DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Hubert Work, Secretary

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

George Otto Smith, Director

Water-Supply Paper 559

BELATIONS BETWEEN QUALITY OF WATEB

AND INDUSTBIAL DEVELOPMENT

IN THE UNITED STATES

BY

W*D. COLLINS

PUBLIC

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1926
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OP THIS PUBIJtCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

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CONTENTS

Page

Introduction_ ________--_-_-___---_____-__--________-___--_______ 1

Industrial activity.._---_-______--__--_---_-_--_-----______---_____ 3

Method of measurement_______________________________________ 3

Unit areas..__________________________________________________ 4

Industrial activity, 1849-1919...____________________________ 4

Population._ _ __--_---_-___-_---_-_-_---_-__--_-_-_-_-___-_-_____ 5

Density. _____________________________________________________ 5

Urban and rural population in 1920..____________________________ 6

Manufacturing in metropolitan centers in 1919______________________ 6

 Water for industrial use._____________-_____________________________ 9

Requirements..__ _____________________________________________ 9

Mineral constituents of natural waters___________________________ 9

Hardness _--------_-----_----------___---------_____-___-_-- 9

Turbidity-_-____.___-___________-________._ 10

Corrosion_'_ __________________________________________________ 10

Iron_______________________________________________ 10

Treatment of water..__________________________________________ 10

Public water supplies.__________.l---_________-_-_-_-____________-__ * 11

Water supplies at industrial centers..________________________________ 13

Development of industry in regions of soft water and in regions of hard

water.____________.___________________-___-____________ _________ 14

Causes affecting movement of center of industrial activity_._________ 16

Population.___--___-______--_-_--______------___--__----_____ 16

Raw materials._______________________________________________ 17

Power. _________________-_-._____________________ 17

Labor_ _____________________________________________________ 17

Transportation ________________________________________________ 17

Water ____________________________________________________ 17

Location and development of typical industries...____________________ 18

Iron and steel-____--_-__-____________________________________ 18

Slaughtering and meat packing....______________________________ 19

Cotton manufactures __________________________________________ 20

Wool manufactures..__________________________________________ 21

Other textile industries.._____-_-__-__-_-_---___--_______-______ 22

Purification of water in relation to the location of industry _____________ 22

Clarification. _________________________________________________ 23

Softening __-_--____.___________.______._______ 23

Lime-soda process_____________-__________--___-_______-___ 23

Exchange-silicate process.--________-________^______________ 23

Results of treatment of water.._____________________________ 24

Cost of treatment of water_________________________________ 25

Softening and plant location.________________-_______-______ 27

Location and development of selected industries_____________________ 28

Location of types of industries with reference to quality of water._______ 38

Classes of industries__________________________________________ 38

Industries not dependent on quality of water.____________________ 41

Industries located with reference to population..._________________ 42

Industries dependent on quality of water.______________________ 42

in
ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

PLATE 1. Total industrial activity, by States and groups of States, 1849-

1919_________________________.____-.--..__._ 4

2. Density of population, by States and groups of States, 1850-

1920_________________________________________________ 4

3. Composition of waters available at industrial centers.._______ 16

. 4. Location of industrial activity for typical industries in certain

years.._______________________________________________ 16

5. Value added by manufacture for groups of industries and groups

of States, 1869-1919__.___.______ 1..... __.__:_,___ 38

FIGURE 1. Industrial activity in metropolitan districts._________________ 8

2. Average hardness, by States, of water furnished by public

supply systems in more than 300 cities in the United States. 11

3. Percentage of population of each State in the cities considered;

in preparing the map of average hardness. _____________ 12

4. Value added by manufacture for certain groups of States, 1849-

1919_-_-_._. __._____________-________-___-_--__--___' 15

5. Alteration of a natural water by chemical treatment ________ 24

6. Percentage value added by manufacture during certain census 

years for groups of industries and for States, arranged according to the average Jhardness of water from public supplies of 

their large cities_________________________-_____-_--__-_ 39

IV
RELATIONS BETWEEN QUALITY OF WATER AND

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE

UNITED STATES

By W. D. COLLINS

INTRODUCTION

Every manufacturing establishment requires a water supply. The 

needs as to quantity vary greatly. A factory for the manufacture 

of clothing or of cigars may require little more water than that usejfl 

for the individual needs of the workers and for cleaning workrooms. 

A textile mill in which dyeing is done may use several million gallons 

of water each day. The requirements as to quality also vary widely. 

Water used for cooling at steel works or in some types of condensers 

at a power plant may be of almost any quality if it is not acid. 

Feed water .for steam boilers should be moderately free from suspended and dissolved mineral matter or easily made practically free 

from such constituents. A paper mill that makes brown wrapping 

paper can use water of much poorer quality than is needed for a 

mill that makes the highest grades of white paper. A plant that 

makes chemicals or drug products is forced to use distilled water 

almost exclusively in its manufacturing processes.

Water supply is always considered in locating a new plant. In 

some industries, like the manufacture of paper or textiles, it is probably the most important consideration. In the manufacture of 

steel a large quantity of water must be available, but its quality is 

not of prime importance. The preparation of food products, represented by the industries of slaughtering and meat packing, canning 

and preserving, and the making of bread and other bakery products, 

must be carried on where the raw materials can be obtained most 

easily, where the products can most quickly reach the consumer, or 

where the combined transportation is a minimum. ' The chemical 

character of the water available is a minor consideration, though its 

sanitary character is of the utmost importance.

A review of industrial development in the United States, as shown 

in the reports of manufactures prepared by the Bureau of the Census 

since 1850, brings out the fact that the early industrial activity

1
2 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

was confined almost wholly to areas in which natural waters of 

excellent quality abounded. With the growth of population and 

the movement of the center of population toward the west and 

south the total industrial activity spread in the same directions. 

Some individual industries, like the production of bread and other 

bakery products, have followed the movement of population; others, 

like the production of iron and steel, have remained centered in 

about the same regions. In the iron and steel industry there has 

been comparatively little growth in the New England States and 

large growth in the States of Illinois and Indiana, but about 60 per 

cent of the total activity in this industry has been located in Pennsylvania and Ohio since 1859. Still others, like the wool and silk 

industries, were in 1919 confined to nearly the same States as in 

1849. Some industries in which the quality of water plays little 

part have also remained in the same localities throughout the period 

covered by reports of the census of manufactures, but the largest 

enes remaining in their original locations are the ones that require 

the best water.

Study of the chemical character of waters that have not yet been 

used industrially will show the most favorable regions for the future 

expansion of certain industries. The general improvements in the 

art of treating water, and particularly the development within 

the last 10 or 15 years of commercial water softening by exchange 

silicates, make available for certain manufacturing establishments 

some sites that would not have been considered 20 years ago. In 

discussions of purification of water stress is customarily and properly 

laid on the great savings that result from the use of softened water. 

A laundry may easily save enough in soap in a few years to pay for 

the installation of water-softening equipment, but if it had been 

located where softening was not necessary the money need not have 

been spent either for the excessive quantity of soap or for a water 

softener.

A survey of the chemical character of the waters used and available 

for industrial establishments has been published by the United 

States Geological Survey. 1 Although the report, as indicated by 

its title, deals only with public water supplies, the facts brought 

out in it as well as in the present report show that the largest quantities of water used industrially come from public supplies or from 

sources that yield water of the same quality as that of some of the 

large public supplies. Reports of manufactures prepared by the 

Bureau of the Census furnish the basis for the discussion here 

given of the development of industrial activity in the United States.

i Collins, W. D., The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States: U. S. Qeol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 496, iv, 59 pp., 1 pi., 1923.
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY

Without any assumption that quality of water is a determining 

factor or a very significant factor in the location of some industries, 

the facts are presented as a recital of the general character of water 

available at the centers of different kinds of industrial activity. The 

movement of centers of industrial activity is considered in .connection 

with the quality of water available at old and new locations.

The discussion of the movement of centers of industrial activity 

should not give the impression that plants are picked up from one 

place and set down in another. Almost invariably the movement 

of industries is accomplished by the. establishment and growth of 

new plants in locations distant from the older plants at a rate faster 

than the development by the growth of old plants and the establishment of new ones in the original locations.

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

The figures given by the United States census in the reports of 

manufactures under the heading "Value added by manufacture" 

have been taken as an equitable basis for comparison of industrial 

activity in different places.

As the value of finished products given in the census reports includes the value of raw materials, the value of a product of one industry which is a raw material for another industry is counted 

twice. The value added by manufacture will be counted only to the 

extent to which the value is increased by the manufacturing process at 

each stage from the original natural state to the completed part of a 

finished article.

In order that fair comparison may be made between different years, 

the values added by manufacture considered in this discussion have 

all been reduced to the standard of 1913 by use of the index numbers 

of wholesale prices prepared by the United States Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, as given in Table 1. This correction is undoubtedly fair 

for the total industrial activity of a State or other unit, but it may 

be in error when applied to individual industries. However, the 

use of these index numbers probably never makes the results for a 

single industry less fairly comparable than they would be without 

modification.

TABLE 1. Index numbers of wholesale prices 

[Published by Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Computed by taking 1913 as 1W

Year

1849.....

1859.....

1869.....

1879.....

Index 

number

87

88

135

85

Year

1889.....

1899.....

1909..'...

1919.....

Index 

number

83

75 97

206
4 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

UNIT AREAS

In order that the areas considered might be more uniform, two* 

sets of States have been taken arbitrarily and treated throughout the 

discussion as single units. "Industrial New England" in this report 

designates* a group that includes New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Ehode Island. The area of this group 

of States, 33,384 square miles, is not much more than the area of the' 

State of Maine, and is comparable with the average of about 46,600 

square miles for the States east of Mississippi Eiver other than New 

England, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware.

Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia are considered 

together and are designated "Maryland" in the tables and discussion. 

The total area of this division (14,767 square miles) is much smaller 

than that of any other division taken as a unit except New Jersey 

(8,224 square miles), but it was not feasible to make any combination 

including either of these areas in order to make up a unit comparable 

in area with the average of 46,600 square miles.

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, 1849-1919

The charts in Plate 1 show the development of industrial activity 

.from 1849 to 1919. A State or group in which the value added by 

.manufacture in the year indicated was $100,000,000 reduced to the 

standard of 1913 is shaded on the map. The darker shadings indicate 

values added of $200,000,000, $400,000,000, and $800,000,000. The 

percentages of total industrial activity for the areas with each 

degree of shading are indicated in the diagram at the lower left side 

of each map. The figures on which these charts are based are given 

in Table 2.

The table and charts show consistent growth in manufacturing for 

nearly all States and groups of States. The concentration of industrial activity is clearly indicated on the charts by comparison of the 

unshaded areas on the maps with the corresponding areas on the 

diagrams that show percentages.

The figures in Table 2 represent differences between the cost of 

raw material and the wholesale price of the finished product, adjusted 

to the standard of 1913 by the use of the index numbers furnished by 

the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The figures for 188$ 

and later years do not include neighborhood, hand, and building 

industries, which are included in earlier figures. The blanks indicate 

added values of less than $100,000,000, but these amounts are combined and given under "Other States."
TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 559 PLATE I

O ZO -40 6O SO IOO/S 20 40 60 60 1OO 96

O ZO *> 6O 80 100

O 20 40 60 8O IOO 55 O 2O 40 60 60 100 36

O ZO 40 60 60 100 % O 20 40 6O 80 100%

EXPLANATION

MORE THAN 

$800,000,000 t 400,000,000- eoopodpoo $100.000.000-

$20OjOOO,OOO

TOTAL INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, BY STATES AND GROUPS OF STATES, 1849-1919

100574 26. (Face p. 4.) No. 1

TJ. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 559 PLATE 2

O 20 -TO 60 80 100%

|0 20 40 60 80 100% O 20 40 60 BO IOO%

20 40 60 80 100%

EXPLANATION

LESS THAN 20

DENSITY OF POPULATION, BY STATES AND GROUPS OF STATES, 1850-1920

100574 26. (Face p. 4.) No. 2

POPULATION

TABLE 2. Industrial activity in States and groups of States, 1849-1919, as indicated by value added to raw material by manufacture

Millions of dollars

State or group

Pennsylvania... ____ _ ___ _

Industrial New England __ .. ......

Illinois ...............................

Michigan.. ___ _ __ ......

New Jersey. __ .. .................

California __ . _ .. _ ___ ___

Indiana ________________

Wisconsin _____ . .................

Missouri _______ --- ______ - Maryland.... _ .. ................

Washington.. ______ _____ - Minnesota. _____________ ..

Texas..- _________

Virginia ________________

Louisiana _______________

Iowa. ___ 

Other States.... - 

United States.. 

1849

118

137

278

633

1859

186

155

234

396

971

1869

247

215

277

T

553

1,292

1879

472

330

490

157

147

105

620

2,321

1889

1,012

672

798

362

457

149

199

112

117

124

177

143

751

5,073

1899

1,137

922

939

452

586

192

291

123

189

188

176

143

1,104

6,442

1909

1,560

1,065

1,150

633

782

326

438

211

252

251

227

158

106

132

115

1,387

8,793

1919

1,905

1,507

1,470

1,062

940

751

681

370

351

350

261

215

202

178

163

145

132 -100

119

109

103

1,020

12, 157

Per cent of total

New York.. _____________

Pennsylvania

Industrial New England . . . 

Ohio

Illinois 

California 

Wisconsin._ _ _ 

Missouri ________________

Washington. ..... ...............

Texas ______ ........ ........ _ .

Virginia

Louisiana

22.1

25.7

52.2

100.0

19.2

15.9

24 1

40 8

100.0

19.1

16.6

21.5

42.8

100.0

20.4

14.2

21.1

6.8

6.3

4.5

26.7

100.0

20.0

13.3

7.1

9.0

2.9

3.9

2.2

2.3

2.4

3.5

2.8

14.8

100.0

17.7

14.3

7.0

9,1

3.0

4.5

1.9

2.9

2.9

2.7

2 2

17.2

100.0

17.7

12.1

13.1

7.2

8.9

3.7

5.0

2.4

2.9

2.8

2.6

1.8

1.2

1.5

1.3

15.8

100.0

15.6

12.4

12.1

8.7

7.7

6.2

5.6

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.2

1,8

1.7

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

.9

.8

8.4

100.0

POPULATION

DENSITY

The distribution of population in the States on the basis of the 

density in persons per square mile is shown in Plate 2.

The charts for population and for industrial activity are similar in 

showing concentration in New England and New York from early 

times, followed by a movement westward through Pennsylvania, 

Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. They are, however, quite different as 

regards the South Atlantic States, where the population has been 

fairly large throughout the history of the United States, but where 

100574 WBP 559 2
6 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

manufacturing has been conducted on a rather small scale until 

recent years.

URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION IN 1920

The trend of population to the larger cities is too well known to 

require the repetition of statistics from the earlier census reports. 

The following table shows the number of persons living in groups of 

cities of different sizes in 1920.

TABLE 3. Distribution of population in groups of cities classified according to 

size and in rural territory, 1920 °

Class of places

Urban territory: 

Places of 100,000 or more........ ___ _. . _ . _ . ______ . _

Places of 25,000 to 100,000 _ _ . . . . ___ . _

Places of 10,000 to 25,000.... ...... ....... ............... __ ...

Places of 5,000 to 10,000. ............................ ..... ....

Places of 2,500 to 5,000. ... . .. ___ ...

Rural territory..... ______ .. . .. __ , _____

Total population of the United States _ .. ....................

Number 

of places

68

219

459

 721

1,320

Population

27, 429, 326

10, 340, 788

6,942,742

4, 997, 794

4, 593, 953

51, 406, 017

105, 710, 620

Pec cent 

of total 

popula* 

tion

26.0

9.8

6.6

4.7

4.3

48.6

100.0

0 Fourteenth Census of the United States, vol. 1, p. 50, Table 31,1921.

Table 3 makes clear the concentration of urban population in the 

larger cities. Evidently any study in which the city is taken as a unit 

involves much more work for a given number of persons considered in 

the smaller cities than for the same number in the large ones. More 

persons reside in the 68 largest places than in the 2,719 other places 

included in the table. The 219 places that have a population between 

25,000 and 100,000 have nearly as many inhabitants as the 1,180 

places that have a population between 5,000 and 25,000, and over 

twice the number in the 1,320 places that have a population of 2,500 

to 5,000. These considerations led to the selection of the population 

of 25,000 as the lower limit for cities to be included in the report on 

the industrial utility of public water supplies,2 which furnishes most 

of the information in regard to quality of water for the discussions in 

the present report.

MANUFACTURING IN METROPOLITAN CENTERS IN 1919

Like the population, the industrial activity of the United States is 

notably concentrated at certain centers. The census reports for 

1904, 1909, and 1914 present statistics for what are termed metropolitan districts. Most of these districts include places in more than 

one State. It is quite evident that industrially East St. Louis and 

Granite City, 111., are closely related to St. Louis, Mo.; Camden, 

N. J., to Philadelphia, Pa.; the cities in northern New Jersey to

» U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, 1923.
MANUFACTURING IN METROPOLITAN CENTERS

New York City; and the lake cities of Indiana to Chicago. No 

report on metropolitan districts was prepared by the Bureau of the 

Census for 1919. The data in Table 4 are taken from the report of 

manufactures in 1919 for cities for which reports are given, and 

estimates are made for the total industrial activity of the districts 

on the assumption that in 1919 the value added by manufacture in 

the places for which separate reports were given bore the same 

relation to the total value added in each district as in 1914. The 

boundaries of the districts and other data are given in the census of 

manufactures for 1914.

The concentration of industrial activity in the metropolitan districts is shown in Figure 1. Each dot represents a value of $100,- 

000,000 (standard of 1913) added by manufacture for the districts 

named.

TABLE 4. Industrial activity in metropolitan districts in 1919 

[Values adjusted to standard of 1913 by index numbers furnished by U. S. Bureau of Labor statistics]

District

Detroit ______

St. Louis ...........

Baltimore..-. __ .

San FranciscoOakland. 

Buffalo -- 

Minneapolis-St. 

Paul.

Birmingham __

Places for which separate reports are given

New York, Bayonne, Bloomfleld, East Orange, 

Elizabeth, Englewood, Hackensack, Harrison, 

Hoboken, Irvington, Jersey City, Kearny, Montclair, Mount Vernon, Newark, New Rochelle, 

Orange, Passaic, Paterson, Perth Amboy, Union, 

West Hoboken, West New York, Yonkers. 

Chicago, Chicago Heights, East Chicago, Evanston, 

Hammond, Oak Park. 

Philadelphia, Bristol, Camden, Chester, Gloucester, 

Norristown. 

Detroit... ...........................................

Boston, Arlington, Brookline, Cambridge, Chelsea, 

Dedham, Everett, Framingham, Lynn, Maiden, 

Medford, Melrose, Natick, Newton, Peabody, 

Quincy, Revere, Salem, Somerville, Wakefleld, 

Waltham, Watertown, Weymouth, Winchester, 

Winthrop, Woburn.

Pittsburgh, Braddock, Carnegie, Homestead, McKeesport, McKees Rocks, Wilkinsburg.

Baltimore

Buflalo. -----------------------------------------

Minneapolis, St. Paul ________________ ...

Value added by manufacture

Per cent 

of total 

for district in 

1914 furnished 

by places 

for which 

separate 

reports 

are given

96.6

90.5 

90.6

65.3 

96.4

97.7 

52.5

89.7 

83.4 

79.5

83.8 

90.5 

93.3

93.0 

81.0

Estimated total 

value 

added in 1919 

millions 

of dollars

1,629

71B

537

430 

316

239 

220

199 

146 

146

135 

132 

100

67 

27

Per cent 

of 

United 

States 

total

13 4

5.9 

4.4

3.5 

2,6

2.0 

1.8

1.6 

1.2 

1.2

1.1 

1.1

.8

.6 

.2
Minreapolis WIS 

1

 $IOO,OOO,OOO (13

VALUE ADDED B

11 ZO 40 60 80 1(0

1. Industrial activity in metropolitan di
QUALITY OP WATER AND INDUSTBIAL DEVELOPMENT , 9 

WATER FOB INDUSTRIAL USE 

REQUIREMENTS

Many kinds of manufacturing have almost no requirements either 

for quantity or quality of water; other industries require large quantities of water without much regard for its quality; and some industries demand water of exceptional purity.

MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF NATURAL WATERS

Nearly all the natural waters used industrially may be considered 

as modified solutions of the constituents of limestone, which consists 

essentially of calcium and magnesium carbonates. These carbonates 

are held in solution in natural waters by an excess of carbon dioxide, 

which forms bicarbonates of the calcium and magnesium. Sulphate 

is present in all waters. The quantity of sulphate is small in waters 

from granite or from certain limes tones, but large quantities are found 

in waters that have had an opportunity to dissolve gypsum, and also 

in river waters that are contaminated with mine drainage or with some 

kinds of industrial wastes. Chloride, the acid radicle of common salt, 

is found in all waters, but the amount in waters used industrially is generally insignificant. Equally small quantities of nitrate are found in 

most waters. Sodium and potassium in waters used industrially are 

generally a little more than equivalent to the quantities of nitrate 

and chloride. They are rarely present in quantities equivalent to the 

combined chloride, nitrate, and sulphate. Silica is invariably present 

in small quantities. It makes up a much larger proportion of the 

total dissolved mineral matter in waters of low mineral content than 

it does in the waters of moderate or high mineral content. Iron is 

found in practicaDy all waters, but the quantity is generally a wholly 

insignificant proportion of the total quantity of dissolved mineraL 

Small quantities of iron may, however, cause serious trouble in some 

industrial processes.

The dissolved mineral matter in the public water supplies of the 

industrial centers named in Table 4 ranges from 28 parts per million 

for Boston and the Catskill supply of New York to 378 parts per million for the Los Angeles River supply of Los Angeles. These quantities correspond respectively to 0.23 and 3.1 pounds per 1,000 gallons.

HARDNESS

The hardness of natural water is practically all caused by the compounds of calcium and magnesium. The most general industrial 

drawback to the use of hard water is either the scale that it forms in 

«team boilers, or the expense of installing and operating plants to 

treat the water so as to prevent the formation of scale.
10 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL. DEVELOPMENT

Hardness must be completely removed for the best results in washing and dyeing textiles and in general laundry work. It may also 

be harmful in other industrial processes.

TURBIDITY

For some processes suspended material in turbid water may not be 

detrimental, but for certain other processes it must be removed 

completely. If water is forming scale in a boiler all the suspended 

matter contributes to the scale. The removal of suspended matter is 

obviously necessary in textile work or in the manufacture of white 

paper. Clear water must be used in the preparation of food products. 

The cost of clarifying water depends not only on the quantity of 

suspended material, but also on its fineness and chemical character.

CORROSION

Some natural ,OT treated waters are corrosive. If the corrosive 

properties are due to free acid, as in water contaminated with large 

quantities of mine drainage, the waters may be wholly unfit for use 

in iron or steel pipes or boilers. Many waters are mildly corrosive 

on account of their content of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Some of 

these waters when cold will not seriously attack pipes, but when heated 

they cause extensive corrosion, the pipes being frequently nearly 

filled with products of corrosion before perforation occurs. The iron 

rust in these waters as they come from the pipes may cause serious 

trouble in some processes.

. IRON

Natural surface waters rarely contain enough dissolved iron to 

affect their use in manufacturing. Ground waters, on the other 

hand, may contain large quantities of iron, which is held in solution 

in the clear water as it comes from the pump. In contact with the 

air the water quickly becomes turbid, and the oxidized iron separates 

out as a red sediment, which makes the water unfit for many industrial uses. ' 

TREATMENT OF WATER

Natural waters can be successfully treated for the removal of turbidity, hardness, iron, corrosive properties, odors, and tastes, and 

can also be made safe to drink. Treatment, however, involves a 

constant expense, which is not required in localities where the water 

available can be used without treatment. A plant that uses a treated 

public water supply is dependent on the operator of the plant, whose 

first thought is necessarily to make the water safe. The treatment 

used to make the water safe to drink may not always be the best 

treatment to fit it for industrial use. Nevertheless, in many places
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 11

water from a treated municipal supply is much better for industrial 

use than any private supply that can be obtained in the neighborhood. 

Further treatment, however, is usually profitable for a manufacturing

plant.

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

The industrial utility of public water supplies is discussed in WaterSupply Paper 496, which gives analyses showing the composition of 

the water supplies of more than 300 cities of the United States, including all that have 25,000 inhabitants or more. The data in that 

paper have been used in preparing Figure 2, which shows the average 

hardness of water from public supplies in each State, and Figure 3, 

which shows the proportion of the population of each State in the 

cities considered in making Figure 2.

FIQTJEE 2. Average hardness, by States, of water furnished by public supply systems in more than 300

cities in the United States

Inspection of Figure 3, together with the charts for 1919 in plates 

1 and 2, shows that in general the States that have the denser population and the greater industrial activity are the ones that are better 

represented on the map that indicates the distribution of hardness. 

Table 4 (p. 7) shows that 41.4 per cent of the industrial activity of 

the country in 1919 was concentrated in 15 industrial centers, whose 

area is 0.21 per cent of the total area of the continental United 

States and. whose population in 1914 was 21.5 per cent of the total.

The data relating to the water supplies of large cities which furnish the basis for Figure 2 evidently represent a much larger proportion of the manufacturing activity of the United States than of the 

population. Many industrial establishments have their own water
12 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

supplies, but in general the water of these private supplies does not 

differ greatly from the water of neighboring public supplies. Figure

FIGURE 3. Percentage of population of each State in the cities considered in preparing the map

of average hardness

2 may therefore be assumed to show in a general way the hardness 

of water used by industrial plants in the several States.

TABLE 5. Analyses of waters used at industrial centers 

[Parts per million. Samples from public supplies except as otherwise indicated]

No.

1 

2 

3

4 

5 

6

7

8

9 

10 

11 

12 

13

14

15 

16

17

18 

19 

20 

21 

22

23

24

Total dissolved 

solids

28 

69 

183

70 

201 "99

28

159

148 

201 

269 

74 

218

369

133 °162

°148

"191 

«279 

«378 

76 

183

434

289

Silica 

(SiOj)

2.6 

9.6 

18

9.0 

8.0

1

3.7

8.2 

8.3 

22 

6.5

5.9

9.1 

22 

22 

16 

7.0

10

17

Iron

(Fe)

0.04 

.05 

.4

.07 

.33 

.2

.02

.07

.2 

>2.7 

.39 

.07

.07 

.03

.01

.05 

0 

0 

.44 ».4

.09

.15

Calcium 

(Ca)

4.5 

12 

36

12 

24 

27

3.0

35

28 

22 

44 

14 

21

38

31 

33

27

42 

39 

66 

13 

35

92

59

Magnesium 

(Mg)

1.2 

4.4 

10

3.3 

12 

7.0

.7

8.4

4.8 

12 

16 

4.1 

7.6 is

7.6 

3.7

2.6

16 

16 

21 

2.5 

14

34

24

§?* Potas- SB fly

1.1 0. 6 

1. 7 1. 2 

4. 6 1. 6

5.4 

19 

2

2. 2 1. 0

 5.6 8.5

26 

21 

3.1 

37

70

6.5 °13

»15

7.8 

34 

33 

9.1 

9.4

8.2 J 1.4

9,0

Bicarbonate 

radicle 

(HCOs)

11 

41 

144

46 

56 102'

7.0

113

27 

65 

174 

47 

91

276

120 

42

33

172 

, 165 

214 

52 

169

339

256

Sulphate 

radicle 

(S0<>

7.7 

11 

10

12

87 

7.4

6.0

25

60

77 

, 56 

14 

10

36

13 

62

54

28 

59 

103

8.8 

27

84

40

Chicride 

radicle (CD

1.0 

2.6 

6.0

2.9 

11 

4.5

2.1

11

13 

10 

6.8 

5.1 

23

76

8.7 

19

19

2.1 

28 

28 

2.2 

3.5

9.6

4.1

Nitrate 

radicle

(NOa)

0.49 

.88 

1.8

1.1 

.80 

.08

.22

. .8 

,3:8 

2.7 

1.0

.3

.25 

Trace. 

Trace. 

.6 

.6

13

8.6

Total 

hardness as 

(CaCOs«

16 

48 

131

44 

109 

96

10

122

90 

104 

176 

52 

83

166

109 

98

78

171 

16* 

251 

43 

145

369

246

Calculated. * Iron and aluminum oxides (Fe»Os+AltO>).
WATER SUPPLIES AT INDUSTRIAL CENTERS 13

1. New York City; Catskill supply; Mar. 8, 1921. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 49 

(No. 190-B),1923.

2. New York City; Croton supply; Mar. 8, 1921, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 49 

(No. 190-A), 1923.

3. Chicago; Lake Michigan; Dec. 5, 1921; analyzed by Illinois State'Water Survey. U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 35 (No. 49), 1923.

4. Philadelphia; Delaware Biver; filtered; average of analyses of 10-day composites pf daily samples collected at Lambertville, N. J., 1906-7. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 60, 1909. 

Average suspended matter in raw water, 26 parts per million.

5. Philadelphia; Schuylkill River; filtered; July 19, 1920. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, 

p. 55 (No. 247-C), 1923.

6. Detroit; Detroit Biver; filtered; July, 1921; analyzed by Detroit waterworks. U. S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 496, p. 41 (No. 127), 1923.

7. Boston; Wachusett Beservoir; May 12,1921. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 39 (No. 

98), 1923.

8. Cleveland; Lake Erie; filtered; average of analyses of monthly composites made in Cleveland waterworks laboratory, 1921. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 51 (No. 211), 1923.

9. Pittsburgh; Allegheny Biver; filtered without coagulation; average of analyses of weekly composite 

samples from Pittsburgh waterworks laboratory, 1920. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, 

p. 55 (No. 248), 1923.

10. St. Louis; Mississippi Biver; filtered and softened; average of analyses of semimonthly composite 

samples July 1,1920, to June 30,1921, made by St. Louis waterworks laboratory. U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 45 (No. 147), 1923.

11. St. Louis; Mississippi Biver; raw water; average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples 

collected near Chester, 111., 1906-7. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 239, p. 83,1910. Average 

suspended matter, 634 parts per million.

12. Baltimore; Gunpowder Biver; filtered; average of analyses of composite samples for each month of 

1921, made at filtration plant. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 39 (No. 95), 1923.

13. San Francisco; water from reservoir with comparatively low mineral content; analyzed by G. W. Lord 

Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 10, 1910. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 31 (No. 17), 

1923.

14. San Francisco; water from reservoir with comparatively high mineral content; analyzed by G. W. Lord 

Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 10,1910. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 31 (No. 17), 

1923.

15. Buffalo; Lake Erie; average of analyses of monthly samples, 1906-7. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 236, p. 62,1909.

16. Cincinnati; Ohio Biver; filtered; average of analyses for a year of composite monthly samples of filtered 

water. Cincinnati Waterworks Ann. Rept., 1917-18, p. 73.

17. Cincinnati; Ohio Biver; raw water; average of analyses for a year of composite monthly samples of raw

river water. Cincinnati Waterworks Ann. Sept., 1917-18, p. 73. 

IS. Minneapolis; Mississippi River; filtered; average of monthly composite samples of combined filter

effluent, Minneapolis Waterworks Department, 1921. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496,

p. 43 (No. 140), 1923.

19. Los Angeles; Owens River; filtered; analyzed in laboratory of Los Angeles Department of Public Service, 1921. U. S. Qeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 31 (No. 12-A), 1923.

20. Los Angeles; Los Angeles Biver; analyzed in laboratory of Los Angeles Department of Public Service, 

1921. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 31 (No. 12-B), f923.

21. Birmingham; Cahaba Biver; filtered; average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples, 1906-7. 

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 51, 1909. Average suspended matter in raw water, 

32 parts per million.

22. Birmingham; Fivemile Creek; filtered; analyzed in laboratory of Birmingham Waterworks Co., May 

15, 1922. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 29 (No. 1-B), 1923.

23. Dayton \vr Us about 60 feet deep. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 496, p. 51 (No. 213), 1923.

24. Dayton; Miami Biver; not used for public supply; average of analyses of 10-day composites of daily 

samples 1906-7. U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 236, p. 72,1909. Average suspended matter, 

94 parts per million.

WATER SUPPLIES AT INDUSTRIAL CENTERS

The analyses in Table 5, which are shown graphically in Plate 3, 

give the chemical composition of the dissolved constituents of waters 

used at the industrial centers listed in Table 4. An analysis of water 

from the public supply at Dayton, Ohio, is added to represent a type 

of water used at many manufacturing centers of moderate size. 

100574 WSP 559 3 
14 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

In addition to the analyses of waters from public supplies, analyses 

are given for river waters that can be obtained at some of the cities. 

The analyses as tabulated do not give the quantities of suspended 

matter in the river waters. The waters of public supplies are practically free from suspended matter, but the river waters at times 

may carry much more material in suspension than in solution. 

Average analyses are given for supplies from rivers. A few of the 

supplies from rivers are fairly uniform in composition throughout 

the year, especially those which are softened. Others may at times 

of low water carry in solution twice as much dissolved material 

as they carry during periods of high water. The quantity of suspended material is naturally greatest at times of high water.

The analyses in Table 5 are stated in parts by weight of the radicles 

reported for 1,000,000 parts of water. These results can be converted 

to grains per gallon by dividing the amounts stated by 17.12. Multiplying the parts per million by 0.00829 gives the equivalent pounds 

of material in each thousand gallons of water.

The diagrams in Plate 3 are made from the analyses in Table 5 

expressed in milligram equivalents per kilogram. The milligram 

equivalents are obtained by dividing the parts per million by the 

combining weights of the radicles, as follows: Ca 20, Mg 12, Na 23, 

HCO3 61, SO4 48, Cl 35.4, NO3 62. A unit of height on the diagrams 

represents the number of parts per million just given for each of the 

radicles. In the diagrams nitrate is included with chloride and 

potassium with sodium.

Hardness is expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 

for which one equivalent is 50 parts per million. Thus the cross 

lines in Plate 3 designate units of 50 parts per milljpn of hardness, 

approximately 3 grains per gallon. The total hardness is" measured 

by the combined height of the two shaded parts of the left column 

of an analysis, the sum of the calcium and magnesium. The carbonate hardness is measured to the top of the lowest section of the 

right column of an analysis if the top of this section (bicarbonate) 

does not extend beyond the magnesium. The remainder of the total 

hardness is the noncarbonate hardness.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN REGIONS OF SOFT 

WATER AND IN REGIONS OF HARD WATER

The charts in Plate 1 show that formerly industrial activity was 

centered in the States that are shown in Figure 2 to have soft water. 

Although manufacturing has steadily increased in these States, the 

growth has been relatively much more rapid in the States that are 

shown in Figure 2 to have hard water.
INDUSTRY IN REGIONS OF SOFT AND HARD WATER 15

This movement is brought out by Figure 4, which is based on the 

results given in Table 6. Industrial New England and New York 

are taken together as representing areas where the water used in 

manufacturing is soft. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan are 

taken as representing areas where water is hard. The lake water at 

Buffalo is not very different from the lake water at Chicago, Detroit,

14.000

1849 1859 1869 1879 1889 1399 1909 1919 

FIGUBE 4, Value added by manufacture for certain groups of States, 1849-1919

and Cleveland, but the manufacturing carried on at Buffalo and 

other cities in New York with water of equal hardness amounts to 

only a small proportion of the manufacturing of New York City 

and the other cities in industrial New England and New York which 

have even softer water. Similarly, much of the manufacturing in the 

Middle Western States named is done in cities where the water is 

much harder than in the cities along the Great Lakes.
16 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 6. Value added by manufacture for groups of States

[Adjusted to standard of 1913 by index numbers furnished by U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]

Millions of dollars

State or group

Industrial New England and New 

York......................... ......

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.

1849

255

66 

222

533

1859

420

120 

431

971

1869

524

213

555

1,292

1879

 »

962

428 

931

2,321

1889

1,810

1,085

2,178

5,073

1899

2,076

1,419 

2,947

6,442

1909

2,710

1,993 

4,090

8,793

1919

3,375

3,104

5,678

12, 157

Per cent

Industrial New England and New 

York...................... .........

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.

47.7

11.1

41.2

100.0

43.2

12.4 

44.4

100.0

40.6

16.5 

42.9

100.0

41.5

18.4 

40.1

100.0

35.7

21.4 

42.9

100.0

32.2

22.0

45.8

100.0

30.8

22.7 

46.5

100.0

27.8

25.5 

46.7

100.0

The "remainder of the United States" that is, the portion exclusive of the groups of six and four States which represent areas of 

soft and hard water held somewhat less than half the total industrial 

activity of the country throughout the period from 1849 to 1919. 

It may be noted that Pennsylvania and New Jersey fall in this 

"remainder." The total industrial activity of "industrial New 

England" and New York in 1919 was 13 times as great as in 1849, 

and the total in the States that have hard water was 55 times the 

activity in 1849.

The tables and charts given farther on in this paper show that the 

industries which require a superior quality of water have contributed 

to the increase of industrial activity in the States that have soft water 

rather than in those that have hard water.

CAUSES AFFECTING MOVEMENT OF CENTER OF 

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY

Movement of industrial activity is affected by so many causes in 

such different proportions for different industries that the attempt 

to formulate any complete explanation would be a formidable task. 

A few of the well-recognized factors causing the westward movement 

of industrial activity may be mentioned.

POPULATION

Although the trend of population from rural communities to cities 

may be a consequence of industrial activity in the cities, there is a 

certain amount of industry that develops with growth of population. 

The preparation of food products and the manufacture of articles of 

everyday use and of articles that are relatively bulky or heavy for 

their value may follow the population, to save time and cost of transportation from factory to consumer.
U. 8. GBOLOGICL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 559 PLATE 3

H400

COMPOSITION OF WATERS AVAILABLE AT INDUSTRIAL CENTERS

100574 26. (Face p. 16.) No. 1

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 559 PLATE 4

IRON AND STEEL

O 20 4O 60 60 IOO%

O 2O 40 6O 8O 100% O 20 60 60 60 100

O 2O 4O 6O 80 100

WOOL MANUFACTURES

0 20 40 60 80 100% O 20 ao 6O 60 IOO*

EXPLANATION

MORE THAN $40,000,000- f 2OjOOOpOO- fclO.OOO.OOO- »S.OOO,OOO- LESS THAN 

* 80,000,000 $80,000.000 ».40jOOO.OOO J20.000.000 $10.000.000 15,000.000

LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY FOR TYPICAL INDUSTRIES IN CERTAIN YEARS

100574 26. (Face p. 16.) No. 2

MOVEMENT , OF CENTER OF INDUSTRIAL, ACTIVITY 17 

RAW MATERIALS

Other things being equal, a manufacturing plant will obviously 

be located as near as possible to the original sources of the raw material 

it needs, either at places where the materials are grown or mined or 

at places that have good facilities for transportation of the materials

to the plant.

POWER

The location of industrial plants was formerly influenced greatly 

by the availability of water power. In later years plants have been 

located near sources of fuel or at places that have good facilities for 

transportation of fuel from mines or oil wells to the plants. With the 

comparatively recent development of large installations of hydroelectric power industrial activity is again concentrated near waterpower sites, although the convenient high-tension transmission makes 

it unnecessary to erect the manufacturing plant exactly at the waterfall. The newest power development, the efficient .high-power 

steam-electric plant, will also serve to attract industrial establishments. The capacity of these superpower plants is limited by the 

quantity and temperature of water available for use in condensers. 

They are therefore located only on large streams or lakes or at the 

seacoast.

LABOR

One of the. main reasons for the concentration of many industries 

at certain points is that a larger supply of lafcor is available for the 

industry after the first few establishments are started. Employees 

can be much more easily found for a new factory in.a place which 

already has several factories making the same product than in a 

place where the product has not been made before.

TRANSPORTATION

*

Ease of transportation of raw materials to the plant and of finished 

products from the plant is a prime requisite. In earlier years a 

place served by competing transportation lines had decided advantages over one served by a single transportation company, but this 

advantage is now less pronounced on account of the Federal regulation

of freight rates.

WATER

Practically all industrial plants located in early years at waterpower sites in New England had abundant supplies of excellent water 

for use in the various processes of manufacture. There was no need 

to give any thought to the chemical character of the water or to take 

steps to improve its quality. Pollution of streams, however, with 

waste matter from manufacturing plants has since made it necessary 

\ for some plants to purify water from sources that in their natural 

condition furnished perfe'ctly satisfactory supplies.
18 QUALITY OF WATEB AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

In selecting a location for a new plant the water supply is of primeimportance, as has been noted. In addition to the quantity and 

quality of the natural water available, the feasibility and cost of 

purifying a water to make it suitable for a particular industry may 

have to be taken into account. The fact that the water at a certain 

place must be purified for use in a particular industry may not prevent 

the location of a plant at that place, but the treatment must be 

-counted as a constant operating expense, whose magnitude depends 

on the amount of pure water needed, the degree of purity demanded,, 

and the original quality of the water.

LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TYPICAL 

INDUSTRIES

Of 14 general groups of industries considered in the census of manufactures by the Fourteenth Census, the value added by manufacture 

was over $2,000,000,000 in only 4 groups. One of these groups, miscellaneous industries, may be omitted from consideration here. The 

other three in order of rank were iron and steel and their products, 

textiles and their products, and food and kindred products. The 

maps in Plate 4 show the industrial activity in 1879 or 1889 and in 

1919 for typical industries in each group. The maps are based on 

the value added by manufacture adjusted to the standard of 1913 as 

given in Tables 7, 8, 9, and 10. The two unit areas for groups of 

States are the same as those given in the other charts. The lowest 

amount added by manufacture for a State in the charts of individual industries, after reduction to the standard of 1913, is $5,000,000,

TRON AND STEEL

The establishments included in census reports under the headings 

of blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills have been taken as 

representative of the iron and steel group. Detailed figures are given 

in Table 7, and charts in Plate 4 show the activity of this industry in 

1879 and in 1919.

The location of the industry did not change much from 1879 to1919. Although there was much more activity in 1919 in Alabama, 

Illinois, and Indiana, the percentage of the total in Pennsylvania decreased only from 50.7 to 44.3, and for Pennsylvania and Ohio together the percentage of the total increased from 61.4 to 66.0.

The iron and steel industry is typical of a number of industries 

whose location is determined by the presence of raw materials much 

more than by the quality of water available. The industry has always been decidedly localized. In 1879 the five States or groups 

shaded on the map had nearly 80 per cent of the industry, and in 

1919 five of the States had 84 per cent of the industry. The only 

change in this grouping was the replacement of industrial New 

England by Indiana.
TYPICAL INDUSTRIES 19

TABLE 7, Value added by manufacture in iron and steel works, blast furnaces^, 

and steel works and rolling mills combined, 1849-1919

[Adjusted to standard of 1913 by index numbers furnished by U. 3. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Blanks 

indicate amounts less than $5,000,000, but these amounts are combined under "Other States"]

Millions of dollars

State or group

Pennsylvania- .......................

Ohio..........................

Illinois...............................

New York... _ . . . .

New Jersey.- ........................

West Virginia.. ___ ..... _ .......

Alabama _______________

Industrial New England _______

Other States. ......... _ ............

1849

6.6

6.6

1859

12.6

13.8

26.4

1869

22.0

6.4

6.2

17.7

52.3

1879

62.8

12.9

6.6

10.5

5.1

26.6

123.9

1889

101.6

25.0

10.8

6.5

6.1

5.9

26.4

182.4

1899

201.7

63.6

9.2

24.8

8.3

10.7

8.1

9.8

10.6

28.7

375.5

1909

204.0

77.0

13.0

39.0

20.1

5.6

6.7

6.0

5.7

34.3

411.4

1919

284.1

139.3

47.9

41.9

27.7

20.0

17.0

13.5

8.3

7.8

34.1

641.6

Per cent of total

Pennsylvania.. ____ ..............

Onio-._.__L .. _.... .

Indiana... ...........

Illinois. __ .. ___ .. _ . _ ......

New York.. _____________

West Virginia-.-.-...... _ .........

Alabama. _ _____ ______ .

Wisconsin...... __ _ ...

Other States---..................-.-. 100.0

100.0

47.7

52.3

100.0

42.1

12.2

Ii.9

33.8

100.0

60.7

10 4

5.3

8.5

4. i

21.0

100.0

55.8

13.7

5.9

3.6

3.4

3.2

14.4

100.0

53.7

16.9

2.5

6.6

2.2

2.9

2.2

2.6

2.8

7.6

100.0

49.6

18.7

3.2

9.5

4.8

1.4

1.6

1.5

1.4

8.3

100.0

44.3

21.7

7.5

6.5

43

3.1

2.6

2.1

1.3

1.2

5.4

100.0

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING

The industry of slaughtering and meat packing has been taken as 

representative of the industries grouped under food and kindred 

products. It is one of the largest food industries. Data for individual States and groups of States are shown in Table 8. Charts in 

Plate 4 show the distribution for 1889 and 1919. Only one individual State, Illinois, would have appeared in a chart for 1879, and 

it had only 36.6 per cent of the whole industry in that year.

The supply of water has little effect on the location of this industry. Shipping facilities for materials and for finished products are 

of the greatest importance. The industry is not so concentrated as 

the iron and steel industry. The five States that had the greatest 

activity in slaughtering and meat packing had only 56.3 per cent of 

the total value added by manufacture, as compared with 80 per cent 

for the iron and steel industry in the five most active States in that 

industry. The general distribution throughout the country is characteristic of the food industries as a whole. In the output of bread 

and other bakery products the five States that had the greatest 

activity had only 57.5 per cent of the total value added by manufacture in 1919.
20 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 8. Value added by manufacture in slaughtering and meat packing,

1879-1919

[Adjusted to standard of 1913 by index numbers furnished by U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Blanks 

indicate amounts less than $5,000,000, but these amounts are combined under "Other States"]

State or group

Ohio ..... .....

Industrial New EngOther States....... .

United States.

Millions of dollars

1879

15.4

26.7

42.1

1889

37.8 

10.3

11.0

5.9 

32.2

97.2

1899

55.0 

12.6 

10.9 

9.2

5.5

5.2

7.1

5.9 

24.6

136.0

1909

47.3 

18.3 

14.4 

17.6 

6.1 

6.7 

7.7 

5.3

7.3 

6.0 

5.5

6.7 

24.0

172.9

1919

68.5 

19.3 

15.7 

12.6 

10.6 

9.6 

9.0 

8.9 

8.7 

7.6 

7.3 

6.0 

6.0

35.2

225.0

Per cent of total

1879

36.6

63.4

100.0

1889

38.9 

10.6

11.3

6.1 

33.1

100.0

1899

40.5 

9.3 

8.0 

6.8 

4.0

3.8

5.2

4.3 

18.1

100.0

1909

27.3 

10.6 

8.3 

10.2 

3.5 

3.9 

4.4 

3.1

4.2 

3.5 

3.2

3.9 

13.9

100.0

1919

30.4 

8.6 

7.0 

5.6 

4.7 

4.3 

4.0 

4.0 

3.9 

3.4 

3.2 

2.6 

2.6

15.7

100.0

COTTON MANUFACTURES

The cotton-manufacturing industry has been a large item in the 

industrial activity of the United States from the time of the first 

census of manufactures. In 1849 the value added by manufacture 

of cotton goods was 5.8 per cent of the total for all manufactures reported. In 1919 this value was 3.5 per cent of the total, notwithstanding the number of large industries reported in 1919 that were not 

known in 1849.

The data in Table 9 and the charts for cotton manufactures in 

Plate 4 show that the industry has always been mainly located in a 

few States. The early concentration in industrial New England has 

persisted, and the production in this area has consistently increased, 

although the percentage of the whole industry that is located there 

decreased from 70.2 in 1879 to 45.2 in 1919.

Availability of water power was without doubt a large factor in 

determining the original location of the plants. The development 

in the Southern States has been brought about by the nearness to the 

raw material and has been fostered to some extent by more favorable 

laws relating to the employment of labor specially suited to some of 

the processes of manufacture. Table 9 and Figure 2 (p. 11) show 

that the industry has remained in areas where soft waters are generally available.
TYPICAL INDUSTRIES 21

TABLE 9. Value added by manufacture to product of cotton manufactures,

1839-1919

[Adjusted to standard of 1913'by index numbers furnished by U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Blanks 

indicate amounts less tftan $5,000,000, but these amounts are combined under " Other States "}

Millions of dollars

State or group

Industrial New England .....

Virginia.. . 

United States..... 

1839

12.8

6.6

19.4

1849

19.7

11.3

31.0

1859

44.1

7.2

15.1

66.4

1869

30.4

18.3

48.7

1879

74.1

5.8

7.1

18.5

105.5

1889

88.2

5.1

9.7

8.3

5.1

19.7

136.1

1899

121.0

14.7

16.6

9.9

15.4

10.2

6.7

22.5

217.0

1909

137.1

24.7

25.5

17.5

15.6

8.0

10.8

8.9

5.4

12.0

265.4

1919

193.2 

63.9

44.4

33.3

19.3

13.7

13.2

11.6

9.2

7.3

18.4

427.5

Per cent of total

Industrial New England 

North Carolina. _ . ____

New York...................

Virginia......................

United States ..........

66.0

340

100.0

63.5

36.5

100.0

66.4

10.8

22 8

100.0

62.4

37.6

100.0

70.2

5.5

6.7

17.6

100.0

64.8

3.8

7.1

6.1

3.7

14.5

100.0

55.5 

6.7

7.7

4.5

7.5

4.7

3.1

10.3

100.0

51.6 

9.3

9.6

6.6

5.9

3.0

4.1

3.4

2.0

4.5

100.0

4S.2 

14.9

10.4

7.8

4.5

3.2

3.1

2.7

2.2

1.7

4.3

100.0

WOOL MANUFACTURES

Wool manufactures have long been one of the large items of industrial activity in the United States. In 1849 the value added by 

manufacture of woolen goods was 4.3 per cent of the total for all 

manufacturing reported, and in 1919 this value was 2.0 per cent of 

the total.

The charts in Plate 4 and the figures in Table 10 show that the 

woolen industry has been located in a small area since its beginning. 

In 1849 New York, Pennsylvania, and industrial New England had 

76 per cent'of the wool manufacturing. The same States in 1879 

had 86 per cent, and in 1919 they had 77 per cent.

There is hardly any industry in which the chemical quality of the 

water used is of more importance than in the woolen industry. The 

early establishment of the industry in New England was probably 

due as much to the available water power as to any other cause, 

but its persistence in New England and other areas of soft water is in 

no small measure due to the quality of the water.
22 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDTJSTBIAL DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 10. Value added by manufacture to product of wool manufactures,

18S9-1919

[Adjusted to standards of 1913 by index numbers furnished by U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Blanks 

indicate amounts less than $5,000,000, but these amounts are combined under "Other States"]

Millions of dollars

State or group

Industrial New England ..... 

Pennsylvania __ . ..........

New York...................

Maine .......................

Other States .................

1839

4.9

2.9

7.8

1849

11.4

11.4

22.8

1859

19.8 

6.0

8.3

34 1

1869

27.4 

12.8

5.9

9.2

EK Q

1879

55.8 

23.6

12 4

14 0

105.8

1889

59.5 

33.0

14.2

17.8

194 5

1899

75.0 

35.5

7.1

19.2

7.5

10.0

1 tLA Q

1909

99.3 

34.0

14.4

22.0

7.3

13.4

190.4

1919

118.6 

37.5

22.6

21.4

11.7

19.0

230.8

Per cent of total

Industrial New England .....

New Jersey. ___ __ ......

New York...................

United States _____

62.8

100.0

50.0

EA n

100.0

58.0 

17.6

24 4

100.0

49.6

23.1

10.7

16.6

100.0

52.7 

22.3

11.7

13.3

100.0

47.8 

26.5

11.4

 14.3

100.0

48.6 

23.0

4.6

12.4

4.9

6.5

100.0

52.2 

17.8

7.6

11.6

3.8

7.0

100.0

51.4 

16.2

9.g

9.3

5.1

' 8.2

100.0

OTHER TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

The data in Table 12 (pp. 28-38) show that silk manufacture and 

the dyeing and finishing of textiles have always been concentrated in 

a few States, which also have a large proportion of the woolen and 

cotton manufactures. There has been no movement in the silk and 

dyeing industries corresponding to the development. of the cotton 

industry in the South.

The natural location of dyeing and finishing establishments would 

be in the neighborhood of the plants that manufacture the materials 

to be dyed or finished, so that their location in areas where soft water 

abounds may be considered as the result of the location of the other 

textile plants in these places. Dyeing, however, is one of the operations most affected by the quality of the water used, and it also requires large quantities of water. Conditions favorable for dyeing 

may therefore have considerable weight in determining the location 

of a plant for the manufacture of goods that will be bleached and 

dyed.

PURIFICATION OF WATER IN RELATION TO THE 

LOCATION OF INDUSTRY

Some industrial establishments have long been located where the 

water was not of the best quality because other advantages of the 

locations outweighed this disadvantage. The quality of water can 

be improved at a greater or less cost, and some unsatisfactory waters 

are made as suitable for use as the best natural waters. The cost of 

treatment and the success with which the quality of the water is
PURIFICATION OP WATER 23

made to approach that of the best natural waters depend on the process adopted and also on the requirements of the particular industry.

CLARIFICATION

The removal of suspended material from water was unquestionably 

the first type of purification practiced. Much of the suspended material in some waters can be removed by mere sedimentation, and practically all turbid waters are greatly improved by this treatment. 

Some waters can be completely clarified by filtration through sand of 

the proper size, but the material in suspension in other waters is so 

finely divided that its removal by sedimentation or by simple filtration is impossible. Such waters are commonly treated with aluminum sulphate, with or without other chemicals, in order to flocculate 

the finely divided material and permit its easy removal by rapid

filtration.

SOFTENING

LIME-SODA PROCESS

The longest-established process for softening water depends on the 

addition of lime equivalent to the excess carbon dioxide, the carbonate 

hardness, and the magnesium in the water, and the addition of soda 

ash equivalent to the noncarbonate hardness. The exact proportions 

of the chemicals that will give the best results are finally determined 

by operating tests. The material that separates on treatment with 

the chemicals is removed by sedimentation or by filtration.

If the water used changes in composition from day to day the 

quantities of chemicals used must also be changed. Simple tests and 

apparatus have been devised for the adjustment of the quantities of 

chemicals with water of variable composition, but the best results can 

rarely be obtained without the attention of a chemist or a well-trained 

operator.

At best the cold lime-soda process leaves considerable hardness in 

the treated water. The most skillfully operated cold lime-soda 

softening plant will not furnish water as soft as the natural waters of 

many lakes and rivers of New England.

As long as the lime-soda process was the only commercial method 

for softening water, a plant requiring extremely soft water was 

compelled to locate where such water could be obtained naturally.

For many plants the lime-soda treatment of water, especially the 

hot process, is decidedly best, but these are not plants whose processes 

demand the softest water.

EXCHANGE-SILICATE PROCESS

In recent years the softening of water for industrial processes by the 

use of base-exchange silicates has made great advances. The process 

consists in passing the water through a bed of mineral material that
24 QUALITY OP WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

has the property of giving up sodium in exchange for the calcium and 

magnesium in the water. This exchange is practically complete, and 

the water is softened. When the silicate begins to lose its softening 

power a strong solution of common salt is allowed to act on it. After 

the salt is washed out the silicate is ready for use again.

Clear water is necessary for the operation of an exchange-silicate 

softener, and certain waters are better for boiler use if they are subjected to a preliminary treatment before the exchange-silicate softening.

EXPLANATION 

Sodium

(and potassium)

Magnesium

Calcium

Chloride 

(and nitrate)

Sulphate

Bicarbonate 

(and carbonate)

FIGURE 5. Alteration of a natural water by chemical treatment. 1, River water before treatment; 2, water 

after treatment with alum, lime, and soda ash for a public supply; 3, water after hot treatment with lime 

and soda ash to reduce the hardness to 25 parts per million; 4, water after treatment by an exchange 

silicate softener

RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF WATER

The partial analyses in Table 11, which are shown graphically in 

Figure 5, illustrate the changes in composition of a natural water 

treated in different ways. No. 1 is an average analysis of Scioto 

River water, which is used for the public supply of Columbus, Ohio. 

In treating the water for the public supply aluminum sulphate is 

added to produce a precipitate which will assist in the removal of 

bacteria and finely divided silt when the water is passed through the 

sand -filters. The aluminum is practically all precipitated and the 

sulphate remains in the water, increasing the total quantity as 

shown in column 2 of Table 11 and in diagram 2 of Figure 5. The
PURIFICATION OF WATEE 25

addition of soda ash increases the sodium, as shown in the table and 

diagram. As the increase in sodium is greater than the increase in 

sulphate the noncarbonate hardness of the water is decreased, as 

shown in diagram 2. Lime is added in sufficient quantity to reduce 

the hardness to the amount shown in the diagram and table. This 

reduction results from precipitation of magnesium hydroxide and 

calcium carbonate, which are removed with the aluminum hydroxide 

and silt when the water is filtered. The residual hardness shown is 

somewhat less than the commonly accepted standard of about 100 

parts per million for the hardness of softened water for a public supply,

Hardness can be reduced further by cold treatment, but for the 

most satisfactory and nearly complete softening by lime and soda 

ash the reactions are made to take place at high temperatures, usually 

in connection with the heating of boiler feed water. Columns 3 

in Table 11 and diagram 3 in Figure 5 represent actual results of the 

treatment of a water like No. 1 by the hot lime-soda process. In 

this particular water the total quantity of dissolved material is about 

the same as that in the water treated for a public supply, but the 

hardness is much less. Instead of having some residual noncarbonate 

hardness as shown in No. 2, the sodium is more than equivalent to 

the chloride and sulphate together.

Treatment with an exchange silicate would change the composition 

of water represented by diagram 1 to that represented by diagram 4. 

The total quantity of dissolved mineral matter is not materially 

changed, but the hardness is practically eliminated. It is necessary 

that the water be freed from suspended material before it is treated 

with an exchange silicate. The treatments whose results are shown 

in diagrams 2 and 3 do not require clear water.

TABLE 11. Partial analyses of raw and treated water

Calcium (Ca). , ............

Sodium (Na) ... . . .,.,,......,

Sulphate radicle (SO4) _ ...........

Chloride radicle (Cl) _ . ____ . _

Parts per million

1

65 

20 

8 

240 

54 

6

2

19 

9 

16

53 

64 

6

3

8.4 

.9 

45 

70 

54 

6

4

Trace. 

Trace. 

120

240 

54 

6

Milligram equivalents per 

kilogram

1

3.24

1.64 

.34 

3.93

1.12 

.17

2

0.95

.74 

.69 

.87 

1.33 

.17

3

0.42 

.07 

1.94 

1.14 

1.12 

.17

5.22 

3.93

1.12 

.17

1. River water before treatment.

2. Water after treatment with alum, lime, and soda ash for a public supply.

3. Water after hot treatment with lime and soda ash to reduce the hardness to 25 parts per million.

4. Water after treatment by an exchange-silicate softener.

COST OF TREATMENT OF WATER

The cost of treatment of water obviously depends on the chemical 

character of the water, the rate of treatment, the method used, and 

the degree of purification obtained. The figures given in the following
26 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

paragraphs are only general approximations based on data supplied 

by commercial concerns who furnish apparatus for the different types 

of water treatment.

For rough comparison the water of the public supply of Baltimore, 

Md., the Croton supply of New York City, and the Delaware River 

supply l3f Philadelphia may be taken as all having about 50 parts per 

million of total hardness, or 3 grains per gallon. For a margin of 

safety in estimating costs, these waters may be considered as having 

4 grains per gallon of hardness. The hardness of the water of public 

supplies in the following cities is from 100 to 150 parts per million, 

which for calculations of cost may be considered 8 grains: Buffalo, 

N. Y.; Chicago, 111.; Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus, Ohio; 

Detroit, Mich.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Philadelphia (Schuylkill River 

supply) and Pittsburgh, Pa.; and St. Louis, Mo. A hardness of 24 

grains per gallon, or 410 parts per million, may be used in calculation 

for cities in the following group, in which the hardness of the water 

from public supplies is between 300 and 400 parts per million: Dayton, Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lansing, Mich.; 

Peoria, HI.: Sioux City, Iowa; Springfield, 111.; and Springfield, Ohio.

The cost of treating water within a steam boiler may be from 2 to 

20 cents per thousand gallons, depending on the character of the water, 

the size of the plant, and the kind of treatment used. Some users of 

this type of treatment are satisfied that they would obtain no better 

results with a more costly type of treatment. Other operators of 

boiler plants desire to remove as much as possible of the scale-forming 

material from water before it enters a boiler, and therefore use one of 

the processes that require considerable expenditure for equipment in 

addition to the expense of the chemicals used.

The cost of a lime-soda softening plant of a given make is determined by the quantity of water to be softened; the composition of 

the water affects only the quantity of chemicals used. A cold-process 

softener that has an hourly capacity of 1,000 gallons may cost $1,500 

to $2,500. A plant that has an hourly capacity of 10,000 gallons may 

cost from $5,000 to $10,000.

The cost of chemicals increases with the hardness and with the 

proportion of noncarbonate hardness. Chemicals for a cold-process 

plant to soften water from the supply of Chicago would cost about 2 

or 3 cents per 1,000 gallons; for water from the supply of Dayton, 

5 or 10 cents.

The cost of a hot-process lime-soda softener is not far from the 

combined cost of a cold-process softener and a feed-water heater. 

The cost of chemicals is about the same as for a cold-process softener.

The cost of installation of an exchange-silicate softener depends 

on both the rate of softening and the hardness of the water. The
PUBIFICATION OF WATEE 27

cost is also affected by the frequency of regeneration. Unlike the 

lime-soda process, which is generally continuous, the exchange-silicate process is intermittent, because the softener has a limit beyond 

which it will not soften water completely. A spftener in which this 

limit will not be reached until the end of the day must be larger than 

one requiring regeneration at the noon period to give the same quantity of soft water in a day. The exchange-silicate softener has a normal rate of filtration per square foot of cross section, which must 

also be taken into consideration. To install a plant to soften 1,000 

gallons of water from the supply of Baltimore each hour for 10 hours 

might cost up to $1,000. For a little more a plant could be obtained 

which by regeneration at noon would furnish 20,000 gallons in a 

10-hour day. A corresponding plant operating on water from the 

supply of Chicago might cost about $1,500, and on water from the 

supply of Dayton about $2,500. A plant to give 10,000 gallons an 

hour for a 10-hour run might cost for Baltimore about $2,500, for 

Chicago $4,000, and for Dayton $10,000. The total cost of a softener installed at any of these places will depend considerably on the 

freight and labor of installation. The cost of salt for regeneration 

in small installations is a little under 2 cents for each thousand gallons of water softened at Baltimore, 4 cents at Chicago, and 12 cents 

at Dayton. The cost will be much less for large installations for 

which salt may be bought by the carload.

If the exchange-silicate softener is used for a water that is not 

clear a prefilter is generally used for clarification. The cost of this 

equipment can hardly be set down, even approximately. Combination systems are used at some plants where the water is first treated 

with lime or lime soda, and after filtration is completely softened by 

an exchange silicate.

SOFTENING AND PLANT LOCATION

The exchange-silicate softening process gives an entirely new aspect to the relation of quality of water to the location of industrial 

establishments. When the softest waters obtainable were the lake 

and river waters in certain regions, some kinds of industry were 

almost obliged to locate in these places. For other industries the 

less desirable waters could be made satisfactory by the lime-soda 

treatment, and the only consideration involved was the expense of 

installing and operating the water-softening equipment. Now that 

water essentially free from hardness can be obtained by exchangesilicate treatment of any moderately hard water, the industries requiring such water are not confined to so small an area but can 

operate at many places hitherto out of the question simply by paying 

for the installation and operation of an exchange-silicate softener.

»3 UHAWFUL (fi. S. Sup. Vol. 2, pp. S&O, S«c 7**)
28 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED 

INDUSTRIES

The following table shows the location and changes in location of 

a number of individual industries and some groups of industries for 

the years in which the value added by manufacture, adjusted to the 

standard of 1913, was as much as $5,000,000. for several States. The 

unit areas of industrial New England and Maryland each include 

the same States as in the tables presented on previous pages.

The selected industries include practically all for which the census 

reports show a large proportion of the total activity for the United 

States in States where the value added by manufacture was beyond 

the limit stated above. Some large industries are omitted altogether, 

and certain years are omitted for other industries because the data 

could not be published for some States where the industry was much 

larger than others for which figures were given, as happens when the 

number of establishments or companies operating in a State is so 

small that publication of totals for that State would reveal the business of a single company, at least to its competitors.

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value

added by manufacture

[Values adjusted to standard of 1913 by index numbers furnished by U. 8. Bureau of Labor Statistics]

Agricultural implements

State or group

Illinois-. ___ .... _ . _ ..

Wisconsin... ...............

Indiana ........ .........

Ohio. ........... ........

New York.. ...............

Other States..... .......

United States........

Millions of dollars

1869

5.0

5.4

12.3

22.7

1879

8.0

9.6 

7.3

18.7

43.6

1889

17.5

10.5 

9.5

22.4

59.9

1899

30.9 

6.1

5.1

10.5 

7.6 

5.2

11.0

76.4

1909

33.4

7.7 

9.1

8.4 

8.9 

6.6

14.6

88.7

1919

30.6

12.2 

9.3

6.6

5.1

14.0

77.8

Per cent of total

1869

... 

22 

24

54

100

1879

18.4

22.0 

16.7

42.9

100.0

1889

29.2

17.5 

15.9

37.4

100.0

1899

40.5 

8.0 

6.6 

13.8 

9.9 

6.8

14.4

100.0

1909

37.7 

8.7 

10.2 

9.5 

10.0 

7.4

16.5

100.0

1919

39.3 

15.7 

11.9 

8.5 

£.6

18.0

100.0

Automobiles, including bodies and parts

State or group

Michigan., _________________________ .. __ ...

Ohio-. . ..-...-.-........................... .......

New York.. __ ______ ______ , ......... ... ..........

Wisconsin-.. ____________________________

New Jersey.. _____________________________

Other States...-.-.-....-...--..-...... ...... . ........ .....

United States........ ....................................

Millions of dollars

1909

44.0 

21.0 

16.5 

9.0 

6.3

13.1 

11.2

121.0

1919

320.7 

62.4 

36.6 

29.8 

21.5 

' 18.3 

15.0

8.5

8.2

6.8

5.4 

20.0

553.2

Per cent of total

1909

36.3 

17.4 

13.6

7.5 

5.2

10.8 

9.2

100.0

1919

58.0 

11.3 

6.6 

5.4 

3.9 

3.3 

2.7 

1.5 

1.5 

1.2 

1.0 

3.6

100.0
LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED INDTJSTBIES

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by valueadded by manufacture Continued

Automobile repairing

State or group

Other States. __ . _ . _ .... ___ . _____ ... . _ ... __ ....... ___ . ____ ..

United States. ___ .... ___ . _ .... ___ .... ___ ....... .................

Millions 

of dollars, 

1919

7.6

7.2

6.0

45.7

66.5

Per cent 

of total, 

1919

11.4

11. 0»

9.0-

68. &

100. ft

Boots and shoes

State or group

Industrial New England ...

Ohio.... ...................

Pfinnsylvanifi

Maine ___________

Wisconsin _ . ______

 United States _ .....

Millions of dollars

1869

30.6 

8.9

7.3

18.5

65.3

1879

46.3

8.8

5.6

14.7

74.8

1889

70.7 

13.6

6.4 

5.4

26.7

122.8

1899

65.3 

13.3

9.1 

6.7 

5.2

5.5 

18.1

123.2

 1909

98.0 

19.8 

14.6 

13.1 

8.5 

5.8

6.1 

19.7

185.6

1919

95.9 

40.1 

15.7 

14.9 

11.8 

8.6 

8.1

6.9 

11.5

213.5

Per cent of total

1869

46.9 

13.6

11.2

28.3

100.0

1879

61.9 

11.8

6.7

19.6

100.0

1889

57.6 

11.1

5.2 

4.4

21.7

100.0

1899

53.0 

10.8

7.4 

5.5 

4.2

4.4

14.7

100.0

1909

52.8 

10.6 

7.9 

7.1 

4.6 

3.1

3.3 

10.6

100.0

1919

44.9. 

18.8, 

7.4 

7.0. 

5.5. 

4.0- 

3.8 

3.2 

5.4

100. 0>

* Figures for 1909 include cut stock and findings not included in other years. 

Brass, bronze, and copper products

State or group

Industrial New England _________

New York.. ..............................

Michigan.

Pennsylvania _______________

Ohio.............. ..... ....

Other States.... ..........................

United States ____ . ____ . ...

Millions of dollars

1899

19.0

5.1

12.6

36.7

1909

 <524 

9.3

6.1

15.5

52.3

1919

33.2 

12.9 

11.6 

5.9

5.6 

17.0

86.2

Per cent of total

1899

51.8 

13.9.

34.3

100.0

1909

42.8 

17.9 

9.7

29.6

100.0

1919

38.5. 

15,0- 

13.6 

6.8. 

6.5, 

19.7

100.0*

Bread and other bakery products

State or group

New York. __________

Illinois..

Industrial New England ___

Ohio.. .....................

California

Missouri ......................

Michigan. __________

Maryland.. _________ Indiana ____ . . __ . ..

Other States.. ................

United States...........

Millions of dollars

1879

8.1

19.2

27.3

1889

17.4 

8.3

8.7

32.8

67.2

1899

26.0 

12.9 

10.3 

14.5 

5.9

37.6

107.1

1909

34.5 

19.1 

15.0 

16.2 

9.6 ai

7.5 

7.9

45.8

163.7

1919

46.6 

23.9 

19.9 

18.1 

14.0 

9.2 

8.6 

8.5 

8.2 

6.3 

5.1 

44.6

213.0

Per cent of total

1879

30.0

70.0

100.0

1889

25.9 

12.4

12.9

48.8

100.0

1899

24.3 

12.1 

9.6 

13.5 

5.5

35.0

100.0

1909

21.1 

11.6 

9.2 

9.9 

5.8 

5.0 

4.6 

4.8

28.0

100.0

1919

21.9 

11,2; 

9.3 

8.5, 

6.6. 

4.3 

4.0 

4.0 

3.9 

3.0- 

2.4 

20.9-

100.0.
30 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Canning and preserving

State or group

Illinois.--..-.---------.--------.---.......

United States .......................

Millions of dollars

1899

6.4 

6.4

5.9

28.9

47.6

1909

9.2

' 7.6 

5.0

35.4

57.2

1919

35.4 

9.4 

5.9 

5.6

5.1

5.1 

5.0 

33.2

. 104.7

Per cent of total

1899

13.4 

13.4

12.4

60.8

100.0

1909

16.0 

13.4 

8.7

61.9

100.0

1919

33.8 

8.9 

5.6 

5.4 

4.9 

4.9 

4.8 

31.7

100.0

Cars and general shop construction and' repairs by steam railroad companies

State or group

Ohio ., 

Kansas ------ __ _ . _ _ _ . _ ..

United States.. _ 

Millions of dollars

1889

15.5 

7.6 

5.1 

5.4

42.2

75.8

1899

26.5 

11.1 

9.3 

9.7 

6.4 

5.9

5.8

70.1

144.8

1909

35.7 

17.5 

14.8 

12.0 

9.6 

8.0 

9.5 

6.3 

5.3 

5.9

5.3 

5.9 

6.2

5.4

5.4

59.8

212.6

1919

62.3 

30.7 

27.6 

23.7 

17.7 

13.2 

12.7 

11.0 

10.1 

9.9 

9.0

8.9

8.8 

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

8.6 

7.9

7.4 

6.5 

5.8 

5.3 

5.2 

52.5

370.6

Per cent of total

1889

20.5 

10.0 

6.7 

7.2

55.6

100.0

1899

18.3 

7.7 

6.4 

6.7 

4.4 

4.T

4.0

48.4

100.0

1909

16.8 

8.2 

7.0 

5.6 

4.5 

3.8 

4.5 

3.0 

2.5 

2.8

2.5 

2.8 

2.9

2.5

2.5

28.1

100.0

1919

16.8 

8.3 

7.5 

6.4 

4.8 

' 3.6 

3.4 

3.0 

2.7 

2.7 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

2.1 

2.0 

1.8 

1.6 

1.4 

1.4 

14.1

100.0

Chemicals

State or group

Ohio. 

United States... ...... ... . _

Millions of dollars

1899

8.3 

6.9 

9.8

, 12.5

37.5

1909

6.0 

10.9 

16.1 

8.0

14.3

55.3

1919

22.6 

18.9 

18.1 

10.7 

8.5 

29.2

108.0

Per cent of total

1899

22.1 

18.4 

26.1

33.4

100.0

1909

10.9 

19.7 

29.1 

14.5

25.8

100.0

1919

20.9 

17.5 

16.8 

9.9 

7.9 

27.0

100.0
LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OP SELECTED INDUSTRIES 31

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Clothing, men's

State or group

Illinois-. . 

Ohio 

Industrial New England ...

United States. 

Millions of dollars

1869

13.6

7.3

8.2

16.5

45.6

1879

33.4 

7.7 

10.0

9.4 

11.0

20.5

92.0

1889

61.5 

18.6 

14.5 

8.3 

12.9 

14.3

109.2

239.3

1899

98.4 

27.1 

19.5 

11.5 

10.4 

9. 2 

5^7

25.8

207.6

1909

134.7 

45.6 

20.4 

16.6 

12.3 

10.7 

6.5

32.1

278.9

1919

128.8 

51.6 

17.0 

14.3 

13.6 

9.9 

6.6

28.7

270.5

Per cent of total

1869

29.8 

"I6."6"

18.0

36.2

100.0

1879

36.3 

8.4 

10.8

10.2 

12.0

22.3

100.0

1889

25.7 

7.8 

6.1 

3.5 

5.4 

5.9

45.6

100.0

1899

47.4 

13.1 

9.4 

5.5 

5.0 

4.4 

2.8 

12.4

100.0

1909

48.3 

16.4 

7.3 

6.0 

44 

3.8 

2.3 

11.5

100.0

1919

47.6 

19.1 

6.3 

5.3 

5.0 

3.7 

2.4 

10.6

100.0

Clothing, women's

State or group

Ohio 

Other States..- --

United StatesMillions of dollars

1879

9.1

5.5

14.6

1889

27.7

13.1

40.8

1899

66.7 

7.2 

6.4

19.1

99.4

1909

128.3 

15.2 

7.6 

9.5

6.7 

142

181.5

1919

190.9 

15.2 

13.1 

11.0

8.1 

19.0

256.4

Per cent of total

1879

62

38

100

1889

68

32

100

1899

67.1 

7.2 

6.5

19.2

100.0

1909

70.7 

8.4 

42 

5.2 

3.7 

7.8

100.0

1919

743 

5.9 

5.0 

43 

3.1 

7.4

100.0

Confectionery and ice cream

State or group

Illinois __ ------ __ 

Ohio. 

Missouri 

United States. __ . _ ___

Millions of dollars

1899

10.9

6.6

16.8

33.7

1909

10.2 

6.8 

5.3 

5.5

27.3

55.1

1919

23.1 

16.3 

15.5 

13.9 

8.4 

5.1 

48.0

130.3

Per cent of total

1899

32.5

17.8

49.7

100.0

. 1909

18.6 

12,4 

9.5 

9.9

- 49.6

100.0

1919

17.7 

12.5 

11.9 

10.7 

6.4 

3.9 

36.9

100.0

Druggists' preparations, patent medicines and compounds, and perfumery and cosmetics

State or group

New York.. 

Illinois---- _ . _ . _ ------- __ .* 

Missouri ___________________

Ohio 

United States , 

Millions of dollars

1899

16.4 

4.5 

4.4 

7.0 

5.2

19.3

56.8

1909

24.8 

8.7 

8.5 

6.4 

7.3 

5.1

30.8

91.6

1919

27.2 

10.8 

9.8 

7.8 

7.3 

6.3 

5.6 

30.2

105.0

Per cent of total

1899

28.9 

7.9 

7.7 

12.3 

9.2

34.0

100.0

1909

27.^1 

9.5 

9.3 

7.0 

7.9 

5.6

33.6

100.0

1919

25.9 

10.3 

9.3 

7.4 

7.0 

6.0 

5.3 

28.8

100.0
32 QUALITY OP WATEE AND INDUSTRIAL

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated fiy value: 

added by manufacture Continued

Dyeing and finishing textiles, exclusive of that done in textile mills

State or group

New Jersey. __ . __

Millions of dollars

1879

12.1

9.7

21.8

1889

8.5

11.3

19.8

1899

16.8 

8.0

5.1 

6.1

36.0

1909

22.8 

9.7 

5.7 

6.9

4.7

49.8

1919

27.8 

17.0 

10.0 

11.1 

6.5

72.4

Per cent of total

1879

55.5

44.5

100.0

1889

43. 0

57.0

100.0

1899

46.6 

22.3

14.1 

17.0

100.0

-M09

45.8 

19.5 

11.4 

13.9 

9.4

100.0

1919,

i 38.* 

23.5. 

13. 8» 

15.4

8.®

100.0-

Electric machinery, apparatus, and supplies

State or group

Ohio......---.--. _ ------- _ . _ ._-____

Indiana __________ .. .............

Michigan... ___ ..-. ... . .......

United States _ ............ __ ...

Millions of dollars

1899

- 14.8 

10.0

10.3 

10.0

12.2

57.3

1909

22.5 

22.8 

12.0 

18.4 

13.6 

14.3

12.6

116.2

1919

51.5 

45.6 

41.1 

39.5 

33.0 

29.8 

10.1 

7.8

a

n

6.7

6.1

278.1

Per cent of total

1899

25.8 

17.5

18.0 

17.5

21.2

100.0

1909

19.4 

19.6 

10.3 

15.8 

11.7 

12.3

10.9

100.0

1919

18.fr 

16.4 

14. & 

14.2 11.9- 

10.7 

3.6- 

2.8 

2.5- 

2.4 2.2'

100. 0»

Engines, steam, gas, and water

State or group

Illinois ____ ......

Millions 

of 

dollars, 

1919

22.3

91 ft

16.4 10 9

10 7

Per cent 

of total, 

1919

18.6

18 1

13.7

Q 1

R Q

State or group

United States. _ .. __

Millions 

of 

dollars, 

1919

9.6

6.8

21.5

120.0

Per cent 

of total, 

1919

ao>

5.7

17. 9>

100.0*

Fertilizers

State or group

Other States......... . ................ __ .................

United States........ ....... .........................

Millions of dollars

1909

6.0

29.5

35.5

1919

8.1 

6.0

5r3

27.2

46.6

Per cent of total

1909

16.5

83.5

100.0

1919

17.3 12.9* 

11.4

58.4

100. 0'
' ^LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED INDUSTBIES 33

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Flour-mill and gristmill products

State or group

Missouri. ________ . ...................

Illinois-- ... .... __ .. . --------

Ohio 

Other States. _____ . ___ .... __ ......

^United States ______ . __ ... . _ ..

TVIinnesota ___________________

Kansas.------ ___ . ...

"Illinois-- __ . ___ .. -

Ohio.... .... . . ................. ...

Other States _____ . ___ . _______ .

Millions of dollars

1859

6.8

38.8

45.6

1869

7.1 

5.2 

6.2

5.7

33.6

57.8

1879

5.2

7.2 

5.0 

7.1 

5.7 

6.1

38.7

75.0

1889

9.4

9.2 

6.4

7.4 

7.2 

7.5

5.5 

42.2

94.8-

1899

12.5

8.3 

5.9 

5.5 

7.4 

8.0

5.8 

59.1

112.5

1909

15.3 

8.3 

9.6 

5.9

5.7 

6.9 

6.8 

5.7

5.7 

49.7

119.6

1919

21.1 

11.9 

9.5 

7.3 

6.5 

6.0

60.6

122.9

Per cent of total

14.9

85.1

100.0

12.3 

9.0 

10.7

9.9

58.1

100.0

7.0

9.6 

6.7 

9.5

7.6 

8.1

51.5

100.0

9.9

9.7 

6.8 

7.8 

7.6 

7.9

5.8 

44.5

100.0

11.0

7.5 

5.2 

4.9 

6.5 

. 7.2

5.2 

52.5

100.0

12.8 

6.9 

8.0

4.9 

4.8 

5.8 

5.7 

4.8

4.8 

41.5

100.0

17.2 

9.7 

7.7 

5.9 

5.3 

4,4)

49.3

100.0

Foundry and machine-shop products

State or group

Ohio. .............. ........

Industrial New England ...... 

Illinois

Michigan.. ...................

Missouri ____________

California. __________

Minnesota. ...................

Maryland _________

"Washington __________

Oregon ____________

Tennessee. ., ____ .......

Iowa - .- .................

Texas _____ . .............

Alabama ___________

Kentucky... _________

Other States __ . _______

United States. _

Millions of dollars

1879

20.5 

11.5 

28.8 

25.0

7.5

6.0

31.3

130.6

1889

46.2 

29.3 

54.0 

50.4 

26.0 

9.5 

14.1 

5.7 

6.6 

9.5 

5.4

5.4

29,0

291.1

1899

86.8 

65.9 

93.8 

99.6 

58.3 

19.9 

26.7 

18.3 

14.0 

11.1 

9.6 

5.3 

11.5

59.8

580.6

1909

113.1 

83.8 

95.6 

118.3 

77.1 

27.5 

36.6 

32.6 

22.0 

11.1 

14.2 

8.7 

9.4

7.9

5.5 

5.1 

20.7

689.2

1919

100.0

97.1 

76.2 

70.2 

66.5 

48.8 

35.5 

24.5 

22.9 

14.3 

13.9 

9.3 e.4

6.2

6.0 

5.3

5.1 

5.1

41.4

652.6

Per cent of total

1879

15.7 

' 8.8 

22.1 

19.1

5.7

4.6

24.0

100.0

1889

15.8 

10.0 

18.5 

17.3 

8.9 

3.3 

4.8 

2.0 

2.3 

3.3 

1.9

1.9

10.0

100.0

1899

14.9 

11.3 

16.2 

17.2 

10.0 

3.4 

4.6 

3.2 

2.4 

1.9 

1.7 

.9 

2.0

10.3

100.0

1909

16.4 

12.2 

13.8 

17.2 

11.2 

4.0 

5.3 

4.7 

3.2 

1.6 

2.0 

1.3 

1.4

1.2

.8

.7

3.0

100.0

1919

15.5 

14.8 

It* 

10.8 

10.2 

7.5 

5.1 

3.8 

3.5 

2.2 

2.1 

1.4 

1.0 

1.0 

.9 

.8 

.8 

.8

6.4

100.0
34 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Furniture

State or group

Michigan.... ..............

Illinois __ _ . __ _ .....

Wisconsin. .................

Ohio.......................

Industrial New England ... 

North Carolina.... ........

Other States..... ..........

United States __ . ...

Millions of dollars

1869

8.4

7.2

19.2

34.8

1879

10.0

7.1

31.6

48.7

1889

16,9 

7.8

10.8 

5.3

6.4

7.6

9.4

15.8

80.0

1899

19.1 

11.5

11.7 

fi3

6.9 

7.3 

7 3

10.6

16.9

97.6

1909

23.5 

17.4

15.9 

10.3

10.2 

10.2 

9.3

10.3

28.1

135.2

1919

26. 7 

19.9

15.8 

12.1

11.3 

10.9 

10.2

8.8 

7.5

27.1

150.3

Per cent of total

1869

24.3

20.5

55.2

100.0

1879

20.5

14.6

64.9

100.0

1889

21.1 

9.8 

13.5 

6.6

8.0 

9.5 

11.8

19.7

100.0

1899

19.5 

11.8 

11.9 

6.5 

7.1 

7.5 

7.5 

10.9

17.3 

100.0

1909

17.4 

12.9 

11.8 

7.6 

7.5 

7.5 

6.9 

7.6

20.8

100.0

1919

17.8 

13.2 

10.4 

8.1 

7.5 

7.5 

6.8 

5.9 

5.0 

18.0

100.0

Gas, illuminating and heating

State or group

Industrial New England _______

New Jersey- _____________

Other States..-.-.-. _ -------- _ ...

United States...... _ .--.-....

Millions of dollars

1889

16.6 

7.5 

5.3

22.4

51.8

1899

20.1

8.3 

9.1 

6.3

29.7

73.5

1909

28.1 

12.0 

15.2 

12.0 

7.2 

6.5 

37.0

118.0

1919

13.7 

10.7 

9.2 

6.9 

6.3 

6.0 

30.5

83.3

Per cent of total

1889

32.1 

14.4 

10.2

43.3

100.0

1899

27.3 

11.3 

12.4 

8.6

40.4

100.0

1909

23.8 

10.2 

13.0 

10.2

6.1 

5.5 

31.2

100.0

1919

16.5 

12.9 

11.0

8.3 

7.5 

7.2 

36.6

100.0

Glass

State or group

West Virginia 

Ohio. ......................

Illinois __ .- ..................

Other States... ...............

Millions of dollars

1879

6.4

9.0

15.4

1889

14.4

20.3

34.7

1899

20.8

13.6

19.7

54.1

1909

20.7 

5.6 

9.9

7.0

5.1 

11.7

60.0

1919

25.7 

14.0 

11.0

8.2 

6.2

18.0

83.1

Per cent of total

1879

41.6

58.4

100.0

1889

41.5

58.5

100.0

1899

38.5

25.1

36.4

100.0

1909

34.5 

9.3 

16.6 

11.6

8.5 

19.5

100.0

1919

30.9 

16.8 

13.2 

9.9 

7.5

21.7

100.0

Jewelry

State or group

Industrial New England ......

New Jersey. _______ . ....

United States.. _ . .....

Millions of dollars

1879

6.7

7.3

14.0

1889

10.1

12.4

22.5

1899

17.3 

6.4

8.2

31.9

1909

21.5 

10.2

7.2

6.2

45.1

1919

18.6 

13.5 

6.4

6.9

45.4

Per cent of total

1879

48

52

100

. 1889

45

55

100

1899

54.2 

20.1

25.7

100.0

1909

47.7 

22.6 

16.0 

13.7

100.0

1919

41.0 

29.7 

14.1 

15.2

100.0
LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES 35

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by valub 

added by manufacture Continued

Knit goods

State or group

Other States. ___ . _ . ___ . ......

United States. ... ........

Millions of dollars

1889

13.4 

9.9

8.8

5.7

37.8

1899

21.0 

14.7 

11.3

12.5

59.5

1909

29.3 

23.1 

15.2

25.1

92.7

1919

39.0 

34.7 

17.3 

8.0 

6.1 

5.9 

27.8

13&8

Per cent of total

1889

35.4 

26.2 

23.3

15.1

100.0

1899

35.3

24.7 

19.0

21.0

100.0

1909

31.6 

24.9 

16.4

27.1

100.0

1919

28.1 

25.0 

12 5 

5.8 

44 

4.2 

20.0

100.0

Laundries, power

[Amount received for work done]

State or group

California _____________________________

Illinois---.-.---.- _ . ___ . _ . _ . _ . __ ... __ .--....- ...

Industrial New England . ................ .......... .......

Pennsylvania ..................................................

Ohio ___ ........ ___ . _ . ___ , _ .... _ ....... _ . _ ..

Other States. __ ...,. . _ .. __ . ___ .... ___ . ___ ...

United States _ ........ ..-.. -.. .................

Millions of dollars

1909

11.8 

9.8 

10.3 

9.3

8.6 

5.6 

52.6

108.0

1919

11.9 

11.1 

10.0 

9.7 

7.0 

6.1 

58.8

114.6

Per cent of total -

1909

10.9 

9.1 

9.5 

8.6 

8.0 

5.2 

48.7

100.0

1919

10.4 

9.f

8.7

as

6.1 

5.3 

51.3

100.0

Leather, tanned, carried, and finished

State or group

New York. ...............................

New Jersey.... ...........................

Wisconsin.- ________________

Maryland _ _____________ . .

Illinois-- ___ ........ _ ...... __ ......

Michigan.. ________________

Other States. .................. ...........

United States. ____ .............

Millions of dollars

1899

17.6 

8.4 

7.8 

5.6 

5.3

20.6

65.3

1909

19.4 

11.7 

6.9

as

10.1

25.5

82.1

1919

31.5 

23.6 

13.4 

12.3 

12.2 

11.5

8.6 

6.5 

16.9

136.5

Per cent of total

1899

27.0 

12.9 

11.9

ae ai

31.5

100.0

1909

23.6 

14.3 

8.4 

10.3 

12.3

31.1

100.0

1919

23.1 

17.3 

9.8 

9.0 a£

8.4 

6.3

4.8 

12.4

100.0

Liquors, distilled

State or group

Illinois

Kentucky. _____ .......

Indiana ....................

Pennsylvania. .............

Ohio.......................

Other States...... .. .

United States. .......

Millions of dollars

1869

12.4

1879

5.4

16.2

15.6

1889

57.8 

13.6 

6.2

11.4 

18.6

107.6

1899

46.0 

8.3 

20.0 

5.1 

14.7 

14.7

ioas

1909

47.4 

36.9 

27.7 

11.7 

9.8 

40.4

173.9

1919

5.8

Per cent of total

1869

100

1879

34.6

65.4

100.0

1889

53.8 

12.6

5.7

10.6 

17.3

100.0

1899

42.3

7.6 

18.4 

4.7 

13.5 

13.5

100.0

1909

27.4 

21.2 

15.9 

6.7 

5.6 

23.2

100.0

1919

------

100
QUALITY OF WATEB AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 12. Location and development.of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Liquors, malt

State or group

New York.. ...............

Pennsylvania. .............

Wisconsin ___ ............

New Jersey. ...............

Illinois: ....- __ .....

Industrial New England ...

Ohio.......................

 California _________

Indiana.. _________

Maryland _ __ .......

Minnesota. ................

Other States..... ..........

United States ........

Millions of dollars

1869

5.0

15.4

20.4

1879

18.4 

5.2

28.4

52.0

1889

41.7 

143 

11.3 

12.5 

8.9 

10.9 

5.3 

12.8

25.3

143.0

1899

59.6 

30.1 

20.3 

143 

15.5 

20.9 

17.6 

18.7 

5.1 

6.1 

6.3 

5.5

27.1

247.1

1909

60.6 

36.2 

25.0 

20.5 

15.8 

22.1 

16.2 

19.4 

7.0 

6.5 

6.2 

7.6 

8.5

35.1

286.7

1919

38.4 

21.8 

11.8 

10.0 

10.0 

9.8 

9.4 

8.8

18.4

138.4

Per cent of total

1869

24.5

75.5

100.0

1879

35.4

mo

546

100.0

1889

29.2 

10.0

7.9 

8.7 

6.2 

7.6 a?

9.0

17.7

100.0

1899

242 

12.2 

8.2 

5.8 

6.2 

8.4 

7.1 

7.6 

2.0 

2.5 

2.6 

2.2

11.0

100.0

1909

21.1 

12.6 

8.7 

7.2 

5.5 

7.7 

5.7 

6.8 

2.4 

2.3 

2.2 

2.7 

2.9

12.2

100.0

1919

27.7 

15.8 

8.5 

7.2 

7.2 

7.1 

6.8 

6.4

......

ias

100.0

Lumber and timber products

State or group

Washington ................

Louisiana

Mississippi .................

Arkansas.... ...............

Oregon ....................

California. ___ . _ . .....

Wisconsin.. ................

Michigan. ____ __ .

North Carolina- .. .....

Industrial New England ... 

Alabama ...................

Texas ...........

New York. ___ __ ..

Pennsylvania.. ............

Florida.......

Virginia..'....... . .....

Tennessee _ , ______

West Virginia..............

Minnesota ____ ......

Illinois .......

Georgia. __ . .............

Ohio......................

Idaho ......................

Maine.. ...................

Kentucky ..................

Missouri ____ ....

Indiana ....................

Other States...............

United States ........

Millions of dollars

1869

5.9 

13.3

6.9

9.6 

12.3

5.5

23.8

77.2

1879

8.2

25.8

9.3

13.6 

13.8

6.1

9.3

6.8

48.8

141.7

1889

iao

7.4

8.9 

40.4 

55.9

22.6

6.5 

10.7 

28.7 

31.7

6.5

15.6 

11.4 

7.6 

16.0

11.6

9.0

15.5

7.9 

63.9

390.9

1899

2as

145 

13.1 

20.4 

7.8 

16.3 

45.0 

48.8 

13.5 

28.4 

11.0 

12.5 

29.8 

38.6 

9.3 

11.2 

13.1 

9.4 

31.1 

13.6 

15.1 

20.9

10.1 

11.2 

11.4

17.0

5.4

6.8 

18.7

528.0

1909

541 

40.0 

29.5 

27.0 

18.4 

27.5 

33.4 

33.5 

21.6 

28.5 

17.4 

22.0 

31.8 

31.1 

15.0 

22.7 

17.4 

20.7 

22.2 

18.1 

16.6 

15.1 

7.5 

15.6 

11.2 iao

9.5 

11.1 

6.9 

5.7

5.6 

18.4

668.1

1919

68.8 

42.5 

31.1 

28.8 

28.0

22.5 

2L6 

20.2 

20.0

18.7 

18.7 

17.6 

15.8 

15.6 

146 

143 iao

12.5 

12.0 

10.9 

10.6 

10.3 

8.7 

8.6 

8.4 

7.9 

5.0

21.2

578.6

Per cent of total

1869

7.6 

17.3

8.9

12.4 

15.9

......

......

7.1

30.8

100.0

1879

5.8 

18.2

6.6

9.6

9.7

43

6.6

48

344

100.0

1889

as

1.9

2.3 

10.3 

143

5.8 

1.7 

2.7 

7.3 

8.1

1.7

40 

2.9 

1.9 

41

3.0

2.3

4.0

2.0

16.4

100.0

1899

45 

2.7 

2.5 

3.9 

1.5 

3.1 

8.5 

9.2 

2.6 

5.4 

2.0 

2.4 

5.6 

7.3 

1.8 

2.1 

2.5 

1.8 

5.9 

2.6 

2.9 

40

1.9 

2.1 

2.2

3.2 

LO

1.3 

3.5

100.0

1909

8.1 

6.0 

44 

41 

2.8 

41 

5.0 

5.0 

3.2 

43 

2.6 

3.3 

4.8 

47 

2.2 

3.4 

2.6 ai 

as

2.7 

2.5 

2.3 

1.1 

2.3 

1.7 

2.0 

1.4 

1.7 

LO 

.8

.8 

2.8

100.0

1919

1L9 

7.3 

5.4 

5.0 

48 

46 

42 

3.9 a?

3.5 

3.5 a2

3.2 

3.0 

2.7 

2.7 

2.5 

2.5 

2.2 

2.2 

2.1 

1.9 

1.8 

1.8 

1.5 

1.5 

1.4 

1.4 

.9

""§."7

100.0
LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES 37

TABLE 12. Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Paper and wood pulp

State or group

Industrial New England ___

New York.. ____ __ ..

Wisconsin ___________

Pennsylvania _________

Michigan.. __________

Ohio..........................

Other States.. ________

United States ...........

Millions of dollars

1879

11.1

15.4

26.5

1889

15.1 

7.3

19.4

41.8

1899

22.4 

16.3 

8.1 

5.6 

7.9

15.4

75.7

1909

26.8 

17.6 

13.8 

9.6 

8.8 

5.0 

6.3 

17.5

105.4

1919

28.8 

25.4 

19.0 

17.1 

14.1 

12.6 

9.4 

29.2

155.6

Per cent of total

1879

41.9

58.1

100.0

1889

36.1

17.5

46.4

100.0

1899

29.6 

21.6 

10.7 

7.4 

10.4

20.3

100.0

1909

25.4 

16.7 

13.1 

9.1 

8.4 

4.7 

6.0 

16.6

100.0

1919

18.5 

16.3 

12.2 

11.0 

9.1 

8.1 

6.0 

18.8

100.0

Petroleum refining »

State or group

California ________________ __ _ _*. . ......

Texas _________ __ _ ....

Pennsylvania. __________________________

Louisiana ____________________ __ _____

Oklahoma ___ .' _________________________

Kansas. .. .....................................................

Ohio.......................................... ... . . ........

Illinois ____ . __ __ .

New York _____________________________

Other States __ . ___________ __ _ . . ...

United States- .. _________ .... __________

Millions of dollars

1899

10.0

5.0 

13.1

28.1

1919

34.7 

28.2 

23.7 

21.3 

12.3 

11.4

6.0 

5.5 

5.1

38.5

186.7

Per cent of total

1899

35.6

17.8

46.6

100.0

1919

18.6 

15.1 

12.7 

11.4 

6.6 

6.1 

3.2 

3.0 

2.7

20.6

100,0

»The value added by manufacture in 1909 was 38.9 millions of dollars (standard of 1913). In order to 

avoid disclosing operations of individual concerns 67 per cent of the total was reported under " Other 

States," which included some with much larger production than those for which figures were given.

Printing and publishing

State or group

New York.............. _

Illinois

Pennsylvania ..............

Industrial New England ... 

Ohio.......................

California- .................

Missouri __________

Michigan.. ................

Maryland _________

Minnesota. ________

Texas ......................

Indiana- ...... ............

Iowa _ .. __ . ............

Wisconsin... . .........

New Jersey.. . .............

Nebraska.. ________

Tennessee _________

Other States...., ______

United States. . 

Millions of dollars

1869

6.2

6.4 

5.3

13.3

31.2

1879

21.5 

5.1 

7.2 

7.8 

5.0

22.0

68.6

1889

63.1 

28.0 

31.5 

22.6

142

11.4 

5.5 

7.5 

5.3

59.9

249.0

1899

116.1 

42.8 

38.9 

42.8 

22.5 

10.6 

15.3 

8.2 

8,7 

8.4

8.7 

6.3 

6.3 

5.9

47.2

388.7

1909

165.4 

64.5 

49.3 

45.0 

30.7 

19.3 

21.6 

12.8 

10.3 

12.3 

9.1 

10.6 

9.1 

8.8 

9.2

7.3 

5.4 

5.2 

5.4

51.4

552.7

1919

158.4 

67.9 

50.7 

42.3 

35.8 

20.1 

18.5 

15.2 

13.6 

11.2 

10.5 

10.0 

9.2 

8.4 

7.6

6.2 

5.0 

5.0

52.0

547.6

Per cent of total

1869

19.9

~26.~4" 

17.1

42.6

100.0

1879

3L3

7.4 

10.5 

11.4 

7.3

32.1

100.0

1889

25.3 

11.2 

12.7 

9.1

5.7

4.6

2.2

ao

2.1

24.1

100.0

1899

30.0 

11.0 

10.0 

11.0 

5.8 

2.7 

3.9 

2.1 

2.2 

2.2

2.2 

1.6 

1.6 

1.5

12.2

100.0

1909

30.0 

11.6 

8.9 

8.2 

5.5 

3.5 

3.9 

2.3 

1.9 

2.2 

1.6 

1.9 

1.7 

1.6 

1.7 

1.3 

1.0 

.9 

1.0

9.3

100.0

1919

28.9 

12.4 

9.3 

7.7 

6.5 

3.7 

3.4 

2.8 

2.5 

2.1 

1.9 

1.8 

1.7 

1.5 

1.4 

1.1 

.9 

.9

9.5

100.0
QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

'TABLE 12.-"Location and development of selected industries as indicated by value 

added by manufacture Continued

Rubber industry

State or group

Ohio.-......--.-. __ ----- ...

Industrial New England .....

New Jersey.. ................

Pennsylvania. ..............

Indiana ____________

Millions 

of dollars, 

1919

122.3

61.6

21.8

14.1

8.9

8.8

Per cent 

of total, 

1919

46 4

23.3

8.3

E Q

3.4

3.3

State or group

Millions 

of dollars, 

1919

8.7

8.7

9.0

264.0

Per cent 

of total, 

1919

3.3

3.3

3.4

100.0

Silk manufactures

State or group

Pennsylvania. ________

New Jersey.. ______ . ...

Industrial New England ......

New York ____ __ .

Other States..... __ .. . ...

United States...........

Millions of dollars

1879

8.8 

5.1 

5.6 

2.3

21.8

1889

8.8 

15.5 

'7.1 

11.1 

1.2

43.7

1S99

14.9 

24.4 

10.3 

8.0 

2.2

59.,8

1909

27.8 

33.2 

14.5 

13.0 

3.6

92.1

1919

51.2 

44.5 

27.1 

17.1 

5.7

145.6

Per cent of total

1879

40.4 

23.4 

25.7 

10.5

100.0

1889

20.1 

35.5 

16.2 

25.4 

2.8

100.0

' 1899

24.9 

40.8 

17.2 

13.4 

3.7

100.0

1909

30.2 

36.1 

15.7 

14.1 

3.9

100.0

1919

35.2 

30.6 

18.6 

11.7 

3.9

100.0

Tobacco

State or group

North Carolina ______

-New York. ___ ......

Virginia 

Missouri ___ ______ 

 Ohio .................... 

-Michigan. .................

Illinois.. _ ..---... __ ....

Other States...... _ ......

United States. __ ..

Millions of dollars

1869

6.8

......

20.7

27.5

1879

J9. 3

6.8

36.0

62.1

1889

5.5 

37.1 

16.9 

12.3

5.9 

10.5 

10.2 

5.5

6.7

6.4

26.9

143.9

1899

12.7 

46.0 

27.6 

13.7 

9.3 

8.0 

24.8 

14.9 

8.1 

6.7 

14.3 

8.7 

10.3

22.6

227.7

1909

22.9 

46.7 

30.3 

14.6 

13.8 

13.3 

14.8 

17.3 

9.3 

7.9 

10.5 

5.3 

13.7

26.5

246.9

1919

65.0 

46.2

27.8 

15.8 

14.6 

10.9 

10.2 

7.6 

7.0 

6.0 

5.4

40.5

257.0

Per cent of total

1869

25.0

------

75.6

100.0

1879

31.1

11.0

------

57.9

100.0

1889

3.9

25.7 

11.7 

8.5

il 

7.3 

7.1 

3.9

4.7

4.4 

18.7

100.0

1899

5.6 

20.2 

12.1 

6.0 

4.1 

3.5 

10.9 

6.6 

3.6 

2.9 

6.3 

3.8 

4.5 

9.9

100.0

1909

9.3 

18.9 

12.2 

5.9 

5.6 

5.4 

6.0 

7.0 

3.8 

3.2 

4.3 

2.2 

5.5 

10.7

100.0

1919

25.3 

17.9 

10.8 

6.1 

5.7 

4.2 

4.0 

3.0 

2.8 

2.3 

2.1

"l5.~8

100.0

CLASSES OF INDUSTRIES

The general conclusions pointed out in the discussion of the location of certain large industries (see pp. 18-22) are confirmed by a 

consideration of the individual industries named in Table 12 in connection with the hardness of water in the different States and industrial centers. (See fig. 2, Table 5, and pi. 3.) In order to bring out 

this relation more definitely the results in Tables 7, 8, 9,10, and 12 

have been summarized in Table 13, Plate 5, and Figure 6. For this
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

5,000

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 559 PLATE 5

4,000

3,000

EXPLANATION '

States not named 

inTable 12

States in which average hardness of wat-, 

er is as indicated 

(Figure 2)

Parts per million

0-55 

56-IOO 

101-200 

201-500

a: 

3 

o

Q 

UO

10

2 2,000

1,000

1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919

INDUSTRIES NOT DEPENDENT

ON QUALITY OF WATER 

VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE

1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1869 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919

INDUSTRIES LOCATED WITH INDUSTRIES DE PENDENT ON

REFERENCETO POPULATION QUALITY OF WATER

FOR GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES AND GROUPS OF STATES, 

1869-1919

100574 26. (Face p. 38.)

LOCATION OF TYPES OF INDUSTRIES 39

summary the industries have been divided into three classes: (1) Industries not dependent on quality of water; (2) industries located with 

Teference to population without regard to requirements as to quality 

of water; and (3) industries dependent on quality of water. The 

division is somewhat arbitrary, and some of the industries might possibly be better placed in a different class, but the classification of most 

of the large industries admits of little doubt.

The amounts in Table 12 when combined yield the totals for each, 

class of industry for groups of States, divided according to the average 

hardness of waters from large public supplies as shown in Figure 2

I 2 3 

1869

States notnamed 

in Tab[e 12

I 2 3 

1879

123 123 123 

1889 1899 1909 

EXPLANATION

States in which average hardness of water is as indicated (fifauv I) 

____________Parts py million

i 2 3 

1919

n0-55 56-100 101 -200 201-500

TIGURE 6. Percentage value added by manufacture during certain census years for groups of industries and for States arranged according to the average hardness of water from public supplies of their large 

cities. (See pi.5.) 1, Industries not dependent on quality of water; 2, industries located with reference to 

population; 3, industries dependent on quality of water

(p. 11). The amounts in Table 13 and the diagrams in Plate 5 do 

not refer to the total activity in the industries named for all the 

States in each range of hardness shown in Figure 2. The only States 

included for each group of industries are those for which separate 

figures are given in Table 12 for the different industries. The item 

""Other States" in Table 13 may thus include figures for States in 

which the waters have several different degrees of hardness as shown 

in Figure 2. In order to bring out more clearly the relative changes 

for the groups of industries at the different census years with reference
40 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

to the hardness of water the results shown in Table 13 and Plate 5 are 

given in Figure 6 in percentages.

TABLE 13. Value added by manufacture for groups of industries and for groups 

of States classed by the average hardness of waters used for public supplies of 

large cities

[See fig. 2. Values adjusted to standard of 1913 by index numbers furnished by IT. S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics]

1. Industries not dependent on quality of water

Hardness of water in States considered 

(parts per million)

0 to 55........................................

56 to 100 ...-. __ 

101 to 200... 

201 to 500... 

0 to 500 a. ....................................

0 to 55.. _ . _ 

56 to 100 - .. 

101 to 200 ...... . 

201 to 500....... ...... __ ....................

0 to 500 ° - ....................

Millions of dollars

1859

12.6

13.8

26.4

1869

170.7 

48.9 

30.6 

5.5 

42.2

297.9

1879

298.7 

118.5 

132.3 

6.8 

143.0

699.3

1889

538.7 

243.2 

419.7 

8.5 

330.1

1, 540. 2

1899

867.0 

477.2 

714.1 

87.7 

342.8

2,488.8

1909

1, 277. 9 

556.5 

1, 014. 9 

131.1 

358.1

3, 338. 5

1919

1, 637. 0 

770.8 

1, 879. 7 

241.9 

450.5

4, 979. »

Per cent of total

47.7

52.3

100.0

57.6 

16.4 

10.2 

1.8 

14.0

100.0

42.7 

16.9 

18.9 

1.0 

20.5

100.0

35.0 

15.8 

27.2 

.6 

21.4

100.0

34.8 

19.2 

28.7 

3.5 

13.8

100.0

38.3 

16.7 

30.4 

3.9 

10.7

100.0

32.9 

15.4 

37.8 

4.9 

9.0

100.0

 "Other States" as given iu Table 12.

2. Industries located with reference to population

Hardness of water in States considered

Millions of dollars

(parts per million)

0 to 55 .. ___ ... .... . 

56 to 100...... _ ._.. ._ .......

101 to 200.. ....

201 to 500.... . ___ .......................

0 to 500 «._... ......................... ........

0 to 55........................................

56 to 100 _ ...............................

101 to 200... _ ...............................

201 to 500 -. ........ ..................

0 to 500 " .-..... . .....................

1859

6.8

38.8

45.6

1869

30.4 

12.1 

11.4

83.0

136.9

1879

89.1 

18.5 

66.1

153.4

327.1

1889

280.3 

92.1 

207.0 

21.7 

245.8

846.9

1899

472.8 

149.3 

355.5 

71.0

277.7

1, 326. 3

1909

625.3 

191.0 

534.2 

103.0 

370.1

1,823.6

1919

634.7 

176.0 

540.1 

103.7 

444.1

1,898.6

Per cent of total

14.9

85.1

100.0

22.2 

8.8 

8.3

60.7

100.0

27.2 

5.7 

20.2

46.9

100.0

33.1 

10.9 

24.4 

2.6 

29.0

100.0

35.6 

11.3 

26.8 

5.4 

21.0

100.0

34.3 

10.6 

29.2 

5.6 

20.3

100.0

33.4 

9. a 

28.4 

5.5 

23.4

100.0

'Other States" as given in Table 12.
LOCATION OF TYPES OF INDUSTRIES 41

TABLE 13. Value added by manufacture for groups of industries and for groups 

of States classed by the average hardness of waters used for public supplies of 

large cities Continued

3. Industries dependent on quality of water

Hardness of water in States considered (parts 

per million)

0 to 55... ...... _ ............................

66 to 100......................................

101 to 200 . . 

201 to 500 

0 to 500".- 

Oto55 » .................... _ ....

56 to 100 . 

101 to 200 . ... ... 

201 to 500. _ 

0 to 500".- ... ... ... 

Millions of dollars

1859

63.9 

13.2

23.4

100.5

1869

63.7 

12.8

39.9

lift 4

1879

185.0 

29.4 

5.4

77.2

297.0

1889

267.2 

75.0 

69.2 

6.2 

93.7

511.3

1899

496.4 

138.0 

80.5 

20.0 

135.8

870.7

1600

667.8 

197.5 

118.5 

27.7 

187.2

1, 198. 7

1919

975.8 

235.4 

126.1

188.7

1,526.0

Per cent of total

63.6 

13.1

23.3

100.0

54.7 

11.0

343

100.0

62.3 

9.9 

1.8

26.0

100.0

52.3 

147 

13.5 

1.2 

18.3

100.0

57.0 

15.8 

9.2 

2.3 

15.6

100.0

55.7 

16.5 

9.9 

2.3 

15.6

100.0

63.9

15.4 

8.3

12.4

100.0

« "Other States" as given in Table 12.

INDUSTRIES NOT DEPENDENT ON QUALITY OF WATER

The following industries named in Tables 7 and 12 have been 

classed as not dependent on quality of water:

Agricultural implements. 

Automobiles, including bodies and parts. 

Boots and shoes.

Brass, bronze, and copper products. 

Canning and preserving.

Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies.

Clothing, men's. 

Clothing, women's.

Electric machinery, apparatus, and supplies. 

Engines, steam, gas, and water. 

Fertilizers.

Foundry and machine-shop products. 

Furniture. 

Glass.

Iron and steel, blast furnaces, and steel works and rolling mills combined. 

Jewelry.

Lumber and timber products. 

Petroleum refining. 

Rubber industry.

In 1869 the States that have the softest water had 58 per cent of 

the activity of this group of industries, whereas in 1919 they Jbtad only 

33 per cent. In 1869 the States in which the average hardness of the 

water was over 100 parts per million had 12 per cent of the activity, 

and in 1919 these States had 42.7 per cent. This group of industries
42 QUALITY OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

is thus shown to have contributed largely to the apparent transfer 

of industrial activity from regions of soft water to regions of hard 

water.

INDUSTRIES LOCATED WITH REFERENCE TO POPULATION

The following industries named in Tables 8 and 12 have been 

classed as located with reference to population regardless of quality 

of water:

Automobile repairing.

Bread and other bakery products.

Confectionery and ice cream.

Flour-mill and gristmill products.

Gas, illuminating and heating.

Laundries, power.

Liquors, malt.

Printing and publishing.

Slaughtering and meat packing.

Tobacco.

The percentage of the total activity for this group in States that 

have soft water increased from 22 in 1869 to 33 in 1919. This 

increase is in line with the rate of increase of population. ID the 

States where the water has a hardness of more than 100 parts per 

million the increase was from 8.3 per cent in 1869 to 34 per cent in 

1919. These percentages are based on the amounts in Tables 8 

and 12, which do not give as complete a picture of the industries in 

Group 2 as is given for either Group 1 or Group 3. The industries 

in Group 2 have been widely distributed, so that a considerable 

proportion of the activity has been in States where the amount was 

too small to appear in the tables. The percentage of the total given 

for "Other States" in this group was 60.7 in 1869 and 23.4 in 1919, 

whereas for Groups 1 and 3 the percentages in 1869 were 14 and 

34.3, and in 1919 they were 9 and 12.4.

INDUSTRIES DEPENDENT ON QUALITY OF WATER

The following industries named in Tables 9, 10, and 12 have been 

classed as dependent on quality of water:

Chemicals.

Cotton manufactures.

Druggists' preparations, patent medicines and compounds, and perfumery and cosmetics.

Dyeing and finishing textiles, exclusive of that done in textile mills. 

Knit goods.

Leather, tanned, curried, and finished. . 

Liquors, distilled. . 

Paper and wood pulp. , . 

Silk manufactures. 

Wool manufactures.
LOCATION OF TYPES OF INDUSTEIES 43

In 1869 the States that have soft water had 55 per cent of the 

activity in this group, and the States that have water in which the 

hardness is more than 100 parts per million did not have enough 

activity in these industries to be shown in the table. Undoubtedly, 

however, some of the 34 per cent in " Other States " occurred in States 

where the water is hard. In 1919 the activity in this group of industries in States that have soft water amounted to 64 per cent, and in 

States where the water has a hardness of more than 100 parts per 

million it amounted to 8.3 per cent. In 1919 "Other States" had 

12.4 per cent of the activity.

The industries of this group have grown in the last 50 years almost 

entirely in States where the waters are soft or only slightly hard,, 

and they have contributed comparatively little to industrial develop-, 

ment in regions where the water is hard. The industries of Group 1 

have contributed largely to the development in regions where the 

water is hard, whereas those of Group 2 have in a general way con-, 

tributed uniformly to industrial development in regions which Jiav% 

waters of all degrees of hardness.

o