CD

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro-organisms

0

Q

O DQ

0

i-,

CD

S

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

CD 

JS

6

0
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL 195

Current projects:

Electric-analog model of hydrology in the Minneapolis-St. Paul 

area.

References:

Maderak, M. L., 1964, Relation of chemical quality of water to 

recharge to the Jordan Sandstone in the Minneapolis-St. Paul 

area, Minnesota, in Geological Survey research 1964: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 501-C, p. C176-C179.

 1965, Chemical quality of ground water in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: Minnesota Div. Waters Bull. 23, 

44 p.

Prior, C. H., Schneider, Robert, and Durum, W. H., 1953, Water 

resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 274, 49 p.

Reeder, H. O., 1966, Fourteen maps of the hydrologic system, 

Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota Piezometric surface of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer zone 

and the Mt. Simon-Hickley aquifer zone in 1885, 1949, 1959, 

and 1965, respectively, and change of piezometric surface of 

the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer zone and the Mt. 

Simon-Hinckley aquifer zone 1885-1949, 1885-1959, 1885-1965, 

respectively: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.
MISSISSIPPI

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

Mississippi. Hydrologic data for this area is contained in the 

following statewide reports:

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Golden, H. G., 1966, Magnitude and 

frequency of floods in the United States, Part 2 B, South 

Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1674, 409 p.

Wilson, K. V., and Trotter, I. L., Jr., 1961, Floods in Mississippi, magnitude and frequency: Mississippi State Highway 

Dept., 326 p.

Data for the SMSA is listed below. For additional information, 

contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Building

245 East Capitol Street

Jackson, Miss. 39201

Jackson

Area: 46.5 sq mi.

Subarea: Hinds and Rankin Counties.

Population: 250,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Pearl River and the Coastal Plain aquifers. The area 

is in a region of adequate water supply, and if upstream pollution 

can be controlled, future water requirements can be met.

The occurrence of damaging floods on Eubanks, Town, and 

Lynch Creeks, which drain the metropolitan area, has led to 

consideration for flood-control measures. Storm drainage 

problems exist in much of the Jackson area. Shallow ground 

water in the alluvium along these small streams and along Pearl 

River create a problem in building construction. Ground water 

withdrawals are primarily from the Sparta Sand and Cockfield 

Formation, and although water levels in the Sparta have dropped 

2| feet per year for the past 20 years, additional properly 

designed well fields can withdraw as much as 5 mgd each

196
JACKSON 197

without lowering the water levels below feasible pumping depths. 

The color of the water from the Sparta Sand is a problem in some 

locations. Additional knowledge of the Lower Wilcox Group may 

lead to a large reserve of usable ground water. Another problem 

of major importance is the pollution of streams in the metropolitan area, especially Pearl River by the City's untreated sewage.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u 

at

4

Discharge

3

o

3

LI o

Peak stage discharge

20

o

LI 

 a

JO

2

>^

o 

<u

frequ Flood 

3

x ^

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

LI

Ground wat

station

0

at <u

Drainager

20

o

Cross- sect

2

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

<u

a 

"5

(U

B

H

1

enO.

at6

.s

H 

 a

0

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

8

en

(U o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

en

C

§u

4) , c

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(ULI

Temperatu

4

<u

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

4

o "3 

o

4

o

S

4

>>

Radioactiv

0

2

0.

0

1

ffi

0.

4

U

0

L,

S

4

Chemical

T3

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

4

en

C

Common ic

4

Hardness

4

nj 

u

Radiochem

0

c

(U

tun

X

n

Dissolved

4

CO

M

at

0

s

4

Organic

Pesticides

4

Synthetic detergents

4

<u

s

4

Biological

Coliforms

4

P?

Other miciorganisr

4

0 

0

4

6

4.

Sediment

§

Concentrat

0

(U 

N

Particle si

0

IH

S

0

Current projects:

City of Jackson water-resources study.

References:

Harvey, E. J., and Grantham, P. E., 1963, Interim report on the 

hydrology of the Cockfield formation in the vicinity of Jackson, 

Mississippi: Mississippi Board Water Commissioner Bull. 

63-6, 19 p.

Harvey, E. J., and Lang, J. W., 1958, Ground-water resources of 

the Jackson area, Mississippi progress report of current 

studies: Mississippi Board Water Commissioner Bull. 58 1, 

35 p.

Harvey, E. J., Callahan, J. A., and Was son, B. E., 1961, 

Ground-water resources of Hinds, Madison, and Rankin
198 MISSISSIPPI

Counties, Mississippi, part 2, Basic data: Mississippi Board 

Water Commissioners Bull. 61 2, 146 p. 

 1964, Ground-water resources of Hinds, Madison, and

Rankin Counties, Mississippi: Mississippi Board Water

Commissioners Bull. 64 1, 38 p. 

Lang, J. W., and Ellison, B. E., 1968, Emergency water supply in

the Jackson area, Mississippi: Mississippi Board Water

Commissioners Bull, [in press]. 

Neely, B. L., Jr., 1967, Floods of May 19 and 21, 1966, in Jackson,

Mississippi: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 36 p. 

Wilson, K. V., 1966, Flood-frequency of streams in Jackson,

Mississippi: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept, 7 p.
MISSOURI

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in Missouri, Hydrologic data and information for all or 

some of these areas are contained in the following statewide 

reports:

Beckman, H. C., and Hinchey, N. S., 1944, The large springs of

Missouri: Missouri Div. Geol. Survey and Water Resources

[Kept.] 29, 141 p. 

Matthai, H. F., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 6 B, Missouri River below Sioux City,

Iowa: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1680 [in press]. 

Patterson, J. L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the

United States, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 636 p. 

Patterson, J. L., and Gamble, Charles R., 1968, Magnitude and

frequency of floods in the United States, Part 5, Hudson Bay

and upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1678 [in press]. 

Sandhaus, E. H., and Skelton, John, 1968, Magnitude and frequency

of Missouri floods: Missouri Div. Geol. Survey and Water

Resources [in press]. 

Searcy, J. K., 1955, Floods in Missouri, magnitude and frequency:

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 370, 126 p. 

Shepard, E. M., 1907, Underground waters of Missouri, their

geology and utilization: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 195, 224 p. 

Skelton, John, 1966, Low-flow characteristics of Missouri

streams: Missouri Div. Geol. Survey and Water Resources

[Rept.] 20, 95 p. 

 1968, Storage requirements to augment low flows of

Missouri streams: Missouri Div. Geol. Survey and Water

Resources [in press], 

Taylor, C. T., 1964, Chemical quality of Missouri surface water:

Rolla, Missouri Dept. Public Health and Welfare, 28 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1952, Kansas-Missouri floods of July

1951: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1139, 239 p. 

U. S. Geological Survey, and others, 1967, Mineral and water

resources of Missouri: U.S. 90th Cong., 1st sess., Senate

Doc. 19, 399 p.

'Kansas City, Mo., see Kansas.

199
200 MISSOURI

Data for each SMSA are listed below, 

tion, contact:

For additional informaDistrict Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Box 340 

Rolla, Mo. 65401

Springfield

Area: 667 sq mi. 

Subarea: Greene County. 

Population: 140,000.

Hydrologic background:

Most of the municipal water supply comes from two reservoirs 

and a spring, with wells as an auxiliary supply. Industrial water 

supplies are from deep wells. Additional water can be obtained 

from deep wells, additional reservoirs, and numerous small 

springs. Pollution is a problem because of the widespread development of karst topography.

Although flooding is not a major problem, urbanization has 

caused local problems of flooding, and economic development of 

certain low-lying areas is restricted.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u M

<a

1

Discharge

1

g

C

2

Peak stge or 

discharge

2

Flow duration

0

>^

Flood frequenc

1

>

Means andex-of flotremes 

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground water

station

0

Drainage are

3

Cross-section

3

Coefficient of

roughness

2

Time oftravel

0

en

a

a 

g

.5 

a"a.

 o 

o

0

£

0

Precipitation

1

to<u

T3

H

0

Contents

0

Surface inflow - 

outflow

0

-^

to

Change content 

level

0

Siltation

0
ST. JOSEPH 201

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

41

Temperatt

0

O

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

J5 "o 

U

0

t, 

o

S

0

>, JM

Radioactiv

0

T3 "4!

as 

a

0

1

as 

a

0

.c 

U

0

t, 

41

8

0

Chemical

in O

"in

in

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

<n

S

Common i(

0

Hardness

0

__,

(4 

0

Radiochem

0

tin

X

o

Dissolved

0

<n

(4bo 

t,

6

0

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

41

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

PC

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

0

0

t,

41

8

0

Sediment

o * <

Concentral

0

41

M

JU 

O

(4

0

0)

6

0

Current projects

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

St. Joseph

Area: 404 sq mi. 

Subarea: Buchanan County. 

Population: 95,000.

Hydrologic background:

St. Joseph's municipal water supply is taken from the 

Missouri River, and the supply for future expansion seems to be 

adequate. Water in the alluvial fill of the valley is used by 

industries, and present use is a small percent of the perennial 

supply available.

The principal problem at St. Joseph is the treatment of the 

surface-water supply due to the disposal of grease at upstream 

packing plants.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data Supplementary data

41 

60 

(I)

3

Discharge

2

_o

.3

3

0

Peak stage discharge

1

o

"S 

t,

T3

O 

fc

1

^

O

111

crm

T3 

0 

JD

2

m ^

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

2

m

Ground wat

station

0

(4 

41

Drainage ai

4

o

Cross-sect

3

"o »

Coefficient roughnes

1

"4!

"o 

m 

§ 

H

0

<n

Q

rt 

6

'<4

"o.

T3 

0

o

G

0

c

Precipitatic

2

(0 

41 

73

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow, 

0

^

<n

C 

41

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0
202 MISSOURI

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

4)

Temperatur

2

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

1

t,

"o 

U

1

o

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

1

 o

0)

"a

1

3 

a

0

w

0

o

5

0

Chemical

 O

7)

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

in

0)

L-M 

P

w

Common ioi

Hardness

rt 

o

Radiochemi

c

0) tin

X

Dissolved o

o 

in 

rt 

cm

o

6 5

Organic

Pesticides Synthetic detergents

01

5

Biological

Coliforms

o m.

Other microrganism

Q 

Ow

1

0)

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

2

0)

Particle sit

1

0)

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

St. Louis

Area: 4,043 sq mi.

Subarea: Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles, St. Louis Counties,

and St. Louis City, Mo.; Madison and St. Clair

Counties, 111. 

Population: 2,249,000.

Hydrologic background:

Principal water supply comes from the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Industries and towns in flood plains obtain water 

from alluvium in the Missouri, Mississippi, and Meramec River 

valleys. Water is adequate for future development. Leakage of 

saline water from bedrock aquifers has caused local deterioration of water quality in the Meramec River alluvium.

Problems of major importance include sediment deposition 

in St. Louis Harbor, pollution of streams by industrial and 

municipal wastes, and flooding because of inadequate local 

drainage and backwater from the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.
ST. LOUIS 203

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

rt

31

Discharge

11

o 

c!

1 

J

14

t-,

o

Peak stge discharge

4

c

o

"S

3 o

I

E

4

>}

u

D

tr

 o 

o 

o

E

5

Means andtremes o

18

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

<L>

Drainage ar

39

c

Cross-sect

14

<M

O /«

Coefficient roughnes

4

^

>

n) 

t-,

"S

e

H

2

to

n. n)

H

.5 

ca "H,

 o 

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatic

2

Hi

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

j

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^^

to

cD

§

0

4> t f

n «

S

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

t-,

Temperatu

6

i>

Specific conductanc

4

Turbidity

5

o "o 

U

5

t-,

o

S

0

.t!

Radioactiv

1

2 "3

I 

a

5

3

n)

I 

a

4

.c W

0

t-,

S

0

Chemical

Wl o

r_H

o tn

Dissolved

5

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

5

Common it

5

Hardness

5

r__) n)

u . H

Radiochem

1

Wl

0

Dissolved

5

u

n) 

t-,

S

0

S

Organic

Pesticides Synthetic detergents

5

.c

S

Biological

Coliforms

,

?c

Other micorganisr

Q 

O 

ffl 5

Sediment

c

o

Concentra

2

N

Particle s

(M 

0)

S

Current projects:

Flood inundation mapping, Jefferson County.

St. Louis Harbor sedimentation study.

Hydrology of streams in the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District.

Water resources of the Greater St. Louis area.

References:

Jordan, P. R., 1965, Fluvial sediment of the Mississippi River at 

St. Louis, Missouri: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1802, 89 p.

Petersen, M. S., 1965, Floods of June 17-18, 1964, in Jefferson, 

Ste. Genevieve and St. Francois Counties, Missouri: Missouri Div. Geol. Survey and Water Resources [Rept.] 19, 20 p.

Scott, C. H., and Stephens, H. D., 1966, Special sediment investigation, Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri, 1961 63: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1819-J, p. J1-J35.

Searcy, J. K., and others, 1952, Water resources of the St. Louis 

area, Missouri and Illinois: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 216, 

55 p.
MONTANA

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Montana. Hydrologic data for one or both areas are included 

in the following statewide reports:

Boner, F. C., and Stermitz, Frank, 1967, Floods of June 1964 in 

northwestern Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1840-B, p. B1-B242.

Patterson, James L., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States, part 6 A, Missouri River basin above Sioux 

City, Iowa: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1679, 471 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Box 1696 

Helena, Mont. 59601

Billings

Area: 2,666 sq mi.

Subarea: Yellowstone County.

Population: 84,000.

Hydrologic background:

Most municipal and industrial water is supplied to the area 

from the Yellowstone River; some for limited industrial use is 

from the ground. There is adequate water for current and projected future needs as long as pollution can be controlled.

The high water table in much of the area poses problems for 

construction of streets, foundations for large buildings, basements for homes, drainage structures, sewer systems, and so 

on. The availability of ground water for air conditioning and 

lawn irrigation is important. Housing development beyond municipal water service has created problems of a potable water 

source and waste disposal.

204
GREAT FALLS 205

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

ao

2

Discharge

2

_o

0

J-, 

0

Peak stge discharge

6

c 

o

Flow durati

2

^ J

U

c^

cu

73 

O

o

E

1

Means andtremes o)

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

L,

Ground wat

station

0

cfl

Drainage ar

7

§

Cross- sect

0

"3

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

t,

*o 

<u 

& 

H

0

en

a

S

.5

ct "a 

o

C

0

c

Precipitatic

0

en

 o

0

Contents

0

1

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

en

g

§ 

o

QJ 1

6fl £

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

t-,

Temperatu

1

CU

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

t,

'o 

U

1

0

S

0

.£ 

Radioactiv

0

2 "3

H

33 

a

0

i

33 

a

1

x:

0

cu

S

0

Chemical

co

T3

r H

O

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

c

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

Rl

CJ

Radiochem

0

<u 

an

n

Dissolved

0

ia

en cfl bo

t,

4>

S

0

(H 

4>

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

ic Synthet detergents

0

S-,

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

P?

Other miciorganisi)

0

Q 

O

0

cu

S

0

Sediment

c

o

Concentral

0

N

Particle si

0

S

0

Current projects:

Geology and water resources of the Yellowstone River basin, 

Billings to Park City, Montana.

References:

Hall, G. M., and Howard, C. W., 1929, Ground water in Yellowstone and Treasure Counties, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 599, 118 p.

Great Falls

Area: 2,673 sq mi. 

Subarea: Cascade County. 

Population: 82,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water is supplied to the area from the 

Missouri River. Tributary streams, which head in relatively 

high mountains, and upstream storage insure an adequate supply 

for current and planned future needs. Source areas will need to 

be kept pollution free.
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Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical 9(TOSo

Biological

Sediment
NEBRASKA

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Nebraska. Hydrologic data and information for these areas 

are contained in the following statewide reports:

Beckman, E. W., and Hutchinson, N. E., 1962, Floods in Nebraska 

on small drainage areas, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 458, 33 p.

Conda, G. E., 1908, Geology and water resources of a portion of 

the Missouri River valley in northeastern Nebraska: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 215, 59 p.

Furness, L. W., 1955, Floods in Nebraska, magnitude and frequency: Lincoln, Nebraska Dept. Roads and Irrigation, 103 p.

Kister, L. R., and Mundorff, J. C., 1963, Sedimentation and chemical quality of water in Salt Creek basin, Nebraska: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-H, p. H1-H47.

Shaffer, F. Butler, 1966, Availability and use of water in Nebraska; Nebraska Univ. Conserv. and Survey Div. Nebraska 

Water-Survey Paper 19, 33 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Floods of April 1952 in the Missouri River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1260-B, p. 49-302.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Room 127, Nebraska Hall 

901 North 17th Street 

Lincoln, Nebr. 68508

Lincoln

Area: 861 sq mi.

Subarea: Lancaster County.

Population: 161,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from 40 wells located | to | mile from the west bank of the 

Platte River near Ashland in Saunders County. Water is conveyed to Lincoln about 25 miles via one 36- and one 48-inch 

pipeline. The aquifer is sand and gravel of Pleistocene to Recent 

age and ranges from 60 to 90 feet in thickness. Induced recharge 

from the Platte River assures an adequate supply. Since the well

207
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Population: 51£

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Current project 

None. References:

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Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical

Organic

Biological

Sediment

 an

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M M
OMAHA 209

directly from the Missouri River. The supply for the Council 

Bluffs area on the east side of the river comes from well fields 

near the river. The Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District is 

ready to put into operation a new water-supply system, the source 

of which consists of wells on an island and the north bank of the 

Platte River in Sarpy and Cass Counties. This will be supplemental to the present supply from the river. The aquifer is sand and 

gravel of Pleistocene to Recent age and is about 50 feet in thickness. Induced recharge from the Platte River assures an adequate 

water supply. The major problem is that of flooding, since the 

well field area is subject to periodic flooding.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u M cd

%

23

Discharge

9

1

1

16

0

Peak stge discharge 

8

o

"3 

t, 

s a

0

E

i

>>u 

<u

cr

0) i, 

 a

0

o

b

2

*

' r t x *- 

QJ .. .

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

t,

0)

Ground wat

station

0

cd

0)

Drainaget

25

§

Cross-sect

2

"3 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

"QJ

t,

'o

<u

S

H

0

u] 

a

(S

.5_cd "a 

 a 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

[fl

0) a **

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

in

0)

o 

y

0> » i M ?

s| .c 

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01LI

Temperatu

15

0)

Specific conductanc

8

Turbidity

1

O"o 

U

9

o

S

0

£

Radioactiv

1

 o 

<u

K 

a

1

_cd

£ 

a

8

U

0

t,

0)

6

0

Chemical

TJ

Dissolved

9

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

9

n

Common ic

9

Hardness

9

r_^

cd

Radiochem

1

n

M

X

n

Dissolved

1

[0

cd 

t,

0)

6

0

0)

6

8

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

t,

0)

6

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

?2

Other micorganisr

1

Q 

O

1

t,

5

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

1

N

Particle s

6

t,

0)

6

4

Current projects:

None. 

References:

Barnes, Ivan, and Bentall, Ray, 1968, Water-mineral relations of 

Quaternary deposits in the lower Platte River drainage area in 

eastern Nebraska: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1859-D [in press].

Miller, R. D., 1964, Geology of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, 

Nebraska-Iowa: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 472, 70 p.
NEBRASKA

Saunders, V. L., 1967, Availability of water in eastern Saunders 

County, Nebraska: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas 

HA-266.
NEVADA

There are two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Nevada. Hydrologic data and information for these areas are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

Lamke, R. D., and Moore, D. O., 1965, Interim inventory of 

surface-water resources of Nevada: Nevada Dept. Conserv. 

and Nat. Resources Water Resources Bull. 30, 39 p.

Loeltz, O. J., and Malmberg, G. T., 1961, The ground-water 

situation in Nevada, 1960: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. 

Resources Ground-water Resources Inf. Ser. Rept. 1, 20 p.

Riggs, H. C., and Moore, D. O., 1965, A method of estimating mean 

runoff from ungaged basins in mountainous regions, in Geological Survey research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

525-D, p. D199-D202.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

222 East Washington Street 

Carson City, Nev. 89701

Las Vegas

Area: 7,927 sq mi. 

Subarea: Clark County. 

Population: 232,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the Las Vegas 

area is mostly from wells which tap older alluvium. The total 

pumpage in the valley for all uses in 1965 was about 75,000 acreft. About 10,000 acre-ft was imported from the Colorado River 

(Lake Mead).

Because the yield of the ground-water reservoir is estimated 

to be only 25,000 acre-ft per year, a substantial overdraft has 

developed. The Congress has recently authorized the so-called 

Southern Nevada Water Project, which is designed to import 

132,000 acre-ft of water per year from the Colorado River to 

Las Vegas Valley and vicinity. Land subsidence due to large 

withdrawals of ground water has caused some construction problems. Other problems relate to disposal of industrial and municipal wastes.

211
212 NEVADA

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01

rt

5

Discharge

5

C

0

0

Peak stage discharge 

14

o

"rt 

-O 

O

E

3

01

Flood frequ

0

o

Means andol tremes 

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt <u

Drainage ar

18

§

Cross- sect]

4

*o , 

Coefficient roughnes

4

>

rt

01

h

0

CQ

a

E

.5 

13.

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

CQ 

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

,

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

CO

01

o

11

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

fe 'o 

U

o

s

Radioactivity

2

E 

0. 0.

7

A 

U

0

<u

6

0

Chemical

CQ

T3

Dissolved soi

8

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

8

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

2

c

Dissolved oxy

CQ 

01 

CQ

rt bo

6 S

Organic

Pesticides Synthetic detergents

01

s

Biological

Coliforms

Other micro- organisms

Q 

0

01

§

0

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

0

0)

5

0

Current projects:

Flood characteristics of Nevada streams.

References:

Carpenter, Everett, 1915, Ground water in southeastern Nevada: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 365, 86 p.

Loeltz, O. J., 1963, Ground-water conditions in the vicinity of 

Lake Mead.Base, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1669-Q, p. Q1-Q17.

Malmberg, G. T., 1961, A summary of the hydrology of the Las 

Vegas ground-water basin, Nevada, with special reference to 

the available supply: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. Resources 

Water Resources Bull. 18, 23 p.

 1964, Land subsidence in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada,

1935 63: Nevada Dept. Conserv. and Nat. Resources GroundWater Resources Inf. Ser. Rept. 5, 10 p.

 1965, Available water supply of the Las Vegas ground-water

basin, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1780,

116 p. 

Maxey, G. B., and Jameson, C. H., 1946, Well data in Las Vegas

and Indian Springs Valleys, Nevada: Nevada State Engineer

Water Resources Bull. 4, 128 p., app.
RENO 213

Maxey, G. B., and Jameson, C. H., 1948, Geology and water 

resources of Las Vegas, Pahrump, and Indian Springs Valleys, 

Clark and Nye Counties, Nevada: Nevada State Engineer Water 

Resources Bull. 5, 121 p.

Maxey, G. B., and Robinson, T. W., 1947, Ground water in Las 

Vegas, Pahrump, and Indian Springs Valleys, Nevada 

[a summary]: Nevada State Engineer Water Resources Bull. 6, 

23 p.

Robinson, T. W., and others, 1947, Water levels and artesian 

pressures in wells in Las Vegas Valley and in other valleys in 

Nevada, 1913-45: Nevada State Engineer Water Resources 

Bull. 3, 77 p.

Reno

Area: 6,281 sq mi. 

Subarea: Washoe County. 

Population: 113,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply is mostly from the 

Truckee River (about 90 percent) and in small part from wells 

(about 10 percent). Total use in 1965 was about 50,000 acre-ft, 

about 10 percent of Truckee River flow above irrigation diversions. The flow in the river is ample to meet future municipal 

needs for many years. Most of the water is now used for agriculture in the adjacent area and downstream.

The metropolitan area straddles the Truckee River and has 

been subject to floods; the largest occurred in December 1955 

and caused damage of about $885,000. Two dams (Stampede and 

Martis Creek) are planned in the headwaters, which when completed will greatly reduce the flood hazard.

Additional water supply can be obtained from the ground-water 

reservoir (valley fill) and from small streams in the area. In 

some areas, the chemical quality of ground water may be a problem.
214 NEVADA

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

tXO

rt

13

Discharge

9

8

C

0

o

Peak stage discharge 

2

c 

o

"rt

 a

jO

2

^

o

01

-a

8

0

0) t~

and Means tremes o

9

Runoff

9

Supplementary data

01

Ground wat

station

0

rt

01

Drainage ai

13

§

Cross-sect

7

° (0

Coefficient roughnes

7

"3

*o

01

S

H

1

co

a

a!

rt "a

T)

8 C

0

Precipitati

0

co<o -a

 r4

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf

outflow

1

^,

co

01

8U

a> t t

so «

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

'o 

U

0

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

K 

a

0

I 

a

0

w

0

01

3

0

Chemical

10 -a

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

01

un

Dissolved oxy

0

co

01

co 

ni 

txo

0)

3

0

01

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O 

M

0

01

3

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

2

<u

8

0

Current projects:

Trap efficiency study, Peavine Creek. 

Flood characteristics of Nevada streams.

References:

Cohen, Philip, 1961, An evaluation of uranium as a tool for studying the hydrogeochemistry of the Truckee Meadows area, 

Nevada: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 66, no. 12, p. 4199-4206.

 1962, Source of sulfate in ground water of the Truckee 

Meadows area, Nevada, in Geological Survey research 1962: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-C, p. C131-C132.

Cohen, Philip, and Loeltz, O. J., 1964, Evaluation of hydrogeology 

and hydrogeochemistry of Truckee Meadows area, Washoe 

County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-S, 

p. SI-663.

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963, Floods of December 

1955-January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650-A, p. AlA156.

 1963, Floods of December 1955-January 1956 in the Far 

Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1650-B, p. B1-B580.
RENO 215

Young, L. E., and Harris, E. E., 1966, Floods of January-February 1963 in California and Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1830-A, p. A1-A472.
NEW HAMPSHIRE

There is one Metropolitan State Economic Area (MSEA) in New 

Hampshire. Hydrologic data and information for this area may 

be found in the following statewide reports:

Green, A. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States, Part 1 A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to 

Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1671, 260p.

Grover, N. C., 1937, The floods of March 1936, Part 1, New England rivers: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 798, 446 p.

Hackett, O. M., and Weigle, J. M., 1963, New Hampshire, in 

McGuinness, C. L., The role of ground water in the national 

water situation: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1800, 

p. 524-532.

Knox, C. E., and Nordenson, T. J., 1955, Average annual runoff 

and precipitation in the New England New York area: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 7.

Paulsen, C. G., and others, 1940, Hurricane floods of September 

1938: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 867, 562 p.

Thomson, M. T., and others, 1964, Historical floods in New England: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M, p. MlM105.

Data for this MSEA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

2300 John F. Kennedy Federal Building

Boston, Mass. 02203

Manchester

Area: 890 sq mi. 

Subarea: Hillsboro County. 

Population: 205,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the city of Manchester and several surrounding communities comes from a single large reservoir. 

(Massabesic Lake) on a tributary of Cohas Brook, which flows 

into the Merrimack River. This supply was adequate during the 

recent drought, and there are no immediate plans for expansion.

216
MANCHESTER 217

Nashua, the only other large city in Hillsboro County, gets its 

water supply principally from Pennichuck Brook and ground-water 

sources in this basin. The supply was supplemented during the 

recent drought by water pumped from the Souhegan River.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes in the Merrimack 

and other rivers create pollution problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

do

A

13

Discharge

11

o 

C

5

10

o

Peak stage discharge 

0

o

13

y o

_o

8

^

c <u

<u

 O

8

E

7

ni .

Means andtremes o

10

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

V

Ground wat

station

0

A

<U

Drainage ai

22

8

Cross-sect

10

0 CO

Coefficient roughnes

1

<u

 3

0)

e

0

CO

a

.S

,2 "3.

 O

o

0

0

Precipitatic

1

CO

 o 

H

0

Contents

2

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

^_

CO

£

§u

V TJ do v

e >

U

2

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatu

6

Specific 

conductanc

6

Turbidity

0

t, 

o

"o 

U

0

L, 

O

S

0

>,

Radioactivi

0

2

0)

E 

0.

0

3

rt

E O.

0

JC

U

0

t^ <u

6

0

Chemical

in o

"3

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

in

C

Common io

6

Hardness

0

CS

o

Radiochem

0

c

0) 

M

>>

X

Dissolved c

0

0)

tn 

rt M

L.

<U

6

0

t,<u

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 ».

Other micorganisrr

0

Q 

O 0)

0

<u

6

0

Sediment

§

Concentrat

0

41

Particle s

0

t,

0)

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Weigle, J. M., 1963, Ground-water favorability map of the 

Nashua-Merrimack area, New Hampshire: Concord, New 

Hampshire Water Resources Board.

 1964, Ground-water favorability map of the Salem-Plaistow 

area, New Hampshire: Concord, New Hampshire Water 

Resources Board.

 1968, Ground-water resources in the lower Merrimack 

River valley, New Hampshire: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. 

Atlas HA 277 [in press].
NEW JERSEY

There are five Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in New Jersey. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Anderson, B. A., and Ham, C. B., 1965, Index of surface water 

records to December 31, 1963, Part 1, North Atlantic slope 

basins: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 501, 73 p.

Anderson, P. W., and George, J. R., 1966, Water-quality characteristics of New Jersey streams: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1819-G, p. G1-G48.

Austin, C. R., 1960, Earthquake fluctuations in wells in New 

Jersey: New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Water Resources Circ. 5, 13 p.

Bogart, D. B., 1960, Floods of August-October 1955, New England 

to North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1420, 

854 p.

Buchanan, T. J., Miller, E. G., and Ludlow, J. M., 1965, Base-flow 

relations for partial-record stations in New Jersey: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept., 19 p.

Grover, N. C., and others, 1937, The floods of March 1936, Part 

2, Hudson River to Susquehanna River region: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 799, 380 p. [1938].

Miller, E. G., 1966, Flow probability of New Jersey streams: 

New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Circ. 15, 61 p.

Miller, E. G., and McCall, J. E., 1961, New Jersey streamflow 

records analyzed with electronic computer: New Jersey Div. 

Water Policy and Supply Water Resources Circ. 6, 91 p.

Paulsen, C. G., and others, 1940, Hurricane floods of September 

1938: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 867, 562 p.

Thomas, D. M., 1964a, Flood-depth frequency in New Jersey: 

New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Water Resources 

Circ. 14, 14 p.

 1964b, Floods in New Jersey, magnitude and frequency: 

New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Water Resources 

Circ. 13, 145 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

420 Federal Building 

Post Office Box 1238 

Trenton, N. J. 08607

218
NEW JERSEY 219

Atlantic City

Area: 575 sq mi. 

Subarea: Atlantic County. 

Population: 179,000.

Hydrologic background:

Atlantic City obtains water for municipal supply from the 

Absecon Creek basin. Ground water for industrial and publicsupply use in the Atlantic City area, as in all of Atlantic County, 

is obtained from the Kirkwood Formation and the Cohansey Sand 

of Tertiary age. Some water is obtained also from the Cape May 

Formation of Quaternary age. The area is a region of abundant 

water supply for present and future water requirements.

Sea-water intrusion into the Cohansey Sand is a problem in 

Atlantic City. Another problem of the Atlantic City area, owing 

to its location along the Atlantic Coast, is tidal flood and hurricane damage.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0> 

M 

ci)

«5

2

Discharge

2

g

C

1

0

t. 

o

Peak stage discharge 

1

o

13

(H

3 o

O

E

i

>>o

O>

Flood frequ

1

is

X cMeans andtremes o:

2

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

0

ci) 

01

Drainage ar

2

o

Cross-sect

0

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

0)

ci)

(H

*O 

01

 tH 

H

0

CO

a

ci)

g

.3

ci) "a 

 a

0

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO

01 o

 iH

H

1

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

CO

01

o 

o

4> r^ g>2

3 5 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) 

(H

3

Temperat

0

0)

u

Specific conductan

0

Turbidity

0

(H

"o 

U

0

0

3

0

 tH

Radioactii

0

2

BC 

a

0

3

X 

a

0

H

0

(H

01

S

0

Chemical

M o

"o

CO

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

o

Common

0

Hardness

0

ci) 

U'?,

Radiocher

0

0)

an

X

o

Dissolved

0

CO

01

CO 

ci)

(H

01

S

0

(H

01

S

0

Organic

Pesticide

0

Synthetic detergent

0

(H

01

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

2g

Other micorganis

0

Q 

Om

0

<-,

01

S

0

Sediment

o tH

Concentra

0

0)

.2

Particle s

0

8

0
220 NEW JERSEY

Current projects:

Chloride in ground water in New Jersey.

Record of selected wells and ground-water quality in Atlantic

County, N. J. 

Coastal streams at 13 tidal locations, crest stage.

References:

Barksdale, H. C., Sundstrom, R. W., and Brunstein, M. S., 1936, 

Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the 

Atlantic City region: New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply 

Spec. Rept. 6, 139 p.

Seaber, P. R., 1963, Chloride concentrations of water from wells 

in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey, 1923-61: New 

Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Spec. Rept. 22, 250 p.

Thomas, D. M., and Edelen, G. W., Jr., 1962, Tidal floods, 

Atlantic City and vicinity, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-65.

Thompson, D. G., 1928, Ground water supplies of the Atlantic 

City region: New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Bull. 30, 

138 p.

Jersey City

Area: 45 sq mi. 

Subarea: Hudson County. 

Population: 619,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area is imported from the Passaic River system. This source will not be 

adequate to provide large additional supplies of water for future 

development and have been severely strained during periods of 

inadequate precipitation in the past. Ground-water resources of 

the area can be counted on to supply only small quantities of 

water. There is a high probability of inducing poor quality water 

under heavy pumping conditions from the surrounding tidal environments. Future water requirements may have to come from 

the Raritan River basin.
NEWARK 221

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

txo (6

2

Discharge

0

o 

C

1

0

Li

O

Peak stage discharge

0

o

Is

Li

 o

E

0

u

cr 

 o

8 

E

0

o

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Li

Ground wat

station

0

(S

Drainage ar

0

§

u

10

10 

10

0

Li

U

0

"8 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

"3

(S

*o 

a> 

E 

H

0

0]

6

'§ 

H.

 a 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

0]

 o 

H

2

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

0]11u

4) -JJ 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Li

Temperatii

1

<D

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o

a

0

Li

o

S

0

Radioactiv

0

 rH

K 

a

0

I

K 

a

0

JS 

U

0

Li

6

i

Chemical

10 D

'o

10

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

10

S

Common i

0

Hardness

0

r_

a

U

Radiochern

0

c

txo

S

Dissolved

0

(0

10

a txo

Li

S

0

Li

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

1 

§

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 »

L C

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O

«

0

1 

6

,0

Sediment

 »H

Concentral

0

N

Particle s

0

Li

6

0

Current projects:

Ground-water study in the Hackensack River basin.

References:

Durfor, C. N., and Becker, Edith, 1964, Jersey City, New Jersey 

in Public water supplies of the 100 largest cities in the United 

States, 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1812, 

p. 237-239.

Herpers, Henry, and Barksdale, H. C., 1951, Preliminary report 

on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New 

Jersey, area: New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Spec. 

Rept. 10, 52 p.

Newark

Area: 698 sq mi.

Subarea: Essex, Morris, and Union Counties.

Population: 1,851,000.
222 NEW JERSEY

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply for the area is obtained largely 

from the Passaic River basin. Ground water for industrial and 

small municipal supplies is obtained from consolidated rock and 

unconsolidated rock aquifers. In general, future water-supply 

demands must be met from sources largely outside of the area. 

Encroachment of saline water into aquifers in the NewarkElizabeth area poses a problem of deteriorating quality. Future 

water needs will probably be obtained from the Raritan River 

basin.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) bocd

31

15

Discharge

13

^o

I

23

u

o

Peak stge discharge 

2

c

o

"8

3 o

E

10

jx,

u 

c

0)

CT 

<«

 o

o ^o

9

CU <*H

Means andtremes o

13

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

o>

a

 Si §s ^ M

o

0

cd

Drainage

36

§

u

0> 

co

ca 

ca

o

U

0

<«-l

0 ca

Coefficient roughnes

0

0>

>

"o

0)

g i-t

H

3

CO

a

cd

g

aa "a

73

o 

o

E

0

n

Precipitati

0

ca 

a>

73

H

1

Contents

3

*

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

 ^

CO

c

 S>

J5 ^

U

2

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

8

Specific 

conductance

8

Turbidity

0

fe i i o 

U

8

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2 "3

K 

a

0

3cd

K 

a

8

W

0

6

0

Chemical

ca

73

Dissolved soli

8

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

8

Common ins

8

Hardness

8

Radiochemica

0

c

0)

on

Dissolved oxy

0

ca 0> 

ca cd M

a>

6

0

0)

S

6

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

8

6

2

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

ra

0

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

1

0)

6

0

Current projects:

Ground-water geology of the Rahway area. 

Ground-water resources of Essex County. 

Water quality and streamflow characteristics of the streams in

the Passaic River basin. 

Bedrock topography in eastern Morris and western Essex

Counties, N. J.

Longwood Valley pumped storage FPC No. 2633. 

Ground-water resources of Union County.
PATERSON CLIFTON PASSAIC 2 2 3

References:

Gill, H. E., and Vecchioli, John, 1965, Availability of ground water 

in Morris County, New Jersey: New Jersey Div. Water Policy 

and Supply Spec. Kept. 25, 56 p.

Herpers, Henry, and Barksdale, H. C., 1951, Preliminary report 

on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New 

Jersey, area: New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Spec. 

Kept. 10, 52 p.

Horwitz, G. M., and Anderson, P. W., 1966, Time-of-travel

measurements on the Passaic and Pompton Rivers, New Jersey, 

in Geological Survey research 1966, chapter B: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 550-B, p. B199-B203.

Miller, E. G., 1965, Effect of Great Swamp, New Jersey, on 

streamflow during base flow periods, in Geological Survey research 1965, chapter B: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525-B, 

p. B177-B179.

Thompson, D. G., 1932, Ground water supplies of the Passaic 

River valley near Chatham, New Jersey: New Jersey Div. 

Water Policy and Supply Bull. 38, 51 p.

Vecchioli, John, 1963, Results of a pumping test conducted in 

Caldwell Township, Essex County, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 6 p.

Vecchioli, John, Gill, H. E., and Lang, S. M., 1962, Hydrologic 

role of the Great Swamp and other marshland in upper Passaic 

River basin: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, no. 6, 

p. 695-701.-

Vecchioli, John, and Nichols, W. D., 1966, Results of the droughtdisaster test-drilling program near Morristown, New Jersey: 

New Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Water Resources 

Circ. 16, 48 p.

Paterson-Clifton-Passaic

Area: 427 sq mi.

Subarea: Passaic and Bergen Counties.

Population: 1,307,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water supplies for the area for both municipal and industrial 

use are largely derived from the Passaic River basin. This 

source will not be adequate to provide additional supplies of water 

in the future and has been severely strained during periods of inadequate precipitation in the past. Ground-water supplies are 

limited in surficial unconsolidated rocks because coarse-grained 

permeable deposits are few and of small areal extent. The Consolidated bedrock aquifer system underlying the surficial deposits
224 NEW JERSEY

will continue to provide modest amounts of water for industrial 

and domestic use, although possibilities for future development 

are limited because of the small storage available in this system. 

Future water needs will probably be obtained from the Raritan 

River basin.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M 

rt

33

16

Discharge

15

C 

3

27

t, 

o

Peak stage discharge 

11

g

"3 

tT3

12

o

0)

0)

T3 

0 

_O

11

0) <~,

Means andtremes o

15

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

m

Ground wat

station

0

0) 

0)

Drainage ai

43

o

Cross-sect

1

"o »

Coefficient roughnes

1

0)

"o

1

H

0

01

a

at

.5

,2 "a

T3 

O 

O

E

0

Precipitati

0

0)

<u

T3 

H

0

Contents

6

0

Surface inf

outflow

0

«^_

01

0)

o 

u

<U -jj 

cfl ^

6

6

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

m

Temperatui

8

Specific 

conductanc*

8

Turbidity

0

o "3 

u

8

t, 

o

8

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

2

0)

sc 

a

0

I 

a

8

_c 

U

0

I*

0)

5

0

Chemical

in

T3

"o

Dissolved

8

Chlorides

1

Nutrients

7

w

c

Common io

8

Hardness

8

f_) a 

o

Radiochemi

0

M>-,

X

Dissolved o

3

m01

a

tM

m

5

0

t- m

5

5

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

8

t0)

6

6

Biological

Coliforms

0

n »

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O 

M

0

t- <u

5

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

0

m

Particle si!

0

<u

5

0

Current projects:

Study of Ramapo River basin above Pompton Lakes.

Ground-water supply in the Hackensack River basin.

Water quality and streamflow characteristics of the stream in the

Passaic River basin. 

Flood peaks in Bergen County. 

Ground-water resources of Passaic County.

References:

Anderson, P. W., and Faust, S. D., 1965, Changes in quality of 

water in the Passaic River at Little Falls, New Jersey, as 

shown by long-term data, in Geological Survey research 1965: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525-D, p. D214-D218.

Horwitz, G. M., and Anderson, P. W., 1966, Time-of-travel

measurements on the Passaic and Pompton Rivers, New Jersey, 

in Geological Survey research 1966: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 550-B, p. B199-B203.
NEW JERSEY

Trenton

225

Area: 228 sq mi. 

Subarea: Mercer County. 

Population: 296,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply for the city of Trenton is obtained 

from the Delaware River, but the supply for industry and for 

other municipalities in Mercer County is obtained largely from 

ground-water sources. These ground-water supplies are obtained 

from consolidated-rock aquifers in the northern three-fifths of 

the county and from unconsolidated-rock aquifers of the Coastal 

Plain in the southern two-fifths. Adequate ground-water supplies 

are not available in the northern part of the county to meet future 

urban needs, whereas supplies in the southern part will probably 

be adequate. Ample water for future needs will be available to 

the area from the Delaware River when construction of upstream 

reservoirs is completed.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

a

8

Discharge

5

o

C

3

18

0

Peak stage discharge

7

§

"S

t, 

 c

o

E

3

^o

 c

0

o

E

4

01 <-.

and Meanstremes o

5

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

t,

01

Ground wat

station

0

n)

Drainage ai

24

§

Cross- sect

0

O m

Coefficient roughnes

0

i £

0

01

Q.

n)

E

.5

n)

75. 

 c

0

o

E

1

Precipitatic

1

01

 o

1

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

01

s

O 

U

U

0

It Siion at 

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

¥ *

Temperatl

7

Specific conductanc

7

Turbidity

1

!3 "o 

U

7

o

S

0

!> >

 t^

Radioactiv

1

 o

33 

a

1

I

E 

a

7

JS

W

0

6

0

Chemical

01 o

^

0

in

Dissolved

8

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

6

S

i<Common 

7

Hardness

8

n)

u

Radiochem

2

c

CuO

l>^

X

o

Dissolved

3

01

n) 

CuO

6

0

6

4

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

6

8

1

Biological

Coliforms

1

P S

Other mic organisr

1

Q 

0

n

i

8

0

Sediment

c

0

Concentrat

6

Particle s

5

8

1
226 NEW JERSEY 

Current projects:

Chloride in ground water in New Jersey.

Fluvial sedimentation in Stony Brook watershed.

Relation of highway construction practices to stream sedimentation and streamflow rates.

Hydrogeology of consolidated-rock aquifers in the vicinity of 

Honey Branch near Pennington, N. J.

References:

Anderson, P. W., and McCarthy, L. T., Jr., 1963, Chemical character of streams in the Delaware River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., lip.

Bettendorf, J. A., 1966, Extent and frequency of inundation of

flood plain in vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 31 p.

 1967, Floods on Millstone River and Stony Brook in vicinity 

of Princeton, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas 

HA-245.

Durfor, C. N., and Keighton, W. B., 1954 [1955], Chemical characteristics of Delaware River water, Trenton, New Jersey/to 

Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1262, 173 p.

George, J. R., 1963, Sedimentation in the Stony Brook basin, New 

Jersey, 1956 59: U,S. Geol. Survey open-file report.

McCarthy, L. T., Jr., and Keighton, W. B., 1964, Quality of

Delaware River water at Trenton, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-X, p. X1-X51.

Parker, G. G., and others, 1964 [1965], Water resources of the 

Delaware River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 381, 200 p.

Seaber, P. R., 1963, Chloride concentrations of water from wells 

in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey, 1923-61: New 

Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Spec. Rept. 22, 250 p.

Tice, R. H., 1958, Delaware River basin flood frequency: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file report, 10 p.

Vecchioli, John, and Palmer, M. M., 1962, Ground-water resources of Mercer County, New Jersey: New Jersey Div. Water 

Policy and Supply Spec. Rept. 19, 71 p.
NEW MEXICO

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

New Mexico. Hydrologic data and information for this area are 

contained in the following statewide report:

Patterson, James L., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States, Part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1682, 506 p.

Data for each SMSA is listed below. For additional information 

contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Box 4217 

Albuquerque, N. Mex. 87106

Albuquerque

Area: 77 sq mi.

Subarea: Bernalillo County.

Population: 288,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal, industrial, and some private and irrigation 

water supplies for the area come from ground-water aquifers recharged by Rio Grande and precipitation. The annual pumpage of 

more than 63,000 ac-ft is supplied through a modern watercontrol facility from a large number of wells located across the 

Rio Grande valley extending eastward to the foothills of the Sandia 

Mountains. Nearly all the water is derived from the Rio Grande 

through wells either by decreasing the natural flow to the river 

or by water infiltrating from the river.

Some problem in maintaining a stable channel way for the river 

has occurred, and the lower portions of the river valley are sometimes flooded by thunderstorms during the months of July, August, 

and September.

227
228 NEW MEXICO

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01bo

0)

1

Discharge

1

o 

C

0

o

Peak stge discharge 

3

g

"S 

 o

r « 

fc

0

>^

01

cr

01

il 

 o

8

0

0) t_

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

in 

01

Ground wat

station

0

0) 

01

Drainage ai

4

§

Cross-sect

0

"8 a,

Coefficient roughnes

0

01

"5

0)

g

0

en

g

.5

cd i « a 

 o 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

en

0) O

0

Contents

0

8

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

en

g

§ 

u

4) -J

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

J3 "o 

U

0

in 

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2 "o!

33 

a

0

3

ni

33 

a

1

x: 

U

0

01

5

0

Chemical

en o

Dissolved soli

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

0

01

nr

Dissolved oxy

0

en

01

en

in

0)

0

in 

01

S

1

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

1

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

0

01

C

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

0)

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Bjorklund, L. J., and Maxwell, B. W., 1961, Availability of ground 

water in the Albuquerque area, Bernalillo and Sandoval 

Counties, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer Tech. Kept. 

21, 117 p.

Conover, C. S., 1956, The ground-water situation in Albuquerque: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 6 p.

Cooper, J. B., 1966, Pilot hole of the University of New Mexico 

water well no. 7: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 28 p.

Dinwiddie, G. A., Mourant, W. A., and Easier, J. A., Municipal 

water supplies and uses, northwestern New Mexico: New 

Mexico State Engineer Tech. Rept. 29-C, 197 p.

Murray, C. R., 1942, Report on an investigation of water resources east of Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept.

Reeder, H. O., Bjorklund, L. J., and Dinwiddie, G. A., 1967, 

Quantitative analysis of water resources in the Albuquerque 

area, New Mexico: New Mexico State Engineer Tech. Rept. 33, 

34 p.

Theis, C. V., 1942, Ground-water supplies near Veteran's Administration Facility, Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept.
NEW YORK

There are seven Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in New York. Hydrologic data and information for all or 

some of these areas are contained in the following reports:

Heath, R. C., 1964, Ground water in New York: New York Water 

Resources Comm. Bull. GW 51, map with text.

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of 

public water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 1, 

States east of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1299, 639 p.

New York State Department of Health, 1960, Public water supply 

data: Albany, New York Bur. Environmental Sanitation, 186 p.

Robison, F. L., 1961, Floods in New York, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 454, 10 p.

Wiitala, S. W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States, Part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Box 948 

Albany, N. Y. 12201

Albany-Schenectady-Troy

Area: 2,219 sq mi.

Subarea: Albany, Rensselaer, Schenectady, and Saratoga

Counties. 

Population: 697,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supplies in the area are 

obtained from the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers and reservoirs on 

their tributaries, from wells in unconsolidated deposits in the 

flood plains of the two rivers, and in buried preglacial river beds. 

The area has an abundant supply of water; according to 1953 

figures, the average surface-wate"r withdrawal of about 800 mgd 

represented only one-tenth of the average amount of flow available in the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. Average ground-water

229
230 NEW YORK

withdrawal of 30 mgd has not appreciably reduced the amount of 

ground water in storage in the area.

The water-supply problem is not one of quantity, but of quality. Because of discharge of domestic and industrial wastes in 

the area, water from the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers is not 

suitable for most uses without extensive treatment.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

u

M

01

18

Discharge

11

C

31

t, 

o

Peak stage discharge 

4

c

durati Flow 

10

^

u

0)

Flood frequ

10

Means andtremes o:

10

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

0

cS

Drainage ar

48

o

Cross-sect

41

<**

O ,n

Coefficient roughnes

0

1

cS 

t,

i

H

0

CO

a

cS

'cS

"a

73

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

5

CO

V 

73

1

Contents

1

o

infl Surface 

outflow

0

^_

CO

g

§

(U i

U

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(U

Temperatu

8

Specific 

conductanc

3

Turbidity

1

13 "o 

U

2

o

3

0

>>

Radioactiv

0

13

X 

a.

0

3a

K 

0.

2

.c 

w

0

I*

0)

6

0

Chemical

CO 73

"o

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

g

Common i<

2

Hardness

2

a 

u

Radiochem

0

u

M

X

Dissolved

0

CO 

cS M

l* 0)

0

t,

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O 

PQ

0

t, a)

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

0

cu

Particle s

0

<i>

6

0

Current projects: 

Mohawk River basin study. 

References:

Arnow, Theodore, 1949, The ground-water resources of Albany

County, New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull.

GW-20, 56 p. 

Cushman, R. V., 1950, The ground-water resources of Rensselaer County, New York: New York Water Resources Comm.

Bull. GW-21, 56 p. 

Giese, G. L., and Barr, J. W., 1967, The Hudson River estuary 

a preliminary investigation of flow and water-quality
BINGHAMPTON, NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA 231

characteristics: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. 61,

39 p. 

Halberg, H. N., Hunt, O. P., and Pauszek, F. H., 1964, Water

resources of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area, New York:

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499-D, p. D1-D64. 

Heath, R. C., Mack, F. K., and Tannenbaum, J. A., 1963,

Ground-water studies in Saratoga County, New York: New York

Water Resources Comm. Bull. GW-49, 128 p. 

Mack, F. K., Pauszek, F. H., and Crippen, J. R., 1964, Geology

and hydrology of the West Milton area, Saratoga County, New

York: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1747, 110 p. 

New York State Department of Health, 1952, The Mohawk River

drainage basin: New York Water Pollution Control Board,

Mohawk River Drainage Basin Survey Ser. Rept. 2, 245 p.

 1955, Hoosic River drainage basin: New York Water

Pollution Control Board, Upper Hudson River Drainage Basin 

Survey Ser. Rept. 1, 99 p.

 1961, Drainage basins of streams entering the Hudson 

River in Albany, Columbia, Greene, and Rensselaer Counties: 

New York Water Resources Comm., Lower Hudson River 

Drainage Basin Survey Ser. Rept. 11, 243 p.

 1963, Upper Hudson River drainage basin: New York

Resources Comm., Upper Hudson River Drainage Basin

Survey Ser. Rept. 2, 347 p. 

Pauszek, F. H., and Ruggles, F. H., 1965, Effects of waste water

from AEC plant on the hydrology of Glowegee Creek at West

Milton, New York, 1958-61: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1809-N p. N1-N29. 

Simpson, E. S., 1949, Buried preglacial ground-water channels

in the Albany-Schenectady area in New York: New York Water

Resources Comm. Bull. GW-20A, 8 p.

 1952, The ground-water resources of Schenectady County,

New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. GW 30,

110 p. 

Winslow, J. D., and others, 1965, Ground-water resources of

eastern Schenectady County, New York: New York Water

Resources Comm. Bull. 57, 148 p.

Binghamton, New York-Pennsylvania

Area: 2,071 sq mi.

Subarea: Broome and Tioga Counties, N. Y.j Susquehanna

County, Pa. 

Population: 297,000.
232 NEW YORK

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Susquehanna River and from aquifers located principally 

in glacial deposits. The water supply is adequate for the forseeable future.

The major problem in the area is that of large demands for 

ground water from relatively small well fields; wells are closely 

spaced and interfere with each other. This factor and the addition of new wells and increased drafts on existing wells combine 

to cause an apparent decline in the water table in the Binghamton-Johnson City-Endicott industrial area. Treated municipal 

and industrial wastes are discharged into the Susquehanna River, 

but pollution is not an immediate problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<U M 

rt

16

Discharge

14

0

a

34

0

Peak stage discharge

6

o

15

1 

*

E

7

^

c

cr 

 a

0

E

7

m . .

and Meanstremes o

9

Runoff

9

Supplementary data

(U

Ground wat

station

0

0)

Drainage ai

44

§

o

(U 

CO

CO 

CO

o

Li

u

39

o m

Coefficient roughnes

0

(U

Li

'o

(U

s

H

0

CO

ft

6

Flood plain

0

g

Precipitatic

3

CO

(U o

 tH

0

Contents

4

o

Surface inf

outflow

2

^_

CO + >

(U

§rtj i 1 So oi 

U

3

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

o

a

0

Li 

O

s

0

Radioactivity

0

2

<U

as 

a

0

3

rt

as a

0

w

0

Li a>

5

0

Chemical

CO o

Dissolved soli

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

<U

nn

Dissolved oxy

0

CO 

(U 

W

rt M

(U

5

0

Li

(U

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

m

0

Li

<U

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

3

Particle size

0

01

6

0

Current projects:

Water resources in the Susquehanna River basin.
BUFFALO 233

References:

Brown, R. H., and Ferris, J. G., 1946, Progress report on 

ground-water resources of the southwestern part of Broome 

County, New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. 

GW-15, 48 p.

Hunt, O. P., 1967, Duration curves and low-flow frequency curves

- of streamflow in the Susquehanna River basin, New York: New 

York Water Resources Comm. Bull. 60, 52 p.

Lohman, S. W., 1937, Ground water in northeastern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W4, 312 p.

New York State Department of Health, 1954, Susquehanna River 

drainage basin: New York Water Pollution Control Board, 

325 p.

Pauszek, F. H., 1959, Chemical quality of surface waters in the 

Allegheny, Genesee and Susquehanna River basins, New York, 

1953-1956: New York Dept. Commerce Bull. 3, 94 p.

Buffalo

Area: 1,587 sq mi.

Subarea: Erie and Niagara Counties.

Population: 1,320,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supplies for the area are 

obtained mainly from Lake Erie and the Niagara River. In 1950, 

municipal supplies drew more than 200 mgd from these two 

sources, and industry drew more than 550 mgd. In addition, 

supplies are obtained from Buffalo River, Tonawanda, and 

Eighteenmile Creeks and from wells, primarily in unconsolidated 

sand and gravel deposits. The area is in a region of adequate 

water supply and, if pollution can be controlled, future water 

requirements can be met.

Pollution, or the constant threat of pollution, is the major water 

problem in the area and is caused chiefly by the disposal of 

municipal and industrial wastes. The most widespread and 

troublesome source of pollution of shallow ground-water supplies 

is from suburban septic tanks.
234 NEW YORK

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M 

01

18

Discharge

11

o 

C

13

0

Peak stage discharge 

13

0

13

 O

o 

fe

7

j>^

1 

£

 o 

o

7

Means andtremes o

10

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

01

o>

Drainager

26

g

u

01

01

W

O

U

26

0 , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

01

"o 

H

1

01

a

S

.5

"a 

 o

0

o

0

c

Precipitatic

0

01<i) o

H

0

Contents

0

o

r

irfacenfl 

outflow

0

-^

01

ti

§U

4) r-t 

I ^

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

IDi<

Temperatu

2

Specific conductanc

1

Turbidity

1

JO"o 

U

2

0

S

0

^

Radioactivi

1

2

K 

a

1

&

ffi 

a

1

.c

0

a)

C

0

Chemical

01

T3

Dissolved .

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

01

Common io

2

Hardness

2

r-(

01

Radiochem

1

no

^

Dissolved c

1

in

V 

01 

01

a)

C

0

a)

J2

6

Organic

Pesticides Synthetic detergents

6

Biological

Coliforms

Other micorganisn

Q 

0

8

0

Sediment

S

Concentrat

1

n

N

Particle s

0

0)

6

0

Current projects:

Chemical quality of streams in the Erie-Niagara basin, New York. 

A reconnaissance of stream sediment in the Erie-Niagara basin,

New York.

Ground-water resources of the Erie-Niagara basin, New York. 

Surface water in the Erie-Niagara basin, New York.

References:

Johnson, R. H., 1964, Ground water in the Niagara Falls area, 

New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. GW-53, 

93 p.

LaSala, A. M., Jr., Harding, W. E., and Archer, R. J., 1964, Water 

resources of the Lake Erie-Niagara area, New York a preliminary appraisal: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. 

GW-52, 7 p.

New York State Department of Health, 1953, Lake Erie (east end)- 

Niagara River drainage basins: New York Water Pollution 

Control Board Rept. 3, 75 p.

Reck, C. W., and Simmons, E. T., 1952, Water resources of the 

Buffalo-Niagara Falls region: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 173, 26 p.
NEW YORK 235

New York City

Area: 2,149 sq mi.

Subarea: Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Nassau,

Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties. 

Population: 11,366,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply in the area is drawn 

from surface-water sources in upstate New York (including the 

Delaware, Neversink, Croton, Hackensack, and Saw Mill Rivers, 

Schoharie, Esopus, and Rondout Creeks, and Grassy Sprain Brook) 

and from wells tapping unconsolidated aquifers. The complex 

system of surface-water reservoirs is sufficient for present 

needs (facilities are provided for supplementing the system with 

water from the Hudson River), and the Long Island aquifers will 

continue to yield an abundant supply if properly managed.

Pollution of the available water is the major problem. The 

Hudson River and its tributaries are used for the deposition of 

wastes from the municipalities and industries located along its 

shores. Aquifers in the area are in danger of becoming polluted 

from industrial wastes, cesspools and septic tanks, and salt-water 

intrusion caused by increased withdrawals and insufficient 

recharge.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

t>0 

OS

%

43

Discharge

31

_o 

1

80

(_ 

o

Peak stage discharge

9

c 

o

"S 

t-,

73

_O

E

28

> >

u

0)

Flood frequ

22

 s

x«

Means andtremes o

31

Runoff

7

Supplementary data

t-,

D

Ground wat 

station

0

OS 

0)

Drainage ai

54

§

Cross-sect

114

<M0 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

1

£

 3

0)

£

H

0

IQ 

O.

al

e

a

_rt "3.

T3

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

IQ

0) 

73

 fH

H

12

Contents

0

o

inf Surface 

outflow

0

IQ

C 0)

o 

u

rt> ^H So «J c *

« JJJ JC

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

[Temperature

26

Specific 

conductance

3

Turbidity

2

o "o 

U

2

o

0

Radioactivity

2

o>

0.

2

I

as

0.

1

JC

u

0

0)

8

5

Chemical

IQ

73

Dissolved sol

2

Chlorides

18

Nutrients

20

Common ions

3

Hardness

3

Radiochemica

0

bit

Dissolved oxy

20

IQ

0) 

IQ 

0)bo 

i-,

ff:

6

0

<u

JC

5

2

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0 .

t-,

0)

8

i

Biological

Coliforms

20

Other micro- organisms

20

Q 

O

20

t,

0)

8

2

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

t,(U

8

0

299-975 O - 68 - 16
236 NEW YORK

Current projects:

Basic hydrologic data collection, Long Island.

Cadmium- chromate contamination, South Farmingdale, Nassau

County.

Geology and ground-water resources of Queens County. 

Syndet contamination of ground water in the vicinity of three

public-supply well fields, Babylon, Suffolk County. 

Ground-water exploration of midisland area, Suffolk County. 

Experimental studies of artificial recharge of treated sewage

through an injection well at Bay Park, Long Island. 

Storage and retrieval of hydrologic data for Long Island. 

Preliminary quantitative water-budget analysis of western Long

Island.

An atlas of the water resources of Long Island. 

Abatement of pollution in the water-table aquifer, southwestern

Nassau County. 

Carbon-isotope geochemistry of water in the Magothy Formation,

Long Island.

References:

Asselstine, E. S., and Grossman, I. G., 1955, The ground-water 

resources of Westchester County, New York, Part 1, Records 

of wells and test holes: New York Water Resources Comm. 

Bull. GW-35, 79 p.

Ayer, G. R., and Pauszek, F. H., 1963, Creeks, brooks and rivers 

in Rockland County, New York, and their relation to planning for 

the future: New York Dept. Commerce Bull. 6, 141 p.

Crandell, H. C., 1963, Geology and ground-water resources of the 

town of Southold, Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1619-GG, p.-GG1-GG36.

Giese, G. L., and Barr, J. W., 1967, The Hudson River estuary 

a preliminary investigation of flow and water-quality characteristics: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull. 61, 39 p.

Heath, R. C., Foxworthy, B. L., and Cohen, Philip, 1966, The 

changing pattern of ground-water development on Long Island, 

New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 524, 10 p.

Hitchcock, L. B., ed., 1966, The fresh water of New York State 

its conservation and use: Dubuque, Iowa, Win. C. Brown Co., 

Inc., 255 p.

Hoffman, J. F., and Lubke, E. R., 1961, Ground-water levels and 

their relationship to ground-water problems in Suffolk County, 

Long Island, New York: New York Water Resources Comm. 

Bull. GW-44, 42 p.

Isbister, John, 1964, Geology and hydrology of northeastern Nassau 

County, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 194 p.
ROCHESTER 237

Jacob, C. E., 1945, The water table in the western and central 

parts of Long Island, New York; New York Water Resources 

Comm. Bull. GW-12, 24 p.

Lubke, E. R., 1964, Hydrogeology of the Huntington-Smithtown 

area, Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1669-D, p. D1-D68.

Lusczynski, N. J., and Swarzenski, W. V., 1965, Salt-water 

encroachment in southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, 

New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1613-F, 

p. F1-F76.

Perlmutter, N. M., 1959, Geology and ground-water resources of 

Rockland County, New York: New York Water Resources 

Comm. Bull. GW-42, 133 p.

Perlmutter, N. M., and Arnow, Theodore, 1953, Ground water in 

Bronx, New York, and Richmond Counties with summary data 

on Kings and Queens Counties, New York City, New York: New 

York Water Resources Comm. Bull. GW-32, 86 p.

Perlmutter, N. JVL, and Geraghty, J. J., 1963, Geology and groundwater conditi&hs- in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens 

Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1613-A, p A1-A205.

Pluhowski, E. J., and Kantrowitz, I. H., 1964, Hydrology of the 

Babylon-Islip area, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1768, 119 p.

Swarzenski, W. V., 1963, Hydrogeology of northwestern Nassau 

and northeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1657, 90 p. [1964].

Rochester

Area: 2,314 sq mi.

Subarea: Monroe, Livingston, Orleans and Wayne Counties.

Population: 804,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supplies in the area are 

obtained mainly from Lake Ontario and Hemlock, Canadice, 

Canandaigua, and Conesus Lakes; in 1952 about 188 mgd were 

drawn from these sources. Additional water supplies are obtained 

from small creeks and brooks and from wells tapping unconsolidated deposits. With proper management, there is more-than 

enough water available to meet future needs.

Water from Lake Ontario will be used for future needs in the 

areas closest to the lake; however, areas more distant from the 

lake may find it uneconomical to transport the lake's water and 

may have to find other supplies. Present use of the Genesee
238 NEW YORK

River for discharging municipal and industrial wastes must be 

watched carefully in order to assure that pollution does not 

become a serious problem in the river and in Lake Ontario and 

along its beaches.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

CuO 

n)

55

15

Discharge

12

1

a

22

^

o

Peak stge discharge

9

_

o

IS 

 o 

o

E

9

^

o

0)

Flood frequ

9

Means andtremes o

11

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

0)

Drainage ar

32

§

Cross-sect

34

0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

(0

1

1

COQ.

rt

E

S

42 "o.

 a

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO

0) "2

H

0

Contents

1

g

Surface inf]

outflow

0

.^

CO

c<v

§o

0) -7} tun y

n £ 

6

2

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

t.

Temperatu

1

0)

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

o "o 

u

1

0-o 

O

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

2

0)

K

D.

1

1

K

D.

0

£

w

0

0)

6

0

Chemical

CO a

"o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

c

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

^H0)

o

Radiochem

0

tun

Dissolved <

0

m<U

CO 

0)

00 

0)

s

0

0)

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 "

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

0

m

0

0)

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

0

D 

N

Particle s

0

0)

6

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Genesee River basin.

Water resources of the western Oswego River basin.

References:

Dunn, Bernard, 1966, Time-of-travel studies, Genesee River

basin, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 21 p. 

Gilbert, B. K., 1967, Duration, frequency, and distribution of

streamflow in the Genesee River basin with emphasis on low

flows: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 110 p. 

Griswold, R. E., 1951, The ground-water resources of Wayne

County, New York: New York Water Resources Comm. Bull.

GW-29, 61 p. 

Grossman, I. G., and Yarger, L. B., 1953, Water resources of

the Rochester area, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 246,

29 p.
SYRACUSE 239

Kammerer, J. C., and Hobba, W. A., Jr. 1968, The geology and 

availability of ground water in the Genesee River basin, New 

York and Pennsylvania: Buffalo, N.Y., U.S. Army Corps 

Engineers [in press].

Keller, F. J., and Gilbert, B. K., 1967, The occurrence and

characteristics of fluvial sediment in the Genesee River basin 

a reconnaissance: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 23 p.

Leggette, R. M., Gould, L. O., and Dollen, B. H., 1935, Groundwater resources of Monroe County, New York: Rochester, N.Y., 

Monroe County Regional Plan. Board, 186 p.

New York Department of Commerce, 1957, Rochester area business fact book: Albany, New York Dept. Commerce, 40 p.

Pauszek, F. H., 1959, Chemical quality of surface waters in the 

Allegheny, Genesee and Susquehanna River basins, New York, 

1953-56: Albany, New York Dept. Commerce, 94 p.

Syracuse

Area: 2,421 sq mi.

Subarea: Onondaga, Madison, and Oswego Counties.

Population: 606,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 70 mgd of municipal water is drawn from Skaneateles 

Lake, Otisco Lake and Lake Ontario and from wells developed 

mainly in unconsolidated deposits. Most of the industrial supply 

is drawn either directly from Onondaga Lake or from the lake's 

tributaries and totals approximately 150 mgd. Large amounts of 

water are available but generally poor quality of both surface and 

ground water restricts its use.

The greatest problem in the area is the extensive local pollution of surface water by chemical and sanitary wastes. Recent 

completion of a municipal waterline tapping Lake Ontario may 

improve the present water picture. Ground water in the area 

tends to be very hard, and much of the area is underlain by salty 

ground water.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

tao

rt

55

15

Discharge

12

o

4

t,

o

Peak stage discharge

4

o

Flow durati

10

»^

c

o

cr 

t,

 o

o

JO

10

 !> CH

Means andtremes o

12

Runoff

12

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt<v

Drainage ar

18

Cross sec-t

16

VH

O m

Coefficient roughnes

0

(L1

t>

rt

S 

H

0

co

a.

S

"a

 o 

o

0

Precipitatio

0

en 

o O

0

Contents

1

*

o

inf] Surface 

outflow

0

.^_

co

c

(L1

C

o

O 

D 

n) Q> 

U

2

Siltation

0
240 NEW YORK

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatur

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

I* 

0

S

0

>,

Radioactivil

0

2

K 

a

0

I 

"a

0

tJ

0

0)

5

0

Chemical

in a

7!

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

Common ior

0

Hardness

0

__

cO 

o

Radiochemi

0

en

X

Dissolved o

0

as

10 

(0

cm

IH

QJ

§

0

I*

U

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

I*

as

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

ri tO

Other micr<

organism

0

Q 

O

0

I*

ID

s

0

Sediment

0

Concentrati

0

V

Particle siz

0

L,

S

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of the eastern Oswego River basin. 

Surface-water resources of the eastern Oswego River basin.

References:

New York State Department of Health, 1951, Onondaga Lake 

drainage basin: New York Water Pollution Control Board, 

Oswego River Drainage Basin Survey Ser. Kept. 1, 151 p.

 1955, Skaneateles Creek drainage basin: New York Water 

Pollution Control Board, Oswego River Drainage Basin Survey 

Ser. Kept. 2, 51 p.

-1955, Oswego River and lower Seneca River drainage basin:

New York Water Pollution Control Board, Oswego River 

Drainage Basin Survey Ser. Rept. 3, Tip. 

 1957, Oneida River drainage basin: New York Water

Pollution Control Board, Oswego River Drainage Basin Survey 

Ser. Rept. 5, 173 p.

Onondaga County Water Agency, 1960, Report on additional water 

supply: Syracuse, N.Y., Onondaga County Water Agency, 72 p.

U. S. Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, 

1966, Water pollution Great Lakes, Hearings, Part 2, Onondaga, Oneida, Ontario, and the Finger Lakes: U.S. 89th Cong., 

2d sess., 464 p.

Utica-Rome

Area: 2,699 sq mi.

Subarea: Oneida and Herkimer Counties.

Population: 346,000.

Hydrologic background:

The public water supply for the area comes from West Canada 

and East Branch Fish Creeks, from smaller creeks and brooks,
UTICA ROME 241

and from wells and springs drawing from unconsolidated aquifers. 

In 1954 the estimated average water use from these sources was 

30 mgd, industries draw an additional estimated 18.5 mgd from 

the Mohawk River, mostly for nonconsumptive uses. The Mohawk 

River, its tributary West Canada Creek, and a system of reservoirs and diversions that maintain the flow in the barge-canal 

system assure an ample supply for the foreseeable needs of the 

area.

A large amount of municipal and industrial wastes is discharged 

into the Mohawk River, but the quality of the water remains fair 

and is probably satisfactory for most uses or can be made satisfactory by suitable treatment. The comparatively flat topography 

of the Mohawk Valley contributes occasional flash floods on the 

smaller tributary streams, but floods on the Mohawk River itself 

are controlled by storage in Delta Reservoir and by the closing 

of head gates in feeder canals.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

cu bo 

rt

16

Discharge

13

o 

C

S

9

Peak stage discharge 

3

c

 r*"3

 o 

o

E

10

^

u

frequ Flood 

10

Means andeoftremes 

12

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

^

Ground wate 

station

0

0)

Drainage ar

22

o

CJ

cu

CO

Ul 

Ul

o t,

u

21

Coefficient (roughness

0

d!

"o

41

6

H

1

Ul

a

a!

aa! "a

 o 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatio

1

Ul

41 

TJ

H

0

Contents

1

*

Surface infl

outflow

1

^,

CO

g

Change cont 

level

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

cu

3

Temperat

1

cj

Specific conductan

0

Turbidity

0

JO"o 

U

0

t, 

o

S

0

>, g

n) 

O

 3

rt 

DC

0

KQ.

0

1

K 

a

0

3

0

t* 

6

0

Chemical

(0 o

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

(0

O

Common i

0

Hardness

0

rt

0

r1

Radiochen

0

c 

cu bn

X

o

Dissolved

0

(0

n) bo

t,

4)

6

0

4)

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,

cu

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 ra 2 fi

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O

n

0

cu

6

0

Sediment

c 

o

£

Concentra

0

 d

Particle s

0

t,

0)

5

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of the eastern Oswego River basin. 

Surface-water resources of the eastern Oswego River basin. 

Mohawk River basin study.
242 NEW YORK

References:

Halberg, H. N., Hunt, O. P., and Pauszek, F. H., 1962, Water 

resources of the Utica-Rome area, New York: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499-C, p. C1-C46.

New York State Department of Health, 1951, Sauquoit Creek 

drainage basin: New York Water Pollution Control Board, 

Mohawk River Drainage Basin Survey Ser. Kept. 1, 23 p.

 1952, Mohawk River drainage basin: New York Water

Pollution Control Board, Mohawk River Drainage Basin Survey 

Ser. Rept. 2, 245 p.

 1960, West Canada Creek drainage basin: New York Water 

Pollution Control Board, Mohawk River Drainage Basin Survey 

Ser. Rept. 3, 87 p.
NORTH CAROLINA

There are eight Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in North Carolina. Hydrologic data and information for all or 

some of these areas are contained in the following statewide 

reports:

Goddard, G. C., Jr., 1963, Water supply characteristics of North 

Carolina streams: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1761, 

223 p.

Hinson, H. G., 1965, Floods on small streams in North Carolina 

probable magnitude and frequency: U.S.Geol. SurveyCirc. 517, 7p.

Lamar, W. L., 1945, Chemical character of surface waters of 

North Carolina, 1943 44: Washington, D. C., North Carolina 

Dept. Conserv. and Devel., 14 p.

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of public 

water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 1, States east 

of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1299, 639 p.

North Carolina Division of Mineral Resources 1947 57, Chemical 

and physical character of surface water S'of North Carolina, 1944 

56: North Carolina Dept. Conserv. and Devel. Div. Mineral Resources Bull. 52, v. 1 12, v. pagination.

North Carolina Division of Stream Sanitation and Hydrology, 1959 66, 

Chemical and physical character of surface waters of North 

Carolina, 1956 61: North Carolina Dept. Water Resources Div. 

Stream Sanitation and Hydrology Bull. 1, v. 1 8, v. pagination.

 1961 65, Chemical and physical character of municipal 

water supplies in North Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Water 

Resources Div. Stream Sanitation and Hydrology Bull. 2,187 p., 

Supp. 1, 47 p.; Supp. 2, 36 p.; Supp. 3, 48 p.

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of 

floods in the United States, Part 2 A, South Atlantic slope basins, 

James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1673,329 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, Floods of August 1940 in the southeastern states: U.S. Geol Survey Water-Supply Paper 1066, 554 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Post Office Building 

Post Office Box 2857 

Raleigh, N. C. 27602

243
244 NORTH CAROLINA

Asheville

Area: 647 sq mi, 

Subarea: Buncombe County. 

Population: 143,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply for Asheville and most of the area 

comes from the North Fork Swannonoa River (Lake Burnette). 

There is an abundant water supply from the many small mountain 

streams and the French Broad River and Swannonoa River, which 

is not being fully utilized. Yield from wells is small and unpredic - 

table, though of excellent quality. The larger streams are moderately polluted from upstream sources (being currently eliminated), 

but the smaller streams generally are not polluted.

Significant flooding due to rapid runoff from the mountainous 

terrain occurs along the French Broad and Swannonoa Rivers and 

to a lesser extent on their tributaries.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<uM

ffl

35

7

Discharge

5

o

C

3

2

L, 

O

Peak stage discharge 

2

0

Flow durati

7

>>

o

<D

3

cr

(U

£

 o 

o 

o

E

5

 s

X *"

Means andtremes o

5

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

LI

Ground wat

station

0

a 

<u

Drainage ar

9

o

tJ

(U 

01

01 

01

O

Ll 

U

0

"3 rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

<u >

a

tn

*o

(U

H

0

CD

O. ffl 

S

.S

42 "o.

TD

O 

O

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

ra

(U O 

H

0

Contents

0

R

Surface inf]

outflow

0

CO s

<U

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

t,

Temperatu

7

<u

Specific 

conductanc

7

Turbidity

0

LI

"o 

U

7

LI o

S

0

£

Radio ivact

0

'3

EC 

o.

0

5

EC 

a

7

w

0

Ll

0)

S

0

Chemical

01

n

"o 

tn

Dissolved

7

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

7

CO

o 

U

7

Hardness

7

,__,

o

Radiochem

0

X

o

Dissolved

2

01

Ol

a bo

<u

8

0

Li

<U

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

2

t< 

(U

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

PS

Other mic organist

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

(U

8

0

Sediment

0

Concentra

0

(U 

N

Particle s

0

1

8

0
CHARLOTTE 245

Current project;

None.

References:

Trapp, Henry, Jr., 1968, Geology and ground-water resources of 

the Asheville area, North Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Air 

and Water Resources Ground-Water Bull, [in press],

Charlotte

Area: 1,185 sq mi.

Subarea: Mecklenburg and Union Counties.

Population: 360,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the Charlotte area is impounded from the 

Catawba River.

Much of the annual flood damage in the city of Charlotte and 

elsewhere takes place on very small watersheds. These floods 

are generally caused by intense localized storms. In order that 

city engineers can adequately and economically protect residents 

from flooding, the design of storm sewers and culverts is of prime 

importance. Knowledge of the flood potential of these small 

basins will aid engineers in designing these structures. Flood 

magnitude and frequency data can be used as a guide by the city in 

alleviating some of the existing flooding problems as well as in 

future development of flood plains.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u M

0)

7

tie t*

0)

u

CO

s

7

o

1

7

t* 

o

*" M

5 a g

J<! (0 1*OH

11

O

"rt

t* 

 O

O

E

14

^

u

0)

O"

<u

"a

0

o

E

18

x 53 

<u <«

 o °

C CO 

0) OJ

CO g

rt b <u * 

g

7

<M

O

i

7

Supplementary data

t*

V

0)

£ C

 0.2

sis 1"

0

0)

0)

V 

M

0) .5

0)

a

25

§

u

o>

CO

CO 

0

U

12

o m

^ CO

*5

0 M

52 g

§ 2 

U

12

>

b

OJ

0

CO

a

a)

.5

a) "a

 a 

o

0

E

0

§

"3 

I

y

a> b 

OH

6

COa> a

H

0

CO "S

a> 1

0

0

?

 2 *

« .2

JS?

b O

(g

0

^_

CO

g

g

u

4) i-<

1"

0

g"S

1

0
246 NORTH CAROLINA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

u

Temperatl

15

u

Specific conductan

15

Turbidity

0

t,

"o 

U

15

t*

o

S

0

£

Radioactiv

0

 5

u

Q.

0

I

wQ.

15

.c 

W

0

u

S

0

Chemical

 om

"o 

en

Dissolved

15

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1£

en

S

Common i

15

Hardness

15

p_1

rt 

o

Radiochen

0

c

bit

X X

o

Dissolved

8

en

en 

a

i,

u

6

0

u

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,

u

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o m

(H S

Other micorganis

0

O

O

0

b 

u

JS

6

0

Sediment

o r*

Concentra

0

u 

s

Particle s

0

t,

u

S

0

Current project:

Water-resources investigations as particularly related to peak 

discharges from small urban watersheds.

References:

LeGrand, H. E., and Mundorff, M. J., 1952, Geology and groundwater in the Charlotte area, North Carolina: North Carolina 

Dept. Conserv. and Devel. Div. Mineral Resources Bull 63 

88 p.

Martens, L. A., 1967, Flood inundation and effects of urbanization 

in Metropolitan Charlotte, North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 104 p.

Durham

Area: 299 sq mi. 

Subarea: Durham County. 

Population: 123,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the Durham area comes from the Flat 

River and is impounded in Lake Michie.

The city of Durham is continually faced with problems of flood 

damage resulting from flooding of small streams. In many 

instances areas have developed where under normal conditions 

there would be little likelihood of flooding; but, as these surb urban 

developments grow and cover the small watersheds, streams no 

longer react normally, and many areas that under rural conditions 

are never inundated now flood quite frequently. In addition to 

problems of flooding, urban growth requires inf or mat ion concerning 

the availability and quality of surface waters.
Area: 662sq mi. 

Subarea: Cumberland County. 

Population: 193,000.

References: 

Bain, G. L.,1966, Geology and

Durham area, North Carolina sources Ground-Water Bull. 

Billingsley, G.A., Fish,R. E.,

resources of theNeuse River Survey Water -Supply Paer 1

Turner, J.F.,r, 1966, Evapc

Lake Michie, NorthCarolina: 

272-G, p. 137-150.

Fayetl

» * £ o- 8 -"* " <» <. d&Efg.-sg

& w 5' w g. ro ^ o e

» § co 5 o ^ ^ 3 

n <o - S3- xj 5 o-

» ft? g-5" n^

r£ §-^ ?l

co^ 5-53 o (5

^5' 0 ' g ^

< P 2 . P o> "g &M °1 M £ c- ^ o e

hri B p co >a i-j ^u g. P 01 S- o

o a " ^ ^ <t> .M> ,H ^ M

M 3 £ 3 P M-

?<£. .M & ^3

X3 g Q CD ^g:

Q p IH-! HJ .. P

w - (t> 53 <T>

^ O (D

Urbanization effects upon streai &o.

Current projects:

sMoo

)-" oo0o

M O0o

I-* ooM

)- E0

*. oo0oooooo0oo

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical 9cmgI . oW

£ 'o

TOn

(0

W n3n
248 NORTH CAROLINA

Hydrologic background:

Water supply at Fayetteville comes from Little Cross Creek 

(impounded) with auxiliary supplies taken from Big Cross Creek 

and the Cape Fear River. Wells in the underlying aquifers yield 

up to 60 gpm and are used only for domestic and other limited 

water-supply needs, although the quality is good. Small streams 

are generally little polluted, and larger streams have limited 

pollution from upstream sources.

The Cape Fear River causes extensive flooding in the area. 

Following the hurricane flood of 1945 about one-fourth of the 

commercial areas of Fayetteville and East Fayetteville were 

severely damaged. Although such floods as those in 1945 will be 

largely prevented in the future by the authorized New Hope floodcontrol project, flooding due to local storms on small streams 

will continue to be a threat to the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

U) m

1

Discharge

0

o

5

Li

O

Peak stage discharge

1

c

0

"rt

Li

 o

|

5

^

o

V

gu

 o 

o

0

£

i

Means andtremes o:

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wate 

station

0

nl

Drainage ar

7

§

Cross-sect]

1

VI

O ri>

Coefficient roughnes

0

H>

>

a

Li

*o 

1)

S 

H

0

(0

a

nl

Lt

.5

,2 "a

 O

8 

G

0

Precipitatic

0

w

T3

H

0

Contents

0

*

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

ID"c

<u

Change conl 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

V

Temperatui

6

Specific 

conductance

6

Turbidity

0

£ "o 

U

6

I*

o

S

0

>-.

Radioactivi

0

2 D

ffi 

ex

0

2_n|

ffi 

CX

6

W

0

Ll

HI

S

0

Chemical

(0 O

"o

Dissolved

6

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

6

ID

r

Common io

6

Hardness

6

nl 

o

Radiochemi

0

4>

tan

>>

X

Dissolved o

5

V 

(0

nl txo

LI

V

S

0

V

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

LI

V

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

0 »

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O CD

0

LI

V

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

0

4>

Particle s

0

i*

V

S

0

Current project: 

None.
GREENSBORO HIGHPOINT 249

References:

Schipf, Robert G., 1961, Geology and ground-water resources of 

the Fayetteville area: North Carolina Dept. Water Resources 

Ground-Water Bull. 3, 99 p.

Greensboro- Highpoint

Area: 651 sq mi. 

Subarea: Guilford County. 

Population: 267,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Deep River and Reedy Fork and its tributaries. The area 

is located in the headwaters of the Cape Fear River, and there is 

no single large source of surface water readily available. Present 

supply is adequate for the immediate future. Chemical quality of 

ground water is good, but yields of wells generally are too small 

for practical development for municipal and industrial supplies.

Industrial development in the area includes several textile mills 

with large water requirements and industrial wastes. The pollution 

load from industrial wastes by far exceeds that of municipal sewage. 

Waste disposal is the main problem in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

00

n)

as

4

Types of data

Discharge

4

|

2

t, 

o

&£>

-2 «

_* Ul

ft!

3

o

"rt

t,

T3 

O

E

6

^

c

CP

u

 o 

o 

_o

7

Means andtremcs o

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

it

"3

1 »

o

0

u

Drainager

9

fe

Cross-sect

4

"o , 

Coefficient roughnes

3

>

rt

t,

6

H

0

to

a

g

5

,2 "a

 a 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

to11

13

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

to

s

i

y

00 * 

§ *> j; rt 

U

0

Siltation

0
250 NORTH CAROLINA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

<u

Temperatui

6

Specific 

conductance

6

Turbidity

0

Color

6

in 

O

§

0

>,

Radioactivi

0

2"a!

a

0

3

a

6

W

0

in 

<U

6

0

Chemical

en

T3

"o

Dissolved

6

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

6

U]

r

Common io

6

Hardness

6

^Hn) 

O

Radiochemi

0

c

fin

X

Dissolved o

2

(U 

U]

rtsin

in

6

0

in 

<U

s:

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

CH

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

^ ra

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O 

W

0

CH

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

0

<u

Particle sis

0

CH

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Mundorff, M. J., 1948, Geology and ground water in the Greensboro area, North Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Conserv. 

and Devel. Div. Mineral Resources Bull. 55, 108 p.

Raleigh

Area: 864 sq mi.

Sub a re a: Wake County.

Population: 195,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from Swift Creek impounded in Lake Wheeler and Lake Benson, 

Walnut Creek impounded in Lake Johnson and Lake Raleigh, and 

a supplemental supply from the Neuse River.

Among the hydrologic problems in the area is severe flooding 

of small streams resulting from thunderstorms. This problem is 

particularly severe along Walnut and Crabtree Creeks. Peakflow measurements have been made on these and other small 

streams for past high floods. A Soil Conservation Service small 

watershed project is planned for the Crabtree Creek basin.

Ground-water supplies in the area are adequate only for domestic 

and small industrial and residential needs.
WILMINGTON 251

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4> 

00 

n)

2

Discharge

1

o C

2

o

Peak stage discharg

5

o

n)

 a 

£

2

^

0 

4>

cr01

 a

o 

_o

5

Means andtremes c

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wal

station

0

n) 4>

Drainage

9

§

Cross-sect

4

Coefficient roughnes

4

"3

S-,

 3

cu

e

N

0

to

o. rt

Flood plain

0

c

Precipitati

2

CO 

T3

h

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

.^

to

1

JC " 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

4

Specific 

conductance

4

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

4

o

s

0

Radioactivity

0

 3

E 

a

0

1

S 

a

4

W

0

f*

(U

5

0

Chemical

en a

Dissolved sol

4

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

4

Common ins

4

Hardness

4

_,

Radiochemica

0

on

Dissolved oxy

2

en 4> 

co 

n) 

00

iu

s

0

41

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

n

0

4>

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

<U

5

0

Current project:

Investigation of floods on small urban areas.

References:

Billingsley, G. A., Fish, R. E., and Schiph, R. G., 1957, Water

resources of the Neuse River basin, North Carolina: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1414, 89 p. 

May, V. J., 1968, Geology and ground-water resources of the

Raleigh area, North Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Water

Resources Ground-Water Bull, [in pressj.

Wilmington

Area: 1,077 sq mi.

Subarea: New Hanover and Brunswick Counties.

Population: 92,020.
252 NORTH CAROLINA

Hydrologic background:

Water supplies for the area are derived from both surface and 

ground water. The most important surface-water sources are 

the Cape Fear and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers, both of which are 

estuarine throughout much of the area. Ground water is supplied 

by three aquifers which underly some or all of the area. Water 

problems are primarily related to quality. The estuaries are 

subject to intrusion of sea water, and ground-water supplies must 

be carefully managed to prevent contamination from salty surfacewater bodies or brackish ground water which underlies the whole 

area. Due to the complex hydrologic setting, indiscriminate waste 

disposal can pose a hazzard to the long-term utility of all supplies. 

Flooding, primarily caused by abnormal storm tides, is a threat 

along the Atlantic Coast and the low-lying sections along the 

rivers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

91

rt

7

Discharge

3

C

8

o

Peak stge discharge

1

g

"3

3 

TJ

_O

11

^u

4)

4)

i 

T3 

8

4

(U t 

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

LI

(U

Ground wat 

station

0

0)

Drainage ai

13

§

Cross-sect

1

*0 to

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

L. 

4)

E 

H

0

to

a

03

S 

"a

T»

§

E

0

S

Precipitatit

0

to 8

H

2

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

^^

CO

£

u

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

LI

3

Temperat

16

<v 

u

Specific conductan

16

Turbidity

0

LI

"o 

U

16

t. 

o

S

0

Radioacti

0

2

E

Q.

0

2cd

K

Q.

16

£ W

0

t6

0

Chemical

TJ

u>

Dissolved

16

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

16

o

Common

16

Hardness

16

rt 

u'S

Radiocher

0

£do

X O

Dissolved

10

to 

4)

COm

4)

5

0

4)

6

0

Organic

Pesticide

0

Synthetic detergent

0

LI

4)

6

0

Biological

Conforms

4

0 ^

£E

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O

m

0

4)

s:

0

Sediment

|

Concentra

0

4) 

N r4

Particle s

0

1 

«

0

Current project:

Hydrology of sounds and estuaries in North Carolina.
WINSTON SALEM 253

References:

Bain, G. L., 1968, The geology and ground-water resources of 

New Hanover County, North Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Air 

and Water Resources Ground-Water Bull, [in press].

LeGrand, H. E., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of 

Wilmington-New Bern area, North Carolina: North Carolina 

Dept. Water Resources Ground-Water Bull. 1, 80 p.

Winston-Salem

Area: 146 sq mi. 

Subarea: Forsyth County. 

Population: 207,000.

Hydrologic background:

The water supply for the Winston-Salem area comes from 

Salem and Walker Creeks impounded in Salem Lake and from the 

Yadkin River.

The city of Winston-Salem is faced with the problem of changing 

basin characteristics, particularly in small drainage basins, 

brought on by increased urbanization. This urban growth has 

resulted in a continual problem of flood damage,from small streams. 

Areas developed under normal conditions were not always subject 

to flooding, but as urban developments grow and cover the small 

watersheds, streams no longer act normally, and consequently 

many areas that under rural conditions are never inundated now 

flood frequently. Urban growth also requires information concerning the quantity and quality of surface water available for water 

supply. The effects of waste also need to be evaluated.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

tt> n)

35

5

Discharge

5

1

C

1

In

Peak stge discharge

9

e

o

13 t,

 o 

o

E

6

^

o

4)

cr <u

i 

 o

0

_o

E

13

<u 

Means andtremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

<u

Ground wat

station

0

d

»

Drainage ai

15

c

2

Cross- sect

1

«M

O to

Coefficient roughnes

1

 J

In 

S

H

0

so. d

.5d "a 

 a

8

0

^

Precipitatic

11

(0

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

*

Surface inf

outflow

0

.^

(0

S

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0
254 NORTH CAROLINA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

6

Specific 

conductance

6

Turbidity

0

S"o

u

6

SH 

O

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

0)

E

Q.

0

I

E

Q.

6

W

0

IV

5

0

Chemical

T3

Dissolved sol

6

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

6

Hardness

6

Radiochemica

6

c

(U 

bft

Dissolved oxy

0

u

(U

u

0)

bO

IV

6

i

SH

IV

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(U

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O 

«

0

1

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

SH 

1)

5

0

Current project:

Effects of urbanization on streams at Winston-Salem.

References:

Fish, R. E., LeGrand, H. E., Billingsley, G. A., 1957, Water 

resources of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1415, 115 p.
NORTH DAKOTA

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

North Dakota. Hydrologic data and information for this area are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

McCabe, J. A., and Crosby, O. A., 1958, Floods in North and South

Dakota, frequency and magnitude: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept. 132 p. 

Patterson, James L., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in

the United States, Part 6 A, Missouri River basin above Sioux

City, Iowa: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1679, 471 p. 

Paulson, Q. F., 1962, Ground water, a vital North Dakota resource:

North Dakota Geol. Survey Misc. Ser. 16, 26 p. (Also listed as

North Dakota Water Conserv. Comm. Inf. Ser. Bull. 1.) 

Robinove, C. J., Langford, R. H., and Brookhart, J. W., 1958,

Saline water resources of North Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1428, 72 p. 

Simpson, H. E., 1929, Geology and ground-water resources of

North Dakota, with a discussion of the Chemical character of water,

by H. B. Riffenburg: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 598,

312 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Missouri River basin floods of

April May 1950 in North Dakota and South Dakota: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1137-A, p. 1-114. 

 1952, Floods of 1950 in the Red River of the North and

Winnipeg River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1137-B, p. 115-325.

-1955, Floods of April 1952 in Missouri River basin: U.S.

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1260-B, p. 49-302.

-1955, Floods of 1952 in the upper Mississippi River and

Red River of the North: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1260-C, p. 303-529.

Data for this SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

Room 348, New Federal Building

Bismark, N. Dak. 58502

Fargo-Moorhead, North Dakota-Minnesota

Area: 1,860 sq mi.

Subarea: Cass County, N. Dak.j Clay County, Minn.

Population: 110,000.

255
256 NORTH DAKOTA

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial supplies are taken mainly from the 

Red River of the North. At Moorhead some ground water, pumped 

from sand and gravel aquifers within the glacial drift, is used 

during periods of high water demand. West Fargo obtains its 

supply from the West Fargo aquifer, a buried glaciofluvial deposit 

underlying an area of about 110 sq mi. A few industries have 

individual supplies obtained from buried glaciofluvial aquifers.

Sustained large yields from aquifers are limited because they 

are covered by thick deposits of glacial lake clays and till which 

inhibit recharge to the aquifers; however, artificial recharge from 

the Sheyenne River appears to have possibilities for the West Fargo 

aquifer.

The Red River of the North flows northward through the FargoMoorehead area, and two of its principal tributaries, the Sheyenne 

River to the west and the Buffalo River to the east, traverse the 

area. During the severe drought in the decade of the 1930's, there 

were periods when there was little or no flow in these streams. 

Recent storage development in headwaters of the Red River and on 

the Sheyenne River augment low flows substantially. There are 

plans to divert part of the Sheyenne River flow into the Red River 

above Fargo to insure higher flows during dry periods. The 

Garrison Diversion Project now in its early stages will eventually 

bring additional flows into streams in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

01 %

10

Discharge

9

o

C

0

fcl

o

Peak stage discharge

5

c

o

 a

o

E

8

^s

O

01£01

 a 

o 

o

E

12

01 <~

Means andtremes o

9

Runoff

9

Supplementary data

01

Ground wat

station

0

01

01

Drainage ai

15

§

Cross-sect

1

0 to

Coefficient roughnes

1

"3

"8

01

 i-t S

0

CO

Q. of

e

.s

"3.

 a

0

o

E

0

Precipitatu

0

CO

01 a

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

CO

g

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0
FARGO MOORHEAD, NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA 257

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(H

Temperate

1

<u

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

o

5

0

*J

Radioactiv

0

2

K 

a

0

I

K 

a

1

U

0

I* tu

S

0

Chemical

-o

01

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

N

Common i

1

Hardness

1

f-H

ri

-rM

Radiochem

0

c

cm

o

Dissolved

0

in

01

rt

b

0

i*

1

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

4)

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

tig

0 01

as

t, 60 

£fe

5

0

Q 

O

0

L,

S

0

Sediment

c

Concentral

0

H

Particle s

0

fe

X

S

0

Current projects:

Water resources of the Buffalo River watershed, west-central

Minnesota. 

Water resources of the Red River of the North drainage basin

in Minnesota. 

Geology and ground-water resources, Cass County,

North Dakota.

References:

Bingharn, J. W., 1960, Basic geologic and ground-water data for

Clay County, Minnesota: Minnesota Div. Waters Bull. 8, 138 p. 

Brookhart, J. W., and Powell, J. E., 1961, Reconnaissance of

geology and ground water in Hunter area, Cass County, North

Dakota: North Dakota Water Conserv. Comm. North Dakota

Ground-Water Studies 28, p. 61-91. 

Beyers, A. C., and others, 1946, Ground water in the FargoMoorhead area, North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 72 p. 

Dennis, P. E., Akin, P. D., and Jones, S. L., 1950, Ground water

in Kindred area, Cass and Richland Counties, North Dakota:

North Dakota Water Conserv. Comm. North Dakota GroundWater Studies 14, 75 p. 

Dennis, P. E., Akin, P. D., and Worts, G. F., Jr., 1949, Geology

and ground-water resources of parts of Cass and Clay Counties, 

North Dakota and Minnesota: North Dakota Water Conserv.

Comm. North Dakota Ground-Water Studies 11, 177 p. 

Erskine, H. M., 1962, Frequency of low flows, Red River of the

North, North Dokota-Minnesota: Grand Forks, North Dakota

Water Conserv. Comm., 19 p. 

Klausing, R. L., 1966, Geology and ground-water resources of

Cass County, North Dakota, Part 2, Ground-water basic data:

North Dakota Geol. Survey Bull. 47, 158 p. (Also listed as North

Dakota Water Conserv. Comm. County Ground-Water Studies 8.)
OHIO

There are fourteen Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in Ohio. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Archer, R. J., 1960, Sediment discharge of Ohio streams during 

floods of January February 1959: Ohio Div. Water Misc. Kept. 

13, 16 p.

Beaber, H. C., and Rostvedt, J. O., 1965, Floods of March 1964 

along the Ohio River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1840-A, p. A1-A158.

Cross, W. P., 1963, Low-flow frequencies and storage requirements for selected Ohio streams: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 37, 

66 p.

 1964, Floods of March 1963 in Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 

38, 82 p.

 1964, Floods of March 1964 in Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Bull.

39, 58 p.

-1965, Low-flow frequency and storage-required indices for

Ohio streams: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 40, 47 p. 

 1967, Drainage areas of Ohio streams, supplement to Gazetteer

of Ohio streams: Ohio Div. Water Ohio Water Plan Inventory 

Rept. 12a, 61 p.

-1968, Flow duration of Ohio streams, based on gaging-station

records through 1965: Ohio Div. Water Bull, [in press]. 

Cross, W. P., and Hedges, R. E., 1959, Flow duration of Ohio

streams: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 31, 152 p.

Cross, W. P., and Webber, E. E., 1959, Floods in Ohio, magnitude and frequency: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 32, 325 p. 

Hubble, J. H., and Collier, C. R., 1960, Quality of surface water

in Ohio, 1946-1958: Ohio Div. Water Ohio Water Plan Inventory

Rept. 14, 317 p. 

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1965, Magnitude and frequency

of floods in the United States, Part 3 A, Ohio River basin except

Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1964, Floods of January February 1959 in

Ohio and adjacent States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1750-A, p. A1-A296.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

975 West Third Avenue 

Columbus, Ohio 43212 

258
OHIO 259

Akron

Area: 924 sq mi.

Subarea: Summit and Portage Counties.

Population: 650,000.

Hydrologic background:

The principal sources of water are artificial impoundments in 

the Cuyahoga River basin. Some water from the Tuscarawas 

River basin is diverted into the Cuyahoga River system for industrial use in Akron. Ground water from the bedrock and from 

local deposits of sand and gravel provides small supplies to some 

outlying industries and smaller communities.

The principal water problem of the area is that of supply for the 

city of Akron. A regional planning study estimated that the 

Cuyahoga River watershed will attain maximum water development by 1981, after which alternative sources will have to be 

sought. A study by the Lake Erie Conservation Foundation has 

demonstrated the possibility of piping water from Lake Erie to 

augment Akron's supplies.

Water quality in the Cuyahoga River basin above Kent is generally satisfactory, but quality below Akron is impaired by industrial waste discharge. The Tuscarawas River below Barberton 

is highly polluted by discharge of calcium chloride and sodium 

chloride wastes originating from the manufacture of chemicals 

from saturated artificial brine pumped from deposits of rock 

salt. Wells in southeastern Barberton have been abandoned 

because of salt-water encroachment.

Although flooding is not a major problem in the upper Cuyahoga 

River basin, lowlands below Akron are subject to occasional 

floods. The city of Barberton suffers minor flood damage from 

periodic flooding of both the Tuscarawas River and Wolf Creek.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4>

W) 

n)

8

Discharge

9

C

3

0

Peak stage discharge

1

§

"S

fci 

T3

E

7

^

u 

4>£(11 

£

T3 

O 

O

fc

8

dj .^

Means andtremes o

8

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

01

Ground wat

station

0

n) (U

Drainage ai

10

o

Cross-sect

0

"o m

E

oefficient roughnes

0

di

(*

di 

H

0

to

D. n)

.S 

_<« "3.

T3 

O 

0

E

0

G

Precipitatic

0

to ai a

H

0

Contents

0

1

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

to

<u

§o

* "3

§ IU

U

0

Siltation

0
260 OHIO 

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) iTemperatu

1

0)

Specific 

conductanc

8

Turbidity

0

t,

'o 

0

0

0

s

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

0)

K 

a

0

XI

(!)

K 

a

9

Si

W

0

0)

5

0

Chemical

en

TJ

"o

Dissolved

8

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

M

c

Common io

9

Hardness

9

^

(!) 

O

Radiochem

0

tan

X

Dissolved <

0

fO

0)

to

(!) txo

0)

5

0

0)

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O 

PQ

0

0)

5

0

Sediment

o >-<

Concentrat

0

0) 

N

Particle s

0

IH

6

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of northeast Ohio.

References:

Edelen, G. W., Jr., and others, 1962, Floods at Barberton, Ohio:

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-49. 

Smith, R. C., and White, G. W., 1953, The ground-water resources

of Summit County, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 27, 130 p. 

Winslow, J. D., and White, G. W., 1966, Geology and ground-water

resources of Portage County, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 511, 80 p.

Canton

Area: 579 sq mi. 

Subarea: Stark County. 

Population: 356,000.

Hydrologic background:

The main sources of municipal and industrial water supplies 

in Stark County is ground water in glacial-outwash sand and 

gravel in buried valleys underlying the Tuscarawas River and the 

Middle and East Branches of Nimishillen Creek. The newest well 

field for the city of Canton is located in Sugar Creek valley, about 

20 miles southwest of Canton in Tuscarawas County. The bedrocks are not a source of large ground-water supplies, but additional supplies can be developed from the glacial outwash aquifers. 

Principal use of a surface-water source is by the city of Alliance, 

which impounds Mahoning River water.

Some impairment of water quality in Nimishillen Creek below 

Canton results from discharge of industrial wastes. The Tuscarawas River is highly polluted by discharges of calcium chloride 

and sodium chloride wastes into the river above Clinton. The
CANTON 261

wastes originate from the manufacture of chemicals from saturated brine pumped from deposits of rock salt. The possibility 

of deterioration of the ground-water supplies by infiltration of 

Tuscarawas River water is a matter of concern to municipal and 

industrial users in the Massillon area.

Although flooding is not a major problem in the county, lowlying areas along Middle and East Branches of Nimishillen Creek 

are subject to occasional inundation. The city of Massillon is 

protected against flooding by the Tuscarawas River by a local 

protection project of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01bo 

rt

%

8

Discharge

6

o C

S

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

|

"8 

t,

 o 

o

e

6

>,

H01

Flood frequ

5

*

X C

and Meanscoftremes 

6

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

1

0) 

01

Drainage ar

7

§

Cross-sect

0

*o «,

Coefficient roughnes

0

01

0)

t,

*O 

V

H

0

M

a

a)

.s

5 "a

 o 

§

£

i

c

Precipitatic

1

CO 

V o 

H

0

Contents

0

0

infl Surface 

outflow

0

M

g1o

fl) rH 5, »

S V

r

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

6

Turbidity

0

!3 'o 

U

0

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

0)

a

0

3

a

6

W

0

01

8

0

Chemical

CO

T3

Dissolved sol

6

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

6

Hardness

6

,_,

Radiochemica

0

M

Dissolved oxy

2

U>

01

tn

0) bo

01

6

0

L, 

01

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

01

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O CQ

0

0)

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

01

I

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of northeast Ohio.

References:

Edelen, G. W., Jr., and others, 1962, Floods at Canton, Ohio: U.S.

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-50. 

Schaefer, E. J., and others, 1946, The ground-water resources of

the glacial deposits in the vicinity of Canton, Ohio: Ohio Water

Resources Board Bull. 3, 60 p.
262 OHIO

Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana

Area: 2,153 sq mi.

Subarea: Hamilton, Clermont, and Warren Counties, Ohio;

Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties, Ky.;

Dearborn County, Ind. 

Population: 1,347,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies for the area come 

from the Ohio River and its tributaries and from ground water 

in glacial sand and gravel deposits in buried valleys underlying 

these streams. The largest water-supply system in the area is 

that of the city of Cincinnati, which takes its entire supply from 

the Ohio River. Primarily for the purpose of supplying water to 

the growing suburban areas north and west of the city, Cincinnati is now developing a well field in the Great Miami River 

valley near Hamilton, Ohio. Heavy industrial use of ground water 

in the Mill Creek valley in Ohio has caused a serious depletion of 

that source of supply. To solve this problem, the Southwestern 

Ohio Water Company was formed in 1952 to furnish water to 

industry from a ground-water supply in the Great Miami River 

valley near Venice, Ohio. The use of artificial recharge in the 

Mill Creek valley is being given serious consideration.

The area is in a region of adequate water supply, and with 

sound management, future water requirements can be met. Existing and planned flood-control works will provide considerable 

flood protection to the area. Principal areas with residual flood 

damage possibilities are along the Ohio River just south of the 

central business district in Cincinnati and along the lower reaches 

of some tributary streams. Pollution and undersirable quality of 

water are other problems affecting the optimum development of 

the water resources, but existing and planned control measures 

will provide satisfactory solutions.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<U

«

26

Discharge

16

o 

C

3

o

Peak stage discharge

3

c 

o

durati Flow 

10

** >

o 

c

OJ

3

cr

OJ S-, (**

E

10

x c*

Means andtremes o

13

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

OJ

Drainage ar

24

o

Cross-sect

2

Coefficient roughnes

2

0)

rt

OJ

6

0

to

a

re 

£

.5

"a

0 

0

1

c

Precipitatic

7

in 

 a

0

Contents

2

o

Surface infl

outflow

1

-^.

to

OJ

o 

o

* "ft) 

rt *> 

U

2

Siltation

1
CINCINATI, OHIO KENTUCKY INDIANA 

_________WATER QUALITY________

263

Types of data

Physical

CD

Temperatu

6

01

Specific 

conductanc

14

Turbidity

4

t,

'o 

U

4

o

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

2

2

CD

S 

a

2

"2

s 

a

14

U

0

CD

8

0

Chemical

to

T3

'o

Dissolved

16

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

to

C

Common io

16

Hardness

16

at 

o

Radiochem

2

c

CDbn

Dissolved c

6

CD 

10 

01bo

CD

8

0

CD

8

2

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

4

CD

8

2

Biological

Coliforms

2

o 2

Other micorganisrr

2

Q 

O 

ffl

2

t,

CD

8

2

Sediment

o

Concentrat

2

CD

Particle s

0

o>

8

0

Current projects:

Mill Creek valley analog model study.

References:

Bernhagen, R. J., and Schaefer, E. J., 1946; Ground-water conditions in Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio: Ohio Water 

Resources Board Bull. 8, 35 p.

Dove, G. D., 1961, A hydrologic study of the valley-fill deposits 

in the Venice area, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Tech. Rept. 4, 82 p.

Gallaher, J. T., and Price, W. E., Jr., 1966, Hydrology of the 

alluvial deposits in the Ohio River valley in Kentucky: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1818, 80 p.

Klaer, F. H., Jr., and Thompson, D. G., 1948, Ground-water

resources of the Cincinnati area, Butler and Hamilton Counties, 

Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 999, 168 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of

ground water in Boone, Campbell, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton 

Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Tnv. Atlas 

HA-15, 3 sheets.

Price, W. E., Jr., 1964, Geology and hydrology of alluvial deposits 

along the Ohio River between Newport and Warsaw, Kentucky: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-98, 2 sheets.

Spieker, A. M., 1968, Geology and hydrology of ground water in 

the lower Great Miami River valley, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 605 A [in press].

 1968, Effects of increased pumping of ground water in the 

Fairfield-New Baltimore area, Ohio a prediction by analog 

model study: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 605-C [in press]. 

-1968, Future development of the ground-water resources

in the lower Great Miami River valley, Ohio problems and 

alternative solutions: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 605 D 

[in press].

Walker, E. H., 1953, Geology and ground-water resources of the 

Covington-Newport alluvial area, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 240, 26 p.
»

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Temperature

Specific 

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Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

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BOD

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Sediment

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Stage

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Low flow

Peak stage or 

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Flood frequency

Means and extremes of flow

Runoff

Ground water 

station

Drainage area

Cross-section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain maps

Precipitation

Tides

Contents

Surface mflowoutflow

Change contents/ 

level

Siltation

Sa>

01aa

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Current data:

The majorproblem inthisarea is p

tributary streams, particularly theCu

quate conrol ofpollution, thesupply o 

unlimited. While flooding isnota maj 

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v
COLUMBUS 265

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of northeast Ohio.

References:

Baker, Jack, 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of 

Geauga County, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept, 113 p.

Schroeder, M. E., and Collier, C. R., 1966, Water-quality variations in the Cuyahoga River at Cleveland, Ohio, in Geological 

Survey research 1966: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 550-C, 

p. C251-C255.

Winslow, J. D., and others, 1953, The water resources of 

Cuyahoga County, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Bull..26, 123 p.

Columbus

Area: 1,509 sq mi.

Subarea: Franklin, Delaware, and Pickaway Counties.

Population: 847,000.

Hydro logic background:

The principal sources of municipal and industrial water supply 

for the area are impoundments on the Scioto River and its major 

tributaries. Several smaller communities use ground water 

obtained from glacial sand and gravel deposits in the Scioto 

River valley and from the limestone bedrocks in the western part 

of the area.

Provision of an adequate water supply for the future, especially 

in the Columbus area, will necessitate careful advance planning 

and efficient management practices. Additional surface-water 

impoundments are in the construction or planning stages, and 

consideration is being given to the possible development of a 

ground-water supply from the glacial deposits in the Scioto River 

valley south of Columbus. Pollution of the major streams is one 

of the most serious problems, but one that can be solved by use 

of proper control measures, possibly including the use of low-flow 

augmentation. Major flood problems occur in the Columbus area, 

especially along the Scioto River and Alum Creek. Additional 

flood-control works plus control or encroachments on the flood 

plains will be necessary to lessen flood damages from future 

major floods such as that which occurred in March 1913.
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Temperature

Specific 

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Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

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Hardness

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DAYTON 267

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supply is obtained primarily 

from ground water in glacial sand and gravel deposits that underlie the Great Miami River and its principal tributaries. The 

supply is sustained to a large extent by infiltration of streamflow. 

The shale and limestone bedrocks are not generally an important 

source of water supply. Large quantities of surface water are 

taken directly from the streams for cooling in connection with 

power generation, but only limited use is made of surface water 

for municipal supply.

The principal problems are pollution in the streams, which may 

eventually cause deterioration in the quality of the ground water, 

and reduction of infiltration through sealing of the streambed. 

Ultimately, it may be necessary to find ways of increasing the 

rate of streambed infiltration, such as dredging the channel 

bottom. Sites that are suitable for development of additional well 

fields exist along the streams. With adequate control of the 

pollution problem, future water requirements can be met.

The larger population centers are protected against major flood 

damage by flood-control works of the Miami Conservancy 

District, but minor floods occur periodically in the Little Miami 

River basin in Greene County and in unprotected areas along 

some tributary streams in the Great Miami River basin.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M

cd 

^

18

Discharge

15

1

C

!

5

t_ 

o

Peak stge discharge

4

q 

o

cd 

t,

 a

o

£

14

>,

o 

D

<r D

£

 a

o 

o

E

16

S

x ^

and Means tremes o

14

Runoff

12

Supplementary data

i*

Ground wat

station

1

cdD

Drainage ar

24

o

o

0)

en

en 

en

o

U

1

*0 H)

Coefficient roughnes

0

D 

>

cd 

t-,

"5

0)

g 

H

2

u

a

cd

S

\d "a

 a 

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

2

enD o

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

CO

s

§u

fl) r i SP" 

rt %

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperati

7

Specific conductan

20

Turbidity

4

"o 

U

7

o

5

4

>,

m

Radioactiv

0

V

K 

a

1

I

K

Q.

20

W

0

0)

S

0

Chemical

en o

en

Dissolved

20

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

4

en

Q

Common i

20

Hardness

20

_

cd

 t-4

Radiocherr

0

c

an

o

Dissolved

5

cd bo

6

0

0)

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

5

6

5

Biological

Coliforms

0

o «

IH &

Other micorganis

0

Q

O

0

6

0

Sediment

Concentra

1

0)

Particle s

1

0)

S

0
268 OHIO 

Current projects: 

None. 

References:

Bauer, D. P., 1968, Time of travel of water in the Great Miami 

River, Dayton to Cleves, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 546 

[in press].

Cross, W. P., and Feulner, A. J., 1964, Anomalous streamflow 

ground-water regimen in the Mad River basin near Springfield, 

Ohio, in Geological Survey research 1963: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 475-D, p. D198-D201.

Norris, S. E., 1948, The water resources of Montgomery County, 

Ohio: Ohio Water Resources Board Bull. 12, 83 p.

 1959, Vertical leakage through till as a source of recharge

to a buried-valley aquifer at Dayton, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water

Tech. Rept. 2, 16 p. 

Norris, S. E., and others, 1950, The water resources of Greene

County, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water Bull. 19, 52 p. 

Norris, S. E., and Spieker, A. M., 1965, The ground-water

resources of the Dayton area, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1808, 167 p. 

Spieker, A. M., 1968, Geology and hydrology of ground water in

the lower Great Miami River valley, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 605 A [in press].

 1968, Future development of the ground-water resources in 

the lower Great Miami River valley, Ohio problems and alternative solutions: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 605-D 

[in press].

-1967, Bedrock contour maps of the lower Great Miami River

valley, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Walton, W. C., and Scudder, G. D., 1960, Ground-water resources 

of the valley-train deposits in the Fairborn area, Ohio: Ohio 

Div. Water Tech. Rept. 3, 57 p.

Hamilton - M iddletown

Area: 470 sq mi. 

Subarea: Butler County. 

Population: 208,000.

Hydrologic background:

Industrial and municipal water supply is obtained primarily 

from ground water in glacial sand and gravel deposits in the 

Great Miami River valley, a deep preglacial trough in the shale 

bedrock, although much water for cooling in connection with power
HAMILTON MIDDLETOWN 269

generation is taken directly from the Great Miami River. 

Recharge of ground water is primarily from the Great Miami 

River and through its bed. A well field in the vicinity of Hamilton 

is now being developed by the city of Cincinnati for use outside 

the source county. Sites outside areas of present development 

are available for developing additional ground-water supplies.

The principal problem in the area is that of pollution in the 

Great Miami River, which may eventually, through infiltration, 

cause deterioration in quality of the ground water. With adequate 

control of this problem, future water requirements can be met.

The area is protected from major floods by flood-control works 

of the Miami Conservancy District, but flood-damage potential 

exists in the upper Mill Creek basin in the southeastern section 

of Butler County.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

%

6

Discharg

3

o

I

3

o

« w

Peak stag dischar

2

o

 o

o

E

3

^

(U

cr

0) i,

 a

o

JD

4

 i

X

 o

Means antremes

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

rt

Ground wstation

0

td

0)

td

Drainage

10

o

0

Cross-se

1

<- a)

Coefficiel roughn

1

0)

t,

"o

 rH

1

CO

a

E

.S

"a 

 o

§

E

0

c

Precipita

3

CO

0) o 

h

0

Contents

0

|

fiSurface ii

outflow

0

CO

g

g

u

4) rl e"

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

ki

Temperatu

0

<U

Specific conductanc

8

Turbidity

3

"o 

U

3

ki

0

5

3

>>

Radioactiv]

0

2

ac 

a

0

3

ac a

8

W

0

0)

6

0

Chemical

en o

Dissolved

8

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

S

CO

e

Common ic

8

Hardness

8

,_,

n) 

u

Radiochem

0

no

X

Dissolved (

4

CO<u

CO(dU)

0)

6

0

1

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

3

0)

6

3

Biological

Coliforms

0

o 2

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O

n

0

(U

6

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

<u

N

Particle s

0

(U

6

0

Current projects:

Mill Creek valley analog-model study.
270 OHIO 

References:

Bauer, D. P., 1968, Time of travel of water in the Great Miami 

River, Dayton to Cleves, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 546 

[in press].

Bernhagen, R. J., and Schaefer, E. J., 1946, Ground-water conditions in Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio: Ohio Div. Water 

Bull. 8, 35 p.

Klaer, F. H., Jr., and Thompson, D. G., 1948, Ground-water

resources of the Cincinnati area, Butler and Hamilton Counties, 

Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 999, 165 p.

Spieker, A. M., 1967, Bedrock contour maps of the lower Great 

Miami River valley, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

 1968, Geology and hydrology of ground water in the lower 

Great Miami River valley, Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

605 A [in press].

-1968, Effects of increased pumping of ground water in the

Fairfield-New Baltimore area, Ohio a prediction by analog 

model study: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 605-C [in press]. 

 1968, Future development of the ground-water resources in

the lower Great Miami River valley, Ohio problems and 

alternative solutions: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 605 D 

[in press].

Lima

Area: 407 sq mi. 

Subarea: Alien County. 

Population: 112,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supply is obtained primarily 

from surface-water impoundments in the Ottawa and Auglaize 

River basins. Limited use is made of ground-water sources, 

chiefly the limestone bedrock.

The area does not have abundant water resources, and use 

from present impoundments is near the maximum available. 

Serious pollution of streams has aggravated the supply problem. 

Tn a study recently completed by the State of Ohio {Northwest 

Ohio Water Development Plan), recommendations are made for 

the construction of five up-ground storage reservoirs in Alien 

County to serve future needs for water supply and low-flow 

augmentation. One of these reservoirs, along the Auglaize River, 

is now in the planning stage for early construction, with the 

supply to be used primarily to augment water supplies for the 

city of Lima, the largest community in the area. A study is now
LORAIN ELYRIA 271

in progress to determine the feasibility of developing additional 

water supplies from the limestones in northwest Ohio, including 

the Lima area. Flooding is not a major problem in the area, 

although the city of Lima occasionally suffers minor damage by 

flooding of the Ottawa River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

OI 

M

0)

(^

1

Discharge

1

o

0

o

Peak stage discharge

s

Flow durati

u

01

a1

01 

Li

 o 

o

S

Means andt

tremes o:

Runoff

Supplementary data

Li

Ground wat< 

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

2

o

Cross-sect

0

O HI

Coefficient roughnes

0

OI

OJ

Li 

*O

tu 

£ 

h

0

co

a

rt

£

.5 

"a

T3 

0 

O

0

c

Precipitatic

0

UJ tu o

0

Contents

0

o

infl Surface 

outflow

0

0)

OI

o 

u

9) <-i 

M S| 

C >

£ ""

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

tu

Temperatu

0

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

LI o

0

U

0

Ll 

o

s

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

22 'w

 rH

sc 

a

0

I

sc 

a

1

.cw

0

Ll tu

J3

5

0

Chemical

[0 o

Dissolved f

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

UJ

Common io

1

Hardness

1

OJ

Radiochem

0

01tin>~. o

Dissolved c

0

tu to

8,

Ll tu

5

0

01

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

01

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

§

0

LI o>

8

0

Sediment

Concentrat

0

01

M

Particle s

0

1

8

0

Current projects:

Northwest Ohio limestone study.

Design of water-quality monitoring network for Northwest Ohio.

References:

Deutsch, Morris and Wallace, J. C., 1966, Six illustrations showing water-resources information on Maumee River basin, Ohio, 

Indiana, and Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

Lorain-Elyria

Area: 494 sq mi. 

Subarea: Lorain County. 

Population: 240,000.
272 OHIO

Hydrologic background:

Industrial and municipal water supply for the area is taken 

almost wholly from Lake Erie. Smaller communities away from 

the lake use surface-water supplies from the East Branch and 

West Branch Black River. No appreciable use is made of the 

limited ground-water resources of the area.

There is no foreseeable shortage of Lake Erie water. Control 

of the pollution in the lake and in the tributary streams is the 

principal water problem. Some augmentation of present supplies 

used by smaller communities in the southern portion of the area 

will be required in the future. In a study recently completed by 

the State of Ohio (Northwest Ohio Water Development Plan), 

recommendations were made for the construction of one upground storage reservoir in East Branch Black River basin. One 

reservoir is in the planning stage for early construction, with 

the supply to be used primarily to augment existing supplies in 

the vicinity of Wellington, and for low-flow augmentation. Flooding is not a problem in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

IV M 

cd

2

Discharge

2

8

c

s

1

0

Peak stage discharge

2

o

td 

t,

T3 

O

E

2

IV

crIV 

T3

E

3

Means and(

tremes o:

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat< 

station

0

rt

IV

Drainager

5

o

Cross-sect

0

"3 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

1CO

IV

H

0

(0

a

rt

.5

rt "a 

 o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

(0

IV a

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

(0

1

o 

u

4) F-l

M «

6

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

IV

3

Temperat

2

o

Specific conductan

3

Turbidity

1

o 'o 

U

0

Ll 

o

S

0

>>

Radioactu

0

ffi 

a

1

I 

a,

2

w

0

in 

IV

S

0

Chemical

 o

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

(0

fe

Common i

3

Hardness

2

cd

r

Radiocher

0

IVM

^

Dissolved

3

in

in cd M

IV

5

0

in 

IV

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

t,

IV

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

S r

t" C

Other micorganis

1

Q 

O

0

t,

ID

S

1

Sediment

S

Concentra

0

IV

N

Particle s

0

t,

IV

S

0
MANSFIELD 273

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of northeast Ohio.

Design of water-quality monitoring network for northwest Ohio.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Mansfield

Area: 499 sq mi. 

Subarea: Richland County. 

Population: 126,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies are obtained primarily 

from surface-water impoundments. The largest of these is Clear 

Fork Reservoir on Clear Fork. Other impoundments in the area, 

intended primarily for flood-control purposes but which could 

furnish additional water supplies, are Pleasant Hill and Charles 

Mill Reservoirs, which have a combined conservation-pool capacity of 20,099 acre-ft. Some of the smaller communities in the 

area obtain water supplies from ground water in glacial deposits 

and shallow bedrocks.

Water quality, in general, is satisfactory in the area, although 

municipal and industrial wastes cause some impairment of 

quality in Rocky Fork below Mansfield. However, with adequate 

control of water quality, future water requirements can be met.

The only major flood problem in the area is at Mansfield, which 

is subject to periodic flooding from Rocky Fork.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

bfi 

rt

31

2

Discharge

2

JO

2

t-.

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

Flow durati

2

^

0

o

3 D1

t-i

 a

o 

o

E

2

01

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

4

c

Cross-sect

0

0 , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

"3

rt 

'o

i

H

0

0,

rt

E

.5

A

"H.

 a 

O O

E

0

Precipitatic

1

 a 

H

0

Contents

0

*

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

~uT

c

o

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0
274 OHIO 

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

L,

Temperatu

0

cu

Specific 

conductanc

4

Turbidity

0

Color

0

t, 

o"O 

O

0

 * »

Radioactivi

0

2 '4!

£ 

a

0

3m

"a

4

.e 

H

0

£

0

Chemical

to

TD

p ^

O

Dissolved £

4

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

c

ioCommon 

4

Hardness

4

^

01

o

Radiochem

0

an

X

X

Dissolved c

0

rt 

L.

6

0

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

b

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

o "2

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

0

ffl

0

4)

S

0

Sediment

c

o

Concentrat

0

SI

Particle s

0

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Springfield

Area: 401 sq mi. 

Subarea: Clark County. 

Population: 147,000.

Hydrologic background:

Industrial and municipal water supplies for the area are 

obtained primarily from ground water in glacial sand and gravel 

in the Mad River valley. Limited supplies of ground water are 

obtained from glacial deposits underlying upland areas and from 

the limestone bedrock.

Buck Creek reservoir, now under construction, will reduce 

flood damages along Buck Creek, which flows through Springfield, 

and along the Mad River below Springfield. Releases from Buck 

Creek reservoir also will be available for low-flow augmentation 

and water-quality control downstream from Springfield. With the 

completion of Buck Creek Reservoir, future water requirements 

can be met.
Population:

Counties, W

170,000.

< P

Area: 581 sq 

Subarea:

mi. 

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pH (field)

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BOD

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276 OHIO

Hydrologic background:

The Ohio River, which is maintained as a series of pools behind 

the navigation locks and dams, is the chief source of water in the 

area and has sufficient flow to meet any foreseeable demand. 

Although nearly 1 billion gallons per day is used in power generation alone, this amounts to only about 3 percent of the mean 

flow of the river. Water for municipal and other industrial supply 

also is taken from the river, either directly or by induced infiltration to wells or galleries in the valley alluvium.

In areas away from the river, flow in tributary streams, 

especially if augmented by storage, could provide water for many 

uses. The bedrocks, consisting of sandstone, shale, limestone, 

coal, and clay, are not significant sources of ground water.

The principal water problem in the area is the rather poor 

quality of the water in the Ohio River, which could be improved 

by the prevention or alleviation of pollution. The Ohio River is 

also the major flood producer in the area, but flood damage has 

been reduced substantially by upstream flood-control reservoirs. 

Nevertheless, the city of Steubenville still suffers occasional 

minor damage from Ohio River floods.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

BO

0)

ff)

7

Discharge

2

|

3

IM 

O

Peak stage discharge

0

..-t "S

t,

 n

£

2

v

o

cr

u

 o 

o 

o

E

2

S

Means and«tremes o)

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wate 

station

0

0)

Drainage ar

10

o

Cross-secti

3

*O ,n

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

0)

(**

O

S

H

0

Ul

a

0)

S

.5

0)

a.

T3

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

2

Ul

 o

H

0

Contents

0

o

inf] Surface 

outflow

0

CO

11'§

0

(D (-H

§>> 

a) «J £ 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperat

1

Specific conductan

2

Turbidity

1

o "o 

U

1

(H 

O

§

0

>>

Radioactiv

1

"(L)

"a

1

2

i 

a

2

u

0

j;

S

0

Chemical

Ul o

"o

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Ul %

Common i

3

Hardness

3

(S

o

Radiocherr

1

c

01fin

X

Dissolved

1

Ul 

(S

BO

(H

6

0

(H

6

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

6

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

0 ">

Other micorganis

1

Q

O 

«

0

(H

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

1

<u

Particle s

0

(H

6

0
TOLEDO, OHIO MICHIGAN 277

Current projects:

None.

References:

Smith, R. C., and others, 1955, Water resources of the WheelingSteubenville area, West Virginia and Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 340, 31 p.

Toledo, Ohio-Michigan

Area: 1,530 sq mi.

Subarea: Lucas and Wood Counties, Ohio; Monroe County, Mich.

Population: 657,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area is 

obtained primarily from Lake Erie. Limited use of ground water 

and of surface water from the Maumee and Raisin River basins 

is made by smaller communities inland from the lake.

According to forecasts of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce, 

northwestern Ohio, with Toledo as its focus, is destined to be 

"the greatest growth area of the United States in the last half of 

this century." The proximity of Lake Erie should assure the area 

of an adequate supply of water for future needs. Protection of 

water quality in Lake Erie and in its tributary streams, particularly the Maumee River, is the principal water problem in the 

area.

For areas at some distance from Lake Erie, especially those 

in Wood County, Ohio, further development of local sources of 

surface and ground water may be required to meet future needs. 

Specific recommendations for such developments are included in 

a study recently completed by the State of Ohio (Northwest Ohio 

Water Development Plan).

Although not a major problem in the area, periodic flood 

damage occurs at Grand Rapids, Ohio, and at Perrysburg, Ohio, 

in the Maumee River basin. Some low-lying areas in Toledo are 

subject to damage by flooding of Swan Creek and the Ottawa 

River.
278 OHIO

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

a)

01

6

Discharge

3

I 

G

3

O

Peak stage discharge

2

Q *H"S

T3 

£

E

3

o

o>

tr

T3 

O

E

4

, 0

 o °

C U)

01 V

co e c v 

a i,

V -M

S

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

it

Ground wate 

station

1

01

Drainage ar

9

§

Cross-secti

1

o . 

Coefficient roughness

0

^

^

rt

g 

H

0

U)

e

s

"a

T3

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatio

0

(0 

T3 

H

0

Contents

0

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

1

§ 

u

U

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

 3

Temperat

33

Specific conductan

9

Turbidity

1

13 "o 

U

1

o

3

0

£>

 (

Radioactiv

1

2 [3

K 

a

5

I

E 

a

32

.c U

0

S

0

Chemical

in

T3

O

Dissolved

7

Chlorides

26

Nutrients

32

S

Common i

10

Hardness

7

01

o

Radiochen

1

^

X

Dissolved

33

01

S

0

1)

8

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

3

8

2

Biological

Coliforms

29

0 "

h P.

Other micorganis

4

Q 

0

m

3

8

3

Sediment

c

o

rJ

Concentra

3

 fH

Particle s

2

o>

8

i

Current projects:

Gazetteer of river basins in southeast Michigan.

Northwest Ohio limestone study.

Design of water-quality monitoring network for northwest Ohio.

References:

Deutsch, Morris and Wallace, J. C., 1966, Six illustrations

showing water-resources information on Maumee River basin, 

Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

Youngstown-Warren

Area: 1,061 sq mi.

Subarea: Mahoning and Trumbull Counties

Population: 523,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supplies for the area are 

obtained primarily from surface-water impoundments in the
YOUNGSTOWN WARREN 279

Mahoning River basin. Water supplies for some of the smaller 

industrial and municipal users are obtained from ground water 

in glacial sand and gravel deposits in buried valleys and in the 

sandstone bedrocks.

The largest users of water in the area are industries in the 

highly industrialized Mahoning River valley. Five large impoundments in the area provide water for municipal and industrial use 

and for low-flow augmentation. To meet future water needs of 

the area, additional water sources will have to be developed. Of 

equal importance is control of pollution in the Mahoning River, 

including high water temperatures that result from the concentrated industrial activity. Recommendations have been made for 

the construction of a reservoir on the Grand River which would 

provide additional flood-control and low-flow augmentation benefits to both the Grand and Mahoning River basins.

Considerable flood protection is provided by three flood-control 

reservoirs in the Mahoning River basin, and additional protection 

will be provided if the proposed Grand River reservoir is constructed. The major damage center not affected by the existing 

and proposed flood-control reservoirs is along Crab Creek in 

Youngstown, where a channel improvement project is now in 

progress.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)bo

0)

22

Discharge

11

o 

C

5

0

o

Peak stage discharge

3

c

Q

"rt

73

_o

10

^J

o

0)

cr

T3 

0 

O

fc

11

and Means tremes o

11

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

u

Drainage ar

23

§

Cross-sect

1

o

Coefficient roughnes

0

 j

>

rt

"3

w 

g

0

HI

a

g

43 

"a

73

8

E

i

c

Precipitatic

3

U] 

73

 H

0

Contents

6

£

o

infl Surface 

outflow

2

^_

CO

c

§o

flj r- 1

no «

rt u x: rt 

U

6

Silt ion at

2

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

t,

Temperati

6

u

Specific 

conductan<

10

£>

 3

J2J-, 5

0

tn

"o 

U

0

t-,

O

s

0

 * »

o 

rt 

O

 3£

0

I 

a

1

JO

_«

K 

a

12

j.

0

M01

6

0

Chemical

02 

T3

^

O

HI

Dissolved

10

HI

11 

73

O

s

0

HI

11

C

1

0

s

o

g

o 

u

12

HI 

HI

11

43 j-,

rt

I

12

rt

o

g 

u

o 

o

73

5

0

u

M

X

o

73 

0) 

_>"o

HI 

HI

iS

3

02

HI

rt 

tuo

<u

6

0

6

0

Organic

u

73 

O

HI

11

CU

0

.y c -iZ. U 

QJ tuO

x: i-

*J W

&«

C/3 73

0

6

0

Biological

HI

g

«2

s

0

!

PP

Other micorganis

0

Q 

O

0

j-,

6

0

Sediment

c

0

Concentra

0

N

Ul 

<U 

U 

I*

rt 

0*

0

J-,

S

0
280 OHIO

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of northeast Ohio.

References:

Bednar, G. A., and Collier, C. R., 1966, Water quality of the

Mahoning River, Ohio, 1963-65: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

map. 

Bednar, G. A., Collier, C. R., and Cross, W. P., 1968, Analysis

of water quality of the Mahoning River in Ohio: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1859 C [in press]. 

Cross, W. P., and others, 1952, Water resources of the Mahoning

River basin, Ohio, with special reference to the Youngstown

area: U.S. Geol. Survey C ire. 177, 57 p. 

Edelen, G. W., Jr., and others, 1963a, Floods at Warren, Ohio:

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Tnv. Atlas HA-51. 

 1963b, Floods on Crab Creek at Youngstown, Ohio: U.S.

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-56.
OKLAHOMA

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Oklahoma. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Patterson, James L., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods 

in the United States, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1681, 636 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

200 Northwest Fourth Street

Oklahoma City, Okla. 73102

Lawton

Area: 1,084 sq mi. 

Subarea: Comanche County. 

Population: 99,000.

Hydrologic background:

The principal municipal and industrial water supply for the 

area comes from reservoirs in the East Cache Creek basin. 

Small communities obtain a moderate amount of ground water 

from the Wichita Formation and the limestone of the Arbuckle 

Group. Surface water is moderately hard to hard, and ground 

water is of variable quality.

Water demand by the growing populace and the military base 

is pressing a search for additional supplies. However, the 

development by Federal agencies of any of three potential reservoirs in the region will provide an opportunity for participation 

in municipal storage. Deep aquifers also present a potential 

source of additional supply.

281
282 OKLAHOMA

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

CO M 

cd

35

1

Discharge

1

3

0

0

Peak stage discharge

2

S

cd

1

JO

0

^

o

CO

cr

CO

T3 

0 

_O

0

3

Means and<

tremes o;

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

sGround wat

station

0

(S 

CO

Drainage ar

0

o

Cross-sect

0

t*H

0 , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

CO

(S

"8

CO

-l-ts

H

0

CQ

a

cd

e

acd "a

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CD

CO 

T3

H

0

Contents

0

S

Surface infl

outflow

0

co

§

§ 

u

0> I * M J>

C **

JS r~l

u

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

b

"o 

U

0

so

T3

O

0

Radioactivity

0

2

CO

ffi

a

0

3cd

ffi 

a

1

w

0

CO

S

0

Chemical

CD -o

Dissolved soli

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

1

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

0

on

Dissolved oxy

0

co

CO 

CD

cd M

CO

s

0

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

sco

s

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

m

0

CO

s

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

CO

6

0

Current projects:

Continuing stream and reservoir monitoring in areas of interest.

References:

Laine, L. L., and Murphy, J. J., 1963, Surface water of Beaver 

Creek basin in south-central Oklahoma: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 22 p.

Westfall, A. O., 1962, Surface waters of Otter Creek basin in 

southwestern Oklahoma, with a section on Chemical quality of 

surface water by Murphy, J. J.: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept, 37 p.

Oklahoma City

Area: 2,136 sq mi.

Subarea: Canadian, Cleveland, and Oklahoma Counties.

Population: 585,000.
OKLAHOMA CITY 283

Hydrologic background:

About half the municipal and industrial water supply for the 

area comes from reservoirs in the North Canadian and Little 

River basins. The surface-water supply is augmented by pipeline 

pumpage from storage in southeastern Oklahoma. Almost an 

equal amount of ground-water supply is utilized in several parts 

of the area mainly from the Garber-Wellington Formations.

Runoff from the west is only moderate and tends to be mineralized; it requires softening for municipal use. Varying mineralization of the water supply during storage and disposal of manmade wastes pose additional problems. The population growth 

spurs a continued development of facilities for import of water 

from the east.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

0)

10

Discharge

5

o 

C

S

0

0

Peak stage discharge

1

c

Q

Flow durati

4

^

u

01

frequ Flood 

4

Means andtremes o:

5

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

OJ

01

Drainage ar

3

§

Cross- sect

0

O Ml

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

Time oftra

0

m§ 

OJ

E

.5

5 "a

 a

0 

0

E

0

Precipitatic

2

0) 8

H

0

Contents

1

*

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

0)

 « »

C

'g 

U

01 -jj

s ^

U

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01t*

3

0) 

<U

a 

E

(U

H

1

(U

u

Specific conductar

1

Turbidity

0

0

'o 

u

0

0

s

0

> 

>

Radioacti

0

 a

0)

(4-1

E 

a

0

1

E 

a

1

U

0

01

S

0

Chemical

co o

'o

Dissolvec

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

u

S

Common

1

Hardness

1

0)

u

p

Radiochel

0

01tin

Dissolve<

0

W01

0)

<u

0

01

6

0

Organic

W

Pesticide

0

u

Synthetic detergent

0

01

5

0

Biological

Coliform

0

o 2

Other mi

organis

0

Q

8

0

1

6

0

Sediment

Concentr

0

01 

N

Particle

0

01

6

0

Current projects:

Continuing stream monitoring in areas of interest.

299-975 O - 68 - 19
284 OKLAHOMA

References:

Jacobsen, C. L., and Reed, E. W., 1949, Ground-water supplies 

in the Oklahoma City area, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geol. Survey 

Mineral Rept. 20, 25 p.

Laine, L. L., 1963, Surface waters of Kiamichi River basin in 

southeastern Oklahoma, with a section on Quality of water, by 

Cummings, T. R.: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 39 p.

Mogg, J. L., and others, 1960, Ground-water resources of Canadian County, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 87, 112 p.

Schwennesen, A. T., 1915, Ground water for irrigation in the 

valley of North Fork of Canadian River near Oklahoma City, 

Oklahoma: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 345 D, 

p. 41-51.

Stacy, B. L., 1961, Ground-water resources of the alluvial

deposits of the Canadian River valley near Norman, Oklahoma: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 61 p.

Turner, S. F., 1931, Report on a water supply for the proposed 

Southwestern Reformatory at El Reno, Oklahoma: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Water-loss investigations, technical 

report: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 269, 158 p.

 1954, Water-loss investigation Lake Hefner studies, basedata report: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 270, 300 p.

Westfall, A. O., 1963, Surface water of Little River basin in 

southeastern Oklahoma, with a section on Quality of water, by 

Orth, R. P.: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 66 p.

 1963, Surface water of Muddy Boggy River basin in southcentral Oklahoma, with a section on Quality of water, by Cummings, 

T. R.: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 71 p.

Wood, P. R., and Burton, L. C., 1968, Ground water in Cleveland 

and Oklahoma Counties with special references to the Garber 

Sandstone and Wellington Formation: Oklahoma Geol. Survey 

Circ. 71 [in press].

Tulsa

Area: 3,823 sq mi.

Subarea: Creek, Osage, and Tulsa Counties.

Population: 433,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for Tulsa comes 

from storage in Spavinaw Creek in eastern Oklahoma. Four 

communities have developed small reservoirs in Bird Creek 

basin or other tributaries of the Arkansas River. Moderately 

hard ground water is utilized in the western part of the area.
TULSA 285

Some flooding occurs in parts of the area from severe storms 

that occur occasionally. Another problem in water development 

is related to the disposal of man-made wastes and alleviation of 

the natural salinity of the large rivers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

<«

16

Discharge

7

1

i

Peak stage or 

discharge

3

duration Flow 

0

:»,

frequenc Flood 

0

and Meansex- of flotremes 

7

Runoff

7

Supplementary data

Ground water

station

0

Drainage are

13

Cross-section

8

Coefficient of

roughness

0

Time oftravel

10

0)

s

.5

5 'a

 o

§ 

E

0

Precipitation

5

oa

0) o

H

0

Contents

3

inflow- Surface 

outflow

3

^

oa

Change content 

level

3

Siltation

2

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) t<

Temperatu

11

0)

Specific conductanc

6

Turbidity

0

13 "o 

U

5

t< 

O

S

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

' S

K 

a

0

K 

a

5

U

0

a>

8

0

Chemical

BJ 

T3

"o

Dissolved .

6

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

6

oa

c

Common ic

6

Hardness

6

u

Radiochem

0

0) be

Dissolved <

1

in

0)in 

«>

0)

6

0

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Li 

0)

8

2

Biological

Coliforms

0

° e

5°

0

Q 

O CO

0

Ll

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

5

0) 

N

Particle s

5

6

0

Current projects:

Continuing stream monitoring in areas of interest. 

Reconnaissance of the water resources in the Tulsa quadrangle,

northeastern Oklahoma. 

Keystone Reservoir water-quality study.

References:

Dover, T. B., and Geurin, J. W., 1955, Summary of annual records 

of chemical quality of water of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma 

and Arkansas, 1945-52, a progress report: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 361, 20 p.

Laine, L. L., 1956, Surface-water resources of Polecat Creek 

basin, Oklahoma: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 20 p.

 1959, Surface waters of Illinois River basin in Arkansas 

and Oklahoma, with a section on Chemical character of surface 

waters, by Dover, T. B.: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.
OREGON

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in Oregon. Hydrologic data and information for all or 

some of these areas are contained in the following statewide 

reports:

Bartholomew, W. S., and DeBow, Robert, 1967, Ground-water 

levels, 1966: Oregon State Engineer Ground Water Kept. 12.

Brands, M. D., 1947, Flood runoff in the Willamette Valley,

Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 968-A, p. 1-59.

Friday, John, 1966, Crest-stage gaging stations in Oregon: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept., 100 p.

Harris, D. D., 1968, Travel rates of water for selected streams 

in the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Hydrol. Tnv. Atlas HA-273 [in press].

Hofmann, Walter, and Rantz, S. E., 1963, Floods of December 

1955-January 1956 in the Far Western States, Part 1, Description: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1650 A, p. Al A48.

 1963, Floods of December 1955-January 1956 in the Far 

Western States, Part 2, Streamflow data: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1650-B, p. B1-B580.

Hulsing, Harry, and Kallio, M. A., 1964, Magnitude and frequency 

of floods in the United States, Part 14, Pacific slope basins in 

Oregon and lower Columbia River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1689, 320 p.

Madison, R. J., 1966, U.S. Geological Survey water-quality data 

in the Willamette basin, Oregon, 1910 64: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 40 p.

Moore, A. M., 1967, Correlation and analysis of water-temperature data for Oregon streams: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1819-K, p. K1-K53.

Oster, E. A., 1968, Patterns of runoff in the Willamette basin: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Tnv. Atlas HA-274 [in press].

Phillips, D. N., and others, 1965, Water for Oregon: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1649, 150 p.

Piper, A. M., Robinson, T. W., and Park, C. F., Jr., 1942, 

Ground-water resources of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 890, 194 p.

Santos, J. F., 1965, Quality of surface waters in the lower

Columbia River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1784, 78 p.

Swift, C. H., Til, 1966, Selected now characteristics of streams 

in the Willamette River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept., 177 p.

286
to0000o0000o000000ooo0ooo0o00oo

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical 9DOSr

Biological

Sediment

4* 

to

CO 

CO00o

l-> 

o>

CO 

CO

8' o

*. o

CO

l->o0oMo

-4o

-4o

Stage

Discharge

Low flow

Peak stage or 

discharge

Flow duration

Flood frequency

Means and extremes of flow

Runoff

Ground water 

station

Drainage area

Cross- section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain maps

Precipitatiot.

Tides

Contents

Surface inflowoutflow

Change contents/ 

level

Siltation

3a>

01

2,

a MV

Supplementary dat

south andwest Current data: oH

OTQ3

0>

S" *

(f> QJ 

0> S3 ft

III3"i

r+ 1

CO

OTQ

 -S 03aPao3a

rt>

0>

""S ^

rt>H- '

CO

i 3Pw3P

05 _*

n P

o3ygoXn3

IS)

a>2

rt^HXo

CO

CO<'

rt>P -s

COm 3o' P

CO

H

Eugene isn

? O

rt 

I 

S- 

» 

n 3Sh I

h I P3

r-tP^

rt" ^

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3"O-v

<<:

OTQ

ft>

CO

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CO
288 OREGON

Current projects:

None.

References:

Goldblatt, E. L., Van Denburgh, A. S., and Marsland, R. A., 1963, 

The unusual and widespread occurrence of arsenic in well 

waters of Lane County, Oregon: Eugene, Oreg., Lane County 

Dept. Health.

Portland, Oregon-Washington

Area: 3,657 sq mi.

Subarea: Multnomah, Clackamas, and Washington Counties,

Oregon; Clark County, Washington. 

Population: 897,000.

Hydrologic background:

Portland is the commercial center of the Willamette Valley, 

the head of sea-go ing navigation.

The city and surrounding community get most of their water 

supply from the Bull Run River. There is considerable development of ground water for industrial use and suburban domestic 

supply. Some of the towns in Washington County obtain water 

from Tualatin River tributaries. Towns in Clackamas County 

obtain water from wells and from the Clackamas River. Low 

flows, high stream temperatures, and pollution primarily in the 

Lower Willamette and Tualatin Rivers are becoming detrimental 

to fish life.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

CO

36

Discharge

22

o

C

0

U

o

Peak stage discharge

6

c 

o

"rt 

LI

 § 

*

E

6

*

o

c

3 

CT 

1i 

L,

T3 

O 

_O

14

S

K CMeans andoitremes 

21

Runoff

20

Supplementary data

LI

Ground wat

station

0

CO 

01

Drainage ar

32

o

Cross -sect

22

"3 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

1

"o!

n

L,

*o

U

E 

H

0

at 

a.

CO

£

-S 

"H.

T3

O 

O

0

^

Precipitatic

5

co

0) o 

H

3

Contents

4

0

Surface infl

outflow

1

CO

£

Change con 

level

4

Siltation

1
PORTLAND, OREGON WASHINGTON 289

WATER QUALITY

Typos of data

Physical

01

L,

Temperatu

28

01

Specific conductanc

7

Turbidity

14

"o 

O

3

o

5

0

&

Radioactiv

4

2

oj

X 

a

4

2a

X 

a

4

A 

W

0

L, 

Ill

6

0

Chemical

Ul o

Dissolved

5

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

18

<a

S

Common i<

15

Hardness

3

01

o

Radiochem

5

41bn

X 

n

Dissolved

8

<a

(a

s,

01

6

0

01

8

17

OrganicPesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

4

L. 

01

§

2

Biological

Coliforms

15

P?

Other miciorganisr

17

Q 

O

5

41

8

2

Sediment

o

Concentrat

3

01 

N

Particle si

1

01

8

0

Current projects:

Water appraisal in Tualatin River basin.

References:

Brown, S. G., 1963, Problems of utilizing ground water in the

west-side business district of Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-O, p. O1-O42. 

Dempster, George R., and Lutz, Gale A., 1967, Water-discharge

determinations for the tidal reach of the Willamette River from

Ross Island Bridge to mile 10.3, Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geol.

Survey open-file rept., 49 p. 

Foxworthy, B. L., Hogenson, G. M., and Hampton, E. R., 1964,

Records of wells and springs, water levels, and chemical

quality of ground water in the East Portland area, Oregon:

Oregon State Engineer Ground Water Rept. 3, 174 p. 

Griffin, W. C., Watkins, F. A., Jr., Swenson, H. A., 1956, Water

resources of the Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington,

area: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 372, 45 p. 

Hart, D. H., and Newcomb, R. C., 1965, Geology and ground water

of the Tualatin Valley, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1697, 172 p. 

Hogenson, G. M., and Foxworthy, B. L., 1965, Ground water in

the East Portland area, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1793, 78 p. 

Trimble, D. E., 1963, Geology of Portland, Oregon, and adjacent

areas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1119, 119 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, Flood of May-June 1948 in Columbia

River basin, with a section on Magnitude and frequency of floods,

by Rantz, S. E. and Riggs, H. C.: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1080, 476 p.
290 OREGON

Salem

Area: 1,912 sq mi.

Subarea: Marion and Polk Counties.

Population: 172,000.

Hydrologic background:

Salem is in the northern Willamette Valley. The city gets its 

water supply from the North Santiam River. Much of the irrigation water for valley-bottom farmlands is from wells tapping 

alluvial aquifers adjacent to the river. These aquifers could be 

an important source for municipal supply.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

8P

16

Discharge

14

o 

C

S

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

S

"rt

t,

 a 

_o

0

>^

o

0)

cr

0)

i.

T3

o

c

9

Means andoltremes 

14

Runoff

14

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

0

cd

0)

Drainage ar

15

§

Cross- sect

14

"3

Coefficient roughnes

0

"o!

cd

"5

0)

H

0

01

a. cd

S

.5

"a

 o 

o 

o

E

0

-

Precipitatic

0

0) o 

h

0

Contents

1

g

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^^

01

£

o 

u

4) P-H £2<d Jj> 

U

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatur

8

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

1

u

"3 

u

1

(H 

O

S

0

X

Radioactivil

0

T3

K 

O.

0

3

rt

K 

O.

1

W

0

(H 

0)

5

0

Chemical

in

T3

o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

01

Common iot

2

Hardness

1

^

a) 

u

Radiochemi

0

Ml

X

Dissolved o

0

01(d txo

t,

0)

5

0

1 

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H 

0)

£

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

' m

[

Other micr organism

1

Q 

Om

0

(H

01

5

0

Sediment

c 

o

Concentrati

0

01

Particle siz

0

01

5

0

Current projects:

Ground water in the Molalla-Salem slope area, northern 

Willamette Valley, Oregon.
SALEM 291

References:

Hampton, E. R., 1963, Records of wells, water levels, and chemical quality of ground water in the Molalla-Salem slope area, 

northern Willamette Valley, Oregon: Oregon State Engineer 

Ground Water Rept. 2, 174 p.

Price, Don, 1961, Records of wells, water levels, and chemical 

quality of ground water in the French Prairie-Mission Bottom 

area, northern Willamette Valley, Oregon: Oregon State 

Engineer Ground Water Rept. 1, 314 p.

 1967a, Rate and extent of migration of a "one-shot" contaminant in an alluvial aquifer in Keizer, Oregon: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 575 B.

 1967b, Geology and water resources of the French Prairie 

area, northern Willamette Valley, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1833, 98 p.

-1967c, Ground water in the Eola-Amity Hills area, northern

Willamette Valley, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1847.

Price, Don, and Johnson, Nyra A., 1965, Selected ground-water 

data in the Eola-Amity Hills area, northern Willamette Valleyj 

Oregon: Oregon State Engineer Ground Water Rept. 7, 55 p.
PENNSYLVANIA

There are twelve Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Pennsylvania. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Bush, W. F., and Shaw, L. C., 1960, Floods in Pennsylvania, frequency and mangitude: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

231 p.

 1966, Pennsylvania streamflow characteristics, low-flow

frequency and flow duration: Pennsylvania Dept. Forests and

Waters Water Resources Bull. 1, 289 p. 

Lohman, S. W., 1941, Ground-water resources of Pennsylvania:

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 7, 32 p. 

Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, 1936, The floods

of March 1936 in Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Dept. Forests and Waters, 129 p.

 1937, The drought of 1930 in Pennsylvania: Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania Dept. Forests and Waters, 22 p. 

Poth, C. W., 1963, The ground-water observation-well program

in Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 20, 17 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, 

contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

1224 Mulberry Street 

Harrisburg, Pa. 17104

Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton

Area: 1,078 sq mi.

Subarea: Lehigh, Northampton Counties, Pa.; Warren County,

N.J. 

Population: 515,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Delaware River, Little Lehigh Creek, and Wild Creek 

and from aquifers located in limestone deposits. The area is in 

a region of adequate water supply.

The major problems in the area are floods and the pollution of 

both surface and ground water. Because of encroachment on 

channel right-of-way, damage from floods can be rather severe.

292
ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEM EASTON 293

Hurricanes are a rarity but are quite damaging, as experienced 

during Hurricane Hazel in October 1950 and Hurricanes Carol and 

Diane in August 1955. The state is active in flood control and has 

made considerable progress. Large existing and proposed reservoirs are designed primarily for flood control but help to regulate streamflow for water supply, power production, and waste 

dilution. Contamination of ground water and streams, the result 

of heavy industrilization and large population, is being controlled 

by the State Sanitary Water Board. Many new wells are being 

drilled, but overpumping is not a problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o>

M

a

17

Discharge

15

C

S

3

o

Peak stge discharge

3

o

"3 

1

fa

11

^

u

m

Flood frequ

13

Means andtremes o

14

Runoff

11

Supplementary data

<u

Ground wat

station

0

«

11

Drainage ai

18

c

o

Cross-sect

0

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

t<

?

V

e

H

3

(0

gre6

.s «s

a

T3

o 

o

e

0

c

Precipitatic

1

(0

u

2

H

0

Contents

0

9

o

infl Surface 

outflow

0

^_

(0

«

4)

§ 

U

fl) ^-< JI

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

cu

Temperatu

4

u

Specific conductanc

3

Turbidity

1

!3 "o 

U

3

o

S

0

£>

Radioactiv

1

2

u

35 

a

1

1

33 

a

3

JS

0

6

0

Chemical

m o

"o

Dissolved

4

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

G

Common ic

4

Hardness

4

cd 

u

Radiochem

1

c

M

X

Dissolved

2

01

(0 

(8 tXO

S

0

n 

8

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

2

i~

6

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

0 «

ti tXO 11 ^

JS 0

s

1

Q 

O CO

1

n

S

0

Sediment

o

Concent ra1

1

n

Particle s

0

S

0

Current projects:

Hydrology of the Martinsburg Formation in Lehigh and Northampton Counties, Pa.

Water quality and quantity of Lehigh River at Easton, Pa. 

Water resources of Lehigh County, Pa.

Water quality and quantity of Delaware river at Easton, Pa. 

Remote sensing Delaware River. 

Remote sensing Lehigh River.

Flood-inundation mapping in Delaware River basin. 

Delaware River below Tocks Island damsite. 

Natural flow in Delaware River basin.
294 PENNSYLVANIA

References:

Bogart, D. B., 1960, Floods of August-October 1955, New England

to North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1420,

854 p. 

Farlekas, G. M., 1965, Extent and frequency of floods in the

vicinity of Easton, Pennsylvania Phillipsburg, New Jersey:

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 61 p. 

 1966, Extent and frequency of floods on Delaware River in

vicinity of Belvidere, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept., 44 p.

-1967a, Floods at Easton, Pennsylvania Phillipsburg, New

Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-246.

-1967b, Floods on Delaware River in vicinity of Belvidere,

New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-263. 

Hall, G. M., 1934, Ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 2, 255 p.

Altoona

Area: 535 sq mi. 

Subarea: Blair County. 

Population: 137,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area conies 

from Blair, Tipton, and South Bald Eagle Creeks and from aquifers located primarily in limestone deposits. An adequate water 

supply from both surface water and ground water is available 

within the area.

The major problems in the area are pollution from acid-mine 

drainage and floods. The area is in the bituminous coal fields, 

and mines are one of the principal sources of acid drainage 

which pollutes both surface and ground water. Through the Sanitary Water Board, the state is attempting to control pollution. 

Pumping acid water from mines also results in the lowering of 

the water table. This draining effect has been known to extend 

several miles from the wells. However, no noticeable lowering 

of the ground water table has been detected to date. Flooding 

usually results from abundant precipitation, periodically heavy 

rains, or rapid snowmelt. This is a common problem throughout 

the state. Through flood control reservoirs, both existing and 

proposed, the state has and is developing an excellent flood control network.
ERIE 295

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V

a

2

Discharge

7

*

1

o

Peak stage discharge

4

o

"rt

3 o

O

E

2

^

c

0)

O"

i) 

 o

0

_o

2

and Means<

tremes o:

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

t*

Ground wat<

station

0

a

Drainage ar

2

o

Cross-sect

0

*0 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

>

cd 

t*

*O

(U

£ 

H

0

01

a

E

.5

"a 

 o 

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CQ 

0)

H

0

Contents

0

§

infl Surface 

outflow

0

-^

01

V

§ 

u

0

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

13 "o 

U

0

0

S

0

Radioactivity

0

 o

0)

S3 

a

0

a

33 

a

0

W

0

0)

8

0

Chemical

01 o

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

,_,

Radiochemica

0

SHO

Dissolved oxy

0

en

0) 

01

a

0)

8

0

0)

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i,

0)

1

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

«

0

0)

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

i, <u

0

Current projects:

Hydrology of mine-drainage demonstration project.

References:

Lohman, S. W., 1938, Ground water in south-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 5, 315 p.

Erie

Area: 781 sq mi. 

Subarea: Erie County. 

Population: 255,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from Lake Erie and from aquifers located primarily in glacial 

deposits. Because the area is bounded by Lake Erie to the north, 

there is no limit to the availability of water to the cities and 

communities fronting on the lake. The remainder of the area has 

an adequate supply of ground water.
296 PENNSYLVANIA

As noted above, the available water supply of Lake Erie is 

being used at only a fraction of its capability. Good sites are 

available for industrial use. With the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway, the low cost water transportation, plus existing 

transporation networks, make the area attractive to many industries requiring large dependable water supplies. The major 

problem in the area is pollution. This is a highly industrialized 

area which results in the production of a large quantity of pol; 

lutants. Through the State Sanitary Water Board the State has 

controlled the treatment and disposal of industrial and municipal 

wastes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

41bo

(4

5

Discharge

6

o

C

0

fcl o

Peak stge discharge

3

c 

o

(4

 o

JO 

E

2

^

41

§ 

41

 o

0

o

E

1

Means andtr erneso

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

(4 

41

Drainage ar

4

§

u

41 

CO

co

CO

o 

u

0

"S rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

41

"o

41

e

0

co

Q,

5

a(4 "a 

 o

8

0

c

Precipitatic

0

co 

 o

 rH

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

co

g

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

5

Specific 

conductance

5

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

2

41

K 

a

5

(4

K 

a

0

J2

0

41

6

0

Chemical

co o

Dissolved soli

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

5

Common ins

5

Hardness

0

_

Radiochemica

0

tui

Dissolved oxy

5

co

41

co

(4bo

S

0

41

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

41

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

5

Q 

O

«

0

41

6

5

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

u

41

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Leggetts, R. M., 1936, Ground water in northwestern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 3, 215 p.

Mangan, J. W., Van Tuyl, D. W., White, W. F., Jr., 1952, Water 

resources of the Lake Erie shore region in Pennsylvania: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 174, 36 p.
PENNSYLVANIA 297

Harrisburg

Area: 1,614 sq mi.

Subarea: Dauphin, Cumberland, and Perry Counties.

Population: 391,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Susquehanna River, Clark Creek, Conodoguinet Creek, 

SwataraCreek, Yellow Breeches Creek and from aquifers located principally in sandstone, shale, and limestone deposits. 

The area is in a region of adequate water supply.

The major problems in the area are pollution and floods. 

Industrial and municipal wastes are treated prior to discharge 

into the Susquehanna River and dilution is sufficient to overcome 

possible pollution. Upstream pollution, formerly a major problem, 

is controlled by provisions of the Pure Streams Act of 1937 and 

the State Sanitary Water Board. This law prohibited the dumping 

of untreated wastes directly into any waterway, and the Board 

enforces this Act strongly. In the past, floods have been a major 

problem. However, the construction of many flood-control reservoirs on the headwaters of the Susquehanna River have reduced 

this hazard considerably. Urban expansion beyond the extent of 

municipal distribution systems has created additional demand on 

ground water. However, no shortage exists at present, although 

many new wells are being drilled.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

m

8

Discharge

12

1

a

3

t*

o

Peak stage discharge 

1

c

0

"S

3 a

0

E

5

^

u

01

3

cr

01 

O

o

E

5

Means andtremes o

8

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

n)

QJ

Drainage ar

8

§

Cross-sect

1

«tH

O m

Coefficient roughnes

1

01

>

0)

"o

01

s

H

1

in

a

n)

C

ri "a

 O

8 

E

0

Precipitatic

1

w 

 a

 iH

H

0

Contents

0

0

infl Surface 

outflow

0

.^

M

C

O

u

4) r-l 

5"

0

Siltation

0
298 PENNSYLVANIA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

HI

Temperatui

5

Specific 

conductance

5

Turbidity

0

_o "o 

U

5

t,

O

S

0

>-.

Radioactivi

0

2

HI 

<£

K 

a

0

3

K 

Ou

5

.c 

W

0

t,

HI

6

0

Chemical

co a

"o

Dissolved

5

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

co

c

Common io

5

Hardness

4

cd

u

Radiochemi

1

0)

nn>-.

X

Dissolved o

0

HI 

0]

cd bo

t, 

0)

5

0

t, 

(U

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,

HI

6

0

Biological

if Col ms or

0

n w

Other microrganism

0

Q 

O

m

0

L>H>

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

5

HI

Particle sis

5

0)

S

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of the Mifflintown and Loysville quadrangles.

Hydrology and sedimentation of Bixler Run watershed. 

Reconnaissance of fluvial sediment, Susquehanna River basin. 

Ground water resources in Susquehanna River basin.

References:

Anderson, P. W., 1963, Variations in the chemical character of 

the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-B, p. B1-B17.

Carswell, L. D., and Hollowell, J. R., 1968, Geology and hydrology of the Martinsburg Shale in central Dauphin County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull, [in press].

Culbertson, J. K., 1957, Progress report on hydrology and sedimentation in Bixler Run, Corey Creek, and Elk Run water - 

sheds, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 44 p.

Lohman, S. W., 1937, Ground water in northeastern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 4, 312 p.

McCarren, E. F., Wark, J. W., and George, J. R., 1961, Hydrologic processes diluting and neutralizing acid streams of the 

Swatara Creek basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 424-D, p. D64-D67.

 1964, Water quality of the Swatara Creek basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 88 p.

Meisler, Harold, and Longwill, S. M., 1961, Ground-water resources of Olmsted Air Force Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1 539-H, p. H1-H34.

Page, L. V., and Seaber, P. R., 1963, Water resources investigations and reports in the Susquehanna River basin: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file map.

Steacy, R. E., and Heckmiller, I. A., 1962, Floods at Harrisburg, 

Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 57.
PENNSYLVANIA 299

Johnstown

Area: 1,751 sq mi.

Subarea: Cambria and Somerset Counties.

Population: 270,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from Mill, North Fork, Dalton Run, Laurel Run, Hinckston 

Run, and Laurel Hill Creek and from aquifers located in shale 

and sandstone deposits. An adequate supply of water is located 

within the area.

The major problem in the area is the control of pollution by 

acid-mine drainage. Bituminous coal mining is a major industry 

throughout the area, and the mines are the greatest source of this 

pollutant. However, because of control by the State through the 

State Sanitary Water Board, pollution has been held to a minimum. 

Municipal and industrial wastes are treated prior to discharge 

into streams, and possible pollution from this source is reduced. 

As in other areas throughout the State, floods are a problem. 

However, the existing and proposed flood-control reservoirs have 

reduced this potentially dangerous situation considerably.

Current data;

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

0)

12

Discharge

12

o

C

4

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

13 

 u

jO

7

^

o

0)

tr

 o 

o

jO

4

and Means <

tremes o:

8

Runoff

8

Supplementary data

Ground wat 

station

0

0)

0)

Drainage ar

12

o

Cross-sect

1

O Vn

Coefficient roughnes

1

"S

0)

*s

Hi

s

H

0

to

a

a)

.5 

"a

T3

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

2

to

0) u

 tH

H

0

Contents

2

8

Surface inf]

outflow

1

^,

to

01§u

4) -JJ

x: *" 

U

1

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

!*

o

s

0

Radioactivity

0

T3

K 

a

1

3

K 

a

1

W

0

S

0

Chemical

10 

TJ

Dissolved soi

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

1

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

0

0)

Dissolved oxy

0

to

0)

in

0) bo

fc, 

0)

s

0

0)

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,

0)

1

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O

0

1

a

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

t,

0)

§

0
300 PENNSYLVANIA 

Current projects: 

None. 

References:

Lohman, S. W., 1938, Ground water in south-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 5, 315 p.

Lancaster

Area; 941 sq mi.

Subarea: Lancaster County.

Population: 289,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Susquehanna River, Conestoga Creek, Little Conestoga 

Creek and from aquifers located principally in limestone deposits. 

An adequate supply of water is available within the area.

Pollution of water from municipal and industrial wastes is the 

major problem. However, in accordance with state law, these 

wastes are treated prior to discharge, and since dilution is sufficient at the present time, pollution is not an immediate problem. 

This is primarily an agricultural area, and the use of water for 

irrigation, while small at the present time, may become a problem. Water used for irrigation is largely consumptive and 

occurs during periods of minimum streamflow. Therefore, its 

effect is more severe than might be thought from its small size 

in relation to total water use. However, much of the water used 

for irrigation comes from ground water sources. Since the 

supply of ground water is plentiful at the present time, this is 

not a problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) M 

at

3

Discharge

7

1

2

t, 

o

Peak stage discharge

2

§

15 

1

1

2

^

4)

4)

 o

0 

^O

2

x "2

4) «-

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

4)

Ground wat

station

0

4)

Drainage ai

3

0

Cross- sect

0

"o w

Coefficient roughnes

0

__ ,

Si

Hi 

O

1

H

0

a

at

e

.s

 o 

o

0

£

0

S

Precipitati

0

4) o 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

w

ti

§

o 

a; ,-H

e 5

0

Siltation

0
PHILADELPHIA 301

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

<a

Temperatu

1

CO

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

!3 

7J U

1

Li

o

5

0

>, *j

Radioactiv

1

2 S

a

0

I

K 

o.

1

j.

0

CO

8

0

Chemical

 am

?!in

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

S

Common i(

1

Hardness

0

cd 

o

Radiochem

0

X

o

Dissolved

0

01cd bO

b>

0

Li

CO

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

1

8

0

Biological

01

g 

1

3

0

' [ft ? fl

Other miciorganisr

0

Q

o.

0

CO

0

Sediment

o

Concentra

1

CO

Particle si

1

1

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Hall, G. M., 1934, Ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W-2, 255 p.

Johnston, H. E., 1966, Hydrology of the New Oxford Formation in 

Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey 

Bull. W-23, 80 p.

Meisler, Harold, and Becher, A. E., 1966, Hydrology of the carbonate rocks of the Lancaster 15-minute quadrangle, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Rept. 171, 36 p.

Philadelphia

Area: 3,551 sq mi.

Subarea: Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery Counties, Pa.; Burlington, Camden, and 

Gloucester Counties, N. J.

Population: 4,664,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Delaware River, Schuylkill River, Neshaminy Creek, 

Chester Creek, Perkiomen Creek, Brandywine Creek and from 

aquifers located principally in unconsolidated sand and clay 

deposits and crystalline rocks.

The main problems in the area are pollution and the increasing 

demands on ground water. Floods are also a problem and, 

because of encroachment by industry on channel right-of-ways, 

can be quite damaging. However, the State has initiated a program of flood control which should help to reduce the danger.
302 PENNSYLVANIA

Pollution of surface and ground water from municipal and industrial sources is controlled by State law. Industrial overdevelopment in the area has resulted in heavy ground-water pumping. 

However, no noticeable lowering of the ground water table has 

occurred. Urban expansion beyond the extent of present municipal distribution systems has created rather heavy demands on 

ground water. As a result, the possibility of local ground-water 

shortages has appeared.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01tuo

Rl

54

Discharge

56

1

5

21

(H

0

Peak stage discharge 

20

c 

o

Flow durati

12

^

o

01

Flood frequ

12

Means andtremes o

42

Runoff

42

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

1

Rl

Drainage ar

60

§

Cross- sect

2

"o «,

Coefficient roughnes

2

01

Time oftra

1

CO

a

at

.S

"a 

 a 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

4

CO 

01 a 

H

5

Contents

1

o

infl Surface 

outflow

0

.^

CO 1

§o

01 -Jj

6*

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(H

Temperatu

52

01

Specific 

conductanc

51

Turbidity

9

J3 "o 

U

23

I

8

i'

Radioactiv

2

3

01

33 

a

10

33 

a

45

W

0

01

S

0

Chemical

CO

2

o

Dissolved

43

Chlorides

5

Nutrients

11

?

Common ic

43

Hardness

35

 a

u

Radiochem

3

01tuo >,

X

Dissolved

21

CO

01 

CO 

Rl 

tUO

01

S

0

01

6

4

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

11

(H 

01

2

Biological

Coliforms

10

o 2

.§.«

IH tUO 

01 (H

J3 0

s

2

Q 

O

m

7

(H 

01

S

0

Sediment

§

Concentrat

7

N

Particle s

5

1

5

0

Current projects:

Hydrology of Philadelphia area streams. 

Chemical characteristics of Delaware River water. 

Chemical quality of surface water- in Neshaminy Creek basin. 

Conservation and urbanization of Brandywine and Pickering

Creek basins, Pa.

Flood inundation mapping Perkiomen Creek. 

Schuylkill River sediment network. 

Delaware estuary sedimentation. 

Remote sensing Delaware River. 

Tocks Island.

Chloride in ground water in New Jersey. 

Geology and ground-water resources, Camden County.
PITTSBURGH 303

Water resources and geology of Gloucester County. 

Geohydrology of Potomac Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. 

Flood investigations in Camden County. 

Effects of surface-water recharge on the chemical quality of

ground water in areas adjacent in the Delaware estuary. 

Tidal observations, Delaware and Raritan Estuaries. 

Sediment reconnaissance of Coastal Plain Streams.

References:

Alter, A. T., 1966, Extent and frequency of inundation of Schuylkill River flood plain from Conshohocken to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 49 p.

Barksdale, H. C., 1958, Ground-water resources in the tri-state 

region adjacent to the lower Delaware River: New Jersey Div. 

Water Policy and Supply Spec. Rept. 13, 190 p.

Biesecker, J. E., and others, 1968, Water resources of the 

Schuylkill River basin: Pennsylvania Dept. Forests and 

Waters [in press].

Cohen, Bernard, and McCarthy, L. T., Jr., 1962, Salinity of the 

Delaware River estuary: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1586-B, p. B1-B47.

Durfor, C. N., and Keighton, W. B., 1954, Chemical characteristics of Delaware River water, Trenton, New Jersey to Marcus 

Hook, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

173 p.

Graham, J. B., Mangan, J. W,, and White, W. F., Jr., 1957, Water 

resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 104, 21 p.

Greenman, D. W., and others, 1961, Ground-water resources of 

the Coastal Plain area of southeastern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 13, 375 p.

Longwill, S. M., and Wood, C. R., 1965, Ground-water resources 

of the Brunswick Formation in Montgomery and Berks Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 22, 

59 p.

Rima, D. R., and others, 1962, Geology and hydrology of the 

Stockton Formation in southeastern Pennsylvania: Pennsyl - 

vania Geol. Survey Bull. W 14, 111 p.

Seaber, P. R., 1963, Chloride concentrations of water from wells 

in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey, 1923-61: New 

Jersey Div. Water Policy and Supply Spec. Rept. 22, 250 p.

Pittsburgh

Area: 3,055 sq mi.

Subarea: Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, and Westmoreland

Counties. 

Population: 2,372,000.
304 PENNSYLVANIA

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Allegheny, Monongahela, Beaver, and Youghiogheny 

Rivers and from aquifers located in shale and sandstone.

The major problems in the area are pollution, floods, and the 

increasing demands on ground water. The pollution of surface 

and ground water by municipal and industrial wastes is the most 

pressing problem. The large population and heavy industrialization of the area have combined to produce many pollutants. 

However, the State, through the State Sanitary Water Board, has 

exercised considerable control. The State has been active in 

flood control and has made considerable progress. The large 

existing and proposed reservoirs are used primarily for flood 

control, although they help to regulate streamflow for power, 

water supply, and waste dilution. Because of urban expansion 

and overdevelopment of industry, there has been an increasing 

demand on ground water. However, no noticeable lowering of the 

ground water table has occurred, although many new wells have 

been drilled.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M 

rt

52

Discharge

24

1 

C

S

6

0

Peak stage discharge 

2

o

1 

 o

1

9

u

0)

Flood frequ

8

Means and<tremes o:

14

Runoff

14

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

52

§

Cross-sect

25

"3 n>

Coefficient roughnes

0

1

 s

1

0

CO

o, rt

.S

rt "a

 o

o

0

E

4

c

Precipitatic

21

CO

0) 0

 ^H

0

Contents

2

1

infl Surface 

outflow

1

^_

CO

£

1

rt «J

J3

U

1

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

7

Specific 

conductance

3

Turbidity

2

13 'o 

u

5

0

3

0

Radioactivity

2

2 

S

K 

o.

2

3

43

K 

o.

4

W

0

tn

S

0

Chemical

Bl D

Dissolved sol

5

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

Common ins

6

Hardness

3

Radiochemica

2

c

M

Dissolved oxy

2

to

CO

rt M

t

S

0

0)

5

2

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

2

t

S

2

Biological

Coliforms

2

Other micro- organisms

2

Q 

O PQ

1

t*

6

2

Sediment

Concentration

2

size Particle 

0

<u

5

0
READING 305

Current projects:

Runoff data at selected sites in Monongahela River basin.

References:

Adamson, J. H., and others, 1949, Ground-water resources of the 

valley-fill deposits of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W-8, 181 p.

Noecker, Max, Greenman, D. W., and Beamer, N. H., 1954, 

Water resources of the Pittsburgh area, Pennsylvania: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 315, 56 p.

Piper, A. M., 1933, Ground water in southwestern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 1, 406 p.

Steacy, R. E., 1961, Time of travel of water in the Ohio River, 

Pittsburgh to Cincinnati: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 439, 14 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1952, Floods in Youghiogheny and 

Kiskiminetas River basins, Pennsylvania and Maryland, frequency and magnitude: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 204, 22 p.

Van Tuyl, D. W., 1951, Ground water for air conditioning at 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. 

W-10, 34 p.

Van Tuyl, D. W., and Klein, N. H., 1951, Ground-water resources 

of Beaver County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geol. Survey 

Bull. W-9, 84 p.

Wiitala, S. W., Jetter, K. R., and Sommerville, A. J., 1961, 

Hydraulic and hydrologic aspects of flood-plain planning: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1526, 69 p.

Reading

Area: 865 sq mi. 

Subarea: Berks County. 

Population: 283,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Schuylkill River, Maiden Creek, and Ontelaunee Creek 

and from aquifers located in limestone and slate deposits. An 

adequate supply of water is available within the area.

The major problems in the area are the pollution of both ground 

and surface water and floods. Pollution comes primarily from 

untreated municipal and industrial wastes. However, the State 

now regulates waste disposal, and as a result, pollution has been 

reduced to a minimum. The State has also initiated a long-term 

program which provides for the construction of many reservoirs 

to be used for flood control. Many new wells are being drilled;
306 PENNSYLVANIA

however, there has been no noticeable effect on the ground water 

table.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u

a

6

Discharge

8

C

2

SH 

O

Peak stge discharge 

2

o

Is

t,

-a 

o

G

2

^

o

HI

IT HI

-a 

o

j3

2

QJ (,_,

and Meanstremes o

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

t,11

Ground wat

station

0

03

Drainagei

6

o

Cross-sect

0

0 to

Coefficient roughnes

0

u

6

1

to

a

03 

g

.5

at 'a

T3 

O 

O

0

Precipitati

2

Tides

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf

outflow

0

-^

tn

0)

§ 

u

4) i i

rt W j: 

O

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

u

Temperatu

3

Specific 

conductanc

3

Turbidity

0

IH

O'o 

o

2

o

s

0

>->

Radioactivi

0

2 <u

K 

a

0

43

ct

K 

a

3

J3

W

0

L.

U

6

0

Chemical

U) a

"o

Dissolved E

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

U)

C

Common io

3

Hardness

3

03 

O

Radiochem

0

c

U

S«i^

X

Dissolved c

0

HI 

(0 

03 

bo

IH 

V

5

0

IH

U

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

IH 

V

£

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 M

Other micorganisrr

0

Q 

O 

«

0

L. 

<D

J3

5

0

Sediment

o

Con centrat

2

HI

Particle s

2

LI

0)

6

0

Current projects:

Schuylkill River sediment network.

References:

Biesecker, J. E., and others, 1968, Water resources of the

Schuylkill River basin: Harrisburg Pennsylvania Dept. Forests 

and Waters [in press].

Hall, G. M., 1934, Ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W 2, 255 p.

White, W. F., Jr., and Lindholm, C. F., 1950, Water-resources 

investigations relating to the Schuylkill River restoration project, October 1947 to December 1949: Harrisburg Pennsylvania Dept. Forests and Waters, 125 p.

Scranton

Area: 451 sq mi.

Subarea: Lackawanna County.

Population: 226,000.
SCRANTON 307

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Susquehanna River and Lackawanna River and from 

aquifers located principally in shale and sandstone deposits. An 

adequate supply of water is available within the area.

The major problems in the area are the pollution of both ground 

and surface water and floods. The area is located in the heart of 

great anthracite coal deposits. Acid-mine drainage and pumpage 

from the coal mines is one of the prime sources of pollution. 

However, the State, through the State Sanitary Water Board, exercises control over waste disposal and has held pollution to a 

minimum. Abundant snowfall, periodically heavy rains, and rapid 

snowmelt combine to make flooding a constant hazard. The state 

has been active in flood control and has made considerable progress in this field. The large existing and proposed reservoirs, 

while primarily for flood control, also help to regulate streamflow for water supply, power production, and low-flow augmentation. Numerous new ground-water wells are being drilled, but 

no lowering of the water table has been detected.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

em cd

4

Discharge

5

0

1

h

0

Peak stage discharge 

0

c

n

Id

 a 

 t

2

^

u

4)

a*

4>

 a

0

_o

3

Means andtremes o

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

cd

4>

Drainagei

4

§

Cross- sect

1

0 m

Coefficient roughnes

1

1

id 

 * * 8

4)

H

0

a

cd

E

.5

H 

 a

0 

0

E

0

Precipitatic

0

Ul

H

0

Contents

0

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

.^

09 "c

Qj

0

u

tie *"

S ^

x: ~* 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

2

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

0

JO"o 

U

2

i*

0

8

0

Radioactivity

0

2

X 

a.

0

2

X 

a

2

W

0

1-

6

0

Chemical

(A O

Dissolved sol

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

2

Hardness

2

Radiochemica

0

V 

61)

Dissolved oxy

0

09 

V 

09

s,

0)

6

0

1*

8

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i*

V

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

0

PQ

0

i*0)

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

V

6

0
308 PENNSYLVANIA

Current projects:

Geologic and ground-water resources of Lackawanna County.

References:

Bogart, D. B., 1960, Floods of August-October 1955, New England

to North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1420,

854, p. 

Lohman, S. W., 1937, Ground water in northeastern Pennsylvania:

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W-4, 312 p. 

Mangan, J. W., 1942, The floods of May 1942 in the Delaware and

Lackawanna River basins: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Dept.

Forests and Waters, 29 p.

Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton

Area: 892 sq mi. 

Subarea: Luzerne County. 

Population: 346,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area conies 

from Toby, Bear, Nescopeck Creeks and numerous other small 

streams and from aquifers located in shale and limestone 

deposits. An ample supply of water is available within the area.

The major problems in the area are pollution and floods. 

Acid-mine drainage and pumpage from the many anthracite mines 

located in the area is probably the greatest pollutant of surface 

and ground water. However, since the State has imposed strict 

controls over the disposal of wastes, pollution has been held to 

minimum. Damaging floods have been a great source of trouble 

in the past. However, the State has built many reservoirs primarily for flood control. They may also be used for low-flow 

augmentation, regulation of streamflow for water supply, and for 

the production of power. With industrilization and population expansion many new wells are being drilled. However, there has 

been no noticeable lowering of the ground-water table.
YORK 309

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

cv bo

0)

^

8

Discharge

10

*

o 

C

S

2

t< o

Peak stage discharge

1

S

Flow durati

5

>>

u

01

frequ Flood 

5

S

x *"

Means andoi tremes 

7

Runoff

7

Supplementary data

u

Ground wat

station

1

0) 

0)

Drainage ar

7

o

Cross-sect

0

*s «,

Coefficient roughnes

0

1(0

t, *s

0)

E 

£

0

ca

a

« 

E

.5

a) 

H 

 O 

O 

O

£

0

c

Precipitatic

0

ca

0) a i-«

H

0

Contents

1

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

ca

cv

O 

u

m ~-i

ho a;

§1 J3 ~*

U

1

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

cv

Temperatur

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

o "o 

u

0

o

s

0

>>

Radioactivit

0

2

cv 

a

0

3 ft

a

0

w

0

L, 

01

8

0

Chemical

co

O

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

ca

Common ioi

0

Hardness

0

 .

y

Radiochemi

0

c

01

60

X

Dissolved o

0

01

ca&

01

5

0

cv

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

L, 

01

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

~ en

Other micorganism

0

Q 

O PQ

0

tb

6

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

0

cv

Particle siz

0

0)

8

0

Current projects:

Hydrology of Wyoming Valley, Luzerne County. 

Anthracite mine drainage.

References:

Lohman, S. W., 1937, Ground water in northeastern Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull. W-4, 312 p.

York

Area: 1,431 sq mi.

Subarea: York and Adams Counties.

Population: 307,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from South Branch Codorus, West Branch Codorus, Little 

Conewago and Marsh Creeks and from aquifers located principally in limestone deposits. An adequate supply of water is 

available within the area.
310 PENNSYLVANIA

The major problems in the area are the pollution of ground and 

surface water by municipal and industrial wastes and floods. In 

and near the city of York the area has become highly industrialized. This has resulted in much industrial waste combined with 

the normal municipal waste. However, the State, through the 

State Sanitary Water Board, has exercised considerable control 

over these disposals and, as a result, has kept pollution to a minimum. The control of floods through the construction of large 

reservoirs has resulted in the lessening of the flood hazard. 

Many new wells are being drilled; however, no lowering of the 

ground-water table is noticeable at the present time.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M

(S

6

Discharge

8

8

c

2

IH

0

Peak stge discharge

2

c

o

"S

i,

T3 

O

E

4

^

u

D

Flood frequ

4

Means and<

tremes o;

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

0

(S

4)

Drainage ar

6

§

"5

to

to to

0

t.

0

«M

O ».

Coefficient roughness

0

>

A

? 

<D 

S

H

0

to

o,

(S

M

'rt

"3.

T3

8 

C

0

Precipitatio

0

to V a

H

0

Contents

2

%o

Surface infl

outflow

1

^

to

g

§ 

u

m -jj

fri

Is

 rH

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

2

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

0

IH

"o

U

2

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

T3 "3

K 

a

0

1

sc

a

2

U

0

111

8

0

Chemical

tn

T3

Dissolved sol

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to 

g

§

0

U

2

Hardness

2

.

Radiochemica

0

g

M

Dissolved oxy

0

to

i

U)

t)

0

In 

1)

S

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

S-, 

HI

s

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q

O CD

0

m

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

1

i-.

8

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of central and southern York County.

References:

Hall, G. M., 1934, Ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania:

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull W 2, 255 p. 

Wood, P. R., and Johnston, H. E., 1964, Hydrology of the New

Oxford Formation in Adams and York Counties, Pennsylvania:

Pennsylvania Geol. Survey Bull W-21, 66 p.
PUERTO RICO

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Puerto Rico. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following Islandwide reports:

Arnow, T., and Crooks, J. W., 1960, Public water supplies in 

Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority WaterResources Bull. 2, 34 p.

Barnes, H. H., Jr., and Bogart, D. B., 1961, Floods of September 

6, I960, in eastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 451, 

13 p.

Bogart, D. B., Arnow, T., and Crooks, J. W., 1960, Water problems of Puerto Rico and a program of water-resources investigations: Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority WaterResources Bull. 1, 40 p.

Bogart, D. B., Arnow, T., and Crooks, J. W., 1964, Water 

resources of Puerto Rico a progress report, with A hydrogeologic map, by Briggs, R. P., and Akers, J. P.: Puerto 

Rico Water Resources Authority Water-Resources Bull. 4, 

102 p.

Briggs, R. P., and Akers, J. P., 1965, Hydrogeologic map of 

Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. 

Inv. Atlas HA-197.

Ward, P. E., and Truxes, L. S., 1964, Water wells in Puerto 

Rico: Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority WaterResources Bull. 3, 248 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

Chief, Caribbean District 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Building 652

U.S. Naval Station Annex 

San Juan, P. R. 00934

Mayaguez

Subarea: Municipio de Mayaguez. 

Population: 84,000 (1960).

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply comes from Rio Yaguez and Rio 

Canas. Mayaguez is in an area of plentiful water supply, and 

future requirements can be met unless there is a radical

311
312 PUERTO RICO

reording of water-use priority and of water for heavy industry. 

Because of the easy availability of water in streams, the groundwater potential of the area has not been explored very much.

Part of the center of Mayaguez is subject to frequent flooding 

by Rio Yaguez, and a lesser stream on the south edge of the city 

also floods. Despite the city* s being on the coast, floods spread 

laterally from the streams and inundate sizable areas. Because 

Mayaguez is on the coast, the low-lying parts of the city are in 

danger of hurricane-driven water that could rise to about 10 feet 

above mean sea level and waves could wash at least 5 feet higher.

The streams in the city are polluted by domestic waste. Behia 

de Mayaguez is also polluted by these streams, which include 

effluent from a sugar central that discharges into Rio Grande de 

Anasco. The bay is shallow and is bounded on the seaward side 

by reefs and bars that limit circulation of the water.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

0

Discharge

0

C

3

^

o

Peak stage discharge

0

g

Is

3 o 

5

fc

0

^

u

0)

cr

0)

 o 

§

fc

0

^

Means and<

tremes o:

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wat« 

station

0

(S

0)

Drainage ar

3

§

Cross-sect]

0

O ,n

Coefficient roughnes

0

*iii

>

(S 

0)

s

0

CO

6

.5

(S "3.

 U 

O 

0

0

C

Precipitatic

0

CO 8

 1-4 E-i

0

Contents

0

8

Surface inf]

outflow

0

CO

E

0)§u

4) 7} 

?>a 5

e

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

t,

Temperatu

0

0)

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

0

S

0

Zf

Radioactiv

0

2

0)

"3.

0

I

E 

a

0

w

0

tw

0)

5

0

Chemical

UJ o

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

EO

C

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

r-1

SO

U

Radiochem

0

SU)

X

Dissolved

0

EO

0)

0)

s

0

OJ

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

a/

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

P?

mici Otherorganisn

0

Q 

0

m

0

0)

5

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

0

0) 

N

Particle si

0

0)

S

0

Current projects:

Floods in the Mayaguez area, P. R.
PONCE 313

References:

See list of islandwide reports.

Ponce

Subarea: Municipio de Ponce. 

Population: 146,000 (1960).

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply comes from Rio Portugues, the 

Garzas-Rio Guayanes system, and local area wells. Ponce is in 

the semiarid south-coast area, and streamflow is low for about 

half the year. The total supply is plentiful in municipal terms, 

but the larger part is assigned to irrigation. The problem is 

storage facilities rather than availability.

A large part of Ponce is on a coalesced alluvial fan of three 

streams, which merges into the coastal plain on which all of 

Playa de Ponce is situated. Much of the fan and all of the coastal 

plain is subject to flooding to the edge of the sea. Playa de Ponce 

and much of the port area is vulnerable to inundation and wave 

action from hurricane-driven water.

All the streams in the Ponce area are polluted by domestic 

waste and a small amount of industrial waste when flowing, but 

they are dry for months at a time. Bahia de Ponce thus has a 

measure of pollution. Deep water is close to the coast, however, 

and longshore currents limit the pollution to a relatively small 

area and low concentration.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M 

at

4

Discharge

4

o

C

3

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

"nt

t,

 §

5

£

0

w

0)

Flood frequ

0

is

Means and<tremes o:

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

Ground watc

station

0

01

Drainage ar

7

c

o

Cross- sect

1

0 ,«

Coefficient roughnes

1

ist,

01

6 

H

0

CO8-

CO

C

.3

d"3. §

o

e

0

Precipitatic

0

CO

01

2 

H

0

Contents

0

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

CO

Is§0

CO jj

5

0

Siltation

0
314 PUERTO RICO

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) i_

Temperatu

1

0)

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

o o 

O

0

^ +-»

Radio activi

0

2

 r-t 

Cl-t

53

0.

0

n) 

0.

1

JS

W

0

0)

6

0

Chemical

V) a

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

<a

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

n)

Radiochem

0

c

0)

>->

5

Dissolved <

0

<n<u 

to

01

0)

6

0

t_

0)

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O

n

0

t,

0) 

JS

0

Sediment

c

Concentrat

1

U)

N

si Particle 

0

0)

S

1

Current projects:

Water resources of the Ponce area.

References:

Hickenlooper, I. J., and Lopez, M. A., 1967, Floods in the Ponce 

area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas 

HA-261.

San Juan

Subarea: Municipios de San Juan, Rio Piedras, Bayamdn,

Catano, Guaynabo, Carolina, and Trujillo Alto. 

Population: 648,000 (1960).

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply of the San Juan area comes principally from Rib Grande de Loiza, Rio de Bayamdn, Rio de la 

Plata, Rib Piedras, and Rib Canovanas. A small well field 

supplies water to the Bayamon area, and a few wells are on 

standby. San Juan is in an area of plentiful water, but the main 

problem is a growing need for more facilities. It is necessary to 

go farther afield for surface supplies; ground water has not been 

fully explored.

Parts of the San Juan area, mostly suburban, are subject to 

flooding. The pattern is too complex to discuss here, but the 

streams involved range from small local streams to the largest 

stream on the Island. The ocean front in San Juan proper, the 

low-lying areas east and west of San Juan, and the fringes of 

Bahia de San Juan are vulnerable to hurricane-driven water and 

waves.

Pollution largely by domestic waste is severe in Bahia de San 

Juan and the several tidal lagoons extending east from the old
[-1

o\

o' N

O « 

c! E

to c

 fD ^X ^""^ ^ :

 ^

to CO

d en

^ WM

ffi °"

*<! CL

^ m

0 P I 1 c-h

HH W

a p

 P

& 2^

p 3

CQ p

»

fD

Ml

fD 

M 

fD3o

fD

CO

hr|

> '

O 

O- aco' o3d P

TO

fDM

5

OB^1p

fDP

CO

Oe

rrent

 «

|.oc-h 

CO

00OOOOOooo0oo0o0oooooo0o00o00

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical 9crqO

Biological

Sediment

H

T3 

ro 

COO

a P?
RHODE ISLAND

There is one Metropolitan State Economic Area (MSEA) in 

Rhode Island. Hydrulogic data and information for this area may 

be found in the following statewide reports:

Alien, W. B., 19 53, The ground-water resources of Rhode Island a 

reconnaissance, with a section on Surface-water resources, by 

Kinnison, H. B.: Rhode Island Devel, Council Geol. Bull. 6, 170 p.

 1963, Rhode Island, in McGuinness, C. L., The role of 

ground water in the national water situation: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1800, p. 753-762.

Bogart, D. B., 1960, Floods of August-October 1955, New England 

to North Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1420, 

854 p.

Green, A. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United 

States, Part 1 A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1671, 260 p.

Knox, C. E., and Nordenson, T. J., 1955, Average annual runoff 

and precipitation in the New England New York area: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA 7.

Lang, S. M., 1961, Appraisal of the ground-water reservoir areas 

in Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating 

Board Geol. Bull. 11, 38 p.

Lang, S. M., and others, 1960, Hydraulic characteristics of glacial 

outwash in Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Hydrol. Bull. 3, 38 p.

Paulsen, C. G., and others, 1940, Hurricane floods of September 

1938: U.S. Geol Survey Water-Supply Paper 867, 562 p.

Thomson, M. T., and others, 1964, Historical floods in New

England: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M, p. MlM105.

Data for this MSEA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological. Survey

2300 John F. Kennedy Federal Building

Boston, Mass. 02203

316
RHODE ISLAND

Providence-Pawtucket-Warwick

317

Area; 619 sq mi.

Subarea: Kent, Providence, and Bristol Counties.

Population: 739,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water for the city of Providence and seven neighboring cities 

and towns, including Warwick, comes from six reservoirs which 

impound water from the North Branch Pawtuxet River.

The water supply for the city of Pawtucket and three neighboring 

small towns comes from two reservoirs on a tributary to the 

Blackstone River and is supplemented from wells in unconsolidated glacial deposits. Difficulties during the recent drought have 

prompted plans for the enlarging of one of the reservoirs.

Disposal of municipal and industrial wastes creates pollution 

problems in the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V tXO

fl)

16

Discharge

14

o 

C

S

2

o

Peak stage discharge

9

0

13 

1

6

0)

cr

V

 o

8 

E

5

Means andtremes o

14

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

t-,

13

M 

§|

0

fl)

V

Drainage ar

23

§

Cross- sect

23

"S m

Coefficient roughnes

15

0)

CD

"o

V

H

0

CO

a

fi

.3 

5

 o

8 

E

0

e

Precipitatic

5

01

0)

H

1

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

«^_

01'§

O

o

4) rH

u~

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

m

Temperatui

0

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

3

(H 

O

"o 

u

3

o o 

O

3

>>

Radioactivi

0

2

OJ

E 

a

0

I

i

3

W

0

v

S

0

Chemical

to o

"o

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

3

co 

r.

Common io

3

Hardness

8

ni

u

Radiochemi

0

V 

Wl

X

Dissolved c

0

V 

co 

fl)

0)

0

m

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

3

V

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

3

0 »

Other microrganisn0

Q 

O

0

t-, <u

0

Sediment

§

Concentrat

3

V

Particle s

0

t-, m

0
318 RHODE ISLAND

Current projects:

Water resources of the lower Pawcatuck River basin. 

Water resources of the Branch-Blackstone River basins.

References:

Alien, W. B., 1956, Ground-water resources of the East Greenwich 

quadrangle, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Geol. Bull. 8, 56 p.

Alien, W. B., and Blackball, J. A., 1950, Ground-water resources 

of Bristol, Warren and Barrington, Bristol County, Rhode Island: 

Rhode Island Port and Indus. Devel. Comm. Sci. Contr. 3, 14 p.

Alien, W. B., and Gorman, L. A., 1959, Ground-water map of the 

East Providence quadrangle, Massachusetts-Rhode Island: Rhode 

Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Ground-Water Map 

GWM 1.

Alien, W. B., Johnson, K. E., and Mason, R. A., 1959, Groundwater map of the Crompton quadrangle, Rhode Island: Rhode 

Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Ground-Water Map 

GWM-3.

Bierschenk, W. H.,1954, Ground-wate** resources of the Bristol 

quadrangle, Rhode Island-Massachusetts: Rhode Island Water 

Resources Coordinating Board Geol. Bull. 7, 98 p.

 1959, Ground-water resources of the Providence quadrangle, 

Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating 

Board Geol. Bull. 10, 104 p.

Halberg, H. N., Knox, C. E., and Pauszek, F. H., 1961, Water resources of the Providence area, Rhode Island: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1499-A, p. A1-A50.

Pollock, S. J., 1960, Ground-water map of the North Scituate quad - 

rangle, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Ground-Water Map GWM 12.

Quinn, A. W., and others, 1948, The geology and ground-water resources of the Pawtucket quadrangle, Rhode Island: Rhode Island 

Water Resources Coordinating Board Geol. Bull. 3, 85 p.

Richmond, G. M., and Alien, W. B., 1951, The geology and groundwater resources of the Georgiaville quadrangle, Rhode Island: 

Rhode Island Water Resources Coordinating Board Geol. Bull. 4, 

75 p.
SOUTH CAROLINA

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in South Carolina. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Harris, K. F., 1962, Chemical character of surface water of South 

Carolina, 1945-60: South Carolina Devel. Board Bull. 16C, 123p.

Siple, G. E., 1946, Progress report on ground-water investigations 

in South Carolina: South Carolina Research Plan. Devel. Board 

Bull. 15, 116 p.

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency 

of floods in the United States, Part 2 A,South Atlantic slope 

basins, James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1673, 329 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

2346 Two Notch Road 

Columbia, S. C. 29204

Charleston

Area: 2,045 sq mi.

Subarea: Charleston and Berkeley Counties.

Population: 296,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal water supply is obtained from the Edisto River, 

about 31 miles northwest of the city. An additional supply (2.5bgd) 

is available from the Bushy Park Industrial Reservoir, located on 

a branch of the Cooper River. The supply is considered adequate 

for future municipal and industrial water requirements.

Ground-water sources consist of two principal aquifers a sandy 

limestone of Tertiary age (250 500 ft ) and a medium to coarsegrained sand of Late Cretaceous age (1,600 2,000 ft). Water in 

the sandy limestone is brackish at Charleston but becomes fresh 

a few miles inland. Water in the Cretaceous sand has a low 

chloride content, but its total dissolved solids generally exceeds 

1,000 ppm.

319
320 SOUTH CAROLINA

The most urgent water problems include insufficient supplies 

of fresh water for some of the peripheral small towns and the disposal of increasing accumulations of mud and silt from Charleston 

harbor. A plan to alleviate this disposal problem has recently 

been initiated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M

ca

ffj

8

Discharge

4

o 

C

0

o

Peak stge discharge

0

o

Flow durati

0

o

Ol

 o

8

fa

0

X ^

Means and<

tremes o!

4

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

i.

Ground wat< 

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

4

o

Cross-sect

2

"o , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

<u

ca L,

"o 

<u 

E 

H

0

in

a

rt 

g

.5

rt "a

T3

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatic

0

03

 a

1

Contents

2

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

(0

C

Change conl 

level

2

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperat

4

Specific conductan

2

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

2

o o 

O

0

^

 rH

Radioactiv

0

2 

a

0

.a 

rt

a

2

5

0

OJ

5

0

Chemical

in-a

"o

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

03

z

Common i

2

Hardness

2

rt 

o'^

Radiochen

0

c

wX

Dissolved

0

en 

rt

5

0

C

i

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

o

C

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Zp Other micorganis

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

6

0

Sediment

0 ^

Concentra

0

<u

Particle s

0

0)

S

0

Current projects:

Ground water investigations west Coastal Plain. 

Possible water supplies National Parks.

References:

Siple, G. E., 1957, Ground water in the South Carolina Coastal 

Plain: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 49, no. 3, p. 283-300.

 1965, Salt-water encroachment in coastal South Carolina: 

Clemson Univ. Council on Hydrology, Hydrol. activities in the 

South Carolina Region Conference, Clemson, South Carolina, 

March 17-18, 1965, Proc. p. 18-33.
COLUMBIA 321

Siple, G. E., 1966, Impact of proposed canals on ground-water 

regimen of Berkeley and Charleston Counties, South Carolina, 

in U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Report on Cooper River, 

South Carolina shoaling in Charleston harbor, Appendix G Coordination with other agencies: Charleston^U.S. Army Corps, 

Engineer Dist.

 1967, Salt-water encroachment of Tertiary limestones 

along coastal South Carolina: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Symposium on Hydrology of Fractured Rocks, Dubrovnik, 

Yugoslavia, Oct. 7-14, 1965, Proc., p. 439-^53.

Columbia

Area: 1,456 sq mi.

Subarea: Richland and Lexington Counties.

Population: 289,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for Columbia comes 

from the Broad River. Water supplies for West Columbia and 

Cayce, both adjoining municipalities in Lexington County, come 

from the Saluda River and Congaree Creek, respectively. The 

area is in a region of adequate water supply.

Because of encroachment on flood plains, flooding from the 

Broad River, Saluda River, Crane Creek, Gill Creek, and Mill 

Creek is at present a problem that could become one of major 

importance in the future. Domestic waste disposal in large housing 

developments which still use septic tanks poses a problem concerning pollution of ground water and subsequent pollution of numerous 

small lakes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

ao

CO

7

Discharge

7

a

2

o

Peak stage discharg

1

o

CO

3 

73

fc

0

^

u

o> 

3

cr

73

o

fc

0

Means anc tremes

5

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

<D

Ground wastation

0

CO

t*

Drainage £

9

c

o

Cross sec

5

0 01

Coefficien roughne

0

V>

COi~ 

*o

S 

H

0

in

a

CO

6

a "a

73

o

JO

0

o

Precipitat

1

U] 

73

H

0

Contents

1

j

_o

E 

surface inoutflow

0

^

01 "c

o

CJ

U

1

Siltation

0
322 SOUTH CAROLINA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

I)

li

n,

E

1)

H

8

c

o 2 C °

U c

a. o

C/3 O

4

~' ^

L,

0

L,

'o 

U

4

o

S

0

x

. ^

>

o

a:

TJ

ra

a:

0

_

TJ

OP

"a

0

~

rt

"a

4

W

0

Vr

x

5

0

Chemical

Ul a

7!tn

TJ

Q

4

ui

_o 

U

0

o

z

0

Ul

c

F

£ 

o 

U

4

IE

C

L.

OJ

4

rt 

o

t:

X

y

TJ 

rt 

OS

0

c 

<u on

X

0

TJ

?*

7;

Ul 

Ul

5

0

en

rt

t,

S

0

L,

S

0

Organic

Ul

T3

U

U]

a!

0

Ul

 - c.

v ac

'c ^ 

?>"i> 

t/3 T3

0

L.

0) 

X

5

0

Biological

Ul

c;

o

"o 

U

0

0 M

o en £ 'c

t, ac s°

0

Q 

O 

ffl

0

.

If

S

0

Sediment

c

0

OJ

<L<

O

U

0

Ul

o

u

kc

n»

a.

0

L,

S

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Greenville

Area: 1,290 sq mi.

Subarea; Greenville and Pickens Counties.

Population: 267,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply comes from the 

Saluda River and Twelvemile Creek. The area is in an abundant 

rainfall region, and if adequate storage is provided, future water 

requirements can be met.

Heavy rainfall usually associated with passage of frontal systems 

creates problems of local storm drainage. However, the most 

significant problem is the disposal of municipal and industrial 

waste in the rapidly growing industrial area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data Supplementary data

0) txo cd

55

4

Discharge

5

1 

C

5

2

kc

o

Peak stge discharge

0

c 

o

Id

t.

 o

_o

1

^

u

0)

3

TJ 

O

1

Means andoftremes 

3

Runoff

3

kc

Ground wat<

station

0

OJ

Drainage ar

5

o

0]

Ul 

Ul

0

kc

o

2

"S rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

'v

A 

Li

"o

0)

E 

H

0

01

n,

OJ

E

.5 

"3,

T3 

O 

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

Ul

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

,^

01

0)

o

Q) r-l

CUD «

| I 

U

0

Siltation

0
C/3 

(D 

(t>

cnO

CO

rtoT3

Refe

o

CO

*a o*

cn
SOUTH DAKOTA

There is one Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in 

South Dakota. Hydrologic data and information for this area are 

contained in the following statewide reports:

Colby, B. R. and Oltman, R. E., 1948, Discharge and runoff in the

Missouri River basin: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 37, lip. 

Darton, N. H., 1909, Geology and underground waters of South

Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 227, 156 p. 

Oltman, R. E., and Tracy, H. J., 1951, Trends in climate and in

precipitation-runoff relation in Missouri River basin: U.S.

Geol. Survey Circ. 98, 113 p. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Floods of April 1952 in the Missouri

River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1260 B,

p. 49-302.

Data for this SMSA is listed below. For additional information 

contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Room 231, Federal Building 

Huron, S. Dak. 57350

Sioux Falls

Area: 815 sq mi.

Subarea: Minnehaha County.

Population: 94,000.

Hydrologic background:

Minnehaha County is located in southeastern South Dakota. It 

is glaciated, and the water supply comes primarily from shallow 

wells in glacial deposits and from surface streams. The principal 

streams are Skunk Creek and Big Sioux River, which are also the 

names of the major aquifers.

Water use is mainly by the city of Sioux Falls and its local 

industries. The water supply from the Big Sioux aquifer and Big 

Sioux River is adequate for the present. Future needs can be met 

by expanding existing facilities and by using prudent water-management policies.

324
SIOUX FALLS 325

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)bo

OJ

11

Discharge

5

1

1

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

0

"5

 o 

S

S

2

^

u 

0)

cr

0)

 o

0

_o

2

X ^

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

OJ

0)

Drainage ar

4

§

Cross-sect

0

V-c

0 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

US

m(H

*o

0)

E 

H

0

COQ. nl

E

.5

nl

 O 

O 

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

01

0) o

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf] 

outflow

0

^

co

§

§u

4) r-t 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

1

t,

'o 

U

1

0

s

0

Radioactivity

1

2

0)

EC

Q.

1

1

EC 

a

0

JS

0

0)

5

0

Chemical

to13

Dissolved sob

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

1

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

1

0) 

61)

Dissolved oxy

1

01 

0) 

CO 

oj txo

0)

5

0

0)

5

i

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

o>

5

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro- organisms

1

Q 

O

1

0)

5

0

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

0

D

S

0

Current projects:

Hydrogeology of glacial outwash between Sioux Falls and 

Dell Rapids.

References:

Adolphson, D. G., and Ellis, M. J., 1964, Basic hydrologic data, 

Skunk Creek Lake Madison drainage basin, South Dakota: 

South Dakota Geol. Survey Water Resources Rept. 3, 68 p.

Ellis, M. J., and Adolphson, D. G., 1965, Hydrogeology of the 

glacial drift in the Skunk Creek Lake Madison drainage basin, 

southeastern South Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. 

Atlas HA-195.

 1968, Basic hydrologic data for a part of the Big Sioux drainage basin, eastern South Dakota: South Dakota Geol. Survey 

Water Resources Rept. 5. [In press].

Ellis, M. J., Adolphson., D. G., and West, R. E., 1968, Hydrology 

of a part of the Big Sioux drainage basin, eastern South Dakota: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas. [In press].

Flint, R. F., 1955, Pleistocene geology of eastern South Dakota: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 262, 173,p.

Rothrock, E. P., and Otton, E. G., 1947, Ground-water resources 

of the Sioux Falls area, South Dakota, Parts 1 and 2: South 

Dakota Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 56, 108 p.
TENNESSEE

There are four Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Tennessee. Hydrologic data and information for all or some of 

these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Cragwall, J. S., Jr., 1963, Tributary river basins in Tennessee, 

delineated as logical units for water-resources investigations, 

appraisals, development, and management: Tennessee Div. 

Water Resources.

Cragwall, J. S., Jr., and Poole, J. L., 1961, The general water 

situation in Tennessee: Bur. Public Adm., Tennessee Water 

Resources Conference, Knoxville, May 1961, Proc. Tennessee 

Univ., p. 38-50.

Eaton, W. R., 1956, Location of gaging stations in Tennessee 

District Surface Water Branch, and delineation of areas of 

certain 3-day minimum discharges occurring once in 2 years 

and once in 10 years on the average: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 2 maps.

 1958, Summary of flow duration and low flow at stream 

gaging stations in Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

129 p.

Jenkins, C. T., I960, Floods in Tennessee, magnitude andfrequency: 

Tennessee Dept. Highways.

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of public 

water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 1, States east of 

the Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1299, 639 p.

MacKichan, K. A., and Kammerer, J. C., 1961, Estimated use of 

water in the United States, 1960: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 456, 

44 p. [1962].

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency 

of floods in the United States, Part 3 B.Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1676, 340 p.

Tennessee Division of Water Resources, 1961, Tennessee's 

water resources: Tennessee Div. Water Resources, 128 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, Floods of August 1940 in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1066, 

554 p.

Wood, G. H., and Johnson, A. M. F., 1965, Flow characteristics of 

Tennessee streams, Part 1, Summaries of flow duration and of 

low and high flows at gaging stations in Tennessee: Tennessee 

Div. Water Resources, 326 p.

326
CHATTANOOGA 327

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Room 144 Federal Building 

Nashville, Tenn. 37203

Chattanooga

Area: 1,024 sq mi.

Subarea: Hamilton County, Tenn.;Walker County, Ga.

Population: 292,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipal and industrial water supply in the Tennessee portion 

of the area is obtained principally from the Tennessee River and 

its local tributaries. In the Georgia portion of the area, ground 

water from springs and wells in limestone aquifers is used by 

industrial and for municipal supply. The quality of ground water 

in the eastern part of the area is good,, and in the western part, 

poor.

With proper control of pollution, surface water available in the 

area will be adequate for future requirements.

Flood danger from the Tennessee River has been greatly decreased by dams and reservoirs upstream on the river and on 

tributary streams. Local flooding from small tributary streams 

in the area does occur occasionally and because of the mountainous 

terrain, flash flooding is an ever-present threat.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V 

rt

10

Discharge

3

g

C

5

10

L«

o

Peak stage discharge

13

8

"8 

 o

1

2

g

Flood frequ

5

,|

Means andtoftremes 

3

|

3

Supplementary data

Ground watt 

station

0

rt

OJ

Drainage ar

16

S

Cross- sect)

16

Coefficient roughnesi

14

"3

V

H

0

aa

e

.5

4S "3.

i

Precipitatic

3

CO

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

8

Surface infl

outflow

0

0) "E

Change coni 

level

0

Siltation

0
328 TENNESSEE

QUALITY WATER

Types of data

Physical

L!

Temperatu

2

0

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

1

L! 

O

"o

u

2

o

S

0

X

Radioactivi

1

 o

a 

o.

1

3ri

a

o.

1

JS

u

0

OJ

S

0

Chemical

Ul -a

"o

Dissolved .

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

(0

C

Common io

2

Hardness

2

_i a 

u

Radiochem

1

nn

X

Dissolved c

1

<n11

03

a 

no

L! 

0)

6

0

L! 

0)

s

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthet ic detergents

1

11

6

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

o S

Other micr organisn

1

Q 

O 

W

0

11

6

i

Sediment

0

Concentrat

1

11 

n

Particle s

0

L! 

11

S

0

Current projects:

Backwater-affected profiles on Chattanooga Creek at

Chattanooga, Tennessee. 

Flood investigations. 

Collection of basic records (SW) low-flow partial record

stations.

Collection of basic records (SW) Flood investigations. 

Hydrology of small drainage areas.

References:

Bunch, C. M., and Price, McGlone, 1962, Floods in Georgia,

magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geol Survey open-file rept. 152 p. 

Carter, R. F., 1959, Drainage-area data for Georgia streams:

U.f Geol. Survey open-file rept., 252 p. 

Cherry, R. N., 1961, Chemical quality of water of Georgia streams,

1957 58, a reconnaissance study: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull.

69, 100 p. 

Cressler, C. W., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of

Walker County, Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 29,

15 p.

Johnson, A. M. F.,and Randolph, W. J., 1962, Floods on Chattanooga Creek, Chattanooga, Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept., 46 p. 

Rabon, J. W., 1962, Flow duration of Georgia streams: U.S. Geol.

Survey open-file rept., 326 p. 

Thomson, M. T., and Carter, R. F., 1963, Effect of a severe

drought (1954) on streamflow in Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey

Bull. 73, 97 p. 

Thomson, M. T., and others, 1956, The availability and use of

water in Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 65, 329 p.
TENNESSEE 329

Knoxville

Area: 1,428 sq mi.

Subarea: Anderson, Blount, and Knox Counties.

Population: 390,000.

Hydrologic background:

The major supplies of municipal and industrial water for the 

area comes from the Clinch, French Broad, Holston, Little, and 

Tennessee Rivers. Tributary streams, springs, and wells provide 

sources for small local and individual domestic supplies. The 

water supply in the area is adequate for the foreseeable future.

Use of the main streams and their tributaries for waste disposal 

is closely controlled by State public health officials and is not a 

serious problem. A potential for hazardous conditions exists in 

a few areas because of the use of septic tanks for domestic waste 

disposal and the shallow-aquifer water supply.

Almost complete control of the flow of the major streams by the 

Tennessee Valley Authority power dams and reservoirs has 

eliminated serious flood dangers from these streams. These 

developments have also benefited navigation, increased the 

available supply of water, and added to recreational facilities. 

Flash flooding by small streams is the greatest remaining flood 

problem.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u

UO 

rt

17

Discharg

15

£

8

0

Q)

y. ao

Peak stg dischar

11

0

t,

3 

T3

5

5

^

o 

v

3

cr

v 

il

T3

o 

o

G

6

 v °

Means atremes

14

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

L.

01

Ground w station

0

01<u

Drainage

28

§

j .

o

Cross-se

7

"o

C Oj

Coefficie roughn

2

>

01t,

*O

<u 

H

0

tn 

a

01

£

.S

"a

T3 

1

0

c

^»

Precipita

5

en <u o

H

0

Contents

0

1

?

Surface Loutflow

0

en

g

o

4) r-<

u

0

Siltation

0
330 TENNESSEE

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatu

12

Specific conductanc

4

Turbidity

0

J5 "o 

U

3

0

5

0

>>

Radioactivi

0

2"3

sc 

a

0

.n n)

SC 

a

3

W

0

k.

0)

S

0

Chemical

01 o

"o

Dissolved

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

2

10

C

Common io

3

Hardness

2

,

n)

0

Radiochem

0

Xi>*

X

Dissolved c

0

0) 

10

t*

0)

s

0

i,

V

s

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i.

0)

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 »

Other micorganisrr

0

Q 

O 

«

0

i,

V

S

0

Sediment

§

Concentrat

0

0)

Particle s

0

i,

V

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Memphis

Area: 1,300 sq mi.

Subarea: Shelby County, Tenn.;

Population: 800,000.

Hydrologic background:

Crittenden County, Ark.

Of the water used in the Memphis area 95 percent is ground 

water from the "500-foot" sand and the "1400-foot" sand aquifers. 

Water from the Mississippi River is used for condensing at the 

Thomas Alien steam power plant. The ground-water sources and 

the Mississippi River each can be tapped to supply many times 

present demands, so water available in the Memphis area is adequate 

for the foreseeable future.

No serious floods have occurred in the area since 1937, although 

within the urbanized area, damage to streets and to personal and 

real estate property from local flooding does occur frequently. Storm 

drainage is being studied by local government and federal agencies. 

This study should produce a drainage plan for Shelby County. The 

study group is relying heavily on previous U.S. Geological Survey 

published data and to a minor extent on current work.
MEMPHIS 331

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) M 

cd

9

Discharge

2

6

c

i

t-i o

Peak stage discharge

4

g

Q

ISt, 

 o

1

0

>>

g

4)

Flood frequ

1

o

Means andtremes o:

4

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground watt

station

0

cd

Drainager

8

Cross-sect!

5

<n

O r»

Coefficient roughnes

0

4)

>

Time oftra

4

108*

H

.S 

"3.

 o

§ 

G

i

Precipitatic

1

10

4) o 

H

0

Contents

0

,R

Surface infl

outflow

0

«^

10

g

§

0

tu) 4)

C ^

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

4)

Temper atu

7

Specific 

conductanc

6

[Turbidity

1

o

8

i

I

0

| Radioactiv

1

2 "3

X 

a

7

1

X 

a

0

w

0

1

6

0

Chemical

 a

10

[Dissolved

1

[Chlorides

0

| Nutrients

1

S

[Common i<

1

[Hardness

1

 a

 -i

[Radiochem

1

c

4)

R

0

[Dissolved

2

ID

&

1

0

4)

6

i

Organic

[Pesticides

1 

Synthetic detergents

1

6

Biological

| Coliforms

,° 0

Other micorganisr

Q 

8 6

2

Sediment

c

0

| Concent ra

3

y

[Particle s

2

1

0

Current projects:

Hydrologic data collection and special studies in the

Memphis area. 

Construction of analog model of the major aquifers of

the Mississippi Embayment.

References:

Bell, E. A., and Nyman, D. J., 1968, Flow pattern and related

chemical quality of ground water in the "500-foot" sand in the

Memphis area, Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1853 [in press], 

Criner, J. H., and Armstrong, C. A., 1958, Ground-water supply

of the Memphis area: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 408, 20 p. [1959]. 

Criner, J. H., Sun, P. C. P., and Nyman, D. J., 1964, Hydrology of

the aquifer systems in the Memphis area, Tennessee: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-O, p. O1-O54. 

Moore, G. K., 1965, Geology and hydrology of the Claiborne Group

in western Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1809-F, p. F1-F44. 

Nyman, D. J., 1965, Predicted hydrologic effects of pumping from

the Lichterman well field in Memphis area,Tennessee: U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1819-B,p. B1-B26.
332 TENNESSEE

Nashville

Area: 1,662 sq mi.

Subarea: Summer and Wilson Counties.

Population: 512,000.

Hydrologic background:

The source of water for municipal and industrial supplies in 

the area is the Cumberland River. Waste disposal systems make 

use of the Cumberland River and small tributaries to it. There 

are many individual domestic water-supply facilities which use 

ground water from shallow limestone aquifers. Wells in these 

aquifers have a low yield, and the water is of poor quality because 

of high dissolved-solids and sulfide content. The surface-water 

supply in the area is adequate for the foreseeable future because 

of the Cumberland River, Old Hickory Reservoir on the Cumberland River, and J. Percy Priest Reservoir on Stones River.

The Nashville area is in the Central Basin of Tennessee, which 

is characterized by low hills and fairly level plains with shallow 

soil cover over limestone. The flood threat from the Cumberland and Stones Rivers has been greatly diminished by construction of several reservoir son the Cumberland River and tributaries 

and on the Stones River. Small streams in the area still present 

many flooding problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V 

Qfi

0) «S

14

Discharge

10

1 

C

5

i

to

Peak stge discharge

32

8

"rt 

u

 o

!

E

6

x

o

V

Flood frequ

7

 s

x<2

Means andoi tremes 

9

Runoff

9

Supplementary data

t.

Ground wat

station

0

a

V

Drainage ar

44

§

Cross-sect

18

tM

0 rn

Coefficient roughnes

17

"3

a ^

*o

0)

E 

£

0

CO

a

a

6

.5ti "a 

 a

8

e

6

c

Precipitatic

34

to

V o

£

0

Contents

1

o

Surface infl

outflow

1

CO

g'§

u

fll 1 t M «

§1

S.

U

1

Siltation

0
NASHVILLE 333

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temper atu

2

Specific conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

^

o

"o 

U

0

t,

o

s

0

>>

Radio activi

0

2

0)

E 

a

0

I 

a

1

A

w

0

IH 

01

§

0

Chemical

CO o

"o

Dissolved £

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

CO

c

ioCommon 

1

Hardness

1

rt 

o

Radiochem

0

01

an

>>

X

Dissolved o

0

0) 

CO

rt M

t,

01

0

01

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

n

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 »

Other micorganism

0

Q

O 

ffl

0

t,

01

8

0

Sediment

o

Concentrat

1

01

Particle s

0

ID

8

0

Current projects:

Magnitude, frequency, and extent of flooding from small 

streams in the metropolitan area of Nashville,Davidson 

County, Tennessee.

References:

Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1954, Structure-contour map on top of the 

Knox dolomite in middle Tennessee: Tennessee Div. Geology 

Ground-Water Inv. Prelim. Chart 5.

 1955, Structure-contour map on top of the dense whitebasal 

member of the Murfreesboro limestone of Ordovician age in 

middle Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

 1958, Ground water in the Central Basin of Tennessee a 

progress report: Tennessee Div. Geology Rept. Inv. 4, 81 p.

Newcome, Roy, Jr., and Smith, Ollie, Jr., 1962, Geology and 

ground-water resources of the Knox dolomite in middle Tennessee: Tennessee Div. Water Resources, Water Resources 

Ser. No. 4, 43 p.
TEXAS

There are twenty-two Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in Texas. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide report:

Patterson, James L., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States, Part 8, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1682, 506 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional informational contact:

District Chief

Water Resources Division

U.S. Geological Survey

Federal Building

300 East 8th Avenue

Austin, Tex. 78701

Abilene

Area: 1,863 sq mi.

Subarea: Taylor and Jones Counties.

Population: 126,000.

Hydrologic background:

The present and projected municipal and industrial water 

supply is surface-water impoundments. Ground water of acceptable quality is available only in small quantities and is generally 

limited to rural areas.

The economy of the area is based on agriculture and oil production. Pollution of surface water from municipal and industrial 

wastes, especially oilfield brine, is a major problem of the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

n!

5

Discharge

4

a

0

o

Peak stge discharge

0

e 

o

13

3 u

1

>^

O

c i)

3 

CT

i, i«-i

C

1

X

-Means andftremes o:

4

Runoff

4

Supplementary data

SH

Ground wat

station

0

n) 

CD

Drainage ar

5

o

Cross-sect)

4

"3 , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

1

n) 

t,

"3

CD

H

0

co

a

n) 

E

.5

"a. 

 u 

o 

o

E

0

^

Precipitatic

1

co

0) u 

H

0

Contents

1

o

Surface infl 

outflow

0

^

co

Qj

§ 

CJ

<u -< 

U

1

Slltation

0

334
AMARILLO 335

WATER QUALITY

Typos of data

Physical

D

t.

Temperatu

1

D

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

0

S

0

^

Radioactiv

0

 o

I 

a

0

I 

a

1

Si

W

0

t.

D

8

0

Chemical

 o

Dissolved f

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

w

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

n)

Radiochem

0

c

D 

Wl

^

Dissolved (

0

tn

D

M 

n) 

tuo

V

8

0

D

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

ki

8

0

Biological

Ooliforms

0

Other microrganisn

0

Q

0

o

s;

6

0

Sediment

S

Concentrat

0

mN

Particle s-i

0

5

0

Current projects:

Chemical quality of surface waters Hubbard Creek basin.

References:

Cronin, J. G., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of 

the ground-water resources of the Brazos River basin, Texas: 

Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6310, 152 p.

Hembree, C. H., and Blakey, J. F., 1964, Chemical quality of 

surface waters in the Hubbard Creek watershed, Texas progress report, September 1963: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6411, 

45 p.

Leifeste, D. K., and Popkins, Barney, 1968, Brazos River basin 

reservoir studies progress report, 1965: Texas Water Devel. 

Board Rept. [in press].

Raws on, Jack, 1968, Study and interpretation of the chemical 

quality of surface water in the Brazos River basin, Texas: 

Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 55 [in press].

Smith, H. A., 1940, Records of wells and springs, drillers' logs 

and water analyses, and map showing location of wells and 

springs Taylor County, Texas: Austin, Texas Board Water 

Engineers, 37 p.

Winslow, A. G., Doyel, W. W., and Gaum, C. H., 1954, Groundwater resources of Jones County, Texas: Texas Board Water 

Engineers Bull. 5418, 29 p.

Amarillo

Area: 1,812 sq mi.

Subarea: Potter and Randall Counties.

Population: 168,000.

Hydrologic background:

The present source of municipal and industrial water supply is 

ground water from the Ogallala Formation. Heavy pumping from
336 TEXAS

this source has caused a serious problem of adequate water 

supply. The construction of Lake Meredith in 1964 relieved the 

problem. Ground water will be used to supply at least half of 

Amarillo's water needs in the future.

The current water problems are additional development of the 

Ogallala Formation to meet expanding future needs and contamination of both surface and ground water from municipal wastes 

and oilfield brine. Available information also indicates that inadequately constructed brine-injection wells and the repressuring 

of shallow subsurface sands and gypsum as a result of brine 

injection may constitute an additional hazard to the ground- and 

surface-water supplies.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

u bo 

en

3

Discharge

1

g

c

 £

1

0

Peak stage discharge

1

g

13t*

 o 

S

1

u

4)

3

cr

 o 

o

_o

C

1

s

Means andtremes o:

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

IH

Ground wat

station

0

(0

u

Drainage ar

1

§

Cross- sect

2

"S m

Coefficient roughnes

1

01

« 

£

"3 

1)

 -4

H

0

8.

(0

E

.5 

,2

 o 

o 

o

E

0

£

Precipitatic

1

in 

u a

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

10

01

o 

u

c3 ^ 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

u

Temperatu

1

Specific conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

u

"o 

U

0

I*

o

3

0

>,

Radioactiv

0

TJ 

I

a

0

I

E 

a

1

X

u

0

IM 

4)

JC

5

0

Chemical

01 o

Dissolved .

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

10

c

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

_ .

cd

Radiochem

0

bo

x

Dissolved <

0

10 

(0 

bo

u

S

0

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

u

S

0

bli'lo,:! ,!

Coliforms

0

i in

Other micr organisn

0

Q 

O 

a

0

fe

0

S.J.m,-,.

..oncentrat

1

V

U]

J

1

s

Current projects:

None.

References:

Baker, E. T., Jr., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation 

of the ground-water resources of the Red River, Sulphur River, 

and Cypress Creek basins, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 

6306, 137 p.
AUSTIN 337

Cronin, J. G., 1961, A summary of the occurrence and development of ground water in the High Plains of Texas: Texas Board 

Water Engineers Bull. 6107, 110 p.

Gammon, S. W., and Muse, W. R., 1966, Water-level data from 

observation wells in the Southern High Plains of Texas: Texas 

Water Devel. Board Rept. 21, 537 p.

Austin

Area: l,015sqmi. 

Subarea: Travis County. 

Population: 247,000.

Hydrologic background:

The present and projected water supply is surface water. A 

minor problem is the contamination of surface water from industrial wastes. Toxic chemical wastes have been inadvertently 

released into the streamflow in the past.

The area is in a region of adequate water supply, and future 

water requirements can be met.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

(U

no ia

6

Discharge

5

o 

C

I

3

L, 

O

Peak stage discharge

1

c 

o

ta

L,

3

 o

E

i

^

o 

(U

0"

Oj

 o 

o 

_o

3

^

O 

X C'

and Mt-anstremes o

5

Runoff

5

Supplementary data

Li

Ground wat

station

0

n)

(U

Drainage ar

7

o

Cross-sect

6

"3 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

3

"3

rt

L,

E 

H

2

in

a

n)

E

.5 

"a

T3

o 

o

C

2

uPrecipitatic

5

tn

T3

H

0

Contents

1

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

-^_

tn

Hi

o 

u 

<U -r>

rt *J -C -1 

U

1

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

(Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

L,

_o "o 

O

0

LI 

o

5

0

Radioactivity

0

 a"ai

X 

a

0

a

X 

a

0

-C

U

0

Ll 

(U

6

0

Chemical

U) o

Dissolved soli

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

0)

Dissolved oxy

0

tn <u 

tn

CS

no

(U

6

0

(U

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(U

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O DQ

0

t,

CJ

.c

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

L,

CJ

x:

6

0
338 TEXAS

Current projects:

Urban Hydrology Austin.

References:

Arnow, Ted, 1957, Records of wells in Travis County, Texas: 

Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5708, 32 p.

Follett, C. R., 1956, Records of water-level measurements in 

Hays, Travis, and Williamson Counties, Texas, 1937, to May 

1956; Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5612, 3 maps, 

5 charts.

George, W. O., Cumley, J. C., and Follett, C. R., 1941, Records 

of wells and springs, drillers' logs, water analyses, and map 

showing locations of wells and springs Travis County, Texas: 

Texas Board Water Engineers unnumbered bull., 101 p.

Beaumont-Port Arthur

Area: 1,301 sq mi.

Subarea: Jefferson and Orange Counties.

Population: 313,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 65 percent of the present municipal and industrial water 

supply is from surface-water sources. The area is in a region 

of adequate water supply.

Potential problems are upstream pollution and saline encroachment to the ground water. If these problems can be controlled, 

future water requirements can be met.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o<>

5

Discharge

3

o 

C

1

0

,

0

Peak stge discharge

0

~

o

'S 

t,

 a 

o

I

^

4>

3

cr

4)

i:

 o

0

o

E

3

 e

Mt-ans andtremes o:

1

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

Ground wat< 

station

0

4>

Drainage ar

4

§

Cross-sect

3

O r.

Coefficient roughnes

0

w

><a

"3 

u 

E 

H

1

0)

a

E

.5 at "a

o 

o

C

0

c

Precipitatic

1

CO

ID a *

H

3

Contents

0

1

Surface inf]

outflow

0

in

C<u

Change coni 

level

0

Siltation

0
BROWNSVILLE-HARLINGEN-SAN BENITO 339

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

1

J3 "o 

U

1

i.

8

0

Radioactivit)

1

2 

a

1

I

X 

a

0

Si

W

0

i.

8

0

Chemical

(/i o

f^

Dissolved so

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common in

1

Hardness

1

i_l

a

Radiochemic

1

c

S

Dissolved ox

0

to 

to 

ta

t, 

to

8

0

s8

i

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

s8

i

Biological

Coliforms

0

.

Other microorganisms

1

Q 

O

0

i.

8

0

Sediment

c

Concentratio

1

size Particle 

0

1

8

0

Current projects:

Continuing ground-water study Orange County and adjacent 

areas.

References:

Baker, B. B., and others, 1963a, Reconnaissance investigation of 

the ground-water resources of the Sabine River basin, Texas: 

Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6307, 63 p.

 1963b, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water 

resources of the Neches River basin, Texas: Texas Water 

Comm. Bull. 6308, 67 p.

Hughes, L. S., and Leifeste, D. K., 1964, Reconnaissance of the 

chemical quality of surface waters of the Sabine Riverbasin, 

Texas and Louisiana: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6405, 63 p. 

(Also publishedas U.S. Geol.Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1809-H.)

 1965, Reconnaissance of the chemical quality of surface

waters of the Neches River basin, Texas: Texas Water Devel.

Board Rept. 5, 63 p. (Also published as U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1839-A.) 

Wesselman, J. B., 1968, Ground-water resources of Chambers

and Jefferson Counties, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board

Rept. [in press].

Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito

Area: 883 sq mi. 

Subarea: Cameron County. 

Population: 151,000.

Hydrologic background:

Present municipal and industrial water supply is surface water 

from the Rio Grande. However, the amount is not adequate to 

supply the projected municipal and industrial requirements and to: 

maintain the irrigation rate.
340 TEXAS

Current water problems are: lack of sufficient water supply 

for the future pollution of existing water from upstream sources 

and lack of adequate disposal of industrial and municipal waste. 

Brownsville is subject to hurricane damage.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

Of

4

Discharge

12

C

0

i.

o

Peak stage discharge

1

0

 a

JO

0

^

o

O

3

tr

Q 

t.

 a

0

o

E

0

and Means oltremes 

2

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

(3

Drainage ar

2

c

Cross- sect

0

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

**

^

"5

0)

E 

H

0

M

a

at

c

.5

"a 

 o

8 

E

0

Precipitatic

1

CO

 o 

H

1

Contents

0

*

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

CO

c

o 

u

4) -* 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

1

J5 "o 

u

1

o

5

0

Radioactivity

1

2"ju 

a.

1

3 

a

0

w

0

0)

S

0

Chemical

in a

Dissolved soi

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

1

Hardness

1

Radiochemica

1

c

0) 

hn

Dissolved oxy

1

a> 

V 

COm

0)

S

0

0)

8

i

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

<u

8

i

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro- organisms

1

Q 

O (D

1

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

5

size Particle 

0

<u

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Baker, R. C., 1965, Reconnaissance investigation of the groundwater resources of the lower Rio Grande basin, Texas in 

Reconnaissance investigations of the ground-water resources 

of the Rio Grande basin, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 

6502, p. L1-L34.

Baker, R. C., and Dale, D. C., 1961, Ground-water resources of 

the lower Rio Grande valley area, Texas: Texas Board Water 

Engineers Bull. 6014, v. 1, 81 p.

 1966, Ground-water resources of the lower Rio Grande 

valley area, Texas records of wells, drillers' logs, water 

levels in wells, and chemical analyses of water: Texas Board 

Water Engineers Bull. 6014, v.2, 336 p.
CORPUS CHRISTI 341

International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and 

Mexico, 1963, Flow of the Rio Grande and related data from 

Elephant Butte Dam, New Mexico, to the Gulf of Mexico, 1963: 

Internat. Boundary and Water Comm. Water Bull. 33, 142 p.

Corpus Christ!

Area: 1,518 sq mi.

Subarea: Nueces and San Patricio Counties.

Population: 286,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 70 percent of all present municipal and industrial water 

supply is from surface-water sources.

The chief water problems are: water supply, sewage treatment, 

and storm drainage. The existing water supply is not expected to 

meet the needs projected beyond 1990.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M 

0)

5

Discharge

3

o 

C 

5

0

0

Peak stge discharge

1

c 

o

"3

-a

E

0

^

o

0)

tr

-a

o 

_o

1

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

i*

Ground wat

station

0

0) 

01

Drainage ar

4

o

u 

<u 

at

at 

at

O

4

"o , 

Coefficient roughnes

1

0)

0)

"3

CU

E

H

2

01

O.

0)

.5

"3,

 o

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

at

0) D

H

2

Contents

1

0

Surface inf;

outflow

0

^.

w

1

§ 

u

0) 

U

1

Slltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

TemperaU

1

Specific conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

o 'o 

u

0

S-,

O

S

0

>,

Radioactiv

0

2

0)

X 

a

0

1 

a

1

j.

0

S-, 

01

8

0

Chemical

in

T3

"o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

00

Common i

1

Hardness

1

et 

u

Radiochena

0

c

V

su

Dissolved

0

00

hi

0

0)

8

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

8

0

Biological

Col ifms or 

0

" ?

L. C

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O (S

0

t,

6

0

Sediment

§

0) I*

01

u

§U

0

0)

Particle s

0

0)

S

0

Current projects:

Water-delivery study, Lower Nueces River Valley, Tex.
342 

References:

TEXAS

Sauer, Stanley, P., and Blakey, James F., 1965, Water-delivery 

study, Nueces River, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6509, 

22 p.

Shafer, George H., 1968, Ground-water resources of Nueces and 

San Patricio Counties, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board 

Rept. [in press].

Wood, L. A., Gabrysch, R. K., and Marvin, Richard, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water resources of the 

Gulf Coast region, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6305, 114p.

Dallas

Area: 3,663 sq mi.

Subarea: Dallas, Collin, Denton, Ellis, Kaufman, and Rockwall

Counties. 

Population: 1,289,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 99 percent of municipal and industrial water supply for 

the area comes from surface-water reservoirs located in the 

upper Sabine and Trinity River watersheds.

Water supply, flood control, and disposal of municipal and industrial wastes are major planning problems.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u 

a

39

Discharge

26

o

0

LI

0

Peak stage discharge

14

c

o

"3

3 a 

*

C

7

^

c

4)

o4)

0 

O

C

25

and Meanstremes o:

24

Runoff

24

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

0

a

4)

Drainage ar

43

c

o

CO

CO 

CO

o

41

**4

O ,r

Coefficient roughnes

16

4)

^

A 

t,

"3 

4)

P

3

CO

a

6

.5 ft "B.

 a 

o 

o

E

14

£

Precipitatic

27

CO

 o 

H

0

Contents

5

*

o

Surface infl

outflow

3

«^_

CO

c

4)

O 

O 

4> ~H

rt 45 

U

6

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

5

Specific 

conductance

3

Turbidity

3

t,

"o 

U

3

o

S

3

Radioactivity

0

'S 

a

2

3A

K 

a

2

x

0

t.

5

0

Chemical

tn a

Dissolved soli

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

3

Hardness

3

Radiochemica

0

h«

Dissolved oxy

3

CO 

CO

a

00

t,

0

t,

5

3

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

1

0

Biological

Coliforms

3

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

O B

0

4)

5

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

size Particle 

2

4)

6

0
EL PASO 343

Current projects:

Urban hydrology Dallas.

References:

Cumley, J. C., 1943, Records of wells and springs, drillers' 

logs, water analyses, and map showing locations of wells and 

springs Dallas County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers, 

104 p.

Card, Chris, 1957, Records of wells producing water from the 

Travis Peak Formation in the Dallas area, Texas: Texas 

Board Water Engineers unnumbered bulletin, 13 p. 

Gilbert, C. R., 1963, Floods on White Rock Creek above White 

Rock Lake at Dallas, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 

15 p.

Mills, Willard B., and Schroeder, Elmer E., 1966, Floods of 

April 28, 1966, in the northern part of Dallas, Texas: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept. 74 p.

Ruggles, F. H., Jr., 1964a, Frequency and extent of flooding on 

lower White Rock Creek at Dallas, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey 

open-file rept.

 1964b, Floods on Bachman Branch and Joes Creek at Dallas, 

Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 18 p.

 1966, Flood of October 8, 1962, on Bachman Branch and

Joes Creek at Dallas, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv.

Atlas HA-240. 

Ruggles, F. H., Jr., and Gilbert, C. R., 1967, Floods on White

Rock Creek at Dallas, Texas, in 1962 and 1964: U.S. Geol.

Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-238. 

Sundstrom, R. W., 1948, Results of pumping tests on the city wells

at Waxahachie, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers, 9 p. 

Thompson, Gerald L., 1966, Ground-water resources of Ellis

County, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

El Paso

Area: 1,054 sq mi. 

Subarea: El Paso County. 

Population: 344,000.

Hydrologic background:

The present water needs are dependent chiefly upon ground 

water, the principal source being the Hueco bolson. However, 

this supply is being depleted since the quantity of water withdrawn 

exceeds the natural replenishment. The Rio Grande is a potential 

source; however, seldom is a sufficient quantity of water available to relieve the expected requirements.
344 TEXAS

Future water supply and flood control are the major water 

problems of the area.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u M 

CO

3

10

Discharge

9

1

C

S

0

i.

0

Peak stge discharge

0

o

"a 

t,

3

o

£

0

>>

o

V

cr <u i,

 a 

o 

_o

E

0

 s

x«

Means andtremes o:

6

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

t.

Ground wat<

station

0

ca

V

Drainage ar

5

§

Cross -sect

2

*O m

Coefficient roughnes

2

0>

Time oftra

0

CO

a

a

.5

«

"a 

 a 

§

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

CO

0> o 

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

10

<u

Change cont 

level

0

Si Ition a 

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

16

Specific 

conductance

23

Turbidity

1

J

1

i, 

o

5

0

Radioactivity

1

2

<M 

X

a.

1

1

i

22

U

0

t,

i

0

Chemical

ia

solid Dissolved 

24

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

CO 1 §

o

U

24

Hardness

23

Radiochemical

1

S

Dissolved oxyg

3

CO 

CO

i,

i

0

t,

£

1

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

1

1

S

1

Biological

Coliforms

3

Other micro-organisms

3

Q 

O

m

3

t,

8

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

0

i,

6

0

Current projects:

Quantitative ground-water studies in the El Paso area.

References:

Davis, M. E., 1965, Development of ground water in the El Paso 

district, Texas, 1960 63 progress report no. 9: Texas Water 

Comm. Bull. 6514, 34 p.

Davis, M. E., and Leggat, E. R., 1965, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water resources of the upper Rio Grande 

basin, Texas, in Reconnaissance investigation of the groundwater resources of the Rio Grande basin, Texas: Texas Water 

Comm. Bull. 6502, p. U1-U99.

Leggat, E. R., and Davis, M. E., 1966, Analog model study of the 

Hueco bolson near El Paso, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board 

Rept. 28, 26 p.

Fort Worth

Area: 1,600 sq mi.

Subarea: Tarrant and Johnson Counties.

Population: 627,000.
FORT WORTH 345

Hydrologic background:

About 82 percent of water used in the Fort Worth area is surface water.

Damaging floods have plagued Fort Worth since the earliest 

settlement. Floods-control reservoirs have greatly alleviated 

urban damage in recent years, as have floodway projects through 

developed areas. Other problems are disposal of municipal and 

industrial wastes and water supply for future development.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u bo

0)

16

Discharge

6

1

0

Li 

O

Peak stge discharge

2

o

Is

Li 

3 

73

_0

4

^

u 

<u

73 

O

4

Means andtremes o

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

Li 

0)

Ground wat

station

0

0)

0)

Drainage ai

13

o

Cross-sect

10

*o ra

Coefficient roughnes

2

0)

Li

"3

0)

E

H

1

CO

n,

0)

E

"3.

73 

O 

0

E

1

Precipitati

3

V, 

0) 

73

H

0

Contents

5

0

Surface inf

outflow

0

~^,

01

c

Change con 

level

5

Slltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Li

Temperatu

0

<u

Specific 

conductanc

0

>>

73'2

Li

£

0

'o 

U

0

0

5

0

-fj

Radioactivi

0

73 "ll 

£

a

0

3

a)

X 

a

0

u

0

<u

6

0

Chemical

CO

73

"3

73 

>"3

01 

co

S

0

co

0) 

73

Li 

0

s

0

co s

u

c

i

0

co

|

§

E

0 

U

0

CO01<u 8

Li

0)

X

0

rt 

u

Radiochem

0

(U 

M

«

73

U

"o

09 

CO

S

0

in

(U 

co 

rt

00

5

0

u

5

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Li

5

0

Biological

CO

eLi 

£

"3 

u

0

0 "

Other micorganisn

0

Q

O

0

Li

O

s:

6

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

0) 

N

Particle s

0

L. 

O

6

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of Johnson County, Tex.

References:

Breeding, S. D., 1949, Flood of May 17, 1949, Fort Worth, Texas:

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Leggat, E. R., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of

Tarrant County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers Bull.

5709, 187 p. 

Montgomery, John H., Ruggles, Frederick H., Jr., and Patterson,

James L., 1965, Flood on Big Fossil Creek at Haltom City near

Fort Worth, Texas, in 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv.

Atlas HA-190.
346 TEXAS

Patterson, J. L., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in 

the United States, Part 8 Western Gulf of Mexico basins: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1682, 506 p.

Peckham, R. C., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation 

of the ground-water resources of the Trinity River basin, 

Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6309, 120 p.

Galveston-Texas City

Area: 429 sq mi.

Subarea: Galveston County.

Population: 157,000.

Hydrologic background:

All of the municipal water used in the area is ground water; 

however, large supplies of surface water are imported from the 

Brazos River for industrial use. The area is in a region of 

adequate water supply which is expected to meet the future 

requirements.

Adequate disposal of municipal and industrial waste is a 

major problem in the area. The effect of this waste disposal 

on bays, estuaries, and shorelines is a matter of concern.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M 

CS

4

Discharge

1

o

I

0

o

Peak stage discharge

2

c

o

13

3 

T3

?

3

^

o

cr

T3

O

E

0

is

Means andoftremes 

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

0

CS

Drainage ar

3

§

Cross- sect

3

"3 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

0

1

CS 

i,

"o

S 

H

0

in

a

CS

.5

T3

O 

O

E

0

c

Precipitatic

3

in

T3

H

2

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

m

§

S 

o

U

0

Si Ition a 

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

36

Specific 

conductance

40

Turbidity

0

Color

0

o

S

0

'>

o 

 a

&

0

E 

a

0

2

K 

a

40

w

0

CD

6

0

Chemical

rn

T3

Dissolved soi

37

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ions

40

Hardness

40

Radiochemica

0

c

tsn

Dissolved oxy

0

in

CD

in 

cs M

CD

s

0

CD

6

0

Organic Biological

I'e ids stic 

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

0

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

O 

O

33

0

Other

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Partic lesize

0

£

5

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of Galveston County, Tex.
HOUSTON 347

References:

Barnes, B. A., 1941, Records of wells, drillers and electrical 

logs, water level measurements, water analyses, and map 

showing location of wells Galveston County, Texas: Texas 

Board Water Engineers, 155 p.

Gabrysch, R. K., 1966, Development of ground water in the 

Houston district, Texas, 1961 65: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept.

Livingston, Penn, and Turner, S. F., 1939, Records of wells, 

drillers' logs, water analyses, and map showing location of 

wells Galveston County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers, 27 p.

Pettit, Ben M., and Winslow, Alien G., 1955, Geology and groundwater resources of Galveston County, Texas: Texas Board 

Water Engineers Bull. 5502, 210 p.

Wood, Leonard A., 1956, Availability of ground water in the Gulf 

Coast region of Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.,65 p.

 1958, Pumpage of ground water and changes in water levels 

in Galveston County, Texas, 1952-57: Texas Board Water 

Engineers Bull. 5808, 23 p.

Houston

Area: 6,258 sq mi.

Subarea: Harris, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Liberty, and Montgomery

Counties. 

Population: 1,696,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 85 percent of the municipal and industrial water supply 

for the area comes from the coastal aquifers and about 15 percent comes from the Brazos, San Jacinto, and Trinity Rivers. 

The area is in a region of adequate water supply, and if upstream 

pollution and land-surface subsidence can be controlled, future 

water requirements can be met.

The area is subject to flood and hurricane damage. Storm 

drainage is a problem due to the gentle slope of the land. Large 

withdrawals of ground water are causing local subsidence of the 

land. Other problems are: adequate disposal of municipal and 

industrial wastes, encroachment of saline water on fresh-water 

supplies, adverse effects of the metropolitan complex on the 

coastal waters, and sedimentation of the ship-channel canals.
348

Current data;

TEXAS

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

(D 

00

62

Discharge

37

JO 

 f1

O

Peak stage discharge

20

o

"S

 3 

T3

 S

JD

16

>>

0 

(D

CT 

(U

"o

O

_o

22

x ^

Means and«

tremes oJ

33

Runoff

35

Supplementary data

Ground wat<

station

0

rt

(D

Drainager

57

§

"o

o

CO

en 

en 

o

V

57

*s , 

Coefficient roughness

4

(D

(4 

L. K

4> 

H

3

en

a

E

.5

"a

 D 

o 

o

C

0

e

Precipitatic

29

en

(D D

h

4

Contents

3

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_

en

c

o 

u

5

3

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

81

Specific 

conductance

94

Turbidity

0

JO"3 

u

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

1

a

0

a

94

J3

0

\-,

(D

8

0

Chemical

en a

Dissolved soli

75

Chlorides

13

Nutrients

1

Common ins

94

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

c 

o 

an

Dissolved oxy

0

en

o

CO

rt bO

O

S

0

(D

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

2

Synthetic detergents

1

5

i

Biological

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

1

Q 

0

CD

0

(D

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

1

h

8

0

Current projects:

Continuing quantitative ground-water studies in the Houston

district.

Ground-water resources of Montgomery County. 

Ground-water resources of Brazoria County. 

Ground-water resources of Fort Bend County.

References:

Cronin, J. G., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of

the ground-water resources of the Brazos River basin, Texas:

Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6310, 152 p. 

Gabrysch, R. K., 1966, Development of ground water in the

Houston district, Texas, 1961-65: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept. 

Holland, P. H., 1953, Seepage investigation, lower Trinity River

of Texas, October and November 1952: U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 5 p. 

Hughes, L. S., and Rawson, Jack, 1966, Reconnaissance of the

chemical quality of surface waters of the San Jacinto River

basin,Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 13, 46 p.
LAREDO 349

Peckham, R. C., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation 

of the ground-water resources of the Trinity River basin, 

Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6309, 120 p.

Smith, R. L., and Johnson, S. L., 1966, Urban hydrology, Houston 

metropolitan area, Texas, 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept.

Smith, R. L., and Kaminski, E. G., 1965, Fresh-water-inflow data 

for Corps of Engineers model study of Houston, Texas, ship 

channel, Houston, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 19p.

Wood, L. A., and Gabrysch, R. K., 1965, Analog model study of 

ground water in the Houston district, Texas: Texas Water 

Comm. Bull. 6508, 103 p.

Wood, L. A., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance of the groundwater resources of the Gulf Coast region, Texas: Texas Water 

Comm. Bull. 6305, 123 p.

Laredo

Area: 3,293 sq mi. 

Subarea: Webb County. 

Population: 76,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 99 percent of Laredo's municipal and industrial water 

supply is from the Rio Grande. Anticipated future requirements 

can be supplied from this source.

Principal problems of urban hydrology are local flooding due 

to inadequate storm drainage systems and disposal of municipal 

and industrial wastes. The danger of flooding from the Rio 

Grande will be greatly reduced when Amistad Dam is completed.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

V

01

4

Discharge

3

1 

 s

0

^

o

Peak stge discharge

0

s

t,

T) 

O

E

0

u

4)

tr

OJ

 a 

o

0

 s

Means andtremes o:

3

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat< 

station

0

(0

4)

Drainager

3

c

Cross-sect

1

<M

O m

Coefficient roughnes

0

(U

>

(0I*

s

h

0

en

a

(0

E

5

ea "a

T3 

0

o

E

0

Precipitatic

1

en

 o 

H

0

Contents

0

*

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

"to"

c

1>§u

flj i-H

M ^

6*

0

Siltation

0
350 TEXAS

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatur

0

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

"3 

u

0

o

s

0

^

Radioactivit

0

2

X 

a

0

X 

a

0

U

0

iHi

0

Chemical

in O

n

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to

Common ior

1

Hardness

0

a

Radiochemi

0

c

&fi

V

Dissolved o

0

0)to rt at

0)

6

0

h

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

i.

0

Biological

Coliforms

2

X to

Other micrc organism

2

Q 

O

m

0

Ur

S

0

Sediment

S

Concentrati

1

0)

Particle siz

0

o

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Brown, J. B., Rogers, L. T., and Baker, B. B., 1965, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water resources of the middle 

Rio Grande basin, Texas> in Reconnaissance investigations of 

the ground-water resources of the Rio Grande basin, Texas: 

Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6502,p. M1-M80.

International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and 

Mexico, 1963, Flow of the Rio Grande and related data from 

Elephant Butte Dam, New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico 1963: 

Internat. Boundary and Water Comm. Water Bull. 33, 142 p.

Lonsdale, J. T., and Day, J. R., 1937, Geology and ground-water 

resources of Webb County, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 778, 104 p.

Lubbock

Area: 892 sq mi. 

Subarea; Lubbock County. 

Population: 185,000.

Hydrologic background:

One hundred percent of the municipal and industrial supply is 

ground water from the Ogallala Formation. Ground water will be 

used extensively for future growth even though facilities are now 

being constructed to divert water from Lake Meredith on the 

Canadian River.

A major problem in the area is the declining water level in the 

city well fields. The amount of water withdrawn exceeds the 

natural replenishment. A potential problem is the possibility of
LUBBOCK 351

contamination of ground water in the Ogallala by oilfield brines. 

Disposal of municipal wastes poses a local threat to contaminating the ground water.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o>

BO 

It

0

Discharge

0

i

0

(H 

0

Peak stge discharge

0

o

a t,

T)

E

0

^

u

0)

3

tr

(U

A

T) 

0

_o

0

>

and Meansoltremes 

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

0

a

o>

Drainage ar

0

o

Cross-sect

0

1*4 

0 «,

Coefficient roughnes

0

"a?

a

IH*s

0)

g

H

0

u

a

a 

g

.5 

"3.

T3 

O 

0

0

c

Precipitatic

0

u

0) 

T)

P

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

.^

EO

0)

Change con 

level

0

Silt ion at

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

o> <-

s

Temperat

0

o> o

Specific conductan

0

Turbidity

0

S"o

u

0

o

S

0

 **&

Radioacti

0

2"flS

X 

a

0

3

SB 

a

0

U

0

t,

(U

8

0

Chemical

01

'o 

u

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

u

§

Common

0

Hardness

0

it 

.2

ft

Radiochei

0

0)

o

Dissolvec

0

in

0)

tt 

t,

S.

8

0

1

8

0

Organic

in

Pesticide

0

w

Synthetic detergenl

0

t,

0)

8

0

Biological

m

| Coliform

0

o S

Other mi organi

0

Q 

O CQ

0

(H

8

0

Sediment

 t-i o

"a

[ Concentr

0

size

[Particle

0

(H 

V

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Cronin, J. G., 1961, A summary of the occurrence and development of ground water in the High Plains of Texas: Texas 

Board Water Engineers Bull. 6107, 110 p.

Cronin, J. G., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of 

the ground-water resources of the Brazos River basin, Texas: 

Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6310, 163 p.

Gammon, S. W., and Muse, W. R., 1966, Water-level data from 

observation wells in the Southern High Plains of Texas: Texas 

Water Devel. Board Rept. 21, 537 p.
352 TEXAS

Me Allen-Pharr-Edinburg

Area: 1,541 sq mi. 

Subarea: Hidalgo County. 

Population: 202,000.

Hydrologic background:

The present municipal and industrial water supply is surface 

water from the Rio Grande. However, the amount is not adequate 

to supply the projected municipal and industrial requirements 

and still maintain the irrigation rate.

Current water problems are: lack of sufficient water supply 

for the future, pollution of existing water from upstream sources, 

and adequate disposal of industrial and municipal wastes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) M 

(8

35

4

Discharge

13

0

C

0

0

Peak stge discharge

6

o

 *-»

(8

L, S

o

E

0

>^

0)

cr

01

 o 

o 

o

E

0

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

L,

Ground wat

station

0

(8

I)

Drainage at

2

 *-»

u I)

V)

01 

01

o

1

"o ,«

Coefficient roughnes

1

D

(8

"3 

I)

H

0

01

a

6

.5

a) "a 

 a 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

tn

D a 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

01

D

§ 

U 

4) i

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

6

Turbidity

"3 

u

o

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

T3 "3 

S

K 

a

0

3

ns

33 

a

0

s: U

0

L,

S

0

Chemical

T3

Dissolved soi

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

1

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

c

hn

Dissolved oxy

0

01 

0) 

Cfl 

(8bo

IH 

I)

S

0

1 5

0

Organic

Pesticides

1

Synthetic detergents

0

L,

I)

§

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other micro-organisms

0

Q 

0 

CQ

0

L, 

0)

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

2

Particle size

0

D

S

0

Current projects: 

None.
MIDLAND 353

References:

Baker, R. C., 1965, Reconnaissance investigation of the groundwater resources of the lower Rio Grande basin, Texas, in 

Reconnaissance investigations of the ground-water resources 

of the Rio Grande basin, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 

6502, p. L1-L34.

Baker, R. C., and Dale, D. C., 1961a, Ground-water resources of 

the lower Rio Grande valley area, Texas: Texas Board Water 

Engineers Bull. 6014, v. 1, 81 p.

 1961b, Ground-water resources of the lower Rio Grande 

valley area, Texas records of wells, drillers' logs, water 

levels in wells, and chemical analyses of water: Texas Board 

Water Engineers Bull. 6014, v. 2, 336 p.

International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and 

Mexico, 1963, Flow of Rio Grande and related data, from 

Elephant Butte Dam, New Mexico, to the Gulf of Mexico, 1963: 

Internat. Boundary and Water Comm. Water Bull. 33, 142 p.

Midland

Area: 938 sq mi. 

Subarea: Midland County. 

Population: 67,000.

Hydrologic background:

One hundred percent of the present municipal and industrial 

supply is from ground water. This supply is not sufficient for 

anticipated future uses.

Water supply is the major problem in the area. Part of the 

future needs will be obtained from the Robert Lee Reservoir on 

the Colorado River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01bo

rt

0

Discharge

0

o 

C

0

o

Peak stge discharge

0

o

"rt

(H

 o

O

E

0

^

U 

01

3

cr

01

 o 

o 

o

E

0

Means andtremes o:

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt 

01

Drainage ar

0

§

u

0) 

01

01 

01

0

b

y

0

"o

Coefficient roughnes

0

"a!

rt 

0)

E 

H

0

01

a

a

£ 

"a

TJ

§

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO 

01 o 

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

«^

01

01

§u

01 1-4 bo &>

JS rt

U

0

Siltation

0
354 TEXAS

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

i_

Temperatu

0

(u

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

fe "3 

u

0

o

S

0

i'

Radioactiv

0

13

ac

a

0

n

E 

a

0

s:

0

5

0

Chemical

Ul

T3

^

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

6

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

_

n)

u

Radiochem

0

bn

S

Dissolved

0

01

(0 n) M

<u

5

0

.e

5

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t,

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

(

P r

Other miciorganisn

0

Q 

0 

CQ

0

11

S

0

Sediment

c

o r-l

Concentrat

0

N

Particle si

0

5

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources in Winkler County.

References:

Cromack, G. H., 1944, Midland city water supply: U.S. Geol. 

Survey open-file rept.

Davis, Don A., and others, 1938, Records of wells, drillers' logs, 

and water analyses, and map showing location of wells Midland County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers, 42 p.

Odessa

Area: 907 sq mi. 

Subarea; Ector County. 

Population: 93,000.

Hydrologic background:

Odessa obtains water for its municipal and industrial requirements from wells; however, part of that water is indirectly from 

surface-water sources. The Martin County well field is recharged with Lake J. B. Thomas water during winter months to 

make more water available for peak summer use.

Water supply is the major water problem for Odessa.
The major problem inS

over the entirearea, but t

runoff have provided suffi*

t; 3"1 P 

£' C 3

££>

, CD 3

^ "J OTQ

P W rt> CD" S" O*

» a

1$ T5

O "EL O

QTQ P

I-1 -

3; 3^

(JQ p

I 1 ,_,.

o £

o

P_ S

d £

The principal source of 

for SanAngelo issurface built tosupply thearea wi

y 3 3

P P

S- ^

(D * 2-

*"* i> "°

ft a i-1

I!1

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I-1 - o,

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(-" ® <-ta 3- (D

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tt "§

P CD IEL

O* CD t^

Hydrologic background: Area: 1,534sq mi. 

Subarea: Tom Green CourPopulation: 73,000.

«-* *

Knowles, D.B.,1952, Gro-Texas: TexasBoard WE

Cfl SB 03 CD * * ^T ^j Q^

3 "» 7

J^ H ^

t-T 3 P

" QfQ P*

Oro v3. CD

2- S "*

o (D 2 M CD

3 g

dd c

& o

H^ (p

Ol

(-» M»

" 0

i-- O

to ^

T5 0

 o

c-t- *

Current projects: 

None. References:

0oooo0oooo0ooo000ooo0o00o0o00

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved so

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ion

Hardness

Radiochemic

Dissolved ox

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other micro

organisms

BOD

Other

Concentratio

Particle size

Other
356 TEXAS

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

txo

(4

13

Discharge

10

o

C

1

o

Peak stage discharge

4

o

15

Li

 o

s

E

4

c

cr

0)

 u 

o 

o

E

4

0) i_

and Meanstremes o

10

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

Li 

0)

Ground wat

station

0

a

0)

Drainage ai

10

§

Cross-sect

13

0 m

Coefficient roughnes

4

0)

LI

0)

E

H

0

CO

o.

£

.S

(4 "3, 

 8

O

E

0

S

Precipitati

4

Ul

0) o 

H

0

Contents

3

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

^,

01

c

8

0

d) .-1

60 « 

U

3

Si Ition at 

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

JD"o 

U

0

o

s

0

Radioactivity

0

"S.

0

ct

E

0.

0

U

0

Ll

0)

6

0

Chemical

Ul o

Dissolved soli

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

Radiochemica

0

0) 

hn

Dissolved oxy

0

ai

0) 

B)

ft

41

6

0

1 

6

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

S

0

Biologiral

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

O

n

0

0)

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Particle size

0

.c

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Barnes, B. A., Dalgarn, J. C., and others, 1941, Records of wells 

and springs, drillers' logs, water analyses, and map showing 

locations of wells and springs Tom Green County, Texas: 

Texas Board Water Engineers, 80 p.

Rayner, F. A., 1959, Records of water-level measurements in 

Mitchell, Nolan, Sterling, and Tom Green Counties, Texas, 

1938 through 1957: Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5907, 

30 p.

Willis, G. W., 1954, Ground-water resources of Tom Green

County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5411, 105p.

San Antonio

Area: 1,962 sq mi.

Subarea: Bexar and Guadalupe Counties.

Population: 808,000.
SAN ANTONIO 357

Hydrologic background:

One hundred percent of San Antonio's water supply is ground 

water. It is the largest city in the nation that is supplied entirely 

by ground water.

Supply is a major water problem. Average annual pumpage and 

spring discharge during the 1934 64 periods exceeded the replenishment of the aquifer. Flood control is also a problem. 

Brief torrential rainfall or extended periods of heavy rainfall 

cause flooding, property damage, and occasionally loss of lives.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

4) 

00

a

s\

9

Discharge

8

S

C

1

0

o

Peak stage discharge

1

0

'a 

 a

! 

E

0

>>u

41

(T 

41

 fa

 a

8

E

4

 t

^a

Means and<

tremes oi

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

t>

Ground wat<

station

0

a

41

Drainage ar

8

o

Cross-sect

9

* »

Coefficient roughness

3

1

of Timetra

0

U)

a

a 

H

.5

c» "3. 

 a

8 

C

i

c

Precipitatic

4

U)

4) o

H

0

Contents

1

I

Surface inf]

outflow

1

W

4)

§ 

o

to p-l 

tao 4>

§

> 

S JC

U

1

Siltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) t*

3

Tempera

10

0)

u

c

Specific conducta

10

Turbidity

0

13 "o

U

0

o

3

0

£

.2

Radioact

0

^^

T3 '3

a

1

1

K 

a

9

U

0

41

8

0

Chemical

(0 

TJ

"o

U)

T)

Dissolve

10

in

Chloride

0

Nutrients

0

VI

^

Common

10

in

Hardness

10

a 

u

6

Radioche

0

41

X 

O

T)

Dissolve

0

4)

m

rt

14

4)

S

0

4)

8

0

Organic

Pesticid*

0

Synthetic detergen

0

4)

8

0

Biological

Coliform

0

° 6

u 5

1?

5

0

Q 

0

n

0

0)

8

0

Sediment

§ lH

Concentr

0

41 

14

Particle

0

t>

D

8

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of the San Antonio area and the 

Bale ones fault zone.

References:

Alexander, W. H., Jr., and others, 1964, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water resources of the Guadalupe, San 

Antonio, and Nueces River basins, Texas: Texas Water Comm. 

Bull. 6409, 118 p.
358 TEXAS

Arnow, Ted, 1959, Ground-water geology of Bexar County, Texas:

Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5911, 62 p. 

Garza, Sergio, 1966, Ground-water resources of the San Antonio

area, Texas a progress report on studies, 1960 64: Texas

Water Devel. Board Rept. 34, 31 p. 

Holland, P. H., 1965, Base-flow studies, Guadalupe River, Comal

County, Texas quantity, March 1962: Texas Water Comm.

Bull. 6503, 6 p. 

Kunze, H. L., and Smith, J. T., 1966, Base-flow studies, upper

Guadalupe River basin, Texas quantity and quality, March

1965: Texas Water Devel. Rept. 29, 34 p. 

Shafer, G. H., 1966, Ground-water resources of Guadalupe

County, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 19, 95 p.

Texarkana

Area: 1,530 sq mi.

Subarea: Bowie County, Tex.; Miller County, Ark.

Population: 100,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 85 percent of the municipal and industrial water supply 

comes from the Red and Sulphur Rivers and about 15 percent 

from various aquifers. Anticipated water requirement can be 

met because the area is in a region of adequate water supplies.

The principal urban hydrology problems are related to disposal of municipal and industrial wastes and to storm drainage.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

to 

a

22

Discharge

1

o 

C

S

0

o

Peak stge discharge

10

c

o

"S

 o 

o

fe

1

^

c 

to

O1

to i,

O

fc

1

Means andol tremes 

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

0

0)

to

Drainage ar

4

§

Cross-sect

4

«g

Coefficient roughnes

3

to

a 

u

"8 

to

H

0

ID

0.

£

.5

0) "S.

 o

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

3

in

 a

0

Contents

1

o

Surface inf] 

outflow

0

^.

in

C 

to

O 

u

n i

J2 "* 

U

1

Siltation

0
TYLER 359

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

<u

Temperatu

1

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

1

"o 

U

1

i, 

o

s

0

^

Radioactivi

1

o> 

E

CL.

1

I

E

CL.

0

W

0

i, 

V

8

0

Chemical

01 o

£

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

2

Nutrients

1

10

Common ic

1

Hardness

1

CD

Radiochem

1

^

Dissolved (

1

01 

10 

CD BO

L. 

01

8

0

t, 

8

i

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

<u

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

1

Other microrganisn

1

Q 

O 

ffl

1

S

0

Sediment

 rH

Concentrat

3

<u

Particle s

0

8

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Baker, E. T., Jr., and others, 1963, Reconnaissance investigation 

of the ground-water resources of the Red River, Sulphur River, 

and Cypress Creek basins, Texas: Texas Water Comm. 

Bull. 6306, 137 p.

Boswell, E. H., and others, 1965, Cretaceous aquifers in the 

Mississippi embayment, with discussions of Quality of the 

water, by Jeffery, H. G.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 448-C, 

p. C1-C37.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1959, Summary of floods in the United 

States during 1954: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1370-C, p. 201-263.

Tyler

Area: 922 sq mi. 

Subarea: Smith County. 

Population: 93,000.

Hydrologic background:

About 60 percent of the municipal and industrial water supply 

is surface water. The Tyler metropolitan area has few urban 

hydrology problems that cannot be met through proper design 

and planning of water supply, waste disposal, and storm-drainage 

systems.
ooaI 1 ^ 

n>

nlarged Waco]

33

n>

CQ

o 4

cl

Waco

obtains itsmu

t>h-1 ' 0#P

I 1

ffi

<3

a 40

i 1 o

gic background

"Tl

 §

C i 1

s. 5' o

i » 01 m« 

o 

o o

w

Libarea

: McLennan Co

e £

V5*

>4 

n> P

i *o

CO

rf^

CQ 

ft3>-" 

t3 

P 

OQ>-" 

t>

5.

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Dh-1 '

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3 P

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1:* ^

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 ound- water re ; Water Comm.

CQ

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n

urrent

projects:

a 5'

? & fD CQ

td fT o > 

CQ P

O

td

OQ 

4 O

c a

2 M.

asp

00oo0o0o0o00ooo0oooo0oo0oooo0

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other
WACO 361

is of good quality and supplies are expected to be adequate for 

projected needs. Water of the Brazos River is not of good quality, 

and is not used as a source of supply for Waco. Water-quality 

data not fitting the criteria given on page 3, and therefore not 

listed below, are the basis for these statements.

No serious floods have occurred in the area since the construction of Whitney Reservoir on the Brazos River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

u 

cm

n)

8

Discharge

6

|

S

0

^

o

Peak stage discharge

1

c

o

durati Flow 

1

Jx,

0

U

cr 

u

 u 

o

j3

1

Means andtremes o

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

0)

Drainage ar

7

c

Cross-sect

5

<«

o , 

Coefficient roughnes

2

u

n)

u

S 

h

1

(0

a

a)

6

.S

n) "a

 U 

O

o

E

0

Precipitatic

5

(0

u o

H

0

Contents

2

 i

o

Surface infl

outflow

1

^_

(0

C

o 

o

m ^ 

U

2

Slltation

1

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

0

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

LI

'o 

U

0

o

S

0

Radioactivity

0

CM

K 

a

0

3

K 

a

0

S

0

Other

0

Chemical

TJ

Dissolved sol

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common ins

0

Hardness

0

i_H

Radiochemica

0

bn

Dissolved oxy

0

to

u

(0 

0)

u

S

0

0)

6

0

Organic liiolo^ii at

I'esticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

Other

0

Coliforms

0

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

0 ffl

0

Other

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

Panicle size

0

0,

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Cronin, J. G., and Follett, C. R., 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of the ground-water resources of the Brazos River 

basin, Texas: Texas Water Comm. Bull. 6310, 152 p.

Cronin, J. G., and Wilson, C. A., 1966, Ground water in the 

alluvium of the flood plain of the Brazos River, Whitney Dam 

to the vicinity of Richmond, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey openfile rept.

George, W. O., and Barnes, B. A., 1945, Results of test wells at 

Waco, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers, 22 p.

Patterson, J. L., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the 

United States, Part 8 Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1682, 506 p.
, o 

H co

c!"

Cft «

'o.S

0) 

O 4

Cft

wa

T3

o3"

?o

0)

21 o3

Od

o

tooooo0ooo

tooo

toooo0ooooooooo0o

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Col if or ms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other

Physical

Chemical 9TO 

§ cB

o" 

TOw

Sediment

a>

too

!->

H>

H>

to

too

CO

CO

H» o

H>

too

H» 0

1-1 0

Stage

Discharge

^ow flow 3eak stage or 

discharge

"low duration

^lood frequency

Means and extremes of flow

Runoff

Ground water 

station

Drainage area

Cross- section

Coefficient of 

roughness

Time of travel

Flood plain maps

Precipitation

Tides

Contents

Surface inflowoutflow

Change contents/ 

level

Siltation

3n 

enO

Q.

SSi

Supplementary daV

SURFACE WATER

a p
UTAH

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 

(SMSA) in Utah. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Berwick, V. K., 1962, Floods in Utah, magnitude and frequency: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 457, 24 p.

Connor, J. G., and others, 1958, A compilation of chemical-quality data for ground and surface waters in Utah: Utah State 

Engineer Tech. Pub. 10, 276 p.

Wilson, M. T., Langford, R. H., and Arnow, Ted, 1964, Water 

resources, in Mineral and water resources of Utah; Utah Geol. 

and Mineralog. Survey Bull. 73, p. 239-275.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

8002 Federal Building 

Salt Lake City, Utah 84111

Ogden

Area: 549 sq mi. 

Subarea: Weber County. 

Population: 120,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal, industrial, and irrigation water supply comes 

from the Ogden and Weber Rivers and wells that tap aquifers in 

unconsolidated deposits. Much of the surface water that formerly 

discharged into Great Salt Lake is now captured and stored in 

reservoirs, and the present and near-future water supply for the 

area is adequate.

The principal problems are: (1) legal interpretation of the 

State ground-water law prevents full use of the ground-water 

storage capacity, (2) excessive pumping at individual wells may 

cause encroachment of saline water on fresh ground-water supplies, and (3) the high water table in part of the area prevents 

full use of land for irrigation.

363
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c 

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0) 

3 «-tX3 

T £'(I)' O

o

COooooo

COo0

CO0o

CO

tooo0o00o00oo00o

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other
PROVO-OREM 365

Lake brine, Part 1 Selected hydrologic data: Utah Geol. and 

Mineralog. Survey Water-Resources Bull. 3, pt. 1, 40 p.

Hahl, D. C., Wilson, M. T., and Langford, R. H., 1965, Physical 

and chemical hydrology of Great Salt Lake, Utah, in Geological 

Survey research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525 C, 

p. C181-C186.

Handy, A. H., 1967, Distinctive brines in Great Salt Lake, in Geological Survey research 1967: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

575-B, p. B225-B227.

Leggette, R. M., and Taylor, G. H., 1937, Geology and groundwater resources of Ogden Valley, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 796-D, p. 99-161.

Smith, R. E., 1961, Records and water-level measurements of 

selected wells and chemical analyses of ground water, East 

Shore area, Davis, Weber, and Box Elder Counties, Utah: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Utah Basic-Data Rept. 1, 35 p.

Smith, R. E., and Gates, J. S., 1963, Ground-water conditions in 

the southern and central parts of the East Shore area, Utah, 

1953 61: Utah Geol. and Mineralog. Survey Water-Resources 

Bull. 2, 48 p.

Thomas, H. E., 1945, The Ogden Valley artesian reservoir, Weber 

County, Utah: Utah State Engineer Tech. Pub. 2, 37 p.

Provo-Orem

Area: 1,998 sq mi. 

Subarea: Utah County. 

Population: 118,000.

Hydrologic background:

The sources of water supply for the Provo-Orem area are 

streams, springs, and wells. The Provo River supplies most of 

the water used for irrigation and much of that used for industry. 

Springs supply most of the water used by municipalities. Wells 

supply most of the water used for domestic purposes in the rural 

areas and much of that used for industry and municipal purposes.

The current water problems of the area revolve around obtaining adequate supplies to keep pace with municipal growth and to 

satisfy irrigation requirements during periods of low streamflow. 

To combat these problems, many large-discharge pumped wells 

have been constructed in the last few years. The legal interpretation of the State ground-water law prevents full use of the 

ground-water storage capacity.
366

Current data:

UTAH

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o txo

0!

15

Discharge

15

0

G

0

u 

o

Peak stage discharge

6

S

13

 a 

*

2

>^

o 

o

3 

0

 o 

o

E

4

Means andtremes o:

13

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

Ground wat(

station

0

01

0

Drainage ar

20

o

Cross-sect

6

"3

Coefficient roughnes.

6

"3

0! 

(H

"8

0)

h

0

ra

a

a!

.5 

ct "a 

 a 

o

0

S

0

c

Precipitatic

0

ra

0

h

0

Contents

0

S

Surface infl

outflow

0

^_M

0

§ 

u

4) ^H

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0

t,

Temperatu

0

o

Specific 

conductanc

4

Turbidity

0

!3 "o 

U

0

t, 

o

S

0

>>

Radioactiv

0

 o

13 

£

E 

a

0

1

S 

a

4

,c 

U

0

o

8

0

Chemical

en

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

CO

Common ic

4

Hardness

E

rt 

u

Radiochem

0

0>

X

n

Dissolved

0

M

U] 

0! txo

(H 

01

0

01

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H 

01

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

Pr

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

Om

0

0

8

0

Sediment

|

Concentral

0

o

N

Particle s

0

0)

8

0

Current projects:

Ground-water conditions in Utah.

Ground-water conditions in southern Utah Valley.

References:

Cordova, R. M., and Mower, R. W., 1967, The effect of pumping 

large-discharge wells on the ground-water reservoir in 

southern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah: Utah State Engineer 

Inf. Bull. 18, 35 p.

Cordova, R. M., and Subitzky, Seymour, 1965, Ground water in 

northern Utah Valley a progress report for the period 1948 63: 

Utah State Engineer Tech. Pub. 11, 41 p.

Hunt, C. B., Varnes, H. D., and Thomas, H. E., 1953, Lake

Bonneville geology of northern Utah Valley, Utah: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 257-A, p. 1-99 [1954].

Subitzky, Seymour, 1962, Records of selected wells and springs, 

selected drillers' logs of wells and chemical analyses of ground 

and surface waters, northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Utah Basic-Data Rept. 2, 14 p.
SALT LAKE CITY 367

Taylor, G. H., and Thomas, H. E., 1939, Artesian-water levels 

and interferences between artesian wells in the vicinity of Lehi, 

Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 836-C, p. 107-156.

Thomas, H. E., Hansen, G. H., and Lofgren, B. E., 1952, Deepwater wells in Utah County, Utah: Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

v. 63, no. 12, p. 1373-1374.

Salt Lake City

Area: 1,032 sq mi.

Subarea: Salt Lake and Davis Counties.

Population: 523,000.

Hydrologic background:

Municipalities, industries, and irrigation districts compete for 

the available water in an area where the climate ranges from 

semi-arid in the central part to humid in the highest parts of the 

Wasatch Range that forms the east side of the area. The principal water sources are (1) small streams draining the Wasatch 

Range, (2) aquifers in the valley fill, (3) diversions from the 

Provo River above Utah Lake, which include water diverted from 

the Weber and Colorado River basins, (4) outflow from Utah Lake 

through the Jordan River, and (5) diversions from the Weber 

River.

The principal problems are (1) lack of effective storage capacity, (2) flash floods, and (3) pollution of the Jordan River by return 

flows from irrigation, fine sediment from Utah Lake, and municipal and industrial wastes. Steep topography makes surface 

storage in the Wasatch Range relatively expensive; legal decisions on ground-water rights have tended to discourage largescale use of the ground-water storage capacity; and storage in 

shallow Utah Lake is inefficient because evaporation losses 

generally exceed the flow of the Jordan River.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

U) 

CB

33

Discharge

31

o 

G

1

Li

0

m o

-Y CO I 5

0

C

o

Flow duratj

8

^

o

CD

cr

(U

 o

0

o 

E

3

CD _

Means andtremes o

31

Runoff

10

Supplementary data

<u

Ground wat

station

0

CB

Drainage ai

25

§

Cross-sect

0

««

o a

Coefficient roughnes

0

"ia

t,

<u 

H

0

en

a

a

e

.5

CB "a

 a 

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

j

o

Surface inf

outflow

0

^_

CO

c

§u

4) r- 1 M <"

||

U

0

Siltation

0
368 UTAH

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01

"S

a 

S 

£

40

IV

u

0 I

S.So -a

£§ 

m u

40

£>

S

£

0

S"o

u

0

1*

0

S

0

> 

u

o 

 a

5

0

9

X 

a

0

^

E 

a

38

£

0

1.

6

0

Chemical

 o

"o

 o

IV

o ia

ID

S

39

ID

 uD

Chlori

1

CO "c

Nutrie

0

u

0

E

S 

o

U

39

W 

W

1rt

E

39

(

01

u

EIVJd

o 3

A

«

0

X

-o

IV

>

Dissol

0

en

<o 

at 

no

11

6

0

IV

6

i

Organic

ID 8

Pestic

0

ID

.y "c

-2 IV £?-S iv

w &«-o

0

IV

6

0

Biological

1

0

."a

S

0

2 c

if

1^ tu)

0

Q 

0

m

0

6

0

Sediment

o

01I*

IV

u

o U

8

IV 

N

ID

IV

Partic

1

IV

S

0

Current projects:

Water resources of Salt Lake County. 

Ground-water conditions in Utah.

References:

Arnow, Ted, 1965, Ground water in the Jordan Valley, Salt Lake 

County, Utah: Utah State Engineer Water Circ. 1, lip.

Hahl, D. C., 1968, Dissolved-mineral inflow to Great Salt Lake 

summary, 1960-61 and 1964: Utah Geol. and Mineralog. Survey 

Water-Resources Bull. 10 [in press].

Hahl, D. C., and Langford, R. H., 1964, Dissolved-mineral inflow 

to Great Salt Lake and chemical characteristics of the Salt 

Lake brine, Part 2 Technical report: Utah Geol. and Mineralog. Survey Water-Resources Bull. 3, pt. 2, 40 p.

Hahl, D. C., and Mitchell, C. G., 1963, Dissolved-mineral inflow 

to Great Salt Lake and chemical characteristics of the Salt 

Lake brine, Part 1 Selected hydrologic data: Utah Geol. and 

Mineralog. Survey Water-Resources Bull. 3, pt. 1, 40 p.

Hely, A. G., Mower, R. W., and Horr, C. A., 1967, Hydrologic and 

climatologic data, 1966, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Utah Basic-Data Release 13, 85 p.

lorns, W. V., Mower, R. W., and Horr, C. A., 1966a, Hydrologic 

and climatologic data collected through 1964, Salt Lake County, 

Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Utah Basic-Data Release 11, 91 p.

 1966b, Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1965, Salt Lake

County, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Utah Basic-Data Release 12,

84 p. 

Marine, I. W., and Price, Don, 1963, Selected hydrologic data,

Jordan Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Utah

Basic-Data Rept. 4, 30 p.

 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of the Jordan

Valley: Utah Geol. and Mineralog. Survey Water-Resources

Bull. 7, 68 p. 

Taylor, G. H., and Leggette, R. M., 1949, Ground water in the

Jordan Valley, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1029, 357 p.
VIRGINIA

There are five Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Virginia not including the Virginia portion of the Washington, 

B.C.-Maryland-Virginia area. Hydrologic data and information 

for all or some of these areas are contained in the following 

statewide reports:

Dirzulaitis, J. J., and Stevens, G. C., 1927, Water resources of 

Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 31, 510 p.

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency 

of floods in the United States, Part 2 A, South Atlantic slope 

basins, James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 1673, 329 p.

U.S. Public Health Service, 1964, Municipal water facilities, 

communities of 25,000 population and over, United States and 

possessions, as of January 1, 1964: U.S. Public Health Service 

Pub. 661, 168 p.

Virginia Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, 1939, Public water supplies in Virginia descriptions and chemical analyses: 

Richmond, Virginia Dept. Health , 159 p.

Virginia Division of Water Resources, 1958, Notes on Virginia 

water laws and agencies: Richmond, Virginia Div. Water 

Resources, 33 p.

 1959, Notes on ground water in Virginia: Richmond, 

Virginia Dept. Conserv. and Econ. Devel., 59 p.

-1960a, Index of the surface waters of Virginia: Richmond,

Virginia Dept. Conserv. and Econ. Devel., 66 p. 

 1960b, Chemical character of surface waters of Virginia,

August 1958 February 1960: Virginia Div. Water Resources 

Bull. 23. 

 1964, Notes on Virginia water laws and agencies (1964

revision): Richmond, Virginia Div. Water Resources, 31 p. 

 1965, Notes on surface water in Virginia: Richmond,

Virginia Dept. Conserv. and Econ. Devel.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

200 West Grace Street 

Richmond, Va. 23220

369
370 VIRGINIA

Lynchburg

Area: 1,024 sq mi.

Subarea: Amherst and Campbell Counties; city of Lynchburg.

Population: 119,000.

Hydrologic background:

Pedlar Lake, together with emergency equipment for pumping 

from the James River, and appurtenances for water treatment 

and distribution supplies the city of Lynchburg. Other communities in Amherst and Campbell Counties tap ground- and 

surface-water sources. Present or future pollution, industrial 

or municipal, must be considered when seeking new supplies in 

the area. Major floods of the James River in the city are well 

documented since 1870, and damages have not been too severe. 

The James River and Kanawha Canal, which was an important 

transportation artery for the city in the 19th century, is no 

longer in use.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

M

a

4

Discharge

3

£

U-.

0

o

Peak stge discharge

4

o

Flow durati

3

^

c t)

cr

(U

O 

_0

3

X *"

Means andf

tremes o:

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat< 

station

0

M

Drainage ar

8

c 

o

Cross-sect]

6

"S ,n

Coefficient roughnes.

5

m

us

"3 

t)

E 

H

0

01

o.

g

q

 o

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

3

Tides

0

Contents

I

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

~^

0]

(U

o 

o

M ^ -C ~" 

U

1

Slltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

d)

Temperatl

0

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

u

"o 

U

0

o

S

0

X

Radioactiv

0

X 

a

0

3

nl

a

0

s: 

U

0

11)

6

0

Chemical

u

TJ

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

c.

Common i

0

Hardness

0

us 

u

Radiochere

0

c ID wi

X

Dissolved

0

01

us 

t)

6

0

m

e

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(U

.c 

X

0

Biologu al

Coliforms

0

PS

Other micorganisr

0

C

o 

n

0

§

0

Sediment

c

O

Concentra

0

0)

Particle s

0

6

0
NEWPORT NEWS-HAMPTON 371

Current projects:

None.

References:

Collins, W. D., and others, 1932, Chemical character of surface

water of Virginia: Virginia Div. Water Resources and Power

Bull. 3, 148 p. 

Connor, J. G., and Schroeder, M. E., 1957, Chemical and physical

character of surface waters of Virginia, 1948-51: Virginia

Div. Water Resources Bull. 20, 107 p. 

Dirzulaitis, J. J., and Stevens, G. C., 1927, Water resources of

Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 31, 510 p. 

Lamar, W. L., and Whetstone, G. W., 1947, Chemical character

of surface waters of Virginia, 1945 46: Virginia Div. Water

Resources and Power Bull. 8, 46 p. 

Martin, R. O. R., and Hanson, R. L., 1966, Reservoirs in the

United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1838,

115 p. 

Mussey, O. D., 1948, Major storage reservoirs of Virginia:

Virginia Div. Water Resources and Power Bull. 9, 23 p. 

Schroeder, M. E., and Kapustka, S. F., 1957, Chemical and

physical character of surface waters of Virginia, 1951-54:

Virginia Div. Water Resources Bull. 21, 199 p. 

Speer, P. R., and Gamble, C. R., 1964, Magnitude and frequency

of floods in the United States, Part 2 A, South Atlantic slope

basins, James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1673, 329 p. 

Whetstone, G. W., and McAvoy, R. L., 1952, Chemical quality of

surface waters of Virginia, 1946 48: Virginia Div. Water

Resources Bull. 11, 38 p.

Newport News-Hampton

Area: 336 sq mi.

Subarea: York County; cities of Newport News and Hampton.

Population: 272,000.

Hydrologic background:

Impoundments on the Chickahominy, Poquoson, and Warwick 

Rivers and Diascund and Skiffes Creeks supply Newport News 

and Hampton, while those on Brick Kiln Creek are available for 

Langley Field. Since the area is near sea level and flat, it is 

subject to flood and hurricane damage. Disposal of municipal 

and industrial wastes, including oil-tanker sludges, preservation 

of the James River oyster-propagation beds and other shellfish
372 VIRGINIA

industry areas, and maintenance of the deepwater channels are 

some of the problems of this principal East Coast shipbuilding 

port.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

no

0

Discharge

0

*

!

0

o

Peak stge discharge

0

c

o

Flow durati

0

>^

c

0)

3

crtb 

I*

 o

o 

_o

E

0

X 63

Means andtremes o

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat 

station

0

a

0)

Drainager

0

0

Cross-sect

0

"3 m

Coefficient roughnes

0

0)

« 

"o

0)

s

H

0

Ul

a

£

.5

_rt "a

T3

0

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

in

0) o

H

0

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

in

£

5 

u

4) i 

M Si

C >

O

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

1

Specific 

conductance

0

Turbidity

0

o

3

0

o

s

0

Radioactivit>

0

 u

X 

a

0

3

a

X 

a

1

w

0

<u

5

0

Chemical

tn O

, _ ,

Dissolved so

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Common in

0

Hardness

1

a

Radiochemic

0

0)

5?

Dissolved ox

0

in

0)

tn

a

5

i

<u

5

i

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

6

0

Uiologic-al

Coliforms

1

Other microorganisms

0

a 

o

CO

0

o

JZ

X

0

Sediment

c

Concentratio

0

Particle size

0

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Cederstrom, D. J., 1943a, Chloride in ground water in the

Coastal Plain of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 58, 36 p.

 1943b, Deep wells in the Coastal Plain of Virginia: Virginia 

Geol. Survey Repr. Ser. 6 [13 p.].

-1945a, Geology and ground-water resources of the Coastal

Plain in southeastern Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 63, 

384 p.

-1945b, Selected well logs in the Virginia Coastal Plain

north of James River: Virginia Geol. Survey Circ. 3, 82 p. 

-1946, Chemical character of ground water in the Coastal

Plain of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 68, 62 p. 

Foster, M. D., 1942, Base exchange and sulphate reduction in 

salty ground waters along Atlantic and Gulf coasts: Am. Assoc. 

Petroleum Geologist Bull., v. 26, no. 5, p. 838-851.
NORFOLK-PORTSMOUTH 373

Kapustka, S. F., 1957, Chemical and physical character of surface

waters of Virginia, 1954 1956: Virginia Div. Water Resources

Bull. 22, 161 p. 

Lamar, E. L., and Whetstone, G. W., 1947, Chemical character

of surface waters of Virginia, 1945 46: Virginia Div. Water

Resources and Power Bull. 8, 46 p. 

Schroeder, M. E., and Kapustka, S. F., 1957, Chemical and

physical character of surface waters of Virginia, 1951 54:

Virginia Div. Water Resources Bull. 21, 199 p. 

Sinnott, Alien, and Whetstone, G. W., 1962, Fluoride in well waters

of the Virginia Coastal Plain: Virginia Minerals, v. 8, no. 1,

p. 4-11.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, Floods of August 1940 in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1066,

554 p. 

Whetstone, G. W., and McAvoy, R. L., 1952, Chemical quality of

surface waters of Virginia, 1946 48: Virginia Div. Water

Resources Bull. 11, 38 p.

Norfolk-Portsmouth

Area: 771 sq mi.

Subarea: Cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and

Virginia Beach. 

Population: 637,000.

Hydro logic background:

The Norfolk system, which also serves part of Virginia Beach, 

is supplied by the Lake Smith system of seven reservoirs to the 

northeast and the Lake Prince system of three reservoirs to the 

west, supplemented by emergency pipelines to the Nottoway and 

Blackwater Rivers. The Portsmouth system, which also serves 

Suffolk and parts of Chesapeake, is supplied by four reservoirs 

and two deep wells. The area is near sea level, flat, and subject 

to hurricane damage and flooding from intense rainstorms. Waterrelated problems in the area include water supply, beach erosion, 

flooding, water-quality control, navigation, recreation, fish and 

wildlife, and disposal of wastes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

<u

60

a 

%

0

Discharge

0

| 

3

0

0

Peak stage discharge 

0

S

Is t,

 a

! C

0

^,

o 

<u § 

(U

<«

 a 

o 

_o

E

0

 i

x ^

Means andtremes o:

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

t,

Ground wat

station

0

a <u

Drainage ar

0

o

Cross-sect

0

*s

O rn

Coefficient roughnes.

0

1

« 

£

?

<uG

H

0

10

a

a 

G

'« 

"a

 a 

o

0

£

0

G

Precipitatic

0

in <u O

h

0

Contents

0

S

Surface infl

outflow

0

10

<u

§u

<n i )

I? s a»

fi

0

Siltation

0
374 VIRGINIA

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

v

Temperatv

0

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

o "o 

U

0

u 

O

3

0

Radioactiv

0

 o "3

a

0

ni 

K

a

0

.c

0

u 

0)

8

0

Chemical

tn o

in

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

in

S

Common i<

0

Hardness

0

_

cd

Radiochem

0

on

o

Dissolved

0

in 

caW

8

0

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

u

01

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

PS

Other micorganisr

0

Q

O 

ffl

0

u

6

0

Sediment

o

C'oncentral

0

Particle s

0

L.

6

0

Current projects:

Storage of fresh water in brackish-water aquifer, Norfolk, Va.

References:

Cederstrom, D. J., 1943a, Chloride in ground water in the

Coastal Plain of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 58, 36 p.

 1943b, Deep wells in the Coastal Plain of Virginia: Virginia 

Geol. Survey Repr. Ser. 6 [13 p.].

 1945, Geology and ground-water resources of the Coastal 

Plain in southeastern Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 63, 

384 p.

 1946, Chemical character of ground water in the Coastal 

Plain of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 68, 62 p.

Foster, M. D., 1942, Base exchange and sulphate reduction in 

salty ground waters along Atlantic and Gulf coasts: Am. Assoc. 

Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 26, no. 5, p. 838-851.

Sinnott, Alien, and Whetstone, G. W., 1962, Fluoride in well waters 

of the Virginia Coastal Plain: Virginia Minerals, v. 8, no. 1, 

p. 4-11.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, Floods of August 1940 in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1066, 

554 p.

Whetstone, G. W., and McAvoy, R. L., 1952, Chemical quality of 

surface waters of Virginia, 1946 48: Virginia Div. Water 

Resources Bull. 11, 38 p.

Richmond

Area: 1,222 sq mi.

Subarea: Chesterfield, Hanover, and Henrico Counties; city

of Richmond. 

Population: 484,000.
RICHMOND 375

Hydrologic background:

The James River is the principal source for municipal and 

industrial water supply in Richmond, and plans have been 

advanced for augmentation from the Pamunkey River to the north. 

The recently completed reservoir on the Appomattox River, the 

southern boundary of Chesterfield County, provides an important 

additional supply for the area. Some ground-water wells are 

used in outlying sections.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

41

id

5

Discharge

3

3

0

t-, 

o

Peak stage discharge

5

§

"5

3 T3

JO

3

^,

u

a1

 o

8

2

a. ._

Means andtremes o

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

u

Ground wat

station

0

id

Drainage ai

8

§

"5

us

ID

01

o

7

"8 »>

Coefficient roughnes

4

"4!

"8 

1

0

01

a

id

.5 

,2 "a

T3

§

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

01 

41 o 

H

1

Contents

0

g

Surface inf

outflow

0

^_

in

41

§ 

u

U

0

Si Ition a 

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

41 

IH

Temperatu

0

41

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

JO"o 

O

0

o

S

0

>.

Radioactiv

0

 P-*

K 

a

0

3a)

£ 

a.

0

a

0

S

0

Chemical

tn

73

7J

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

01

s

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

id o

Radiochem

0

n

Dissolved (

0

en

01id W

41

6

0

41

S

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 £

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

O

0

6

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

s

Particle s

0

JS

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Connor, J. G., and Schroeder, M. E., 1957, Chemical and physical character of surface waters of Virginia, 1948 51: Virginia 

Div. Water Resources Bull. 20, 107 p.

Kapustka, S. F., 1957, Chemical and physical character of 

surface waters of Virginia, 1954 1956: Virginia Div. Water 

Resources Bull. 22, 161 p.
376 VIRGINIA

Lamar, W. L., and Whetstone, G. W., 1947, Chemical character 

of surface waters of Virginia, 1945 46: Virginia Div. Water 

Resources and Power Bull. 8, 46 p.

Schroeder, M. E., and Kapustka, S. F., 1957, Chemical and physical character of surface waters of Virginia, 1951 54: Virginia 

Div. Water Resources Bull. 21, 199 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, Floods of August 1940 in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1066, 

554 p.

Whetstone, G. W., and McAvoy, R. L., 1952, Chemical quality of 

surface waters of Virginia, 1946 48: Virginia Div. Water 

Resources Bull. 11, 38 p.

Roanoke

Area: 303 sq mi.

Subarea: Roanoke city and Roanoke County.

Population: 173,000.

Hydrologic background:

Public and private water-supply sources in the area are 

derived from numerous springs and wells, Carvin, Falling, and 

Beaver Dam Creeks, and the Roanoke River. Annual precipitation 

in the 1931 60 period was 42 inches. More than one well may 

need to be drilled in an area to assure adequate quantity and (or) 

quality, and additional surface-water basins outside the metropolitan area may need to be tapped to meet increased demand and 

population growth.

Lowland reaches of the flood plain of the Roanoke River are 

subject to inundation by stages over 10 feet. Small streams have 

also caused flooding and resultant damage at times of intense 

rainfalls from mountain-area cloudburst-type storms.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

M 

0)

3)

3

Discharge

3

§ 

C

!

0

0

Peak stage discharge

0

o

"rt 

LI

-a 3

o

E

3

>,

o

0)

cr

(LI LI

-a 

o

0

E

3

 E

x<2

and Means <

tremes o:

3

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

LI

Ground wat< 

station

0

0) 0)

Drainage ar

3

o

Cross-sect

3

"8 m

Coefficient roughnes

3

1)

0)LI * 

*o

0)

 d

H

0

CO

a

a)

.5a) "a 

 a

8 

E

0

c

Precipitatic

2

ia

0) a 

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

en

s

Io

fll » < So o>

c ^

« ^

J5

u

0

Siltation

0
ROANOKE 

WATER QUALITY

377

Types of data

Physical

u

L,

Temperatu

0

<u

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

t-

"o 

U

0

o

8

0

&

Radioactiv

0

<u

X 

a.

0

ra

X 

o.

0

-C

0

<u

s

0

Chemical

 o

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

to

C

Common ic

0

Hardness

0

0)

u

Radiochem

0

c

u

X

Dissolved

0

EO

u 

co

0) 

QjO

ID

6

0

£ 

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

CJ

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 «

Other mic organisn

0

Q 

Om

0

C

0

Sediment

c 

o

Concentrat

0

N

Particle s

0

o

6

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Collins, W. D., and others, 1930, Springs of Virginia: Virginia

Div. Water Resources and Power Bull. 1, 55 p. 

 1932, Chemical character of surface water of Virginia:

Virginia Div. Water Resources and Power Bull. 3, 148 p. 

Connor, J. W., and Schroeder, M. E., 1957, Chemical and physical

character of surface waters of Virginia, 1948 51: Virginia

Div. Water Resources Bull. 20, 107 p. 

Latta, B. F., 1956, Public and industrial ground-water supplies of

the Roanoke-Salem District, Virginia: Virginia Div. Geology

Bull. 69, 53 p.

Schroeder, M. E., and Kapustka, S. F., 1957, Chemical and physical character of surface waters of Virginia, 1951 54: Virginia

Div. Water Resources Bull. 21, 199 p.
WASHINGTON

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Washington. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Bartells, J. H., and Higgins, G. T., 1966, Peak flows from small

drainage areas in Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Bodhaine, G. L., and Thomas, D. M., 1964, Magnitude and frequency

of floods in the United States, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in

Washington and upper Columbia River basin. U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1687, 337 p. 

Laird, L. B., and Walters, K. L., 1967, Municipal, industrial and

irrigation water use in Washington, 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey

op en-file report, 21 p. 

Lohr, E. W., and Love, S. K., 1954, The industrial utility of public

water supplies in the United States, 1952, Part 2, States west of

Mississippi River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1300,

462 p. 

Molenaar, Dee, 1961, Flowing artesian wells in Washington State:

Washington Div. Water Resources Water Supply Bull. 16, 115 p. 

Richardson, Donald, 1962, Drainage-area data for western

Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Van Denburgh, A. S., and Santos, J. F., 1965, Ground water in

Washington its chemical and physical quality: Washington

Div. Water Resources Water Supply Bull. 24, 93 p. 

Van Winkle, Walton, 1914, Quality of the surface waters of

Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 339, 105 p. 

Williams, J. R., 1964, Drainage-area data for eastern Washington:

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 18 p. 

Wolcott, E. E., 1961, Lakes of Washington, Volume 1, western

Washington: Washington Div. Water Resources Water Supply

Bull. 14, v. 1, 619 p. 

 1964, Lakes of Washington, Volume 2, eastern Washington:

Washington Div. Water Resources Water Supply Bull. 14, v. 2,

650 p.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For further information, 

contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

1305 Tacoma Avenue South 

Tacoma, Wash. 98402

378
WASHINGTON 379

Seattle-Everett

Area: 4,234 sq mi.

Subarea: King and Snohomish Counties.

Population: 1,179,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Cedar, Tolt, Sultan, North Fork, Snoqualmie, and Cough 

Rivers, Shell and Toqul Creeks, Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, 

Tradition Lake, and various springs and wells. The water is of 

high quality. Much of the Cedar River and Tolt River watersheds 

are in a controlled access area. As surface water sources of 

supply are adequate to meet current and projected needs, use of 

ground water is very limited.

Major water problems in the area are: bacterial and organic 

sewage pollution, industrial and municipal wastes which affect 

estuarine and offshore water quality, high concentrations of iron 

in ground water, fluvial sediment in streams of glacial origin, 

and possible ground-water contamination from sea water.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

w>

01

31

87

Discharge

73

i

0

SH 

O

Peak stage discharge

26

c

"ol 

LI

T3 

S

42

o 

c

0)g0) 

T3

8

51

and Meanstremes o

72

Runoff

57

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

01 

0)

Drainage ar

105

§

Cross-sect

22

"3 , 

Coefficient roughnes

0

1CD

 s

0)

s

H

4

u

a

01

6

.S

01 "a

 a 

o 

o

0

c

Precipitatic

6

0) a

 -4

H

1

Contents

2

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

-^.

[fl

g

§

0

fll i-H

M «J

C >

6

2

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)^

Temperatu

56

CO

Specific conductanc

18

Turbidity

29

SH

"o

U

15

SH 

O

5

i

>>

Radioactiv

1

2

w 

a

5

301

w 

a

15

.cw

0

SH

0)

5

i

Chemical

CO a

'o

Dissolved

17

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

45

u>

c

Common ic

42

Hardness

14

01

o

Radiochem

2

0) bn

X

Dissolved c

18

CO

0)

[fl

01bo

t, 

(U

5

0

(U

27

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

2

SH

0)

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

41

o w

Other microrganisn

32

Q 

O

4

t,

(U

5

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

1

0) 

N

Particle s

1

t,

(U

6

i
380 WASHINGTON

Current projects:

Geology and ground-water resources of southwestern

King County.

Quality of surface water in Washington. 

Fluvial sediment characteristics of streams in the

Snohomish River basin, Washington. 

The influence of industrial and municipal wastes on

estuarine and offshore water quality. 

Evaluation of seepage from Chester Morse Lake and

Masonry Pool.

Water resources of King County. 

Hydrology and natural resources of Puget Sound and

adjacent waters.

Reconnaissance of sea-water encroachment. 

Low-flow analysis of streams in Washington. 

Influence of stream hydraulics on the migration and

propagation of salmonoid fish. 

Ground-water development and potential in southwest

King County.

References:

Hershaw, F. F., and Parker, G. L., 1913, Water powers of the 

Cascade Range, Part 2, Cowlitz, Nisqually, Puyallup, White, 

Green, and Cedar drainage basins: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 313, 170 p.

Liesch, B. A., 1955, Records of wells, water levels, and quality 

of ground water in the Sammamish Lake area, King County, 

Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 193 p.

Liesch, B. A., Price, C. E., and Walters, K. L., 1963, Geology 

and ground-water resources of northwestern King County, 

Washington: Washington Div. Water Resources Water Supply 

Bull. 20, 241 p.

Newcomb, R. C., 1952, Ground-water resources of Snohomish 

County, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1135, 

133 p. [1953].

Richardson, Donald, 1965, Effect of logging and runoff in upper 

Green River basin, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 44 p.

Williams, J. R., 1967, Movement and dispersion of fluorescent 

dye in the Duwamish River estuary, Washington, in Geological 

Survey research 1967 : U.S. Geol. Prof. Paper 575-B,p. B245- 

B249.
WASHINGTON 381

Spokane

Area: 1,763 sq mi. 

Subarea: Spokane County. 

Population: 267,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from wells which tap a very large and productive aquifer.

The major problems in the area are the possible pollution of 

the ground water by effluent from domestic septic tanks and 

pollution in the Spokane River which is carried downstream into 

Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

I)

txo cd

11

Discharge

5

1 

C

17

o

Peak stage discharge

8

fi

o

"S

!-i 

TJ

I

2

^

o

0>

frequ Flood 

4

and Meansol tremes 

5

Runoff

3

Supplementary data

Ground wat 

station

1

a

o>

Drainage ar

34

§

Cross- sect

8

O rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

? 

o>

H

0

COg.

n

S

.s

"o,

TJ

o

0

e

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO

0) o 

H

0

Contents

0

i*

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

.^

CO

«V

Change con

level. 

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

o>i-:

Temperatu

3

o>

Specific 

conductanc

3

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

3

!_ 

o

5

0

>>

Radioactiv

0

2

0> 1-4

K

0,

0

1

K 

a

3

W

0

0)

8

0

Chemical

CO

TJ

'o

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

3

CO

c

Common ic

3

Hardness

3

a

0

Radiochem

0

o>

M

X

Dissolved

3

CO

0) 

CO 

cti 

txo

t*

0)

8

0

!-i

0)

8

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t.

8

0

Biological

Coliforms

3

0 "

Other microrganisn

0

Q 

O

n

0

!-i 1)

8

0

Sediment

§ r-t

Concentrat

0

o>

N

Particle s

0

i-: 

1)

8

0

Current projects:

Ground-water resources of northern Spokane County.

Quality of surface water in Washington.

Fluvial sediment characteristics of streams in the

Palouse River basin. 

Ground-water hydrology and development in eastcentral Washington.
382 WASHINGTON

References:

Newcomb, R. C., 1953, Seismic cross sections across the Spokane 

River valley and the Hillyard Trough, Idaho and Washington: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 15 p.

Piper, A. M., and Huff, L. C., 1943, Some ground-water features 

of Rathdrum-Prairie-Spokane Valley area, Idaho-Washington, 

with respect to seepage loss from Pend Oreille Lake: U.S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept.

Piper, A. M., and LaRocque, G. A., Jr., 1944, Water-table fluctuations in the Spokane Valley and contiguous areas, Washington 

and Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 889-B,p. 83- 

139.

Weigle, J. M., and Mundorff, M. J., 1952, Records of wells, water 

levels, and quality of ground water in the Spokane Valley, Spokane 

County, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

Tacoma

Area: 1,676 sq mi. 

Subarea: Pierce County. 

Population: 343,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from the Green and Mashel Rivers, South Prairie Creek, springs, 

and wells. The water supply is adequate and of high quality.

The major water problems in the area are: possible sea-water 

encroachment, local storm runoff and drainage, high concentration 

of iron in ground water, and sediment in streams with glacial 

origin.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

o> 

a)

26

Discharge

22

o

C

0

o

Peak stage discharge

6

o

"S

IH

 a

o 

E

10

^

o

V

Flood frequ

12

 i

Means andtr erneso:

22

Runoff

13

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

nj

Drainage ar

29

§

Cross-sect

5

0 ,n

Coefficient roughnes

0

?

"o

o>

H

0

co 

a

at

M

.3

"a 

 a

0

o

2

Precipitatic

0

to

0> a

 rH

H

0

Contents

2

£

0

Surface infl

outflow

0

ca

C

CO

§o

d> i I

c3 ^ 

U

2

Siltation

0
TACOMA 383

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

8

Specific 

conductance

5

Turbidity

0

t, 

o

'o 

U

5

o

5

0

Radioactivity

0

 a

&

E 

a

0

I

E 

a

5

,c W

0

V

6

0

Chemical

 a

Dissolved soi

5

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

5

ions Common 

5

Hardness

5

Radiochemica

0

nn

Dissolved oxy

5

M 

(U 

M 

(I)

0)

5

0

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

!H

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

5

Other micro- organisms

0

Q 

0 

PQ

0

V

6

0

Sediment

Concentration

0

size Particle 

0

01

S

0

Current projects:

Quality of surface water in Washington.

Hydrology and natural resources of Puget Sound and

adjacent waters.

Reconnaissance of sea-water encroachment. 

Low-flow analysis of streams in Washington.

References:

Anderson, I. E., 1948, Floods of the Puyallup and Chehalis River

basins, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

968-B, p. 61-124. 

Griffin, W. C., and others, 1962, Water resources of the Tacoma

area, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1499 B,

p. B1-B101. 

Heiishaw, F. F., and Parker, F. L., 1913, Water powers of the

Cascade Range, Part 2, Cowlitz, Nisqually, Puyallup, White,

Green, and Cedar drainage basins: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 313, 170 p. 

LaRocque, G. A., Jr., and Piper, A. M., 1938, Ground water in the

Tacoma area, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Mundorff, M. J., Weigle, J. M., and Holmberg, G. D., 1955, Ground

water in the Yelm area, Thurston and Pierce Counties, Washington:

U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 356, 58 p. 

Robinson, J. W., and Piper, A. M., 1943, Water level in observation

wells and springs of the Tacoma area, Washington: U.S. Geol.

Survey open-file rept. 

 1946, Typical wells and springs of the Tacoma area,

Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 

Sceva, J. E., Wegner, D. E., and others, 1955, Records of wells

and springs, water levels, and quality of ground water in central

Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report,

261 p. 

Veatch, F. M., Kimmel, G. E., and Johnston, E. A., 1966, Surfaceand ground-water conditions during 1959 61 in a part of Flett

Creek basin, Tacoma, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept, 45 p.
WEST VIRGINIA

There are three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in West Virginia. Hydrologic data and information for all or some 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Beaber, H. C., and Rostvedt, J. O., 1965, Floods of March 1964 

along the Ohio River: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1840-A, p. A1-A158.

Doll, Warwick L., Meyer, Gerald, and Archer, Roger J., 1963, 

Water resources of West Virginia: Charleston,West Virginia 

Dept. Nat. Resources, Div. Water Resources, 134 p.

Gallaher, J. T., and Price, W. E., Jr., 1966, Hydrology of the 

alluvial deposits in the Ohio River valley in Kentucky: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1818, 80 p.

Kirkpatrick, G. A., Price, W. E., Jr., and Madison, R. A., 1963, 

Water resources of eastern Kentucky progress report: Kentucky 

Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 5, 67 p.

Kulp, W. K., and Hopkins, H. T., 1960, Public and industrial water 

supplies of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 4, 102 p.

McCabe, John A., 1962, Floods in Kentucky magnitude and frequency: Kentucky Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 9, 196 p.

Price, W. E., Jr., 1964, Geology and hydrology of alluvial deposits 

along the Ohio River between Catlettsburg and South Portsmouth, 

Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-75.

Price, W. E., Jr., Kilburn, C., and Mull, D. S., 1962, Availability 

of ground water in Boyd, Carter, Elliott, Greenup, Johnson, 

Lawrence, Lee, Menifee, Morgan, and Wolfe Counties, Kentucky: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-37.

Price, W. E., Jr., Mull, D. S., andKilburn, C., 1962, Reconnaissance 

of ground-water resources in the Eastern Coal Field region, 

Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1607, 56 p.

Speer, Paul R., and Gamble, Charles R., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 3 A, Ohio River 

basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1675, 630 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1938, Floods of Ohio and Mississippi 

Rivers, January February 1937 with a section on the Flood deposits 

of the Ohio River, January February 1937, by Mansfield, G. R.: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 838, 746 p.[1939].

Walker, E. H., 1957, The deep channel and alluvial deposits of the 

Ohio valley in Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1411, 25 p.

*Weirton, W. Va., see Ohio.

384
CHARLESTON 385

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

3303 Federal Building 

500 Quarrier Street 

Charleston, W. Va. 25301

Charleston

Area: 913 sq mi. 

Subarea: Kanawha County. 

Population: 245,000.

Hydrologic background:

The Elk River, which is controlled by a flood-control dam 100 

miles upstream at Sutton, is the chief source of the municipal 

water supply. The Kanawha and Coal Rivers are also used for 

the municipal water supply. The Kanawha River, which is maintained as a series of pools behind the navigation locks and dams, 

is the major water source for the industrial supply for the manufacture of chemicals. Several smaller communities in areas away 

from the rivers obtain their water from wells. The quantity of 

water in the area is abundant and should be sufficient to meet any 

forseeable future demand. In fact, the potential supply from the 

Kanawha is quite large, taking into account the possibility of tapping the river as a supply source in the reach from 15 to 40 miles 

upstream from Charleston where there is only a little pollution.

The principal water problem in the area is the rather poor 

quality of the Kanawha River caused by industrial pollution. However, this condition has been improving in recent years. Occasional 

flood damage is encountered from the rivers but has been reduced 

substantially by three flood-control dams upstream from the area. 

Flash flooding from smaller tributaries has caused problems in 

the past.
The municipal andi

primarily fromthe Ohiwells inthearea. The and ifupstream pollutic

y P o a

13 4 QJ C

0 CD P CO

5* p 13 c-tS JI. a 4

m in P" 

cr>- S JiL

CD 13 0Q

o p w P

O *~i p e-t"

13 fD B fD

tflS. a ^ 

£8 ^c

CD ^ "* L*J

^^

1? ? CO £>

s- (3 . o

4 0- uJ ^.

ffl g tr £

^ rt- (C <D

P <; ^ P 

S- <! fl> K

2 S- P «

4 to ^ P3

4 4 0) 0

2 CO m O

 " C B

C *"o ^ P

'"'"'TI fi> ro

T fL> ^ CO

liydrologic background: Area: 1,407sq mi. Subarea: Cabell and W

County, Ky 

Population: 260,000.

:. ^

h*1 P

p CD

S 0

T o

S §

° %

a a>

0 w o

c-tw <J

2 * 

j-Jp'la

Huntington-Ashl PPsP' ^^J 

^Q

i:

2. ?' Wfft

s_po<<r i o

2^o'

References: 

Doll, W.L.,Wilmouth,

resources of Kanawh Geol. andEcon. Surv

5 p td it 0 '

td o g

* <-< p

to * 13

O <*< Q-,

w ^

H-i fD <<

co 52. ^ 

co cr 

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 «' ^5. T c-tOQ O S' p

p. «

p" 

p

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ro . CO * 

c-t-

( '

<, CO K' OT £?

E^

p pe^*

0)

Current projects: 

None.

COoooooooooooo^oooo

h-" oooooooooo

Temperature

Specific 

conductance

Turbidity

Color

Odor

Radioactivity

pH (field)

pH (lab)

Eh

Other

Dissolved solids

Chlorides

Nutrients

Common ions

Hardness

Radiochemical

Dissolved oxygen

Other gases

Other

Pesticides

Synthetic 

detergents

Other

Coliforms

Other microorganisms

BOD

Other

Concentration

Particle size

Other
WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA-OHIO 387

No serious water problems currently exist in the area. Portions 

of the area are subject to flood damage. The two larger cities in 

the area are protected by flood walls, and there are numerous 

flood-control reservoirs within the basin upstream from the area. 

The current water pollution is considered minor; it consists of 

possible excessive chloride level during low flow and minor municipal waste pollution affecting taste and odor.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

00tfl

6

Discharge

6

o 

C

a

0

o

Peak stage discharge

0

o

"rt 

73

s

fa

1

!>>

u 

0)

cr

0) 

(H

73

o 

fa

1

X *"

Means and<

tremes o:

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat<

station

0

0)

Drainage ar

6

o

Cross- sect

1

"3 rr.

Coefficient roughnes

1

>

a 

"o

0)

g 

H

0

to

a

g

.5 

"a

73

o

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

1

01 

0) 

73

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl

outflow

0

^

to

0)

su

M <"

c > 

u

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperature

2

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

1

(H

"o

U

1

(H

O

s

0

Radioactivity

1

73 

0)

K 

a

1

K 

a

1

.C 

W

0

0)

6

0

Chemical

01

73

Dissolved sob

2

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

Common ins

2

Hardness

2

Radiochemica

1

c

bn

Dissolved oxy

1

in

0) 

IBtfl

00 

0)

5

0

0)

2

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

1

S-,

0)

5

i

Biological

Coliforms

2

Other micro-organisms

1

Q 

0

m

0

0)

8

i

Sediment

Concentration

1

Particle size

0

S-, <u 

§

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

See list of statewide reports.

Wheeling, West Virginia-Ohio

Area: 948 sq mi.

Subarea: Ohio and Marshall Counties, W. Va.; Belmont

County, Ohio. 

Population: 188,000.
388 WEST VIRGINIA

Hydrologic background:

The principal municipal and industrial water supply for the area 

comes from the Ohio River and wells. The area is in a region of 

abundant water supply, and if upstream pollution can be controlled, 

future water requirements can be met.

The area is subject to flood damage from the Ohio River and its 

local tributaries. However, there are numerous flood-control 

reservoirs in the Ohio River basin upstream from the area. Pollution problems exist during periods of low flow from municipal 

and industrial waste, oil, and acid-mine drainage.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

rt

11

Discharge

2

o

C

2

IH

O

Peak stage discharge

1

§

'rt

IH 

T3

1

1

^»

a>

1

i< 

T3

O

JO

1

X *"

Means andtremes o

2

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

IH

Ground wat

station

0

rt

Drainage ar

13

c

Cross-sect

7

"S rn

Coefficient roughnes

0

0)

rt

IH * »

(U

s

H

0

COs-

£

.5

rt "3.

 o 

o 

o

e

0

c

Precipitatic

6

CO

-a 

H

1

Contents

0

0

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

CQ

i

u

e"(3 *^

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0) i.

Temperatu

0

Specific 

conductanc

1

Turbidity

0

IH

"o

U

0

0

S

0

&

Radioactivi

0

2 "3

S

K 

a

0

1

S 

a

1

.

0

8

0

Chemical

T3

"o

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

m

C

Common io

1

Hardness

1

,

rt U

Radiochem

0

c

M

Dissolved <

1

rol>

CO 

rt t>0

U, 

(U

x;

0

IH

S

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

IH

S

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

0 M

'H

t, W!

6°

0

Q 

O

0

IH 

<U

x;

0

Sediment

0

Concentrat

0

0) 

N

Particle s

0

u,

8

0

Current projects:

None. 

References:

Smith, R. C., Doll, W. L., and Stratton, Garland, 1955, Water resources of the Wheeling-Steubenville area, West Virginia and 

Ohio: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 340, 31 p.
WISCONSIN*

There are five Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) 

in Wisconsin. Hydrologic data and information for some or all 

of these areas are contained in the following statewide reports:

Devaul, R. W., 1967, Trends in ground-water levels in Wisconsin 

through 1966: Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. History Survey Inf. 

Circ. 9, 109 p.

Ericson, D. W., 1961, Floods in Wisconsin, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 109 p.

Ryling, R. W., 1961, A preliminary study of the distribution of 

saline water in the bedrock aquifers of eastern Wisconsin: 

Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. History Survey Inf. Circ. 5, 23 p.

Young, K. B., 1964, Flow characteristics of Wisconsin streams: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 150 p.

 1965, Flow characteristics of Wisconsin streams [supp.]: 

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept.

Data for each SMSA are listed below. For additional information, contact:

District Chief 

Water Resources Division 

U.S. Geological Survey 

1815 University Avenue 

Madison, Wis. 53706

Green Bay

Area: 525 sq mi. 

Subarea: Brown County. 

Population: 137,000.

Hydrologic background:

The largest public water supplier is the city of Green Bay, 

which uses Lake Michigan water. Smaller communities, such as 

DePere, Allouez, Ashwaubenon, Howard, Preble, Pulaski,and 

Wrightstown, obtain public supplies from wells tapping the sandstone aquifer that ranges in depth from 680 to 1,000 feet. Selfsupplied industries obtain most of their water from Green Bay 

(an arm of Lake Michigan); some, from the Fox River and in 

relatively small amounts from Lake Michigan and wells tapping 

the sandstone aquifer. The largest use is for condenser cooling 

in stream-electric power generation; the second, for the paper 

industry. The Lake Michigan supply is practically inexhaustible,

 Superior, Wis., see Minnesota.

389
390 WISCONSIN

and the sandstone aquifer is a potential source of large additional 

quantities.

Through this area the Fox River descends 167 feet in 38 miles 

from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay (Lake Michigan). A concentration of industry (over 30 pulp and paper mills) and hydro-power 

plants along the river uses the water for processing operations 

and power. The discharge of wastes (municipal sewage and industrial waste) into the lower Fox River has created a pollution 

problem both in the river and the Bay.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0) 

60 

A

5

Discharge

0

1

a

S

0

!H 

O

Peak stge discharge

2

0

15

(H 

73 

£

0

^

u

01

3 

ET 

01

73 

0 

JO

0

Means andtremes o;

0

Runoff

0

Supplementary data

(H

Ground wat

station

0

A

0)

Drainager

2

o

Cross-sect

2

0

Coefficient roughnes

2

0)

Time oftra

0

M

Q,

E

.5 

a"a.

73

o

0

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

in

73

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^_

CO

0)

o 

u

A . x; 

U

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatur

1

Specific 

conductance

1

Turbidity

0

&"3 

u

1

i, 

o

s

0

>-,

Radioactivit

0

2 

u

K 

a

0

3

a

K 

a

1

x; 

u

0

S-, 

0)

6

0

Chemical

in a

Dissolved

1

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

M

b

o 

u

1

Hardness

1

(8

Radiochemi

0

0) 

M

>,

Dissolved o

0

CO 

(U 

CO 

CS 

00

1*

(U

0

(H

u

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

(H 

V

6

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

i. 01

Other micrcorganism

0

Q 

O

m

0

S-,

u

8

0

Sediment

c

Concentrati

0

4)

Particle siz

0

S-, 

<D

JC

5

0

Current projects:

None.

References:

Drescher, W. J., 1953, Ground-water conditions in artesian

aquifers in Brown County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1190, 49 p. 

Knowles, D. B., Dreher, F. C., and Whetstone, G. W., 1964, Water

resources of the Green Bay area, Wisconsin: U.S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1499-G, p. G1-G67.
KENOSHA 391

Machenthun, D. M., Scott, R. H., and Schraufnagel, F. H., 1958, 

Report on investigation of the East River in the city of Green 

Bay, and vicinity: Wisconsin Comm. Water Pollution, 25 p.

Scott, R. H., Bernauer, G. F., and Machenthun, K. M., 1957, 

Report on investigations of pollution of the lower Fox River: 

Wisconsin Comm. Water Pollution, 47 p.

Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution, 1939, Investigation of 

the pollution of the Fox and East Rivers and of Green Bay in the 

vicinity of the city of Green Bay: Wisconsin Comm. on Water 

Pollution, 242 p.

Kenosha

Area: 273 sq mi. 

Subarea: Kenosha County. 

Population: 114,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water from Lake Michigan is used by approximately 65 percent 

of Kenosha County's population. Municipal utilities pumping 

ground water serve 1 percent of Kenosha County's population, 

and 34 percent of the people use private wells. There is little 

demand for water by self-supplied industries, whereas irrigation 

of truck crops is a developing use of water. Water supplies are 

believed adequate to meet the projected needs through the year 

2000.

Flooding and pollution problems are evident in much of the 

eastern two-thirds of the area where the geologic environment 

provides rapid surface runoff and little or no sustained flow of 

streams.

Ground-water storage is generally declining due to local and 

regional pumpage and little natural recharge. Some wells have 

water-level declines of 5 feet per year.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01

rt

1

Discharge

1

|

3

I* 

O

Peak stage discharge

1

c

Flow durati

1

i>^

u 

c

01

3 

0)

 o 

o 

£

1

Means andtremes o:

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

rt

01

Drainage ar

4

o

Cross-sect

0

"8 

Coefficient roughnes

0

"a!

cd 

"8

i

H

0

en

0,

rt

.5

"H. 

 o

o 

o

e

0

c

Precipitatic

0

tn

-o 

H

0

Contents

0

0

F

irfacenf] 

outflow

0

^

tn

£

§

u

1) 1

cd o

U

0

Siltation

0
392 WISCONSIN

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

Temperatu

0

Specific 

conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

J3 "o 

U

0

o

s

0

>^

Radioactivi

0

TJ "3

K 

a

0

1 

a

0

w

0

S

0

Chemical

 o ^

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

icCommon 

0

Hardness

0

^

rtl

Radiochem

0

S!

Dissolved (

0

tu in 

at

k, 

tu

6

0

6

0

OrganicPesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

0)

s

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

(

Other micorganisn

0

Q 

0

to

0

S

0

Sediment

c

0

Concentrat

0

Particle s

0

c/

6

0

Current projects:

Water resources of southeastern Wisconsin Racine and Kenosha 

Counties.

Water resources of southeastern Wisconsin Fox River basin.

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin RockFox River basins.

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin Lake 

Michigan basin.

References:

Green, J. H., and Hutchinson, R. D., 1965, Ground-water pumpage 

and water-level changes in the Milwaukee-Waukesha area, 

Wisconsin, 1950-61: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1809-1, p. 11-119.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1966, Flood plain information 

report on the Des Plaines River, Illinois and Wisconsin: 

Chicago, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., 36 p.

Madison

Area: 1,197 sq mi. 

Subarea: Dane County. 

Population: 260,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and air-conditioning water supply for the area 

comes from 16 wells in the Cambro-Ordovician aquifer. The 

aquifer is adequate to supply anticipated future water requirements. To date, needs have been met by well spacing within or 

very near the city limits.
MADISON 393

The metropolitan area includes five lakes connected by the 

Yahara River; these lakes receive heavy use for recreation and 

increase land values.

Present water problems include high hardness, an isolated case 

of high iron content of municipal ground water, and eutrophication 

of the lakes.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

01 

M 

rt

6

Discharge

4

o 

C

\

8

u 

o

Peak stge discharge

3

c 

o

Flow durati

2

>^

0 

01

cr

01

T3 

O

_o

1

Means and<tremes o:

3

Runoff

2

Supplementary data

t-,

Ground wat( 

station

0

rt

01

Drainage ar

15

o

Cross-sect

1

"3 r/>

Coefficient roughnes

1

>

(T) 

-w

0)

S

H

0

Ul

o.

rt

.5

^3 "H.

"8

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

Ul 

01 

T3

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface inf]

outflow

0

^

Ul

Change con 

level

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

01

TemperatL

0

Specific conductanc

0

Turbidity

0

"o 

U

0

0

S

0

x

Radioactiv

0

 3

01

K 

a

0

K 

a

0

W

0

t,

o

6

0

Chemical

T3

"o

Dissolved

0

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

0

Ul

S

Common i

0

Hardness

0

OJ

Radiochern

0

e

o

X

Dissolved

0

Ul

t,

01

6

0

01

6

0

Organic

Pesticides

0

Synthetic detergents

0

t-,

5

0

Biological

Coliforms

0

X m P C

Other micorganisr

0

Q 

O DQ

0

j=

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentral

0

01

Particle s

0

o

5

0

Current projects:

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin RockFox River basin.

References:

Cline, Denzel R., 1965, Geology and ground-water resources of 

Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1779-U, p. U1-U64.

 1963, Hydrology of upper Black Earth Creek basin, Wisconsin, with a section on Surface water, by Busby, M. W.: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1669-C, p. C1-C27.
394 WISCONSIN

Milwaukee

Area: 1,030 sq mi.

Subarea: Milwaukee, Waukesha, and Ozaukee Counties.

Population: 1,275,000.

Hydrologic background:

The municipal and industrial water supply for the area comes 

from three principal sources: Lake Michigan, a deep artesian 

sandstone aquifer, and a shallow aquifer of dolomite and glacial 

drift. Inland lakes and streams are not used for supply, except 

that a small amount may be used for irrigation and stock. Lake 

Michigan supplies water for most of the municipalities near the 

lake and within the lake's drainage basin. The deep sandstone 

aquifer is used by industry throughout the area and by municipalities inland from the Lake Michigan drainage divide. The dolomite and glacial drift aquifers supply water for domestic, farm, 

municipal, and industrial use over the entire area.

Major water problems are of two types: increasing pollution of 

surface water and continuing pressure declines in the artesian 

sandstone aquifer. Inland streams and lakes are being adversely 

affected by increasing amounts of municipal and industrial sewage 

being dumped into surface-water bodies that are too small for 

proper dilution of wastes. Also, there is some danger of even 

Lake Michigan being polluted by polluted streams and by municipal sewage discharged into the lake. Heavy municipal and industrial pumpage from the sandstone aquifer has caused large 

artesian-pressure declines near the cities of Milwaukee and 

Waukesha. Also, parts of the sandstone aquifer contain saline 

water that may be migrating toward pumping centers.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

(U 

UO

9

Discharge

7

o

10

IH

O

Peak stage discharge

6

o

"S 

t,

 a 

£

E

2

>^

c

01

tr

01

u

 a

o

2

X *"

and Means tremes o:

6

Runoff

6

Supplementary data

fc,

Ground wat

station

0

«

01

Drainage ar

22

§

u

CU 

CO

CO 

CO

0

v

3

"3 , 

Coefficient roughnes

1

01

R)

 3

5

H

0

CO

a

e

.5 

«s "a

73

O

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

CO 

CU 

73

H

0

Contents

0

o

Surface infl 

outflow

0

^_

CO

c

01

O

o

CU -'

fl

U

0

Siltation

0
RACINE 

WATER QUALITY

395

Types of data

Physical

4)

Temperatur

3

Specific 

conductance

2

Turbidity

1

'o 

U

3

LI

o

S

0

>,

Radioactivi

1

'o!

35 

a

1

35 

a

2

s.

a

0

4)

S

0

Chemical

Ul

T3

?!

Dissolved

3

Chlorides

0

Nutrients

1

in

Common ioi

3

Hardness

3

rt 

u

Radiochemi

X

Dissolved o

4) 

W

rt 

t,

4)

S

0

4)

S

Organic

Pesticides Synthetic detergents

t,

01

S

Biological

Coliforms

0 Ul

Other micorganism

Q 

0

01

S

0

Sediment

o

Concentrati

3

4)

Particle siz

0

t,

S

0

Current project:

Water resources of southeastern Wisconsin Fox River basin.

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin RockFox River basin.

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin Lake 

Michigan basin.

References:

Drescher, W. J., Dreher, F. C., and Brown, P. N., 1953, Water 

resources of the Milwaukee area, Wisconsin: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 247, 42 p.

Foley, F. C., Walton, W. C., and Drescher, W. J., 1953, Groundwater conditions in the Milwaukee-Waukesha area,Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1229, 96 p.

Green, J. H., and Hutchinson, R. D., 1965, Ground-water pumpage 

and water-level changes in the Milwaukee-Waukesha area, 

Wisconsin, 1950 61: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1809-1, p. 11-119.

Ryling, R. W., 1961, A preliminary study of the distribution of 

saline water in the bedrock aquifers of eastern Wisconsin: 

Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. History Survey Inf. Circ. 5, 22 p.

Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, 1966, A 

comprehensive plan for the Root River watershed: Southeastern 

Wisconsin Regional Plan. Comm. Plan. Rept. 9, 285 p.

Racine

Area: 337 sq ml. 

Subarea: Racine County. 

Population: 160,000.

Hydrologic background:

Water from Lake Michigan is used by approximately 75 percent 

of Racine County's population. Municipal utilities pumping ground
396 WISCONSIN

water serve 8 percent of the county's population, and 17 percent 

of the people use private wells. There is little demand for water 

by self-supplied industries, whereas irrigation of truck crops is 

a developing use of water. Water supplies are believed adequate 

to meet the projected needs through the year 2000.

Flooding and pollution problems are evident in much of the 

eastern two-thirds of the area where the geologic environment 

provides rapid surface runoff and little or no sustained flow of 

streams.

Ground-water storage is generally declining due to local and 

regional pumpage and little natural recharge. Some wells have 

water-level declines of five feet per year.

Current data:

SURFACE WATER

Types of data

0)

w> cd y\ i

Discharge

1

1

C

1

1

LI o

Peak stge discharge

1

o

Id

b

 o 

o

e

0

Xu

0)

tr

0)LI

<«H

 o

0

o

E

0

§

X ^

Means andtremes o:

1

Runoff

1

Supplementary data

Ground wat

station

0

cd

0)

Drainage ar

3

o

Cross-sect

0

"3 ,«

Coefficient roughnes

0

0)

cd 

£ "8

0)

g

H

0

<a

Q, cd

.acd "a 

 o 

o 

o

E

0

c

Precipitatic

0

U! 

0) "2

H

0

Contents

0

!

Surface inf]

outflow

0

to

0)

§ 

o

4) i i 

g-gl 

« ^

a

0

Siltation

0

WATER QUALITY

Types of data

Physical

0)

Temperatu

2

Specific conductanc

2

Turbidity

0

& 'o 

U

2

!_ 

O

S

0

>,

Radioactivi

0

T3"cu

 |H

X 

a

0

1

X 

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Current projects:

Water resources of southeastern Wisconsin Racine and Kenosha 

Counties.

Water resources of southeastern Wisconsin Fox River basin.

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin RockFox River basins.
RACINE 397

Inventory of water resources of river basins in Wisconsin Lake 

Michigan basin.

References:

Green, J. H., and Hutchinson, R. D., 1965, Ground-water pumpage 

and water-level changes in the Milwaukee-Waukesha area, 

Wisconsin, 1950-61: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1809-1, p. 11-119.

Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, 1966, 

A comprehensive plan for the Root River watershed: Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Plan. Comm. Plan. Rept. 9, 285 p.

ftU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 397-432