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[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 2812 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>

118th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                S. 2812

  To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, and for 
                            other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                           September 14, 2023

   Mr. Schatz (for himself, Mr. Bennet, Mr. Coons, Mr. Heinrich, Mr. 
  Hickenlooper, Mr. Lujan, Ms. Smith, Mr. Whitehouse, and Mr. Welch) 
introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the 
          Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
  To support carbon dioxide removal research and development, and for 
                            other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Carbon Dioxide 
Removal Research and Development Act of 2023''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
                     TITLE I--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Sec. 101. Fossil energy and carbon management.
Sec. 102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Sec. 103. Office of Science.
Sec. 104. Department-wide considerations.
                  TITLE II--DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Sec. 201. Definitions.
Sec. 202. Objectives and organization.
Sec. 203. Agriculture advanced research and development authority.
Sec. 204. National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Sec. 205. Agricultural Research Service.
Sec. 206. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Sec. 207. Forest Service.
                   TITLE III--DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sec. 301. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Sec. 302. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
                    TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Sec. 401. Corps of Engineers.
                  TITLE V--DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Sec. 501. United States Geological Survey.
Sec. 502. Land and minerals management.
                 TITLE VI--DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Sec. 601. Federal Highway Administration.
               TITLE VII--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Sec. 701. Office of research and development.
       TITLE VIII--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Sec. 801. Earth science division program.
                 TITLE IX--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Sec. 901. Directorate for biological sciences.
Sec. 902. Directorate for engineering.
Sec. 903. Directorate for geosciences.
Sec. 904. Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences.
Sec. 905. Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences.
Sec. 906. Division of social and economic sciences.
                         TITLE X--OTHER MATTERS

Sec. 1001. Plan for international collaboration.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Carbon dioxide removal.--The term ``carbon dioxide 
        removal'' means--
                    (A) the intentional capture of carbon dioxide 
                directly from the ambient air or upper hydrosphere, 
                combined with the storage of that carbon dioxide, which 
                results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the 
                atmosphere, as measured on a lifecycle basis, 
                including, at a minimum, through--
                            (i) direct air capture and storage;
                            (ii) enhanced carbon mineralization;
                            (iii) biomass-based carbon dioxide removal;
                            (iv) forest restoration;
                            (v) soil carbon management; and
                            (vi) ocean-based carbon removal.
            (2) Terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal.--The 
        term ``terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal'' 
        means carbon dioxide removal which uses living biomass or soils 
        to capture and/or store carbon dioxide.

                     TITLE I--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

SEC. 101. FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT.

    (a) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.--
            (1) In general.--Title II of the Department of Energy 
        Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7131 et seq.) is amended by adding 
        at the end the following:

``SEC. 218. OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY AND CARBON MANAGEMENT.

    ``(a) Establishment.--There is established within the Department an 
Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this 
section as the `Office').
    ``(b) Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon 
Management.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Office shall be headed by the 
        Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 
        (referred to in this section as the `Assistant Secretary'), who 
        shall be appointed by the President in accordance with section 
        203.
            ``(2) Duties of office.--In carrying out research, 
        development, and demonstration relating to carbon dioxide 
        removal, the Assistant Secretary shall--
                    ``(A) incorporate best practices from the existing 
                carbon capture and storage research programs within the 
                Department of Energy into the Office;
                    ``(B) be responsible for crosscut coordination of 
                planning and budget for all research, development, and 
                demonstration programs of the Department of Energy 
                relating to carbon dioxide removal (as defined in 
                section 2 of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and 
                Development Act of 2023);
                    ``(C) serve as the primary point of contact for any 
                relevant interagency planning and coordination efforts;
                    ``(D) conduct analyses and technology assessments 
                of carbon dioxide removal systems, development, and 
                demonstration programs, including by engaging with the 
                National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the 
                Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)) to assess 
                lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide removal 
                systems; and
                    ``(E) provide project management services for all 
                demonstration-scale projects emerging from the 
                technological carbon dioxide removal research, 
                development, and demonstration portfolio.
    ``(c) Mission.--The mission of the Office shall include the 
research, development, and demonstration of direct air capture and 
carbon mineralization technologies.
    ``(d) Lead Office.--The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall 
have the lead responsibility within the Department of Energy for 
planning and managing research, development, and demonstration 
activities relating to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the 
goal of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost targets.
    ``(e) Project Management Requirements.--All projects carried out by 
the Office shall be subject to rigorous project management requirements 
and procedures modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to program 
and project management for the acquisition of capital assets) (or a 
successor order).''.
            (2) Clerical amendment.--The table of contents for the 
        Department of Energy Organization Act (Public Law 95-91; 91 
        Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 764) is amended by adding at the end of 
        the items relating to title II the following:

``Sec. 218. Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.''.
            (3) References in law.--Any reference in a law, regulation, 
        document, paper, or other record to the ``Office of Fossil 
        Energy'' shall be deemed to be a reference to the ``Office of 
        Fossil Energy and Carbon Management''.
    (b) Carbon Dioxide Removal Research, Development, and 
Demonstration.--Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
U.S.C. 16298d) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (5) and 
        inserting the following:
            ``(5) ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and carbon-
        sequestering forest management techniques, forest restoration, 
        urban tree planting and management, and reforestation such that 
        negative land-use change impacts, such as endangering food 
        security and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and'';
            (2) by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), 
        (i), (j), and (k) as subsections (e), (f), (g), (i), (j), (k), 
        (l), and (m), respectively;
            (3) by inserting after subsection (c) the following:
    ``(d) Program Focus Areas.--
            ``(1) Direct air capture and storage technologies.--In 
        carrying out subsection (c)(1), the Secretary shall consider 
        carrying out activities relating to--
                    ``(A) contactor design;
                    ``(B) low- and zero-carbon heat;
                    ``(C) advanced or unconventional systems and 
                components;
                    ``(D) scale-up studies and pilot plants;
                    ``(E) operational data collection;
                    ``(F) engineering design support for large-scale 
                projects;
                    ``(G) external techno-economic analyses; and
                    ``(H) monitoring, reporting, and verification 
                capabilities.
            ``(2) Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.--In 
        carrying out subsection (c)(2), the Secretary shall consider 
        carrying out activities relating to advanced biomass-to-power 
        conversion.
            ``(3) Enhanced geological weathering.--In carrying out 
        subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall consider carrying out 
        activities relating to--
                    ``(A) alkalinity resource assessments;
                    ``(B) pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; and
                    ``(C) pilot studies of in situ mineralization for 
                carbon storage.
            ``(4) Carbon utilization.--In carrying out carbon 
        utilization activities under the program, the Secretary shall 
        consider carrying out activities relating to the integration of 
        carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes.
            ``(5) Crosscutting activities.--In carrying out cross-
        cutting activities under the program, the Secretary shall 
        consider carrying out activities relating to--
                    ``(A) carbon dioxide removal data collection and 
                publication;
                    ``(B) technology cost and performance;
                    ``(C) integrated carbon systems modeling; and
                    ``(D) decision science.'';
            (4) by inserting after subsection (g) (as so redesignated) 
        the following:
    ``(h) Competitive Demonstration Awards.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of 
        enactment of this subsection the Secretary shall make 
        competitive awards for a portfolio of carbon dioxide removal 
        demonstration projects described in paragraph (2).
            ``(2) Eligibility.--Subject to subsection (e), to be 
        eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a carbon dioxide 
        removal demonstration project shall--
                    ``(A) use 1 or more technologies and strategies 
                described in subsection (c), including activities 
                described in subsection (i);
                    ``(B) have a total cost of not less than 
                $10,000,000;
                    ``(C) be located in the United States or, in the 
                case of ocean-based projects, within the territorial 
                sea or exclusive economic zone of the United States;
                    ``(D) have the potential for large-scale, cost-
                effective replication; and
                    ``(E) meet such other provisions as may be 
                established by the Secretary consistent with the 
                purposes of this section.
            ``(3) Allocation.--In making awards under paragraph (1), 
        out of the funds provided under subsection (m)(1), the 
        Secretary shall allocate--
                    ``(A) $500,000,000 to projects with total costs of 
                not less than $10,000,000 and not more than 
                $100,000,000;
                    ``(B) $750,000,000 to projects--
                            ``(i) with a total cost of more than 
                        $100,000,000; and
                            ``(ii) under which all captured carbon 
                        dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in 
                        saline aquifers; and
                    ``(C) $750,000,000 to projects with a total cost of 
                more than $100,000,000, without regard to the type of 
                storage.
            ``(4) Cost-share.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraph (B), with respect to a project receiving 
                an award under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall 
                require that--
                            ``(i) in the case of a project that 
                        disposes of carbon dioxide in geologic storage 
                        in an operating oil and gas field, not less 
                        than 50 percent of the total project cost shall 
                        be provided by a non-Federal source; and
                            ``(ii) in the case of a project that is not 
                        described in clause (i), not less than 20 
                        percent of the total project cost shall be 
                        provided by a non-Federal source.
                    ``(B) Exclusion.--the Federal share of the cost of 
                a project receiving an award under paragraph (1) with a 
                total cost of not less than $10,000,000 and not more 
                than $100,000,000 may be up to 100 percent.''; and
            (5) in subsection (m) (as so redesignated), by striking 
        paragraphs (1) through (5) and inserting the following:
            ``(1) $2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which 
        $2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (h), to 
        remain available until expended;
            ``(2) $217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            ``(3) $312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            ``(4) $360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
            ``(5) $440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
            ``(6) $441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
            ``(7) $451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
            ``(8) $424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
            ``(9) $380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
            ``(10) $337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.''.

SEC. 102. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY.

    (a) Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
        direct air capture as a research priority of the Advanced 
        Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office, with a focus 
        on improved techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air 
        capture components and materials.
            (2) Coordination.--The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing 
        Technologies Office shall carry out research relating to direct 
        air capture under paragraph (1) in coordination with the Office 
        of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.
            (3) Research, development, and demonstration.--The 
        Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary for 
        Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this 
        section as the ``Assistant Secretary''), shall carry out 
        research, development, and demonstration activities in the 
        areas described in this paragraph.
                    (A) Systems engineering and process design.--The 
                Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, 
                development, and demonstration activities relating to 
                integrated catalyst reactor design optimized for carbon 
                dioxide removal and utilization.
                    (B) Alkalinity source pathways.--
                            (i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary 
                        shall carry out research, development, and 
                        demonstration activities relating to 
                        development of new, low-emissions sources of 
                        alkalinity for carbon mineralization.
                            (ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant 
                        Secretary shall carry out the activities in 
                        clause (i) in collaboration with the Director 
                        of the United States Geological Survey.
                    (C) Contactor design.--The Assistant Secretary 
                shall carry out research, development, and 
                demonstration activities relating to design of air 
                contactors for direct air capture with low pressure 
                drop, high surface area, and high longevity.
                    (D) Manufacturing improvement.--The Assistant 
                Secretary shall carry out research, development, and 
                demonstration activities relating to low-cost 
                manufacturing of direct air capture components and 
                materials.
                    (E) Other activities.--The Assistant Secretary 
                shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, 
                development, and demonstration activities, as 
                determined by the Secretary of Energy.
    (b) Bioenergy Technologies Office.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
        terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research 
        objective in the biomass energy program of the Bioenergy 
        Technologies Office.
            (2) Objective.--In carrying out research, development, and 
        demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Secretary of 
        Energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches 
        that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle 
        analysis.
            (3) Considerations.--In carrying out the full lifecycle 
        analysis described in paragraph (2), the Bioenergy Technologies 
        Office shall consider--
                    (A) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and 
                processing, including--
                            (i) unintended disturbances to ecosystem 
                        carbon stocks;
                            (ii) indirect land-use change; and
                            (iii) alternative fates of biomass used;
                    (B) the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food 
                security; and
                    (C) the social impacts of any air pollutants.
            (4) Risk considerations.--In carrying out research, 
        development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the 
        Bioenergy Technologies Office shall--
                    (A) conduct risk assessment of species cultivated 
                or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon 
                dioxide removal; and
                    (B) take all feasible and prudent measures to 
                minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social 
                harm caused by invasive species.
            (5) Research, development, and demonstration.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, acting 
                through the Assistant Secretary, shall carry out 
                research, development, and demonstration activities in 
                the areas described in subparagraphs (B) through (I).
                    (B) Algal biomass capture.--The Assistant Secretary 
                shall carry out research, development, and 
                demonstration activities relating to microalgae growth, 
                dewatering, and conversion, including pathways such as 
                bioreactors and non-photosynthetic pathways.
                    (C) Biomass supply, logistics, and pre-treatment.--
                            (i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary, 
                        in collaboration with the Director of the 
                        National Institute of Food and Agriculture, 
                        shall establish 1 or more test facilities to 
                        conduct innovative approaches for treating 
                        biomass for use in fuels and electricity 
                        generation, including modeling and analysis of 
                        optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and 
                        supply.
                            (ii) Test facility considerations.--In 
                        selecting facilities to be established as test 
                        facilities under clause (i), the Assistant 
                        Secretary shall--
                                    (I) consider whether the facility 
                                has the capability for small-scale and 
                                mobile applications; and
                                    (II) prioritize facilities that use 
                                waste feedstocks from managed 
                                ecosystems, urban areas, and areas 
                                damaged by severe weather events.
                    (D) Biomass conversion to fuels with biochar.--
                            (i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary 
                        shall carry out research, development, and 
                        demonstration activities relating to--
                                    (I) research on conversion 
                                pathways, including fast pyrolysis;
                                    (II) development of--
                                            (aa) mobile processing 
                                        units; and
                                            (bb) pollutant emissions 
                                        control technology; and
                                    (III) assessments of overall carbon 
                                dioxide removal potential.
                            (ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant 
                        Secretary shall carry out the activities under 
                        clause (i) in collaboration with the Director 
                        of the National Institute of Food and 
                        Agriculture.
                    (E) Biomass to fuel with carbon capture and 
                storage.--
                            (i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary 
                        shall carry out research, development, and 
                        demonstration activities relating to biomass to 
                        advanced cellulosic ethanol with carbon capture 
                        and storage, taking into consideration direct 
                        and indirect land-use impacts from biomass 
                        feedstocks.
                            (ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant 
                        Secretary shall carry out the activities under 
                        clause (i) in collaboration with the Assistant 
                        Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and 
                        Carbon Management.
                    (F) Aquatic biomass cultivation.--
                            (i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary 
                        shall carry out research, development, and 
                        demonstration activities relating to management 
                        best practices and phenotype selection for 
                        aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized 
                        for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-
                        scale experiments at sea, designed and 
                        monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of 
                        the experiment.
                            (ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant 
                        Secretary shall carry out the activities under 
                        clause (i) in collaboration with the 
                        Administrator of the National Oceanic and 
                        Atmospheric Administration.
                    (G) Aquatic biomass energy conversion.--The 
                Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, 
                development, and demonstration activities relating to 
                technology development and pilots for aquatic biomass 
                conversion and carbon capture, including possible 
                large-scale ocean-based experiments.
                    (H) New materials development and applications.--
                            (i) In general.--The Assistant Secretary 
                        shall carry out research, development, and 
                        demonstration activities relating to 
                        development of new carbon dioxide utilization 
                        products.
                            (ii) Collaboration.--The Assistant 
                        Secretary shall carry out the activities under 
                        clause (i) in collaboration with--
                                    (I) the Assistant Secretary for 
                                Fossil Energy and Carbon Management; 
                                and
                                    (II) the Administrator of the 
                                Agricultural Research Service.
                    (I) Other activities.--The Assistant Secretary 
                shall carry out research, development, and 
                demonstration activities relating to other terrestrial 
                and biological carbon dioxide removal research, 
                development, and demonstration activities not described 
                in subparagraphs (B) through (H), as determined by the 
                Secretary.
    (c) Building Technologies Office.--
            (1) Research, development, and demonstration.--The 
        Secretary of Energy, acting through the Building Technologies 
        Office, shall carry out research, development, and 
        demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this 
        subsection.
            (2) Construction materials.--
                    (A) In general.--The Building Technologies Office 
                shall carry out research, development, and 
                demonstration activities relating to development, 
                testing, and certification of carbonate materials for 
                construction materials.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Building Technologies 
                Office shall carry out activities under clause (i) in 
                collaboration with the National Institute of Standards 
                and Technology.
            (3) Other activities.--The Building Technologies Office 
        shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, 
        development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the 
        Secretary of Energy.
    (d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section--
            (1) $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
            (5) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
            (6) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
            (7) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
            (8) $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
            (9) $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
            (10) $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

SEC. 103. OFFICE OF SCIENCE.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, acting through 
        the Director of the Office of Science (referred to in this 
        section as the ``Director''), shall carry out use-inspired 
        fundamental research activities in each of the areas described 
        in this subsection.
            (2) Department of energy frontier research centers.--The 
        Director shall carry out research activities relating to the 
        establishment of new energy frontier research centers focused 
        on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents, 
        solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.
            (3) Grants and cooperative agreements.--The Director shall 
        make grants and enter into cooperative agreements to carry out 
        materials research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes, 
        and related direct air capture components.
            (4) Soil carbon.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to plant-root-fungi 
                interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other 
                topics.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with--
                            (i) the Director of the National Science 
                        Foundation; and
                            (ii) the Director of the Agricultural 
                        Research Service.
            (5) Algal biomass capture.--The Director shall carry out 
        research activities relating to--
                    (A) microalgae growth;
                    (B) dewatering; and
                    (C) conversion, including bioreactors and 
                nonphotosynthetic pathways.
            (6) Carbon mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to--
                            (i) mineralization kinetics;
                            (ii) geomechanics;
                            (iii) rock physics;
                            (iv) utilization-oriented carbonation; and
                            (v) other topics.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (7) Ocean alkalinity.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to techniques for and 
                ecological impacts of artificial modification of ocean 
                alkalinity.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (8) Carbon cycle.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry research 
                activities and modeling relating to--
                            (i) the effectiveness and ecological 
                        impacts of ocean iron fertilization; and
                            (ii) nitrogen and phosphorous 
                        fertilization.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with--
                            (i) the Director of the National Science 
                        Foundation; and
                            (ii) the Administrator of the National 
                        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (9) Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                monitoring, research, and modeling on ecological 
                impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and 
                Atmospheric Administration.
            (10) Carbonation.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to--
                            (i) methods to control carbonation 
                        reactions;
                            (ii) methods to accelerate carbonation; and
                            (iii) research to understand structure-
                        property relationships.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (11) Catalysts.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to--
                            (i) impurity-tolerant catalyst development;
                            (ii) coupled reduction and oxidation 
                        reactions; and
                            (iii) reduced additives.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (12) New materials development and applications.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to development of new 
                materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide, 
                including materials with carbon-carbon bonds.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (13) Genetic modeling and tools.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research, development, and demonstration of 
                technologies to improve carbon dioxide uptake, 
                conversion, and product accumulation through genetic 
                manipulation of biological organisms for carbon dioxide 
                removal and utilization.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (14) Bioprospecting.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research activities relating to development of tools 
                and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique 
                attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research 
                Service.
            (15) Other research.--The Director shall carry out other 
        research on carbon dioxide removal, as determined by the 
        Secretary.
    (b) Coordination.--The Director shall carry out this section in 
coordination with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon 
Management.
    (c) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section--
            (1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $79,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
            (5) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
            (6) $84,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
            (7) $81,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
            (8) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
            (9) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
            (10) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

SEC. 104. DEPARTMENT-WIDE CONSIDERATIONS.

    (a) Lifecycle Analyses.--In carrying out research, development, and 
demonstration under this title, the Secretary of Energy, in 
collaboration with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, 
shall conduct full-system lifecycle analyses of emissions and other 
environmental impacts from carbon dioxide removal technologies and 
methods.
    (b) Environmental Justice Analyses.--In carrying out research, 
development, and demonstration under this title, the Secretary of 
Energy shall conduct environmental justice analyses of carbon dioxide 
removal technologies, methods, and siting, including impacts on local 
and regional conventional air pollution.

                  TITLE II--DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS.

    In this title:
            (1) Department.--The term ``Department'' means the 
        Department of Agriculture.
            (2) Land-grant colleges and universities.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``land-grant colleges and 
                universities'' has the meaning given the term in 
                section 1404 of the National Agricultural Research, 
                Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 
                3103).
                    (B) Inclusion.--The term ``land-grant colleges and 
                universities'' includes a 1994 Institution (as defined 
                in section 532 of the Equity in Educational Land-Grant 
                Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note; Public Law 103-
                382)).
            (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
        of Agriculture.

SEC. 202. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION.

    (a) Departmental Mission.--The Secretary shall incorporate 
terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal mission 
responsibilities into the Strategic Plan of the Department to 
complement the food and fiber mission responsibilities of the 
Department.
    (b) Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics.--
            (1) In general.--The Under Secretary for Research, 
        Education, and Economics (referred to in this section as the 
        ``Under Secretary'') shall--
                    (A) coordinate all carbon dioxide removal research, 
                development, and demonstration activities within the 
                Department; and
                    (B) in carrying out subparagraph (A), collaborate 
                with other senior Department officials with related 
                responsibilities, including the Chief Economist.
            (2) Review and advise.--The Under Secretary shall--
                    (A) review and advise the Secretary on all budget 
                proposals relating to carbon dioxide removal research, 
                development, and demonstration under Department 
                programs; and
                    (B) provide oversight and evaluation of carbon 
                dioxide removal research, development, and 
                demonstration initiatives and projects of the 
                Department.
            (3) Research strategies.--In carrying out this subsection, 
        the Under Secretary shall pursue research strategies that build 
        on well-established agriculture research infrastructure to 
        pursue carbon dioxide removal research, development, and 
        demonstration objectives through new research models.
            (4) Research, development, and demonstration programs.--The 
        Under Secretary shall incorporate terrestrial and biological 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        programs and projects--
                    (A) across the Department, including at--
                            (i) the Agricultural Research Service;
                            (ii) the Forest Service;
                            (iii) the Natural Resources Conservation 
                        Service;
                            (iv) the National Institute of Food and 
                        Agriculture; and
                            (v) other Department agencies and offices; 
                        and
                    (B) in research portfolios of land-grant colleges 
                and universities.
    (c) Department-Wide Considerations.--
            (1) Objective.--In carrying out research, development, and 
        demonstration under this title, the Secretary shall seek to 
        advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-
        negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis.
            (2) Considerations.--In carrying out this title, the 
        Secretary shall consider, in addition to emissions described in 
        paragraph (1), the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food 
        security, social impacts, and such other impacts as the 
        Secretary determines to be appropriate.
            (3) Risk considerations.--In carrying out this title, the 
        Secretary shall--
                    (A) conduct risk assessment of species cultivated 
                or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon 
                dioxide removal; and
                    (B) take all feasible and prudent measures to 
                minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social 
                harm caused by invasive species.
            (4) Memorandum of understanding.--The Secretary shall enter 
        into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Energy 
        to incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives 
        into--
                    (A) current joint research on genomics and 
                synthetic biology; and
                    (B) new and expanded joint research initiatives 
                between the National Laboratories (as defined in 
                section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 
                15801)) and land-grant colleges and universities.

SEC. 203. AGRICULTURE ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.

    Section 1473H of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and 
Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 3319k) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)(2)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) in subparagraph (D), by striking the period at 
                the end and inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(E) to advance technologies and methods relating 
                to terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal 
                (as defined in section 2 of the Carbon Dioxide Removal 
                Research and Development Act of 2023).''; and
            (2) in subsection (d), by adding at the end the following:
            ``(4) Authorization of appropriations for carbon dioxide 
        removal activities.--In addition to amounts otherwise made 
        available under this subsection, there are authorized to be 
        appropriated to carry out subsection (b)(2)(E), $10,000,000 for 
        each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033, to remain available 
        until expended.''.

SEC. 204. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the National 
        Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall carry out research, 
        development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas 
        described in this subsection.
            (2) Biomass supply, logistics, and pre-treatment.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall establish 1 or 
                more test facilities for innovative approaches for 
                treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity 
                generation, including modeling and analysis of 
                optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply.
                    (B) Consideration; priority.--In carrying out 
                subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall--
                            (i) consider facilities with the capability 
                        for small-scale and mobile applications; and
                            (ii) prioritize waste feedstocks from 
                        managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas 
                        damaged by severe weather events.
            (3) Biomass conversion to fuels with biochar.--The 
        Secretary shall--
                    (A) research pathways for the conversion of biomass 
                to fuels with biochar, including fast pyrolysis, 
                development of mobile processing units, and pollution 
                emissions control technology; and
                    (B) conduct relevant assessments of overall carbon 
                dioxide removal potential.
            (4) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Secretary.
    (b) Collaboration.--In carrying out the activities under subsection 
(a), the Secretary shall collaborate with the Assistant Secretary for 
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
    (c) Consideration.--In carrying out research, development, and 
demonstration on biomass as a feedstock, the Secretary shall consider--
            (1) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and 
        processing;
            (2) unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks;
            (3) indirect land-use change;
            (4) alternative fates of biomass used; and
            (5) the social impacts of any air pollutants.
    (d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            (1) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2030;
            (5) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
            (6) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
            (7) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

SEC. 205. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the 
        Agricultural Research Service, shall carry out research, 
        development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas 
        described in this subsection.
            (2) Soil carbon.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions, 
                deep inversion of soils, and other topics with the 
                potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with--
                            (i) the Director of the Office of Science 
                        of the Department of Energy; and
                            (ii) the Director of the National Science 
                        Foundation.
            (3) High-carbon-input crop phenotypes.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                development of advanced cultivars and forestry crops 
                with enhanced carbon uptake and retention.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Chief of the Forest Service.
            (4) Cultivation system optimization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                research on regionally specific best practices for soil 
                health and carbon retention at not fewer than 10 sites, 
                including at least 1 site in a tropical region.
                    (B) Consideration.--The Secretary shall consider 
                co-locating sites described in subparagraph (A) with 
                sites used by the National Resource Inventory of the 
                Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Long Term 
                Ecological Research Network, the National Ecological 
                Observatory Network, and the Forest Inventory and 
                Analysis Program.
            (5) Agroforestry.--The Secretary shall carry out research 
        on integrating regionally appropriate trees and shrubs into 
        crop and animal farming systems as a carbon dioxide removal 
        practice at no fewer than 5 geographically diverse test sites.
            (6) Perennial plants and marginal lands.--The Secretary 
        shall carry out research into the use of perennial plants for 
        carbon dioxide removal, including research on--
                    (A) genetic traits;
                    (B) improved soil carbon sequestration modeling;
                    (C) perennialization of useful annual crops; and
                    (D) greater use on marginal land.
            (7) Soil amendments impact studies.--The Secretary shall 
        carry out research and field studies on the longevity and 
        impact of soil amendments, such as biochar and reactive 
        minerals, on productivity, soil carbon retention, nutrient and 
        water use, albedo, and other factors.
            (8) Measurement, modeling, and predictive tool 
        development.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                research to improve existing carbon sequestration 
                measurement and modeling tools and the development of 
                simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil 
                carbon sequestration.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (9) Climate hubs.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities relating to increasing the capacity of 
                Department climate hubs and other research units to 
                deliver climate- and carbon dioxide removal-related 
                science and tools to farmers, ranchers, and forest 
                planners and managers.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Chief of the Forest Service.
            (10) Bioprospecting.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities relating to the development of tools and 
                high-throughput screening for organisms with unique 
                attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the Office of Science of the 
                Department of Energy.
            (11) New materials development and applications.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities relating to development of new carbon 
                dioxide utilization products.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Energy 
                Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (12) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Secretary.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            (1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and
            (5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

SEC. 206. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the Natural 
        Resources Conservation Service, shall carry out research, 
        development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas 
        described in this subsection.
            (2) Enhanced soil monitoring.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                revisions to the National Resources Inventory system of 
                the National Resources Conservation Service--
                            (i) to include measuring greenhouse gasses, 
                        including carbon stocks and fluxes;
                            (ii) to include additional sites; and
                            (iii) to expand remote sensing to increase 
                        frequency and geospatial resolution.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
                Space Administration.
            (3) Conservation practices data collection.--The Secretary 
        shall carry out revisions to the Conservation Effects 
        Assessment Project of the Natural Resources Conservation 
        Service to collect more frequent and robust data on how 
        conservation practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes.
            (4) Extension of agricultural carbon sequestration 
        practices.--The Secretary shall carry out--
                    (A) projects to identify barriers to adoption of 
                agricultural carbon sequestration technologies; and
                    (B) extension of tools and practices, and research 
                to promote uptake using existing conservation programs 
                of the Department.
            (5) Social science research.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                social science research on uptake of agricultural 
                carbon sequestration technologies and practices to 
                inform outreach.
                    (B) Consultation.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in consultation 
                with the Administrator of the Economic Research 
                Service.
            (6) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Secretary.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            (1) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;
            (2) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and
            (3) $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

SEC. 207. FOREST SERVICE.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary, acting through the Chief of 
        the Forest Service, shall carry out research, development, and 
        demonstration activities in at each of the areas described in 
        this subsection.
            (2) Enhanced forest stock monitoring.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities relating to improving--
                            (i) capacity of the Forest Inventory and 
                        Analysis program to monitor forest carbon, 
                        including through remote sensing to increase 
                        frequency and geospatial resolution; and
                            (ii) forest carbon measurement and 
                        monitoring technologies, including satellite 
                        and remote sensing technologies.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
                Space Administration.
            (3) Integrated assessment model and grasslands and forest 
        impacts modeling.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities relating to technical, economic, and social 
                modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion 
                of grasslands and forests, reforestation, conservation, 
                afforestation, and forest management changes.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Director of the National Science Foundation.
            (4) Forest carbon management demonstration.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities, at not fewer than 5 geographically diverse 
                sites, relating to conducting large-scale field 
                experiments of best practices for forest management and 
                restoration that optimize carbon dioxide removal while 
                maintaining and enhancing ecosystems.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Assistant Administrator for Research and 
                Development of the Environmental Protection Agency.
            (5) Climate resilience.--The Secretary shall carry out 
        research and field experiments on enhancements to forest 
        management practices for carbon dioxide removal to reflect 
        emerging needs due to the impact of climate change on forests 
        over time.
            (6) Preservation of harvested wood.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities relating to the design and demonstration of 
                landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon 
                storage.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Assistant Administrator for Research and 
                Development of the Environmental Protection Agency.
            (7) Social science research and extension.--The Secretary 
        shall carry out social science research and extension programs 
        to promote uptake of forest management carbon sequestration 
        technologies and practices.
            (8) Climate hubs.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                activities to increase the capacity of Department 
                climate hubs and other research units to deliver 
                climate and carbon dioxide removal-related science and 
                tools to forest planners and managers.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Secretary shall carry out 
                the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration 
                with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research 
                Service.
            (9) Other activities.--The Secretary shall carry out other 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Secretary.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            (1) $24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;
            (2) $16,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and
            (3) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

                   TITLE III--DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

SEC. 301. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.

    (a) Definition of Under Secretary.--In this section, the term 
``Under Secretary'' means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans 
and Atmosphere.
    (b) Strategic Mission Objective.--The Secretary of Commerce shall 
incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into the 
mission responsibilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration for oceans and coastal area programs.
    (c) Research Objectives and Considerations.--
            (1) Objectives.--In carrying out research, development, and 
        demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall 
        seek to develop a better understanding of the efficacy and 
        impacts of carbon dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas 
        and the ocean to help determine which could be feasible for 
        larger scale deployment.
            (2) Considerations.--In carrying out research, development, 
        and demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall 
        conform to national and international governance frameworks and 
        employ stringent monitoring to understand and minimize negative 
        ecosystem and social impacts and maximize co-benefits for 
        communities and marine ecosystems.
    (d) Lead Office.--
            (1) Climate program office.--The Climate Program Office of 
        the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (referred 
        to in this subsection as the ``Office'') shall serve as the 
        focal point for coordination and information dissemination on 
        carbon dioxide removal activities across the National Oceanic 
        and Atmospheric Administration, with an emphasis on 
        technological approaches.
            (2) Responsibilities.--The Office shall--
                    (A) coordinate all National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
                Administration carbon dioxide removal research, 
                development, and demonstration on technologically 
                enhanced coastal and ocean carbon capture, conversion, 
                and storage;
                    (B) support the development and application of 
                technologically enhanced methods of coastal and ocean 
                carbon dioxide removal consistent with the research 
                objectives and considerations described in subsection 
                (c); and
                    (C) ensure effective utilization of the ocean 
                research assets of the Administration, the National 
                Science Foundation, and the Coast Guard in implementing 
                carbon dioxide removal research projects.
            (3) Integration.--The Director of the Office shall--
                    (A) coordinate existing ocean acidification 
                monitoring and data collection programs in existence as 
                of the date of enactment of this Act with the carbon 
                dioxide removal research portfolio of the National 
                Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
                    (B) modify existing ocean acidification program 
                plans to incorporate carbon dioxide removal research 
                objectives.
    (e) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry out 
        research, development, and demonstration activities in each of 
        the areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Coastal marine carbon fundamental research.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out fundamental research of coastal ecosystem carbon 
                dioxide sequestration.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation.
            (3) Coastal resource assessment.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems 
                for carbon dioxide removal potential.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Administrator of the National 
                Aeronautics and Space Administration.
            (4) Coastal marine carbon regional field trials.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands 
                restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal.
                    (B) Coordination.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                coordination with the grant program under section 906 
                of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 
                U.S.C. 7505) and the Ecosystem Management and 
                Restoration Research Program of the Corps of Engineers.
            (5) National coastal wetland data center.--The Under 
        Secretary shall integrate data on coastal ecosystem carbon 
        dioxide removal research into the Digital Coast program 
        established under section 4(a) of the Digital Coast Act (16 
        U.S.C. 1467(a)).
            (6) Ocean modeling.--The Under Secretary shall conduct 
        research and modeling on the effect of ocean circulation on 
        carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere in response to 
        intentional carbon dioxide removal from the ocean.
            (7) Aquatic biomass cultivation.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall research 
                management best practices and phenotype selection for 
                and use of aquatic macroalgae biomass production 
                optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including 
                limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and 
                monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the 
                experiment.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy 
                Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of 
                Energy.
                    (C) Risk considerations.--The Under Secretary shall 
                take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk 
                of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by 
                invasive species.
            (8) Applied alkalinity modification techniques.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct 
                limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement 
                techniques at sea, designed and monitored to avoid 
                impacts beyond the zone of the experiment.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation.
            (9) Seawater carbon extraction.--The Under Secretary shall 
        conduct research and modeling on electrochemical seawater 
        extraction, including process design and locations for 
        minimizing resource requirements, downstream chemical and 
        biological impacts, and storage or utilization methods.
            (10) Ocean fertilization fundamental research.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct 
                fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and 
                effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen 
                and phosphorous fertilization research.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation and the Director of the Office of Science of 
                the Department of Energy.
            (11) Artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct 
                limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient 
                fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts 
                beyond the zone of the experiment and within 
                internationally recognized frameworks.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation.
            (12) Upwelling and downwelling.--The Under Secretary shall 
        conduct research on the impact and effectiveness of upwelling 
        and downwelling as a carbon dioxide removal approach.
            (13) Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans.--
                    (A) In general.--The Under Secretary shall conduct 
                monitoring, research, modeling, and small-scale field 
                trials on ecological and social impacts of coastal and 
                deep ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the Office of 
                Science of the Department of Energy.
            (14) Enhanced monitoring.--The Under Secretary shall 
        conduct enhanced ocean, coastal, and atmospheric monitoring, 
        quantification, and verification of carbon dioxide removal.
            (15) Other activities.--The Under Secretary shall conduct 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and 
        demonstration activities, as determined by the Under Secretary.
    (f) Input.--In carrying out the activities under subsection (e), 
the Under Secretary shall receive input from the Director of the 
Office.
    (g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Under Secretary to carry out subsection (d)--
            (1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $124,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
            (5) $148,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
            (6) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
            (7) $138,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
            (8) $126,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
            (9) $117,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
            (10) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.
    (h) International Coordination.--In carrying out this section, the 
Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the Office, shall--
            (1) coordinate with the Secretary of State and appropriate 
        international entities;
            (2) ensure compliance with all current international 
        agreements, including voluntary compliance agreements where the 
        United States is not an official signatory; and
            (3) to the extent practicable, seek joint sponsorship for 
        experiments.

SEC. 302. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Commerce, acting through 
        the Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology (referred to in this section as the ``Director''), 
        shall carry out research, development, and demonstration 
        activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Materials testing and standards.--The Director shall 
        develop standard reference materials and standard testing 
        procedures for technologies and processes related to carbon 
        dioxide removal.
            (3) Construction materials.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall develop, test, 
                and establish standards for carbonate or carbon-
                sequestering materials for construction markets.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy 
                Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (4) Other activities.--The Director shall conduct other 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology to carry out this section--
            (1) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;
            (2) $7,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2029;
            (3) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2030 through 2032; 
        and
            (4) $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

                    TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

SEC. 401. CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Defense, acting through 
        the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out research, development, 
        and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in 
        this subsection.
            (2) Coastal marine carbon regional field trials.--
                    (A) In general.--The Secretary of Defense, acting 
                through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out 
                monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration 
                optimized for carbon dioxide removal.
                    (B) Coordination.--The Secretary of Defense, acting 
                through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out the 
                activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                coordination with the grant program under section 906 
                of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (16 
                U.S.C. 7505) and the Coastal Resilience Grants Program 
                of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (3) Other activities.--The Secretary of Defense, acting 
        through the Chief of Engineers, shall conduct other carbon 
        dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Secretary of Defense.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary of Defense to carry out this section--
            (1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027;
            (3) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2030; 
        and
            (4) $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 through 2033.

                  TITLE V--DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

SEC. 501. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of the Interior, acting 
        through the Director of the United States Geological Survey 
        (referred to in this section as the ``Director''), shall carry 
        out research, development, and demonstration activities in each 
        of the areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Resource assessments.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall--
                            (i) carry out mapping and technical and 
                        economic assessments of geological resources, 
                        mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial 
                        wastes for mineralization; and
                            (ii) establish of a public database of 
                        results of the mapping and assessments carried 
                        out under clause (i).
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (3) Tailings and waste mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out field 
                experiments on carbon-sequestering waste materials, 
                including mine tailings and industrial wastes.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Assistant Secretary for of Fossil 
                        Energy and Carbon Management of the Department 
                        of Energy;
                            (ii) the Assistant Administrator for of 
                        Research and Development of the Environmental 
                        Protection Agency; and
                            (iii) the director of the Bureau of Land 
                        Management.
            (4) Environmental impacts of mineralization materials.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research on the environmental impacts of broadcasting 
                materials, including disturbing piles of mine tailings.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                        Energy and Carbon Management of the Department 
                        of Energy; and
                            (ii) the Assistant Administrator for 
                        Research and Development of the Environmental 
                        Protection Agency.
            (5) Environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for 
        mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                research on the environmental and social impacts of 
                expanded mining activities for the purpose of 
                mineralization, including the net carbon impact of 
                those activities.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the National Science 
                        Foundation;
                            (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                        Energy and Carbon Management of the Department 
                        of Energy; and
                            (iii) the Assistant Administrator for 
                        Research and Development of the Environmental 
                        Protection Agency.
            (6) New mineralization pathways.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall carry out 
                development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity 
                for carbon mineralization and new mineralization 
                processes, such as looping and direct air capture 
                hybrids.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy 
                Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (7) Regional partnerships.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall establish not 
                more than 6 regional partnerships, the membership of 
                which may be made up of 1 or more--
                            (i) institutions of higher education;
                            (ii) State entities;
                            (iii) Federal entities;
                            (iv) Indian Tribes (as defined in section 4 
                        of the Indian Self-Determination and Education 
                        Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304));
                            (v) Native Hawaiian organizations (as 
                        defined in section 6207 of the Elementary and 
                        Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
                        7517));
                            (vi) nongovernmental organizations; and
                            (vii) other relevant entities.
                    (B) Purpose.--The purpose of a regional partnership 
                established under subparagraph (A) shall be--
                            (i) to characterize regional resources for 
                        mineralization; and
                            (ii) to carry out field experiments and 
                        small-scale demonstration projects for 
                        mineralization.
                    (C) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in this paragraph in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (8) Other activities.--The Director shall carry out other 
        carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration 
        activities, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary of Interior to carry out this section--
            (1) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $22,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030;
            (4) $21,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and
            (5) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

SEC. 502. LAND AND MINERALS MANAGEMENT.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of the Interior, acting 
        through the Assistant Secretary of Land and Minerals Management 
        (referred to in this section as the ``Assistant Secretary''), 
        shall carry out research, development, and demonstration 
        activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Carbon dioxide removal on federal lands.--
                    (A) In general.--The Assistant Secretary shall 
                carry out an assessment of the ability to use Federal 
                land and abandoned mine land, subject to the Office of 
                Surface Mining, and associated subsurface regions, for 
                carbon dioxide removal benefits and practices, 
                including--
                            (i) ecologically appropriate revegetation;
                            (ii) reforestation;
                            (iii) restoration to natural landscapes, 
                        including grasslands; and
                            (iv) underground geologic storage of carbon 
                        dioxide.
                    (B) Requirements.--The assessment under 
                subparagraph (A) shall--
                            (i) include data on carbon storage 
                        potential and climate resilience, including--
                                    (I) safety for local communities;
                                    (II) avoiding negative 
                                environmental impacts; and
                                    (III) identifying regions with 
                                lower risks of reversing carbon dioxide 
                                removal practices over time; and
                            (ii) identify economic development 
                        opportunities for local communities.
            (3) Other activities.--The Assistant Secretary shall carry 
        out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and 
        demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of the 
        Interior.
            (4) Consultation.--The Assistant Secretary shall carry out 
        the activities described in this section in consultation with--
                    (A) the Secretary of Agriculture;
                    (B) the Secretary of Energy; and
                    (C) the Chief of the Forest Service.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior to carry out this section 
$2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.

                 TITLE VI--DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

SEC. 601. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION.

    (a) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Carbon-sequestering new material.--The term ``carbon-
        sequestering new material'' means a novel formulation of 
        cement, concrete, or aggregate that allows captured carbon 
        dioxide to be sequestered, including--
                    (A) carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials;
                    (B) carbon dioxide-absorbing materials;
                    (C) carbon dioxide-cured cement and concrete;
                    (D) new aggregate materials made from mineral 
                carbonization;
                    (E) cement formulations that substitute clinker 
                with other materials, subject to the condition that 
                such other materials comprise not less than 50 percent 
                of the cement formulation; and
                    (F) additional materials as designated by the 
                Secretary.
            (2) Program.--The term ``program'' means the research, 
        development, and demonstration program established under 
        subsection (b).
            (3) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
        of Transportation.
    (b) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish a program to 
carry out research, development, and demonstration activities for the 
use of carbon-sequestering new materials to lower the carbon impact of 
highway construction materials and public transportation construction 
materials.
    (c) Activities.--
            (1) Development and deployment.--
                    (A) In general.--In carrying out the program, the 
                Secretary shall carry out research on mineral 
                carbonation for use in carbon-sequestering new 
                materials.
                    (B) Consideration.--The research under subparagraph 
                (A) shall be informed by the recommendations of the 
                National Academies of Science, Engineering, and 
                Medicine in chapter 11 of the consensus study report 
                entitled ``Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: 
                Status and Research Needs'' and published in 2019.
            (2) Research.--
                    (A) In general.--In carrying out the program, the 
                Secretary, in coordination with standard-setting 
                organizations, such as the American Association of 
                State Highway and Transportation Officials, shall carry 
                out research--
                            (i) on the durability, strength, and 
                        stability of carbon-sequestering new materials; 
                        and
                            (ii) to support the development of the 
                        necessary standards required for the use of 
                        carbon-sequestering new materials.
                    (B) Standards.--Based on the results of the 
                research under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall 
                coordinate and consult with other necessary 
                governmental and nongovernmental entities, including 
                the entities described in subparagraph (A), to support 
                the development of standards for the use of carbon-
                sequestering new materials.
            (3) Grants for state standards.--In carrying out the 
        program, the Secretary shall provide grants to a geographically 
        diverse set of States to assist those States in adopting State 
        standards for the procurement of carbon-sequestering new 
        materials in highway and public transportation construction.
            (4) Lifecycle assessments.--In carrying out the program, 
        the Secretary shall carry out lifecycle assessments of the 
        greenhouse gas emissions associated with carbon-sequestering 
        new materials.
            (5) Coordination.--The Secretary shall coordinate with--
                    (A) the Secretary of Energy in carrying out 
                paragraph (1);
                    (B) the Administrator of the Environmental 
                Protection Agency in carrying out paragraph (4); and
                    (C) other Federal agencies as necessary to carry 
                out the activities described in this subsection.
    (d) Grant Program.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of 
        enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish a program 
        to provide grants to eligible entities to assist those entities 
        in procuring carbon-sequestering new materials for eligible 
        uses described in paragraph (4).
            (2) Eligible entities.--An entity eligible to receive a 
        grant under this subsection is--
                    (A) a State;
                    (B) a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or
                    (C) a unit of local government.
            (3) Applications.--To be eligible to receive a grant under 
        this subsection, an eligible entity shall submit to the 
        Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and 
        containing such information as the Secretary determines to be 
        appropriate.
            (4) Use of funds.--An eligible entity may use a grant under 
        this subsection to procure and use carbon-sequestering new 
        materials for--
                    (A) a highway or bridge project eligible for 
                assistance under title 23, United States Code;
                    (B) a public transportation project eligible for 
                assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States 
                Code; and
                    (C) any other transportation infrastructure project 
                as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
            (5) Requirements.--
                    (A) Highway or bridge projects.--A project 
                described in paragraph (4)(A) shall be subject to the 
                requirements under title 23, United States Code, that 
                would apply if the project was carried out under that 
                title.
                    (B) Public transportation projects.--A project 
                described in paragraph (4)(B) shall be subject to the 
                requirements under chapter 53 of title 49, United 
                States Code, that would apply if the project was 
                carried out under that chapter.
    (e) Funding.--
            (1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized 
        to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
                    (A) $32,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                    (B) $57,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
                    (C) $62,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
                    (D) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and
                    (E) $72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 
                through 2033.
            (2) Allocation.--
                    (A) Research and development.--Of the amounts made 
                available under paragraph (1) for each fiscal year--
                            (i) $10,000,000 shall be for research under 
                        subsection (c)(1);
                            (ii) $10,000,000 shall be for research 
                        under subsection (c)(2);
                            (iii) $10,000,000 shall be for grants for 
                        States under subsection (c)(3); and
                            (iv) $2,000,000 shall be for lifecycle 
                        assessments under subsection (c)(4).
                    (B) Grant program.--Of the amounts made available 
                under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall use to carry 
                out the grant program under subsection (d)--
                            (i) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
                            (ii) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
                            (iii) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and
                            (iv) $40,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
                        2028 through 2033.
            (3) Treatment.--Amounts made available under paragraph (1) 
        shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if 
        those amounts were apportioned under chapter 1 of title 23, 
        United States Code.

               TITLE VII--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

SEC. 701. OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Administrator of the Environmental 
        Protection Agency, acting through the Assistant Administrator 
        of Research and Development (referred to in this section as the 
        ``Assistant Administrator''), shall carry out research, 
        development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas 
        described in this subsection.
            (2) Direct air capture environmental impacts.--The 
        Assistant Administrator shall carry out a lifecycle assessment 
        of the environmental impacts of direct air capture, including--
                    (A) greenhouse gas emissions;
                    (B) air and water pollutants;
                    (C) water use; and
                    (D) land use.
            (3) Preservation of harvested wood.--
                    (A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall 
                design and conduct a demonstration of landfills for 
                woody biomass disposal and carbon storage;
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator 
                shall carry out the activities described in 
                subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the 
                Forest Service.
            (4) Environmental and social impacts of mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall 
                conduct research on the environmental impacts of 
                mineralization, including broadcasting materials, 
                disturbing piles of mine tailings, and expanded mining 
                activities.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator 
                shall carry out the activities described in 
                subparagraph (A) in collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the National Science 
                        Foundation;
                            (ii) the Director of the United States 
                        Geological Survey; and
                            (iii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                        Energy and Carbon Management of the Department 
                        of Energy.
            (5) Research on decision science.--
                    (A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall 
                conduct research on decision science, social impacts, 
                and public engagement on carbon dioxide removal 
                technologies and methods.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator 
                shall carry out the activities described in 
                subparagraph (A) in collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the National Science 
                        Foundation; and
                            (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                        Energy and Carbon Management of the Department 
                        of Energy.
            (6) Environmental and social impacts of biomass use in 
        carbon dioxide removal technologies.--
                    (A) In general.--The Assistant Administrator shall 
                carry out a life cycle analysis of the impact of 
                biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies, 
                including--
                            (i) emissions sequestered in materials;
                            (ii) emissions impacts of biomass harvest, 
                        processing, and transportation;
                            (iii) unintended disturbances to ecosystem 
                        carbon stocks;
                            (iv) indirect land-use change; and
                            (v) alternative fates of biomass used.
                    (B) Consideration.--In carrying out the analysis 
                under subparagraph (A), the Assistant Administrator 
                shall consider the social impacts of air pollution 
                relating to biofuel and biomass combustion.
                    (C) Collaboration.--The Assistant Administrator 
                shall carry out the activities described in 
                subparagraphs (A) and (B) in collaboration with the 
                Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable 
                Energy of the Department of Energy.
            (7) Lifecycle assessment and monitoring for 
        mineralization.--The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a 
        technoeconomic and lifecycle assessment of various 
        mineralization pathways and research on protocols for 
        monitoring and verification of carbon removed or sequestered 
        through mineralization.
            (8) Other activities.--The Assistant Administrator shall 
        carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, 
        and demonstration activities, as determined by the 
        Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 
Agency to carry out this section--
            (1) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028;
            (5) $34,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030;
            (6) $31,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and
            (7) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

       TITLE VIII--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

SEC. 801. EARTH SCIENCE DIVISION PROGRAM.

    (a) Research, Development, and Demonstration.--
            (1) In general.--The Administrator of the National 
        Aeronautics and Space Administration (referred to in this 
        section as the ``Administrator'') shall carry out research, 
        development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas 
        described in this subsection.
            (2) Aboveground carbon monitoring.--The Administrator shall 
        carry out a long-term collection of continuous spaceborne LiDAR 
        data to measure and track carbon stocks and carbon cycling in 
        aboveground biomass, through extension of the Global Ecosystem 
        Dynamics Investigation mission, or through other missions with 
        similar or improved capacity.
            (3) Resource assessment.--
                    (A) In general.--The Administrator shall carry out 
                mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for 
                carbon dioxide removal potential, including--
                            (i) wetlands;
                            (ii) peatlands; and
                            (iii) seagrass beds.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Administrator shall carry 
                out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Administrator of the National 
                Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (4) Other activities.--The Administrator shall carry out 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and 
        demonstration activities, as determined by the Administrator.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this section--
            (1) $53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 and 2025; and
            (2) $8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.

                 TITLE IX--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

SEC. 901. DIRECTORATE FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') 
        shall award funding for research activities in each of the 
        areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Genetic modeling and tools.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research to improve carbon dioxide uptake and 
                conversion through genetic manipulation of biological 
                materials for carbon dioxide removal and utilization 
                and research on the potential ecological impacts of 
                those improvements.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the Office of Science 
                        of the Department of Energy;
                            (ii) the Secretary of Agriculture; and
                            (iii) the Administrator of the 
                        Environmental Protection Agency.
            (3) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
            (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and
            (3) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.

SEC. 902. DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') 
        shall award funding for research activities in each of the 
        following areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Integrated process design.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research and development on the integration of 
                carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (3) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the 
        Director.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
            (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and
            (2) $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2033.

SEC. 903. DIRECTORATE FOR GEOSCIENCES.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') 
        shall award funding for research activities in each of the 
        following areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Soil carbon.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for fundamental research on plant-root-fungi 
                interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics 
                with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the Office of Science 
                        of the Department of Energy; and
                            (ii) the Administrator of the Agricultural 
                        Research Service.
            (3) Modeling and predictive tool development.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research to improve existing carbon sequestration 
                modeling tools and the development of simulation-based 
                tools to predict and quantify soil carbon 
                sequestration.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Administrator of the Agricultural 
                        Research Service; and
                            (ii) the heads of other offices in the 
                        Department of Agriculture, as determined by the 
                        Secretary of Agriculture.
            (4) Carbon mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for fundamental research on mineralization kinetics, 
                geomechanics, rock physics, and utilization-oriented 
                carbonation with the potential to advance carbon 
                dioxide removal.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the Office of 
                Science of the Department of Energy.
            (5) Pilot studies of in situ mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for field drilling and injection in reactive formations 
                (including peridotite and basalt) to advance 
                understanding of carbon mineralization.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of 
                Energy.
            (6) Environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for 
        mineralization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research on the environmental and social impacts of 
                expanded mining activities for the purpose of 
                mineralization, including net carbon impact.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the United States 
                        Geological Survey;
                            (ii) the Assistant Administrator for 
                        Research and Development of the Environmental 
                        Protection Agency; and
                            (iii) the Assistant Secretary for Office of 
                        Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the 
                        Department of Energy.
            (7) Coastal marine carbon fundamental research.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for fundamental research on coastal ecosystem carbon 
                dioxide sequestration.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Administrator of the National 
                Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (8) Ocean alkalinity.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for fundamental and applied research on techniques for 
                and impacts of artificial modification of ocean 
                alkalinity, including limited-scale experiments on 
                alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea, designed and 
                monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the 
                experiment and within internationally recognized 
                frameworks.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the Office of Science 
                        of the Department of Energy; and
                            (ii) the Administrator of the National 
                        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (9) Ocean fertilization fundamental research.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for fundamental research and modeling on the impacts 
                and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and 
                nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Director of the Office of Science 
                        of the Department of Energy; and
                            (ii) the Administrator of the National 
                        Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (10) Artificial ocean iron fertilization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for limited-scale experiments to stimulate and measure 
                large phytoplankton blooms, designed and monitored to 
                avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and 
                within internationally recognized frameworks.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Administrator of the National 
                Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (11) Artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient 
                fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts 
                beyond the zone of the experiment and within 
                internationally recognized frameworks.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Administrator of the National 
                Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
            (12) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the 
        Director.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
            (1) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $34,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;
            (4) $73,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028;
            (5) $68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030;
            (6) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; and
            (7) $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2032 and 2033.

SEC. 904. DIRECTORATE FOR MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') 
        shall award funding for research activities in each of the 
        following areas described in this subsection.
            (2) NSF engineering research center.--The Director shall 
        establish a new National Science Foundation Engineering 
        Research Center focused on materials research and early-stage 
        application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related 
        direct air capture components.
            (3) Direct air capture materials research.--The Director 
        shall award funding for materials research on sorbents, 
        solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.
            (4) Carbonation.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research to control carbonation reactions, 
                accelerate carbonation, and understand structure-
                property relationships.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the Office of 
                Science of the Department of Energy.
            (5) Catalysts.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research on impurity-tolerant catalyst development, 
                coupled reduction and oxidation reactions, and reduced 
                additives.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the Office of 
                Science of the Department of Energy.
            (6) New materials development and applications.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for development of new materials for capturing and 
                utilizing carbon dioxide, including materials with 
                carbon-carbon bonds.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Director of the Office of 
                Science of the Department of Energy.
            (7) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the 
        Director.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
            (1) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
            (3) $32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027;
            (4) $38,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 and 2029;
            (5) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;
            (6) $28,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;
            (7) $23,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and
            (8) $18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.

SEC. 905. DIRECTORATE FOR SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') 
        shall award funding for research activities in each of the 
        following areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Integrated assessment modeling and grasslands and 
        forest impacts modeling.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts 
                on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and 
                forests, reforestation, conservation, afforestation, 
                and forest management changes.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture.
            (3) Integrated assessment modeling and direct air capture 
        impacts modeling.--The Director shall award funding for 
        technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land and 
        energy use from direct air capture, including future 
        electricity grid mix scenarios.
            (4) Ethical, legal, and social impacts of biotechnology.--
        The Director shall award funding for research on the ethical, 
        legal, and social implications of biotechnology use in carbon 
        dioxide removal.
            (5) Governance frameworks.--The Director shall award 
        funding for research into governance frameworks for safe and 
        sustainable experimentation with ocean-based carbon dioxide 
        removal.
            (6) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the 
        Director.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section $12,000,000 for 
each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.

SEC. 906. DIVISION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES.

    (a) Research.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation (referred to in this section as the ``Director'') 
        shall award funding for research activities in each of the 
        following areas described in this subsection.
            (2) Research on decision science.--
                    (A) In general.--The Director shall award funding 
                for research on decision science, social impacts, and 
                public engagement relating to carbon dioxide removal 
                technologies and methods.
                    (B) Collaboration.--The Director shall carry out 
                the activities described in subparagraph (A) in 
                collaboration with--
                            (i) the Assistant Administrator for 
                        Research and Development of the Environmental 
                        Protection Agency; and
                            (ii) the Assistant Secretary for Fossil 
                        Energy and Carbon Management of the Department 
                        of Energy.
            (3) Other research.--The Director shall award funding for 
        other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the 
        Director.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director to carry out this section--
            (1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            (2) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2028; 
        and
            (3) $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.

                         TITLE X--OTHER MATTERS

SEC. 1001. PLAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION.

    (a) In General.--The Director of the Office of Science and 
Technology Policy shall establish a plan for international coordination 
on research, development, and demonstration projects for carbon dioxide 
removal.
    (b) Coordination.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Director of 
the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall coordinate with--
            (1) the Secretary of State; and
            (2) the Secretary of Energy.
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