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( O pi ni on fi l ed: J une 15, 2009) J eff r eyM . D avi ds on, E s qui r e ( A r gued) C ovi ngt on & B ur l i ng O ne Fr ontSt r eet San Fr anci s co, C A 94111 E ll iot Sc h u lder, E sq u ir e C ovi ngt on & B ur l i ngD efe ndant s i ncl ude: J ohn L amanna, W ar den; D ebor ah For s yth, Super i nt endentof 1 In d u strie s f

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N ar cot i cs , 403 U . S. 388 2 (19 7 1 ). 3 1 2 0 1 P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e , N . W. W as hi ngt on, D . C . 20004- 0000 C o u n se l f

o r A p p e llan ts M aryB eth B uchana n U ni t ed St at es A t t orney D onovan J . C ocas ( A r gued) A s s i s t antU . S. A t t orney R o b ert L . E b erh ard t, E sq u ir e R eb ec ca R . H ay w o o d , E sq u ir e M icha el C . C o lvil le, E sq u ir e O ffi ce of the U ni t ed St at es A t t orney 700 G r antSt r eet , Sui t e 4000 Pi t t s bur gh, PA 15219- 0000 C ouns el forA ppel l ees OP I NI ON A M B R O , C i r cui tJ udge A ppel l ant s M yr on W ar d, K ennyH i l l , and Lesl i e K el l yar e form erpr i s oner s att he Feder al C orr ect i onal I ns t i tut e- M cK ean ( FC I - M cK ean) , l ocat ed i n Penns y l vani a. T hey fi l ed an Ei ghth A m endmentcl ai m agai ns ts ever al m ember s of the pr i s on’ s s t aff for 1 e x p o s u re to a n u n re a s o n a b le ri s k o f s e ri o u s h a rm f

ro m w o rk in g in th e p ri s o n ’s f a c to ry. T he D i stri ctC ou rtdis m i ssed this B i vens act i on on s um m aryj udgm ent , and the i nm at es 2T hi s cas e bega n as s epar at e pr o s e act i ons i n the D i s tr i ctC our t . T he C our tappoi nt ed 3 c o u n se l an d c o n so lid a ted th e c a se s. T w o in m a tes w h o a lso f iled c a se s d id n o t jo in th is a p p e a l. T h e D istric t C o u rt h a d ju risd ictio n u n d e r 2 8 U .S .C . § 1 3 3 1 . W e h a v e a p p e llate j ur i s di ct i on under28 U . S. C . § 1291. A p p e llan ts’ c o u n se l to o k th is a p p e a l pr o bono , an d w e a p p re c iate th e q u a lityo f th e ir 4 effo rt s. T hese t w o p roducts are the b asi s for the E i gh th A m end m ent cl ai m , bu tA pp el l ants ’ 5 br i ef a nd couns el ’ s pr es ent at i on dur i ng or al ar gum entfocus ed on the unr eas onabl e r i s k of s er i ous harm cr eat ed byM i cor e B oar d dus t . W e l i m i tourdi s cus s i on t o thi s pr oductas w e ll. T o th e e x ten t ar g u m e n ts re late d to e x p o su re to a n u n re a so n a b le r isk f ro m L o c k w e ld G l ue, an i ndus tr i al adhes i ve, w er e r ai s ed, ther e ar e no di s put ed i s s ues of m at er i al fac t , and the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s gr antof s um m aryj udgm entw as appr opr i at e. 4 a p p e a led . W e a f

f irm th e D istric t C o u rt. 3 Si nce w e w r i t e pr i m ar i l yforthe part i es w ho ar e fa m i l i arw i th the fa ct s and pr ocedur al pos tur e of thi s cas e, w e pr ovi de onl ythos e fa ct s thatar e pert i nentt o r es ol vi ng th e a rg u m e n ts o n a p p e a l. 4 W hi l e i ncar cer at ed atFC I - M cK ean i n the ea r l y2000s , A ppel l ant s w or ked atthe p ri so n fa ctory . A t th at t im e, th e f ac torym an u fa cture d fu rnitu re c o m p o n en ts. M icore B oar d and Lockw el d G l ue w er e us ed i n the manufactur i ng pr oces s , and the fa ct oryhad 5 a n e x t e n s i v e d u s tc o l l e c t i o n a n d v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m. M icore B o ard is a syn thetic su b sti tute fo r pa rt icl e b o ard . Inm ates c u t th e b o ard u sing the f

ac tory ’s m ac h inery . T h is pro ce ss p rod u ce d a w h it e d u st. T h e m an u fa cture r’s w arni ng s t at es : “D us thaza r d. . . . D o notcutw i th pow erequi pm entunl es s a dus tcol l ect or is u se d o n th e e q u ip m e n t o r lo c a l ex h a u st is u se d a n d a [ n a p p ro v e d ] re sp ira to r is w orn. . . . W earey e and s ki n pr ot ect i on. ” M i cor e B oar d’ s M at er i al SafetyD at a SheetO SH A not i fi ed the pr i s on of the anonym ous compl ai nton A pr i l 15, 2003. A ccor di ng 6 t o the O SH A compl i ance offi cer ’ s aff i davi t , pr i ornot i fi cat i on i s comm on pr act i ce w hen an i nves t i gat i on i nvol ves a pr i s on. T he O SH A compl i ance offi cer ’ s fi r s ts i t e vi s i tt o the fac t oryoccurr ed on A pr i l 16, onl yone dayaft erthe not i fi cat i on. 5 s i m i l ar l yi ndi cat es : “I f cutt i ng ortr i m m i ng w i th pow erequi pm ent [, ] dus tcol l ect or s and l ocal vent i l at i on m us tbe us ed. ” “W hen pane l s ar e cutortr i m m ed, es peci al l yw i th pow er t ool s , the r es ul t i ng dus tm aycaus e tr ans i t orym echa ni cal i rr i t at i on t o s ki n, ey es , or r es pi r at orytr act , ” and w i th “s us t ai ned hi gh l evel expos ur e” r i s ks i ncl ude l ung di s eas e or canc er . I tal s o s t at es thatr es pi r at orypr ot ect i on i s “[n] ottypi cal l ynece s s aryundernor m al c o n d iti o n s o f

u se ,” b u t re c o m m e n d s th a t w o rk e rs w e a r a “ d u st re sp ira to r in p o o rly vent i l at ed ar eas . . . and/ orw hen dus tycondi t i ons exi s t . ” I n 2 0 0 1 a n d 2 0 0 3 th e Oc c u p a t i o n a l S a f e tya n d He a l th Ad mi n i s tr a t i o n ( OS HA) recei ved three ano ny m ou s com plai nts regar ding t he fa ct ory ’s w orki ng con dit i on s, p ri m aril yrelated to air qu ali ty . T h e re su lt s o f th e inv esti g ati o n s are p art of the s u m m ary j udgm entr ecor d. I n 2001, O SH A decl i ned t o i nves t i gat e, butr ecomm ended thatthe p r i s o n v o l u n t a r i l yc o n d u c ta i rq u a l i tyt e s t i n g wi th i n a n a p p r o x i ma t e l yo n e - mo n th t i me per i od. W i thi n t he O SH A t i m e fr ame, the pr i s on hi r ed a pr i vat e companyand conduc t ed the tes t i ng . T he 2 00 1 airqu al i tyt estres ult s al l regi st ered w i thin O S H A ’s regul at i on s. I n A pr i l 2003, O SH A conduct ed an on- s i t e i nves t i gat i on. T he O SH A compl i ance 6 o ff icer v isi ted th e p ri so n fa ctoryat l ea st five tim es b etw ee n A p ri l and A u g u st of that y ea r, vi deot aped hi s obs ervat i ons , and conduc t ed ai rqual i tyt es t i ng. I n an af fi davi t , the com pli ance o ffi cer s t at ed that , throug ho ut hi s i nv est i gati on , he d i d n ot s ee si gn i fi cant dustT hes e r ecomm endat i ons r el at ed pr i m ar i l yt o ai rqual i ty : ( 1) el i m i nat e us e of s hop vacs 7 forbl ow i ng dus toff c l othes and s ur fac es ; ( 2) us e the ava i l abl e cove r al l s and pr ovi de t i ght - fi t t i ng goggl es and caps t o keep dus toutof w or ker ’ s ey es and hai r ; ( 3) have resp ir ators a v ail ab le an d tr ain p erso n n el i n their use ; ( 4 ) eli m inate the p rac ti ce o f w o rke rs th ro w in g sc ra p m a ter ial in to a n o p e n d u m p ste r th a t g e n e ra tes d u st (in ste a d , u se a tig h tfi t t i ng l i d and an ope n rubberfl ap) ; ( 5) us e l ong- hel d s anderr atherthan abr as i ve pad on bo ards; (6) trai n p ers on nel on i nfo rm at i on con t ai ned i n the M at eri al S afet yD at a S heets ; a n d (7 ) m a k e su re p e rso n n e l m a in tain p e rso n a l h y g ien e , cle a n in g h a n d s a n d sk in thor oughl ybefor e ea t i ng, s m oki ng, and dr i nki ng. A ccor di ng t o the pr i s on offi ci al s and a let ter t o O S H A , theyim p lem en ted a ll the s u g g ested co rrecti o n s (th o u g h so m e too k m o re t i m e than other s ) . T her e i s no evi dence t o s ugges totherw i s e. 6 gener at i on oracc um ul at i on, or“anys i gns thata cl oud of dus thad exi s t ed and be en s ubs equent l yr emoved pr i ort o m yarr i val . ” Ther e w er e “s m al l l ay er s of dus t[ ] found on var i ous s ur fac es , ” but“i tappea r ed thatm os tgener at ed dus tw as exhaus t ed bythe vent i l at i on s y s t em and r emoved t hr ough ductw or k t o an out s i de r epos i t ory . ” H e not ed th a ts e v e r a l i n ma t e work e r s “ e x p r e s s e d c o n c e rn a b o u tth e d u s ti n th e f a c t o ry . ” To conductthe ai rqual i tyt es t i ng, O SH A obt ai ned ai rs ampl es thr oughoutthe fa ct oryand per s onal s ampl es fr om s ever al i nm at es i nvol ved i n w or ki ng w i th M i cor e B oar d. O H S A c lo se d th e c a se in A u g u st 2 0 0 3 . N o c itatio n s w e re n o ted re g a rd in g a ir qual i tybeca us e the t es tr es ul t s i ndi cat ed that“w or kerexpos ur es t o s i l i ca dus tand other b yp r o d u c t s o f

M i c o r e [ B] o a r d d i d n o te x c e e d 1 0 % o f a l l o wa b l e l e v e l s . ” Ho we v e r , OS HA m ade appr oxi m at el ys even r ecomm endat i ons thatw er e “pr i m ar i l ydes i gned t o r educe w orker contactw i th an yun avo i dab l e du stw hich m ayhav e been gen erat ed. ” Ital so 7 i s s ued a f

or m al “N ot i ce of

U ns afe orU nheal thful W or ki ng C ondi t i ons , ” butnone of the “S eri ou s” vi olat i on s r el at ed to the fa ct ory ’s ai r qual i ty . O ne “o ther than S eri ou s” vi ol at i on pert ai ned t o t he l ack of tr ai ni ng, i ncl udi ng forus e of M i cor e B oar d and7

L ock w el d G l ue. T he p ri son o ffi ci al s corr ect ed all the cit ed v i olat i on s ( e. g. , fi re hazards, ch em ical st o rag e, electri ca l, labe li n g ). I. W e re v iew a g ra n t o f

su m m a ryju d g m e n t de novo , us i ng the s ame st andar ds as t he D is tr ic t C o u rt d id h e re . Jaki m as v. H of f m ann- LaR oche, I

nc. , 4 8 5 F . 3 d 7 7 0 , 7 7 7 (3d C ir . 2007) . W e vi ew the fa ct s i n a l i ghtm os tfavor abl e t o the nonmovi ng party , and appl yt he s a m e s ta n d a rd th a t g u id e s d is tr ic t c o u rt s . Id .; E rie T e lec o m m s. In c . v. C ity o f E rie , 853 F . 2 d 1 0 8 4 , 1 0 9 3 (3d C ir . 1 9 8 8 ). U n d er tha t st an d ard , a p artyis en ti tl ed to su m m ary j udgm entonl y“i f the pl eadi ngs , the di s coveryand di s cl os ur e mat er i al s on fi l e, and any aff i davi t s [, ] s how thatther e i s no genui ne i s s ue as t o anym at er i al fac tand thatthe m o v an t i s en ti tl ed to jud g m en t as a m att er o f law . ” F ed . R . C iv. P. 56 (c).

“ A p riso n o f

f icia l’s ‘d e lib e ra te in d if

f e re n c e ’ to a su b sta n tial risk o f se rio u s h a rm to an i nm at e vi ol at es the Ei ghth A m endment . ” Far m erv. B r ennan , 511 U . S. 825, 828 ( 1994) ( ci t i ng Hel l i ng v. McK i nney , 509 U . S. 25 ( 1993) ) . T hi s cl ai m has an obj ect i ve and a s ubj ect i ve el ement . T o s at i s fythe obj ect i ve partof the ana l y s i s , the i nm at es m us ts how th a t th e e n v iro n m e n tal h a z a rd p o se d a n u n re a so n a b le o r su b sta n tial risk o f se rio u s h a rm to th e irh e a lth . Hel l i ng , 509 U . S. at35. A nd t o m eetthe s ubj ect i ve part , theym us ts how t he p ri s o n o f f ic ia ls e x p o s e d th e m to th a t r is k w ith d e lib e ra te in d if f e re n c e . Id . II. E ven w hen vi ew i ng the fa ct s i n the l i ghtm os tfavor abl e t o the pl ai nt i ffs , theyT hus , w e nee d notr eac h t he obj ect i ve el ementof the t es ther e. 8 A ppel l ant s s ugges tw e make s ever al i nfer ence s i n thei rfavor . T hes e i nfer ence s need 9 notbe di s cus s ed bec aus e theydo notdet erm i ne the out come her e. T he r ecor d al s o i ndi cat es thatthe s t aff di d nott ake s peci al pr eca ut i ons t o pr ot ect 10 themsel ves fr om pot ent i al heal th r i s ks cr eat ed byM i cor e B oar d orL ockw el d G l ue w hen theyw er e on the fa ct oryfl oor . L i ke the i nm at es , none of the s t aff w or e s peci al cl othi ng orchange d cl othes w hen l eavi ng w or k, even though cover al l s w er e ava i l abl e t o i nm at es 8 c a n n o t m e e t th e su b

jec tiv e e lem e n t o f

d e lib e ra te in d if

f e re n c e . T h e p riso n sta f f o n ly 8 act ed w i th del i ber at e i ndi ffe r ence i f theyknew of and di s r egar ded an e xces s i ve r i s k t o the in m a te s ’ h e a lth o r s a f

e ty. Far m er , 5 1 1 U .S . at 8 3 7 . P u t d if f e re n tly , the sta f

f m u st “ b o th be aw ar e of f

act s fr om w hi ch the i nfer ence coul d be dr aw n thata s ubs t ant i al r i s k of s er i ous harm exi s t s , and [they ] m us tal s o dr aw the i nfer ence . ” I d. T hi s s t andar d r equi r es “a s t at e of mi nd m or e bl amew or thythan negl i gence . ” Id . at835 ( ci t i ng W hit l ey v. A l bers , 475 U . S. 312, 319 ( 1986) ) ( r equi r i ng “more than or di naryl ack of due ca r e forthe pr i s oner ’ s i nt er es t s ors afe ty ”) . T o vi ol at e the C ruel and U nus ual Puni s hm ent s C l aus e of the Ei ghth A m endment , “a pr i s on offi ci al m us thave a‘ s uffi ci ent l ycul pabl e s t at e of m in d ,’” w h ic h is s im ila r t o c ri m in a l la w “ re c k le s s n e s s .” Id . at834, 836–37 ( quot i ng W i l s on v. Sei t er , 5 0 1 U .S . 2 9 4 , 2 9 7 (1 9 9 1 )) . T her e i s no evi dence t o s uppor ta r eas onabl e i nfer ence thatthe pr i s on s t aff w as aw ar e of a n unr eas onabl e r i s k. Fi r s t , depos i t i on t es t i m onyof the s t aff m ember s i ndi cat es 9 thattheyw er e notaw ar e of a n unr eas onabl e r i s k. Second, ther e w as no form al i zed envi r onm ent al orheal th haza r d t r ai ni ng fors t aff as w el l as i nm at es , w hi ch under s cor es s t aff’ s l ack of

aw ar enes s . T he fa ct ory ’ s s afe tyoffi cer , St ephen H ous l er , neverr ece i ved

10a n d sta f

f. T h e yn e v e r w o re re sp ira to rs o r tig h t-f itt in g g o g g les , an d o n lyo c c a sio n a lly w o re d u st m a sk s th a t w e re p ro v id e d to a ll i n m a tes a n d sta f f , b u t w e re o p tio n a l. T he fe w s t aff

thatw er e aw ar e of thi s i nform at i on onl ybeca m e know l edgea bl e af t er 11 the O S H A i nspecti on s. 9 anys peci fi c M i cor e B oar d orL ockw el d G l ue tr ai ni ng, and, forthe mostpart , the pr i s on offi ci al s w er e unfa m i l i arw i th t he i nform at i on on the M at er i al SafetyD at a Sheet . T hi r d, 11 the tw o i ns pect i ons i nvol vi ng O SH A dur i ng the i nm at es ’ t enur e atthe fa ct orydo not r efl ectdel i ber at e i ndi ffe r ence bythe pr i s on offi ci al s . T he r es ul t s of the 2001 and 2003 t es t s s how ed the pr i s on offi ci al s thatthe fa ct ory ’ s ai rqual i ty , w hi ch enc om pas s ed the amount of M i cor e dus tcont ai ni ng s i l i ca a nd otherharm ful chemi cal s i n the ai r , w as wi th i n a c c e p t a b l e OS HA r e g u l a t o r yl e v e l s . I n 2 0 0 3 , th e r e we r e n o “ S e r i o u s ” OS HA vi ol at i ons pert ai ni ng t o ai rqual i tyand the fa ct oryhad a l ar ge- s cal e dus tcol l ect i on s y s t em. W hen vi ew ed mostgener ous l y , thes e fa ct s onl ydocumentbehavi orthati ndi cat es p o s s ib le n e g lig e n c e o r c a re le s s n e s s . A nys how i ng of del i ber at e i ndi ffe r ence al s o i s for ecl os ed bythe r emedi al m e a s u re s s ta f

f to o k in re s p o n d in g to th e 2 0 0 3 O S H A re c o m m e n d a tio n s a n d v io la tio n s . See i d. at844 ( “pr i s on offi ci al s w ho actual l yknew of a s ubs t ant i al r i s k t o i nm at e hea l th or sa f e tym a yb e f

o u n d f re e f ro m liab ili tyif

th e yre sp o n d e d re a so n a b lyto th e risk , ev e n if the harm ul t i m at el yw as notavert ed”) . T he pr i s on corr ect ed al l the r ecomm endat i ons and vi ol at i ons w i thi n O SH A ’ s r equi r ed t i m e fr ame, w hi ch underm i nes the r equi r ementof “di s r egar d. ” Id . a t 8 3 7 ; s ee al s o Sm i th v. C um m i ngs , 4 4 5 F . 3 d 1 2 5 4 , 1 2 5 8

– 5 9 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) (a f

f irm in g su m m a ryju d g m e n t o n d e lib e ra te in d if f e re n c e w h e re p riso n o f

f icia ls10

p ro m p tlyto o k ste p s to p ro tec t an in m a te a s s o o n a s th e ylea rn e d a b o u t a r isk to h is s a f e ty). III . T he i nm at es al s o r ai s e a s pol i at i on ar gum ent . Spol i at i on i s a nega t i ve i nfer ence dr aw n fr om a party ’ s des truct i on of r el evantevi dence , r efl ect i ng a “c ons ci ous nes s of gui l t . ” W e r evi ew the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s deni al of an e vi dent i aryi nfer ence bas ed on s p o lia tio n o f

e v id e n c e f

o r a b u s e o f

d is c re tio n . See I

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D el . , I nc. , 489 F. 3d 568, 574 ( 3d C i r . 2007) ( ci t i ng C om plai ntof C ons ol i dat i on C oalC o. , 123 F. 3d 1 2 6 , 1 3 1 (3 d C ir . 1 9 9 7 )) . I n l at e 2005, dur i ng the D i s tr i ctC our tpr ocee di ngs , the fa ct oryw as convert ed fr om m anufa ctur i ng furni tur e component s t o m anufa ctur i ng s m al l pl as t i c i t ems. T he conver s i on pr oces s t ook appr oxi m at el ys i x m onths . T he D i s tr i ctC our thel d a thor ough evi dent i aryhear i ng on thi s i s s ue pr i ort o i s s ui ng i t s s um m aryj udgm entopi ni on. T he r ecor d i ndi cat es thatthe dec i s i on t o convertthe fa ct oryw as economi c and made s ol el yby s eni orB ur eau of

Pr i s on offi ci al s w i thoutknow l edge of the l i t i gat i on pert ai ni ng t o the fa ctory . F o r th is r ea so n an d o thers, th e C o u rtrejected the in m ates’ req u est fo r a s pol i at i on i nfer ence . I tdi d notabus e i t s di s cr et i on i n r eac hi ng thi s concl us i on, al though w e n e e d n o t d e lv e in to a d e taile d d isc u ss io n b e c a u se it d o e s n o t af f e c t o u r a n a ly sis conce rni ng the i nm at es ’ fai l ur e t o m eetthe s ubj ect i ve pr ong of thei rE i ghth A m endment c l a i m.A ppel l ees ’ br i ef a l s o r ai s es the def ens e of qua l i fi ed i m m uni ty . W e ar e af fi r m i ng t he 12 D i s tr i ctC our ton s ubs t ant i ve gr ounds and nee d notaddr es s thi s i s s ue. 11 * * * * * W e th u s a f

f irm th e D istric t C o u rt’s g ra n t o f su m m a ryju d g m e n t. 12