### UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONAGENCY WASHINGTON D.C., 20460


## JUN 05·2014

MEMORANDUM OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION



### SUBJECT: Qualitative Assessment ofBenefits ofTriflumizole and Other Demethylation Inhibiting Fungicides Used on Cherry, Apple, Hazelnut, Grape, Strawberry and Cucurbits
FROM: Leonard Yourman, Plant Pathologist

## ~ Biological Analysis Branch

### ~ 

### v(

THRU: Stephen Smearman, Economist 

# L**~** 

## J Economic Analysis Branch

### ~**~** Rafael Prieto, Environmental Protection Specialist

## ~t[**-~--** 

# ·.**~** Science and Information Analysis Branch P/vt;Vf 

### c.- Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P)
AmetJones, Chief Biological Analysis Branch
Tim Kiely, Chief 

# r<\- Economic Analysis Branch \J

# J

Diann Sims, Chief 

# !{]**~** Science and Information Analysis Branch Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P)
TO: Steven Snyderman, Chemical Review Manager Risk Management and Implementation Branch III Product Reevaluation Division (7508P)
ProductReview Panel: May 28, 2014



### INTRODUCTION
BEAD examined the characteristics and uses oftriflumizole, and by extension some other similar fungicides, to qualitatively assess benefits and overall use patterns. This assessment may be used to provide further information in a refinement ofa risk assessment for triflumizole. BEAD reviewed triflumizole uses oncherry, hazelnut, apple, grape, strawberry, and cucurbits because usageinformation indicated substantial use interms ofpounds and/or acres treated. However, triflumizole has uses on many crops, which were not evaluated.
Triflumizole is a demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicide, sometimes referred to as sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI). All DMI fungicides, are classified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC, 2014) as Group 3 fungicides. Triflumizole is further classified withinthe DMI group as a triazole chemical as are tebuconazole, propiconazole, difenoconazole, and metconazole, among several other similarly grouped fungicides. Group 3 fungicides in general are one ofthe most important group offungicides because oftheir efficacy against economically significantpathogens. They play an integral role as a component ofoverall fungicide application programs that seek to limit the development ofresistance to several different fungicide chemistries, including quinone outside inhibitors (Qol, Group 11, including azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (Group 7, e.g., boscalid, penthiopyrad).
For the crops onwhich triflumizole is commonly used, generally, there are a few to several other DMI fungicides registered for the same use. Because resistance to this group offungicides has developed for some important diseases, use restrictions and recommendations apply to Group 3 fungicides as a whole. Inparticular, there are restrictions or recommendations against numerous sequential applications.
In this assessment BEAD found that extension services recommended fewer applications per season oftriflumizole (and other DMI fungicides) than is allowed bythe labels. BEAD proprietary usage databases showed average usage oftriflumizole to be fewer than two applications per season (from 2008-20012) for apple, hazelnut, cherry, raisin and table grapes, squash, and strawberry. Inaddition, due to fewer applications oftriflumizole and programs to alternate with other fungicide groups, application intervals were longer between applications oftriflumizole (and other DMI fungicides).
For apple, cherry, and strawberry, BEAD found that, in general, the average cost per acre of triflumizole was higher than for other DMI fungicides. Even so, these crops were treated with triflumizole on average at a relatively high percent crop treated, suggesting that growers found benefits that canbe attributed to triflumizole in comparison to other DMI fungicides. BEAD proprietary data indicated that the average use rates (from 2008 to 2012) were onthe upper end of the label rate range for strawberry, squash, hazelnut, and watermelon, in the mid-range oflabel rates for cherry, grape and cucumber, and at the lower end ofthe label rate range for apple.

COMPARISON OF DMI FUNGICIDES Powdery mildew is an important disease ofapple, cherry, grape, strawberry, and cucurbits (cantaloupe, squash, and watermelon). Eastern Filbert Blight is the most important disease in the production ofhazelnuts. BEAD searched a proprietary database for data on managing powdery mildew and eastern filbert blight and compared the rates, preharvest intervals (PHI) and the seasonal maximum number ofpounds ofactive ingredient that can be applied for the listed DMI fungicides in the tables below. BEAD also comparedthe costs ofseveral DMI fungicides registered for use onthe crops presented below. The tables include the total per acre costs to illustrate the difference incost between selected DMI fungicides that can be used onthe crops to control either powdery mildew or eastern filbert blight. Comparing the cost can provide some indication ofvalue to growers ofthe use oftriflumizole. For example, for apple, cherry, and strawberry the cost ofper acre oftriflumizole 2treatments tended to be higher thantreatments with otherDMI fungicides, yet the percent crop treated withtriflumizole for these crops was substantial (on average, 25% crop treated for each crop). Therefore, it is likely that some attribute(s) were valued bythe user in choosing a more costly treatment.

APPLE
The diseases for which triflumizole is labeled are apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha). Pathogens causing both diseases are known to have developed resistance to DMI fungicides in some apple-growing areas, such as New York and California. In the Midwest, extension services issued an alert: "The development ofstrains ofthe apple scab fungus with resistance to the sterol inhibiting or DMI.

..has become a serious problem inthe last few years in several regions ofthe Midwest. Five orchards tested for resistance in Ohio in 2005 and two orchards in Wisconsin all had very high levels ofresistance" (Midwest, 2014). Alternating fungicides with different chemistries, therefore, is considered a good managementpractice. Preventing pathogens from infecting plants (e.g., fungicide applications prior to the presence ofthe pathogen) is always more effective than attempting to cure a plant after infection. However, certain fungicide groups, such as DMI fungicides, have "kickback"properties and may provide some curative activity. For apple scab (in locations where there is no history ofresistance) or where powdery mildew is prevalent a higher use rate ofDMI fungicides is used. Application intervals may depend on scab and powdery mildew disease pressure. Effective disease management relies onpreventing infection in the spring. Both diseases would likely be treated concurrently with the same applications, as opposed to independent treatments. For resistance management as well as disease management a seasonal maximum would be two applications. Intervals could be 28 days, but depending onthe spray schedule (and disease pressure) there might be conditions for a 14 day interval, followed by alternating different chemistries. PHI vary among registered Group 3 fungicides (Table 1) and may be a factor inthe choice ofa fungicide depending onhow late inthe seasonthere are disease concerns. The average percent apple crop treated was 25% from 2004 to 2011 (BEAD, 2013), while the costto treat with triflumizole was $10-21 per acre higher than for other registered DMI fungicides. This likely indicates a benefitplaced on triflumizole use in choosing a more expensive treatment.

Apple Scab Fungicide applications begin inthe spring during wetperiods beginning at blossom green tip growth stage until petal fall. Several different chemistries are available for alternating, with a total offour to six applications and no more thantwo (possibly three) applications ofa Group 3 fungicide (primarily dependent on spring wetness). Athigher rates Group 3 fungicides (as with some otherfungicide groups) canprovide curative activity, whenthere is highdisease pressure. Forresistance management, applications ofany Group 3 fungicide (Table 1) can be limited to no more than two or three times per season, generally at 28 day intervals (e.g., NC, 2014). Powdery mildew Powderymildew is managed bypruning affected tips in early spring and applying various fungicides to reduce inoculum. Several Group 3 fungicides are available (Table 1) as well as fungicides of other modes ofaction. Applications maybe made atpetal fall and first cover (inNew York around 3May 18-May 29) (Cox, 2007). DMI fungicides and Qoi fungicides performed similarly such that there might be one ortwo applications ofa DMI fungicide, such as triflumizole. Rotational programs involving DMI fungicides followed by Qoi fungicides were as effective as DMI-only programs and can help manage the development ofresistance to both fungicide groups. They have provided good commercial control during the susceptible five weekperiod

. Like managing apple scab, powdery mildewcan be managed with a fungicide rotation programthat could include two applications ofa DMI fungicide such as triflumizole at 28 day intervals.
Table 1. DMI (Group 3) fungicides registered for use on apple trees. Active A.I.- High Label PHI (days) Max/season Average Cost 2 Ingredient Rate1 (lb/acre) (lb/acre) perAcre($) Triflumizole 0

.50 14 2.0 28 Difenoconazole 0

.073 72 0.33 7 Fenarimol 0

.094 30 0.657 18 Flutriafol 0.106 14 0.423 13 Myclobutanil 0.25 14 2.0 18 Tebuconazole 0

.225 75 1.35 7 Triadimefon 0

.25 45 0.75 13 1 Only the highest label rate is listed in the table

. A rate range was indicated on product labels; Generally, the highest label rate was double the low rate listed on the labels. 2 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008 -2012 3 Must also add 0.07 lb cyprodinil per acre, according to the label.



### CHERRY Althoughproduct labels suggest a possible six applications oftriflumizole (and other DMI fungicides), extension information indicates acceptable results from one ortwo applications, or up to three under extreme disease pressure conditions. This is primarily because the important cherry pathogens causing powdery mildew (Podosphaera clandestina) and cherry leafspot (Blumeriella jaapii) are known to have developed resistance to DMI fungicides (as well as to other fungicide groups). There was no differentiation ofefficacy among individual fungicides, rather recommendations were for use ofa Group 3 fungicide. However, the average percent cherry crop treated was 25% from 2004 to 2011 (BEAD, 2013) and the costto treat with triflumizole was $6-20 per acre higher than for other registered DMI fungicides. This suggests some benefit attributed specifically to triflumizole, in spite ofhigher costs per acre (Table 2).
Differentproduction regions may have different cherry cultivars and different disease pressure and disease pressure varies from year to year-therefore, one region may not use a Group 3 fungicide and another mayneed two orthree applications depending onneeds for individual years. PHI for registered Group 3 fungicides vary slightly, but are relatively short. However, there may be situations where PHI is factored into the choice for use ofan individual fungicide late inthe season (Table 2).
Tart Cherry (Michigan) Powdery mildew (Sundin, 2013a) and cherry leafspot (Sundin, 2013b) are the two major diseases of tart cherry in Michigan. Michigan State University extension information indicates that Group 3 fungicides are not the primary fungicide group used against either disease due to lower efficacy and resistance development. Extensionrecommended newer succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI)

4fungicides (Group 7) and trifloxystrobin (Group 11) rather than DMI fungicides although there is a concern for resistance development withthese other fungicide groups as well. Ifresistance develops significantly to Group 7 or 11, DMI fungicides may be considered useful.
Sweet Cherry Powdery mildew is an important disease ofsweet cherries in Washington. The DMI fungicides were routinely used to manage the disease in orchards and nurseries beginning in the late 1980s (Grove, 2000). These fungicides became the primary fungicides used for managing powdery mildew in Washington. Up to eight applications at 10- to 14-day intervals were routinely made when disease pressure was severe. According to Grove (2000) the first reports ofDMI-related control failures occurred in the mid-1990s. Fungicide alternation programs consisting ofone ortwo early spray oil applications followed by strobilurin and DMI treatments at 14-day intervals provided disease control superior to that obtained with DMI fungicides used alone. Using this approach, the number of applications ofDMI or strobilurin fungicides was limited to no more than two per season, which conforms to the fungicide resistance management guidelines developed by FRAC. Washington State University guidelines for powdery mildew oneastern Washington cherry is that Group 3 fungicides "should be applied no more than 3 times per season and no more than twice in sequence" (WSU, 2013). Some recommendations are more conservative with regard to resistance management in that no more than two applications ofany mode ofaction be applied per season and there should be no sequential applications (Grove, 2010). California (UC-Cherry, 2013) guidelines for powdery mildew management state "do notuse the same fungicide or fungicides with similar chemistry more than twice in one year, to reduce the potential for the development ofresistance bythe pathogen to the fungicide." For midwestern state cherry growers, recommendations for managing cherry leaf spot included a total ofseven fungicide applications, ofwhichonly one was a DMI fungicide (Midwest, 2014). Generally, due to recommendations offewer applications than labels allow, intervals between applications oftriflumizole and other DMI fungicides would increase, likely to greater than 28 days.
Table 2. DMI (Group 3) fungicides registered for use on cherry trees. Active A.I.- High PHI Max/season Average Cost2 Ingredient Label Rate1 (days) (lb/acre) perAcre($) (lb/acre) Triflumizole 0.50 I 3.0 33 Fenarimol 0.094 0 0.28 22 Flutriafol 0.114 7 0.455 N/R* Metconazole 0.125 14 0.375 27 Myclobutanil 0.15 0 1.3 20 Propiconazole 0.113 0 0.56 13 Tebuconazole 0.225 0 1.35 18 1 Only the highest label rate is listed inthe table. A rate range was indicated onproduct labels; Generally, the highest label rate was double the lowrate listed onthe labels. 2 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008 -2012 *No use was reported, therefore cost was not available.



### HAZELNUT (FILBERT)
Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB) is the most important disease ofhazelnuts. Fungicide programs for its control have been well established and include one ortwo applications ofa DMI fungicide alternating with other fungicide modes ofaction. Oregon State University Extension recommends a 

### 5program to alternate fungicides by modes ofaction. A total offour applications offungicides are recommended with applications beginning inthe spring at bud break (PNW, 2014; Pscheidt, 2013). Fungicide applications are made two weeks apart for eight weeks (thus, four applications). A Group 3 fungicide (Table 3) could be applied one ortwo times. Oregon research indicates that one ortwo applications ofchlorothalonil followed by one or two ofa Group 3 fungicide provided 97% control (OSU, 2013). Alternating fungicides with different modes ofaction has been effective to manage EFB. According to Oregon State University they have not determined that any one strategy for alternating fungicides is better than any other strategy (Pscheidt, 2013). Offour fungicide groups available extension recommended that the first application be chlorothalonil (Group M5) followed by a Group 3 or 11 (Qoi, e.g., azoxystrobin) fungicide. Each ofthe next two applications would be different from the previous one. An exampleprovided by extension would be a first application of chlorothalonil at bud break, followed bytrifloxystrobin (Group 11) two weeks later, then propiconazole (Group 3) two weeks after that and ending with pyraclostrobin (Group 11). PHI for registered Group 3 fungicides differ (Table 3) although given the spring applications the effect on harvest may be minimal. Intervals between applications ofa DMI fungicide may be 28 days. While used only once ortwice per season to manage EFB, DMI fungicides appear to be an important component ofthe overall fungicide program for both disease control and resistance management. The cost to treat with triflumizole was similar to propiconazole ortebuconazole. Metconazole was substantially more per acre than other DMI fungicides that were examined. On average 5 percent of the hazelnut crops were treated withtriflumizole between 2004 and 2011 (BEAD, 2013). The low percent crop treated mightbe attributed to the various other fungicides available for the fourfungicide spray program that mightbe preferable with anunknown characteristic.
Table 3. DMI (Group 3) fungicides registered for managing eastern filbert blight onhazelnut trees. A.I.- High PHI Max/season Average Active Ingredient Label Rate1 (days) (lb/acre) Cost1 per (lb/acre) Acre($) Triflumizole 0.188 18 0.75 18 Difenoconazole (premix 0.1153 45 0.46 NIR"' w/azoxystrobin)_

Metconazole 0.11 25 0.438 32 Propiconazole 0.225 60 0.9 14 Tebuconazole 0.225 36 0.9 18 1 Only the highest label rate is listed in the table. A rate range was indicated onproduct labels; Generally, the highest label rate was double the low rate listed on the labels. 2 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008 -2012 3 Difenoconazole rate. • No use was reported, therefore cost was not available.



### GRAPE Powdery mildew can be a problem in grapes where there is unusually wet spring weather. DMI fungicides (Table 4) as well as several other fungicides with different modes ofaction are registered to manage powdery mildew 

### (Erysiphe necator) on grape (e.g., UC-Grape, 2014). In California, Group 3 fungicides were recommended at 21 day intervals except in epidemic conditions where 10- 14 day intervals are recommended. No more than two sequential applications were recommended. Atthe high use rate four applications per season would be allowed. Except with epidemic pressure, a Group 3 fungicide mightbe used after 21 day or a fungicide with another mode ofaction canbe 6used. Inthe latter case, application ofa Group 3 fungicide would not occur earlier than 42 day after the first. Washington State University Extensionrecommended no more than three applications ofa Group 3 fungicide per season and not more than two sequential applications (WSU, 2012a; WSU, 2012b). One product label for tetraconazole limits applications to three per season.
PHI varies among registered Group 3 fungicides and might be a factor in the fungicide choice. Approximately 5 percent ofthe grape crops were treated with triflumizole between 2004 and 2011 (BEAD, 2013). Costs oftreating with DMI fungicides were similar. The lowpercent crop treated suggests that there are otherpreferable treatments available, or powdery mildew may not be a problem currently, for example, due to dry conditions in California inrecent years,.

Table 4. DMI (Group 3) fungicides registered for use on grapevines. Active A.I.- High LabelRate1 PHI (days) Max/season Average Costl Instredient (lb/acre) (lb/acre) per Acre($) Triflumizole 0

.25 7 1

.0 18 Fenarimol 0

.05 21 0

. 15 13 Myclobutanil 0.125 14 0

.6 NIR* Tebuconazole 0.113 14 0.9 18 Tetraconazole 0.04 14 0.08 NIR* Triadimefon2 0

. 1875 14 0.56 NIR* 1 Only the highest label rate is listed in the table. A rate range was indicated on product labels; Generally, the highest label rate was double the low rate listed onthe labels. 2Notrecommended byMidwestern extension services (UKY, 2014; http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/ ext files/PPFShtml/ID-94.pdf) 3 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008 -2012 *No use was reported, therefore cost was not available.

STRAWBERRY Powdery mildew 

### (Sphaerotheca macularis) can be managed by alternating DMI fungicides with fungicides ofdifferent modes ofaction (UC-Strawberry, 2008). Californiarecommendations for powdery mildew control are one fungicide application one month after planting and again 30 days later. In the eastern U.S. powdery mildew may be a concern in the spring and might warrant alternating quinoxyfen, a Qoi fungicide (Group 11), and a Group 3 fungicide (MD, 2013). For powdery mildew on strawberry a Group 3 fungicide can be applied two to three times at 28-42 day intervals, depending onthe designated spray schedule. Approximately 25 percent ofthe strawberry crops were treated withtriflumizole between 2004 and 2011 (BEAD, 2013). Costs oftreating with DMI fungicides were $7-14 per acre higher for triflumizole than for some other DMI fungicides. The relatively highpercent crop treated and the higher costper acre indicates a possible advantage in using triflumizole as opposedto otherDMI fungicides.

7Table 5. DMI (Group 3) fungicides registered for use on strawberry. Active A.I.- High Label PHI (days) Max/season Average Cost2 Ingredient Rate (lb/acre) (lb/acre) perAcre (_$}_ Triflumizole 0

.25 1 0.75 24 Myclobutanil 0.125 0 0.75 17 Propiconazole 0

. 113 0 0.45 10 Tetraconazole 0

.04 0 0.16 N/R* 1 Only the highest label rate is listed in the table. A rate range was indicated on product labels; Generally, the highest label rate was double the low rate listed on the labels. 2 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008 -2012 

### *No use was reported, therefore cost was not available.

CUCURBITS Triflumizole, myclobutanil, and tebuconazole are the common Group 3 fungicides (Table 6) used for managing powdery mildew 

### (Sphaerothecafuliginea) on cucurbit crops. Powdery mildew affects all cucurbits but, generally, has impacted watermelon least (UC-Cucurbits, 2012). Approximately 5 percent ofthewatermelon crops were treated with triflumizole between 2004 and 2011 (BEAD, 2013). However, inrecent years the incidence ofpowdery mildew on watermelon has increased in the eastern U.S. (Everts, 2011). Where confirmed on watermelon, a DMI fungicide is recommended mixed with chlorothalonil and alternated with quinoxyfen 

### + chlorothalonil. An additional application may be necessary ifinfection is severe. Thus, one or two applications ofa Group 3 fungicide canbe used for powdery mildew control. In Florida, failure to manage powdery mildew on cucumber and squash canhave economic impacts (Nufiez-Palenius et al., 2012). Group 3 fungicides may notbe the most effective group offungicides for powdery mildew on cucurbits, but they can play a role in a resistance management program that includes other modes of action (NJ, 2013). Cultivars with tolerance to powdery mildew pathogens may be available for melons and squash and may reduce the incidence ofthe disease. Resistance by powdery mildew pathogens to Group 3 fungicides is known in the eastern U.S. (MD, 2013). Where melon pathogens remain sensitive Group 3 fungicides are alternated with two othermodes ofaction from mid-July to September. Two orthree applications ofGroup 3 fungicides can be alternated with other modes of action. Effective application intervals could be 21-28 days or longer. Costs oftreating with DMI fungicides were somewhathigher for triflumizole (Table 6). The lowpercent crop treated may indicate that powdery mildew is generally not a majorproblem orthat there are effective alternatives that are more often used.
Table 6. DMI**(Grou~**

### 3)fungicides registered for use on cucurbits. Active A.I.- High Label Max/season Average PHI (days) Cost2 per Ingredient Rate (lb/acre) (lb/acre) Acre($) Tri/lumizole 0.25 0 1.25 21 Myclobutanil 0.125 0 0.6 16 Tebuconazole 0.225 7 0.675 5 1 Only the highest label rate is listed in the table. A rate range was indicated on product labels; Generally, the highest label rate was double the low rate listed on the labels. 2 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008 -2012



### 8CONCLUSION
BEAD reviewed use patterns for triflumizole and other Group 3 fungicides for selected crops and important target diseases. BEAD found that extension services recommended fewer applications per season oftriflumizole (and otherDMI fungicides) than is allowed bythe labels. BEAD proprietary usage databases showed average usage oftriflumizole to be fewer thantwo applications per season (from 2008-20012) for apple, hazelnut, cherry, raisin and table grapes, squash, and strawberry. In addition, due to fewer applications oftriflumizole and programs to alternate with other fungicide groups, application intervals were longerbetween applications oftriflumizole (and otherDMI fungicides). However, as an "average" number indicates, there may be conditions, such as high disease pressure, where more thantwo applications or shorterintervals mightbe used and warranted.
For apple, cherry, and strawberry, BEAD found that, in general, the average costper acre of triflumizole was higher than for otherDMI fungicides. Even so, these crops each averaged 25 percent crop treated, suggestingthatbenefits canbe attributed to triflumizole in comparisonto other DMI fungicides. A decision to use triflumizole may depend on greater efficacy against a specific disease on a particular crop, orpossibly differences inplantbackrestrictions for rotational crops (not evaluated here), differences in PHI, product distribution availability, etc. Forhazelnut, grape, and cucurbits the lowpercent crop treated and relatively similar costs ofDMI fungicides may indicate that triflumizole, or DMI fungicides in general, are either not instrumental in disease management (possibly due to alternative methods ofdisease control) orthatthe target diseases have not been a concern for growers in recent years.
BEAD proprietary data indicated that the average use rates (from 2008 to 2012) were onthe upper end ofthe label rate range for strawberry, squash, hazelnut, and watermelon, inthe mid-range of label rates for cherry, grape and cucumber, and atthe lower end ofthe label rate range for apple.
Not all Group 3 alternative fungicides orproducts were considered here, nor were all labeled target diseases. Many disease management recommendations for DMI fungicides were as a group such that recommendations for sprayprograms suggested "Group 3 fungicides" rather than individual active ingredients. Forthe scenarios examined by BEADthere are alternative DMI fungicides from which growers may choose. While BEAD did not find information attesting to substantially different efficacy for triflumizole compared to other DMI fungicides, it is possible for specific crops and diseases that there would be efficacy differences among DMI fungicides and, therefore, a reason to choose one versus another DMI fungicide. The higher costper acre for triflumizole for some crops and relatively high percent crop treated indicates benefits that maybe specific for triflumizole.

REFERENCES
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FRAC. 2014. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee Code List: Fungicides Sorted byMode of Action. http://www.frac.info/publication/anhang/2014%20FRAC%20Code%20List.pdf Grove, G. G. 2010. Powdery Mildews-General Biology. Presentation. http://www.utahhort.org/talks/201 0/Grove USHA20 1 O.pdf Grove, G. G. 2000. Managing powdery mildew ofcherry inWashington orchards and nurseries with spray oils. Plant Health Progress, July 28, 2000. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/research/sprayoil/
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Midwest. 2014. Midwest Tree Fruit Spray Guide. Consortium ofstate extension. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/publications/pm 1282.pdf
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NJ. 2013.2013 Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for Cucurbit Downy Mildew and Powdery Mildew Contol in the mid-Atlantic & Northeast Regions ofthe United States. Rutgers University. http:/ /plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/20 13/06/20 13-FRACguidelines-for-CDM-and-PM FINAL-mtm.pdf Nufiez-Palenius, H. G., Hopkins, D. and Cantliffe, D. J. 2012. Powdery Mildew ofCucurbits in Florida. University ofFlorida Extension Publ. HS1067. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs321
OSU. 2013. Eastern Filbert Blight-Tables ofRegistered Material. Oregon State University Extension. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/epp/EFB/management /applytables.htm#table4
PNW. 2014. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana)-EasternFilbertBlight. Pacific Northwest PlantDisease Mangment Handbook. http:/ /pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/hazelnut-corylus-avellana-easternfilbert-blight Pscheidt, J. W. 2013. Strategies for using fungicides for management ofeastern filbert blight. Oregon State University Extension. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/epp/EFB/management/applyintro.htm Sundin, G. 2013a. Controlling powdery mildew in

### tart cherry orchards. Michigan State University Extension. http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/controlling powdery mildew in tart cherry orchards 10

### Sundin, G. 2013b. Fungicide considerations for cherry leafspot control at first cover. Michigan State University Extension. http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/fungicide considerations for cherry leaf spot control at first cove ! 

### UC-Cherry. 2013. University ofCalifornia Pest Management Guidelines-Cherry: Powdery Mildew. http://www.ipm

.ucdavis.edu/PMG/rl05100411.html
UC-Cucurbits. 2012. University ofCalifornia Pest Management Guidelines-Cucurbits: Powdery Mildew. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r116100711.html UC-Grape. 2014. University ofCalifornia Pest Management Guidelines-Grape: Powdery Mildew. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r30210031l.html UC-Strawberry. 2008. University ofCalifornia Pest Management Guidelines-Strawberry: Powdery Mildew. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r734100711.html
UKY. 2014. Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide. Consortium ofMidwest University Extension Services, OSU Bulletin 861. http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/ext files/PPFShtml/ID-94.pdf
WSU. 2012a. Powdery Mildew in Western Washington Commercial Grape Production: Biology and Disease Management. Washington State University Extension Publ. EM059E. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM059E /EM059E.pdf
WSU. 2013. Powdery mildew ofcherry: Newfungicide tools and resistance management guidelines. Washington State University Extension, April!, 2013. http:/ ldas.wsu.edu/news/story/2013/04/01 /Powdery Mildew of Cherry New Fungicide Tools and Resistance Management Guidelines
WSU. 2012b. Powdery Mildew in Eastern Washington Commercial Grape Production: Biology and Disease Management. Washington State University Extension Publ. EM058E. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EM058E/EM058E.pdf

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