UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

JOSEPH EDWARD DIXON,

Plaintiff

v.

ROGER WILLIAMS, et al.,

Defendants

CIVIL ACTION NO. 4:13-CV-02762

(BRANN, J.)

(MEHALCHICK, M.J.)

MEMORANDUM

Pending before this Court is a motion to compel discovery, filed by Defendant on 

January 29, 2016.1 In this motion, Defendant seeks to the production of any “post-trial 

motions” filed in Plaintiff’s underlying criminal case in New York “alleging that his detention 

by the Pennsylvania State Police violated his rights.” (Doc. 91). Defendant argues that such 

documents are relevant to their position that Plaintiff’s claims are barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 

512 U.S. 477 (1994). 

As the Court finds an adequate basis for such discovery, Defendant’s motion (Doc. 91), 

will be granted. 

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The general scope of discovery is outlined by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1):

 

1 The Court notes that Defendant failed to file a brief in support of his motion as 

required by Local Rule 7.5. Pursuant to Local Rule 7.5, “within fourteen (14) days after the 

filing of any motion, the party filing the motion shall file a brief in support of the motion.” If the 

party fails to comport with this Rule by submitting a supporting brief within the timeframe 

provided, the motion shall be deemed withdrawn. While it would be entirely appropriate for the 

Court to deem Defendants’ motion to be withdrawn and deny it without prejudice, the Court 

will suspend the operation of the Local Rule 7.5 here and will make an appropriate ruling with 

respect to this motion as filed, given that Defendants have provided sufficient detail of the 

discovery dispute in the motion to enable the Court to properly address it. 

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Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant 

to any party's claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case, 

considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in 

controversy, the parties' relative access to relevant information, the parties' 

resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether 

the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit. 

Information within this scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to 

be discoverable.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).

Issues relating to the scope of discovery permitted under Rule 26 rest in the sound 

discretion of the court. Wisniewski v. Johns–Manville Corp., 812 F.2d 81, 90 (3d Cir. 1987). Thus, 

a Court's decisions regarding the conduct of discovery, and whether to compel disclosure of 

certain information, will be disturbed only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. 

Marroquin–Manriquez v. I.N.S., 699 F.2d 129, 134 (3d Cir. 1983). 

Rule 26 establishes a liberal discovery policy. Clemens v. N.Y. Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 300 

F.R.D. 225, 226-27 (M.D. Pa. 2014); Great West Life Assurance Co. v. Levithan, 152 F.R.D. 494, 

497 (E.D. Pa. 1994). Discovery is generally permitted of any items that are relevant or may lead 

to the discovery of relevant information. Hicks v. Big Brothers/Big Sisters of Am., 168 F.R.D. 528, 

529 (E.D. Pa. 1996); Stabilus v. Haynsworth, Baldwin, Johnson, & Greaves, P.A., 144 F.R.D. 258, 

265–66 (E.D. Pa. 1992) (when there is no doubt about relevance a court should tend toward 

permitting discovery). Moreover, discovery need not be confined to items of admissible 

evidence but may encompass that which appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery 

of admissible evidence. Callahan v. A.E.V., Inc., 947 F. Supp. 175, 177 (W.D. Pa. 1996); Momah

v. Albert Einstein Medical Ctr., 164 F.R.D. 412, 417 (E.D. Pa. 1996). Although “the scope of 

relevance in discovery is far broader than that allowed for evidentiary purposes, it is not without 

its limits.” Stabilus, 144 F.R.D. at 265. The Court will not permit discovery where a request is 

made in bad faith, unduly burdensome, irrelevant to the general subject matter of the action, or 

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relating to confidential or privileged information. S.S. Fretz, Jr., Inc. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 

No. 90–1731, 1991 WL 21655, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 15, 1991).

These factors, as set forth in revised Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1),

2 reflect “their original place 

in defining the scope of discovery.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 advisory committee's note to 2015 

amendment. The revised Rule 26(b)(1) factors are as follows: the importance of the issues at 

stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties' relative access to relevant 

information, the parties' resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and 

whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit. The 

present amendment restores the proportionality factors to their original place in defining the 

scope of discovery, but does not change any of the existing responsibilities of the court or the 

parties in considering proportionality:

This change reinforces the obligation of the parties to consider these factors in 

making discovery requests, responses or objections. Restoring the proportionality 

calculation to Rule 26(b)(1) does not change the existing responsibilities of the 

court and the parties to consider proportionality, and the change does not place 

on the party seeking discovery the burden of addressing all proportionality 

considerations. Nor is the change intended to permit the opposing party to refuse 

discovery simply by making a boilerplate objection that it is not proportional. 

The parties and the court have a collective responsibility to consider the 

proportionality of all discovery and consider it in resolving discovery disputes.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 advisory committee’s note to 2015 amendment.

II. DISCUSSION

To reiterate, Defendant seeksthe production of any post-trial motions filed in Plaintiff’s 

underlying criminal case that would show that Plaintiff used his detention by the Pennsylvania 

 

2 The 2015 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure took effect on 

December 1, 2015. By order of the United States Supreme Court, the revised rules “shall govern 

in all proceedings in civil cases thereafter commenced and, insofar as just and practicable, all 

proceedings then pending.” Letter of Transmittal to Congress, April 29, 2015.

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State Police as a basis to argue on appeal that his manslaughter conviction should be 

overturned. As revealed by the exhibits attached to Defendant’s motion to compel, Plaintiff 

primarily objects to this discovery on the grounds that it is “not legitimately related to the issues 

in the case . . . [and] not in the Plaintiff’s custody and control . . . .” (Doc. 91, at 10).

Plaintiff has brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action seeking declaratory relief and an award 

of compensatory and punitive damages for alleged violations of the Fourth Amendment to the 

United States Constitution. Specially, Plaintiff asserts a Fourth Amendment false arrest claim 

and excessive force claim against Pennsylvania State Trooper Roger Williams and a number of 

John Doe Defendants. 

“Heck typically does not bar actions for Fourth Amendment violations.” Sanders v. 

Downs, 420 Fed. App’x 175, 179 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam). “Because of doctrines like 

independent source and inevitable discovery, and especially harmless error, . . . a § 1983 action 

[alleging an unreasonable search], even if successful, would not necessarily imply that the 

plaintiff’s conviction was unlawful.” Heck, 512 U.S. at 487 n.7 (discussing an unreasonable 

search claim). But, in determining whether success on a claim would necessarily impugn the 

integrity of the plaintiff’s underlying conviction, the Third Circuit requires that a district court 

undertake a fact-based inquiry into whether a Fourth Amendment claim implies the invalidity 

of the underlying conviction. See Gibson v. Superintendent of N.J. Dep’t of Law & Pub. Safety, 411 

F.3d 427, 448 (3d Cir. 2005), abrogated on other grounds, Dique v. N.J. State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 

188 (3d Cir. 2010). This “fact-based approach requires a district court to inquire into the nature 

of the criminal conviction and the antecedent proceedings.” Gibson, 411 F.3d at 451.In 

situations where the evidence seized as a result of an unlawful search or arrest was used to 

convict the defendant, district courts examine the factual circumstances to determine whether 

doctrines such as independent source, inevitable discovery, or harmless error would have 

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permitted the introduction of the evidence. Where it is impossible or improbable that such 

doctrines would have permitted the introduction of the evidence at issue in the criminal 

proceedings, the Heck favorable-termination rule applies. Id. at 448–49. In considering 

Defendant’s arguments, and the underpinnings of the Heck bar, the Court finds these briefs 

could be reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, as it might 

summarize or highlight critical issues with respect to what was actually at issue in Plaintiff’s 

criminal trial, which is a line of inquiry relevant to determining the nature of the criminal 

proceedings.

While these post-trial motions may be reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of 

admissible evidence, Plaintiff has represented that such documents are not within his 

possession, custody, or control. Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a) (providing that a party may serve a 

request for the production of documents that are “in the responding party’s possession, custody, 

or control”); see Harris v. Koenig, 271 F.R.D. 356, 371 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Lack of evidence 

showing that producing party is in fact in possession of a document is grounds to deny a motion 

to compel.”) (citations omitted). Documents are deemed to be within the party’s “‘possession, 

custody, or control’ if the party has actual possession, custody or control, or has a legal right to 

obtain the documents on demand.” In re Bankers Trust Co., 61 F.3d 465, 469 (6th Cir.1995)

(citing Resolution Trust Corp. v. Deloitte & Touche, 145 F.R.D. 108, 110 (D. Colo. 1992); Weck v. 

Cross, 88 F.R.D. 325, 327 (N.D. Ill. 1980)). Specifically, control is defined as “the legal right, 

authority, or ability to obtain upon demand documents in the possession of another.” Florentia 

Cont. Corp. v. RTC, No. 92 Civ. 1188, 1993 WL 127187 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 1993). While 

the Court does not challenge Plaintiff’s contention that he does not possess the post-trial briefs 

requested, it appears that Plaintiff does have the authority and ability to obtain upon demand 

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from his defense attorney in his underlying criminal action copies of any post-trial briefs filed.

Thus, the Court will direct Plaintiff to request by letter to his criminal defense counsel that his 

criminal defense counsel make these non-privileged post-trial briefs available to Defendant’s 

counsel to inspect and copy. The Court will further direct Defendant’s counsel to provide 

Plaintiff with a copy of said documents at Defendant’s expense.3

III. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, based on the foregoing, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion to 

compel. (Doc. 91).

An appropriate Order follows.

Dated: February 17, 2016 s/ Karoline Mehalchick 

KAROLINE MEHALCHICK

United States Magistrate Judge

 

3 While the Court will direct Plaintiff to request these post-trial briefs from his defense 

attorney to the extent such documents exist, counsel for Defendant is encouraged, as a

suggested alternative, to request the documents from the Clerk of Court in the jurisdiction 

where Plaintiff’s criminal proceedings took place, given the obstacles imposed by Plaintiff due 

to his incarceration and indigence. 

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