GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 288 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC 

WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

NEW ENGLAND STATES, 1952 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Douglas McKay, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CffiCULAR 288 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE NEW ENGLAND STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lobr and W. F. White 

Washington. D. C., 1953 

Free on application to the GeJogical Survey, Washington 25, D. C. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction • . • • . . • . • . • • . . • • • • • • • • 1 

Connecticut ••••••••..•....••..• 3-16 

Bridgeport • . . • • . . . • • . . • • • • • • • • 3 

Bristol . . • • • • • . • • . . . • . • • • • . • . • 4 

East Hartford town ••.. o....... 4 

Fairfield town " • . . . • • . . • . . . • • . . 4 

Greenwich town •• o • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 

Hamden town • • • • . • • . • . • • • • • . • • 5 

Hartford. • . . • • . . • • • . . • • • • . . . . . 6 

Middletown ...•••••.•.• ~ • . • • • . 7 

Milford town . . • . • • • • • . • . • • • • . • 7 

New Britain. . . • • . • • • . • • . • . • . 8-9 

New Haven .••.... o........ 10-11 

New London. . . • • • • • • • • • . • . • . . 12 

Norwalk • . • • . . • • • • . .• • . . . . . • • • 13 

Stamford . o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 

Stratford town .. o ••• o •• o o... • • 14 

Torrington o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 

Waterbury . • • . • • • • . • • • • . . • • . . 16 

West Hartford town • • • . • . . . • . • 16 

West Haven town • • • • . • • . • . • . • 16 

Maine •••..••.••.••.•.•...• o • • 17-24 

Auburn . • . • • . . • . • • • • . . • . . . • • • 17 

Augusta • • . • . . . • • . . • . • • • . • • • . 18 

Bangor • . . . • • • . . • • . • • • • • . . . . . 19 

Bath . • . • • . • . . • • . . • • • . • • . • • • • 20 

Biddeford . . • . • . • . • . • • • • • . • • • 21 

Lewiston . • . . . • . • • • • . • . • . • • • • 22 

Portland • . • • . • • • • • • . • • . . • . . . 22 

Saco ................... 0 • • • • 23 

Sanford . • . . • . • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • 23 

South Portland • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • 24 

Waterville • . • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • 24 

Westbrook • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . . 24 

Massachusetts • • • • • . • • . . • • • . • 25-56 

Arlington town • • • • • • • . • . • . • • • 2 5 

Attleboro • . • • • • . • • • • • . . • • • • • • 25 

Belmont town • • • • • . . . . • . • . • • • 25 

Beverly • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . 25 

Boston . • . • . . • • • • . . • • • . • • • 26-27 

Page 

Massachusetts--Continued • • . • • 28-56 

Braintree town •.........•• , . • . 28 

Brockton • . . . . . • • . . . . • . • • . . . • . 29 

Brookline town • . • . • . • . . • • • • . • 29 

Ca.Illnridge • . . . • . • • • . . • . . . . . • . 30 

Chelsea • • . • . . . . • • •. . • . . • . . • • • • 31 

Chicopee • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • 31 

Everett • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • • • • • . . • 31 

Fall River • • • • . • . . . . . . • • . • • . . • 3 2 

Fitchburg . • . • . • • • . . • • • . . . • . . . 33 

Framingham town • • • • • • • . . . . . • 34 

Gloucester. . • . . • • . • • . . . • . . • . • • 3 5 

Haverhill •.....•.• , . • • . • • • . . . . 36 

Holyoke • • . . . . . • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • 37 

Lawrence • . • • . . . • • . • • • • • . . . • • 3 8 

Leominster •••.•• , • • . . . • • • . • • 3 9 

Lowell • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • . • . • • . • • 40 

Lyttn . . . . • • • . • . • • . . • • . • . . • . . . 41 

Malden • • • • • . . • • • . . . • • . • . • . • • 42 

Medford • • . . . . • • • • • . . . • . • • • . • 42 

-Melrose • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • • 42 

Methuen town • • . . • • . • • • • • . • . . • 4 2 

Milton town. • • . • • . • . . . • . • • • . • • 42 

New Bedford • • • . . . . • . • . • • • • • • 43 

1'lewton • • • • . • • • . • . • . •. . • • . . . • • 44 

North Adams • . • • • . • • • . . • • • • . . 4 5 

Northampton • • • • . . . . • • • • • • . . • 46 

Peabody • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • . . • • . . 47 

'Pittsfi~ld •••••••.•.•.•••.•.•. 48 

·Quincy • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • . . • • • 48 

Revere .. • • . • . . • . • • • • . • • . • • . • • 48 

Salem • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • . • • 49 

.Somerville • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • . 50 

· Springfteld • • • . • . • • . • • • • • . . . • • 50 

Taunton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

Waltham • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • 51 

Watertown town . • • • • • • • • • . • . • • 51 

:Wellesley town. • • • • . • • • . • . • • • • 52 

Westfield • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • . . • • • 53 

:W.eymouth tGwn • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 

m 
IV 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Massachusetts--Continued • • • • • 55-56 

Woburn . . . • . . • . • • . . • • . . . • • • • • 55 

Worcester • • . . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • 56 

New Hampshire • . • • . . • . • • . . • . • 57-65 

Berlin • . . • • • . • . . . • • . . • • • . • • • • 57 

Concord . . • . . . . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • 58 

Dover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59· 

Keene . . • • . • . . . • • • . . • • • • • • • • . 60 

Laconia.. . . • • . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • 61 

Manchester • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 

Nashua • • . • • • . . • • • • . • • . • • • • • . 63 

Portsmouth • . • • • • . • • • • • . . • . . • 64 

Rochester. • . • . . • • • . • . . • • . • . • • 65 

Rhode Island • . • . . . • • • • • . • • • • • 66-73 

Bristol . • • . • . • . • • . • • • . • • . . • • • 66 

Central Falls. . . • • . . • • • • . • . . • • 66 

Cranston. • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • . • . • • 67 

Page 

Rhode Island--Continued ••••..•. 67-73 

East Providence towri . . • . • . • 67-68 

Newport • • • • . • • • . . • • • • . • • . • 68-69 

Pawtucket .•••.••..•.••••••• 69-70 

Providence ..•••••.••.••••• 70-71 

Warwick ••••••.•.•.••••• o •••• 71 

West Warwick town • • . • • • • • . 72-73 

Woonsocket • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • . 73 

Vermont •••••.••••.•••••••••••• 74-80 

Barre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

Bennington • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . 7 5 

Burlington • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . . . 76 

Montpelier o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 

Rutland . . • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • • • • . 78 

St. Albans • • •. • . • • • • . • • . • • . • • . • 79 

St. Johnsbury ••••.••.••••••••. 80 

ILLUSTRATION 

Figure 1. Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars 

on the Industrial Utlilty of Public Water Supplies of the Untied States, 1952. 

The shaded portion represents the section of the country covered by this circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 
THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE NEW ENGLAND STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr and W. F. White 

INTRODUCTION 

The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suitable quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water 

supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in 

the manufacture and distribution of many commodities. 

Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many 

industrial plants, used either as delivered for· domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water for 

processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the 

United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day 

from private sources. In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated 

to be taken from public water supplies. 

U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of 

public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining 

to the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. 

This report, which is still in print 3:11d being distributed, has filled an important 

need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date 

information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised report, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 1, 200 

cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper. However, in order that the information might be available 

at the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which 

give data on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released 

as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by 

the Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the country. (See 

fig. 1). The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each 

of the states. 

This circular is the ninth and last of the series and includes data for the States 

of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. (See fig. 1). The report gives the population (1950) of the city, the population supplied, ownership, sources and treatment of supplies, storage facilities 

of both raw and finished waters, and chemical analyses of the water for a total of 

103 of the larger cities (towns and villages) in the states of the New England group. 

The datafor each city are essentially the same as \Yill appear in the complete report for the whole country. 

Data for the supplies were collected by W. F. White, district chemist, Washington, D. C. assisted by others in the Quality of Water Branch and the district 

personnel of both the Surface Water Branch and the Ground Water Branch of the 

U. S. Geological Survey. Analyses of most of the samples collected for the report were made in the Washington, D. C. laboratory of the Quality of Water 

Branch, under the supervision of D. E. Weaver, chemist. Many of the analyses 

for supplies in Massachusetts were furnished by the Massachusetts Department of 

Public Health. Review and compilation of all data were made by E. W. Lohr in 

the Washington office under the direction of S. K. Love, Chief, Quality of Water 

Branch. 
.. I 

I 

WEST 

SOUTH 

J 

Figure 1. -Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars on the Industrial Utility of Public Water Supplies of the 

United States-, 1952. The shaded portion represents the section of the country covered by this circular. 
CONNECTICUT 

BRIDGEPORT 

(Population, 158, 709) 

3 

Ownership: Bridgeport Hydraulic Co. ; also supplies wholly or in part Easton, 

Fairfield, Shelton, Stratford, Trumbull, and Westport towns. Total population supplied, about 250,000. · 

Source: 3 impounding reservoirs: Hemlocks Reservoir, about 54 percent of supply; Easton Reservoir, about 26 percent; Trap Falls Reservoir, about 20 percent. 

Treatment: Chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Raw-water storage: 24,000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished !Finished Finished 

water water a water ~city tap) (city tap) 

Silica (SiO:a) ...••..••. 3.0 8.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ...••..•....•. • 21 • 13 Total ................ 29 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 09 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 15 

Calcium (Ca) ···~~~··· 8. 0 7.5 

Magnesium (Mg) ••• I. 2. 2 1.8 Color ................. ·· • 15 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 2.6 2.0 pH ..•••.••..•••..•.....•• 6. 8 

Potassium (K) ••••• I. 0 9 1.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 17 -- 25 C.) •••.•••••••••.• 75.3 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 12 13 Turbidity··~··········· 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 6.2 4.0 Temperature (F.} ••• -- Fluoride (F) •..••.•••. • 2 • 0 Date of collection .•. July 26, 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••.•••. .3 • 1 1951 

Dissolved solids ...•. 46 --

Finished 

water a 

26 

--

12 

7. 2 

--

0 

38 

March, 

1951 

a Hemlocks Reservoir; average for the month of March, 1951. Analysis by 

Bridgeport Hydraulic Company. 
4 

Ownership: Municipal. 

CONNECTICUT 

BRISTOL 

(Population, 35, 961) 

Source: Reservoirs fed by surface waters. Auxiliary or emergency supply, well. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and soda ash, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, chlorination, and addition of Calgon. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 840,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 800, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) .............. . 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 

Finished 

water 

4.3 

• 04 

• 00 

Hardness .as cacas: 

Total •..•................... 

Noncarbonate .•..•.....•. 

Finished 

water 

11 

Manganese 4 (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 2.8 ~~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ... , ......... . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ .. 

1.0 

5.4 

.3 

0 

9 

11 

2.8 

. 1 

.3 

34 

Color ..•.•.....•...•....•.•.... 

pH •••••••••.••••••••••••.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•.......•........ 

Turbidity ..••......•••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••..• 

Date of collection .•....... 

EAST HARTFORD town 

(Population, 29, 933) 

1 

6.5 

54.8 

.6 

July 12, 

1951 

Ownership: Supplied by Metropolitan District of Hartford County. (See Hartford.) 

FAffiFIELD town 

(Population, 30:. 489) 

Ownership: Supplied by Bridgeport. (See Bridgeport.) 
CONNECTICUT 

GREENWICH town 

(Population, 40, 835) 

5 

Ownership· Greenwich Water Company; also sells water wholesale to Port Chester 

Water Works, Inc. , Port Chester, N. Y. which supplies about 38,000 people 

in Port Chester and Rye, N. Y, Total population supplied, about 79,000. 

Source; Putnam Lake, Rockwood Lake, and Brush Dam, interconnected. The 

raw water intake is in Putnam Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, interconnections with Stamford Water Company. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 16, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Putnam Lake, 572,000,000 gal; Rockwood Lake, 500,000,000 

gal; Brush Dam, 14, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) .............. . 

Iron (Fe) ............... , .. . 

Manganese (Mn) .•••..•••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ..... ,. •...... 

Fluoride (F) ............. . 

Nitrate (NOs) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

5.2 

.11 

12 

2.0 

3.7 

1.3 

0 

23 

21 

7.0 

. 1 

• 2 

76 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•...........•....... 

Noncarbonate .••.......•. 

Color ..•.......•............... 

pH .••.••.••.•.•..•••••.•.......• 

Specific conch&ctance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

Turbidity ...........••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••••..• 

Date of collection ••••..... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Raw water .•..•... 

Finished water ... 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max 

20 27 

24 36 

12 6. 9 7.3 6. 8 

17 8.5 8u 9 6. 8 

HAMDEN town 

(Population, 29, 715) 

34 38 

46 48 

Min 

27 

40 

Ownership: Supplied by New Haven, Water Co. (See New Haven.) 

Finished 

water 

38 

19 

2 

7. 1 

110 

2.0 

June 24, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

1 5 1 

<1 <1 <1 
6 CONNECTICUT 

HARTFORD 

(Population, 177, 397) 

Ownership: Metropolitan District of Hartford County, which also includes as 

member towns Bloomfield, East Hartford, Newington, Rocky Hill, Wethersfield·, and Windsor; and non-member towns Glastonbury and West Hartford. 

Total population supplied, about 322,000. 

Source: Series of impounding reservoirs. Nepaug Reservoir (at present) is the 

principal supply reservoir. 

Treatment: Aeration, slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 35,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 41, 100,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 17, 800, 000 gal. (Storage facilities under construction, 

14, 500,000 gal). 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (CO,) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

3. 9 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

• 02 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... • . . . . . 12 

0 00 Noncarbonate ....•. ...... 6 

3.5 ~~--------------------~---------

• 8 Color ••....• ... ••....... ... . . .. 7 

1. 5 pH .... ....................... ... 6. 2 

.4 

0 

7 

6.8 

2.8 

. 1 

0 6 

27 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.} •....•................ 

Turbidity ..........••••...... 

Temperature (F. } •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection ........ . 

39.7 

.4 

July 14, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 6.8 7. 1 6. 1 -- -- -- 1.2 2.4 0.4 

Finished water ... 7.3 8. 5 6.0 6.4 6. 7 6.0 15. 18 10 .6 1.9 • 2 
Ownership: Municipal. 

CONNECTICUT 

MIDDLETOWN 

(Population, 29, 711) 

7 

Source: Mt. Higby Reservoir; Laurel Brook Reservoir (not being used at present). 

Treatment: C hloz:ination. 

Raw-water storage: 600, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished 

water a waterb 

Silica (SiOa) •..••.•••• • 7 . 7 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•.•..••••••. • 03 • 07 Total ................. 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 0 .o Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca) •••••oo•• 16 7.8 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 2. 0 2.3 Color···················· 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 3.8 2.7 pH ...•...•...•.........•. 

Potassium (K) ••••••• • 8 .2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 30 13 25 c. ) ............... Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 22 13 Turbidity •••••••..••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5. 5 7. 8 Temperature (F.) ••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 2 .o Date of collection ..• 

Nitrate (NOs) ..•..•••• .9 • 1 

Dissolved solids ••.•• 68 47 

a Laurel Brook Reservoir. 

b Mt. Higby Reservoir, chlorinated. 

MILFORD town 

(Population, 26, 870) 

Ownership: Supplied by New Haven. (See New Haven.) 

Raw 

water a 

48 

24 

4 

7. 0 

120 

2 

-- July 18, 

1951 

Finished 

waterb 

29 

18 

8 

6.7 

75.8 

2 

-- ~uly 18, 

l951 
8 CONNECTICUT 

NEW BRITAIN 

(Population, 73, 726) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 5, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 78, 700. 

Source: Shuttle Meadow, Wolcott and Whigville Reservoirs (small brooks impounded or diverted); 20 White Bridge wells 40 ft deep; 66 upper White Bridge 

driven wells. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and soda ash, ·carbon, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, lime, chlorination, and fluoridation with sodium fluoride. 

Well supply: chlorination (and fluoridation planned). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 524,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 500, 000 gal. 

The White Bridge pumping station is operated by two 3-mgd electric pumps, and 

Upper White Bridge station, by two 1-mgd electric pumps. Electric power 

for the pumps is generated by Fairbanks-Morse diesel generating units. The 

wells of the Upper White Bridge field are connected to header lines which terminate in the pumping station from which the water is pumped to a large concrete well (the caisson) 50ft in diameter and about 28ft deep at White Bridge. 

The walls of this well are perforated with 3 in. pipe openings. The well has 

no constructed bottom. Suction lines in each of the White Bridge wells are 

connected to a header line which also leads into the caisson. Ordinarily, 

water from the caisson is pumped into the Whigville Reservoir line leading 

directly to distribution lines in the city when only ground water is being carried in the line. Under these conditions about 6 mgd can be delivered. If 

necessary the water can be delivered to the treatment plant. With a full line 

from Whigville Reservoir no water can be diverted from White Bridge. Under 

normal operation conditions about 3. 1 mgd is diverted from Whigville and 

about 2. 6 mgd from White Bridge, all being delivered to the treatment plant 

through the single pipe line serving both supplies. In the year 1950 about 18. 5 

percent of the total of all supplies was furnished by the wells. 
CONNECTICUT 9 

NEW BRITAIN--Continued 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fje) ...•....•......•... 

Manga.ese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calciutn (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magne~ium (:Ailg) ..•...... 

Sodiu~ (Na) ...•........... 

Potass~um (K) ........•... 

Carbo~ate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate {HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•.... 0. 

Fluoride (F) ...•.......... 0 

Nitrate (N03) • o o ••••• o. o o o o 

Dissolved solids .. 0 ••••• 0 

Finished 

water a 

8. 2 

. 01 

0 00 

9.4 

1.4 

3.2 

.3 

2 

16 

14 

3.2 

. 4 

• 2 

52 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ooo••o···· ••ooo o• ••o o• o 

Noncarbon.ate o••· oo•••••o 

Color .. •o. o. o ••••• 000 oo• •••••• 0 

pH •••.•••••..••••••.•..•..••.••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•...... o••••••• 

Turbidity •...•..•...•••. o• ••• 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••.•• 

Date of collection •••..•••• 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 10 13 3 6. 7 8. 1 5. 9 18 34 6 

Finished water ... 14 18 10 8. 5 9. 1 8. 1 42 76 22 

a Sample collected at Shuttle Meadow treatment plant. 

Finished 

water a 

29 

13 

2 

9. 0 

85.1 

• 5 

72 

July 11, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 0 0 0 
10 CONNECTICUT 

NEW HAVEN 

(Population, 164, 443) 

Ownership: New Haven Water Co.; also supplies Branford, Cheshire, East Haven, 

Hamden, North Branford, North Haven, Orange, West Haven, and Woodbridge 

towns; and sells water to Milford town. Total population supplied, about 

294,000. 

Source: 8 collecting systems comprising 15 impounding reservoirs. 

Treatment: Lake Whitney supply: slow sand filtration, and chlorination. Remaining supplies: chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 19,683,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: clear well, Lake Whitney Supply, 800,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geo 1 . o~c alSu rvey 

Lake Woodbridge Lake Lake 

Maltby Maltby Whitney Reservoir Reservoir 1 Reservoir 2 

Silica (SiO~ •.•••• o •• o o o ••• o •. o o o o 8.3 5. 8 4.7 4.2 

Iron (Fe) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 . 27 -- -- Manganese {Mn) •••••••••••• •h •• • 02 . 08 -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•• o ..••••• o••• •o•o•o 23 5. 6 12 10 

Magnesium (Mg) • o •• o ••. o o. o o •• o 2.9 1.5 2o 2 1.9 

Sodium (Na) .•. o o •. o o o o o .• o o •• o •••• 5o4 3o2 ) 3.5 5o 0 Potassium {K) o • o o •• o •••• o o •••••• .3 • 5 

Carbonate (COs) •• ••o•••••••••o o• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) o ••••• o o. o ••• 58 12 29 24 

Sulfate (S04) ••••• o ••• o ............. 14 10 11 12 

Chloride ( Cl) o u •••••••• o• ••••• o •• 12 5o 8 8 8 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... • 1 • 2 -- -- Nitrate (NOs} o o •••• o o ••.• o o •• o o •• o 1. 1 . 4 .2 .3 

Dissolved solids o o o o o .• o o o. o o ••• 96 45 a 55 as3 

Hardness as CaC01: 

Total ............................ 69 20 39 33 

Noncarbonate o o o •••• •o ••• o. o •• 22 10 15 13 

Color ................... ............ 1 15 3 3 

pH .................•...........•..•.. 6. 9 6.3 7. 2 7. 1 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C.) •••••. 165 64.5 102 92o2 

Turbidity .......................... • 8 1.2 -- -- Temperature (F.) .•••.• o •• o o ••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection o •••••••••• o ••• July 18, July 18, July 18, July 18, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

a Sum of determined constituents. 
CONNECTICUT 11 

NEW HAVEN--ContinuedANALYSES 

(~nalyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey 

Lake Lake Beaver Lake 

Gaillard Bethany Brook Saltonstall Reservoir 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••••••• 5. 2 4.1 8. 6 6. 5 

aon (Fe) .....•..................... • 03 -- -- . 02 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• . 00 -- -- • 00 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••• 9.0 6.0 14 18 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 3.7 1.4 4.2 6.4 

Sodium (Na) ....................... 2.9 } 3.0 6. 0 { 5.6 

PotassiUm. (K) ••••••••••••••••••• . 3 .4 . Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 26 6 25 61 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• 13 9.0 21 18 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••• o. o. o ••• o ••• 4.9 9 14 8. 5 

Fluoride (F) .......•..••.•••.•••. • 1 -- -- • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• • 2 .3 3.9 1. 0 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 61 a36 a84 111 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total~ ............................ 38 21 52 71 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 16 16 32 21 

Color ................... ............ 2 3 7 1 

pH .•...........•..••..•..••..••••.•.• 7. 0 6.0 6. 8 7. 8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C •. ) •••••• 90.7 64.2 155 169 

Turbidity .......................... 1. 0 -- -- 1. 5 

Temperature (F.) •••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Date of collection ~ •••••••••••••• July 17, July 18, July 16, July 18, 

1951 1951 1951 1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant b 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water .... 32 43 25 6. 8 6.9 6. 7 46 54 40 .25 1 0 

a Sum of determined constituents. 

bLake Whitney, quarterly determinations, Aug. 4, and Oct. 18, 1950; Jan. 10 

and Apr. 6, 1951. 
12 CONNECTICUT 

NEW LONDON 

(Population, 30, 551) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 550 people in Montville and Waterford 

towns. Total population supplied, about 31, 100. 

Source: Lake Konomoc Reservoir. Auxiliary or emergency supplies, Barnes 

Reservoir and Bogue Brook Reservoir. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 046,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 300,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water a 

(city tap) 

2. 4 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water a 

(city tap) 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) ........ .. 

• 02 Total ••.•.............. ..... 11 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) .... . 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. .. 

Nitrate (N03 ) ............ .. 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

a Lake Konomoc. 

.oo,~ __ N_o_nc_ar_ b_o_na __ te __ .. _._ .. _ .. _._··_··~--------6--

3.0 

• 8 

3.2 

.4 

0 

6 

5. 8 

6.4 

• 0 

• 5 

30 

Color •.•.......••.......•...... 

pH •••.•••••..••••••.••.•..•..••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •......•.............. 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •••.•.•..• 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

7 

6.3 

47.9 • 7 

July 16, 

1951 
CONNECTICUT 

NORWALK 

{Population, 49, 460) 

13 

Ownership: Municipal. The two taxing districts of the city have separate systems of supply. The first taxing district supplies about 25,000 people; the 

second, about 21, 500. 

Source: First taxing district: 4 impounding reservoirs on Silvermine River. 

Second taxing district: stored water from East Branch Silvermine River and 

North Wilton Brook. 

Treatment: First taxing district: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, lime, Calgon, and chloramine. Second taxing district: slow 

sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: First taxing district, 5, 000,000 gpd; Second 

taxing district, 4, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: First taxing district, 1, 000,000,000 gal; Second taxing district, 780, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: First taxing district, 5, 000,000 gal; Second taxing district, 3, 400, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water a 

Silica (SiOa) .......... 4.0 

Iron (Fe) ....•...•.•... .21 

Manganese (Mn) •.... • 04 

Calcium (Ca) •o·~····· 8. 7 

Magnesium (Mg) ..... 2. 5 

Sodium (Na) ....•...•. 2. 8 

Potassium (K) •....•. .6 

Carbonate (COJ ••o•• 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 16 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 15 

Chloride (Cl) ..••. o ••• 6.9 

Fluoride (F) ······o•o• . 1 

Nitrate (NOJ .•.....•. • 2 

Dissolved solids •.... 54 

a First taxing district. 

b Second taxing district. 

Finished 

water b 

4.0 

• 24 

• 05 

10 

2o7 

2. 8 

1.0 

0 

27 

11 

7. 1 

• 1 

• 6 

54 

Finished 

water a 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ~-· ............... 32 

Noncarbonate o o o ••• 19 

Color .................... 7 

pH ...............•....... 6. 7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25C.) •••.••••••••••• 87o0 

Turbidity ··········••o• 2 

Temperature (F.) ••. -- Date of collection ... Aug. 20, 

1951 

Finished 

waterb 

36 

14 

8 

7.6 

93.9 

2 

-- August, 

1951 
14 CONNECTICUT 

STAMFORD 

(Population, 74, 293) 

Ownership: Stamford Water Co.; also sells water to Greenwich Water Company 

and Noroton Water Company. 

Source: Mill River and tributaries impounded in reservoirs. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 303, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water a 

3. 1 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water a 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

• 03 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 31 

.04 ~ __ N_on_c_ar_ bo __ na_t_e __ .• _ •. _ .. _._··-··-·~ _______ 1_5_ 

9.2 

2.0 

3.0 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N08 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ...•..•.. 

.9 

0 

20 

12 

7. 2 

• 0 

• 2 

50 

Color ..•.......•.•......•.•.... 

pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ...........•.•..••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection ..•.••... 

a North Stamford Reservoir, distributing reservoir. 

STRATFORD town 

(Population, 33, 428) 

Ownership: Supplied by Bridgeport. (See Bridgeport. ) 

2 

6.7 

88.3 

• 8 

July 11, 

1951 
CONNECTICUT 

TORRINGTON 

(Population, 27, 820) 

Ownership: Torrington Water Company. 

Source: 5 reservoirs. 

Treatment: Chlorination and addition of copper sulfate as required. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 849,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS 

15 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

1. 4 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

• 02 Total ...•................... 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

20 

12 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 05 Noncarbonate .••......... . 1~------------------+--------- 4.1 Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ............•.. 

Potassium (K) ..•......... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

2.4 

• 9 

• 5 

0 

10 

7.9 

4.9 

• 1 

.3 

29 

Color ........•.••.......•.•.... 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•..•••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •.•...... 

Regular determiMtinns at treatment plant, 1950 a 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av' Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 21 30 1~ 6. 8 7. 1 6.6 37 48 26 

a Results of analyses by State Dspartment of Health. 

8 

6.4 

46.3 

2 

70 

July 18, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min . -- -- -- 2 3 1 
16 CONNECTICUT 

WATERBURY 

(Population, 107, 477) 

Ownership~ Municipal, also supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied about 109, 500. 

Source: 4 Impounding reservoirs (Sheepaug, Morris, Pitch, and Wigwam) on 

mountain streams. Auxil1ary or emergency supplies, Prospect and East 

Mountain Reservoirs. 

Treatment. Chlorination and addition of lime for pH control. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 164,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

S1lica (Si02) • • • .•••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ..• ,. ..•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) . . • . • . . 

Cal.~1um (Ca) ... ,. ...... . 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sod1um (Na) ........... . 

Potassium (K) .......... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) _ .•••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••••••• 

Ch· l1r1de (Cl) .......•.....• 

Fluoride (F) . ~ ........ . 

Nitrate (N03 ) • • ......... . 

D, sscl ved solids . . .. . 

Finished 

water 

2 8 

• 12 

7.5 

1.3 

2.0 

.9 

0 

17 

9.0 

5. 5 

0 

.1 

42 

Hardness as CaC~. 

Total . ~.. . . . . _ ~ , . . . . . . . 

Noncarbonate .••.•......• 

Color .• , .•..••.............. 

pH ............... ····~··· .•.••• 

Specif•c conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C .. ) .....••......•........ 

Tu-c- bidlty .•..... ••••• .... . 

Temperature (F. ) ......... , 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Re(J'Ular determinations '1t treatmen~ plant 1951 -- Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av! Max M1t1 Av Max Min A.~ Max Min 

Finished 

water 

24 

10 

4 

6. a 

67.4 

1.6 

June 25, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av I Max Min 

Raw water .•... , .. -- -- -- 6.7 6o9 6o6 -- -- - 1. 5 i 2o 0 1.0 

Finished water .. -- . " 7. 1 8 3 6o 7 -- -- -- 1 3 1 5 1 0 

WEST HARTFORD town 

(Population, 44, 402) 

Ownership. Supplied by Hartford Metropolitan District. (SeP Hartford. ) 

WEST HAVEN town 

(Population, 32, 010) 

Ownership: Supplied by New Haven Water Company. (See New Haven.) 
MAINE 

AUBURN 

(Population, 23, 134) 

Ownership: Auburn Water District (Municipal). 

Source: Lake Auburn. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 363, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir and standpipe, 8, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

17 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) ......... , ... . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ..... '"""' 

Carbonate (C03 ) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •• " ......... . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

1. 5 ·Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

• 12 Total •. .•... ... ..... ..... ... 14 

• 00 Noncarbonate . . . . • . . . . . . . 5 

4.8 ~~----------------~~------~ 

• 6 

1.5 

• 7 

0 

12 

4.0 

3.2 

. 1 

.3 

28 

Color ..•.......••.............. 

pH .••.....•...••.......•........ 

Specific conductance 

(mic.romhos at 

25 C. )o•••• •• • '· • •• •• • •• • • • •• 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•.•. 

Date of collection ..•.••.•. 

2 

6.6 

42.9 

1. 2 

44 

Apr. 17, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma:x Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 7.0 7. 1 6.9 18 24 12 0 0 0 

Finished water ... -- -·- -- 7.0 7. 1 6. 9 18 24 12 0 0 0 
18 MAINE 

AUGUSTA 

(Population, 20, 913) 

Ownership: Augusta Water District (quasi-municipal); supplies also Manchester, 

Winthrop, and Veterans Administration Hospital. Total population supplied, 

about 23, 000. 

Source: Lake, Carleton Pond, in Readfield, Maine 77 percent of supply; Lake 

Cobboss.eeconttee (Manchester and Winthrop) 23 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 700, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 16,600,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) .....•.••. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

3. 7 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

• 06 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

• 00 Noncarbonate . . . . . . • . . . . . 11 

4.8 l~------------------~----------

1. 9 Color .....•....•..... ....... ... 22 

1. 6 pH .••..• ..•..... ... . ... • .. ... • .. 6. 5 

.6 

0 

11 

9.2 

3.4 

.o 

.4 

34 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•... 

Date of collection .•....... 

46.6 

. 6 

44 

Apr. 18, 

1951 
MAINE 

BANGOR 

(Population, 31, 558) 

19 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies an Army Airport. Total population supplied, 

about 3 5, 000. 

Source: Penobscot River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Finished 

water 

3.2 

• 04 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water 

36 

Manganese 28 (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•....•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....••. 

12 l~------------------~---------

Raw water ......... 

Finished water a. 

acuy tap. 

1.4 

1. 1 

.3 

0 

10 

20 

6.9 

.2 

.3 

64 

Color ........•.••.......•...... 

pH •••••••••••.••••••••••••••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature {F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection .••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av 

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 24 9 6. 9 7. 1 6. 8 33 61 20 10 

12 

6.7 

89.9 

2. 1 

'42 

Apr. 18, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

-- -- 22 5 
20 MAINE 

BATH 

(Population, 10, 644) 

Ownership: Bath Water District (quasi-municipal); .supplies also East Brunswick, :;1 

West Bath, and Woolwich. Total population supplied, about 13, 000. 

Source: Nequasset Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Thompson Brook. 

Treatment: Ammoniation and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 2, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••• , ••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..•.•.. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodlum (Na) ............. .. 

Potas-3ium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••.•• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••• _ ••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............ . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••• ,. ..... . 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

4. 5 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water 

• 07 Total ....... ... ..... ... ....... 8 

00 Noncarbonate . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 

2.0 . 1~------------------+---------

• 8 

3.0 

• 5 

0 

5 

4.0 

5.8 

• 2 

• 7 

34 

Color ..........••.......... , ... 

pH •••..•••••• *' .................. . 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 

25 c.>·····~· .......... " .. . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •..••..... 

Date of collection ••..•.... 

20 

5. 9 

42.4 

1.7 

Apr. 18, 

1951 
MAINE 

BIDDEFORD 

(Population, 20, 836) 

21 

Ownership: Biddeford & Saco Water Company; also supplies Old Orchard, Saco, 

and Scarborough. Total population supplied, about 41, 000; total population 

supplied in the summer, about 120, 000. 

Source: Saco River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

filtration, ammoniation, postchlorination, and addition of Calgon. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 11,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ....... .. 

Sodium (Na} ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) .. ,. .... .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) • , ••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............. .. 

Chloride {Cl} ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

Finished 

water 

4.7 

• 01 

• 00 

7.8 

1.4 

1.6 

.4 

0 

12 

14 

3.1 

• 2 

.2 

41 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Color ..........•............... 

pH ........•..................... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )ooooooo •••••••••• • •••• 

Turbidity .................. , . 

Temperature (F. ) ....•..... 

Date of collection ........ . 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

25 

15 

7 

8. 1 

60.4 

.2 

44 

Apr. 16, 

1951 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma:x Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 4 5 3 6. 6 6.7 6. 5 17 -- -- 5 -- -- Finished water ... 14 15 13 8. 1 -- -- 30 -- -- 0 -- --
22 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MAINE 

LEWISTON 

(Population, 40, 974) 

Source: Lake Auburn. Emergency supply, connections with the supply system of 

the City of Auburn. (See Auburn for analysis). 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 400, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 33,250,000 gal. 

PORTLAND 

(Population, 77, 634) 

Ownership: Portland Water District; also supplies South Portland, Westbrook, 

and Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland {part), Falmouth, Gorham, Scarborough, 

South Windham, and Windham (part) towns. Total population supplied, about 

138,000. (North Windham and Standish towns are supplied by wells). 

Source: Sebago Lake. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: Sebago Lake. 

Finished-water storage: Tanks and reservoirs, 33,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•............... 

Manganese (Mn) ..••••.••. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

2. 9 Hardness as CaCOs: 

• 05 Total ....................... . 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 00 Noncarbonate ..•......•.. . 1~------------------+--------- 4.2 

14 

7 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

• 8 

1.4 

.4 

0 

8 

7.0 

2.0 

23 

• 0 

.4 

Color ..•. , ......•............... 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•.•.••••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity ............•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•... 

Date of collection .••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as caco, pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 6.0 6. 5 5. 0 6.8 7. 0 6.7 13 14 12 

Finished water ... 6. 0 6. 5 5.0 6.8 7.0 6.7 13 14 12 

15 

6. 7 

30.7 

. 7 

46 

Apr. 23, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0 0 0 

0 0 0 
MAINE 

SACO 

(Population, 10, 324) 

Ownership: Biddeford & Saco Water Company. (See Biddeford.) 

SANFORD 

(Population, 11, 094) 

Ownership: Sanford Water District. 

23 

Source: 42 driven wells 20 to 30ft deep, 93 percent of supply; Littlefields pond, 

7 percent of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Mousam River. 

Treatment: Well supply: pressure sand filtration, aeration, chlorination, and 

addition of soda ash and Calgon. Pond supply: slow sand filtration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••...••. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••••••••. 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.••.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

10 

• 06 

• 05 

7. 8 

1.6 

4.2 

• 8 

0 

10 

16 

7. 1 

• 2 

.6 

58 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Color .••.......•............... 

pH •••• ···················-· ..•••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity •.•........•••...... 

Temperature (F ~ ) ..•••..... 

Date of collection ..•..•... 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

26 

17 

1 

6.1 

88.7 

.9 

May 18, 

1951 
24 MAINE 

SOUTH PORTLAND 

(Population, 21, 866) 

Ownership: Supplied by Portland. (See Portland. ) 

WATERVILLE 

(Population, 18, 287) 

Ownership: Kennebec Water DistFict; supplies the towns of Benton, Fairfield, 

Vassalboro, and Winsiow. Total population supplied, about 28,000. 

Source: China Lake. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage. 

Finished-water storage: 22,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••• o o o ••• a 

Finished 

water 

1. 2 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ...• oooo•••· .. ·••oo . 05 Total ....... ... ... .. .. ... ... 25 

Manganese (Mn) .••..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) 0 ••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) , ............. . 

Potassium (K) .... ., ..... , 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••. , ...... 

Chloride (Cl) ......•...... 

Fluoride {F) ... ., ...•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) .............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

00 Noncarbonate ••>••••••••• 11 

6:5 l~-----------------4------~~ 

2.1 

2.0 

• 9 

0 

17 

12 

3 .• 1 

• 0 

.3 

38 

Color •..........•..........•.... 

pH ........................ , .. 0 •• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C, }o•••••••••••••""'''''' 

Turbidity ....... , ...•.•...... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••... 

Date of collection ........ . 

WESTBROOK 

(Population, 12, 284) 

12 

6.9 

60.0 

• 5 

Apr. 17, 

1951 

Ownership: Supplied by Portland. (See Portland.) 
MASSACHUSETTS 

ARLINGTON town 

(Population, 44, 353) 

25 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

ATTLEBORO 

(Population, 23, 809) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 400 people in North Attleboro and 

M~nsfield. Total population supplied, about 24, 200. 

Source: 4 wells 35ft deep. 

Treatment: Addition of lime and chlorine. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant· 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage. --

Finished--water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......... 

Manganese (Mn) .••.•••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ...•....•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ..... 

Sulfate (S04 ) • • • • • • • • • • ••• 

Chloride (Cl) .........•. 

Flu')ride (F) .......... . 

Nitrate (NOs) ............. . 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

6.4 

.33 

• 01 

16 

. 8 

3.6 

• 7 

0 

32 

18 

6. 8 

.0 

1.0 

71 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ••...................... 

Noncarbonate •••...••..•• 

Color ..........•••.•....•.•... 

pH •••.•••••••.••••••••••..••.••. 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 C. }o•••••• •••••••••• ••••• 

Turbidity ••.....•...•••..•.•. 

Temperature (F.) •••••••.•• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

BELMONT town 

(Population, 27, 381) 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

43 

17 

4 

7.4 

114 

• 7 

Mar. 3, 

1953 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

BEVERLY 

(Population 28, 884) 

Ownership: Salem-Beverly Water Supply Board. (See Salem.) 
26 MASSACHUSETTS 

BOSTON 

(Population, 801, 444) 

Ownership: Metropolitan District Commission, Commonwealth of Massachusetts; 

also supplies Arlington, Belmont, Brookline, Chelsea, Chicopee, Everett, 

Framingham (part), Lexington, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Milton, Newton 

(part), Quincy, Revere, Saugus, Somerville, Waltham, Watertown, Winthrop, 

and other communities. Total population supplied, about 1, 622,000. 

Source: Swift River impounded in Quabbin Reservoir; Ware River diverted into 

Quabbin Reservoir through a deep, rock tunnel; South Branch of Nashua River 

impounded in Wachusett Reservoir. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Sudbury 

Reservoir (7, 254,000,000 gal capacity). 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. Rechlorination when distributed from 

open distribution reservoirs. 

Raw-water storage: Quabbin Reservoir, 415,000,000,000 gal; Wachusetts 

Reservoir, 65, 000,. 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs: Norumbega, 150,000,000 gal; Weston, 

200,000,000 gal; Spot Pond, 1, 792,000,000 gal; Fells, 85,000,000 gal; Waban 

Hill, 13,500,000 gal; Bear Hill, 2, 500,000 gal; Arlington, 2, 000,000 gal. 

Standpipes: Arlington (2 steel standpipes), 2, 000, 000 gal; Bellevue (steel 

standpipe), 2, 500,000 gal. All of the reservoirs are open reservoirs. 

Water from Quabbin Reservoir is conducted through a tunnel to Wachusetts Reservoir from which the water from both reservoirs is conveyed to Norumbega and 

Weston Reservoirs, the two principal distribution reservoirs. Weston reservoir supplies the low service system in downtown Boston, parts of Cambridge, 

Somerville, Chelsea, Medford, and Everett. Norumbega Reservoir supplies 

the Northern high service and southern high service systems. Water from 

these systems is pumped to the extra high service at various locations. 
MASSACHUSETTS 27 

BOSTON--Continued 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by Water Division, Metropolitan District Comm. ) 

Quabbin Norumbega Spot Finished 

Reservoir a · Reservoir Pondb waterC 

Silica {SiOJ •••••••••••••••••••••• 0.9 1. '5 0.9 2.4 

Iron (Fe) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 12 • 10 . 08 • 10 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• • 00 • 00 • 00 . 01 

Calcium (Ca) .••••••••••••••.••••• 4.1 5. 5 5. 5 4.0 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••.•••••••• • 7 .7 • 7 .4 

Sodium (Na) ....•...•....•......••. 1.6 2.3 2.5 1.8 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• • 8 1.1 1. 2 • 7 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 6 7 8 7 

Sulfate (S04) ••• ••••••• • ......... ••• 5.3 6.9 8. 5 5. 6 

Chloride (.Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 2.0 3.7 5. 0 3.4 

Fluoride (F) ..............•....•. • 1 • 2 • 1 • 1 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••.•••••••••• • 1 • 1 • 1 .3 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 33 39 42 29 

Hardness as CaC01 : 

Total ............................ 13 17 17 12 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 8 11 10 6 

Color ................... ............ 7 14 7 12 

pH .•...•...•...•..•••.•..•....•••.•.• 6.3 6.5 6.3 6. 5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 c • .) ...... -- -- -- 41.3 

Turbidity .......................... 1. 0 . 5 1. 0 1.0 

Temperature (F.) ••••.••••••••• 37 35 38 -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••• Mar. 6, Mar. 6, Mar. 6, Mar. 17, 

1952 1952 1952 1953 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av 

Raw water ......... 7.3 

Finished water ... 6.8 

a At reservoir outlet. 

bAt east gatehouse. 

Max 

9.3 

9.4 

Min Av 

5. 8 6.7 

5. 7 6.6 

(ppm) 

Max Min Av Max Min 

6. 9 6. 5 14 16 13 

6.9 6.4 14 17 13 

c Tap, Federal Bldg. , Boston. Analysis by U. S. Geol. Survey. 

Av Max Min 

0. 7 1.5 0. 5 

• 7 1.5 • 5 
28 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Great Pond. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

BRAINTREE town 

(Population, 23, 161) 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and corrosion correction. 

Rated capacity of trt:?atment plant: 2, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 748, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02 ) • • • • • • • • • 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) .••..•.••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ....... .. 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) .... . 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............ .. 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......... 

} 

Finished 

water 

4 5 

• 03 

-- 9.4 

2.4 

11 

0 

16 

27 

11 

. 1 

.8 

85 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total .................... . 

Noncarbo11ate .••........• 

Color •.•.......••.....•.•.•.... 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )o•••••• ••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ...........••....... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Finished 

water 

33 

20 

7. 1 

119 

Feb. 25, 

1952 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 8 10 6 6.9 7. 0 6.8 26 33 25 4 6 2 

Finished water .... 10 13 9 7. 5 7. 7 7.3 35 42 31 -- -- --
MASSACHUSETTS 

BROCKTON 

(Population. 62 __ 860) 

29 

Ownership: Municipal· also supplies East Bridgew 'ter, Hanson town, Pembroke 

town West Bridgewater, and Whitman town. Total population supplied, about 

81 000 

Source. Silver Lake 96 percent of supply; Avon Reservoir (pond) 4 percent of 

supply 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water torage: 5, 250 000, gal. 

Finished water storae, . 8, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) • • • • •••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) . • •••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......••... 

Magnesium (Mg) .•••.•••. 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ...•...... 

Carbonate (C03) • • • ••• 

Bic , bonate (HC03 ) •• 

Sulf t , (SO ) . . .. . . . . 

Chlor de (Cl) ....... . 

Fluoride (F) .......... . 

Nitrate (N03 ) • • • • • • • • 

Dissolved solids .•....••. 

F nished 

water 

(city tap) 

2.7 

. 14 

02 

2. 6 

1.0 

5 2 

. 8 

0 

8 

8.4 

7.0 

. 1 

. 1 

35 

Hardness as CaCOs. 

Tot 1 ................. . 

Noncarbon.a.te .••.•.••.••. 

Color •••.. .. . ••• . . . .• • .. 

pH • .•.• .•. • ••..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(ID.lcromhos at 

25 c.) .................... . Turbidity ........•••••.•.. 

Temperature (F. ) • . • • • . . . 

Date of collection •••... 

Regu a· determtnatwns at treatment plant, 1952 

Raw water ....... 

Fin ~bed ·.ter .. 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as C ,C03 pH as Ca -os 

(ppm) (ppm) 

A· 1\l.la ~ 'n ·,1:a -c Mi1 Av Max M1n 

7.4 13 

9 3 :8 · .. 9 5 7 6.9 4 9 

• < f 0 . 9 

BROOKLINE tow 

(Population, 57, 589) 

1 ~ 30 6 

13 26 6 

Av 

Fi·J.Shed 

water 

( --~Y tap) 

11 

4 

5 

6.6 

54.3 

1.5 

Mar . , 

i95J 

Turbidity 

Ma...:. Min 

0 0 0 

0 0 

Owner ·hip: Municipal. Supplied by Metropoli an Dist ic om mission. (See 

Boston.) 
30 

Owne.rship: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

CAMBRIDGE 

(Population, 120, 740) 

Source: Fresh Pond, Hobbs Brook Reservoir, and Stony ·Brook Reservoir. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, aeration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 22,900,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 559,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 43,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••• "" •••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Finished 

water 

1.3 

• 03 

--

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•.................... 

Noncarbonate ..•.•....... 

Finished 

water 

56 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 15 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

16 

4.0 

9.7 

1.3 

0 

~-------------------------------------+------------------

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (504 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

50 

32 

16 

• 1 

. 1 

133 

Color ..••......••.............. 

pH ••••.•••••••••••••••.•.•.•.•.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity •..........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•... 

Date of collection .••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 24 40 19 7o 1 7o4 6o7 57 72 38 

Finished water ... 26 40 22 8o 2 8o4 7o 8 66 98 42 

7.8 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 0 3 1.0 0 1 
MASSACHUSETTS 

CHELSEA 

(Population, 38, 912) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

CIDCOPEE 

(Population, 49, 211) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

Source: Auxiliary or emergency supplies: Impounded reservoirs. 

Treatment: Auxiliary supply only: Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 3, 500,000 gal. 

EVERETT 

(Population, 45, 982) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

31 
32 MASSACHUSETTS 

FALL RIVER 

(Population, 111, 963) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Sou. ·ce North .. Watuppa Pond. Auxiliary supply, water diverted from an adjacent 

w tershed dur ng a ·ortion of some years. 

Treatment hlorination. 

Rated capacity of trea - t plant: --

Raw water stor::·: · 7, 200, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished water torage: 7, 000,000 gd.l. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analys·s, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02 ) • • • • • • • •••••• 

I on (Fe) .................. . 

Ma ~ganese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 

alc1 ·m (C. . •....... 

Magnesium (Mg) .. . 

So,. ,m Na) ......... . 

P tassium (K) ••• 

Carbo t (C03: •••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) 

Su fate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chlor de Cl) . . . ..•..... 

Fluor ·.de (F) ......•.... 

Nitrate (N03) • • • • • • • ••••• 

Dissolved sol ds .....•.. 

Finished 

water 

1.3 

• 29 

4.5 

. 8 

6~0 

.6 

0 

15 

8.4 

42 

• 0 

1 

Hardne ... s as CaCOs: 

Total ... . ............... . 

Noncarbonate . . .....•. 

Color ..•.......••.......•.•... 

pH •••••••• •. • •••••••.•.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

{IIllcromhos at 

25 c ). . .............. . Turhtdity ... ... ••• . .. 

Temperature (F. ) •..••••... 

Date of collection .••..•... 

Finished 

water 

15 

6 

7. 1 

66 

Feb. 18, 

1952 
Ownership: rv1unicipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

FITCHBURG 

(Population, 42, 691) 

33 

Source: Natural ponds, and impounding reservoirs, a gravity system of reservoirs 

for high and low service lines. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 516,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Finished 

water a 

8.2 

• 12 

. 02 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ••.•................... 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

Finished 

water a 

6 

3 

Calcium (Ca) ............ .. 1.7 l~--------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ... .. 

Sulfate (S04 ) .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (NO,a) ............ .. 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

.4 

1.9 

• 7 

0 

3 

4.4 

2.6 

• 6 

• 2 

23 

Color ••........•...•..•.•.•.•.. 

pH .••..•.••.....••.....•.....•.. 

Specific conductance . 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.......•........ 

Turbidity ..........•••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••..• 

Date of collection •••.....• 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952 ·-r-- - Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 3 4 2 6.2 6.4 6.0 8 10 6 

Finished water ... 3 4 2 6.2 6.4 6.0 8 . 10 6 

a Low service system. 

15 

5. 8 

29. 5 

1.0 

Mar. 10, 

1953 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

1 1 1 

1 1 1 
34 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

FRAMINGHAM town 

(Population, 28, 086) 

Source: Metropolitan District Commission, 65 percent of supply (See Boston. ); 

3 wells (1 to 3) 68, 78, and 68ft deep, 35 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination (Metropolitan District sources); well water, none. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Finished 

water 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 )- .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ........ 0 •• 0 0. 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03 ) ........... o •• 

Dissol\Ted solids ·••o .... . 

2o4 

.20 

4.7 

.4 

3.5 

1.0 

0 

15 

9o 7 

3.0 

• 1 

. 1 

40 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....... ···o···· •oo•···· 

Noncarbonate ........... o 

Color •. o••o• •o •••••••••• o. oo··· 

pH •••..••••••.••••.•••••..•..••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c. ) ........ 0 ••••••••••••• 

Turbidity o •••••• o •••••• o ••••• 

Temperature (F. ) .. o •••• o. o 

Date of collection ........ . 

13 

1 

6o8 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

GLOUCESTER 

(Population, 25, 167) 

Source: Babson, Dikes, Haskell, Wallace, and Fernwood Reservoirs. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 120; 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 6, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in pa.rts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water a 

9. 8 Hardness as cacas: 

Finished 

water a 

35 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... • 49 Total . ..• .. . . .. ... .. .. . . . .. . 28 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) ....•....... 

Carbonate (CO,) •......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804} ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

.01 ~ __ N_o_nc_ar __ bo __ na_t_e_._ •. _ .. _._··-··_··~-------2_0_ 

9.0 

1.4 

8. 7 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

0 

10 

17 

16 

• 8 

.8 

.6 

75 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••..••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . Turbidity .................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

a Babson Reservoir supplying city at time of collection of sample. 

40 

7. 1 

104 

1.3 

Mar. 6, 

1953 
36 MASSACHUSETTS 

HAVERHILL 

(Population, 4 7, 2 80) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Groveland ,and West Newbury town. Total 

population supplied, about 51,200. 

Source: Crystal and Kenoza Lakes, Millvale Reservoir, Round (emergency), 

Johnson's, Chadwick, and Hovey's Ponds. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Kenoza Lake water: addition of lime and polyphosphate for corrosion control. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 273,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 5"00, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica {Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 

Calcium (Ca) ..•.......•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl} .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .•.••..•.•••••• 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

3.7 

• 03 

7. 7 

1.3 

5. 6 

1.4 

0 

21 

13 

7.6 

.2 

. 1 

58 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .........••. 

Color ..•.......••..•....•...... 

pH •••..•.••••.••••.•••.•.•...••. 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . Turbidity .•......•..•••..•... 

Temperature (F • .) •••••••..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Finished 

water 

25 

7 

7. 1 

74 

Feb. 15, 

1952 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

HOLYOKE 

(Population, 54, 661) 

37 

Source: Reservoirs: Ashley, 65 percent of supply; McLain, 25 percent of supply; 

Whiting, 10 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 300,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.....•... 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

6. 4 Hardness as CaCOs: 

• 23 Total •..•......•............ 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

26 

Manganese 8 (Mn) ..•..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

00 Noncarbonate .••.•.•.••.. 0 1~------------------+----------- 8.1 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .............• 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

1.5 

1.4 

• 3 

0 

22 

6.0 

4.8 

. 1 

• 3 

50 

Color •••..•....••..•....•..•... 

pH •••.•••••.••••••••••.•.•.•.•.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )o•••••• ••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ...•......••••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection •••..•... 

9 

6.9 

70.6 

1.1 

Feb. 26, 

1953 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water~ .. -- 16 8 -- 6.8 5. 8 -- 40 18 -- 6 4 
38 MASSACHUSETTS 

LAWRENCE 

(Population, 80, 536) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Methuen town. Total population supplied, 

about 105, 000. 

Source: Merrimack River. Treatme~t: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

aeration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 42,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••..•••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

4. 7 

• 45 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) .•....•.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC08 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N08 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

) 

7.0 

1.2 

13 

0 

32 

12 

7.2 

• 2 

• 7 

65 

Noncarbonate .•..•....... 

Color ..••......••.............. 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•.............. 

Turbidity ..•......•.•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant - - Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC08 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•..•..•• 9 13 5 6.5 6.7 6.4 22 30 14 

Finished water ••. 11 14 8 6.9 7. 1 6.7 41. 46 36 

Finished 

water 

22 

0 

6. 8 

Apr. 30, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

6 14 4 

0 0 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

LEOMINSTER 

(Population, 24, 075) 

39 

Source: Impounding ~eservoirs (Simmond Pond, Goodfellows Pond, Rocky Pond, 

and No Town Reservoir) for a gravity supply system for high, intermediate, 

and low service. 

Treatment:· Coagulation with alum, addition of carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 355,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water ~torage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million,· by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

4. 6 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......••.. • 14 Total .. .• ... . . . .. . .. ..... ... 28 

Manganese (Mn) ..•••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) ..........••... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved sollds ......•.. 

.00 ,~ __ N_o_n_c_ar_bo __ na __ te __ ._ •• _ .. _ .. _._··-··-+-----------6 

10 

.8 

4.8 

• 5 

8 

11 

16 

2. 8 

. 1 

• 2 

55 

Color .......•..••.....•........ 

pH ••••••••••••••••.••.••••••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........••....... 

Temperature (F. ) •· ..••.•..• 

Date of collection ..•...... 

10 

9. 5 

93.1 

1.0 

Mar. 10, 

1953 
40 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

LOWELL. 

(Population, 97, 249) 

Source. A large number of relatively shallow wells ranging in depth from about 

25 to 50 ft 1n several well fields. 

Treatment· One group of wells is treated for iron removal by means of aeration, 

coke filtration, sedimentation and slow sand filtration; the other group of wells 

is treated for corrosiOn correction; all supplies are chlorinated. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant. --

Raw-water storage~ --

Finished-water storage: 7, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) • • • • • • •.•••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•............... 

Finished 

water a 

(city tap) 

11 

• 94 

.32 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total •..................... 

Noncarbonate ..•......... 

Finished 

water a 

(city tap) 

42 

Manganese 10 (Mn) ..•.••.••. 

Calcium (Ca} .•....•....... 13 l~------------------+---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

a Wells, composite. 

2.3 

8.3 

2.6 

0 

39 

16 

10 

. 1 

2.9 

90 

Color ..........••..•....•...... 

pH •••.....•.....••••••.•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

20 

6.3 

137 

7. 5 

Mar. 10, 

1953 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

LYNN 

(Population, 99, 738) 

41 

Source·: Breeds, Birch, Hawkes, and Walden Ponds supplemented with diversion 

from Ipswich River. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 958,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 21,750,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) .••..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ........•..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

Finished 

water 

2.6 

.12 

9. 5 

3.9 

6. 9 

0 

24 

18 

13 

.4 

. 1 

.4 

86 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbollate .••••.••.••. 

Color •••.......•••.•..•.•••.... 

pH ••••.•••••••••••••••.•..•••••• 

Specific con due tance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•.•.............. 

Turbidity .•••.•.•...•••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••.•• 

Date of collection .•••.•••. 

Finished 

water 

40 

20 

6.6 

Jan. 24, 

1952 
42 MASSACHUSETTS 

MALbEN 

(Population, 59; 804) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

MEDFORD 

(Population, 66, 113) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

MELROSE 

(Population, 26, 988) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

METHUEN town 

(Population, 24, 477) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Lawrence. (See Lawrence.) 

MILTON town 

(Population, 22, 395) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 
MASSACHUSETTS 

NEW BEDFORD 

(Population, 109, 189) 

43 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also Acushnet town and Dartmouth town. Total 

population supplied, about 124, 700. 

Source: Great Quittacas and Little Quittacas Ponds. 

Treatment: Chlorination .and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: 5, 145,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 67,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r\ 

Potassium (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . If 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluor_ide (F) .......•....... 

Nit.IJ:ate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

2.7 

• 21 

4.3 

1. 0 

5.4 

0 

12 

6.0 

7. 0 

. 1 

•. 4 

35 

Hardness as CaCC>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate ....•....... 

Color ..•........•.......•...... 

pH •••.••.••...••••..•..•.•••.•.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•... 

Date of collection .••...... 

Finished 

water 

15 

5 

5 

6. 5 

55.3 

May 16, 

1947 
44 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

NEWTON 

(Population, 81, 994} 

Source: Dug wells 68 percent of supply (1951); Metropolitan District Commission, 

32 percent of supply (to be supplied completely by Metropolitan District Commission at a later date). (See Boston. ) 

Treatment: Corrosion correction treatment with soda ash on well supply. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 10, 5GO, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) .... . 

Sulfate (804 ) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) ............ .. 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

2.0 

0 25 

13 

3.0 

32 

2.4 

0 

111 

17 

11 

.2 

1.1 

148 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Color •.•.......••.......•...... 

pH .••..•.•••.••.••.••..•.....••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•.............. 

Turbidity ..••......••••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

Finished 

water 

45 

0 

6.3 

Jan. 29, 

1952 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

NORTH ADAMS 

(Population, 21, 567) 

45 

Source: Impounding reservoirs (James, Broad, and,Notch Brooks): Mt. Kimball, 

Broad Brook, and Notch. The city at the higher elevations draws water from 

Notch Reservoir. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 300,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) •••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .... ...... . ..•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••.••.••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••.•• 

Sulfate (S04 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water a 

(city tap) 

4.6 

• 83 

. 09 

13 

4.8 

• 9 

. 2 

0 

53 

9.2 

1.5 

. 1 

.4 

64 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarboute .••.•........ 

Color •••.....•.••.......•••.... 

pH •••.. ,. .................... , •.•••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.......•........ 

Turbidity ...•...•..•••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••..... 

Date of collection ••••••... 

a Composite, Mt. Kimball and Broad Brook Reservoirs. 

Finished 

water a 

(city tap) 

52 

·9 

20 

7.3 

105 

3.9 

Mar. 6, 

1953 
46 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

NORTHAMPTON 

(Population, 29, 063) 

Source: Mountain St. Reservoir. Emergency supply, 2 wells (1 and 2) 85 and 88 

ft deep, reported to yield 700 and 600 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and fluoridation. 

Raw-water storage: 505, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 200, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geologic.al Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .•....... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••.•••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) .....•.•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

6.9 

.. 12 

• 01 

6.2 

1. 3 

2. 1 

• 5 

0 

18 

6.0 

2.0 

1.2 

.3 

41 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ........................ . 

Noncarbona.te .••.•....... 

Color ......................... . 

pH ..•.....•..................... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ....•......•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ••••••••.• 

Date of collection •••...... 

Finished 

water 

21 

6 

8 

6. 8 

57. 5 

• 5 

Mar. 2, 

1953 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

PEABODY 

(Population, 22, 645) 

47 

Source: Suntaug Lake supplemented by diversion from Ipswich River and Spring 

Pond. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Suntaug Lake, 450,000,000 gal (available by gravity); Spring 

Pond, 275, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. s .. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

5. 5 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•.....•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•.......•... 

Potassium (K) ••••••.••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

• 83 Total ...•... ... .. . . . ........ 39 

a: ~0 II--N_onc_ar_bo_na_t_e_._ •._ .. _ .. _._ .._ •. -+-___ ...,;;2;;..;;5_ 

4.3 

5. 2 

1. 4 

0 

17 

16 

14 

. 1 

2. 8 

85 

Color ......................... . 

pH .....•..•..................... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ...................... . 

Turbidity ..•........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•..• 

Date of collection .••.•.... 

20 

6.9 

135 

1.5 

Mar. 6, 

1953 
48 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

PITTSFIELD 

(Population, 53, 348) 

Source: Sackett, Hathaway, Brook, Ashley, Farnham, Millbrook, and Cleveland 

Brook Reservoirs; Ashley Lake; Sand Wash Brook. 

Treatment: Chlorination.· 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) . 00 ....... 00 .. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ... .. 

Sulfate (S04 ) .. • .. .. • • ... .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............ . 

Fluor1de (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dis so_~ :ed solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

1.9 

0 2 

10 

3.4 

0 9 

2.5 

0 

42 

10 

2.2 

55 

0 1 

0 2 

Hardness as CaC(\: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ..•......... 

Color ..........••.............. 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.).-.................... . Turbidity ..........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ........ .. 

Date of collection oo•· .... . 

QUINCY 

(Population, 83, 835) 

Finished 

water 

39 

5 

7. 1 

87 

Feb. 18, 

1952 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

REVERE 

(Population, 3 6, 7 63) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 
MASSACHUSETTS 

SALEM 

(Population, 41, 880) 

49 

Ownership: Salem-Beverly Water Supply Board. High lift pumping and distribution is handled separately by each city. 

Source: Wenham Lake, Langham Reservoir (Miles River impounded), and Ipswich 

River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

corrosion correction (Calgon), chlorination, and fluoridation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 200,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Salem, 10, 000, 000 gal; Beverly, 7, 500, 000 gal. 

Water from Langham Reservoir flows a distance of 1 mile through a 36 in. cast 

iron pipe to Wenham Lake, a natural pond. Water from Ipswich River is 

pumped to Wenham Lake. The Water Supply Board has authority to divert water from the river from June 1 to Nov. 30. An additional storage reservoir 

for flood flows of Ipswich River is under construction. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey} 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

4• 8 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

. 18 Total •...... ........ ........ 54 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.••••.••... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) ...•..••.••••.. 

Nitrate (N03 ) ••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

12 ~_N_on __ c_ar_bo __ na __ t_e_._ ••_ .• _ .. _._··-··~------~4~7-

16 

3.4 

7.4 

1.2 

0 

9 

45 

12 

1.0 

• 9 

103 

Color •••.••.•..•........•.•.... 

pH ••••.•.•••..••••••••••.•••..•• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.} •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. } •.•••.•.•. 

Date of collection .••.••... 

10 

6. 1 

165 

1.2 

Mar. 6, 

1953 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm} . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma:x Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 16 24 12 7.0 7. 5 6.6 41 50 32 -- -- -- Finished water ... 15 19 10 6.9 7.0 6.7 52 60 46 -- 5 --
50 MASSACHUSETTS 

SOMERVILLE 

(Population, 102, 351) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston. 

SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 162., 399) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also the towns of Agawam, East Longmeadow, 

Longmeadow, Ludlow, and South with. Total population supplied, about 

195,000. 

Source: Cobble Mountain and Ludlow Reservoirs. 

Treatment: Ludlow Reservoir water: slow sand filtration, ammoniation, and 

chlorination. Cobble Mountain Reservoir water: coagulation with alum and 

lime, sedimentation, aeration, slow sand filtration, aeration, and marble 

contact filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: --

Raw-water storage: 26·, 500, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluor.ide (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

{ 

Finished 

water 

4.7 

• 18 

4.2 

.4 

3.3 

0 

7 

8. 0 

3.2 

. 1 

• 5 

30 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Color ..........•............... 

pH .••..•.••...•.•............. o. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.) ••••••••....••.....••. 

Turbidity ...........•.•.... 0. 

Temperature (F •. ). 0 •••••••• 

Date of collection •.•...... 

Finished 

water 

12 

6 

8 

6. 7 

39.0 

Feb. 25, 

1952 
MASSACHUSETTS 

TAUNTON 

(Population, 40, 109) 

51 

Ownership: MuniCipal; supplies also North Dighton and Raynham Center. Total 

population supplied, about 41, 600. 

Source: Elders Pond and ~ssawompsett Pond. Auxiliary or emergency supply, 

infiltration gallery adjacent to the river. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-~ater storage: 8, 900,000,000 gal-. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••••••• .-

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

7. 0 

• 20 

3.1 

1. 2 

6.0 

.2 

0 

5 

12 

9.2 

. 1 

.o 

42 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate ..•......... 

Color •.•.......•............... 

pH ••••• • .•••••••••••••.•.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity •......•...••...•... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection •....•... 

WALTHAM 

(Population, 47, 187) 

Finished 

water 

13 

9 

6.3 

58 

Feb. 18, 

1952 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 

WATERTOWN town 

(Population, 37, 329) 

Ownership: Municipal. Supplied by Metropolitan District Commission. (See 

Boston.) 
52 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

WELLESLEY town 

(Population, 20, 549) 

Source: Wells: 1 well 40ft deep, 25ft in diam., and reported to yield 1, 000 

gpm; 1 well 70ft deep and reported to yield 1, 000 gpm; 45 driven wells 30 to 

60ft deep, and reported to yield a total of 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 4 reservoirs: Maugus Hill (new) and Pierce Hill, 2, 500,000 gal; 2 , 

Maugus Hill (old), 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Wells 

(composite) 

13 Hardness as CaCOs: 

• 07 Total ...•...........•....... 

Wells 

(composite) 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 16 

01 Noncarbonate .•.......... . 1~------------------~---------

56 

21 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ········"'····· 

Potassium (K) ........•.. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ···-· 

Sulfate (804 ) • • • • • • • • •••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

3.9 

6.0 

1.1 

0 

43 

17 

12 

. 1 

3. 1 

95 

Color •.........••.......•.•.... 

pH .••..•..•.. , ..•......•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ...................... . 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1952 ---- Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ........• 40 52 25 6.4 7.1 6.3 57 66 38 

Finished water .•. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

7 

6.9 

154 

• 6 

50 

Mar. 3, 

1953 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

1 2 0 

-- -- --
MASSACHUSETTS 

WESTFIELD 

(Population, 20, 962) 

53 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Surface supplies: Montgomery Reservoir, 46. 8 percent of supply (1952); 

Granville Reservoir 53. 2 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination (on main lines into city). 

Raw-water storage: 823, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Finished 

water 

5. 2 

.19 

• 02 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ........................ . 

Noncarbonate .••.•.•..••. 

Finished 

water 

7 

2 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 1.7 ~~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••..••... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

• 7 

1.4 

. 1 

0 

6 

4.4 

2. 1 

.0 

.4 

26 

Color .•........••.......•.•.... 

pH •••..•••••••••••• •!t• •••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity .....•.....••••..•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••••. · 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

12 

6.0 

27.3 

• 6 

Feb. 26, 

1953 
54 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

WEYMOUTH town 

(Population, 32, 690) 

Source: Great Pond and gravel-packed wells. 

Treatment: Surface supply: coagulation with alum and soda ash, aeration, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH. Well supply: chlorination. · 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 493, 000, 000 gal. -

Finished-water storage: 3, 600, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

1.8 

.25 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total •..•...........•....... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• Nonc.arbonate .........••. 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) .......••... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.••.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

1. 4 

. 4 

9. 7 

1.1 

0 

16 

5. 6 

6. 0 

. 1 

• 7 

36 

Color ..........•............... 

pH ~ •••••••••••••••.•••.•..•••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•.•..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•.•. 

Date of collection ..•...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 (ppm) 

pH as CaC03 (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......•.. 16 24 10 5. 8 6. 5 5. 1 12 16 8 

Finished water ... 20 36 15 7.2 7. 6 6.9 12 15 10 

Finished 

water 

5 

0 

7. 6 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

2 285 0 

0 3 0 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

WOBURN 

(Population, 20, 492) 

55 

Source: 4 wells (B, D, A-2, and E) 64, 57, 90, and 39ft deep, reported to yield 

568, 851, 1, 580, and 789 gpm. Auxiliary or emergency supply, wells and 

Horn Pond. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 987, 000 gal (clear wells). 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ...•..•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••.• 

Carbonate (COs) ••...•.•.. 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) .•••. 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ......•••.... • 

Fluoride (F) .......•.••.... 

Nitrate (NOs) .•.......•••.. 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Wells 

(composite) 

8. 8 

• 15 

•• 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ••.•......•......•..... 

Noncarbonate .•..•...•... 

Wells 

(composite) 

69 

23 

22 l~------------------~---------

3.5 

8. 5 

2.6 

0 

57 

23 

14 

. 0 

1. 0 

116 

Color ••....•••.•••......•.••... 

pH ••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••.••• 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•. 

Date of collection .••••••.. 

2 

7. 0 

196 

.3 

56 

Feb. 27, 

1953 
56 

Ownership: Municipal. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

WORCESTER 

(Population, 203, 486) 

Source: Holden Reservoirs 1 and 2; Kettle Brook Reservoirs 1 and 3; Mann Reservoir (Kettle Brook 2); Bottomley Reservoir (Kettle Brook 4);· Kendall Reservoir; Leicester Reservoir; Pine Hill Reservoir; Quinapoxet Pond. 

Treatment: Ammoniation and chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 6, 260,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .......•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ......... . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

4.6 

• 07 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total •..•................... 

Finished 

water 

9 

Noncarbonate ..•.•....... -- 6 

2.8 ~------------------~--------~ 

. 6 

3.2 

1.4 

0 

4 

7.3 

3.3 

. 1 

. 1 

33 

Color ..•.......••........•..... 

pH •••••••••••••••••••..•.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ..........••••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection .••...... 

6.7 

31 
Ownership: Municipal. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

BERLIN 

(Population, 16, 615) 

Source: Brooks. Auxiliary supply, 1 well 49ft deep. 

Treatment: Filtration and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 45,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Brooks a 

Silica (Si02) • o ••••••••••••• 8. 0 Hardness as CaCO,: 

57 

Brooks a 

Iron (Fe) .................. . • 21 Total •..•... ... .. . . . ... .•.... 10 

Manganese (Mn) 0 ••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ....... 0 •••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ... .. 

Sulfate (804) .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

• 00 Noncarbonate . .. .. .. . . • .. 4 

3.0 l~--------------~--~---------

0 7 Color .•... .... .•. ....... ..... .. 27 

1.3 pH.............................. 6.6 

.4 

0 

8 

6o5 

29 

.8 

• 2 

.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25C.) ••...•• ~·············· Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ........ .. 

Date of collection ........ . 

28o8 

.3 

47 

May 25, 

1951 

a Sample collected at filter plant before chlorination. 
58 

Ownership: Municipal. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

CONCORD 

(Population, 27, 988) 

Source: Penacook Lake. Auxiliary or emergency supply, driven wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 520,-000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage:- --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in·parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

~inished 

water 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) .......... .. 

Carbonate (COs) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC08 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) ............. . 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

3. 1 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

• 05 Total • . . • . • . . . . . . . . . ... • ... . . . 12 

• 00 Noncarbonate . • • . . . . . . . . . 5 

3.3 ~~------------------~---------

• 8 Color ..•..... ..•• ............... 6 

2. 0 pH . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . .. . . . . . . 6. 4 

.3 

0 

8 

6.5 

2.8 

.2 

.3 

25 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•.......•........ 

Turbidity ............••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••..... 

Date of collection ..•..•... May 15, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

pH as CaC03 (ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... -- -- -- 6.8 7.0 6.5 21 24 18 0 0 0 
NEW HAMPSHffiE 

DOVER 

(Population, 15, 874) 

59 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 16,900. 

Source: Barbadoes well 66ft deep, 40 percent of supply; Smith well 65ft deep, 

60 percent of supply. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Willand Pond. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 350 and 630 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Barbadoes well: soda ash for adjustment of pH and corrosion control. 

Smith well and Willand Pond: aeration, slow sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, OQO gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

The Barbadoes well pumps directly into the distribution system. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•............... 

Manganese (Mn) .••..••••• 

Finished 

water 

13 

0 13 

0 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...•..........•......•. 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water 

55 

44 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 17 l~------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •.•••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

3.1 

5. 5 

2.1 

0 

13 

47 

6o9 

• 1 

.2 

107 

Color ..........•............... 

pH •••..•••••••••••••••••.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•... 

Date of collection .••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ..... -- -- -- 7.1 7. 5 6.5 40 52 30 

Av 

--

0 

3 

6.7 

162 

24 

Jan. 11, 

1952 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

-- --

0 0 
60 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Lakes. 

NEW HAMPSHffiE 

KEENE 

(Population, 15, 638) 

Treatment: Slow sand filtration. Chlorination in an emergency. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 760,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica {Si02 ) •• 0. o. o o. o. o o 0 0 

Iron (Fe) 00 000 ooooooo•o••••o 

Manganese {Mn) 00.00 ... .. 

Calcium {Ca) .... 0 0 ....... 0 

Magnesium (Mg) o••••••oo 

Sodium {Na) 0 ... 00 ....... .. 

Potassium (K) ....... 0 .. .. 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) o•••· 

Sulfate {S04) ............. o o 

Chloride (Cl) .... 0 ........ . 

Fluoride (F) .. 0 ........... 0 

Nitrate (N03) · ............. . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

Finished 

water 

4.2 

• 03 

• 00 

1.8 

0 5 

1.0 

• 5 

0 

3 

6.0 

1.2 

.1 

.5 

20 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total .•.•...... •o••· •••••••• 

Noncarbonate .••.........• 

Color •••oo••oo••·····•oo•······ 

pH •••o •••••••••• ····••o•·· •••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) .................... 00 

Turbidity ••..........••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ......... . 

Date of collection ., ...... . 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 6.8 -- 6.7 21 -- -- Finished water ... -- -- -- 7.2 -- 6.6 19 -- --

Finished 

water 

7 

4 

7 

6.1 

24.9 

.3 

52 

May.22, 

1951 

Temperature 

(oF) 

Av Max Min 

48 67 32 

-- -- --
NEW HAMPSHIRE 

LACONIA 

(Population, 14, 745) 

61 

Ownership: Laconia Water Company. Population supplied, about 15,000. 

Source: Lake Paugus (fed by springs and brooks). 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 600, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 2, 750, 000 _gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) • o o. o 0 .. 0 o •••• o 

Iron (Fe) 0 0 ..... ooo •o .. oo•o. 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Finished 

water 

1.7 

• 02 

• 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ........... . 

Finished 

water 

11 

4 

Calcium (Ca) ......... 0 .. .. 3o4 ~~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ....... .. 

Sodium (Na) ...... 0 ....... . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ... .. 

Sulfate (S04 ) .............. o 

Chloride (Cl) .. 0 .......... . 

Fluoride (F) .. 0 .......... .. 

Nitrate (N03 ) .. o .......... . 

Dissolved solids ....... .. 

• 7 

1.9 

• 5 

0 

9 

5.2 

2.4 

.2 

.3 

23 

Color ..•.......••.............. 

pH •••.....•......•••...•........ 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 C. )o•••••• ooooo ••••• •• ••• 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ......... . 

Date of collection ....... .. 

7 

6.8 

34.3 

• 1 

45 

May 15, 

1951 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

pH as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- 7.0 7.2 6.9 17 20 15 1 2 1 

Finished water .... -- -- -- 7.0 7.2 6.9 17 20 15 1 2 1 
62 NEW HAMPSHffiE 

MANCHESTER 

(Population, 82, 732) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 85,700. 

Source: Lake Massabesic. Water is pumped at two points from the West Pond of 

the lake to the high and low pressure systems. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 20,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 000, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 33,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .................. . 

Manganese (Mn) ........ .. 

Finished 

water 

1.3 

.10 

• 01 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Finished 

water 

12 

8 

Calcium (Ca) ............ .. 3.4 ~------------------~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............. .. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) .... . 

Sulfate (S04 ) ............. .. 

Chloride (Cl} ............ .. 

Fluoride (F) ............. .. 

Nitrate (N03) ............ .. 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

.8 

2.7 

.4 

0 

4 

7.2 

5. 8 

.2 

0 5 

36 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••..................•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C. )ooooooo •••• •••••• ••••• 

Turbidity ............••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ......... . 

Date of coliection ........ . 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... _.;. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... -- -- -- 6.5 7.0 6.3 15 -- --

2 

5. 8 

44.2 

.9 

May 24, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 0 -- --
NEW HAMPSHffiE 

NASHUA 

(Population, 34, 669) 

Ownership: Pennichuck Water Works. 

63 

Source: Springs; flowing wells. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Pennichuck 

Brook. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: Spring water, 56, 000,'000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•......•....•... 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

7. 5 

• 05 

• 02 

Hardness as CaC<>,: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate .•..•.•...•. 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

25 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••. 7 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .••••••.. 

8.1 ~------~----------~--~------

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ••.••••••... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

1.1 

2.2 

.6 

0 

22 

6. 8 

4.9 

.o 

.7 

45 

Color ..•.......••.......•...... 

pH .••..•.••...••.......•........ 

Specific conductance 

{micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••.•. 

Date of collection •••..•... 

2 

6.7 

68.4 

.3 

50 

May 15, 

1951 
64 NEW HAMPSHffiE 

PORTSMOUTH 

(Population, 18, 830) 

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 24,300. 

Source: Wells: Well 1 70ft deep, and reported to yield 350 gpm; Wells (1 to 8) 

Sherborne Station 45 to 52ft deep, and reported to yield 332 gpm; Haven Well 

60ft deep, and reported to yield 350 gpm; Gosling well 50ft deep, and reported to yield 300 gpm; Greenland Well 55ft deep, and reported to yield 360 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica \SiOJ ......••••.••••••.•.•••••• 

Iron (Fe) .•..•..••.•••..••..••...•••.•• 

Manganese (Mn) ...•.•••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ··•·••·•••••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) •.••..••••••.•••..••• 

Sodium (Na) .••.•.•.••. ! ••••••••••••••• 

Potassh.m (K) ••••••.•••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ...•.•••••• ........ Bicarbonate (HCO:J •..•.•••.•• -..••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•..••.•••••••••••.•••. 

Fluoride (F) ...••.•...•••..••.•••••.•. 

Nitrate (NOJ ..••.•••.••....•.••.••.•. 

Dissolved solids •••..•••.•..••.••••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .............•.•.••..•••.••.•••. 

Noncarbonate •••••...••••••••••• -•• 

Color ........•.....••...•••.••....•..••• 

pH .. -..•.......•.....•..•.•.••..••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .••.••.•.•. 

Turbidity ............•..••.•••..••.••• 

Temperature (F. ) .......•.•.••••.••• 

Date of collection •...•••••••...•..•• -=-a Sherborne Station. 

b Haven Station. 

c Gosling Station. 

Finished 

water a 

13 

• 01 

-- 39 

10 

7.7 

2.2 

0 

110 

52 

9.0 

.0 

3.6 

191 

139 

49 

4 

7.4 

321 

--

-- June 5, 1951 

Finished Finished 

waterb waterc 

13 13 

• 01 • 01 

-- -- 26 26 

11 12 

5. 2 5.2 

1.5 1.7 

0 0 

72 73 

54 54 

6.0 7.0 

.o .o 

1.2 1.4 

153 156 

110 114 

51 54 

3 3 

7.5 7.1 

204 206 

-- -- -- -- June 5. 1951 June 5, 1951 
NEW HAMPSHIRE 

ROCHESTER 

(Population, 13, 776) 

65 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 13,900. 

Source: Berry Brook, 75 percent of supply; Round Pond, 25 percent of supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 400,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) .............. . 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••. 

Calcium (Ca) .. \ .......... . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ........•..... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

3o1 

.35 

• 04 

1.9 

.6 

2o7 

.4 

0 

4 

4o8 

5o 0 

.o 

.3 

24 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•................... 

Noncarbonate ........... ·. 

Color •.•.......••.............. 

pH ••••.•.••••.••••.••..•.••.•••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ...........•.•..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection ..•..•... 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

7 

4 

15 

5.9 

May 14, 

1951 
66 RHODE ISLAND 

BRISTOL 

(Population, 10, 335) 

Ownership: Bristol County Water Dept.; also supplies Warren and Barrington 

towns. Total population supplied, about 26,000. 

Source: Impounding Reservoirs on Kickemuit and Palmer Rivers. Emergency 

supply, 1 well (Bar. 111) in Barrington 83 ft deep, and reported to yield 694 

gpm. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 6. 8 with hydrated lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 385,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 450, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey} 

Silica (Si~) ...•......•.... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Finished 

water 

1.5 

• 01 

. 06 

Hardness .as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ...........• 

Finished 

water 

48 

Manganese {Mn) 30 •••••••••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 16 ~~--------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K} ........•... 

Carbonate (CO,} .......•.. 

Bi~arbonate (HC08) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•........... 

Nitrate (N08) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

1.9 

6.0 

• 7 

0 

21 

28 

9.8 

• 2 

• 6 

84 

Color ...•......•................ 

pH ••••. • ••••••••••••••••.•••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ...........•.•..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•... 

Date of collection •••...... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Raw water ......... 

Finished water ... 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

as CaC03 (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

12 16 

17 21 

8 6. 6 6.7 6. 5 

14 7.0 7.2 6.9 

CENTRAL FALLS 

(Population, 23, 550)· 

34 44 26 

53 58 48 

Ownership: Purchases water from Pawtucket. (See Pawtucket. ) 

7 

7. 0 

140 

• 7 

July 11, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0 -- -- 0 0 0 
RHODE ISLAND 

CRANSTON 

(Population, 55, 060) 

Ownership: Purchases water from Providence and West Warwick town. (See 

Providence and West Warwick town.) 

EAST PROVIDENCE town 

(Population, 35, 871) 

67 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Watchemoket section of East Providence which 

was formerly supplied by Pawtucket Water Company. 

Source: Ten Mile River impounded in East Providence Reservoir, 80 percent of 

supply; 3 wells (supply for Watchemoket section) 20 percent. The wells (Epr. 

76, 77, and 78) 56, 74, and 58ft deep yield 754, 759, and 1, 280 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and soda ash, activated carbon, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 

6. 9 with soda ash. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 100,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 420,000,000 gal. (East Providence Reservoir). 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished water a Well Epr. 76 Well Epr. 77 

Silica (SiO:J ...••.•.•.•••••••...•••••• 6.9 9.3 10 

Iron (Fe) .............................. • 22 . 03 . 00 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 53 • 01 . 00 

Calcium ·(ca) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9. 8 9.3 9. 8 

Magnesium {Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 1. 6 1.6 1. 8 

Sodium (Na) ........................... 29 4.6 5. 0 

Potassium (K) ........................ 2.0 . 2 .4 

Carbonate (COJ ••.•••••••••.•••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•.•••••••••••••• 22 13 15 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 20 19 

Chloride (Cl) .••.••...•••••••••••••••• 23 5. 5 5.8 

Fluoride {F) •.•••••••.•••••••••••••••. . 2 . l . 0 

Nitrate (NOJ •..•..•.•••.••••••••••••• 4.7 2.6 2.7 

Dissolved solids •••..•••••••.••••••• 136 63 64 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 31 30 32 

Non car bonate •••.•.•.••..•••••••.•• 13 19 20 

Color ........................ 8 ••••••••••• 5 0 2 

pH .................• ,., ..•...••......••..•. 6.4 6.2 6. 2 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) .•••••••••• 226 99.4 103 

Turbidity •............•..•..•..••..••. 4.0 1.8 • 7 

Temperature (F. ) .•...••..•••••.•.•• 74 56 51 

Date of collection •.•.•••••.••••••••• July 11, 1951 July 11. 1951 June 23. 1951 

a Surface supply. 
68 RHODE ISLAND 

EAST PROVIDENCE town--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

Raw water ........ 26 41 

Finished water~ ... 24 30 

Min Av Max Min Av 

13 6. 8 7. 0 6.7 

18 6.7 6. 7 6.6 

NEWPORT 

(Population, 37, 564) 

42 

42 

(ppm} 

Max Min Av Max Min 

54 29 -- -- -- 47 39 0 0 0 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 4, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 42 ·' 000. 

Source: Reservoirs: Eastons North and Eastons South Ponds, Nelsons Pond, 

Gardnets Pond, St. Marys Pond, Sissons Pond, and Lawton Valley Reservoir. 

Auxiliary or emergency supply, Nonquit Pond. 

Treatment: Aeration, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rap1d sand filtration, postch ... orination, and adjustment of pH with lime. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 900,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 310,000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storag.s: 8, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey} ' 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) .......••. • 9 • 1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •...• , .•.••••. . 01 • 08 Total ~· .............. 71 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 52 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 21 23 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••. 4.5 4.4 Color ....... ·····.······· 2 

Sodium (Na) •.••.••••• 12 13 pH .......•...•........... 7.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••. 1.8 3.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 23 26 25 c.)··············· 224 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 30 42 Turbidity •••••••.•••••• • 6 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••.. 33 31 Temperature (F.) ••• 72 

Fluoride (F) ••..•.••.. . 0 • 1 Date of collection •.• July 11, 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••...•. .3 • 2 1951 

Dissolved solids ••••. 119 a13o 

a Sum of determined constituents. 

Finished 

water 

76 

54 

1 

6.6 

248 

1.0 

72 

July 10, 

1951 
RHODE ISLAND 69 

NEWPORT--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 b 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av 

Raw water ......... 29 34 25 7.9 9.3 7. 1 68 

Finished water ... 24 32 20 7. 6 8. 2 7.4 83 

b Combined Newport and Lawton Valley supplies. 

P:AWTUCKET 

(Population, 81, 436) 

Max Min Av Max Min 

92 52 -- -- 0 

94 73 0 0 0 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Central Falls, and parts of Cumberland town, 

Lincoln town, and a small part of Nort~ Providence town. Total population supplied, about 125, 000. 

Source: Abbott Run impounded in Diamond Hill and Arnold Mill Reservoirs. Emergencies supply, 4 wells (Cum. 339, 340; Lin. 335, 342). 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, chlorination, and adjustment of pH to about 7. 0. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 764,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 20,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES-

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Well Finished (Lin. water 342) water 

Silica {SiO:a) •.•....... 3.4 13 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•..••••••. • 10 . 02 Total :•• .............. 27' 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •.•••• 13 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 8.3 17 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••• 1.5 3.2 Color ........... ····~· .... 20 

Sodium (Na) •.••.••••• 4.6 18 pH .......••.••........... 6. 8 

Potassium {K) ...•••. • 8 2.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 17 56 25 c.) .•...•••...•... 84.7 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 13 24 Turbidity ..•.•••.•••••• 1.1 

Chloride (Cl) ..••••••. 6o 1 18 Temperature (F.) ••. 78 

Fluoride (F) •...•.•... • 2 . 0 Date of collection ..• July 17, 

Nitrate (NOJ .••....•. 1.0 1.4 1951 

Dissolved solids •..•. 54 128 

Well 

(Lin. 

342) 

56 

10 

7 

6.9 

212 

1.0 

54 

July 23, 

1951 
70 

Raw water ......... 

Finished water ..... 

RHODE ISLAND 

·PAWTUCKET--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaCOs pH as CaCOs 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

11 12 

12 14 

10 6.6 6.9 6.3 29 

8 7. 1 8.4 6.4 34 

PROVIDENCE 

(Population, 248, 674) 

34 26 

40 28 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0 0 0 

0 0 0 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies most of Cranston and Warwick and parts of 

Johnston town, Smithfield town, and North Providence town. Total population 

supplied, about 372,000. 

Source: Scituate Reservoir and five smaller reservoirs on North Branch of Pawtuxet River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with ferric sulfate (Ferrifloc) and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 61,600,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 39, 746,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 54,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) •••••••••••• , •• 

Iron (Fe) ···········-·· .•... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•..... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ...•. 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•...... 

Nitrate (NOs) . . . . . ....... . 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

Finished 

water 

8.2 

. 29 

. 00 

9.0 

• 5 

3.2 

• 7 

2 

13 

13 

4.0 

. 1 

. 5 

52 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ............ 0 •••••••• 

Noncarbonate ..•......... 

Color •.........••........•.... 

pH .•• , .•.••..••.•..•..•.....••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ............••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••..... 

Date of collection ........ . 

Finished 

water 

24 

10 

7 

9. 1 

74.6 

. 8 

62 

July 17, 

1951 
Ra.w water ••.•• , ••• 

Finished water ••. 

a Water year. 

RHODE ISLAND 71 

PROVIDENCE--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1949-50 a 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max 

5 5 4 

15 16 13 

6.2 6.4 6.0 10 

9.4 9.5 9.2 27. 

WARWICK 

(Population, 43, 028) 

11 

30 

Turbidity 

Min Av Max Min 

9 . 2 . 9 . 1 

24 • 0 • 0 • 0 

Ownership: Municipal. Purchases 87 percent of supply from Providence and 13 

percent from Kent County Water Authority. (See Providence and West Warwick 

town.) 
72 RHODE ISLAND 

WEST WARWICK town 

(Population, 19, 096) 

Ownership: Kent County Water Authority; also supplies about 1, 000 people in 

Cranston, part of Warwick, and parts of Coventry town and North Scituate 

town. Total population supplied, about 27,000. 

Source: Wells: 4 wells (Cov. 1 to 4) 40 to 49ft deep; 20 wells (Cov. 5 to 13, 18 to 

28) 29 to 37ft deep; well (Egr. 3) 107ft deep and reported to yield 1, 500 gpm; 

well (War. 33) 118ft deep, and reported to yield 2, 700 gpm. Carr Pond, 

(upper and lower reservoirs). The wells furnish 60 percent of the supply and 

Carr Pond 40 percent. The systems are interconnected and consumers receiv.e 

water from both sources. 

Treatment: Chlorination; stabilization (Carr Pond). 

Raw-water storage: 400, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 475,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Wells a Well Tap sampleb (War. 33) 

Silica (SiO:J •.•.•.••••••.••••.•.•••••• 7.4 12 8 

Iron (F~) .............................. • 02 • 01 . 0 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 04 • 00 • 0 

Calcium (Ca) •••·••••••••••••••••••••• 4.7 6. 5 6.4 

Magnesium (Mg) ..••••••••••••••••••• • 8 1.9 1. 2 

Sodium (Na) ••.••.•••.••••••••••••••••• 5. 4 7. 9 

Potassium ) 11 (K.) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1.2 1.2 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••.•••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCO:J ••••••••••••••••• 9 13 17 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••••••••••••••• • •. • • 7.8 15 12 

Chloride (Cl) .••..•••.••••••••.••••••• 6. 5 8.2 13 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1 • 2 . 0 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••.•••••••.•.•••••••••• 2. 8 4.6 .9 

Dissolved solids •••..••••••••••••••• 46 68 C61 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total .••......••..•.••••.•••••.•••••. 15 24 21 

Noncarbonate •.•••...•••••••••••.•• 8 13 7 

Color ................................... 7 2 5 

pH .................•.......••.•.••.•..••• 6.4 

Specific conductance 

6. 1 5. 9 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ........... 66.9 105 -- Turbidity ...••.....•••••••.•••.••.••.• • 8 • 5 0 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•. •• • ••••••••.•• 72 54 60 

Date of collection •.••••••••••••••••• July 17, 19_51 July 9, 1951 Mav 8. 1951 

acov. 1 to 13, 18 to 28. 

bWells Cov. 1 to 13, 18 to 28; Carr Pond. Analysis by R. I. Dept. of Health. 

c Sum of determined constituents. 
Raw water ......... 

Finished water ... 

RHODE ISLAND 

WEST WARWICK town--Continued 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Mu Min Av Max Min 

-- 21 

-- -- 10 5. 5 5. 8 5. 2 18 

-- -- -- -- --

WOONSOCKET 

(Population, 50, 211) 

29 9 

-- --

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0 0 0 

-- -- --

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies parts of Li.ncoln town and North Smithfield 

town, and part of Blackstone town, Mass. Total population supplied, about 

59,900. 

Source: C rookfall Brook impounded in Woonsocket Reservoir. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 910, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

73 

Woonsocket 

Reservoir 

Woonsocket 

Reservoir 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 4. 8 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Iron (Fe) ........•.•....•... . 22 Total • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ... • . . . . . 12 

Manganese (Mn) ......... . 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

00 Nonc.arbonate . . .. • .. .. . . . 7 

3.9 . l~--------------------------------~-----------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) .......... .. 

Carbonate (C03 ) ........ .. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) .............. . 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) ............ .. 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

• 5 

3.2 

.6 

0 

6 

6. 5 

4.4 

• 1 

1. 1 

34 

Color •••.......••..•....•••.... 

pH •••.•••••••••••••..•.•.•..•••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity .......•..••••...... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••••..• 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 6 7 5 6.4 6.8 6. 1 20 21 18 

Finished water ••. -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- --

15 

6.3 

45.0 

• 8 

78 

July 16, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

0 -- 0 

-- -- --
74 VERMONT 

BARRE 

(Population, 10, 922) 

Ownership: Municipal 90 percent; private company 10 percent. Also supplies 

about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. Total population supptied, about 

11,900. 

Source: Spring-fed brooks 80 percent of supply; Springs 20 percent. 

Treatment: Chlorination (double). 

Raw-water storage: '350, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 44,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica {Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water a 

4. 4 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water a 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... • 50 Total ...•................... 61 

Manganese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 

Calcium (Ca) ......•.....•. .oo~_N_o_n_c_ar __ b_o_na_t_e __ .• _ •. _ .. _._··-··-·,_ ________ 5_ 

22 

1.5 

1.2 

1.1 

0 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) •.............. 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ......•••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•........... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

68 

6.0 

3.8 

• 0 

• 7 

83 

Color •.•.......••.....•.•.•.... 

pH ••••••.•••••••••••••••.••.•••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 C. )ooooooo ••••••••••••••• 

Turbidity ..•.......•••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•..• 

Date of collection ••••.•..• 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) . (ppm). 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ..... -- -- -- 7. 0 7. 2 6. 8 -- -- -- a Orange system, representing 75 to 80 percent of total service. 

20 

7. 2 

131 

• 9 

57 

Aug. 20, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -- 1 0 
VERMONT 

. BENNINGTON 

(Population, 8, 002) 

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 11,300. 

75 

Source: Springs. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Morgan Spring, reported to 

yield 500 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 7, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) .............•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

MagnesiUin (Mg) .•....... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (CO,) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....•.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Mountain 

Springs a 

5. 6 Hardness as CaCO,: 

Mountain 

Springs a 

• 06 Total ...•...... ... .. ..•... .. 16 

00 Noncarbonate .• . . . . . . . . . . 3 

3.4 . ~------------------+----------

1.8 

• 7 

• 7 

0 

16 

.3. 2 

• 8 

.o 

1.0 

27 

Color ••.......•••.........•.... 

pH •••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity .••.....•..•••.••... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•.•. 

Date of collection .•••••••. 

5 

7. 2 

39.7 

1.9 

Aug. 13, 

1951 

a Sample collected from village reservoir. 
76 

Ownership: Municipal. 

VERMONT 

BURLINGTON 

(Population, 33, 155) 

Source: Lake Champlain. The 24 in. -intake pipe extends 11,300 ft into the lake 

toward Appletree Point, northwest of the city. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 7, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) .............. . 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

. 4 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... • 02 Total . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 56 

Mangar,.ese (Mn) ..•..•.••. 

Calcium (Ca) ..... "" ..•... .oo,~ __ N_o_nc_ar_ b_o_na_t_e __ .• _ .. _ •. _._··_··-·~ ______ 2_1 __ 

15 

4.4 

2.3 

1.0 

0 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) ...•....•.. -. 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) .•.•. 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•....•. 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (NOs) .........•.... 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

42 

20 

3.4 

.0 

• 3 

70 

Color .•........••..•. · ...•...•.. 

pH •••.•••••••••••••.•.••..•••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ·········:·········· 

Temperature (F. ) •...•.•..• 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•..••... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 40 -- -- 7. 0 7. 2 6. 8 54 56 52 

2 

7.1 

127 

1.9 

Aug. 17, 

1951 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 1. 5 3 0 
VERMONT 

MONTPELIER 

(Population, 8, 599) 

77 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 100 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 8, 700. 

Source: Lake. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 8, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ........•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••.•• 

Finished 

water 

(city tap} 

2. 7 

• 06 

• 00 

Hardness as caco,: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate ..•.•.•..... 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

74 

9 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 23 l~------------------+------------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .•.•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••.••••.• 

Carbonate (C03} •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

4.0 

1.1 

.2 

0 

79 

6. 5 

1.2 

.0 

.3 

83 

Color •••..•....•..........•.... 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 

Specific ·-conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

Turbidity •.•........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection .••..•... 

6 

7. 5 

144 

2.0 

Aug. 11, 

1951 
78 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mendon Brook. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

VERMONT 

RUTLAND 

(Population, 17, 659) 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 5, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium ·(Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (.Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) .•••........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ······••oo 

·Bicarbonate (HC09) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) 0 u. o •• 0 •••••• o 

Chloride (Cl) o o. o •••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N09) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .. 0 •••••• 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

4.9 

• 12 

• 00 

9. 8 

4.2 

1.5 

.6 

0 

40 

6. 5 

3.2 

•. 1 

• 8 

52 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total o ...................... . Noncarbo11ate .••.•....•.• 

Color ......................... . 

pH ............ • ................ . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ···········•••o•••·· · Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection •• o o ••••• 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

42 

9 

5 

7.3 

88.6 

.9 

Aug. 17, 

1951 
VERMONT 

ST. ALBANS 

(Population, 8, 552) 

79 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limitso 

Total population supplied, about 9, 550. 

Source: 3 reservoirs fed by brooks and springs approximately 7 miles from the 

city. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Copper sulfate and calcium hypochlorite ("HTH") in 

reservoirs for the control of microorganisms. 

Raw-water storage: 355,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

Gravity flow system of supply. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..•••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...••. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

1.1 

.34 

• 00 

11 

3o1 

L6 

• 7 

0 

35 

9.2 

4.8 

.0 

.2 

53 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...•........•........•. 

Noncarbonate .•.......... 

Color ......................... . 

pH ........•..................... 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •••..•.•.....•........ 

Turbidity •••....•...•.•..•.•. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••..•.•. 

Finished 

water 

40 

12 

5 

7. 2 

91.5 

1.9 

Sept. 13, 

1951 
80 VERMONT 

ST. JOHNSBURY 

(Population, 7, 370) 

Ownership: Municipal. Total population supplied, about 10,000. 

Source: Stiles Pond. Auxiliary or emergency supply, Oak Street Well (has not 

been used). 

Treatment: Slow sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: --

Raw-water storage: 700,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: --

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

3. 1 Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••.••.••• 

• 06 Total .. .•...... .. . .. ... .... .• . 36 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •.••••••••.. 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate ($04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) •••••..•••••••• 

Nitrate (N08) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

.oo,~ __ N_on __ car __ bo __ na __ te __ .• _._ .. _ .. _._··-··-r--------5--

12 

1.5 

2. 0 

.9 

0 

38 

3.5 

42 

• 0 

.4 

48 

Color ..•.......••.........•.... 

pH ............................. . 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ..................... . 

Turbidity •..........•.••..... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••.•.... 

7 

7.1 

83.7 

.8 

Aug. 11, 

1951