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                        Highway-Rail Crossing Handbook - Third Edition


            
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                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS - Part 3
NEW CROSSINGS

Like crossing closure/consolidation, opening a new public highway-rail crossing should likewise consider public safety, necessity, access, and economics. Generally, new crossings (particularly on mainline tracks) should not be permitted unless no other viable alternatives exist. Even in those instances, consideration should be given to closing one or more existing crossings.

Communities, developers, and highway transportation planners need to be mindful that once a highway-rail crossing is established, drivers can develop a low tolerance for the crossing if blocked by a train for an extended period. If a new access is proposed to cross a railroad where railroad operation requires temporarily holding trains, only grade separation should be considered.

PASSIVE CROSSING TREATMENTS

Passive traffic control devices consist of regulatory signs, warning signs, guide signs, and pavement markings. These devices provide static messages of warning, guidance, and in some instances, mandatory action for the driver. Their purpose is to identify and direct attention to the location of a crossing to permit drivers and pedestrians to take appropriate action. Passive devices may be used at a passive crossing or may be used in conjunction with active devices at an active crossing. (Refer to the Sight Distance section for a discussion of sight distance requirements for passive crossings.)

Signs and pavement markings are to be in conformance with the MUTCD. New editions of the MUTCD are released periodically. Between MUTCD updates, the FHWA provides official interpretations, manages traffic control device experimentations, and issues interim approvals for new traffic control devices. Practitioners should confirm all signs, dimensions, and criteria with the latest edition of MUTCD.

Signs

Part 8 of the MUTCD includes provisions for use of signs at crossings and contains two figures which provide "sign panels" depicting regulatory and warning signs which are most relevant to crossings (MUTCD Figures 8B-1 and 8B-4). Some of these signs are in general use; others are specific to crossings.

**Figure 7** depicts the regulatory sign panel. The "Crossbuck" sign (R15-1) is required to be used on each highway approach to every crossing, alone or in combination with other devices with a minor exception for LRT crossings where its use is optional in semi-exclusive or mixed-use alignments. At passive crossings, the Crossbuck sign is used within a "Crossbuck Assembly" in conjunction with use of a STOP or YIELD sign as further described below. Many of the other regulatory signs such as the NO RIGHT (LEFT) TURN ACROSS TRACKS (R3-1a/R3-2a) blank-out signs, the DO NOT STOP ON TRACKS (R8-8), and the "Stop Here" series (R8-10/10a) and R10-6/6a) signs are used in conjunction with active devices. The signs in the fourth row are for use with LRT or street-running rail.
"Figure 7. Regulatory Signs and Plaques for Crossings - Figure 7 shows several different warning signs for drivers as they approach and are stopped at a railroad track. There are five rows, each with 4 or 5 signs per row. The "Crossbuck" sign (labeled as R15-1) is the traditional sign used to indicate a railroad crossing. It is required to be used on each highway approach to every crossing, alone or in combination with other devices with a minor exception for LRT crossings where its use is optional in semi-exclusive or mixed-use alignments. At passive crossings, the Crossbuck sign is used within a "Crossbuck Assembly" in conjunction with the use of a STOP or YIELD sign. Many of the other regulatory signs on this figure, such as the NO RIGHT (LEFT) TURN ACROSS TRACKS (labeled as R3-1a and R3-2a) blank-out signs, the DO NOT STOP ON TRACKS (labeled as R8-8), and the "Stop Here" series (labeled as R8- 10/10a and R10-6/6a) signs are used in conjunction with active devices. There are 5 signs on the 4th row. They are used for a Light Rail Train service or street-running rail. They depict a "Left Lane Only" sign labeled R15-4b, a "Center Lane Only" sigh labeled R15-4c, a "Do Not Pass" sign labelled R15-5, a "Do Not Pass Stopped Train" sign labelled R15-5a, and a sign with a car icon crossing a track icon with a red circle and slash over it labelled R15-6.) Additional sign information is outlined in Table 4 below."**Figure 7. Regulatory Signs and Plaques for Crossings***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition. Figure 8B-1 Regulatory Signs and Plaques for Grade Crossings, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.*

**Figure 8** shows the warning sign panel. Part 8 of the MUTCD contains specific standards and guidance for the use of these signs. This section summarizes key requirements and gives examples for specific conditions for which these signs were intended to address.
"Figure 8. Warning Signs and Plaques for Crossings - This figure shows several different warning signs used for railroad crossings. From left to right, the signs and their indicated application or need are the following: W10-1: Grade Crossing Advance Warning. Standard, required device with MUTCD exceptions, W10-1aP: Exempt sign. Should be used with W10-1 at Exempt locations, W10-2,3,4: Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Advance Warning signs. This sign is required on parallel roadways where there is an intersection within 100 feet of a crossing. W10-5 and W10-5P: Low Ground Clearance Highway-Rail Grade Crossing signs. Should be used as indicated by MUTCD guidelines, incident history, or local knowledge. W10-7: Light Rail Activated Blank-Out Symbol. May be used to warn road users of an approaching LRT vehicle. W10-8: Trains May Exceed 80 mph. Should be used where train speed is 80 mph or faster. W10-9 and W10-9P: No Train Horn. Required at crossings in FRA-authorized quiet zones. W10-11: Storage Space Symbol. Should be used where there is inadequate clear storage space between the crossing and a downstream intersection, as determined by engineering study. W10-11a: Storage Space 100 Feet Between Tracks and Highway. Should be used in conjunction with W10-11. W10-11b: Storage Space 150 Feet Between Highway Tracks Behind You. May be used in conjunction with W10-11. W10-12: Skewed Crossing. May be used at a skewed highway-rail crossing to warn drivers that the railroad tracks are not perpendicular to the highway. W10-13P: No Gates or Lights. May be installed at highway-rail crossings that are not equipped with active warning devices. W10-14P: Next Crossing. May be used in conjunction with other warning signs to advise drivers of alternate route. W10-15P: Rough Crossing. May be used if the highway-rail crossing is rough. The figure also contains a note: The W10-11 sign is a W10-3 sign modified for geometrics. Other signs can be oriented or revised as needed to better portray the geometrics of the roadways and the tracks. Addi"**Figure 8. Warning Signs and Plaques for Crossings***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition, Figure 8B-4 Regulatory Signs and Plaques for Grade Crossings, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.*

**Table 4** lists all the signs which are included in Part 8 of the MUTCD along with a brief description of the intended application or indication of the need for each.

**Table 4. Current MUTCD Signs**

Sign Designation
			Section
			Sign or Plaque
			Application or Indication of NeedR3-1
			8B.08
			No Right Turn
			Movement ProhibitionR3-2
			8B.08
			No Left Turn
			Movement ProhibitionR1-1
			8B.04, 8B.05
			STOP
			Standard–A STOP or YIELD sign is required to be used as part of a Crossbuck Assembly at passive crossings (refer to text for specifics).R1-2
			8B.04, 8B.05
			YIELD
			Standard–A STOP or YIELD sign is required to be used as part of a Crossbuck Assembly at passive crossings (refer to text for specifics).R8-8
			8B.09
			Do Not Stop on Tracks
			Should be used where an engineering study indicates the potential for vehicles to stop on the crossing is significant.R8-9
			8A.05, 8B.10
			Tracks Out of Service
			May be used with engineering judgement as a temporary provision before tracks will be removed or paved over.R8-10, 10a
			8B.11
			Stop Here When Flashing
			May be used at a highway-rail crossing to inform drivers of the location of the stop line or the point at which to stop when the flashing-light signals (Section 8C.02) are activated.R10-6, 6a
			8B.12, 8C.09
			Stop Here on Red
			May be used at locations where vehicles frequently violate the stop line or where it is not obvious to road users where to stop.R10-11a
			8B.08, 8C.09
			No Turn on Red
			May be used in conjunction with preemption of a traffic signal to prohibit turning movements toward the tracks (refer to text on preemption).R15-1
			5F.02, 8B.03, 8B.04, 8B.10, 8C.02, 8C.13,
			Grade Crossing (Crossbuck)
			Standard–Required as part of a Crossbuck Assembly with limited exceptions (refer to text for specifics).R15-2P
			5F.02, 8B.03, 8B.04, 8B.10, 8C.02, 9B.14
			Number of Tracks
			Standard–Required as part of a Crossbuck Assembly at locations with two or more tracks and no gate; optional with gate.R15-3P
			8B.07
			Exempt
			Recommended where school buses and commercial vehicles that are usually required to stop at crossings are not required to do so where authorized by ordinance.R15-4a
			8B.13
			Light Rail Only Right Lane
			May be used for multilane operations where roadway users might need additional guidance on lane use and/or restrictions.R15-4b
			8B.13
			Light Rail Only Left Lane
			May be used for multilane operations where roadway users might need additional guidance on lane use and/or restrictions.R15-4c
			8B.13
			Light Rail Only Center Lane
			May be used for multilane operations where roadway users might need additional guidance on lane use and/or restrictions.R15-5
			8B.14
			Light Rail Do Not Pass
			May be used where vehicles are not allowed to pass LRT vehicles that are loading or unloading passengers at locations where no raised platform physically separates the lanes.R15-5a
			8B.14
			Do Not Pass Stopped Train
			Same as R15-5.R15-6
			8B.15
			Do Not Drive On Tracks Light Rail Symbol
			May be used where there are adjacent vehicle lanes separated from the LRT track only by a curb or pavement markings.R15-6a
			8B.15
			Do Not Drive On Tracks
			Same as R15-6.R15-7
			8B.16
			Light Rail Divided Highway Symbol
			May be used with appropriate geometric conditions.R15-7a
			8B.16
			Light Rail Divided Highway Symbol (T-intersection)
			Same as R15-7.R15-8
			8B.17, 8C.13
			Look
			May be used to advise pedestrians to anticipate a train or LRV coming from either direction.W10-1
			8B.06, 8B.25
			Grade Crossing Advance Warning
			Standard–Required device, with MUTCD exceptions (Section 8B.06).W10-1aP
			8B.07
			Exempt
			Should be used with W10-1 at Exempt locations (refer to R15-3P).W10-2,3,4
			8B.06, 5F.03
			Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Advance Warning
			Required on parallel roadways where there is an intersection within 100 feet of a crossing (refer to text for specifics).W10-5, W10-5P
			8B.23
			Low Ground Clearance Highway-Rail Grade Crossing
			Should be used as indicated by MUTCD guidelines, incident history, or local knowledge.W10-7
			8B.19
			Light Rail Activated Blank-Out Symbol
			May be used to warn road users of an approaching LRT vehicle.W10-8
			8B.20
			Trains May Exceed 80 mph
			Should be used where train speed is 80 mph or faster.W10-9, W10-9P
			8B.21, 9B.19
			No Train Horn
			Required at crossings in FRA-authorized quiet zones.W10-11
			8B.24
			Storage Space Symbol
			Should be used where there is inadequate clear storage space between the crossing and a downstream intersection, as determined by engineering study.W10-11a
			8B.24
			Storage Space XX Feet Between Tracks and Highway
			Should be used in conjunction with W10-11.W10-11b
			8B.24
			Storage Space XX Feet Between Highway Tracks Behind You
			May be used in conjunction with W10-11.W10-12
			8B.25, 9B.19
			Skewed Crossing
			May be used at a skewed highway-rail crossing to warn drivers that the railroad tracks are not perpendicular to the highway.W10-13P
			8B.22
			No Gates or Lights
			May be installed at highway-rail crossings that are not equipped with active warning devices.W10-14P
			8B.23
			Next Crossing
			May be used in conjunction with other warning signs to advise drivers of alternate route.W10-14aP
			8B.23
			Use Next Crossing
			Refer to W10-14P.W10-15P
			8B.23
			Rough Crossing
			May be used if the highway-rail crossing is rough.I-13
			8B.8
			Emergency Notification
			Should be installed at all crossings to provide for emergency notification.*Source: Adapted from Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition. FHWA, Washington, DC, 2009.*

The MUTCD Section 2A.16 (Standardization of Location) discusses Standards and Guidance for positions and locations of signage. In general, MUTCD specifies that signs should be located on the right-hand side of the highway, where the driver is looking for them. Signs should be located to optimize visibility. Signs should not be in a highway dip or beyond the crest of a hill. Care should be taken so that the sign is not obscured by parked cars or foliage or covered by roadside splatter or snow accumulation.

Section 8A.04 of the MUTCD discusses the importance of retroreflective or illuminated signs and object markers to meet requirements both by day and by night. MUTCD Section 2A.15 contains a wide range of provisions for increasing sign conspicuity including the use of LED enhancement. Section 2A.07 contains general provisions for retroreflectivity and illumination; signs may be "flashed" in accordance with flash rates specified in this section. Conditions under which enhancement may be desired include the following:

Locations with visual clutter due to a combination of existing traffic control signs and adjacent commercial signs
	Locations where the horizontal and/or vertical alignment of the approach roadway in combination with sign placement requirements reduce sign visibility
	Locations where observation indicates low compliance with posted signs**"GRADE CROSSING" (Crossbuck) sign (R15-1) and "NUMBER OF TRACKS" sign (R15-2):** The "GRADE CROSSING" sign, commonly identified as the "Crossbuck" consists of a white reflectorized background with the words "RAILROAD CROSSING" in black lettering, as shown in **Figure 9.** Per Section 8B.03 of the MUTCD, the use of the Crossbuck sign at all highway-rail crossings is considered standard practice. The only exception to this requirement is for LRT crossings, where use of the Crossbuck is optional. The MUTCD requires use of the Crossbuck sign, along with the "NUMBER OF TRACKS" sign (where more than one track is present) on each approach to a public highway-rail crossing. The railroad Crossbuck sign and other supplemental signs attached to the Crossbuck mast are usually installed and maintained by the railroad company. (The agency responsible for maintenance of the roadway is normally responsible for advance warning signs and pavement markings.)

Crossbuck signs should be located with respect to the highway pavement or shoulder as discussed above for all signs and should be located with respect to the nearest track in accordance with signal locations as discussed in the next section. Where unusual conditions exist, the placement of Crossbucks should provide the best combination of view and safety clearances as determined by engineering judgment.

**Crossbuck Assembly:** For passive crossings, the Crossbuck sign is incorporated in a Crossbuck Assembly which includes, the "NUMBER OF TRACKS" sign (required if there is more than one track), and either a "YIELD" or "STOP" sign, with "YIELD" being the default sign subject to engineering study. (Where applicable, each State's MUTCD supplements to these treatments should be considered.) **Figure 11** and **Figure 12** illustrate the Crossbuck Assembly, showing the different sign selections and orientations that are possible, as shown in Chapter 8B in the MUTCD. **Figure 10** shows the typical layout on the approach to a crossing.

The following standards and/or guidance can be considered for the installation of YIELD or STOP signs at passive crossings per the MUTCD:

When the YIELD or STOP sign is installed on the same support as the Crossbuck sign, a strip of retroreflective material shall be used on the front and back of the support. The color of the retroreflective strip on the front of the support may be red or white (as per MUTCD Figure 8B-2). The color of the retroreflective strip on the back of the support shall be white. The dimensions and placement of the retroreflective strips should be in conformance with the standards in Section 8B.04.
	When the YIELD or STOP sign is installed on a separate support, a retroreflective strip of red may be installed on the front of the post. The separate Crossbuck support shall have a white strip post front and back (see MUTCD 8B-3).
	When a STOP sign is installed in conjunction with the Crossbuck sign, a stop line should be installed, if appropriate to the roadway surface, to indicate the point behind which vehicles are required to stop, as per MUTCD Section 8B.28.
	When a YIELD sign is used in conjunction with the Crossbuck sign, either a yield line (per MUTCD Section 3B.16) or a stop line (per MUTCD Section 8B.28 and Figure 8B-6) may be installed to indicate the point behind which vehicles are required to yield or stop. When used, the stop line or yield line (such as size, pattern, and location) must be in conformance with provisions in Part 3 of the current edition of MUTCD)."Figure 9. Crossing Sign (Crossbuck) - This figure is the crossbuck railroad crossing sign. The use of the Crossbuck sign at all highway-rail crossings is considered standard practice. The only exception to this requirement is for LRT crossings, where use of the Crossbuck is optional. The MUTCD requires use of the Crossbuck sign, along with the "NUMBER OF TRACKS" sign (where more than one track is present) on each approach to a public highway-rail crossing. The length of the crossbuck sign is 48 inches and the height is 9 inches. The sign is formed like the letter "X" with a perfect 90-degree angle between each panel of the sign.)"**Figure 9. Crossing Sign (Crossbuck)***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition, Figure R15-1, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.*
"Figure 10. Typical Sign System with STOP or YIELD - This figure shows the typical layout on the approach to a crossing. The following are the signs and their indicated application or need are the following: R15-1: Grade Crossing aka Crossbuck sign. R1-1: STOP sign. A STOP or YIELD sign is required to be used as part of a Crossbuck Assembly at passive crossings. R1-2: YIELD sign. W3-1a: Sign indicating a STOP sign further ahead on road. For more information on these signs, refer to table 2C-4 Condition B Chapter 2C, MUTCD. The following 2 signs can be used instead of any of the previously mentioned signs and their indications. W3-2a: Sign indicating a YIELD sign further ahead on the road. W10-1: Grade Crossing Advance Warning. The round, black, and yellow advance warning sign (W10-1) is located in advance of the crossings and serves to alert the motorist that a crossing is ahead."**Figure 10. Typical Sign System with STOP or YIELD***Source: Traffic Control Devices Handbook, Washington, DC, ITE, 2013.*
"Figure 11. Highway-Rail Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign and STOP or YIELD Sign on Same Post - This figure shows the Highway-Rail Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign and STOP or YIELD sign on same post. The post is about 4 1⁄2 feet tall and the signs are an additional 4 1⁄2 feet in height, making the total height of the post and signs be 9 feet. However, this height may be varied as required by local conditions and may be increased to accommodate signs mounted below the Crossbuck sign. There is to be a 2-inch white or red retroreflective strip on the front on the post and a 2-inch white retroreflective strip on back of support. No more than 2 feet should separate this strip from the bottom of the post. Note the following: YIELD or STOP signs are used only at passive crossings. A STOP sign is used only if an engineering study determines that it is appropriate for that particular approach. The mounting height shall be at least 4 feet for installations of YIELD or STOP signs on existing Crossbuck sign supports. However, the mounting height shall be at least 7 feet for new installations in areas with pedestrian movements or parking."**Figure 11. Highway-Rail Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign and STOP or YIELD Sign on Same Post***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 2009 Edition, Figure 8B-2, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.*
"Figure 12. Highway-Rail Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign and STOP Sign on Separate Posts - This figure shows the Highway-Rail Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign and STOP or YIELD sign on separate posts. There are two different images in this figure. The first image shows a STOP sign and Crossbuck sign in a rural area. There needs to be a minimum of 2 inches between both signs and 6 feet minimum distance from the edge of the traveled way. The post of the STOP sign needs to be minimum 5 feet tall with an optional 2-inch red retroreflective strip on the front of the post. The Crossbuck sign needs to have a 2-inch white retroreflective strip on the front and back of the post. The second image shows a STOP sign and Crossbuck sign in an area with pedestrian movements or parking. There must be a 2 feet minimum from the fact of the curve. The stop signâ€TMs post is a minimum of 7 feet tall, with an optional 2-inch red retroreflective strip on the front of the post. Whereas, the Crossbuck sign has a 2-inch white retroreflective strip on front and back. Note the following: STOP signs are only used at passive crossings and only if an engineering study determines that it is appropriate for that particular approach. Also, place the face of the signs in the same plane and place the STOP sign closest to the traveled way. Provide a 2-inch minimum separation between the edge of the Crossbuck sign and the edge of the STOP sign."**Figure 12. Highway-Rail Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign and STOP Sign on Separate Posts***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 2009 Edition, Figure 8B-3, STOP sign panel, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.***Emergency Notification sign (I-13):** Except for crossings located within railroad yards or port and dock facilities, FRA regulations (49 CFR 234.311) require the installation of Emergency Notification System signs at highway-rail and pathway grade crossings to provide information to road users so that they can notify the railroad company about unsafe conditions or malfunctioning active crossing warning devices. **Figure 13** shows an example of this sign, which is an approved alternate to the Emergency Notification (I-13) sign shown in Figure 8B-5 of the MUTCD.

**Advance Warning Signs (Wl0-1, Wl0-2, Wl0-3, W10-4):** The round, black, and yellow advance warning sign (W10-1) is located in advance of the crossings and serves to alert the motorist that a crossing is ahead. The advance warning sign has a minimum diameter of 36 inches for conventional roads. Per the MUTCD, the sign is required in advance of all crossings except the following:

On an approach to a highway-rail crossing from a T-intersection with a parallel highway, if the distance from the edge of the track to the edge of the parallel roadway is less than 100 feet and W10-3 signs are used on both approaches of the parallel highway
	On low-volume, low-speed highways crossing minor spurs or other tracks that are infrequently used and are flagged by train crews
	In business districts where active highway-rail crossing traffic control devices are in use
	Where physical conditions do not permit even a partially effective display of the signWhen the crossing is on a divided highway, it is desirable to place an additional advance warning sign on the left side of each approach. It may also be desirable to place an additional sign on the left side of a highway approach when the highway alignment limits the visibility of signs mounted on the right side.

The distance from the advance warning sign to the track is dependent upon the highway speed, but in no case, should be less than 100 feet in advance of the nearest rail. This distance should allow the driver sufficient time to comprehend and react to the sign's message and to perform any necessary maneuver. (Table 2C-4 in the MUTCD provides recommended placement. Condition A is used for advanced warning sign placement.)

Where a road runs parallel to a railroad and the perpendicular distance between the two is less than 100 feet, there is not enough distance to display the advance warning sign (W10-1). For traffic turning from the parallel road, one of three other warning signs (W10-2, W10-3, and W10-4) can be used when their need has been determined from an engineering study (refer to **Figure 14).**

**Storage Space signs (W10-11 & W10-11a):** These signs should be used where there is a highway intersection near a crossing and there is not enough storage space to accommodate a design vehicle between the intersection and the dynamic envelope of a train or LRT, subject to an engineering study. **Figure 15** provides an illustrative example of sign placements to address this condition.
"Figure 13. Example of Emergency Notification Sign (ENS) - This is a blue sign that gives an 800 number for someone to call if they need to report a problem or an emergency. It also gives an alphabetical and numerical code for the crossing and a three lettered code for the railroad.)"**Figure 13. Example of Emergency Notification Sign (ENS)***Source: Standard Highway Signs: Including Pavement markings and Standard Alphabet, 2004 Edition, 2012 Supplement, Figure 8B-5. FHWA, Washington, DC, 2012.*
"Figure 14. Placement of Advance Warning Signs with Parallel Roadway - This figure shows two images of the placement of various advanced warning signs with a parallel roadway. The image on the left has a typical sign system where the parallel highway is over 100 feet from the crossing. The image on the right has a typical sign system where the parallel highway is within 100 feet from the crossing. For both images, it is indicated that the No Passing Zone sign is optional to have on the left side of the road approaching the railroad. The Grade Crossing Advance Warning is a required sign with MUTCD exceptions to have on the road sign of the road approaching the railroad. Crossing over into the next block, the image on the left has a minimum of 30 meters from the edge of highway to the first rail. There is a Grade Crossing Advance Warning sign placed at the furthest distance from the first rail. The traditional Crossbuck sign is placed approximately 4.5 meters or 15 feet from the Crossbuck sign. The image on the right has less than 30 meters from the edge of highway to the first rail. The Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Advance Warning sign is placed less than half the distance to the first rail. This sign can be replaced if the cross road signs are used. The traditional Crossbuck sign is placed approximately 4.5 meters or 15 feet from the Crossbuck sign."**Figure 14. Placement of Advance Warning Signs with Parallel Roadway***Source: Geometric Design Criteria for Highway-Rail Intersections (Grade Crossings),**Washington, DC, ITE, 2001.*
"Figure 15. Substandard Clear Storage Distance - The figure shows various signs where there is a highway intersection near a crossing and there is not enough storage space to accommodate a design vehicle between the intersection and the dynamic envelope of a train or LRT, subject to an engineering study Storage space signs W10-11 and W10-11a should be used approaching the highway intersection.)"**Figure 15. Substandard Clear Storage Distance***Source: Seyfried, R K., (Ed.), Traffic Control Devices Handbook 2nd Edition, Figure 11-3, Washington, DC, ITE, 2013.*

Pavement Markings

Pavement markings are used to supplement the regulatory and warning messages presented by crossing signs and signals. Pavement markings have limitations in that they may be obliterated by snow, may not be visible when wet, and may not be very durable when subjected to heavy traffic.

The MUTCD Section 8B.27 provides that on paved roadways, pavement markings in advance of highway-rail crossings shall consist of an X, the letters RR, a NO PASSING marking on two-lane, two-way highways with centerline markings, and certain transverse lines, as shown in **Figure 16.** Identical markings shall be placed in each approach lane on all paved approaches to crossings where crossing signals or automatic gates are located, and at all other crossings where the prevailing speed of highway traffic is 40 mph or greater. These markings are also to be placed at crossings where engineering studies indicate there is a significant potential conflict between vehicles and trains. These markings may be omitted at minor crossings or in urban areas if an engineering study indicates that other crossing devices provide suitable control. **Figure 16** also shows a placement example of warning signs and pavement markings at highway-rail crossings.
"Figure 16. Example of Placement of Warning Signs and Pavement Markings at Highway-Rail Crossings - This figure shows a two-way street traveling to and from a railroad crossing. There are indicated placement examples of warning signs and pavement markings at highway-rail crossings. For example, a sign indicating a STOP sign up ahead on the road or a sign indicating a YIELD sign up ahead can be used when approaching the railroad. Identical markings shall be placed in each approach lane on all paved approaches to crossings where crossing signals or automatic gates are located, and at all other crossings where the prevailing speed of highway traffic is 40 mph or greater. These markings are also to be placed at crossings where engineering studies indicate there is a significant potential conflict between vehicles and trains. These markings may be omitted at minor crossings or in urban areas if an engineering study indicates that other crossing devices provide suitable control.)"**Figure 16. Example of Placement of Warning Signs and Pavement Markings at Highway-Rail Crossings***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 2009 Edition, Figure 8B-6, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.*

The MUTCD requires that pavement markings specific to crossings shall be retroreflectorized. Other markings are required to comply with MUTCD provisions in Part 3 which requires use of retroreflective materials and/or illumination unless ambient illumination provides adequate night time visibility. Raised pavement markers can be used to supplement pavement markings in advance of crossings. The longitudinal lines, "X" symbol, and stop line can be delineated by raised retroreflective markers to provide improved guidance at night and during periods of rain and fog. Disadvantages of raised pavement markers include the initial cost and the possibility of being damaged or removed by snow plows.

The MUTCD recommends all pavement markings be retroreflectorized white except for the NO PASSING markings that are to be retroreflectorized yellow. By this standard, the stop line is to be 2 feet in width and extend across the approach lanes, and the stop line should be located perpendicular to the highway centerline and approximately 15 feet from the nearest rail. Where automatic gates are installed, the stop line should be located approximately 8 feet in advance of where the gate arm crosses the highway surface.

Exclusion Zone (Keep Clear) Treatments

At locations where queueing on the tracks is of concern due to limited storage space downstream from the crossing, Do Not Block Intersection markings may be used to mark the edges of an intersection area that is in close proximity to a railroad crossing per MUTCD Section 3B.17. Options for the design of Do Not Block Intersection pavement markings are provided in MUTCD Figure 3B-18.

The Illinois DOT design standard uses cross-hatching at pre-signal locations as presented in its design manual and supporting traffic control design standards, as shown in **Figure 17.**

Edge Lines

Widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational guidance has been identified as a causative factor in collisions where road users inadvertently turned onto the tracks ahead of a highway intersection at night.(27) Carrying edge lines and centerlines across the tracks and careful placement of arrow markings can reduce the likelihood of this type of collision.

Channelizing devices such as tubular markers can be used in conjunction with edge lines at locations where the alignment curves or in rural locations to guide users safely through crossings. Refer to MUTCD Section 3F. **Figure 18** shows a typical treatment.
"Figure 17. Use of Diagonal Exclusion Zone Striping Shown at Pre-Signal Location - The Illinois DOT design standard illustrates in this figure the use of diagonal crosshatch pavement markings at a railroad crossing on a two way street approaching an intersection. In addition, other standard signs supporting traffic control are shown. These signs are used for both pedestrian and driver. The signs on this figure that are used for both sides of the street are: Sign A: No Turn On Red. Sign B: Do Not Stop On Tracks. Sign C: Caution. Walk Time Shortened When Train Approaches. This sign is to be placed at each of crosswalks at the intersection. Signs D and E: Stop Here On Red Note that although signs D and E are the same, the indicated arrows on the sign are different. Sign D points to the left and Sign E points to the right."**Figure 17. Use of Diagonal Exclusion Zone Striping Shown at Pre-Signal Location***Source: Adapted from Signing and Pavement Marking at Railroad Crossings Memorandum, Typical Supplemental Sign Pavement Marking for Railroad Crossing, IDOTDistrict 1, April 8, 2014.*
"Figure 18. Illustration of Use of Tubular Markers (Metro North Harlem Subdivision, Green Lane Crossing, Bedford Hills, NY ID 529898H) - This figure contains a photo of a highway-rail crossing showing a typical treatment of tubular markers along each side of the road being used in conjunction with edge lines. The photo shows an SUV approaching the highway-rail crossing."**Figure 18. Illustration of Use of Tubular Markers (Metro North Harlem Subdivision, Green Lane Crossing, Bedford Hills, NY ID 529898H)***Source: Google Earth*.

Arrow Markings

Where pavement arrow markings are needed, current practice is to place arrow markings 100 feet or more in advance of the stop line. Practitioners are advised to avoid placement of pavement arrows immediately in advance of the tracks; it may be necessary to place two sets of markings, one between the crossing and the downstream highway and another set well in advance of the crossing, if practicable.

Dynamic Envelope

The dynamic envelope, see **Figure 19,** is the region between and immediately adjacent to the tracks at a crossing where a road user could be struck by a train considering equipment sway. This zone may be delineated with four-inch white pavement markings or other means as described in MUTCD 8B.29.
"Figure 19. Example of Dynamic Envelopment Pavement Markings at Grade Crossings - This figure shows the region between and immediately adjacent to the tracks at a crossing where a road user could be struck by a train considering equipment sway. This zone may be delineated with four-inch white pavement markings or other means as described in MUTCD 8B.29.   Note that the distance between the rail and the dynamic envelope pavement marketing should be equal to 6 feet, unless otherwise advised by the operating railroad or LRT agency."**Figure 19. Example of Dynamic Envelopment Pavement Markings at Grade Crossings***Source: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 2009 Edition, Figure 8B-8, Washington, DC, FHWA, 2009.*

The dynamic envelope is specific to the type of rail equipment, which may be operated on the tracks, e.g., the dynamic envelope for freight rail differs from the dynamic envelope for LRT trains. The dynamic envelope is a clearance envelope which considers not only the size and shape of the rail vehicles, but also the overhang and sway of the vehicles moving along the tracks and around curves. The Association of American Railroads (AAR) indicates 10 feet-8 inches as a standard width of the dynamic envelope, so marking the dynamic envelope just beyond 3 feet from the rail is a current practice applicable to freight rail.
      
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                Book:Highway-Rail Crossing Handbook - Third Edition
              CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS
                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS - Part 2
                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS - Part 3
                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS - Part 4
                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS - Part 5
                CHAPTER 2. ENGINEERED TREATMENTS – Part 6
                CHAPTER 3. TREATMENT SELECTION GUIDANCE
                CHAPTER 4. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
                CHAPTER 5. MAINTENANCE, MANAGEMENT, AND OPERATIONS
                CHAPTER 6. SPECIAL TOPICS
                A. APPENDIX–BACKGROUND
                B. APPENDIX–COMPONENTS OF A HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSING
                C. APPENDIX–ASSESSMENT OF CROSSING SAFETY AND OPERATION
                D. APPENDIX–DIAGNOSTIC TEAM CROSSING EVALUATION REPORTING EXAMPLES FROM STATES
                E. APPENDIX–PREEMPTION CALCULATION PROCEDURES, EXAMPLE FROM STATE OF TEXAS
                REFERENCES
                LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

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