IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA 

 

GERARD JACKSON, 

 Plaintiff, 

 v. 

DIRECT BUILDING SUPPLIES LLC, 

 Defendant. 

 No. 4:23-CV-01569 

 (Chief Judge Brann) 

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

JANUARY 17, 2024 

I. BACKGROUND 

In October 2023, Plaintiff, Gerard Jackson, filed a one-count amended 

complaint against Defendant, Direct Building Supplies, doing business as Renu 

Solar.1

 In November 2023, Direct Building Supplies filed a motion to dismiss 

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.2

 It 

also moves to strike Jackson’s class allegations pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(f).3

 The motion is now ripe for disposition; for the reasons that follow, 

it is denied. 

1

 Doc. 20. 

2

 Doc. 22. 

3

 Id. at 5-6. 

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II. DISCUSSION 

A. Motion to Dismiss Standard 

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), courts dismiss a complaint, 

in whole or in part, if the plaintiff fails to “state a claim upon which relief can be 

granted.” Following the landmark decisions of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly4

 and 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

5

 “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain 

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible 

on its face.’”6

 The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has instructed 

that “[u]nder the pleading regime established by Twombly and Iqbal, a court 

reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint must take three steps”: (1) “take note of the 

elements the plaintiff must plead to state a claim”; (2) “identify allegations that, 

because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of 

truth”; and (3) “assume the[] veracity” of all “well-pleaded factual allegations” and 

then “determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.”7

 

When deciding a motion to dismiss, a court generally considers only the 

allegations in the complaint, exhibits attached thereto, and facts of public record.8

 

Normally, to go consider anything beyond those sources, a motion to dismiss must 

4

 550 U.S. 544 (2007). 

5

 556 U.S. 662 (2009). 

6

 Id. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). 

7

 Connelly v. Lane Construction Corp., 809 F.3d 780, 787 (3d Cir. 2016) (internal quotations 

and citations omitted). 

8

 Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010).

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be converted to a motion for summary judgment.9 But consideration of materials 

outside the complaint is not completely barred on a 12(b)(6) motion. Courts may 

consider any documents that are integral or explicitly relied upon in the complaint.10 

“However, before materials outside the record may become the basis for a dismissal, 

several conditions must be met.”11 “For example, even if a document is ‘integral’ to 

the complaint, it must be clear on the record that no dispute exists regarding the 

authenticity or accuracy of the document.”12 It must also be clear that there exists 

no material disputed issues of fact regarding the relevance of the document.13 

In this matter, Direct Building Services has attached an email described in the 

Amended Complaint to its Reply Brief to substantiate its allegations that Jackson 

may actually have solicited Direct Building Services’ call.14 But while Jackson 

references this email in his amended complaint,15 this Court cannot find that it is 

“integral” to the amended complaint. This email only adds context to support the 

plausibility that Jackson received calls from Direct Building Services, and is not 

actually necessary to establishing his TCPA claims. Jackson does not reference the 

contents of this email; he references the simple fact that Direct Building Services’ 

9

 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). 10 Schmidt v. Skolas, 770 F.3d 241, 249 (3d Cir. 2014). 

11 Faulkner v. Beer, 463 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir. 2006). 

12 Id.; see also Kaempe v. Myers, 367 F.3d 958, 965 (D.C. Cir. 2004); Alternative Energy, Inc. 

v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 267 F.3d 30, 33 (1st Cir. 2001). 

13 Faulkner, 463 F.3d at 134. 

14 Doc. 24-1. 

15 Doc. 20 ¶32. 

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employee emailed him, in support of his allegation that Direct Building Services 

contacted him to solicit the sale of solar panels.16 Nor does this proposition hinge 

solely upon the email; Jackson also alleges that the number from which he received 

a prior call was advertised as Direct Building Services’ phone number.17 

Direct Building Services also inspects various TCPA lawsuits filed by 

Jackson which it asserts were filed with different phone numbers listed for Jackson.18

Direct Building Services points to the suit against it in the Court of Common Pleas 

of Centre County, alleging calls to (814) 238-5007; this lawsuit, alleging calls to 

(814) 876-XXXX; and three separate class actions filed before this Court in 2020, 

2021, and 2023, alleging calls to (814) 238-XXXX, (814) 876-XXXX, and (814) 

238-XXXX.19 Direct Building Services contends that these “inconsistencies” 

concerning which telephone constitutes Jackson’s residential number make Jackson 

an inadequate class representative.20 

However, Direct Building Services’ attempt to insert new factual matter into 

the amended complaint is inconsistent with the purpose of a motion to dismiss, 

which inspects the adequacy of the pleadings. While the Court recognizes that Direct 

Building Services has based its argument solely on Court filings, only one of these 

16 Id. ¶¶24-32. 

17 Id.¶31. 

18 Doc. 25 at 3-5. 

19 Id.

20 Id. at 5. 

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filings relates to the allegations in Jackson’s amended complaint at all.21 And this 

filing is not “integral” to the complaint, which is based on the calls placed after 

Jackson filed his initial lawsuit against Direct Building Services; it only 

contextualizes and supports the plausibility of Jackson’s assertion that he received 

unsolicited calls from Direct Building Services. Some courts have found at summary 

judgment that a TCPA plaintiff who owns multiple cellphones specifically for the 

purpose of orchestrating TCPA litigation does not have standing to sue, but such a 

finding is only appropriate after discovery.22 Even considering Jackson’s prior filing 

against Direct Building Services, all it shows is that Jackson has had two cellphone 

numbers at different points in time. This Court must still assume the truth of 

Jackson’s allegation that the cellphone number specified in this complaint is his 

actual residential phone number. 

Believing it has laid the groundwork to cast doubt upon whether Jackson’s 

phone number is in fact residential, Direct Building Services disputes Jackson’s 

allegation that his phone bill proves the residential character of his cellphone 

number.23 As Jackson alleges this fact without attaching the phone bill, Direct 

Building Services “requests that this Court require Plaintiff provide his phone bill to 

substantiate his otherwise bald allegations concerning the residential nature of the 

21 Id. at 2. 

22 Stoops v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 197 F.Supp. 782, 800 (W.D. Pa. 2016). 

23 Doc. 25 at 6. 

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phone number (814) 876-XXXX as part of its consideration of the instant Motion.”24

But Jackson’s phone bill is also not integral to his complaint, and the Court may take 

his assertion about the phone bill to be true for purposes of dismissal. 

Finally, based on an audio recording of Jackson’s call which is purportedly in 

its possession, Direct Building Services states that Jackson gave express written 

consent to receive its calls under the false name “Barry Johnson.”25 These allegations 

are based upon evidence outside the scope of the complaint and fall far outside of 

the scope of dismissal. If true, Direct Building Services’ allegations are significant 

to its affirmative defense, but that affirmative defense is irrelevant here. A motion 

to dismiss evaluates the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s allegations, and no defense of 

consent is apparent from the face of Jackson’s complaint.26

All the documents referenced by Direct Building Services’ Reply Brief are 

only tangentially related to Jackson’s amended complaint. Therefore, this Court will 

not consider the attached email, referenced court filings or the allegations which 

Direct Building Services’ bases upon its supposed recording of Jackson’s call. 

24 Id. at 7. 

25 Doc. 25 at 3 (“To the extent any call was placed to Plaintiff to (814) 476-XXXX, it was made 

after Defendant received express written consent for contact from an individual named “Barry 

Johnson” to contact that number . . . it would appear ‘Barry Johnson,’ is in fact the Plaintiff in 

this matter. From these facts and inferences that can be deduced therefrom, Plaintiff cannot 

adequately represent his proposed putative class.”). 

26 See Rosenberg v. LoanDepot.com LLC, 435 F.Supp. 3d 308, 318 (D. Mass. 2020); see also 

Bethel v. Jendoco Constr. Corp., 570 F.3d 1168, 1175 (explaining that affirmative defenses 

such as a statute of limitations may only be considered on a motion to dismiss if the bar is 

“apparent on the face of the complaint.”). 

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B. Facts Alleged in the Amended Complaint 

The facts alleged in the amended complaint, which this Court must accept as 

true for the purposes of this motion, are as follows. 

Gerard Jackson, a Pennsylvania resident, placed his number on the National 

Do Not Call Registry.27 Jackson alleges that his telephone number is residential, used 

for personal calls only, and not associated with a business or registered to a 

business.28 He further alleges that the telephone bill for this number only lists his 

own name.29

Direct Building Services offers solar services,30 and makes telemarketing calls 

to consumers to generate leads.31 Because Jackson received telemarketing calls from 

Direct Building Services despite placing his name on the Do Not Call Registry, he 

filed suit against it in early 2021.32 But this only marked the beginning of this 

dispute. Direct Building Services placed five more telemarketing calls to Jackson 

from August 9, 2021, through September 28, 2021.33 Each call which was answered 

followed a similar script: the caller advertised residential solar electric product and 

installation services offered by Direct Building Services.34 

27 Doc. 20 ¶¶6, 18. 

28 Id. ¶19-21. 

29 Id. ¶22. 

30 Id. ¶15. 

31 Id. ¶16. 

32 Id. ¶23. 

33 Id. ¶24 

34 Id. ¶¶25-26. 

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Jackson highlights a particular call in his amended complaint.35 According to 

Jackson, a September 2, 2021 call using a “spoofed Caller ID” began with a similar 

telemarketing pitch, from someone identifying himself as “Edmund.”36 After 

Jackson answered Edmund’s questions, he was transferred to someone identifying 

himself as “Jacob.”37 This person continued to discuss the sale of solar panels with 

Jackson until the phone disconnected.38 Jacob then immediately called Jackson back 

that same day, which transmitted Direct Building Services’ advertised telephone 

number to Jackson.39 Jackson then received an email from the telemarketer, “Jacob 

Dimpsey,” which confirmed that the call was attributable to Direct Building 

Services.40 

Jackson again filed suit.41 Yet still, he received four more calls from Direct 

Building Services on July 5, July 19, August 1, and September 8, 2023.42 These calls, 

like the previous ones, followed a similar script advertising Direct Building 

Services’ solar products.43 Jackson states that “the calls were clearly sent by the 

Defendant promoting their goods as counsel for the Defendant provided a recording 

35 Id. ¶¶27-31. 

36 Id. ¶27. 

37 Id. ¶28. 

38 Id. ¶29. 

39 Id. ¶31. 

40 Id. ¶32. 

41 Id. ¶33. 

42 Id. ¶¶33-35. 

43 Id. ¶¶36-37. 

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of the final call to counsel for the Plaintiff.”44 Jackson alleges that he never consented 

to any of these calls.45

Based on these facts, Jackson brings a class action suit against Direct Building 

Services for violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 

(“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227.46 He seeks to represent a class tentatively defined as 

follows: 

All persons in the United States whose (1) telephone numbers were on 

the National Do Not Call Registry for at least 31 days, (2) but who 

received more than one telemarketing calls from or on behalf of the 

Defendant (3) within a 12-month period, (4) from four years prior the 

filing of the Complaint.47 

C. Analysis 

Direct Building Services argues that claims under TCPA section 227(c)’s 

private right of action are statutorily unavailable for calls placed to cellphones, and 

that in any case Jackson has failed to plausibly allege a violation of the TCPA. This 

Court rejects both arguments. 

The TCPA sought to curb the invasion of privacy caused by abusive 

telemarketing practices.48 One of the TCPA’s reforms provides for the Do Not Call 

registry, a “consumer-driven process” to limiting telemarketing calls.49 Any 

44 Id. ¶38. 

45 Id. ¶40. 

46 Id. at 10. 

47 Id. ¶43. 

48 Barr v. Am. Ass’n of Political Consultants, 140 S.Ct. 2335, 2343 (2020); Mims v. Arrow Fin. 

Servs., LLC, 132 S.Ct. 740 (2012). 

49 Krakauer v. D.I.S.H. Network, L.L.C., 925 F.3d 643, 649-50 (4th Cir. 2019).

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“residential telephone subscriber” may place his name on the National Do Not Call 

Registry, and placing a call to any “residential telephone subscriber” whose name is 

on the National Do Not Call registry is an abusive telemarketing act.50 Consumers 

may then bring suit through 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)’s private right of action if two 

telemarketing calls are made within a twelve-month period.51 

In support of its motion to dismiss, Direct Building Services argues that 

cellphone numbers are not “residential.”52 But while our Court of Appeals has not 

expressly decided this issue, it is far from a novel question. The weight of existing 

authority indicates that cellphone users may be considered residential telephone 

subscribers, although whether a cellphone is used for residential purposes involves 

a more fact-intensive question. In addition to this persuasive authority, subsection 

227(c) and the TCPA’s text, structure, and purpose all belie Direct Building 

Services’ reading. 

The Eastern District of Pennsylvania has recently opined that “[t]he consensus 

in this Circuit is that Do Not Call claims may apply to cell phones.”53 This consensus 

is well-founded. Regulations implemented shortly after the TCPA was passed 

further define residential subscribers to include a “subscriber to a telephone 

50 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(3); 47 C.F.R. §§ 64.1200(c)(2). 

51 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(5). 

52 Doc. 23 at 16. 

53 Dudley v. Vision Solar, LLC, No. 21-659, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 135608, at *13 (E.D. Pa. 

July 21, 2021); see also Atkinson v. Choice Home Warranty, No. 22-04464, 2023 U.S. Dist. 

LEXIS 5570, at *12-13 (D.N.J. Jan. 11, 2023). 

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exchange service that is not a business subscriber,” a definition which plainly does 

not distinguish between cellphones and landline phones.54 Therefore, the Federal 

Communications Commission, which was empowered to implement the TCPA’s Do 

Not Call provisions through administrative rulemaking,55 has explicitly noted that 

because “it is more consistent with the overall intent of the TCPA to allow wireless 

subscribers to benefit from the full range of TCPA protections . . . wireless 

subscribers may participate in the national do-not-call list.”56 

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has applied the 

logical next step from this rulemaking decision: a number placed on the Do Not Call 

Registry is presumptively residential for purposes of section 227(c)’s private right 

of action, else it would not have been registered in the first place.57 The United States 

Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has likewise opined: “[the] argument that cell 

phone users are not ‘residential telephone subscribers’ runs headlong into the FCC’s 

express statements to the contrary.”58 Other courts have found similarly.59

54 47 C.F.R. § 64.2305(d). 

55 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(1). 

56 In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991,18 

F.C.C. Rcd. 14014, at *63-64 (F.C.C. July 3, 2003); see also Chevron, U.S.A. Inc. v. Nat. Res. 

Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984) (“considerable weight should be accorded” to an 

agency’s “construction of a statutory scheme it is entitled to administer”). 

57 Krakauer, 925 F.3d 643, 657 (4th Cir. 2019). 

58 Murray v. Grocery Delivery E-Servs., 55 F.4th 340, 348 (1st Cir. 2022). 

59 See, e.g., Chennette v. Porch.com, Inc., 40 F.4th 1217, 1223-24 (9th Cir. 2022) (finding that 

cellphone used for both business and personal purposes was not residential, but noting that 

“During oral argument, defendants conceded that cell phones can be ‘residential’ for purposes 

of § 277(c)”); Strange v. ABC Co., No. CV 19-1361, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38882, at *10-11 

(W.D. La. Mar. 1, 2021). 

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The contrary authority cited by Direct Building Services relies on two illfounded textual arguments. In Shelton v. Fast Advance Funding, LLC, which 

predated Dudley v. Vision Solar, the Eastern District of Pennsylvania opined on the 

term “residential telephone” in dicta.60 It first noted that “residential” means “used 

as a residence or by residents,” and “resident” means “living in a place for some 

length of time,” or “one who resides in a place.”61 Therefore, that court stated that 

the “plain language” of the term “residential telephone” limits that term to phones 

exclusively used in a residence, and therefore excludes “a cellular telephone, which 

can be used anywhere.”62 However, “plain language” is not a magical incantation. A 

statute’s “plain language” is indeed decisive, but only when that language is 

susceptible to just one meaning—that is what makes the language “plain.” 

Otherwise, appealing to plain language when attempting to define ambiguous terms 

takes the conclusion for granted. 

60 See Shelton v. Fast Advance Funding, LLC, 378 F.Supp. 3d 356, 362 n.7 (E.D. Pa. 2019), aff’d, 

No. 19-2265, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 6676 (3d Cir. Mar. 3, 2020). Other decisions have relied 

upon the same “plain language” interpretation in Shelton. See Gaker v. Q3M Ins. Sols., No. 

3:22-CV-00296-RJC-DSC, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44919, at *6-7 (W.D.N.C. Feb. 7, 2023) 

(Cayer, M.J.) (citing Shelton for its interpretation of this language); Cunningham v. Politi, No. 

4:18-CV-00362-ALM-CAN, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102447, at *10-11 (E.D. Tex. Apr. 30, 

2019) (Nowak, M.J.), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102050 

(E.D. Tex. Apr. 30, 2019); Cunningham v. Britereal Mgmt., No. 4:20-cv-144-SDJ-KPJ, 2020 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 236135, at *16-17 (E.D. Tex. Nov. 20, 2020) (Johnson, M.J.), report and 

recommendation adopted, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 235956 (Dec. 16, 2020). 

61 Id. (citing Residential, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/residential and Resident, 

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resident). 

62 Id. 

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“Slicing a statute into phrases while ignoring their contexts” is a “formula for 

disaster”63 because “[t]he full body of a text contains implications that can alter the 

literal meaning of individual terms.”64 Shelton v. Fast Advance Funding, LLC,

articulates a wooden reading of the TCPA’s text which obscures its ambiguity by 

fixating on the word “residential” alone, rather than placing it in semantic context. 

Section 227(c)(1) does not merely use the term “residential” or “residential 

telephone;” in describing the Do Not Call registry, it refers to a “residential 

telephone subscriber.”65 While this language is facially ambiguous, the best reading 

of the word “residential” is not that it modifies the “telephone,” but rather that 

“residential” and “telephone” both modify the “subscriber.” So instead of describing 

a “subscriber” who owns a “residential telephone,” Section 227(c)(1) describes a 

“telephone subscriber” who has subscribed for “residential,” i.e., personal, 

purposes.66 “Residential” is therefore used in the broader sense of “relating to a 

resident” to distinguish such a subscriber from a business or commercial telephone 

subscriber, who cannot be added to the Do Not Call registry. 

63 Hermann v. Cencom Cable Assocs., 978 F.2d 979, 982 (7th Cir. 1992) (Easterbrook, J.). 

64 ANTONIN SCALIA & BRIAN A. GARNER, READING LAW 356. See also Yates v. United States, 

574 U.S. 528, 536 (2015) (Ginsburg, J.). 

65 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(1). 

66 See Mantha v. Quotewizard.com, LLC, No. 19-12235-LTS, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19502, at 

*13 (D. Mass. Feb. 3, 2022) (“[T]he inquiry to determine whether a phone number qualifies as 

a ‘residential telephone subscriber’ focuses on whether the subscriber has and uses the phone 

for residential purposes.”). 

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The structure of subsection 227(c) itself supports the point. The subsection 

never references any such thing as a “residential telephone;” only “telephone 

subscribers” and “residential subscribers.”67 When Congress authorizes the F.C.C. 

to create the Do Not Call registry in section 227(c)(3), it describes a list of “telephone 

numbers” held by “residential subscribers:” “a single national database to compile a 

list of telephone numbers of residential subscribers who object to receiving 

telephone solicitations.”68 Congress again refers to “residential subscribers” rather 

than “residential telephones” in section 227(c)(3)(E). Finally, in a subsequent 

amendment which seems to endorse the F.C.C.’s understanding of a “residential 

subscriber” as a non-business subscriber rather than defying that distinction, section 

227(a)(1)(2)(A) distinguishes between a “business subscriber” and a “residential 

subscriber.”69

67 47 U.S.C. §§ 227(c)(2) (“telephone subscribers”), 227(c)(3) (“residential subscribers”), 

227(c)(3)(E) (“residential subscriber”), 227(c)(3)(C) (“telephone subscriber”). The broader 

term “telephone subscriber” is never used to describe the persons placed on the Do Not Call 

registry, but instead is used when describing notice and comment procedures for the F.C.C.’s 

administrative rulemaking. 

68 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(3). 

69 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(2)(A) (“The term ‘established business relationship’ . . . shall include a 

relationship between a person or entity and a business subscriber subject to the same terms 

applicable under such section to a relationship between a person or entity and a residential 

subscriber.”). Although this subsection explicitly notes that it applies “for purposes only of 

subsection (b)(1)(C)(i),” it nevertheless demonstrates Congress’ ratification of the F.C.C.’s 

residential subscriber—business subscriber dichotomy. See Franklin v. Gwinnett Cnty. Pub. 

Sch., 503 U.S. 60, 78 (1992) (Scalia, J., Concurring) (opining that while Title IX’s implied 

private right of action may not have originally permitted monetary damages, subsequent 

legislation demonstrated Congress’s understanding of this reading and therefore ratified it). 

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Contrary to Shelton’s reasoning, the TCPA’s broader structure supports rather 

than undermines this reading of the term “residential telephone subscriber.” 

Shelton’s second textual argument relies on the expressio unius canon, which 

reasons that the expression of one thing implies the exclusion of others. The fact that 

the TCPA references “cellular telephone service” in the prior subsection supposedly 

“evidenc[es] that both Congress and the FCC were aware of the distinction between 

a cellular telephone and a residential telephone and purposely protected only 

‘residential telephone subscribers’ under §227(c).”70 But “[t]he expressio unius

canon applies only when ‘circumstances support a sensible inference that the term 

left out must have been meant to be excluded.’”71 As Congress also referred to a 

“residential telephone line” in section 227(b),72 this same logic can be turned on its 

head. Had Congress wished to limit section 227(c) to specified telephone 

technologies rather than specified telephone subscribers, it would have indicated 

somewhere in that section that the registry is limited to a “residential telephone line,” 

as Congress used that term in the preceding subsection.73 

70 Shelton, 378 F.Supp. 3d at 363 n.7; Gaker, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44919, at *6-7; Cunningham 

v. Britereal Mgmt., 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 236135, at *16-17; 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)., 

(b)(2)(C), (b)(2)(H). 

71 N.L.R.B. v. SW General, Inc., 580 U.S. 288 (2017). 

72 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(B) (emphasis added). 

73 Alternatively, one district court reads the term “residential” to describe a subscriber’s 

“telephone” but concludes that “residential” telephones, rather than standing in contrast to 

cellular telephones, are a broad category that subsumes the term. See Tessu v. AdaptHealth, 

LLC, No. SAG-23-0364, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 145211, at *6 n.1 (D. Md. Aug. 17, 2023) 

(“[The TCPA does not] draw an express distinction between a residential telephone and a 

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Section 227(c)’s focus on the telephone subscriber demonstrates that the term 

“residential” is a “functional term not tethered to a particular technology,”74 focusing 

instead on the subscriber’s privacy rights. This is in stark contrast to other sections 

of the statute, describing technology such as a “telephone facsimile machine,” a 

“cellular telephone service,” and indeed, a “residential telephone line.”75 Section 

227(c)’s focus on the “telephone subscriber” who uses his telephone for “residential” 

purposes is underscored by the full context of section 227(c)(1), which draws 

attention to the subscriber’s privacy rights rather than his telephone’s technological 

capabilities. “The Commission shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding concerning the 

need to protect residential telephone subscribers’ privacy rights to avoid receiving 

telephone solicitations to which they object.”76 

This reading is confirmed by the only reference to “residential telephone 

subscribers” in the TCPA’s Congressional findings, which speaks broadly to privacy 

interests: “evidence compiled by the Congress indicates that residential telephone 

subscribers consider automated or prerecorded telephone calls, regardless of the 

content or the initiator of the message, to be a nuisance and an invasion of privacy.”77

As was true in 1991 and as is more true today, cellphones are often used in the 

cellular telephone. It simply makes reference at different points to each, but does not provide 

that one could not be subsumed within the other.”).

74 Mantha, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19502, at *8-9. 

75 Id. at 8-9 (citing 47 U.S.C. §§ 227(d)(2), (b)(2)(c)); 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(B). 

76 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(1). 

77 Act Dec. 20, 1991, Pub. L. 102-243, § 2, 105 Stat. 2394. 

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residence for personal purposes as well as in other locations, and indeed many 

exclusively use cellphones in their residence and do not own landline phones.78 If 

anything, telemarketing calls to personal cellphones pose a greater invasion of 

privacy to telephone subscribers than do telemarketing calls to landline phones, 

because they can invade one’s privacy at any time and in any place. 

“The TCPA cannot be read to regulate unsolicited telemarketing only when it 

affects the home.”79 As the Third Circuit has instructed, “because the TCPA is a 

remedial statute, it should be construed to benefit consumers.”80 Indeed the Third 

Circuit has stated in a different context that “[a]lthough it is true that the TCPA 

placed particular emphasis on intrusions upon the privacy of the home in 1991, this 

expression of particular concern for residential calls does not limit—either expressly 

or by implication—the statute’s application to cell phone calls.”81

 Because of the F.C.C. contrary regulations, Shelton’s burden was not to offer 

the best interpretive argument, but to offer section 227(c)’s only plausible 

construction. Yet the statute’s language is ambiguous at best, and therefore the 

78 See In re Rules, 18 F.C.C. Rcd. at 14038-39 (“wireless subscribers often use their wireless 

phones in the same manner in which they use their residential wireline phones”); Klassen v. 

Solid Quote LLC, No. 23-cv-00318-GPG-NRN, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203237, at *5-6 (D. 

Colo. Nov. 14, 2023) (“By the end of 2022, over seventy percent of adults [were] estimated to 

reside in wireless-only households”) (citing STEPHEN J. BLUMBERG AND JULIAN V. LAKE, 

NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS, WIRELESS SUBSTITUTION: EARLY RELEASE OF 

ESTIMATES FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY, JANUARY-JUNE 2022, at 1 

(2022)).

79 Cranor v. 5 Star Nutrition, 998 F.3d 686, 691 (5th Cir. 2021) (ruling upon section 227(b)). 

80 Gager v. Dell Fin. Servs., LLC, 727 F.3d 265, 271 (3d Cir. 2013). 

81 Susinno v. Work Out World Inc., 862 F.3d 346 (3d Cir. 2017). 

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F.C.C.’s interpretation is at least a “permissible construction of the statute.”82 There 

is little reason to doubt the interpretation adopted by the majority of courts and the 

F.C.C. In light of contrary regulations, the statutory argument proffered by Direct 

Building Services has been rightly maligned as relying on “isolated authority” 

contrary to “common sense.”83

 Direct Building Services’ remaining arguments against Jackson hinge on 

whether he has plausibly alleged himself to be a residential telephone subscriber. 

These arguments can be dismissed in short order because they all demand more from 

Jackson’s amended pleading than is appropriate at the dismissal stage. Ironically, 

Direct Building Services’ assertion that Jackson’s status as a residential telephone 

subscriber is “unsupported” and “conclusory”84 is itself unsupported and conclusory. 

Jackson’s allegations that his cellphone is for personal use, and that it is registered 

on the Do Not Call Registry, are presumptively sufficient for his allegation to be 

82 See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843; 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(2) (authorizing the Federal Communications 

Commission to prescribe regulations “to implement methods and procedures for protecting the 

privacy rights described”); 47 C.F.R. § 64.2305(d) (defining “residential telephone 

subscribers”). 

83 Hirsch v. USHealth Advisors, LLC, 337 F.R.D. 118, 131 (N.D. Tex. 2020). Even if this Court 

were to accept this statutory interpretation argument, Direct Building Services has not 

explained why the F.C.C.’s ruling would not prohibit such a holding. See Tessu, 2023 U.S. 

Dist. LEXIS 145211, at *10-13. 

84 Doc. 23 at 15. 

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plausible.85 It is not clear what else Direct Building Services would require of 

Jackson’s complaint for it to survive dismissal. 

D. Motion to Strike Analysis 

1. Law 

When pleadings contain “redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous 

matter,” a party may move to strike under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f).86

The narrow purpose of a motion to strike is to “clean up the pleadings, streamline 

litigation, and avoid unnecessary forays into immaterial matters.”87 District Courts 

have broad discretion in granting a Rule 12(f) motion to strike.88 However, striking 

pleadings is a “drastic remedy” to be used “sparingly.”89 

“District courts within the Third Circuit typically conclude that motions to 

strike class action allegations filed before plaintiffs move for class certification are 

premature.”90 Because “the shape and form of a class action evolves only through 

the process of discovery,”91 “courts rarely grant motions to strike under Rule [12(f) 

85 In re Rules, 18 F.C.C. Rcd. at 14038-39; Krakauer, 925 F.3d at 649-50; Barton v. Temescal 

Wellness, LLC, No. 4:20-cv-40114-TSH, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42211, at *13-14 (D. Mass. 

Mar. 8, 2021). 

86 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(d)(1)(D) also authorizes courts to strike pleadings relating 

to class actions by stating that in evaluating class actions, the court may issue orders that 

“require that the pleadings be amended to eliminate allegations about representation of absent 

persons and that the action proceed accordingly.”). 

87 McInerney v. Moyer Lumber & Hardware, Inc., 244 F.Supp. 2d 393, 402 (E.D. Pa. 2002). 

88 Wirt v. Bon-Ton Stores, Inc., 134 F.Supp. 3d 852, 857 (M.D. Pa. 2015). 

89 Dann v. Lincoln Nat’l Corp., 274 F.R.D. 139, 142 (E.D. Pa. 2011). 

90 Reed v. Friendly’s Ice Cream, LLC, No. 15-0298, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62197, at * (M.D. 

Pa. May 11, 2016). 

91 Abdallah v. The Coca-Cola Co., No. 1:98-CV-3679, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23211, at *6 (N.D. 

Ga. July 19, 1999). 

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or Rule] 23(d)(1)(D) prior to class discovery, doing so only where ‘[n]o amount of 

additional class discovery will alter th[e] conclusion’ that the class is not 

maintainable.”92 

2. Fail-Safe Class 

One rare instance in which courts do grant motions to strike prior to class 

discovery is where a plaintiff has alleged a “fail-safe class.” “A fail-safe class is one 

that defines its members by the plaintiff’s liability – all individuals wronged by the 

defendant, in the classic formulation.”93 “[S]uch a class impermissibly skirts the bar 

of res judicata” because “either the class members win or, if the defense prevails, 

no class exists, and the putative class members, unbound by any judgment, are free 

to pursue individual claims.”94 

Direct Building Services states that Jackson’s class depends on whether 

someone received a “telemarketing or ‘solicitation call,’” and points out that 

“telephone solicitation” is statutorily defined to include only persons who received 

such calls without consent.95 But Direct Building Services is mistaken. The term 

“solicitation” does not appear anywhere within Jackson’s class definition.96 As 

92 Goode v. LexisNexis Risk & Info. Analytics, 284 F.R.D. 238, 244 (E.D. Pa. 2012) (citing P.V. 

ex rel. Valentin v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., No. 2:11-CV-04027, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125370, at 

*12 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 31, 2011) and Thompson v. Merck & Co., Inc., Nos. 01-1004, 01-1328, 01-

3011, 01-6029, 02-1196, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 540, at *9 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 6, 2004)). 

93 Zarichny v. Complete Payment Recovery Servs., 80 F.Supp. 3d 610, 624 (E.D. Pa. 2015). 

94 Id.

95 Doc. 34 at 13 (citing 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(4)). 

96 See Doc. 20 ¶43. 

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Jackson points out in his Brief in Opposition, he intentionally used the term 

“telemarketing” to ensure that no analysis of consent was contained within his class 

definition.97 Instead, he intended telemarketing to “mean what it says, which is 

‘selling or advertising by telephone.’”98 So there is no basis to claim that he has 

proffered a fail-safe class. 

As Jackson notes, his case is then indistinguishable from Jackson v. 

Meadowbrook Financial Mortgage Bankers Corp.

99 In Jackson v. Meadowbrook, I 

refused to strike an identical TCPA class definition offered by this same plaintiff 

alleging this same cause of action.100 Therefore, minimal analysis is required; as 

many courts within this Circuit have found, Jackson has avoided the fail-safe 

concerns posed by Zarichny v. Complete Payment Recovery Services by defining his 

class without reference to whether the class members first consented to be called.101

3. Class Action Requirements 

Even if a class is not fail-safe, class allegations may be struck where “no 

amount of discovery or time will allow for plaintiffs to resolve deficiencies in class 

97 Doc. 24 at 14-15. 

98 Id. at 15-16. 

99 No. 4:22-CV-01659, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41211 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 10, 2023). 

100 Compare Complaint, Doc. 1 ¶31, Jackson v. Meadowbrook Fin. Mortg. Bank, No. 4:22-CV01659 (M.D. Pa.), with Doc. 20 ¶43. 

101 See Abella v. Student Aid Center, No. 15-3067, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 147299, at *12 (E.D. 

Pa. Oct. 30, 2015); Johnson v. Ally Financial Inc., No. 1:16-CV-1100, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

126817 (M.D. Pa.), O.P. Schuman & Sons, Inc. v. DJM Advisory Grp., LLC, No. 16-3563, 

2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22402, at *13, (E.D. Pa. Feb. 16, 2017). 

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definitions under Rule 23.”102 To be certified, a class must satisfy predominance and 

superiority under Rule 23(b)(3). This requires that “questions of law or fact common 

to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual 

members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods of fairly and 

efficiently adjudicating the controversy.”103 A successful class must also meet the 

following four prerequisites: 

(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable 

[numerosity]; 

(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class 

[commonality]; 

(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the 

claims or defenses of the class [typicality]; and 

(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the 

interests of the class [adequacy of representation].104

 But again, “a motion for class certification is a more appropriate vehicle for 

arguments about class propriety.”105 Here, Direct Building Services contests the 

commonality and numerosity requirements. 

Direct Building Services first argues that Jackson “has not alleged that these 

calls were placed at the same time, by the same caller, or featured the same 

102 Luciano v. Teachers’ Ins. and Annuity Ass’n of Am. – Coll. Ret. Equities Fund, No. 15-6726 

(ZNQ) (DEA), 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64671, at *3 (D.N.J. Apr. 7, 2022). 

103 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). 

104 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). 

105 Luciano, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64671, at *3. 

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conversation.”106 Somehow, counsel has made the same argument, in the exact same 

language, that I already rejected in Jackson v. Meadowbrook.

107 I reject it here for 

the same reasons; issues concerning the relationship between an alleged telemarketer 

and putative class members are “difficult to resolve without discovery,” and it is too 

early in the litigation to make any such judgment.108 Moreover, “[c]ommonality does 

not require an identity of claims or facts among class members; instead, the 

commonality requirement will be satisfied if the named plaintiffs share at least one 

question of fact or law with the grievances of the prospective class.”109 

Direct Building Services also argues that Jackson’s pleadings cannot possibly 

satisfy the numerosity requirement, which is generally satisfied when at least 40 

class members are present,110 because the “[t]he Complaint is devoid of any other 

allegations of unwanted calls being made to anyone other than plaintiff.”111 Jackson 

106 Doc. 23 at 10. 

107 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41211, at *16 (“Meadowbrook contends that Jackson’s class 

allegations do not satisfy the typicality requirement because although he alleges that 

Meadowbrook ‘made potentially thousands of separate calls to separate potential class 

members,’ he ‘has not alleged that these calls were placed at the same time, by the same caller, 

or featured the same conversation.’”). 

108 Id. at *17 (quoting Landsman & Funk PC v. Skinder-Strauss Assocs., 640 F.3d 72, 93-94 (3d 

Cir. 2011), opinion reinstated, Nos. 09-3105/09-3532/09-3793, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 11946 

(3d Cir. Apr. 17, 2012)). 

109 Jackson v. Locust Med., LLC, No. 4:22-CV-00424, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 197057, at *5 

(M.D. Pa. Oct. 28, 2022) (quoting Johnston v. HBO Film Mgmt., Inc., 265 F.3d 178, 184 (3d 

Cir. 2001)). 

110 In re NFL Players Concussion Injury Litig., 821 F.3d 430, 427 (3d Cir. 2016) (“There is no 

magic number of class members needed for a suit to proceed as a class action. We have set a 

rough guidepost in our precedents, however, and stated that numerosity is generally satisfied 

if there are more than 40 class members.”). 

111 Doc. 23 at 11. 

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v. Meadowbrook also rejected this argument.112 Once again, discovery is needed. 

The mere fact that a plaintiff received an unsolicited telemarketing call renders 

plausible the assertion that at least 40 other individuals did as well.113 Requiring 

Jackson to list other class members who Direct Building Services called before he 

has access to such names, which are currently within the exclusive possession of 

Direct Building Services, would likely result in nearly all class actions being stricken 

before discovery. 

4. Individualized Fact Finding 

 Direct Building Services’ last argument concerns individualized fact-finding. 

As our Court of Appeals has explained, class certification is inappropriate where a 

class cannot be ascertained “without extensive and individualized fact-finding or 

‘mini-trials.’”114 Direct Building Services argues that extensive individualized factfinding would be required to determine whether an individual received more than 

one telemarketing call.115 But this twisted logic would mean that TCPA class actions 

can never be brought. “Had Congress wanted to preclude aggregation of individual 

TCPA claims, it could have so provided in the TCPA itself or in CAFA [Class Action 

Fairness Act].”116 Nor does it appear difficult to determine how many telemarketing 

112 Jackson v. Meadowbrook Fin. Mortg. Bank, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41211, at *17 n.76. 

113 See id. (“his factual allegations—namely, that he received three telemarketing calls on the same 

day, all of which followed a script, al of which came after his attorney sent Meadowbrook a 

cease-and-desist letter, ‘make clear [the] en masse nature of the calling.’”) (citations omitted). 

114 Marcus v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 687 F.3d 583, 593 (3d Cir. 2012). 

115 Doc. 23 at 12. 

116 Landsman, 640 F.3d at 95. 

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calls were placed to class members, assuming Direct Building Services keeps 

records of its business calls; this fact can easily be ascertained through a company 

database.117

Direct Building Services also points to Jackson’s inclusion of persons called 

by its agents or third parties as requiring individualized fact-finding.118 But this is as 

simple as the fact-finding involved in determining whether someone has received 

more than one telemarketing call from Direct Building Services itself. Such class 

members are likely ascertainable from the company databases of any agents or third 

parties advertising for Direct Building Services, which can be obtained during 

discovery,119 and otherwise involves the same or similar claims under the TCPA. 

That is sufficient for the class to remain intact at this point in the litigation. 

117 See Marcus, 687 F.3d at 593 (collecting cases requiring proposed classes to be ascertainable 

from a company database). 

118 Doc. 23 at 9; see Gomez v. Campbell-Ewald Co., 768 F.3d 871, 879 (9th Cir. 2014), aff’d, 577 

U.S. 153 (2016). 

119 See, e.g., Jackson v. Aragon Adver., LLC, No. 4:23-MC-00812, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 201988 

(M.D. Pa. Nov. 9, 2023). 

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III. CONCLUSION 

Defendant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), and Defendant’s 

motion to strike pursuant to Rule 12(f), are denied. 

An appropriate Order follows.

 BY THE COURT: 

s/ Matthew W. Brann 

 Matthew W. Brann 

 Chief United States District Judge 

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