## COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOFTEXAS FORT WORTH NO. 2 - 0 7 - 0 3 3 - CV
T HOMAS J AY DA NGE R F I E L D AP P E L L ANT V . J A C O B O R M S B YA N D A C A D E M Y , L TD. APPE L L EE S

----- ----- -- FR O M THE 342ND DI STRI CT CO URT O F TARRA NT CO UN TY

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### OP I NI ON

----- ----- -- I . I nt r oduc t i on A ppe l l ant Thom as JayD ang er f i el d a ppe al s f r om t he su m m ary j udgm ent
r ender ed i n f avorofappel l ees Jacob O r m sby and A cadem y, Lt d. I n one i ssue, a p p e lla n t a r g u e s t h a tt h e r e w e r e g e n u in e is s u e s o fm a t e r ia l f a c to n h is c la im s o f fa l s e i m p ri s o n m e n t, m a l i c i o u s p ro s e c u ti o n , a n d n e g l i g e n c e . W e a ffir m .2 I I . B a c k g rou n d F a c ts On Au g u s t 1 6 , 2 0 0 4 , a t 2 : 0 0 p . m. , Ci n d y An n P e r r y - Al m, a l oss pr event i on em pl oyee f orA cadem y, w as about t o l eave t he st or e w hen she saw
a w h i te H o n d a pul l up a nd pa r k i n t he f i r e l ane , w hi ch sh e t hough tw asodd. She ob se r ved a m an ent ert he s to re , h e a d t o t he w at ch cou nt er , pi ckup a
w at ch, t ak e i toutoft he pac ka ge, an d hol d i ti n hi s han d. H e t hen w ent t o t he
se con d w at ch cou nt eran d t ookan ot herw at ch. P e rr y- A l m gots upe r vi so r O r m sby’ s at t ent i on as t he m an w enti nt o t he a p p a rel depart m ent , conceal ed b o t h w a t c h e s , r e m o v e d t h e s e c u r it yd e v ic e s , a n d le f tt h e s t o r e . P e r r y -A lm , w i t h O r m sb y abo ut f i f t ee n t o t w ent y f ee t beh i nd her , f ol l ow ed t he m an outof t he s to r e, i denti f i ed her sel f , and asked hi m t o com e back i nsi de; t he m an pus hed h e r to t he gr ound and dr ove of f . Pe r r y- A l m ca l l ed 9- 1- 1, an d a cust om eri n t he par ki ng l otw r ot e dow n a descr i pt i on of t he carand a part i al t ag num ber . The w hol e i nci dent l ast ed abou tf ourorf i ve m i nutes . Per r y- A l m descr i bed t he suspectas a bl ack m al e i n hi s f ort i es w ho w as si x f eet , t hr ee orf ouri nches t al l , ver y t hi n, and 16 0– 17 5 pou nds, w i t h f aci al h a i r. T h e s u s p e c t w o re a b a s e b a l l c a p , j e a n s , a H a w a i i a n s h i rt, a n d b i g , sq u a re eyegl asses . W hen W hi t e Sett l em entPol i ce O f f i ce rS. D enh am ar r i ved , he che ck ed t he l i c e n s e p l a te p ro v i d e d a n d d i s c o v e re d th a t th e c a r w a s re g i s te re d to D e b ra3

Hen r y. On Se pt e m be r9, 2004, W hi t e Se t t l e m e nt Po l i c e Of f i c e rTi m ot hyN. T. S cot t , w ho w as ass i gned t he case, r evi ew ed t he file a nd w entt o t he Fr ench Q uart erA part m ent s, t he add r es s l i st ed f or D ebr a H enry. He w entt o t he l ea si ng of f i ce an d s pok e w i t h t he m a n a g e r a b o utt he per so n w ho l i ved i n a part m ent 2 2 0 . O ffice r S c o tt l e a rn e d th a t a p p e l l a n t l i v e d i n th e a p a rtm e n t a n d n o t D e b ra H enry. The m ana geral l ow ed O f f i ce rSco t tt o r evi ew t he apa rt m ent ’ s f i l e o n appel l antand copyappel l ant ’ s dr i ver ’ s l i cense. O f f i cerSc o tt bel i eved t hat app e l l a nt ’ s dr i ver ’ s l i ce ns e p i ct ur e m at che d Pe r r y- A l m ’ s des cr i pt i on oft he suspect . O f f i cerSco t tal so r esear ched app el l ant ’ s cr i m i nal h i st or y, w hi ch i ncl ude d t heft , m ar ij uan a pos se ss i on, and f or gery. Bas ed on t he i nf or m at i on he had col l ect ed, O f f i cerSco t tbel i eved t hatappel l antw as t he suspect ed
s h o p l i fte r. O n S e p t e m b e r1 0 , 2 0 0 4 , O f f ic e r S c o t tc o n t a c t e d a p p e lla n t ’s P a r o le O f f i ce r , Joa nne Br and on, and t ol d he rt hatap pel l antw asa su sp ec ti n a r obbe r y. Beca us e t he sh opl i f t i ng i nci den tr epo rt al l ege d t hatt he su sp ec tha d t ouc hed or phys i ca l l y s hove d a not her per so n, Par ol e Of f i ce rBr and on f i l ed a p ar ol e v i ol at i on re p o rt. O f f i cerSco t tused appel l ant ’s dr i ver ’ s l i cense photogr aph t o cr eat e a phot o l i ne- up. Scottatt em pt ed t o con t ac t Per r y- A l m t o vi ew t he phot o l i ne- up, buthe di sc ove r ed t hats he no l onge rw or ke d f orA ca dem y. Acade m y’ s di r ec t or1 ... T h e rec o rd d o e s n o t i n d i c a te w h e th e r o r n o t A d a m s w a s c h a rge d w i th

o r c o n v i c te d o f a c ri m e . H e d i e d i n M a rc h 2 0 0 5 o f l u n g c a n c e r. 4 o f l o ss p rev e n ti o n as k e d O rm sb yto a ss i st O ffi c e r S c o tt, a n d O rm sb y a g ree d to l o o kat a p h o to l i n e -up . O n S e p tem b e r 1 3 , 2 0 0 4 , O rm sb yv i e w e d the p h o to l i n e -u p fo r a b o u t s i x tyto n i n e ty s e c o n d s , p i c k e d o u t a p p e l l a n t a s th e s h o p l i fte r, a n d i n i ti a l e d th e l i n e -u p . O n Sept em ber 15, 200 4, O f f i ce r Scott obt ai ned a pr oba bl e c aus e w ar r ant fro m th e l o c a l m a g i s tra te , w h i c h l e d to a p p e l l a n t’ s a r re s t. D u ri n g a p p e l l a n t’s i n c a rc e ra ti o n , D e b ra H e n ry , a p p e l l a n t’s s i s t e ra n d th e c a r’s re g i s te re d o w n e r, contact ed an at t or ney and expl ai ned t hatherboyfr i end, Ro be rtA dam s, bor r ow ed herca ron Augus t16, 200 4, and co m m i t t ed t he t heftatA ca dem y. A dam s subsequen t l y confes sed t o t he cr i m e. Per r y- A l m vi ew ed A dam s’ s t aped
c o n fe s s i o n a n d i d e n ti fi e d h i m a s th e s h o p l i fte r. 1 Appe l l a nt w a s i nc a r c e r a t e d f r om Se pt e m be r 15, 2004 t o Nov e m be r23, 20 04 , a per i od of sevent y days. A f t erhe w as r el eased, appel l antsued appel l ees f orf al se i m pr i sonm ent , i nt ent i onal i nf l i ct i on of em ot i onal di st r ess,
m al i ci ouspr os ec ut i on, ne gl i gen ce , an d gr os s neg l i gen ce . Appel l ee s f i l ed a t r adi t i ona l m ot i on f ors um m ary j udgm enton app el l ant ’ s f al se i m pr i so nm entan d
m al i ci ouspr os ec ut i on c l ai m s and a no evi den ce m ot i on f ors um m ary j udgm ent on t hose cl ai m s and on app el l ant ’ s i nt ent i onal i nf l i ctio n ofem ot i onal di st r ess2 ... W hen a part y m oves f orsum m ar y j udg m entunderbot h r ul es 16 6a( c)

and 166a( i ) , w e w i l l f i r st r evi ew t he t r i al cou rt ’ s j udgm entunde rt he st and ar ds o f ru l e 1 6 6 a (i ). Ford Motor Co. v. Rid g wa y, 135 S. W . 3d 598, 600 ( Tex. 20 04 ) . I ft he appel l ant s f ai l ed t o p ro d u c e m o re t han a sci nt i l l a ofevi dence u n d e r th a t b u rd e n , th e n th e re i s n o n e e d to a n a l y z e w h e th e r a p p e l l e e ’s s u m m a ryj u d g m e n t p ro o f s a ti s fi e d th e l e s s s tri n g e n t ru l e 1 6 6 a (c ) b u rd e n . Id. 5 and neg l i gent hi r i ng cl ai m s, w hi ch t he t r i al courtgr ant ed. A ppel l antt i m el y f i l ed th i s a p p e a l , c l a i m i n g tha t t h e re i s s o m e ev i d e n c e o f his fal se i m p ri so n m e n t,
m al i ci ous pr osecut i on, and negl i gence cl ai m s. 2 I I I . Standar d ofRev i ew A f t erad equ at e t i m e f ordi sc ove ry, t he part y w i t hout t he bur den ofpr oof
m ay, w i t houtpr es ent i ng e vi den ce , m ove f or su m m ary j udgm enton t he gr ound th a t th e re i s n o e v i d e n c e to s u p p o rt a n e s s e n ti a l e l e m e n t o f th e n o n m o v a n t’s
c l a i m o r d e fe n s e . T EX . R. C IV . P . 1 6 6 a (i ). T h e m o ti o n m u st sp e c i fi c a l l ysta te th e e l e m e n ts fo r w h i c h th e re is n o e v i d e n c e . Id.; Jo h n s o nv. Bre wer & Pritch a rd

, P.C., 73 S. W . 3d 193, 207 ( Tex. 2002 ) . The t r i al cou rtm us tgr ant t he m ot i on un l ess t he non m ovant pr odu ces sum m ar y j udg m entevi dence t hat
ra i s e s a g e n u i n e i s s u e o f m a te ri a l fa c t. S eeT EX . R. C IV . P . 1 6 6 a (i ) & c m t.; S w. E le c . Po wer Co . v. Gra n t, 7 3 S .W .3 d 2 1 1 , 2 1 5 (T e x . 2 0 0 2 ). W h e n re v i e w i n g a n o e v i d e n c e s u m m a ry j u d g m e n t, w e e x a m i n e th e e n ti re
r e c o r d in t h e lig h t m o s tf a v o r a b le t o t h e n o n m o v a n t , in d u lg in g e v e r yre a s o n a b le3 ... A pp e l l a n t i nco r por at ed by r ef er enc e e veryt hi ng f i l ed ofr ec or d or

o th e rw i s e c o n ta i n e d i n th e c o u rt’s fi l e a s s u m m a ryj u d g m e n t e v i d e n c e . 6 i nf er enc e and r es ol vi ng anydoub t s aga i ns tt he m ot i on. Sudan v. Sudan, 199 3 S. W . 3d 291, 292 ( Tex. 2006 ) . I f t he nonm ova nt br i ngs f or w ar d m or e t han a sci nt i l l a of pr obati ve evi dence t hat r ai ses a genu i ne i ssue ofm at er i al f act , t hen
a n o e v i d e n c e s u m m a ry j u d g m e n t i s n o t p ro p e r. Moore v. K MartCor p. , 981 S .W .2 d 2 6 6 , 2 6 9 (T e x . A p p .— S a n A n to n i o 1 9 9 8 , p e t. d e n i e d ).

I V . Fa l seI m pr i so nm entan d M al i ci ousPr os ec ut i on I n t hei r m ot i on, A cadem y and O r m sby cl ai m ed t hatt her e w as no evi dence t hatt heyi ni t i at ed orpr ocu r ed a c r i m i nal pr os ec ut i on orf al sei m pr i so nm entof appel l ant . A ppe ll a n t ar gues t hatt her e i s som e evi dence supp ort i ng hi s f al se i m pr i so nm entan d m al i ci ous pr os ec ut i on cl ai m s. Beca us e t he ca us esofac t i on h a v e s i m i l a r e l e m e n ts , w e w i l l a d d re s s th e m to g e th e r. A. Fal seI m pr i so nm ent The e ss ent i al el em ent s of f al se i m pr i so nm ent ar e ( 1) a w i l l f ul de t ent i on, (2 ) w i th o u t c o n s e n t, a n d (3 ) w i th o u t a u th o ri tyo f l a w . W al-Ma rtStores, I

nc.
v. Ro dri g u ez, 9 2 S .W .3 d 5 0 2 , 5 0 6 ( T e x . 2 0 0 2 ). A d d i ti o n a l l y , i n T e x a s, l i a b i l i ty f o rf a ls e im p r is o n m e n te x t e n d s b e y o n d t h o s e w h o w illf u llyp a rt ic ip a t e in det ai ni ng t he com pl ai ni ng part y t o t hos e w ho r equ es tordi r ec tt he det ent i on. Id. a t507. Fal se i m pr i sonm ent ’ s f i r st el em ent m ay t hus be sat i sf i ed by con duct7

t hati s i nt end ed t o c aus e o ne t o be det ai ned , and i n f ac tca us est he det ent i on, eve n w hen t he ac t or doe s not part i ci pat e i n t he det ent i o n . Id. W hen t he
a l l e g e d d e ten ti o n res u l ts fr o m a n u n l a w fu l arres t, to p rov e i n sti g a ti o n , a p l a i n ti ff
m u s t s h o w th a t th e d e fe n d a n t c l e a rl yd i re c te d o r re q u e s te d th e a rre s t. Id. Th us, t o hol d a t hi r d part y l i abl e f ori nst i gat i ng t he det ent i on, t he actofar r est
m us tbe m adeby t he of f i ce r , not of hi s or her ow n vol i t i on, butt o c ar r y ou tt he
re q u e s t o f th e d e fe n d a n t. Id. H ow eve r , a pr i vat e c i t i z en w ho m er el y r epo rt s a cr i m e and i den t i f i est he
su sp ec tt o l aw en f or ce m entau t hor i t i esha s notr equ es te d ordi r ec t ed t he suspect ’ s ar r est and w i l l not be l i abl e f or i nst i gat i ng a subseque n t f a l se i m p ri s o n m e n t. Id. A ci t i zen has a cl ear l egal r i ght t o r eport cr i m i nal m i scondu ct t o a ut hor i t i esev en w hen t he r epo rt i ng pa rt y m i st ak enl y i den t i f i est he w r ong p e rso n s o lo n g as the rep o rt i n g p a rt yl e a v e s to the p o l i c e the d e c i sion as to
w hatshal l be done ab out any ar r est , w i t hou t per suadi ng ori nf l uenci ng t hem . Id. a t 5 0 7

– 0 8 . B. M al i ci ousPr os ec ut i on To pr eva i l on a m al i ci ous pr os ec ut i on c l ai m , a pl ai nt i f fm us tes t abl i sh ( 1 ) t h e c o mme n c e me n to fa c r i mi n a l p r o s e c u t i o n a g a i n s tt he p l a i n ti ff, ( 2) ca us at i on ( i ni t i at i on or pr ocu r em ent ) of t he ac t i on by t he d e fen d a n t,8

(3 ) te rm i n a ti o n o f th e p ro s e c u ti o n i n th e p l a i n ti ff’s fa v o r, ( 4) t he pl ai nt i f f ’ s i nno cence, ( 5) t he absence ofpr obab l e cause f ort he pr oceedi ngs, ( 6) m al i ce i n f i l i ng t he cha r ge, an d (7 ) d a m a g e to th e p l a i n ti ff. Ri c h e yv. Bro o ksh i

reGro c eryCo ., 9 5 2 S .W .2 d 5 1 5 , 5 1 7 (T e x . 1 9 9 7 ). A per son i ni t i at es a cr i m i nal pr osecut i on if h e m a k es a f or m al char ge t o l aw e n fo rc e m e n t a u th o ri ti e s . Bro wn i ng -Ferri sIn dus ., I

n c . v. L i

e ck, 881 S . W . 2d 288 , 292 ( Tex. 1994 ) . A per so n pr ocu r es a cr i m i nal pr os ec ut i on i fhi s ac t i ons ar e e nough t o c ause th e p ros ec ut i on, an d butf orhi s ac t i ons t he pr os ec ut i on
w o u l d n o t h a v e o c c u rre d . Id. I n o th e r w o rds , p ro c u r e m e n t r e q u i res tha t a per son ’s a c t i ons be both a necess ar y and a suf f i ci entcause oft he cr i m i nal p ro s e c u ti o n . Id. Th us, a per son canno tpr ocur e a cr i m i nal pr osecut i on w hen th e d e c i s i o n w h e th e r to p ro s e c u te i s l e ft to th e d i s c re ti o n o f a n o th e r p e rs o n , a l a w e n fo rc e m e n t o fficia l , o r th e g ra n d j u ry . Id. Bec aus e m al i ci ouspr os ec ut i on ac t i onsi nvol ve a d el i ca t e b al anc e b et w ee n s oci et y’ s i nt er est i n t he ef f i ci ent
e n f o r c e me n t o f t h e c r i mi n a l l a w a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’ s i n t e r e s t i n f r e e d om f r om unj us t i f i abl e a nd op pr es si ve cr i m i nal pr os ec ut i on, a per so n i s notl i abl e f or
m e re l ya i d i n g o r c o o p e ra ti n g i n c a u s i n g a c ri m i n a l p ro s e c u ti o n . Id.; see al so Ri ch e y, 9 5 2 S .W .2 d a t 5 1 7 .9

C . Pr ocu r em entan d I ns t i gat i ng The Tex asSupr em e Courtha s not ed t he si m i l ar i t y be t w ee n t he ca us at i on st and ar ds of“ pr ocu r i ng” a cr i m i nal pr oce edi ng, w hi ch i s r equ i r ed f or a m al i ci ous pr osecut i on cl ai m , and “i nst i gat i ng” a n a rre st , w hi ch i s an el em entofa f al se i m p ri s o n m e n t c l a i m . See W al
-Ma rt, 9 2 S .W .3 d at 5 0 9 . F o r a d e fen d a n t t o pr ocu r e p r oce edi ngs , i tm us tap pea rt ha t h i s des i r e t o ha ve t he pr oce edi ngs i ni t i at ed, ex pr es se d byhi s di r ec t i on, r equ es t , orpr es su r e o fan y k i nd, w ast he d e te rm i n i n g fa c to r i n th e o fficia l ’s d e c i s i o n to c o m m e n c e th e p ro s e c u ti o n . Id. Thus , m u c h l i ke t he i ni t i at i on ofa f al sei m pr i so nm ent , t he pr ocu r em entof
c ri m i n a l p ro c e e d i n g s re q u i re s a d i re c ti o n o r re q u e s t fo r th e a c ti o n ta k e n . Id. A l so , l i ke t he f al sei m pr i so nm e n t ru l e , m er el y r epo rt i ng a cr i m e a nd t he
su sp e c ted cri m i n a l to l a w en fo rce m e n t a u th o ri ti e s d o e s n o t co n sti tu te pr ocu r em entofcr i m i nal pr oce edi ng s w h e n t he aut hor i t i esex er ci sedi sc r et i on i n d e c i d i n g w h e th e r to p ro s e c u te . Id. H ow ever , a per son r epor tin g c r i m i nal condu ctt o t he aut hor i t i es m ay nevert hel ess be consi der ed t o have pr ocur ed t he pr oceedi ngs i fhe pr ovi des i n fo rm a ti o n t h a t h e k n o w s i s fa l s e . Id. Th i s except i on t o t he r ul e i s j ust i f i ed b e c a u se a p e r s o n w h o p rov i d e s fa l se i n fo rm a ti o n ca n n o t l a ter co m p l a i n i f a p r o s e c u to r a c ts o n i t. Id. S u c h a p e r s o n h a s p r o c u r e d t h e r e su l t i ng pr os ec ut i on, re g a rd l es s oft he ac t i onsoft he pr os ec ut or , an d t he ca us at i on4 ... O f f ic e rS c o t tt e s t if ie d t h a tO r m s b yt o ld h im n o tt o c o n t a c tP e r r y -A lm

bec aus e s he no l onge rw or ke d a tA ca dem y; how eve r , O f f i ce rScottdi d a t t em pt 10 e l e m e n t f o r m a l i c i o u s p ros e c u ti o n i s s a ti sfi e d ; th i s s a m e rea so n i n g ap p l i e s w i th
e q u a l fo rc e i n th e fa l s e i m p ri s o n m e n t c o n te x t. Id. D . A n a ly s is A l t hou gh nei t her O r m sby nor A cadem y part i ci pat ed i n appel l ant ’ s ar r est and de t ent i on, ap pel l antar gue s t hatO r m sb y s el ec t ed hi m i n t he phot o l i ne- up k n o w in g tha t he d i d n o t co m m i t t h e cri m e , w h i c h h e clai m s a m o u n ted to d i re c ti n g th e p o l i c e to a rre s t h i m . A ca dem y e m pl oye esO r m sb y a nd Pe r r y- A l m w i tn e ss ed t he sh opl i f t i ng i n c i d e n t a n d p ro v i d e d i n fo rm a ti o n to O ffice r D e n h a m re g a rd i n g th e s u s p e c t’s physi cal descr i pt i on. O r m sby l at er i denti f i ed appel l ant i n t he pho t o l i ne- up as t he per so n he be l i eve d w ast he sh opl i f t er . N ei t herO r m sb y a nd Pe r r y- A l m , nor A cadem y t hr oug h t hem , i denti f i ed a p p e ll antby nam e as t he shopl i f t er ; t hey
o n l yp ro v i d e d th e p o l i c e w i th a p h y s i c a l d e s c ri p ti o n o f th e s h o p l i fte r. A d d i ti o n a l l y , O rm s b yh a d n e v e r h e a rd o f a p p e l l a n t u n ti l h e w a s to l d a p p e l l a n t’s
nam e a f t eri den t i f yi ng hi m ast he sh op l i fte r i n t he phot o l i ne- up. Appel l ant pr odu ced no evi dence t o show t hatO r m sby knew he w a s p ro v idi ng f al se i n fo rm a ti o n . A t no ti m e d i d A c a d e m yo r O rm sb y d o m u c h m o re th a n rep o rta cr i m e a nd m i st ak enl y i den t i f y t he w r ong p er so n. S e ei d. a t 5 0 7 . 4t o c o n t a c th e rt o h a v e h e rre v ie w t h e p h o t o lin e -u p b u tw a s u n s u c c e s s f u l. 11 Furth e rm or e, ap pel l antpr oduc ed no e vi den ce t o s how t hatA ca dem y, O r m sb y, orPer r y- A l m co nt ac t ed Par ol e Of f i ce r B ra ndon orO f f i ce rScot tan d
re q u e s te d o r d i re c te d a p p e l l a n t’s a rre s t. See i d. ; Li eck , 881 S. W . 2d a t292 . Par ol e Of f i ce rBr and on ha d t he di sc ret i on t o f i l e a pa r ol e v i ol at i on r epo rton app el l antaft erO f f i ce rScot t to l d hert hatap pel l antw asa su sp ec ti n a sh opl i f t i ng i nci den t . Pa r ol e O f f i ce r Br and on di d notco nduc tan y i nve st i gat i on aft ers pea ki ng w i t h O f f i ce r Scot t , nordi d s he hav e a ny i nde pen den ti nf or m at i on ot hert hatw hatO f f i cerSco t tt ol d her . A ddi t i onal l y, O f f i cerSco t tst at ed t hat t hep ol i c e d e pa rt m e ntd e c i de d t o c ha r gea pp e l l a ntw i t h t he f tu nd e r$1, 500 bec aus e o fhi s t w o pr i orco nvi ct i ons an d t hat he t hen su bm i t t ed t he ca set o t he di st r i ctatt or ney ’ s of f i ce . O f f i ce r Scot t m ade t he det er m i nat i on t o f or w ar d t he
ca se t o t he di st r i ct at t or ney ’ s of f i ce . H e al so st at ed t hat nei t her A ca dem y no r O r m sby pr essur ed hi m t o r ef ert he case t o t he di st r i ctat t or ney’ s of f i ce. Becau se a pr i vat e ci t i zen w h o repo rt s a cr i m e and m i st akenl y i denti f i es t he w r ong p er so n ha s notr equ es t ed ordi r ec t ed t he su s p e c t’s a r r es t , an d bec aus e t her e i s no evi den ce t heykn ow i ngl y pr ovi ded f al sei nf or m at i on t o t he p o l i c e , n e i th e r A c a d e m yn o r O r m s b yi s l i a b l e fo r i n s ti g a ti n g a p p e l l a n t’s
s u b s e q u e n ti m p r is o n m e n to rf o rp r o c u r in g c r im in a l p r o c e e d in g s a g a in s th im .12

S e eW a l-Ma rt, 9 2 S .W .3 d a t 5 0 7 ; Li eck , 8 8 1 S .W .2 d at 2 9 2 . T h e ch o i c e to det ai n a nd a r r es tap pel l ant w as m adeby t he pol i ce de part m entan d notatt he di r ec t i on ori ns t r uct i on ofei t herO r sm by o rA ca dem y. A ddi t i ona l l y, t he dec i si on
w h e th e r t o a r r es tan d pr os ec ut e a ppe l l antw asl eftt o t he di sc r et i on oft he O f f i c e r S c o tt, P a ro l e O ffice r B ra n d o n , a n d th e d i s tri c t a tto rn e y ’s o ffice . S ee W a l-Ma rt, 9 2 S .W .3 d a t 5 0 7 ; Li eck , 88 1 S . W . 2d at29 2. Ther ef or e, t he t r i al
courtdi d not er ri n r ender i ng sum m ar y ju d g m e n tf orappel l ees on t he f al se i m p ri s o n m entan d m al i ci ouspr os ec ut i on c l ai m s. W e o ver r ul e t hi s port i on of appel l ant ’ s sol e i ssue.

V . N egl i gen tH i r i ng,Tr ai ni ng,Ret ent i on,an d Supe rvi si on A ca dem y a l so f i l ed a n o e v i d e ncem ot i on f ors um m ary j udgm enton appel l ant ’ s negl i gence cl ai m s. A ppel l antar gues t hat t her e i s som e evi dence th a t A c a d e m yn e g l i g e n tl yh i re d , tra i n e d , re ta i n e d , a n d s u p e rv i s e d O rm s b y . A . A ppl i cabl e Law N e g lig e n th ir in g , r e t e n t io n , a n d s u p e r v is io n c la im s a r e a ll s im p le negl i genc e causes ofact i on based on an em pl oyer ’ s di r ectnegl i gence r at her th a n o n v i c a ri o u s l i a b i l i ty . Mo rri sv. J T MMa teri

a l s, I n c ., 78 S. W . 3d 28, 49 (T e x . A p p .— F o rt W o rth 2 0 0 2 , n o p e t.). The e l em ent s ofa neg l i gen ce ac t i on ar e d ut y, a br ea ch o f th a tdut y, an d da m age s pr oxi m at el y c aus ed by t he b re a c h . Id. ; s e e a l

s o Gre a ter Ho us to n T ra n sp . Co . v. P

h i l l i p s, 801 S . W . 2d 523,5 ... F o r pu rpo se s o f ou r an a l y si s , w e a ss u m e w i th o u t de c i d i n g tha t a

c a u s e o f a c ti o n fo r n e g l i g e n t tra i n i n g e x i s tsu n d e r T e x a s l a w . See TXI Transp. Co . v. Hugh es, 2 2 4 S .W .3 d 8 7 0 , 9 0 2 n .3 9 ( T e x . A p p .— F o rtW o rt h 2 0 0 7 , p e t. g r a n t e d ) ( o b s e r v i n g t h a tt h e W a c o c o u rth a s r e c o g n i z e d “a negl i gen ttrai

ni ng 13 5 2 5 (T e x . 1 9 9 0 ). A n e m p lo y e ro w e s a d u t yt o t h e g e n e r a l p u b lic t o a s c e rt a in t he qual i f i cat i ons and com p e te n ce oft he em pl oyees i thi r es, especi al l y w hen t he em pl oye esar e e nga ged i n occ upa t i ons t hat r equ i r e sk i l l orex per i enc e a nd th a t c o u l d b e h a z a r d o u s t o th e s a fe tyo f o th e rs . Mo rri s, 78 S. W . 3d a t49. T h e r e f o r e , a n e m p lo y e ris lia b le f o r n e g lig e n th ir in g , r e t e n t io n , o rs u p e r v is io n if i thi r esan i nco m pet ent or unf i t em pl oye e w hom i t kno w s, or by t he exe r ci seof
r ea so nab l e c ar e s houl d ha ve kno w n, w as i nco m pet entorunf i t , t her ebycr ea t i ng a n u n re a s o n a b l e ri s ko f h a rm to o th e rs . Id. N e g l i g e n c e i n h i ri n g o r r e ten tio n req u i res tha t t h e em p l o y e r’ s fa i l u re to i nvest i gat e, scr een, orsuper vi se i t s em pl oyees p r oxi m at el y cause t he i nj ur i es th e p l a i n ti ff a l l e g e s . F ifthCl ub, I n c . v. Ra m i

rez, 196 S. W . 3d 788, 796 ( Tex. 2 0 0 6 ). A n e m p l o y e r i s n o t n e g l i g e n t w h e n th e re i s n o th i n g i n th e e m p l o y e e ’s bac kgr ound t hat w oul d ca us e a r ea so nab l e em pl oye r not t o hi r e o r re ta i n t he
e m p l o y e e . Id.; Oggv. D i l l a rd ’sIn c ., 23 9 S . W . 3d 40 9, 42 1 ( Tex . A pp. — D al l as 20 07 , pet . deni ed. ) . To est abl i sh a cl ai m f or negl i gent t r ai ni ng, a pl ai nt i f fm ust pr ove t hata r ea so nab l y pr ude nt em pl oye r w oul d hav e pr ovi ded t r ai ni ng be yond t hatw hi ch w as gi ven and t hatf ai l ur e t o do so caused hi s i nj ur i es. S ee 5th e o ryo f re c o v e ry ” ); s e e a l s o Bui lders T ra n sp o rt, In c . v. G ri c e -Sm ith, 167 S .W . 3 d 1 , 1 0 (T e x . A p p .— W a c o 2 0 0 5 , n o p e t.), j udgm ’twithdrawn a nd s up ers e de d

o nreh ’g , 1 6 7 S .W .3 d 1 8 (T e x . A p p .— W a c o 2 0 0 5 , p e t. d e n i e d ); A l l s up ’sCo n ven i

en c eS to re s, In c . v. W a rren, 934 S. W . 2d 433, 437 ( Tex. A p p .— A m a ri l l o 1 9 9 6 , w ri t d e n i e d ). 14 A l l s up ’sCo n ven i

en c eS to re s, In c . v. W a rren, 934 S. W . 2d 433, 437 ( Tex. A pp. — A m ar i l l o 1996, w r i tde n i e d ) . To e st abl i sh a cl ai m f orne gl i gen t
su p e rvi sion , a p l a i n ti ff m u st sh o w tha t an em p l o y e r’ s fa i l u r e t o su p e rvi se i ts
e m p l o y e e s c a u s e d h i s i n j u ri e s . S e eK n i gh t v. CityS tre e ts, L .L .C., 167 S . W . 3d 5 8 0 , 5 8 4 (T e x . A p p .— H o u s to n [1 4 th D i s t.] 2 0 0 5 , n o p e t.); Mo rri s, 78 S. W . 3d
a t 4 9 . A p pe l l e e s ’ m ot i on c l a i m e d t ha ta pp e l l a nth a d no e vi de nc e o fp r ox i m a te
ca us e. The com pone nt s ofpr oxi m at e c aus e a r e ca us e- i n- f ac t and f or se ea bi l i t y. K n i gh t, 167 S. W . 3d at584. To e st abl i sh t hatA ca dem y’s a c ti o ns w er e t he pr oxi m at e cause of appel l ant ’ s i nj ur i es, appel l antm ustpr odu ce evi dence t hat
r ai s e s a ge nui ne i ss ue ofm at er i al f ac tt hatA ca dem y’ s ac t i ons i n hi r i ng,
r e t a in in g , t r a in in g , a n d s u p e r v is in g O r m s b yw e r e t h e c a u s e -in

- f a c t o fh is i n j u ri e s . S e ei

d ; se ea l s o F ifthClub, 1 9 6 S .W .3 d a t 7 9 6 ; Mo rri s, 78 S. W . 3d at 4 9 ; A l l s up ’s, 934 S . W . 2d a t437.6 ... T h e tri a l c o u rt s u s ta i n e d a p p e l l e e s ’ o bj e c ti o n s to a p p e l l a n t’s e x p e rt

r eporton negl i gent hi r i ng, t r ai ni ng, r et ent i on, and super vi si on; a p pel l antdoes notap pea l t hatr ul i ng. 15 B . A n a ly s is Ther e i s no evi den ce t o su pportap pel l ant ’ s neg l i gen ce cl ai m s. Appel l ant ci t ed O r m sb y’ s di sc har ge f r om t he m i l i t ary f ora dep r e s s i ve di so r deran d O r m sb y’ s f ai l ur e t o pr ovi de su f f i ci entde t ai l on t he pol i ce r epo rtasev i den ce of A cadem y’ s negl i gent hi r i ng, t r ai ni ng, r et ent i on, and super vi si on. A ppel l antal so i ncl uded A cadem y’ s associ at e hand boo k, cor e val ues, and secur i t y pr ocedu r es i n i t s r es pons e t o a ppe l l ee s’ m ot i on f ors um m ary j udgm entasev i den ce of A c a d e m y ’ s n e g l i g e n t h i ri n g , tra i n i n g , re te n ti o n , a n d s u p e rv i s i o n . H o w e v e r, appel l antf ai l s t o expl ai n how t hi s evi dence r el at es t o hi s cl ai m s. R egar dl ess, t her e i s nothi ng i n O r m sby’ s em pl oyee r ecor d t o show t hat h e w a s i n c o m p e te n t o r u n fi t fo r A c a d e m y to h i re . S e eF ifthClub, 196 S . W . 3d
a t 7 9 6 ; Ogg, 23 9 S . W . 3d at 42 2. Th er e i s al so no evi dence t hatO r m sby w as i ncom pet ent or unfi t f or a posi t i on as a l oss pr event i on em pl oy e e s u c h that A c a d e m yw a s n e g l i g e n t i n re ta i n i n g h i m a fte r h e w a s h i re d . See F ifth Club, 1 9 6 S .W .3 d a t 7 9 6 ; Ogg, 239 S. W . 3d at422. Addi t i ona l l y, t her e i s no evi den c e th a t A ca dem y s houl d ha ve pr ovi ded m or e t r ai ni ng ors upe r vi si on bey ond t hatw hi ch w asgi ven . S e eA l l s up ’s, 9 3 4 S .W .2 d a t 4 3 7 . 616

Furt her m or e, aspr evi ous l y not ed, t her e i s no e vi den ce t hatA ca dem y or O r m sby pr oxi m at el y caused appel l ant ’ s i nj ur i es because, as addr essed above, t h e y we r e n o t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a p p e l l a n t ’ s a r r e s t o r d e t e n t i o n . Or ms b yst at ed th a t A c a d e m y ’s p o l i c yw a s to refe r sh o p l i fti n g c a se s to th e p o l i c e d e p a rt m e n t; af t ert hat , i tw as beyond A cadem y’ s cont r ol as t o t he di sposi t i on oft he case. A ppe l l antdi d notpr oduc e e vi den ce t o s how a l i nk bet w ee n O rm s b y ’s dep r es si ve di so r der , A ca dem y’ s t r ai ni ng pr oce dur es , and O r m sb y’ s pot ent i al or a c tu a l j o b p e rf o rm a n c e . T h u s, ap p e l l a n t did n o t pre se n t an yev i d e n c e to
con nec t A ca dem y’ s al l ege d neg l i gen t hi r i ng, t r ai ni ng, r et ent i on, ors upe r vi si on to a p p e l l a n t’s i n j u ri e s . S e eF ifthClub, 1 9 6 S .W .3 d a t 7 9 6 . T h e re fo re , b e c a u s e a p p e l l a n t d i d n o t p re s e n t a n ye v i d e n c e o f A c a d e m y ’s negl i gence and because A cadem y and O r m sby w er e nott he pr oxi m at e cause ofap pel l ant ’ s i nj ur i es , w e c onc l ude t hatt he t r i al c o u rt d i d noter ri n gr ant i ng su mma r yj u d g me n tf o ra p p e l l e e s a n d d i s mi s s a p p e l l a n t ’ s n e g l i g e n thi r i ng, t r ai ni ng, r et ent i on, a nd s upe r vi si on c l ai m s. W e o ver r ul e t hi s port i on of appel l ant ’ s sol e i ssue.17 V I . Concl us i on H a v i n g o v e rru l e d a p p e l l a n t’s s o l e i s s u e , w e a ffir m th e tri a l c o u rt’s
su m m ary j udgm enti n f avo rofA ca dem y a nd Or m sb y.

T E R R I E L I VI NGS T ON J U S T I C E PA N EL: L I V I N G STO N , D A U PH I N O T, an d HO LM A N , JJ. DEL I VERE D: Aug us t14, 2008