U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 2018-1113

Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring Program, 

Surface Water, Northern Idaho—Annual Data Summary, 

Water Year 2017
Cover: U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic technicians sample the Coeur d'Alene River near 

Cataldo, USGS site 12413500, during flooding in March 2017. Photograph by Daniel Hess, U.S. 

Geological Survey, March 17, 2017.
Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring 

Program, Surface Water, Northern Idaho— 

Annual Data Summary, Water Year 2017

By Lauren M. Zinsser

Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Open-File Report 2018-1113

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

James F. Reilly II, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2018

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Suggested citation:

Zinsser, L.M., 2018, Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring Program, surface water, northern 

Idaho—Annual data summary, water year 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1113, 

15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181113. 

ISSN 2331-1258 (online)
iii

Contents

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 2

Methods......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Streamflow ................................................................................................................................................. 5

Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 5

Surface-Water Data, Water Year 2017.......................................................................................................... 6

Streamflow ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Quality-Control Samples .......................................................................................................................... 11

References Cited......................................................................................................................................... 15

Figures

Figure 1. Maps showing location of Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) surface-water 

monitoring sites in the Coeur d’Alene River and Spokane River drainage basins, northern Idaho ................3

Figure 2. Graphs showing streamflow at Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) 

sites with continuous streamgages in the Coeur d’Alene River and Spokane River drainage basins, 

northern Idaho, water year 2017....................................................................................................................7

Figure 3. Graphs showing constituent concentration versus streamflow in the Coeur d’Alene River 

near Cataldo (site 12413500), northern Idaho ...............................................................................................8

Figure 4. Graphs showing constituent concentration versus streamflow in the Coeur d’Alene River 

at Rose Lake (site 12413810), northern Idaho ..............................................................................................9

Figure 5. Graphs showing constituent concentration versus streamflow in the Coeur d’Alene River 

near Harrison (site 12413860), northern Idaho............................................................................................ 10

Figure 6. Boxplots showing total lead concentrations at Basin Environmental Monitoring 

Program (BEMP) sites in water year 2017 versus 2007–16 ........................................................................ 12

Figure 7. Boxplots showing dissolved zinc concentrations at Basin Environmental Monitoring 

Program (BEMP) sites in water year 2017 versus 2007–16 ........................................................................ 13

Figure 8. Boxplots showing dissolved cadmium concentrations at Basin Environmental Monitoring 

Program (BEMP) sites in water year 2017 versus 2007–16 ........................................................................ 14

Table

Table 1. Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) surface-water monitoring sites in the Coeur 

d’Alene River and Spokane River drainage basins, northern Idaho...............................................................4
iv

Conversion Factors

U.S. customary units to International System of Units

Multiply By To obtain

Length

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

Flow rate

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

International System of Units to U.S. customary units

Multiply By To obtain

Volume

liter (L) 1.057 quart (qt)

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

Mass

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois (oz)

Datums 

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the, North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Supplemental Information

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in either milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L).

Abbreviations

BEMP Basin Environmental Monitoring Program

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

RPD relative percent difference

USGS U.S. Geological Survey
1 

Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring Program, 

Surface Water, Northern Idaho—Annual Data Summary, 

Water Year 2017

By Lauren M. Zinsser

Abstract

Streams within the Coeur d’Alene River drainage basin in northern Idaho have been 

extensively affected by historical mining activities and are subject to ongoing remedial actions as part 

of the Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex Superfund Site. The U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) operates 12 real-time streamgages and collects surface-water-quality samples two to four 

times annually at 20 sites in the Spokane River and Coeur d’Alene River drainage basins. These data 

are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to monitor cleanup progress and to 

support decisions related to implementing remedial actions throughout the basin. USGS data collection 

highlights from water year 2017 include: 

• A rain-on-snow event in March 2017 produced high streamflows and flooding in the basin. 

• The March event mobilized high concentrations of total metals (cadmium, lead, zinc, and 

others) in the Coeur d’Alene River near Cataldo, at Rose Lake, and near Harrison; these 

concentrations were among the highest that have been measured at these sites during flood 

events sampled by the USGS. 

• Total lead and dissolved zinc and cadmium concentrations decreased in Canyon Creek in 2017 

when compared with water years 2007–16; in contrast, concentrations of dissolved zinc and 

cadmium increased in Ninemile Creek when compared with water years 2007–16. 
2 

Introduction

Streams within the Coeur d’Alene River drainage basin have been extensively altered and 

impacted by historical mining practices that spread contaminants—including cadmium, lead, and 

zinc—through soil, sediment, groundwater, and surface water. The impacted area is designated as the 

Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex Superfund Site and is subject to ongoing remedial 

actions led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

The Coeur d’Alene River extends across northern Idaho from the Montana border on the east to 

where it flows into the Spokane River near the Washington border on the west. The Coeur d’Alene 

River drainage basin is mountainous, with altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 6,850 ft. About 70 percent 

of the annual precipitation falls as snow during winter (October–April), and streamflows and metal 

loads normally are highest during spring runoff. However, warm winter Pacific storms can affect the 

area, bringing heavy rains and warm temperatures that can cause rapid snowmelt and produce high 

streamflow rain-on-snow events. These events can be associated with high transport of sediment and 

sediment-bound trace metals. In contrast, streamflows are lowest and dissolved metal concentrations 

typically are highest during September and October (Clark and Mebane, 2014). 

In cooperation with the USEPA, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates and maintains 12 

real-time streamgages and collects surface-water-quality samples two to four times annually at 20 

monitoring sites (fig. 1) in the Spokane River and Coeur d’Alene River drainage basins (Clark and 

Perreault, 2017). This work is part of the Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring Program 

(BEMP; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002, 2012), and these data are used to monitor 

cleanup progress and to inform remedial action implementation decisions. The surface-water BEMP 

was initiated in 2004; this report highlights data collection results from water year 2017 (October 1, 

2016–September 30, 2017). 

Methods

The current surface-water BEMP comprises 20 monitoring sites (fig. 1; table 1). Of these, 12 

sites have continuous streamflow-gaging; 14 sites are sampled four times annually; and 6 sites are 

sampled twice annually (table 1). Each of the 20 sites are sampled during peak snowmelt runoff and 

fall baseflow; 14 of these sites are also sampled during a winter storm event and the peak hydrograph 

recession. Additionally, three sites (Coeur d’Alene River near Cataldo, at Rose Lake, and near 

Harrison) were sampled an extra time during water year 2017 to capture high streamflow conditions in 

March. 
3 

Figure 1. Maps showing location of Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) surface-water monitoring

sites in the Coeur d’Alene River and Spokane River drainage basins, northern Idaho. 
4 

Table 1. Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) surface-water monitoring sites in the Coeur d’Alene

River and Spokane River drainage basins, northern Idaho. 

[Streamflow and water-quality data collected during water year 2017 can be accessed at 

https://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/current/?type=BEMP (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018). Type of streamflow 

measurement: Continuous ADVM, continuous streamgage with acoustic Doppler velocity meter; continuous stage, 

continuous streamgage with pressure transducer; instantaneous, streamflow measured at time of sample collection. USGS, 

U.S. Geological Survey] 

USGS site name

USGS streamgage 

or site No. 

BEMP site

No.

Sample 

schedule 

(times 

annually)

Type of 

streamflow 

measurement

Period of 

streamflow 

record

North Fork Coeur d’Alene River at 

Enaville

12413000 NF-50 4 Continuous, stage 1911–2017

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River 

above Deadman Gulch, near 

Mullan

12413040 SF-208 2 Instantaneous 1998–2017

Canyon Creek above mouth, at 

Wallace

12413125 CC-288 4 Continuous, stage 1998–2017

Ninemile Creek above mouth, at 

Wallace

12413130 NM-305 4 Continuous, stage 1998–2017

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River 

above Placer Creek, at Wallace

12413131 SF-233 4 Continuous, stage 2009–2017

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at 

Elizabeth Park, near Kellogg

12413210 SF-268 4 Continuous, stage 1987–2017

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at 

Kellogg

12413250 SF-269 4 Instantaneous 1972–2018

Government Gulch Creek near 

mouth, at Smelterville

12413290 BH-GG-0001 2 Instantaneous 1998–2018

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at 

Smelterville

12413300 SF-270 4 Instantaneous 1966–2017

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River 

above Pine Creek, near Pinehurst

12413355 SF-270A 4 Continuous, stage 2008–2017

Pine Creek below Amy Gulch near 

Pinehurst1

12413445 PC-339 2 Continuous, stage 1999–20181

South Fork Coeur d’Alene River 

near Pinehurst

12413470 SF-271 4 Continuous, stage 1987–2017

Coeur d’Alene River near Cataldo 12413500 LC-50 4 Continuous, stage 1911–2017

Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake 12413810 LC-55 4 Instantaneous 1971–2017

Coeur d’Alene River near Harrison 12413860 LC-60 4 Continuous, 

ADVM

2004–2018

St. Joe River at Ramsdell Station, 

near St. Maries

12415135 SJ-65 4 Continuous, 

ADVM

2009–2018

Spokane River at Lake Outlet, at 

Coeur d’Alene2

12417610 SR-5 4 Continuous, 

ADVM

2014–20182

Milo Creek Outfall at South Fork

Coeur d’Alene River, at Kellogg

473210116070601 BH-MC-0002 2 Instantaneous 2013–2018

Bunker Creek at mouth of culvert, 

at Kellogg

473252116095301 BH-BC-0006 2 Instantaneous 2013–2018

Seeps north of Deadwood Gulch 

Tailings at Kellogg

473254116091200 BH-CS-0001 2 Instantaneous none available

1

Water-quality samples are collected at site 12413445 on Pine Creek, but continuous streamflow-gaging is upstream on 

East Fork Pine Creek at site 12413370. 

2

Water-quality samples are collected at site 12417610 on Spokane River, but continuous streamflow-gaging is downstream 

on Spokane River at site 12417650. 
5 

Streamflow

Streamflow at each monitoring site (fig. 1; table 1) was measured using standard USGS 

procedures as described in Turnipseed and Sauer (2010) and Mueller and others (2013). At nine sites 

with the real-time streamgages, continuous streamflow records were computed using stage-discharge 

relationships based on continuous stage measurements that are calibrated to periodic streamflow 

measurements (Rantz, 1982). At the three sites with streamgages affected by changes in the level of 

Coeur d’Alene Lake (sites 12413860, 12415125, and 12417610), continuous streamflow records were 

computed using an index velocity method based on acoustic Doppler velocity meter measurements 

(Levesque and Oberg, 2012). At the eight sites without continuous streamflow-gaging, streamflow was 

measured when water-quality samples were collected whenever possible. However, streamflow 

measurements were occasionally omitted during high streamflow events when maximizing the number 

of samples collected during short-lived hydrologic conditions was paramount. For these events, 

streamflow values were calculated using a regression between measured instantaneous streamflow at 

the site and streamflow measured at a comparable nearby continuous streamgage. As used in this 

report, daily mean streamflow for water year 2017, and the period of record mean for the daily mean

streamflow, were calculated by U.S. Geological Survey (2018). 

Water Quality

Water-quality samples were collected according to the procedures described in U.S. Geological 

Survey (variously dated) and the Quality Assurance Project Plan specific to the BEMP surface-water 

program (Clark and Perreault, 2017). Samples were collected using width and depth-integrated 

techniques and composited with a churn. Water samples for “dissolved” constituent analyses were 

filtered using a capsule filter with 0.45-micrometer pores; these constituents are referred to as 

“dissolved” herein. Nutrient samples were preserved with sulfuric acid and chilled; metals samples 

were preserved with nitric acid. All analyses except for sediment were conducted at the USGS 

National Water Quality Laboratory (Denver, Colorado). Sediment analyses (total suspended sediment 

and percent sand and fines) were conducted at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory Sediment 

Laboratory (Vancouver, Washington).

Quality control samples were collected in accordance with standard USGS procedures (Mueller 

and others, 2015) and the Quality Assurance Project Plan specific to the BEMP surface-water program 

(Clark and Perreault, 2017). Two field blanks were collected during each sampling event. For the field 

blanks, certified inorganic blank water was processed through cleaned equipment in the field according 

to the normal sample collection and processing procedures (Mueller and others, 2015) and submitted 

for analysis. One or two split replicates samples were also collected during each sampling event.
6 

Surface-Water Data, Water Year 2017

Streamflow and water-quality data collected during water year 2017 can be accessed in its 

entirety online at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/current/?type=BEMP (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2018). Selected results are presented here.

Streamflow

Water year 2017 was characterized by several high streamflow events. Heavy rainfall in 

October 2016 led to high streamflows during the period in which baseflows are normally observed. 

Figure 2 shows mean daily mean streamflow for the streamflow period of record and water year 2017 

daily mean streamflow at sites with continuous streamgages in the drainage basins. Rain-on-snow 

events in February and March 2017 also caused high streamflows, and streamflow during the March 

event exceeded flood stage (27,600 cubic feet per second [ft3/s]), in the Coeur d’Alene River near 

Cataldo (site 12413500). In water year 2017, the maximum daily streamflow recorded at this site was 

31,200 ft3/s on March 16; the maximum 15-minute streamflow recorded at this site was 33,700 ft3/s on 

March 17. Following the March event, spring snowmelt runoff throughout the drainage basins 

occurred at the same time as mean runoff but was somewhat higher than mean runoff at most sites (fig.

2). The main exception was the Spokane River near the lake outlet (site 12417650), which experienced 

much higher and later runoff flows than mean runoff; these streamflows were likely affected by 

downstream dam release operations. Summer baseflows throughout the drainage basins were similar in 

magnitude and timing to mean baseflows (fig. 2).

Water Quality

The analytical results from water-quality samples collected in the Coeur d’Alene River near 

Cataldo, at Rose Lake, and near Harrison during the March 2017 flood event, are shown compared to 

historical data in figures 3–5. Generally, both streamflows and concentrations during the 1996 flooding 

event (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018) were substantially higher than those measured in March 2017. 

Moreover, the 1996 samples were not width- or depth-integrated due to hazardous conditions and may 

underestimate actual concentrations (Beckwith, 1996). Nonetheless, total constituent concentrations 

(including total lead, total zinc, and total cadmium) from the March 2017 flood event were among the 

highest measured in the water-quality period of record. Dissolved constituent concentrations (such as 

dissolved cadmium and zinc), which tend to be highest during baseflow conditions, were unremarkable 

during the March flood event, indicating that most of the total concentrations were derived from the 

particulate fraction. Except for some nutrients, constituent concentrations in the Coeur d’Alene River 

increased from upstream (Cataldo) to downstream (Rose Lake and Harrison), with the largest increases 

observed between Cataldo and Rose Lake (figs. 3–5).
7 

Figure 2. Graphs showing streamflow at Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) sites with continuous 

streamgages in the Coeur d’Alene River and Spokane River drainage basins, northern Idaho, water year 2017. 

Vertical axis scale varies by site. CDR, Coeur d’Alene River; EF, East Fork; NFCDR, North Fork Coeur d’Alene

River; SFCDR, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. 
8 

Figure 3. Graphs showing constituent concentration versus streamflow in the Coeur d’Alene River near Cataldo 

(site 12413500), northern Idaho. Selected high-flow events are labeled by year. Data were not available for every 

constituent during every event. Vertical axis scale and units vary by constituent. 
9 

Figure 4. Graphs showing constituent concentration versus streamflow in the Coeur d’Alene River at Rose Lake 

(site 12413810), northern Idaho. Selected high-flow events are labeled by year. Data were not available for every 

constituent during every event. Vertical axis scale and units vary by constituent. 
10 

Figure 5. Graphs showing constituent concentration versus streamflow in the Coeur d’Alene River near Harrison 

(site 12413860), northern Idaho. Selected high-flow events are labeled by year. Data were not available for every 

constituent during every event. Vertical axis scale and units vary by constituent. 
11 

Figures 6 through 8 show selected water year 2017 water-quality results (total lead, dissolved 

zinc and cadmium) compared to results from the previous 10 years (2007–16). Based on visual 

comparison, median total lead decreased in water year 2017 in Canyon Creek and in the South Fork 

Coeur d’Alene River near Mullan and at Wallace (fig. 6). Total lead was higher in Government Gulch 

and in the seeps north of tailings, and lower in Bunker Creek, but each of these sites had small 2007–

16 sample sizes (n = 6) for comparison. Total lead concentrations elsewhere in the basin were similar 

to past measurements. Based on visual comparison, median dissolved zinc (fig. 7) and cadmium (fig.

8) decreased in Canyon Creek but increased in Ninemile Creek. This result is unexpected considering 

the extensive and recent remediation activities in Ninemile Creek. Median dissolved zinc and cadmium 

showed apparent increases in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River at Kellogg and at Smelterville, and 

Government Gulch had higher dissolved zinc and cadmium concentrations, but this was likely due to 

repeated samples taken at these stations during baseflow conditions (when dissolved zinc and 

cadmium concentrations are highest) during a supplemental study conducted in September 2017. 

Dissolved zinc and cadmium were lower in water year 2017 in the Coeur d’Alene River near Harrison, 

in the Spokane River at the lake outlet, and in the seeps north of tailings (figs. 6 and 7). Continued data 

collection at these stations will help to determine whether these decreases were related to high 

streamflows in water year 2017 or if they represent a more persistent change.

Quality-Control Samples

Nine replicate samples and ten field blanks were collected in water year 2017. Generally, 

analytical results were in good agreement (relative percent difference [RPD] less than 20 percent) 

between parent and replicate samples. However, higher RPDs (up to a maximum of 115 percent) were 

observed between copper, cadmium, and lead results in several filtered samples that had low 

concentrations of these constituents. In the blank samples, most constituents were not detected. 

However, filtered copper and unfiltered and filtered lead were detected in most blank samples, albeit at 

low concentrations near the reporting limit. Given the occurrence of copper and lead in blanks, and the 

high RPDs in copper and lead results in replicates, the USGS will carefully evaluate equipment 

cleaning and sample processing procedures in water year 2018. This evaluation will include collecting 

sequential equipment blanks (blanks taken after each processing step) to identify problematic 

equipment and (or) procedures. 
12 

Figure 6. Boxplots showing total lead concentrations at Basin Environmental Monitoring Program (BEMP) 

sites in water year 2017 versus 2007–16. Vertical axis scale is logarithmic and varies by site. Sample size 

varies by site: 2007–16, n = 6–62; 2017, n = 3–8.CDR, Coeur d’Alene River; NFCDR, North Fork Coeur 

d’Alene River; SFCDR, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. 
13 

Figure 7. Boxplots showing dissolved zinc concentrations at Basin Environmental Monitoring Program

(BEMP) sites in water year 2017 versus 2007–16. Vertical axis scale varies by site. Sample size varies by 

site: 2007–16, n = 6–62; 2017, n = 3–8. CDR, Coeur d’Alene River; NFCDR, North Fork Coeur d’Alene

River; SFCDR, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. 
14 

Figure 8. Boxplots showing dissolved cadmium concentrations at Basin Environmental Monitoring Program

(BEMP) sites in water year 2017 versus 2007–16. Vertical axis scale varies by site. Sample size varies by 

site: 2007–16, n = 6–62; 2017, n = 3–8. CDR, Coeur d’Alene River; NFCDR, North Fork Coeur d’Alene 

River; SFCDR, South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. 
15

References Cited

Beckwith, M.A., 1996, Water-quality data collected during floods in the Coeur d'Alene River, 

northern Idaho, February 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 219-96, 4 p. [Also available 

at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs21996.]

Clark, G.M., and Mebane, C.A., 2014, Sources, transport, and trends for selected trace metals 

and nutrients in the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane River Basins, Idaho, 1990–2013: U.S. 

Geological Survey 2014-5204, 74 p. [Also available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20145204.]

Clark, G.M., and Perreault, L.M., 2017, Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) for U.S. 

Geological Survey surface water sampling under the Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental 

Monitoring Program at the Bunker Hill superfund site—OU2 and OU3: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Region 10, 51 p.

Levesque, V.A., and Oberg, K.A., 2012, Computing discharge using the index velocity method: 

U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 3-A23, p. 148. [Also available at 

https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/3a23/.]

Mueller, D.K., Schertz, T.L., Martin, J.D., and Sandstrom, M.W., 2015, Design, analysis, and 

interpretation of field quality-control data for water-sampling projects: Reston, Virginia, 4-C4, 

65 p. [Also available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm4C4.]

Mueller, D.S., Wagner, C.R., Rehmel, M.S., Oberg, K.A., and Rainville, F., 2013, Measuring 

discharge with acoustic Doppler current profilers from a moving boat: Reston, VA, 3-A22. 116 

p. [Also available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm3A22.]

Rantz, S.E., 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow—Volume 1, measurement of 

stage and discharge: U.S. Geological Survey 2175, 284 p. [Also available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2175_vol1.]

Turnipseed, D.P., and Sauer, V.B., 2010, Discharge measurements at gaging stations: U.S. 

Geological Survey 3-A8, chap. A8, 87 p. [Also available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm3A8.]

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002, The Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical 

Complex Operable Unit 3, record of decision: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 527 p. 

[Also available at https://nepis.epa.gov.]

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, Interim Record of Decision (ROD) amendment, 

Upper Basin of the Coeur d'Alene River, Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical Complex 

superfund site: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 488 p. [Also available at 

https://semspub.epa.gov/work/10/664107.pdf.]

U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, National Water Information System (NWIS): U.S. Geological 

Survey, https://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/current/?type=BEMP.

U.S. Geological Survey, variously dated, National field manual for the collection of waterquality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, 

chaps. A1–A10, at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A. 

Publishing support provided by the U.S. Geological Survey 

Science Publishing Network, Tacoma Publishing Service Center

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the 

Director, Idaho Water Science Center

U.S. Geological Survey 

230 Collins Road

Boise, Idaho 83702

http://id.water.usgs.gov
Zinsser—Coeur d’Alene Basin Environmental Monitoring Program, Northern Idaho—Annual Data Summary, 2017—Open-File Report 2018-1113

ISSN 2331-1258 (online)

https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181113