md Irrgalion Paper No. 206 Series P, Hydrographio Progress Reports, 60 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES I). WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY

OF

f LAKES AND ST. LAWRENCE 

IIYER DRAINAGES, 1906

H. K. BARROWS 

A. H. HORTON

DISTRICT HYDROGKAFEBKS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOH 

1907
Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 206 Series P, Hydrographic Progress Reports, 60 

DEPAETMENT OF THE INTEEIOE

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY

OF

GREAT LAKES AND ST. LAWRENCE 

RIVER DRAINAGES, 1906

H. K. BARROWS w..

A. H. HORTON w*ter Resources Branch,

DISTBICT HYDROGRAPHERS

Box 31 06, Crofc Station "

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1907
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.............._..._......-.-...-.......-.-.-..-.-.-..-.--.... 1

Scope of work_._._..._......_..-........-....-....-.-......-.-... 1

Definitions....................................................... 3

Explanation and use of tables ...-...-.-....-......-...-......-..-.. 4

Convenient equivalents ........................................... 6

Field methods of measuring stream flow ............-...-.-..----.. 7

Office methods of computing run-off ............................... 13

Cooperation and acknowledgments ................................ 16

Lake Michigan drainage _..-....-.__-_-..-_..-.-.-.-.--.---.-.-....-.--.-. 16

General features...................................................... 16

Escanaba River basin .-._.........--..._.-.-.-.-.-.-.--...---.--_...-. 17

Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich...._-_...-.._._...------..... 17

Menominee River basin............................................... 18

Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich ...................... 18

Peshtigo River drainage basin................................. ....... 20

Description of basin .............................................. 20

Peshtigo River survey ............................................ 20

Peshtigo River at Crivitz, Wis............_........................ 20

Peshtigo River at Herman's farm, near Crivitz, "Wis ................ 21

Oconto River drainage basin .......................................... 23

Description of basin .............................................. 23

Oconto River at Gillett, AVis ...................................... 23

Oconto River at Stiles, Wis........................................ 24

AVolf River basin..................................................... 24

Description of basin .............................................. 24

AVolf River at Darrow's bridge, near Shawano, AAris................. 25

AVolf River at AAT hite House bridge, near Shawano, AAT is............. 25

St. Joseph River basin................................................ 26

Description of basin............................................... 26

St. Joseph River at Mendon, Mich................................. 27

St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mich............................. 27

Kalamazoo River basin ............................................... 28

Description of basin .............................................. 28

Kalamazoo River near Allegan, Mich.............................. 29

Reeds Springs, near Albion, Mich.................................. 30

Grand River basin.................................................... 30

Description of basin .............................................. 30

Grand River, North Lansing, Mich ................................ 30

Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich............................... 32

Muskegon River basin ................................................ 33

Description of basin .............................................. 33

Muskegon River at Newaygo, Mich-............................... 34

in
IV CONTENTS.

Lake Michigan drainage Continued. Page.

Manistee River basin .......... ....................................... 35

Description of basin .............................................. 35

Manistee River, near Sherman, Midi.............................. 35

Lake Huron drainage..................................................... 36

General features...................................................... 36

Au Sable River basin................................................. 36

Description of basin .............................................. 36

Au Sable River at Bam field, Mich ................................. 36

Rifle River basin ....................I................................ 38

Description of basin .............................................. 38

Rifle River, near Sterling, Mich................................... 38

Saginaw River basin..........,._..........._.................._....__ 39

Description of basin .............................................. 39

Tittabawassee River at Freeland, Mich ............................ 39

Lake Erie drainage....................................................... 40

General features ..................................................... 40

Huron River basin ................................................... 41

Description of basin .............................................. 41

Huron River at Dexter, Mich ..................................... 41

Huron River at Geddes, Mich..................................... 42

Huron River at Flatrock, Mich ................................... 42

Maumee River basin ................................................. 44

Description of basin .............................................. 44

Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio .............................. 44

St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind .............................. 46

St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind............................... 47

Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio .................................. 49

Black River basin.................................................... 50

Black River near Elyria, Ohio .................................... 50

Cuyahoga River basin ................................................ 53

Description of basin .............................................. 53

Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio............................ 53

Lake Ontario drainage..................................................... 54

General features...................................................... 54

Genessee River basin................................................. 54

Description of basin .............................................. 54

Genessee River and Canaserago Creek near Mount Morris, N. Y..... 56

Genessee River at High Dam, near Mount Morris, X. Y ............ 57

Genessee River at Rochester, N. Y ................................ 58

Canadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, N. Y......................... 60

Honeoyo Creek at East Rush, N. Y ............................... 61

Osvvego River basin................................................... 62

Description of basin .............................................. 62

Oswego River at Battle Island, N. Y .............................. 62

Canandaigua outlet at Alloway, N. Y .............................. 63

Seneca Lake at Geneva, N. Y ..................................... 64

Cayuga Lake at Ithaca, N. Y...................................... 66

Seneca River at Baldwinsville, N. Y........................... ... 66

Skaneateles Lake outlet at Willow Glen, N. Y ..................... 67

Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y................................... 69

Oneida Creek at Kenwood, X. Y .................................. 70

Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y........................... 71
CONTENTS. V

Lake Ontario drainage Continued. Page.

Salmon River basin ...................................._............. 72

Description of basin ........--..-...........-.---..---...-.-.--... 72

Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.................................. 73

Black River basin.................................................... 75

Description of basin .............................................. 75

Black River near Felts Mills, N. Y ................................ 75

Moose River at Moose River, N. Y ................................ 76

St. Lawrence River drainage .............................................. 78

General features............................ .......................... 78

Oswegatchie River basin.............................................. 78

Description of basin .............................................. 78

Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, X. Y......................... 79

Raquette River basin ................................................. 81

Description of basin ................ ..............^................ 81

Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y .......................... 82

Lake Champlain drainage basin ....................................... 84

Description of basin .............................................. 84

Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y......................... 84

Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y............................... 86

Otter Creek at Middlebury, Art.................................... 87

Winooski River at Richmond, Yt.................................. 89
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Map of United States showing location of principal river stations

maintained during 1906 ....-.......-......-....-._.......-.... 2

II. A, Current-meter rating station, Los Angeles, Cal.; B, Pricecurrent meters................................................ 10

III. Falls on Peshtigo River, Wis.; A, High Falls (40-foot fall); B,

Caldron Falls (55-foot fall) .................................... 20

FIG. 1. Cable station, showing section of river, car, gage, etc................ 11

2. Typical discharge, area, and mean-velocity curves .................. 15

VI
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF THE GREAT LAKES AND ST. 

LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGES, 1906.°

H. K. BARROWS and A. H. HORTON,

District Hydrographers. b

INTRODUCTION.

SCOPE OF WORK.

The water supply of the United States is of more importance to the 

life and pursuits of the people than is any other natural resource. In 

the arid States the limit of agricultural development is determined 

by the amount of water available for irrigation; while in all parts of 

the country the increase in the population of cities and towns makes 

necessary additional water supplies for domestic and industrial uses, 

in procuring which both the quantity and the quality of the water 

that may be obtained must be considered. The location of manufacturing plants may depend largely on the water-power facilities 

and on the character of the water. The notable advances made in 

the electric transmission of power have led to the utilization of water 

powers for the operation of manufacturing establishments, railroads, 

and municipal lighting plants, many of which are at some distance 

from the places at which the power is developed.

The intelligent establishment and maintenance of enterprises or 

industries that depend on the use of water demands a thorough 

knowledge of the flow of the streams and an understanding of the 

conditions affecting that flow. This knowledge should be based on 

data showing both the total flow and the distribution of the flow 

throughout the year, in order that normal fluctuations may be provided for. As the flow of a stream is variable from year to year, estimates of future flow can be made only from a study of observations

a This report contains information similar to that published in previous years under the title "Report 

on Progress of Stream Measurements."

& The data presented in this report were collected as follows:

New York and New England under the direction of II. K. Barrows, assisted by Robert E. Horton 

and C. C. Covert.

Michigan and Wisconsin, A. II. Horton, district hydrographer, assisted by M. S. Brennan, L. S. 

Smith, V. II. Reineking, and D. H. Dugan.

The preparation of the data for publication has been under the direction of John C. Hoyt, assisted 

by R. H. Bolster, Robert Follansbee, F. F. Henshaw, J. E. Stewart, and II. D. Padgett.
2 SUEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

covering several years. The rapid increase in the development of the 

water resources of the United States has caused a great demand by 

engineers for information in regard to the flow of streams, as it is now 

generally realized that the failure of many large power, irrigation, and 

other projects has been due to the fact that the plans were made 

without sufficient trustworthy information in respect to the water 

supply.

Owing to the broad scope of these hydrographic investigations and 

the length of time they should cover in order that the records may be 

of greatest value, it is in general impossible for private individuals to 

collect the necessary data, and as many of the streams traverse more 

than one State this work does not properly fall within the province 

of the State authorities. The United States Geological Survey has 

therefore, by means of specific appropriations by Congress, for several 

years systematically made records of stream flow, with the view of 

ultimately determining all the important features governing the flow 

of the principal streams of the country. In carrying out this plan 

stations are established on the streams and maintained for a period 

long enough to show their regimen or general behavior. When a 

record that is sufficient for this purpose has been obtained for any 

stream the work on that stream is discontinued. The order in which 

the streams are measured is determined by the degree of their importance.

During 1906 the regimen of flow was studied at about 700 stations 

distributed along the various rivers throughout the United States, as 

shown on PI. I. In addition to these records data in regard to precipitation, evaporation, water power, and river profiles were obtained 

in many sections of the country.

These data have been assembled by drainage areas, and are published in a series of fourteen Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers 

Nos. 201 to 214, inclusive, each of which pertains to the surface water 

resources of a group of adjacent areas. In these papers are embodied 

not only the data collected in the field, but also the results of computations based on these data, and other information that has a direct 

bearing on the subject, such as descriptions of basins and the streams 

draining them, utility of the water resources, etc. The list follows:

Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers on Surface Water Supply, 1906.

201. Surface water supply of New England, 1906 (Atlantic Coast of New England 

drainage).

202. Surface water supply of the Hudson, Passaic, Raritan, and Delaware river drainages, 1906.

203. Surface water supply of the Middle Atlantic States, 1906. (Susquehanna, Gunpowder, Patapsco, Potomac, James, Roanoke, and Yadkin river drainages.)

204. Surface water supply of the Southern Atlantic and Eastern Gulf States, 1906. 

(Santee, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha rivers and eastern Gulf of Mexico
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 206 PL. 1

127° 125° 123° 121° 119" U7° 116° 113 111° 109 107° 105 103' 101 87° 85° 83° 81° 79° 77° 75° 73° 71 97° 95° 93° 91°

C, J. Pettrs & Son Co., Endrs., Boston

MAP OF UNITED STATES SHOWING LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL RIVER STATIONS MAINTAINED DURING 1906.
INTRODUCTION.

205. Surface water supply of the Ohio and lower eastern Mississippi river drainages, 

1906.

206. Surface water supply of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River drainages, 1906.

207. Surface water supply of the upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay drainage, 

1906.

208. Surface water supply of the Missouri River drainage, 1906.

209. Surface water supply of the lower western Mississippi River drainage, 1906.

210. Surface water supply of the western Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande drainages, 1906.

211. Surface water supply of the Colorado River drainage above Yuma, 1906.

212. Surface water supply of the Great Basin drainage, 1906.

213. Surface water supply of California, 1906. (The Great Basin and Pacific Ocean 

drainage in California, and Colorado River drainage below Yuma.)

214. Surface water supply of the North Pacific Coast drainages, 1906.

The records at most of the stations discussed in these reports 

extend over a series of years. An index of the reports containing such 

records up to and including 1903 has been published in Water-Supply 

Paper No. 119. The following table gives, by years and primary 

drainage basins, the numbers of the papers on the surface water supply, published from 1901 to 1906.

Numbers of water-supply papers containing results of stream measurements, 1901-1906. «

Hudson, Passaic, Raritan, and Delaware river

Susquehanna, Gunpowder, Patapsco, Potomac, 

James, Roanoke, and Yadkin river drainages. . .... 

Santee, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha river

Ohio and lower eastern Mississippi river drainages. . .

Hudson Bay and upper eastern and western MissisMeramec, Arkansas, Red, and lower western MissisWestern Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande drainages ....

The Great Basin and Pacific Ocean drainages in California and Colorado River drainage below Yuma. . .

1901.

No. 

/ 65 

I 75 

( 65 

I 75 

J 65 

I 75 

f 65 

I 75 

f 65 

\ 75 

65 

( 65 

\ 66 

1 75 

f 66 

\ 75 

J 66 

i 75 

f 66 

I 75 

1 66 

I 75 

f 66 

1 75 

J 66 

I 75 

/ 66 

1 75

1902.

No. 

| 82

| 82

82 

83

| 83

| 83

83 

83 

84 

85 } « 

} « 

} 8<

} 85 

|- 85

1 |85K

1903.

No. 

97

97

97 

98

98

98

97 

98 

99 

100

99 

99 

99 

100 

100 

100 

100

1904.

No. 

124

125 

| 126 

126

128 

129

) 128 

j" 130

r 130

t 131 

131

132 

133 

133 

134 

135

1905.

No. 

165

166 

167 

168

169 

170

} m 

} , 

173 

174 

175

175 

177 

178

1906.

No. 

201

202 

203 

204

205 

206

207

208 

209 

210~ 

211 

211 

213 

214

DEFINITIONS.

The volume of water flowing in a stream the "run-off" or "discharge" is expressed in various terms, each of which has become 

associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided 

into two groups (1) those which represent a rate of flow, as secondfeet, gallons per minute, miner's inches, and run-off in second-feet

o Reports containing data for years prior to 1901 are noted in the series list at the end of this paper.
4 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

per square mile, and (2) those which represent the actual quantity 

of water, as run-off in depth in inches and acre-feet. They may be 

defined as follows:

"Second-foot" is an abbreviation for cubic foot per second and is 

the quantity of water flowing in a stream 1 foot wide, 1 foot deep, at a 

rate of 1 foot per second. It is generally used as a fundamental unit 

from which others are computed.

"Gallons per minute" is generally used in connection with pumping 

and city water supply.

The "miner's inch" is the quantity of water that passes through an 

orifice 1 inch square under a head which varies locally. It has been 

commonly used by miners and irrigators throughout the West and is 

defined by statute in each State in which it is used.

"Second-feet per square mile " is the average number of cubic feet of 

water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on 

the assumption that the run-off is distributed uniformly both as 

regards time and area.

"Run-off in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would 

be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were conserved and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used for comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in depth in 

inches.

"Acre-foot" is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, and is the quantity 

required to cover an acre to the depth "of 1 foot. It is commonly used 

in connection with storage for irrigation work. There is a convenient 

relation between the second-foot and the acre-foot: One secondfoot flowing for twenty-four hours will deliver 86,400 cubic feet, or 

approximately 2 acre-feet.

EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES.

For each regular gaging station are given, as far as available, the 

following data:

1. Description of station.

2. List of discharge measurements.

3. Gage-height table.

4. Rating table.

5. Table of monthly and yearly discharges and run-off.

6. Tables showing discharge and horsepower and the number of 

days during the year when the same are available.

The descriptions of stations give such general information about the 

locality and equipment as would enable the reader to find and use the 

station, and they also.give, as far as possible, a complete history of 

all the changes that have occurred since the establishment of the station that would be factors in using the data collected.

The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge
INTRODUCTION. 5

measurements made during the year, including the date, the name of 

the hydrographer, the width and area of cross section, the gage 

height, and the discharge in second-feet.

The table of daily gage heights gives the daily fluctuations of the 

surface of the river as found from the mean of the gage heights taken 

each day. The gage height given in the table represents the elevation 

of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. At most stations 

the gage is read in the morning and in the evening.

The discharge measurements and gage heights are the base data 

from which the other tables are computed. In cases of extensive 

development, it is expected that engineers will use these original data 

in making their calculations, as the computations made by the Survey are based on the data available at the time they are made and 

should be reviewed and, if necessary, revised when additional data are 

available.

The rating table gives the discharge in second-feet, corresponding to 

various stages of the river, as given by the gage heights. It is published to enable engineers to determine the daily discharge in case this 

information is desired.

In the table of monthly discharge the column headed "Maximum" 

gives the mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was highest, and it is the flow as given in the rating table for that mean gage 

height. As the gage height is the mean for the day, there might have 

been short periods when the water was higher and the corresponding 

discharge larger than given in this column. Likewise, in the column 

of "Minimum" the quantity given is the mean flow for the day when 

the mean gage height was lowest. The column headed "Mean" is 

the average flow for each second during the month. Upon this 

the computations for the remaining columns, which are denned on 

page 4, are based.

The values in the table of monthly discharge are intended to give 

only a general idea of the conditions of flow at the station, and it is 

not expected that they will be used for other than preliminary 

estimates.

In most work where data in regard to flow are used the regimen 

of flow is of primary importance. Therefore for the principal stations tables have been prepared showing the horsepower that can be 

developed at various rates of flow and the length of time that these 

rates of flow and the corresponding horsepower are available. These 

tables have been prepared on a basis of 80 per cent efficiency on the 

turbines, and the horsepower per foot of fall is given in order that the 

reader can determine the horsepower for any fall.

In the computations sufficient significant figures have been used 

so that the percentage of error in the tables will not in general exceed 

1 per cent. Therefore most of the values in the tables are given to
6 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

only three significant figures. In making the various computations 

Thatoher's slide rule, Crelle's tables, and computation machines have 

been generally used.

In order to give engineers an idea of the relative value of the 

various data, notes in regard to accuracy are given as far as possible. 

This accuracy depends on the general local conditions at the gaging 

stations and the amount of data collected. Every effort possible is 

made to so locate the stations that the data collected will give a high 

degree of accuracy. This is not always possible, but it is considered 

better to publish rough values with explanatory notes rather than no 

data.

In the accuracy notes the following terms have been used, indicating the probable accuracy in per cent of the mean monthly flow. As 

these values are mean values, the error in the value for the flow of 

any individual day may be much larger.

Excellent indicates that the mean monthly flow is probably accurate to within 5 per cent; good, to within 10 per cent; fair, to within 

15 per cent; approximate, to within 25 per cent.

CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS.

Following is a table of convenient equivalents for use in hydraulic 

computations:

1 second-foot equals 40 California miner's inches (law of March 23, 1901). 

1 second-foot equals 38.4 Colorado miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 40 Arizona miner's inches.

1 second-foot equals 7.48 United States gallons per second; equals 448.8 gallons 

per minute; equals 646,272 gallons for one day.

1 second-foot equals 6.23 British imperial gallons per second.

1 second-foot for one year covers 1 square mile 1.131 feet or 13.572 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one year equals 31,536,000 cubic feet.

1 second-foot equals about 1 acre-inch per hour.

1 second-foot for one day covers 1 square mile 0.03719 inch deep.

1 second-foot for one 28-day month covers 1 square mile 1.041 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one 29-day month covers 1 square mile 1.079 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one 30-day month covers 1 square mile 1.116 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one 31-day month covers 1 square mile 1.153 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one day equals 1.983 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 28-day month equals 55.54 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 29-day month equals 57.52 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 30-day month equals 59.5Qacre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 31-day month equals 61.49 acre-feet.

100 California miner's inches equal 15.7 United States gallons per second.

100 California miner's inches equal 96.0 Colorado miner's inches.

100 California miner's inches for one day equal 4.96 acre-feet.

100 Colorado miner's inches equal 2.60 second-feet.

100 Colorado miner's inches equal 19.5 United States gallons per second.

100 Colorado miner's inches equal 104 California miner's inches.

100 Colorado miner's inches for one day equal 5.17 acre-feet.

100 United States gallons per minute equal 0.223 second-foot.
INTRODUCTION. 7

100 United States gallons per minute for one day equal 0.442 acre-foot.

1,000,000 United States gallons per day equal 1.55 second-feet.

1,000,000 United States gallons equal 3.07 acre-feet,

1,000,000 cubic feet equal 22.95 acre-feet.

1 acre-foot equals 325,850 gallons.

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 2,323,200 cubic feet.

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 0.0737 second-foot per year.

1 foot equals 0.3048 meter.

1 mile equals 1.60935 kilometers.

1 mile equals 5,280 feet.

1 acre equals 0.4047 hectare.

1 acre equals 43,560 square feet.

1 acre equals 209 feet square, nearly.

1 square mile equals 2.59 square kilometers.

1 cubic foot equals 0.0283 cubic meter.

1 cubic foot equals 7.48 gallons.

1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds.

1 cubic meter per minute equals 0.5886 second-foot.

1 horsepower equals 550 foot-pounds per second.

1 horsepower equals 76.0 kilogram-meters per second.

] horsepower equals 746 watts.

1 horsepower equals 1 second-foot falling 8.80 feet.

1J horsepower equal about 1 kilowatt.

 , , , , , . , , Sec.-ft. X fall in feet

To calculate water power quickly. j^ = net horsepower on water

wheel, realizing 80 per cent of theoretical power.

FIELD METHODS OF MEASURING STREAM FLOW.

The methods used in collecting these data and in preparing them 

for publication are given in detail in Water-Supply Papers No. 94 

(Hydrographic Manual, U. S. Geological Survey) and No. 95 (Accuracy of Stream Measurements). In order that those who use this 

report may readily become acquainted with the general methods 

employed, the following brief descriptions are given:

Streams may be divided, wT ith respect to their physical conditions, 

into three classes (1) those with permanent beds; (2) those with beds 

which change only during extreme low or high water; (3) those with 

constantly shifting beds. In determining the daily flow special 

methods are necessary for each class. The data upon which these 

determinations are based and the methods of collecting them are, 

however, in general the same.

There are three distinct methods of determining the flow of openchannel streams .(1) by measurements of slope and cross section 

and the use of Chezy's and Kutter's formulas; (2) by means of a weir; 

(3) by measurements of the velocity of the current and the area of 

the cross section. The method chosen for any case depends upon 

the local physical conditions, the degree of accuracy desired, the funds 

available, and the length of time that the record is to be continued.

Slope method. Much information has been collected relative to
8 SUKFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

the coefficients to be used in the Chezy formula, v = c ^Rs. This has 

been utilized by Kutter, both in developing his formula for c and in 

determining the values of the coefficient n which appears therein. 

The results obtained by the slope method are, in general, only roughly 

approximate, owing to the difficulty in obtaining accurate data and 

the uncertainty of the value for n to be used in Kutter's formula. 

The most common use of this method is in determining the flood discharge of a stream when the only data available are the cross section, 

the slope as shown by marks along the bank, and a knowledge of the 

general conditions.

Weir methods. When funds are available and the conditions are 

such that sharp-crested weirs can be erected, these offer the best 

facilities for determining the flow. If dams are suitably situated and 

constructed, they may be utilized for obtaining reliable measurements of flow. The conditions necessary to insure good results may 

be divided into two classes (1) those relating to the physical characteristics of the dam itself and (2) those relating to the diversion 

and use of water around and through the dam.

The physical requirements are as follows: (a) Sufficient height 

of dam, so that backwater will not interfere with free fall over it; 

(6) absence of leaks of appreciable magnitude; (c) topography or 

abutments which confine the flow over the dam at high stages; 

(d) level crests, which are kept free from obstructions caused by floating logs or ice; (e) crests of a type for which the coefficients to be 

used in Q = cb lt%, or some similar standard weir formula are known 

(see Water-Supply Papers Nos. 180 and 200a); (/) either no flash 

boards or exceptional care in reducing leakage through them and in 

recording their condition.

Preferably there should be no diversion of water through or around 

the dam. Generally, however, the dam is built for purposes of power 

or navigation and part or all of the water flowing past it is diverted 

for such uses. This water is measured and added to that passing 

over the dam. To insure accuracy in such determinations of flow 

the amount of water diverted should be reasonably constant. Furthermore, it should be so diverted that it can be measured, either by 

a weir, a current meter, or a simple system of water wheels which are 

of standard make, or which have been rated as meters under working 

conditions, and so installed that the gate openings, the heads under 

which they work, and their angular velocities may be accurately 

observed.

The combination of physical conditions and uses of the water 

should be such that the determinations of flow will not involve, for 

a critical stage of considerable duration, the use of a head, on a broada Water-Supply Paper No. 200 replaces No. 150, the edition of which has been exhausted.
INTRODUCTION. 9

crested dam, of less than 6 inches. Moreover, when all other conditions are good, the cooperation of the owners or operators of the plant 

is still essential if reliable results are to be obtained.

A gaging station at a weir or dam has the general advantage of continuity of record through the period of ice and floods and the disadvantages of uncertainty of coefficient to be used in the weir formula 

and of complications in the diversion and use of the water.

Velocity method. The determination of the quantity of water flowing past a certain section of a stream at a given time is termed a 

discharge measurement. This quantity is the product of two factors the mean velocity and the area of the cross section. The 

mean velocity is a function of surface slope, wetted perimeter, roughness of bed, and the channel conditions at, above, and below the 

gaging section. The area depends upon the contour of the bed and 

the fluctuations of the water surface. The two principal ways of 

measuring the velocity of a stream are by floats and current meters.

Great care is taken in the selection and equipment of gaging stations for determining discharge by velocity measurements in order 

that the data may have the required degree of accuracy. Their 

essential requirements are practically the same whether the velocity 

is determined by meters or floats. They are located as far as possible where the channel is straight both above and below the gaging 

section; where there are no cross currents, backwater, or boils; where 

the bed of the stream is reasonably free from large projections of a 

permanent character; and where the banks are high and subject to 

overflow only at flood stages. The station must be so far removed 

from the effects of tributary streams and of dams or other artificial 

obstructions that the gage height shall be an index of the discharge.

Certain permanent or semipermanent structures usually referred 

to as equipment are generally pertinent to a gaging station. These 

are a gage for determining the fluctuations of the water surface, 

bench marks to which the datum of the gage is referred, permanent 

marks on a bridge or a tagged line indicating the points of measurement, and, where the current is swift, some appliance (generally a 

secondary cable) to hold the meter in position in the water. As a 

rule, the stations are located at bridges if the channel conditions are 

satisfactory, as from them the observations can more readily be made 

and the cost of the equipment is small.

The floats in common use are the surface, subsurface, and tube or 

rod floats. A corked bottle with a flag in the top and weighted at 

the bottom makes one of the most satisfactory surface floats, as it 

is affected but little by wind. In case of flood measurements, good 

results can be obtained by observing the velocity of floating cakes of 

ice or debris. In case of all surface-float measurements, coefficients 

must be used to reduce the observed velocity to the mean velocity.
10 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

The subsurface and tube or rod floats are intended to give directly 

the mean velocity in the vertical. Tubes give excellent results when 

the channel conditions are good, as in canals.

In measuring velocity by a float, observation is made of the time 

taken by the float to pass over the "ran," a selected stretch of river 

from 50 to 200 feet long. In each discharge measurement a large 

number of velocity determinations are made at different points across 

the stream, and from these observations the mean velocity for the 

whole section is determined. This may be done by plotting the mean 

positions of the floats as indicated by the distances from £he bank as 

ordinates and the corresponding times as abscissas. A curve through 

these points shows the mean time of run at any point across the 

stream, and the mean time for the whole stream is obtained by dividing the area bounded by this curve and its axis by the width. The 

length of the run divided by the mean time gives the mean velocity.

The area used in float measurements is the mean of the areas at 

the two ends of the run and at several intermediate sections.

The essential parts of the current meters in use are a wheel of some 

type, so constructed that the impact of flowing water causes it to 

revolve, and a device for recording or indicating the number of revolutions. The relation between the velocity of the moving water and 

the revolutions of the wheel is determined for each meter. This 

rating is done by drawing the meter through still water for a given 

distance at different speeds and noting the number of revolutions for 

each run. From these data a rating table is prepared which gives the 

velocity per second for any number of revolutions.

Many kinds of current meters have been constructed. They may, 

however, be classed in two general types: Those in which the wheel 

is made up of a series of cups, as the Price, and those having a screw 

propeller wheel, as the Haskell. Each meter has been developed for 

use under some special condition. In the case of the small Price 

meter, shown in PL II 7 A, which has been largely developed and has 

been extensively used by the United States Geological Survey, an 

attempt has been made to get an instrument which could be used 

under practically all conditions.

Current-meter measurements may be made from a bridge, a cable, 

a boat, or by wading, and gaging stations may be classified in accordance with such use. Fig. 1 shows a typical cable station.

In making the measurement an arbitrary number of points are 

laid off on a line perpendicular to the thread of the stream. The 

points at which the velocity and depth are observed are known as 

measuring points, and are usually fixed at regular intervals, varying 

from 2 to 20 feet, depending upon the size and condition of the stream. 

Perpendiculars dropped from the measuring points divide the gaging 

section into strips. For each strip or pair of strips the mean velocity,
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 206 PL. II

A. PRICE CURRENT METERS.

B. CURRENT-METER RATING STATION AT LOS ANGELES, CAL.
INTEODUCTION. 11

area, and discharge are determined independently, so that conditions 

existing in one part of the stream may not be extended to parts where 

they do not apply.

Three classes of methods of measuring velocity with current meters 

are in general use multiple-point, single-point, and integration.

The three principal multiple-point methods in general use are the 

vertical velocity-curve; 0.2 and 0.8 depth; and top, bottom, and 

mid-depth.

In the vertical velocity-curve method a series of velocity determinations are made in each vertical at regular intervals, usually from 

0.5 to 1 foot apart. By plotting these velocities as abscissas and 

their depths as ordinates, and drawing a smooth curve among the 

resulting points, the vertical velocity-curve is developed. This curve 

shows graphically the magnitude and changes in velocity from the 

surface to the bottom of the stream. The mean velocity in the 

vertical is then obtained by dividing the area bounded by this 

velocity-curve and its axis by the depth. On account of the length

FIG. 1. Cable station, showing section of river, car, gage, etc.

of time required to make a complete measurement by this method, its 

use is limited to the determination of coefficients for purposes of comparison and to measurements under ice.

In the second multiple-point method the meter is held successively 

at 0.2 and 0.8 of the depth, and the mean of the velocities at these two 

points is taken as the mean velocity for that vertical. On the assumption that the vertical velocity curve is a common parabola with 

horizontal axis, the mean of the velocities at 0.22 and 0.79 of the 

depth will give (closely) the mean velocity in the vertical. Actual 

observations under a wide range of conditions show that this second 

multiple-point method gives the mean velocity very closely for openwater conditions and, moreover, the indications are that it holds 

nearly as well for ice-covered rivers.

In the third multiple-point method the meter is held at mid-depth, 

at 0.5 foot below the surface, and at 0.5 foot above the bottom, and 

the mean velocity is determined by dividing by 6 the sum of the top

JKR 206 07 2
12 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

velocity, four times the mid-depth velocity, and the bottom velocity. 

This method may be modified by observing at 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8 depth.

The single-point method consists in holding the meter either at 

the depth of the thread of mean velocity or at an arbitrary depth 

for which the coefficient for reducing to mean velocity has been 

determined.

Extensive experiments by vertical velocity-curves show that the 

thread of mean velocity generally occurs at from 0.5 to 0.7 of the 

total depth. In general practice the thread of mean velocity is considered to be at 0.6 depth, at which point the meter is held in a 

majority of the measurements. A large number of vertical velocitycurve measurements taken on many streams and under varying conditions show that the average coefficient for reducing the velocity 

obtained at 0.6 depth to mean velocity is practically unity.

In the other principal single-point method the meter is held near 

the surface, usually 1 foot below, or low enough to be out of the effect 

of the wind or other disturbing influences. This is known as the 

subsurface method. The coefficient for reducing the velocity taken 

at the subsurface to the mean has been found to be from 0.85 to 0.95, 

depending upon the stage, velocity, and channel conditions. The 

higher the stage the larger the coefficient. This method is especially 

adapted for flood measurements, or when the velocity is so great that 

the meter can not be kept at 0.6 depth.

The vertical-integration method consists in moving the meter at a 

slow, uniform speed from the surface to the bottom and back again 

to the surface, and noting the number of revolutions and the time 

taken in the operation. This method has the advantage that the 

velocity at each point of the vertical is measured twice. It is useful 

as a check on the point methods.

The area, which is the other factor in the velocity method of determining the discharge of a stream, depends on the stage of the river, 

which is observed on the gage, and on the general contour of the bed 

of the stream, which is determined by soundings. The soundings 

are usually taken at each measuring point at the time of the discharge 

measurement, either by using the meter and cable or by a special 

sounding line or rod. For streams with permanent beds standard 

cross sections are usually taken during low water. These sections 

serve to check the soundings which are taken at the time of the measurements, and from them any change which may have taken place 

in the bed of the stream can be detected. They are also of value in 

obtaining the area for use in computations of high-water measurements, as accurate soundings are hard to obtain at high stages.

In computing the discharge measurements from the observed velocities and depths at various points of measurement, the measuring 

section is divided into elementary strips, as shown in fig. 1, and the
INTRODUCTION. 13

mean velocity, area, and discharge are determined separately for 

either a single or a double strip. The total discharge and the area are 

the sums of those for the various strips, and the mean velocity is 

obtained by dividing the total discharge by the total area.

The determination of the flow of an ice-covered stream is difficult, 

owing to diversity and instability of conditions during the winter 

period, and also to lack of definite information in regard to the laws 

of flow of water under ice. The method now employed is to make 

frequent discharge measurements during the frozen periods by the 

0.2 and 0.8, and vertical velocity-curve methods, and to keep an 

accurate record of the conditions, such as the gage height to the surface of the water as it rises in a hole cut in the ice, the thickness and 

character of the ice, etc. From these data an approximate estimate 

of the daily flow can be made by constructing a rating curve (really 

a series of curves) similar to that used for open channels, but considering, in addition to gage heights and discharge, the varying thickness of ice. For information in regard to flow under ice cover, see 

Water-Supply Paper No. 187.

OFFICE METHODS OF COMPUTING RUN-OFF.

There are two principal methods of determining run-off, depending 

upon whether or not the bed of the stream is permanent.

For stations on streams with permanent beds, the first step in computing the run-off is the construction of a rating table, which shows 

the discharge corresponding to any stage of the stream. This rating 

table is applied to the record of stage to determine the amount of 

water flowing. The construction of the rating table depends upon 

the method used in measuring flow.

For a station at a weir or dam, the basis for the rating table is some 

standard weir formula. The coefficients to be used in its application 

depend upon the type of dam and other conditions near its crest. 

After inserting in the weir formula the measured length of crest and 

assumed coefficient, the discharge is computed for various heads and 

the rating table constructed.

The data necessary for the construction of a rating table for a 

velocity-area station are the results of the discharge measurements, 

which include the record of stage of the river at the time of measurement, the area of the cross section, the mean velocity of the current, 

and the quantity of water flowing. A thorough knowledge of the 

conditions at and in the vicinity of the station is also necessary.

The construction of the rating table depends upon the following 

laws of flow for open, permanent channels: (1) The discharge will 

remain constant so long as conditions at or near the gaging station 

remain constant; (2) the discharge will be the same whenever the 

stream is at a given stage if the change of slope due to the rise and fall
14 SUEPACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

of the stream be neglected; (3) the discharge is a function of and 

increases gradually with the stageThe plotting of results of the various discharge measurements, 

using gage heights as ordinates, and discharge, mean velocity, and 

area as abscissas, will define curves which show the discharge, mean 

velocity, and area corresponding to any gage height. For the development of these curves there should be therefore a sufficient number 

of discharge measurements to cover the range of the stage of the 

stream. Fig. 2 shows a typical rating curve with its corresponding 

mean-velocity and area curves.

As the discharge is the product of two factors the area and the mean 

velocity any change in either factor will produce a corresponding 

change in the discharge. Their curves are therefore constructed in 

order to study each independently of the other.

The area curve can be definitely determined from accurate soundings extending to the limits of high water. It is always concave 

toward the horizontal axis or on a straight line, unless the banks of the 

stream are overhanging.

The form of the mean-velocity curve depends chiefly upon the 

surface slope, the roughness of the bed, and the cross section of 

the stream. Of these the slope is the principal factor. In accordance 

with the relative changes of these factors the curve may be either 

a straight line, convex or concave toward either axis, or a combination of the three. From a careful study of the conditions at 

any gaging station the form which the vertical velocity-curve will 

take can be predicted, and it may be extended with reasonable certainty to stages beyond the limits of actual measurements. Its 

principal use is in connection with the area curve in locating errors 

in discharge measurements and in constructing the rating table.

The discharge curve is defined primarily by the measurements of 

discharge, which are studied and weighted in accordance with the 

local conditions existing at the time of each measurement. The 

curve may, however, best be located between and beyond the measurements by means of curves of area and mean velocity. The discharge 

curve under normal conditions is concave toward the horizontal axis 

and is generally parabolic in form.

In the preparation of the rating table the discharge for each tenth 

or half tenth on the gage is taken from the curve. The differences 

between successive discharges are then taken and adjusted according 

to the law that they shall either be constant or increasing.

The determination of daily discharge of streams with changeable 

beds is a difficult problem. In case there is a weir or dam available, 

a condition which seldom exists on streams of this class, the discharge can be determined by its use. In case of velocity-area stations frequent discharge measurements must be made if the deter-
MEASUREMENTS IN 1902 NO. I

i' " 1903 NO. 2 TO 7

- " " 1904 NO 8

" 1905 NO. 9 TO 13

 ' " 1906 NO. 14

Ke (ocit y

2,00

feet per 

10,000 ao,ooo 30,000 40,000 50,000 eo,ooo 70,000 so.ooo 90,000 

Discharge in second-feet 

FIG. 2. Discharge, area, and mean-velocity curves of Potomac Riv
16 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1906.

minations of flow are to be other than rough approximations. For 

stations with beds which shift slowly or are materially changed only 

during floods, rating tables can be prepared for periods between such 

changes and satisfactory results obtained with a limited number of 

measurements, provided that some of them are taken soon after the 

change occurs. For streams with continually shifting beds, such as 

the Colorado and Rio Grande, discharge measurements should be 

made every two or three days and the discharge for intervening days 

obtained either by interpolation modified by gage height or by Professor Stout's method, which has been described in full in the Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part 

IV, page 323, and in the Engineering News of April 21, 1904. This 

method, or a graphical application of it, is also much used in determining the flow at stations where the bed shifts but slowly.

COOPERATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Assistance has been rendered and records furnished by the following, 

to whom special acknowledgment is due:

H. C. Alien, special deputy State engineer, E. A. Fisher, city engineer, and J. F. Skinner, special assistant engineer, Rochester, N. Y.; 

Utica Consolidated Paper Company, Utica, N. Y.; A. T. Safford, 

consulting engineer, International Paper Company, Corinth, N. Y.; 

R. P. Bloss, engineer, West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, 

Mechanicsville, N. Y.; G. H. Beebe, deputy city engineer, Syracuse, 

N. Y.; Mount Morris Paper Company, Mount Morris, N. Y.; Utica 

Gas and Electric Light Company; Albany and Hudson River Railroad 

Company; J. Waldo Smith, chief engineer, and Carlton E. Davis, 

resident engineer, New York Additional Water Supply Commission; 

Kalamazoo Valley Electric Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.; Flint Land 

Company, Flint, Mich.; Fletcher Paper Company, Alpena, Mich.; 

L. W. Anderson, city engineer, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Washtenaw Electric Company, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Gardner S. Williams, Ann Arbor, 

Mich.; W. E. Denison, Freeland, Mich.; Cheboygan Electric Light 

and Power Company, Cheboygan, Mich.; Wisconsin Geological and 

Natural History Survey, Dr. E. A. Birge, superintendent; and D. W. 

Mead, Madison, Wis.

LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

The Lake Michigan drainage basin comprises a comparatively narrow strip of flat or gently rolling land in eastern Wisconsin, on the 

west shore of the lake, and a much wider strip of nearly the same 

character in Michigan, on the east shore. The principal streams 

entering the lake from the west are Fox and Menominee rivers; from
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 17

the east, St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, and Manistee 

rivers.

The following pages give the results of data collected during 1906 

in the Lake Michigan drainage basin.

ESCANABA RIVER BASIN.

ESCANABA RIVER NEAR ESCANABA, MICH.

The gaging station was established in May, 1903. It is located at 

a highway bridge 4 miles above the mouth of the river. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are described in WaterSupply Paper No. 170, page 12, where are given also references to 

publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich., in 1906.

Date. Ilydrographer.

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

194

194

194

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,270

882

865

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.43

4.17

4.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

7,830

2,880

a Heavy run of logs. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich., for 1906.

Day.

1...........................

2...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14..... ......... .

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21................... ... . .

22...........................

23................... ... . .

24..... ....... . . .

25............. .......... ..

26....................... ...

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30. ..........................

31...........................

Apr.

........

........

4.0

4.1

4.3

4.6

5.2

5.3

5.3

5.4

5.6

6.2

6.5

6.8

6.9

6.8

5.9

5.1

4.7

4.5

4.3

May.

4.3

4.4

4 ^

4.4

4 4

4.2

3.9

3.9

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.3

3.2

June.

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.7

40

4.1

4.1

4.0

3.8

3.9

3.9

3.7

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.6

3.7

3.2

3.7

3.5

3.4

July.

3.3

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7

' 2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.4

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.1

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.2

Aug.

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.5

2.4

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.1

2.1

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.3

Sept.

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.9

0.1

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.2

Oct.

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.6

Nov.

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.1

3.0

2.8

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

2.1

3.1

3.0

Dec.

3.3

3.1 ^ n

2.9

2 9

2.8

2.8

2 9

2 9

2.8

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.9

(a)

a Frozen.
18 SUEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Rating table for Escanaba River near Escanaba, Midi., for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

320

385

450

520

600

680

770

860

960

1,070

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,180

1,300

1,420

1,550

1,680

1,810

1,950

2,090

2,230

2,380

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2.530

2,690

2,850

3,010

3,180

3,350

3,520

3.700

3,880

4,070

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

4,460

4,870

5,330

5,850

6,420

7,040

7,730

8,500

9,300

10, 170

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1903-1906, and is well defined between gage heights 2.7 feet and 4.6 feet.

Monthly discharge of Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 800 square miles.]

Month.

April (9-30) ...................................

July..........................................

December (1-22) ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

9,720 

3,180 

2,530 

1,550 

600 

1,180 

680 

1,300 

1,420

Minimum.

2,380 

1,180 

1,070 

320 

320 

320 

385 

770 

860

Mean.

5,170 

1,870 

1,750 

879 

411 

714 

485 

1,000 

964

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per Depth in 

sq. mile. ' inches.

6.46 

2.34 

2.19 

1.10 

.514 

.892 

.606 

1.25 

1.20

5.29 

2.70 

2.44 

1.27 

.59 

1.00 

.70 

1.40 

.98

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: May and June, excellent; remainder of the period, good.

MENOMIKEE RIVER BASIN. 

MENOMINEE RIVER NEAR IRON MOUNTAIN, MICH.

This station was established September 4, 1902. It is located at 

the Homestead highway bridge, 3.5 miles south of Iron Mountain, 

Mich. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are 

described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 14, where are given 

also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., in 1906. .

Date. Hydrographer.

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

244

244

238

238

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

3,210

3,250

2,960

2,820

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

11.51

11.67

10.45

9.92

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

10,900

11, 200

8,750

8,030

a Discharge slightly affected by run of logs.
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 19

Daily gage height, in feet, of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich.,for 1906.

Day.

l

n

3

4...................

5...................

g

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14......... .........

15...................

16..................

17..................

18..................

19..................

20..................

21......... ... ...

22. .................

23..................

24...................

25. ..................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29. ..................

30...................

31...................

Jan.

2.48

2.42

2.4

2.5

2.5

2 58

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2 4

2.85 

3.45

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.35

3.0

2.7

2.8

2.75

2.8

3.2

4 i c

4.85

5.3

4.8

4.8

Feb.

4 cc

4.1

4.0

4.05

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.75

3.G

3.55

3.4

3.4

3.42 

3.4

3.3

3.25

3.25

3.20

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.05

Mar.

3.0

3.0

2.95

2 9

2.8

2.82

2.9

9 S9

2.9

9 Q

3.0

3.1 

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.95

2.9

3.0

3.05

2 9

3.05

3.3

3.4

3.45

3.55

3.6

Apr.

3.8

3.9

4.3

49

4.92

5.35

6.1

7.15

8.25 

8 9

10.6

11.05

11.4

13.7

14.3

14.1

12.15

11 9

10.1

9.6

9.4

9.2

May.

9.0

9.4

9.5

9.8

9.1

8.2

".0

.3

-.8

7.2 

6.1

6.2

6.5

6.3

r, 9

5.3

4.35

4.5

4.7

c r

7.0

8.3

8.9

June.

8.8

6.8

7.0

5.1

7.0

6.0

8.4

11.3

10.3

8.1

6.7 

4.6

3.7

4.6

2.9

2.4

2.3

3.3

4 S

4.75

4.3

4.2

3.0

9 (\

8.35

9.0

8.8

9.1

July.

9.2

8.3

7.5

8.6

6.4

6.2

4.1

4.0

3.6

4.75

4.4

4.3

3.9 

4.1

4.6

4.3

4.1

3.8

3.6

4.2

3.9

3.4

4.2

3 9

Q 0

3.8

3.6

3.0

2.8

Aug.

2.9

2.65

2.4

3.75

4.25

4.0

3.8

3.5

3.2

3.3

2.75 

2.4

2.5

2.6

4.1

3.8

3.1

2.9

2.6

2.85

3.2

3.6

3.9

3.8

3.6

3.25

2.8

Sept.

2.6

3.6

3.1

2.8

2.65

2.5

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.1

2.0

2.4

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.9

3.7

3.4

3.1

2.9

2.75

3.0

2 9

2.8

2.8

2.75

2.8

Oct.

2.9

2.25

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.6

2.55

2.75

2.65

2.7 

2.75

2.4

3.25

4.05

4.15

5.0

(a)

a Gage reader left.

Rating table for Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,540

1,606

1,672

1,739

1,806

1,874

1,942

2,011

2,080

2,150

2,220

2,290

2,361

Gage, 

height.

Feet. 

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,432

2,503

2,575

2,647

2,719

2,792

2, 866

2,940

3,015

3,090

3,166

3,242

3,319

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,396

3,474

3, 552

3,630

3,708

3, 865

4,023

4,183

4,345

4,510

4,680

4,860

5,040

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

5, 230

5,420

5,615

5,815

6,025

6,235

6,450

7,630

8,930

10,250

11,660

13,100

14,600

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1902-1906, and is fairly well denned.
20 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 2,420 square miles.]

MonthJuly... ........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,940 

3,360 

2,650 

15,100 

8,670 

10, 700 

7,890 

3,130 

2,940 

3,710

Minimum.

1,740 

2,260 

2,080 

2,790 

1,740 

1,740 

2,080 

1,810 

1,540 

1,710

Mean.

2,370 

2,590 

2, 250 

8,040 

5,610 

5,040 

3,500 

2,400 

2,160 

2,140

Run-off.

Scc.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.979 

1.07 

.930 

3.32 

2.32 

2.08 

1.45 

.992 

.893 

.884

Depth in 

inches.

1.13 

1.11 

1.07 

3.70 

2.68 

2.32 

1.67 

1.14 

1.00 

.62

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January and March to October, fair. It is probable that ice 

conditions affected the flow during February and that the value given above is considerably in excess 

of the true value.

PESHTIGO RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Peshtigo River rises in the plateau region of northwestern Wisconsin at an elevation of about 1,600 feet and descends on an average 

about 10 feet to the mile. But few of its powers have been developed 

on account of this region being thinly settled. There are falls of 

46 feet, 35 feet, and 25 feet at different places on the river that could 

easily be developed. (See PI. III.)

PESHTIGO RIVER SURVEY.

In order to point out the power possibilities along Peshtigo River, 

a survey was made during 1906 from the mouth to Rat River. From 

the data collected on this survey sheets have been prepared showing 

a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river, contour along the 

bank, and prominent natural or artificial features.

The results of this survey have been published on separate sheets 

and may be had upon application to the Director of the Geological 

Survey.

PESHTIGO RIVER AT CRIVITZ, WIS.

This station was established April 20 and was discontinued 

December 12, 1906. It was located on the railroad bridge about 

one-fourth mile south of Crivitz post-office (or Ellis Junction railroad 

station).

The channel is straight for about 1,000 feet above and 300 feet 

below the station. Both banks are of medium height and do not 

overflow; all the water passes the section, being confined by the 

railroad embankments. The bed of the stream is gravel and is permanent. There is but one channel at all stages. The current is 

medium. Log jams and sunken logs affect the discharge at times.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 206 PL. Ill

 * I

FALLS ON PESHTIGO RIVER, WISCONSIN. 

A, High Falls (40-foot fall); B, Caldron Falls (55-foot fall).
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 21

Discharge measurements are made from the upstream side of the 

bridge, to which the gage is attached.

A standard chain gage, attached to the upstream side of the bridge, 

was read during 1906 by Andrew Johnson; length of chain, 22.85 

feet. The bench mark is the top of parapet wall of left abutment, 

extreme downstream end, near front face, marked with white paint; 

elevation, 21.52 feet. The reference point is the center of gage 

pulley; elevation, 22.66 feet. Elevations refer to the datum of the

gage.

Discharge measurements of Peshtigo River at Crivitz, Wis., in 1906.

Date.

April 20........

June 29........

Hydrographer.

.....do.. ......................................

Width.

Feet. 

136

135

127

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

897

822

650

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

9.88

9.70

8.26

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,520

2,030

1,560

Daily gage height, in feet, of Peshtigo River at Crivitz, Wis., for 1906.

Day.

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5................ ..........

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15 ...........................

16...........................

17..... .....................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21..... ................. ...

22...........................

23 ...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31 ...........................

Apr.

9.8

10.7

10.6

10.5

9 9

9.3

8.5

8.6

8.5

8.1

May.

8.9

8.4

7 2

7.9

8.4

6.6

7.3

8.2

6.4

7.1

5.9

6.7

7.7

6.5

6.5

6.0

6.7

6.2

6.7

6.6

6.5

7.1

8.4

8.7

7.4

7.7

7.9

June.

7.9

6.8

6.7

6.4

6.7

7.9

8.5

8.4

9.7

9.8

7.4

6.9

7.7

7.3

8.4

8.3

6.2

6.1

6.3

7.5

7 t.

8.5

8.4

8.5

8.5

6 9

7.0

July.

6.2

6.0

6.1

6.0

8.5

7.1

6.8

6.6

6.8

6.6

6.2

6.6

6.5

6.8

6.4

6.5

6.1

6.6

6.5

5.3

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.8

5.6

5.3

Aug.

4.3

5.6

5.0

4.3

5.3

5.8

5.8

6.1

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.9

5.5

6.4

5.0

5.5

5.2

5.3

5.3

5.6

5.3

5.7

5.6

5.4

5.2

6.1

6.0

6.8

6.1

6.0

Sept.

5.7

6.1

5.5

6.6

6.6

6.2

6.2

5.6

5.6

4.0

5.5

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.4

5.5

5.8

5.9

6.5

6.0

5.8

5.8

5.7

^ Q

5.7

5.9

6.4

6.0

5.7

Oct.

5.7

5.4

5.2

4.0

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.4

5.2

5.7

5.3

5.4

5.6

5.4

5.6

5.3

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.6

6.6

6.5

6.7

6.8

6.9

7.5

7.3

7.2

6.8

6.7

Nov.

6.7

6.3

6.7

6.2

5.7

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.9

6.0

5.9

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.9

6.1

5.7

5.7

5.8

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.8

7.0

6.8

7.2

6.9

Dec.

6.9

7.0

7.4

6.5

6.3

6.5

6.2

5.8

6.2

PESHTIGO RIVER AT HERMAN S FARM, NEAR CRIVITZ, WIS.

This station was established September 7, 1906, under the direction of D. W. Mead. It is located at Herman's farm, 4| miles west of 

Crivitz, Wis., in the northwest quarter of sec. 26, T. 32 N., R. 19 E.

The channel is straight for about 800 feet above the station and for 

300 feet below. The banks do not overflow. The bottom of the
22 STJEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

river is gravel and permanent. There is one channel at all stages. 

The current is swift.

Discharge measurements are made from a boat which is held in 

position by means of a rope stretched across the river.

The gage, which is read daily by Rose Herman, consists of two 

sections. The bench mark is a copper nail in top of a pine stump 

50 feet from the water's edge and about 50 feet southeast of the gage; 

elevation, 731.70 feet above sea level and 19.82 feet above the datum 

of the gage.

Discharge measurements of Peshtigo River at Herman's farm, near Crivitz, Wis., in 1906.

Date. Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

128

130

125

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

436

463

380

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.40

4.20

3.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

657

1,020

562

Daily gage height, in feet, ofPeshtigo River at Herman's farm, near Crivitz, Wis., for 1906.

Day.

1. ...............

2................

3................

4. ...............

5................

6................

8................

9................

10................

11................

12................

13................

14................

15................

16................

Sept.

........

3.4

3.2

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.15

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.3

Oct.

3.0

2.95

2.3

3.25

3.0

3.0

2.95 ? n

3.0

3.05

2.8

3.2

3.05

3.0

t (1

3.0

Nov.

3.7

3.75

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.35

3.35

3.4

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.45

3.4

3.3

3.25

3.2

Dec.

4.2

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.6 '

3.0

3.5

3.6

3.55

3.5

3.3

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.3

Day.

17 ..............

18...............

19

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. ..............

97

28... . ... ....

29

30

Sept.

3.4

3.45

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.45

3.4

3.4

3 4

3.0

3.7

3.35

3.15

Oct.

3.0

3.05

3.3

3.5

3.7

3.8

3.8

Q 0

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.15

4.2

4.0

3.9

Nov.

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.45

3.5

3.3

3.3

3.35

3.4

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.3

4.25

Dec.

3.3

3.3

3.35

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.25

3.15

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.15

3.1

3.05

3.1

Eating table for Peshtigo River at Herman's farm, near Crivitz, Wis., for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

280

305

330

360

390

420

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

455

490

525

565

605

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

645

690

735

780

825

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

870

920

970

1,020

1,070

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on three discharge 

measurements made during 1906, and is well defined between gage heights 3.2 feet and 4.2 feet.

Monthly discharge of Peshtigo River at Herman'1 s farm, near Crivitz, Wis., for 1906.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

780

1,020

1,070

1,020

Minimum.

490

280

565

508

Mean.

601

646

710

653

NOTE. Values for 1906 are good.
LAKE MICHIGAN DKAINAGE. 23

OCONTO RIVER BASIN.

S-'.

j DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Oconto River rises in a number of small lakes and swamps in the 

plateau region at an elevation of about 1,530 feet above sea level 

and descends 945 feet in its length of 87 miles. About two-thirds of 

its total fall is in the upper 35 miles of its course. At Undershell it 

turns abruptly and flows nearly due east, joining Lake Michigan 

near Oconto. The most important water powers are found in the 

last 33 miles of its course, in which distance the river descends 190 

feet.

OOONTO RIVER AT GILLETT, WIS.

This station was established June 7, 1906. It is located at the 

highway bridge about 2| miles south of Gillett, Wis.

The channel is straight for about 200 feet above and 300 feet 

below the station. Both banks are low but do not overflow. The 

bed of the stream is gravel and is permanent. The current is swift. 

Old pier foundations at both banks may affect the flow somewhat.

A standard chain gage, which was read during 1906 by Samuel 

Gilbertson and Hattie Gilbertson, is fastened to the lower side of the 

bridge; length of chain, 24.82 feet. The reference point is the top of 

downstream board guard rail 59 feet from the initial point; elevation, 

17.75 feet above gage datum.

Discharge measurements of Oconto River at Gillett, Wis., in 1906.

Date. ITydrographer.

.....do.........................................

Width.

Feet. 

81

77

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

359

339

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.95

5.72

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

926

727

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oconto River at Gillett, Wis., for 1906.

Day.

1............................................

9

4............................................

5............................................

6............................................

7

S::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:

10............................................

11............................................

12......................... ...........

13............................................

14............................................

15............................................

June.

6.0

6.15

5.95

K Q

6.2

5.6

July.

5.4

5.5

5.7

6. 15

5.75

6.0

6.0

C Q

5.75

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.2

Aug.

4.75

4.75

4.75

4.25

4.85

4 9

4.8

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.3

Sept.

5.15

5.7

5.7

5.5

5.6

5.6

5.0

5.2

5.25

5.3

5.25

5.2

5.65

4.9

Oct.

5.1

5.2

5.2

4.9

5.1

5.4

5.1

5.2

5.0

5.3

6.15

4.3

5.35

Nov.

. 6.05

6.0

e Q

5.8

5.8

5.85

5.7

e Q

5.8

5.7

4.6

5.7

5.4

5.7

5.5

Dec.

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.95

5.6

6.1

7 9^

7.5

7.85

8.3

9 1

7.8

7.35
24 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of 0 canto River at Gillett, Wis., for 1906 Continued.

Day.

16............................................

18.... ........................................

19......... .................................. .

20............................................

21 ............................................

23

24............................................

25. .................................... .......

26....-.-..---.-.............---...--.---.....

27....-....---.--....-.-.....--....-..----....

28.-....-..---.......--......---...-...--..-..

29....-....--.--.....----.....--.......--..--.

31 ............................................

31 ............................................

June.

5.65

5.6

5.6

5.0

5.4

5.7

6.0

6.0

6.-2

5.85

5.75

5.65

5.75

5.75

5.65

July.

5.2

5.0

4.95

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.85

4.8

4.75

4.75

4.4

4.7

4.7

Aug.

5.4

5.3

4.8

4.5

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.9

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.3

6.2

6.1

5.9

5.6

Sept.

6.15

5.8

5.8

5.9

6.0

6.0

5.3

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.05

5.0

Oct.

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.8

6.0

6.1

6.0

6.2

6.15

5.9

6.1

6.4

6.4

6.7

6.3

6.1

Nov.

5.5

5.95

5.9

6.2

6.2

6.35

6.3

6.25

6.15

5.7

7.05

7.3

7.35

7.3

7.2

Dec.

6.8

7.7

8.1

9.0

9 1

(0)

^Frozen. 

OCONTO RIVER AT STILES, WIS.

This station was established April 20, 1906, but was discontinued 

June 6, 1906, as the dam immediately above the station seriously 

modified the flow.

Discharge measurements of Oconto River at Stiles, Wis., in 1906.

Date.

April 20. .......

Hydrographcr. Width.

Feet. 

119

120

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

517

250

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.74

2.71

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,510

988

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oconto River at Stiles, Wis., for 1906.

Day.

2.........................

3.........................

4 ..

5.........................

6.........................

g

9

10.........................

11.........................

12.........................

13.........................

14.........................

15.........................

16....... .................

Apr.

........

May.

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.8

3.3

4.5

2.8

4

C

4.2

4.2

4.1

4.4

4.7

3.4

4.4

4.2

June.

3.0

2.4

3.2

2.5

2.7

2.8

Day.

18........................

19..... ...................

20........................

21........................

22........................

23........................

24................. .......

25........................

26........................

27........................

28........................

29........................

SO........................

31........................

Apr.

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.4

4.6

4.6

4.8

4.6

4.3

3.8

3.8

May.

3.8

4.0

4.4

2.6

4.0

4.1

4.0

3.3

3.7

2.8

3.3

2.3

3.1

3.3

June.

WOLF RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Wolf River rises in a number of small lakes 25 miles south of the 

northern boundary of Wisconsin and flows in a general southerly 

direction, entering upper Fox River at a point about 10 miles west
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 25

of Lake Winnebago. In the upper half of its course the descent of 

Wolf River is very rapid. At the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad crossing near Lenox it has an elevation of 1,562 feet above sea 

level, and between this point and Shawano, 80 miles, the river falls 

practically 10 feet per mile. Shawano is the head of navigation; 

below this point the river is very sluggish, with no opportunities for 

water power.

WOLF RIVER AT DARROW's BRIDGE, NEAR SHAWANO, WIS.

A station was established April 21, 1906, at Darrow's bridge, about 

2 miles south of Shawano, and was discontinued June 6, 1906, as the 

dam above modified the flow.

A measurement was made April 21, 1906, by Horton and Brennan, 

with the following results:

Width. 188 feet; area, 1,350 square feet; gage height, 5.87 feet; discharge, 3,890 

second-feet.

Daily gage height, infect, of Wolf River at Darrow's bridge, near Shawano, Wis.,for 1906.

Day.

4. ....... .................

6..........-..--....----..

8. ....... .................

9

10............... ......... -

13..........-..-...--...-..

Apr. May.

4.7

4.5

4.0

4.8

4.0

4.7

4.3

4.6

3.5

4.2

4.8

4.8

4.7

June.

4.8

4.3

3.8

Day.

17........................

18... .....................

19........................

20........................

21........................

22........................

23........................

24........................

25........................

26..................... ..

27........................

28........................

29........................

30........................

31........................

Apr.

5.4

5.0

4.7

4 5

May.

4.8

4.1

4.2

3.6

3.9

3.8

4.2

4.2

5.2

4.3

June.

........

WOLF RIVER AT WHITE HOUSE BRIDGE, NEAR SHAWANO, WIS.

This station was established June 6, .1906. It is located at the 

"White House" highway bridge, about 3| miles north of Shawano, 

Wis.

The channel is straight for about 200 feet above and 500 feet 

below the station. Both banks are of medium height and do not 

overflow. The bed of the stream is gravel and is permanent. There 

is one channel at all stages. The current is medium swift. This 

station may be affected by back water from the dam about 4 miles 

below.

A standard chain gage, which is read daily by Albert Utke, is 

fastened to the guard rail on the upstream side of the bridge; length 

of chain, 16.25 feet. The reference point is the center of gage pulley; 

elevation, 16.07 feet above gage datum.
26 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Discharge measurements of Wolf River near Shawano, Wis., in 1906.

Date.

June 30. .......

Hydrographer.

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

136

132

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

767

629

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.90

5.96

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,970

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wolf River near Shawano, Wis., for 1906.

Day.

j

2............................................

3. ...........................................

4. ........ ...................................

5. .................--....--....----...--..-..

6............................................

7. ...........................................

8.. ..........---...---.-.----..------..----..

9

10....... --.-....-----...---..-----.-..----- .-

11............................................

13.. .......... ................................

14......-.......--.....---...--......-...-.-..

15

16. .............................. .............

17.......-.----.-....-----.-.--..-.-----.-----

10

1Q

20........-.-......----.-..----..-.-------.---

21

23......---....-.-.-----...----..-------.----.

25

26. .................---....--.-..---------.-.-

97

oo

29

30

31.. ....---.-......--.---..----..-.----.--.---

June.

6.9

7.4

7.7

7 9

7.7

7.1

6.9

7.0

6.5

6.8

6.6

6.6

6.5

6.7

6.5

6.9

7.2

6.8

6.0

6.7

6.6

6.5

6.4

5.8

July.

6.8

8.2

7.6

7.3

7.1

6.4

6.5

6.4

6.8

6.9

6.5

6.3

6.0

6.2

5.8

6.3

6.4

6.1

5.7

6.1

6.2

6.2

5.8

6.0

Aug.

6:5

6.3

6.4

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.0

5.9

6.0

6.7

6.2

6.2

6.0

6.0

6.5

6.3.

6.0

5.9

6.0

6.3

6.2

6.0

6.7

6.4

7.2

6.2

5.8

Sept.

6.5

6.5

6.6

6.4

6.2

6.1

5.9

6.0

6.4

6.4

6.2

6.1

6.3

7.0

6.6

6.6

6.4

6.3

6.4

6. i

6.2

6.1

6.0

5.9

5.8

Oct.

5.8

5.8

5.9

6.0

6.1

6.0

6.3

6.1

6.1

6.4

6.4

6.0

6.1

6.1

6.0

6.3

6.3

6.9

6.5

6.3

6.6

6.9

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.5

6.6

Nov.

6.8

6.7

6.6

6.2

6.4

6.8

6.5

6.1

6.4

6.2

5.9

6.6

6.3

6.3

6.6

6.7

7.2

7.0

7.3

7.3

7.2

8.1

8.1

7.4

7.6

7.1

Dec.

7.7

(a)

ST. JOSEPH RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

St. Joseph River rises at Bunday Hills, in northern Hillsdale 

County, Mich., flows south westward into Indiana, turns northward 

at South Bend, recrosses the State line near Bertrand, and debouches 

into Lake Michigan at St. Joseph. The total area drained is approximately 4,586 square miles, of which 2,916 square miles are in Michigan 

and 1,670 square miles are in Indiana. The drainage basin contains 

more than 400 small lakes, varying in surface area from one-eighth 

of a square mile to 6 square miles. Of these, approximately 100 are 

in Indiana and 300 in Michigan. No storage is developed on the 

stream.
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 27

Elkhart River, one of the principal Indiana tributaries of the St. 

Joseph, drains an area of about 500 square miles, which contains 

large lakes and extended swamps, the principal fall of the stream 

occurring in its passage from marsh to marsh.

ST. JOSEPH RIVER AT MENDON, MICH.

This station is located at the Marantette Bridge, near Mendon, Mich.

Daily gage heights were obtained during 1906, but are not published, owing to the following sources of errors in any estimates of 

flow which might be based on them: (1) Inaccuracy of discharge 

measurements caused by the poor natural conditions of flow; (2) 

backwater from dam below the station; (3) the growth of aquatic 

plants in the channel, which changes the relation of gage height to 

discharge during the summer; (4) occasional backwater from Portage 

Creek, which enters the St. Joseph between the gage and the measuring section and complicates the problem somewhat. This creek 

flows parallel to and about 1 mile distant from the St. Joseph at 

Mendon and was at one time diverted across the divide, affording 

water power with a fall of 20 feet, but this diversion has been 

discontinued.

A measurement was made April 19, 1906, by D. F. Mott, with the 

following results:

Width, 100 feet; area, 589 square feet; gage height, 228 feet; discharge, 1,590 second-feet.

ST. JOSEPH RIVER NEAR BUCHANAN, MICH.

This station was established April 1, 1901. It is located at the 

dam of the South Bend Electric Company, 1 mile below the village 

of Bucharian. The conditions at this station are described in WaterSupply Paper No. 170, page 20, where are given also references to 

publications that contain data for previous years.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mich., for 1906.

Day.

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6.

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12.......... ....

14 ..............

15. ..............

Jan.

3,303

3,377

3,394

3,637

3,270

2,542

3,706

3,204

2,846

2,744

2,701

2,515

2,840

Feb.

5,004

4,108

3,615

3,897

3,196

2,888

3,656

3,710

3,603

3,824

Mar.

3,559

3,742

4,508

5, 699

6,069

5,581

5,300

4,841

4,321

4 7f\A.

4 191

4,036

Apr.

4 983

5,288

4,798

4,505

4,194

4,108

4,137

4,060

4,722

4,804

5,161

May.

3,544

3, 802

2,183

2,590

3,126

3,344

3,077

2,986

3,014

2,897

2,913

2,929

June.

9 OQQ

2,826

2,399

2,774

2,214

2,745

2,756

2,574

3,791

4,542

5,909

5,535

4,826

July.

2 407

2^326

1,895

2,485

2,127

2,077

1 924

2,252

1,917

1,894

2,129

2,133

1,712

Aug.

1,644

1,969

1,841

1,734

1,286

1,834

1,806

1,966

2,229

2,705

4,542

2,794

2,462

srsoe

Sept.

1,391

2,187

1,934

1,904

1,807

2,145

1,787

1,056

1,464

1,520

1,810

1,556

1,868

1,868

Oct.

684

1,053

1,327

1,558

1,753

1,648

1,218

1,674

2,065

1,338

1,948

1,661

1,595

1,079

935

Nov.

1,862

1,776

1,484

946

1,849

1,838

1,606

1,567

1,924

1,846

839

1,482

1,773

1,781

1,708

Dec.

6,481

3,521

3,810

3,202

2,460

3,887

5,811

5,978

5,023

5,558

5,685

5,530

5,503

5,044

5,006

IER 206 07-
28 SUEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mich.,for 1906 

Continued.

Day.

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

3,268

2,831

2,929

2,941

3,100

3.157

5,473

8, 461

8,648

7,617

7,179

6,856

6,442

6,382

Feb.

3,403

2,820

3,630

3,387

3,290

3,529

3,843

4,418

3,773

Mar.

3,899

3,350

4,033

3,643

3,481

3,294

3,168

2,853

3,781

5,718

5,528

Apr.

6,133

5,635

5,182

4,978

4.630

4,101

4 798

o qjT

3,672

3,822

3,500

May.

3,095

3,406

3,513

3,499

3,572

3,695

3,266

2,880

3,104

2,753

2,588

2,542

3,145

3,145

2,987

2,949

June.

4,696

3,621

4,118

3, 646

3,442

3,202

3,044

2,804

2,471

3,111

2,821

2,490

2,537

2,303

2,282

July.

2,180

1,772

1,537

1,539

1,316

1,624

775

1,722

1,511

1,627

1,512

1,323

1,348

930

1,906

1,631

Aug.

1,437

1,838

1,754

1,650

2,125

1,810

1,907

1,657

1,699

1,521

1,195

2,204

1,929

1,933

1,258

1 47Q

Sept.

1,324

1,014

1,719

2,028

1,589

1,638

1,398

573

1,032

1,332

1,122

1,325

989

1,639

756

Oct.

1,237

1,601

1,537

1,373

1,518

1,175

1,050

1,777

1,729

1,646

1,559

1,391

1,100

1,611

1,781

1,824

Nov.

1,671

1,849

960

1,820

1,821

2,069

2,907

2,604

4,032

4,157

4,821

4,636

4,599

4,516

4,210

Dec.

4,40<

5,22<

4,2&

4,39(

3,87{

3,51£

3,6£

3, 05<

2,761

2,164

2,642

2,97C

3,24S

3,06 

3.420

3,986

Monthly discharge of St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mich.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 3,940 square miles.]

Month.

Julv. ..........................................

Discharge in second-leet.

Maximum.

8,650 

6,0<0 

6,070 

6,130 

3,800 

5,910 

2,480 

4,540 

2,190 

2,060 

4,820 

6,480

8,650

Minimum.

2,520 

2,820 

2,850 

3,350 

2,180 

2,210 

775 

1,200 

573 

684 

839 

2,160

573

Mean.

4,400 

3,700 

4,390 

4,550 

3,060 

3,460 

1,780 

2,030 

1,500 

1,470 

2,370 

4,170

3,070

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.12 

.939 

1.11 

1.15 

.777 

.878 

.452 

.515 

.381 

.373 

.602 

1.06

.780

Depth in 

inches.

1.29 

.98 

1.28 

1.28 

.90 

.98 

.52 

.59 

.43 

.43 

.67 

1.22

10.57

KALAMAZOO RIVER BASHST.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Kalamazoo River rises in southwestern Jackson County, Mich., 

flows in a general northwesterly direction, and enters Lake Michigan 

at Saugatuck. Its length is about 100 miles.

Owing to its steady regimen the Kalamazoo is of great value for 

water power. Within the past five years three dams and power 

plants have been constructed to generate electricity for electric 

traction. An additional plant for this purpose is now under construction at Ceresco. Water power is also used for general manufacturing purposes at Allegan, Battle Creek, Albion, and other points.
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 29

KALAMAZOO RIVER NEAR ALLEGAN, MICH.

This station was established April 4, 1901. It is located at the 

dam of the Commonwealth Power Company, in Trowbridge Township, 6 miles upstream by the river from Allegan. The conditions at 

this station and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply 

Paper No. 171, page 22, where are given also references to publications 

that contain data for previous years.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kalamazoo River near Allegan, Mich., for 1906.

Day.

1. ..............

2.. ............ 3..............:

4.. .............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

1,112

1,279

1, 157

1, 185

1,185

1,248

899

1,034

999

783

602

899

1,125

1,336

1,258

1,339

1,318

1,553

2,755

3,454

3,528

3,473

3,557

3,395

3,317

2,721

2,167

2,139

Feb.

1.6.85

1,457

1,218

984

1,221

1,116

1,167

978

1,045

785

961

988

1,189

1,592

1,221

1,185

1,128

1,097

1,221

1,218

1,473

1,451

1 998

1,653

1,597

1,656

Mar.

1,467

2,612

2,381

2,214

2,382

2,195

2,275

2,061

1,810

1,609

1,400

1,406

1,551

1,371

1,133

1,336

1,307

1,118

1,178

851

1,612

2,350

2,070

2,247

2, 139

2,616

Apr.

2,821

2,242

2,039

1,898

1,676

1,861

1,817

1,562

1;669

1,177

2,151

2,283

2,038

2,192

2,263

2,233

1,856

1,287

1,755

1,160

1,263

1,327

1,240

1,326

1,073

1,067

May.

1,268

1,096

1,156

1,342

1,150

1,184

1,062

1,228

1,089

1,234

971

2,033

2,311

1,983

1,821

1,827

1,691

1,124

1,176

1,178

1,031

1,101

1,073

1,037

1,131

1,173

1,094

June.

1,197

1,026

1,011

905

1,136

1,021

999

1 19°

2,533

2,767

2,638

2,729

2,924

2,378

2,111

1,915

1,061

1,353

1,444

1 2%

1,344

1,252

1,098

1,089

1,073

1,143

1,085

1,017

July.

COS

1,027

1,112

903

1,091

i,2r,9

964

881

1,154

1,189

1,001

859

637

573

517

834

954

866

875

765

793

683

776

761

731

683

490

445

556

1,102

1,112

Aug.

869

852

7CO

632

1,091

1,011

1,028

917

806

877

1,198

993

961

1,061

977

496

496

712

718

802

666

616

765

471

Sept.

641

475

411

829

666

713

925

379

547

622

648

687

557

243

635

799

714

546

792

330

619

588

623

697

482

105

Oct.

349

306

876

513

446

535

581

1,052

757

525

412

859

537

461

778

532

QQQ

467

624

1,009

1,110

1,245

837

Nov.

812

915

1,045

904

983

804

904

569

890

818

407

983

807

1 097

1,321

732

1,699

1,621

1,669

1,487

1,553

1,525

1,088

1,316

Dec.

1,251

983

1,274

1,129

864

1,431

1,902

1,819

1,670

1,635

1,904

1 729

1,571

1,634

1,545

1,351

1,306

1,366

1,034

1,061

1,224

512

707

502

813

988

1,061

1,304

Monthly discharge of Kalamazoo River near Allegan, Mich., for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,470 square miles.]

Month.

April. .........................................

July...........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,560 

2,040 

2,620 

2,820 

2,310 

2,920 

1,240 

1,200 

925 

1,240 

1,700 

1,900

Minimum.

602 

785 

851 

1,070 

971 

905 

445 

471 

105 

242 

407 

502

Mean.

1,810 

1,310 

1,740 

1,730 

1,330 

1,550 

844 

808 

596 

677 

1,100 

1,270

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.23 

.890 

1.18 

1.18 

.905 

1.05 

.574 

.550 

.405 

.461 

.748 

.864

Depth in 

inches.

1.42 

.93 

1.36 

1.32 

1.04 

1.17 

.66 

.57 

.45 

.53 

.78 

1.00
30 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

REED S SPRINGS, NEAR ALBION, MICH.

A gaging station was established at this place December 7 and 8, 

1904, for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the permanence of the supply furnished to streams by the numerous springs 

in the moraines. It was discontinued June 30, 1906. The conditions at this station are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 171, 

page 24.

Gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, of Reed's springs, near Albion, Mich.,

for 1906.

Date.

April 1 ......................

April 22........ .............

Gage, 

height on 

weir.

Feet. 

1.09

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

Discharge.

Sec.-feet. 

2.66

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

Date.

May 13. .....................

May 20......................

May 27......................

Gage 

height on 

weir.

Feet. 

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

Discharge.

Sec.-feet. 

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

GRAND RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Grand River rises in the southern part of Jackson County, Mich., 

flows in a general northerly and northwesterly direction, and empties 

into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. Its drainage area, which comprises a rich agricultural region in thie; south-central portion of 

Michigan, includes extensive swamps and marshes but comparatively 

few lakes. At Grand Rapids the stream passes over a limestone 

ledge, making a considerable fall, which has been developed for 

power purposes, and at Grand Ledge a similar descent occurs over 

sandstone.

The Grand receives a number of important tributaries, notably 

Flat, Thornapple, Maple, Lookingglass, and Red Cedar rivers.

GRAND RIVER AT NORTH LANSING, MICH.

This station was established March 2, 1901, and was discontinued 

August 4, 1906. It was located at the Seymour Street Bridge, a 

short distance below the North Lansing dam. The conditions at 

this station and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply 

Paper No. 170, page 26, \vhere are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 31

Discharge measurements of Grand' River at North Lansing, Midi., in 1906.

Date.

April 20.......

June 16.. ......

Hydrographer.

D. L. Mott ...................................

Horton and Covert ...........................

Width.

Feet. 

177

183

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

966

811

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.90

o5.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,780

1,400

o Uncertain.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Grand River at North Lansing, Midi., for 1906.

Day.

1....................................

2. ...................................

3. ................................ ...

4. ...... .............................

5....................................

6................................. ...

7....................................

8....................................

g

10... ................... .. ....... .....

12................... .................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................... ............

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Jan.

3.24

3.13

2 98

3.02

3.08

3.09

2.55

2.47

2 54

2.52

2.66

2.42

2.14

2.96

3.48

3.88

3.48

3.54

?. 76

5.89

7.56

8.92

9.14

8.5

7.26

6.42

5.77

5.34

5.01

4.61

Feb.

4.69

3.75

3.44

3.22

4.02

3.58

3.42

3.27

3.15

3.09

2.42

2.98

2.66

3.06

3.44

3.02

2.70

2.20

2.66

2.51

3.48

3.93

3.79

3.78

3.70

4.40

3.94

3.30

Mar.

3.59

3.43

6.08

6.82

6.37

6.24

5.42

4.88

3.96

4.18

3.39

3.86

3.56

3.32

3.46

3.14

2.80

3.20

2.96

2.99

2.90

2.76

2.41

3.44

5.10

6.72

6.90

6.36

5.60

Apr.

5.23

4.57

4.33

4.53

4.07

4.17

4.02

5.27

5.43

4.98

5.18

6.58

6.35

5.52

4.73

4.27

3.42

3.37

3.48

3.45

3.20

3.10

3.17

May.

2.95

3.02

3.39

3.27

2.96

2.63

2.95

2.70

9 7^

2.82

2.91

2.72

2.52

3.33

4.23

4.45

3.89

3.87

3.28

3.02

2.88

2.90

2.42

2.42

2.42

1.82

3.13

3.38

2 97

3.07

June.

3.02

2.80

2.27

2.52

2.97

2.43

2.38

5.12

9

00

9.88

8.57

7.43

6.07

5.50

4.60

4.05

3.31

3.46

3.33

2.97

2.53

2.72

2.47

2.40

2.20

2.37

July.

2.08

2.33

1.93

1.98

2.68

2.70

2.52

2.63

2.48

2.35

2.08

2.05

2.15

2.07

2.10

2.30

2.08

2.10

2.08

2.15

2.17

1.83

9 ^SQ

2.43

Aug.

2.30

2.55

2.35

3.05

Rating table for Grand River at North Lansing, Midi., for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

251

281

313

347

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

383 |! 3.50

421

461

502

544

586

629

672

716

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

761

807

854

902

950

999

1,049

1,099

1,149

1,200

4.10 1,255

4.20 1,310

4.30 1,365

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.20

5.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,420

1,475

1,530

1,585

1,640

1,700

1,760

1,880

2.000

5. 60 2, 130

5.80 2,265

6. 00 2, 405

6.20 2,565

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

9.00

^ 10. 00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,730

2,900

3,080

3,260

3,445

3,635

3,830

4,030

4,240

5,370

6,680

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1902-1906, and is well defined below gage heights 5.4 feet and fairly well 

above gage height 5.4 feet.
32 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Grand River at North Laming, Mich.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,230 square miles.]

Month.

July...............:...........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,540 

1,580 

3,170 

3,060 

1,450 

6,510 

586 

738

Minimum.

361 

383 

465 

761 

257 

372 

260 

421

Mean.

1,610 

887 

1,450 

1,530 

737 

1,410 

392 

531

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.31 

.721 

1.18 

1.24 

.599 

1.15 

.319 

.432

Depth in 

inches.

1.51

.75 

1.36 

1.38 

.69 

1.28 

.37 

.06

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January to March and June, good; remainder of the period, 

excellent.

GRAND RIVER AT GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

This station was established March 12, 1901, by L. W. Anderson, 

city engineer of Grand Rapids. It is located at the Fulton Street 

Bridge. The gage is read by assistants in city engineer's office.

The conditions at this station and the bench marks are described 

in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 29, where are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

A measurement was made during 1906 at gage height 7.58 feet, 

which indicated a discharge nearly 25 per cent in excess of the rating 

used for 1905. Owing to lack of data tending either to confirm or 

discredit this measurement, it was considered inadvisable to make 

estimates of flow for 1906. It is believed, however that the 1905 

rating probably applies correctly for 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich.,for 1906.

Day.

1...............

2. ..............

3. ..............

4...............

5. .............. 

6. ..............

7............... 

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12......... ...

13...............

14...............

15. ..............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22............... 

28...............

24............... 

25...............

Jan.

1.75

2.12

2.30

1.55 

1.38

"L50~

1.80

1.68

1.65

1.35

1.25 "i.'os"

2.48

2.45

2.20

2.90

3.15

5.95

8.28 

9.78

10.65 

11.50

Feb.

5.95

4.60

2.35

3.35 

4.60

4.72 

4.68

4.48

4.20

3.20

3.00

3.35 

3.50

3.15

3.10

2.55

2.45

4.25 ' "i'so"

5.82

Mar.

5.12

5.52

7.05 

7.25

7.15 

6.68

5.90

5.15

4.15

3.70

3.25 

3.0

2.65

2.32

2.02

1.85

1.75

1.35 

1.25

1.45

Apr.

4.78

4.25

3.72

3.35 

3.25

3.22

4.50

5.05

5.20

5.18

5.35

6.95

7.05

6.70

5.88

4.80

"3." 65"

3.30 

2.90

May.

1.85

1.88

1.75

1.85

1.80

1.85 

1.45

1.35

1.30

1.20

1.15

].95 

1.95

2.35

2.50

2.30

1.80

1.44

1.10 

.95

.80

.75

June.

1.32

1.22

.85

1.18 

1.90

1.28 

1.20

1 v>

4.22

4.95

4.75

4.30 

3.15

1.65

1.60

1.30

1.25

1.20 

1.10

""."62"

July.

0.25

9ft

- .10 

- .10

- .15

-f .05

- .02

- .15

- .15

i ft

- .18

- .10

- .05

- .05

- .10

- .30

-'."35"

- .35 

- .40

Aug.

-0.08

- .38

- .35

- .35

- .45

- .35 

- .05

-f .40

.60

.82

48

_1_ ~r . °.Q00 

02

- .08

- .25

 99

on

- .28

- .32 

- .25

- .18 

- .30

Sept.

-0.48

- .48 

- .50

- .58 

- .58

_ go

- .58

- .50

- .42

- .38 

- .40

- .32

- .38

- .35

- .30

- .28

- .22

- .05 

- .30

Oct.

0.50

.35

.22

.12

.05 

- .05

-"."65"

no

.00

- .15

- .05

- .20

-"."26"

- .28

- .28

- .30

- .25

- .28

- .28 

- .25

- .28 

- .15

Nov.

0.70

.60

.32

28

.25 

.20

la

.18

.00

.00

.00 

- .10

- .10

-f .40

.40

.60

.85

1.70 

2.55

2.85

Dec.

1.95

1.40

1.00

.60 

.70

1.40 

1.32

2.15

2.05

2.05

2.30 

2.35

3.05

2.75

2.39

1.95

1.85

1.60

1.45 

1.30
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 33

Daily gage height, in feet, of Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich., for 1906 Continued.

Day. Jan. Feb.

R CO

Mar.

1 en

Apr.

9 fit;

May.

n fin

June.

n 7n

July.

n an

Aug. Sept.

n -?n

Oct.

n n^

Nov.

9 7=;

Dec.

26. 1 ns

2.38

2.25

1.05

.40 - .35

- .38

2.15

1.25 .80 2.05

MUSKEGON EIVEH BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Muskegon River drains an area 2,663 square miles in extent, lying 

directly north of the Grand River basin. Its headwaters rise in the 

north-central part of the southern peninsula of Michigan, whence it 

flows in a general southwesterly direction until it enters Lake Michigan near the city of Muskegon.

From the vicinity of Evart to Newaygo the Muskegon flows between high banks and has a rapid fall. Levels run for the purpose 

show that within a distance of 10 miles 5 miles each way from Big 

Rapids there is a total fall of 104 feet, practically all of which could 

be economically developed, as there are favorable sites for the location of dams.

In connection with power development good opportunities exist for 

the conservation of flow by artificial storage. The water surface areas 

of the principal lakes of the watershed and of the tributary drainage 

which they control are given below:

Drainage and surface areas of lakes in Muskegon River watershed.

Lake. Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

57

67

67

185

252

Water 

surface.

Sq. miles. 

8.0

6.7

15.0

31.0

46.0

In the upper portion of the watershed there is a total lake area of 

about 110 square miles. Formerly a lumberman's dam was maintained 

for the purpose of flooding logs between Higgins and Houghton lakes, 

but this has been washed out. A lumberman's dam, built of logs 

and earth, which still remains about 1 mile below the foot of Houghton 

Lake, raises the water level in that lake 4 feet, providing a storage 

of 3,350,000,000 cubic feet in round numbers.
34 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

MUSKEGON RIVER AT NEWAYGO, MICH.

This station was established in March, 1901. It is located at the 

dam of the Newaygo Portland Cement Company, which crosses the 

Muskegon in a deep valley above the village of Newaygo. The conditions at this station are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, 

page 32, where are given also references to publications that contain 

data for previous years.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Muskegon River at Neu'aygo, Mich.,for 1906.

Day.

2...............

3.. .............

4...............

5...... .........

6...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1,970

2,172

2,154

2,115

1,872

1,899

2,049

1,971

1,793

1,795

2,017

1 981

2' 202

1,953

2,323

3,002

2,584

2,793

2,662

2,699

2,614

2,218

2,226

2,109

2,243

Feb.

2,237

1,748

2,128

2,273

2,314

2,172

2,139

2,041

1,681

1,576

2,202

1,650

1,456

2,145

1,896

1,927

1,859

2,598

2,577

1,317

1,294

1,381

1,652

1,482

1,413

929

Mar.

1,389

1,309

1,190

1,302

648

777

1,124

1,567

1,552

1,529

1,277

1 049

1.606

2,017

609

1,528

907

1,931

1,627

1,498

1,525

1,359

1,208

2,427

2,374

2,551

2,722

Apr.

2,244

2,246

2,165

2,098

2,917

2,133

2,051

2.117

3,240

2,016

1,912

1,836

2,413

2,349

2,268

1,291

1,284

1,145

1.079

1,048

1,145

1,248

1,228

907

1,149

May.

977

1,085

1,607

1,784

999

1,502

1,555

1,624

1,050

977

1,015

1,634

984

1,027

1,388

1,130

1,083

1,115

1,090

958

1,136

1,255

1,260

1,387

1,484

1,223

1,422

1,127

June.

1,050

1,148

1,233

1,143

1,204

1 191

1^142

1,188

1,212

1,067

949

1,020

1,066

1,270

1,143

1,111

947

1,178

1,082

1,227

1,068

1,075

1,098

1.002

1,036

July.

1,082

1,059

1,103

1,188

1,103

1,100

3,098

984

1,114

1,050

1,162

954

1,122

1,061

1,027

1,150

1,181

1,102

989

1,062

829

1,014

1,167

1,060

1,082

1,159

Aug.

881

1,073

884

910

814

926

1,043

1,461

849

946

878

891

910

1,010

833

860

926

830

963

896

838

901

846

854

842

881

812

780

926

Sept.

894

926

878

840

857

852

868

830

789

982

876

734

994

990

926

990

878

782

1,209

1,322

1,207

1,144

1,015

1,081

1,728

Oct.

1,408

1,113

971

1.137

984

1,038

1,344

1,189

1,158

1,225

1,249

1,105

1,120

1,067

1,258

1,233

1,196

1,281

1,186

1,313

1,345

1,686

1,418

Nov.

1,387

1,418

1,469

1,243

1,412

1,226

1,179

1,181

1,101

1,208

1,204

1,240

1,333

2,207

2,256

2,151

2,570

3,055

2,615

3,891

Dec.

3,417

2,837

2,488

2,063

1,951

1,783

1,631

1,102

1 1^9

1,414

1,593

2,233

2,613

2,344

1,851

2,164

2,172

1,688

1,805

1,511

1,789

1 QfiQ

1 795

1^880

NOTE. Ice conditions January 21 to 26.

Monthly discharge of Muslcegon River at Newaygo, Midi., for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 2,350 square miles.]

Month.

July. .........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,060 

2,600 

2,720 

3,550 

1,780 

1,270 

1,190 

1,460 

1,730 

1,840 

4,070 

3,420

Minimum.

1,790 

929 

609 

907 

958 

947 

829 

780 

734 

971 

1,100 

1,100

Mean.

2,220 

1,850 

1,480 

1,870 

1,250 

1,120 

1,080 

914 

997 

1,250 

1,960 

1,920

Eun-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.945 

.787 

.630 

.796 

.532 

.477 

.460 

.389 

.424 

.532 

.834 

.817

Depth in 

inches.

0.88 

.82 

.73 

.89 

.61 

.53 

.53 

.45 

.47 

.61 

.93 

.88
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE. 35

MANISTEE RIVER BASIN.

DESOEIPTION OF BASIN.

Manistee River is the northernmost of the group of three large 

rivers draining the western part of the southern peninsula of Michigan. 

It has its source in southeastern Antrim County, flows in a general 

southwesterly direction, and enters Lake Michigan at the city of 

Manistee, an important lumber center. The harbor at the mouth of 

the river is excellent. The fall is gradual and no important utilization 

of the water power has been made, the principal use of the stream 

being for rafting logs.

MANISTEE RIVER NEAR SHERMAN, MICH.

This station was established July 10, 1903, at North Bridge, near 

Sherman. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are 

described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 34, where are given 

also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

A measurement was made June 30, 1906, by Horton and Covert, 

with the following results:

Width, 68 feet; area, 409 square feet; gage height, 2.36 feet; discharge, 988 secondfeet.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Manistee River near Sherman, Mich.,for 1906.

Day.

2.. .. ...........

4...............

8. ....... .......

9

10...............

11...............

is

14...............

15.... ......... ..

17...............

18...............

19

20. ....... .......

21...............

22...............

23...............

24

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29...............

30

31.... ...........

Jan.

2.65

3.35

4.15

4.28

4.78

4 45

4 oQ

3 42

3 12

3.02

2.98

Feb.

2.88

2.58

2.28

2.35

2.42

2.45

2.42

2.32

2.45

4.00

5.00

4 G8

4.00

3.50

3.15

3.02

3.00

3.05

3.40

3.35

2 80

2 60

2.95

3.70

3.58

3.38

3.15

Mar.

3.02

2.92

2.80

2.80

2.72

2.70

2.70

2.68

2.68

2.70

2.70

2 68

2.58

2.50

2.45

2.45

2.38

2.28

2.30

2.35

2.32

2.25

2.18

2.08

2.18

2.40

2.78

3.12

3.25

3.45

Apr.

3.55

3.80

4.02

4.35

4.58

4.68

4.62

4.60

4.65

4.85

5.05

5.15

5.05

5.00

4.92

4 90

4.88

4 68

4 35

4.15

4.10

4.10

4.12

4.08

3.98

3.75

3.65

3.45

3.40

3.32

May.

3.30

3.50

3.60

3.80

3.98

3.78

3.55

3.50

3.40

3.32

3.22

3.18

3.18

3.22

3.25

3.22

3.12

3.08

3.08

3.10

2.95

2.82

2.72

2.70

2.70

2 70

2.72

2.80

2 80

2 80

2 65

June.

2.65

2.65

2.62

2.60

2.62

2.65

2.72

2.72

2.68

2.58

2.50

2.42

2.32

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.35

2 40

2.40

2.40

2.45

2.60

2.55

2.50

2.50

2 40

2 40

2 40

2.35

July.

2.75

2.80

2.65

2.45

2.40

2.40

2.35

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.45

2.80

2.95

3.00

3.00

2.85

2.55

2.35

2.30

2.30

2.25

2.22

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.30

Aug.

2.28

2.28

2.35

2.30

2.20

2.12

2.10

2.10

2.12

2.12

2.10

2.10

2.02

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.92

2.05

2.18

2.15

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.00

Sept.

1.92

1.98

2.12

2.15

2.10

2.08

2.05

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.95

1.92

1.92

1.95

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.95

1.95

1.90

1.92

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

2.20

2.20

Oct.

2.18

2.15

2.10

2.02

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.00

2.02

2.10

2.08

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.10

2.10

2.08

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.12

2.15

2.15

2.10

2.08

2.00

Nov.

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.05

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.08

2.10

2.10

2.18

2.22

2.35

2.55

2.75

2.95

3.08

3.22

3.35

3.55

3.68

3.75

3.78

Dec.

3.65

3.32

3.00

2.72

2.70

2.65

2.60

2.60

2.52

2.48

2.42

2.52

2.55

2.48

2.40

2.38

2.35

2.35

2.42

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.25

2 22

2.32

NOTE. On February 1 a jam of logs several miles below the station stopped the flow of slusn ice, 

which backed up several miles above the gage and froze; this ice went out February 17.
36 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1906.

LAKE HURON DRAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

The area tributary to Lake Huron in the United States comprises 

the eastern part of the southern peninsula of Michigan. South of 

Saginaw Bay the Lake Huron slope is very narrow and the brooks 

and runnels by which it is drained are only a few miles in length. 

The so-called Thumb of the Mitten is drained chiefly by three short, 

northward-flowing streams known as Willow, Pinnepog, and Pigeon 

rivers, which lie in a flat, marshy region. The Saginaw River system 

is tributary to the bay at its head, while northward from the bay are 

Rifle, Au Sable, and Thunder Bay rivers, streams having considerable 

fall, excellent ground storage, and well-sustained flow. Cheboygan 

River also belongs in the Lake Huron drainage.

ATI SABLE KIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Au Sable River rises in southern Otsego County and follows a tortuous course in a general southeasterly direction to its outlet in Lake 

Huron at Oscoda, Mich. Numerous small lakes, wet sand areas, 

and undrained hollows occur. Rock outcrops are very rare, the 

stream bed being usually clay or sand. The tributaries are unimportant, nearly all the rainfall being absorbed by the porous sand areas. 

At Bamfield, about 40 miles from the outlet, following the river, the 

elevation is about 850 feet above sea level, and from this point to the 

mouth of the stream excellent sites for water-power development 

occur.

AU SABLE RIVEK AT BAMFIELD, MICH.

This station was established August 27, 1902. It is located at the 

highway bridge at Bamfield. The conditions at this station and the 

bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 38, 

where are given also references to publications that contain data for 

previous years.

Daily gage height, infect, of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich., for 1906.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4..... ..........

5...............

6...............

7.-...--..-.....

8....---....-...

9

10...............

Jan.

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0 9

0.9

Feb.

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

2.5

2.2

2.6

O A

2.4

Mar.

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1 ^

1.5

Apr.

2.5

2.7

2.95

3.25

3.6

3.65

9 Q

3.0

3.1

3.5

May.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.0

June.

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

July.

2.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

2.0

Aug.

1.5

1.2

1.1

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.5

1.5

Sept.

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

Oct.

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

Nov.

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1 3

i ^

1.3

Dec.

9 Q

9 Q"5

3.05 3 n

3.2

3.15

0 "I

3

1

o n

3.0
LAKE HUEON DRAINAGE. 37

Daily gage height, in feet, of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Midi., for 1906 Continued.

Day.

n. ..............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17........... ...

18...............

19

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

0 9

0 9

0.9

0 9

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.4

2.2

9 S

9 A

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.6

Feb.

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.0

2.7

2.8

2.8

2.8

3.0

2

0

9 n

1 9

Mar.

1.4

1.4

1.3

i s

1.2

1.1

1.2

1 9

1.2

1 9

1.2

1-4.

1.5

1 ft

1 9

1.7

2.0

2.5

Apr.

3.9

3.45

3.45

3.65

S 4^

3.0

3.05

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.7

9 55

2.45

2 At:

9 A

2.0

2.2

1 9

May.

2.0

1.95

2.05

2.0

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 Q

1 9

1 9

1 9

2.0

1 9

1 9

1 9

1.9

1 9

1.9

June.

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.5

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.1

2.0

1 9

1 9

1 U

2.0

9 n

2.2

2.0

2.0

July.

1.9

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.9

1.9

1.9

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.4

1.5

2.2

1.5

Aug.

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.1

3.1

1.1

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

Sept.

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0 1.1

1.2

Oct.

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.0

1.0

Nov.

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.35

1.55

1.85

2.5

2.7

2.75

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.55

2.65

2.65

2.8

Dec.

3 1

30

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.6

3.0

3.5

4.1

4.3f

5.0

50

50

4.8

4.2

4.1

2.8f

Rating table for Au Sable River at Bamfield, Midi., for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,050

1,100

1,140

1,200

1,240

1,300

1,340

1,400

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,460

1,520

1,570

1,630

1,700

1,760

1,830

1,900

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.20

3.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,960

2,040

2,110

2,190

2,260

2,340

2,490

2,050

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.60

3.80

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,810

2,970

3,130

3,300

3,480

3,650

3,840

4,020

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1902-1905, and is well defined below gage height 3.5 feet.

Monthly discharge of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Midi., for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,420 square miles.]

Month.

April ..........................................

June.. .......... ...

July .........................................

Maximum.

2,150

2,340

3,050

1,830

1,340

1,340

2,190

4,020

Minimum.

1,050

1,300

1,140

1,570

1,340

1,140

1,120

1,100

1,100

1,140

1,050

Mean.

1,270

1,850

1,'350

2,280

1,610

1,570

1,320

1,210

1,120

1,180

1,580

1,580

±cunSec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.894

1.30

1.61

1.11

930

.852

7CQ

.831

1.11

1.87

1.11

on.

Depth in 

inches.

1.35

1.10

1.80

1 Qfi

1.24

1.07

98

.88

96

1.24

15.11

NOTE. Values are, rated as excellent except in February, the figures for which are probably considerably in excess of the true flow on account of ice conditions.
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

RIFJLE RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Rifle River rises in the vicinity of Rose City, in northern Ogemaw 

County, flows southward and southeastward, and empties into Saginaw Bay about 5 miles below Omer, Arenac County. Its basin, 

covering about 385 square miles,'is long and narrow, having a width 

of about 3 miles at the mouth of the stream. The basin contains 

numerous small glacial lakes, but there is no controlled storage and a 

very small percentage of natural water surface. Ramifying tributaries at the headwaters give the stream a relatively large volume at 

the entrance of West Branch, in T. 21 N., R. 3 E. The region is wild 

and the stream is undeveloped, but it is being exploited with a view 

to the transmission of electric power to Saginaw and Bay City.

RIFLE RIVER NEAR STERLING, MICH.

This station was established November 14, 1905. It is located 

near Sterling, at Meeker's bridge, in sec. 5, T. 19 N., R. 5 E., and is 

about 4 miles upstream from Omer, where a gaging station was formerly maintained. The conditions at this station and the bench 

marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 40.

A measurement was made June 18, 1906, by Horton and Covert, 

with the following results:

Width, 51 feet; area, 140 square feet; gage height, 1.70 feet; discharge, 262 secondfeet.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rifle River near Sterling, Mich.,for 1906.

Day.

1. ..............

2. ..............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25...............

Jan.

2.40

2.28

2.46

2.65

2.56

2.49

2.50

2.50

2.60

2.80

2.72

2.75

2.58

2.74

2.72

3.09

3.10

2.96

3.01

2.95

3.50

6.20

5.20

4.60

Feb.

3.35

2.85

3.65

3.70

3.82

4.05

3.69

3.58

3.35

3.22

3.31

3.48

3.35

3.34

3.38

3.42

3.50

3.55

3.60

4.50

4.48

5.35

6.64

Mar.

5.10

4.70

4.71

5.11

4.95

4.72

4.48

4.65

4.70

4.55

4.40

4.21

4.05

3.78

3.88

3.45

3.52

3.65

3.65

3.46

3.50

3.45

3.34

Apr.

5.50

5.38

5.48

5.65

5.40

4.68

4.43

4.30

5.25

6.12

6.65

4.99

4.50

5.10

6.65

6.20

4.65

4.18

3.85

3.50

3.18

3.03

3.20

3.03

2.93

May.

2.38

2.32

2.29

2.22

2.11

2.08

2.04

2.00

2.26

2.25

2.20

2.35

3.35

3.25

2.84

2.65

3.10

3.12

2.72

2.40

2.30

2.14

2.09

2.01

1.94

June.

1.87

1.82

1.78

1.78

2.00

1.94

2.02

2.28

2.12

1.95

2.32

1.71

1.66

1.65

1.60

1.62

1.72

1.72

1.72

1.69

1.70

1.72

1.70

1.61

1.54

July.

2.80

2.52

2.29

2.10

2.00

1.70

1.70

1.61

1 60

1.62

1.57

1.58

1.53

1.42

1.42

1.80

1.70

1.59

1.55

1.50

1.60

1.51

1.48

1.39

Aug.

1.39

1.38

1.36

1.30

1.28

1.28

1.40

1.41

1.38

1.36

1.31

1.29

1.26

1.24

1.22

1.25

1.22

1.21

1.26

1.45

1.76

1.86

2.15

1.76

Sept.

1.38

1.38

1.48

1.42

1.40

1.36

1.28

1.32

1.25

1.24

1.26

1.23

1.32

1.26

1.24

1.33

1.31

1.24

1.23

1.24

1.31

1.45

1.49

1.47

1.32

Oct.

1.80

1.72

1.52

1.47

1.48

1.45

1.51

1.50

1.55

1.51

1.44

1.46

1.40

1.40

1.33

1.38

1.40

1.40

1.75

1.80

1.76

1.64

1.54

1.65

2.01

Nov.

1.8-5

1.77

1.70

1.66

1.70

1.79

1.64

1.64

1.54

1.60

1.70

1.58

1.50

1.51

1.58

1.50

1.61

2.01

2.36

2.26

2.18

3.75

3.65

3.00

2.55

Dec.

2

OC

9 W

2.32

1 98

2.08

2.14

3.35

3.60

3.70

3.25

3.35

3.45

3.15

3.10

2.85

2.50

2.50

2.34

2.32

2.58

2.54

2.32

2.18

2.25
LAKE HURON DRAINAGE. 39

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rifle Hirer near Sterling, Midi., for 1906 Continued.

3?>y26.. ...'.. ........

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31............. .

Jan.

4.32

4.12

4.08

3.78

3.68

3.58

Feb.

5.90

5.44

Mar.

5 92

5.84

6 79

7.20

Apr.

2.74

2.53

2.44

2.62

2.52

May.

2.15

1.91

1.90

June.

2.15

2.75

2.50

July.

1.37

1.50

1.52

1.58

1.51

Aug.

1 7S

2.04

1.80

1.64

1.48

1. 41

Sept.

1.27

1.32

1.27

1 90

2.30

Oct.

2.22

2.40

2.29

2.15

2.00

Nov.

3.48

5.14

4.14

3.55

3.10

Dec.

2.42

2.47

2.36

2.41

2.45

4.08

NOTE. The following ice conditions prevailed during 190G: January 15, ice along both shores, open 

channel in midstream above and below gage; January 31, ice along both shores from 4 to 10 inches thick, 

channel open; February 15, river frozen at gage, open above and below, ice 12 inches thick; February 

28, river frozen at gage,* open above and below, ice 10 inches thick; March 15, river frozen at gage, small 

hole open above and below the section, ice 12 inches thick; March 31, ice all gone.

SAGHSTAW KITER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Three streams Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, and Cass rivers 

unite near Saginaw to form Saginaw River, the combined catchment 

areas receiving the drainage from a crescent-shaped region of about 

6,000 square miles surrounding Saginaw Bay.

Tittabawassee River, the northernmost of the three, drains a relatively flat region. From railroad profiles it is estimated that the fall 

of the stream from Highwood to its mouth, a distance of about 50 

miles along the river, is 140 feet.

TITTABAWASSEE RIVER AT FREELAND, MICH.

This station was established August 22, 1903, discontinued August 

3, 1906, and reestablished October 28, 1906. It is located at the 

Freeland highway bridge, 10 miles northwest of Saginaw, in sec. 21, 

T. 13 N., R. 3 E., one-half mile from Freeland. The conditions at 

this station and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply 

Paper No. 170, page 42, where are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Tittabawassee River at Freeland, Midi., in 1906.

Date. Ilydrographer.

D. L. Mott...................... --.....-......

Covert and llorton ...........................

Width.

Feet.

238

213

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

2,030

927

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.58

2.08

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

4,420

764

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tittabatcassee River at Freeland, Midi., for 1906.

Day.

1..................... 

2. .. ..................

3.....................

Jan.

3.62 

3.62

a 58

3.52

3.49

Feb.

7.98 

7.38

6.68

6.05

5.95

Mar.

1 o 99

1 9 09

11.50

11.85

12.45

Apr.

8.58

7.45

7.60

7.65

May.

3.52

3.52

3.45

a 28

June.

3.18

2.72

2.58

2.50

July.

2.38

2.00

1 98

1.90

1.85

Aug.

1.74

1.78

2.00

Oct.

"

Nov.

3.0

2.8

2.75

2.6

2.6

Dec.

6.5

6.25

6.0

5.9

5.15
40 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tittabawassee River at Freeland, Mich., in 1906 Cont'd.

Pay.

&................. ...

1. ....................

8. ....................

9.....................

10.....................

11.....................

12.....................

13................. ...

14.....................

15.................. ...

16.....................

17.....................

18.....................

19.....................

20.....................

21 .....................

22.....................

23.....................

24.....................

25. ....................

26. ....................

27.....................

28.....................

29.....................

30.....................

31.....................

Jan.

3.42

3.32

3.25

3.19

a 12

3.10

3.40

3.92

4.58

4.22

5.70

14.20

ia65 iais

12.30

8.82

Feb.

5.82

5.78

5.65

5.60

5.48

5.18

4.60

4.48

4.22

4.00

4.08

4.18

4.30

6.40

8. 90

9 95

11.05

14.95 iago

Mar.

12.20

11.68

11.22

11.00

10.95

10.52

9.38

8.92

8.62

8.22

7.92

7.62

7.42

7.45

6.72

6.62

7.30

10.65

13.48

9.90

9. 18

Apr.

7.48

6.02

6.52

7.55

10.43

10.60

9 70

8.85

8.75

11.30

10.00

8.42

6.18

5.62

5.02

4.88

465

4.40

4.32

ass

3.82

3.72

May.

3.12

3.00

2.88

a so

3.22

3.35

3.48

3.80

5.20

5.15

4.65

4.32

3.10

2.78

3.38

3.88

4.05

3.82

a 45

June.

2.52

2.52

2.62

2.75

2.88

2.75

2.28

2.18

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.75

2.00

2.00

2.00

2 05

2.00

2.08

2.12

2.18

2.10

July.

1.90

1.95

1.82

1.72

1.68

1.72

1.50

1.55

1 68

1.75

1.82

1.92

1.78

1 68

1.70

1.65

1.62

1.50

1.51

1.50

1.58

1.75

1.74

1.70

Aug.

*

Oct.

2.6

a2

3.6

Nov.

2.55

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.2

405

5.3

6.8

7.1

6 45

5.2

5.85

6.9

7.0

Dec.

485

5.2

5.6

6.0

6.2

6.45

6.8

6.95

7.2

7.55

7.8.

7.75

7.0

6.4

5.3

4.95

45

4.1

a 75

3.5

3.45

3.35

3.25

6.0

NOTE. Ice conditions probably affected the flow to some extent from January 21 to March 29. The

high stages during this period were caused by ice jams. The ice passed out at noon, March 29.

LAKE EKIE DKAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

That portion of the Lake Erie drainage basin that lies within the 

United States, exclusive of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, 

covers the northern third of Ohio, a small corner of northeastern Indiana, and a similar area in southeastern Michigan. South of the lake 

the drainage area is narrow, the divide lying in places scarcely 50 miles 

back from the lake shore. To the west the width of the area is greater, 

and the Maumee, which enters the lake near Toledo, is the largest 

stream of northern Ohio. The average altitude of the watershed 

above Lake Erie is 500 feet, but the head of the Maumee at Fort 

Wayne, Ind., is only 170 feet above the lake. The surface is level or 

gently rolling.

The principal streams are Huron and Kaisin rivers, which enter the 

lake from the Michigan corner, and Maumee, Black, and Cuyahoga 

rivers, which enter from Ohio. Of these, the Maumee, formed by the 

junction of St. Marys and St. Joseph rivers at Fort Wayne, Ind., is 

the most important.
LAKE EKTE DRAINAGE.

HURON RIVER BASIIST.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Huron River rises near the central part of Oakland County, Mich., 

flows southwestward, then southeastward, and is tributary to the 

west end of Lake Erie near the mouth of Detroit River. The Huron 

receives the drainage from an irregularly shaped basin having its greatest length parallel to and lying at a distance of 25 to 30 miles from 

Detroit River. This basin is connected with Lake Erie by a long, narrow valley, averaging 5 miles in width, extending from a point near 

Ypsilanti southeastward to Lake Erie, a distance of 28 miles. In this 

portion of its course a large part of the total fall of the river occurs. 

The conditions are thus nearly ideal for the development of water 

power, in that nearly the entire catchment area, all the large tributaries, and an extensive area affording lake and ground storage lie 

above the head of this narrow valley.

The northern portion of the main catchment area is rolling and its 

topography is complex. The stream flows through a series of lakes, 

and north of Dover the entire basin is largely composed of lakes and 

surrounding marshes. In the vicinity of Ann Arbor the topography 

is very rolling. The stream has here a broad, flat valley, bordered by 

abrupt hills ranging in height from 100 to 200 feet. The channel is 

tortuous and changeable. Numerous abandoned sections remain as 

bayous. Large springs issue from the morainal hills.

Below Ypsilanti the drainage basin is flat, the soil, comparatively 

heavy and impervious, is mostly under cultivation, and the groundwater level is controlled by numerous drain trenches.

HURON RIVER AT DEXTER, MICH.

This station was established September 1, 1904. It is located just 

above the highway bridge in the village of Dexter. The conditions at 

this station and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper 

No. 170, page 44, where are given also references to publications that 

contain data for previous years.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at Dexter, Midi., for 1906.

Day.

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

Jan.

1.40

1.40

1.45

1.60

1.52

1.45

1.35

1.40

1.40

1.40

Feb.

2.52

2.42

2.30

2.00

1 92

1.82

1 68

1.58

1.48

Mar.

1.60

2.05

2.15

1 98

1.90

1.85

1.80

1.78

1.75

AP,

2.40

2.00

1 95

1.90

1.90

1.85

1.80

2.20

May.

1.45

1.42

1.40

1.35

1.35

1.30

1.25

1.40

1.35

June.

1.42

1.32

1.22

1.20

1.15

1.15

1.25

1.52

1.75

1.80

July.

0 90

90

.90

90

1 00

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

Aug.

1.25

1.15

1.10

1.10

1.08

1.08

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.05

Sept.

0.85

.85

.80

80

80

.75

.75

.70

.70

.70

Oct.

0.90

.85

.85

.85

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.00

1.00'

Nov.

1.20

1.20

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.12

1.10

Dec.

1.40

1.35

1.35

1.3

1.35

1.80

2.00

1.98

1.88

1.82
42 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at Dexter, Mich.,for 1906 Continued.

Day.

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24............... 

25...............

26........ .....

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1.35

1.35

1.30

1.30

1.35

1.65

1.58

1.50

1.50

1.70

3.30

3.40

3.35 

3.25

3.05

2.98

2.92

2.82

2.72

2.62

Feb.

1.38

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.32

1.30

1.28

1.20

1.40

1.40

1.40

1.45

1.80

1 80

1.72

1.65

Mar.

1.72

1.70

1.70

1.65

1.60

1.55

1.52

1.42

1.42

1.38

1.32

1.30

1.30

1.28 

1.25

1.32

2.10

2.48

2.40

2.28

2.18

Apr.

2.18

2. 10

2.30

2.60

2.55

2.48

2.32

2.22

1.98

1 88

1.80

1.75 

1.70

1.68

1.62

1.58

1.55

1.45

May.

1.30

1.80

1.90

1.52

1.50

1.32

1.35

1.50 

1.42

1.35

1.40

1.85

1.88

1.75

1.55

June.

1.62

1.42

1.30

1.30

1 ^O

1.25

1.20

1.20

1.15 

1.15

1.10

1.10

1.00

.95

July.

.95

95

.95

92

.90

QO

.85

.85

.80

.80

.80

90

.88 

.82

.80

.75

.75

1.15

1.48

1.38

Aug.

90

90

.90

.82

80

.80

.80

80

.80

.80 

.80

.85

.85

.85

.85

.85

.80

Sept.

.70

.65

.65

.65

.65

.70 

.68

.65

.65

Oct.

1 00

1 00

.95

95

.95

.95

90

90

90

.92

1.10

1.15

1.20

Nov.

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.08

1.10

1.35

1.50

1.50 

1.50

1.50

1.48

1.45

1.42

Dec.

1.75

i 7::

1.78

1 80

1.70

1.50

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.68 

1.58

1.48

1.38

1.35

1.35

1.42

2.05

HURON RIVER AT GEDDES, MICH.

A record of the depth of overflow at the dam and of the run of the 

water wheels in the adjacent electric plant has been maintained at 

Geddes by the Washtenaw Electric Company since February 1, 1904. 

The conditions at this station are described in Water-Supply Paper 

No. 170, page 45 7 where are given also references to publications 

that contain data for previous years.

Monthly discharge of Huron River at Geddes, Mich.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 757 square miles.]

Month .

July. ................................................................

Mean discharge in 

second-feet.

686 

426 

515 

620 

454 

322 

148 

156 

'83.6 

139 

272 

447

356

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.906 

.563 

.680 

.819 

.600 

.425 

.196 

.206 

.110 

.184 

.359 

.591

.470

Depth in 

inches.

1.04

.59 

.78 

.91 

.69 

.47 

.23 

.24 

.12 

.21 

.40 

.68

6.36

HURON RIVER AT FLATROCK, MICH.

This station was established August 6, 1904. It is located at the 

highway bridge below Metier7 s dam at Flatrock, Mich., about 8 miles 

above the mouth of the stream. The conditions at this station and 

the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page
LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE. 43

47, where are given also references to publications that contain data 

for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Huron River at Flatrock, Midi., in 1906.

Date.

April 23...... .

Hydrographer.

D. L. Mott...................................

Width.

Feet. 

100

100

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

970

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.68

9 99

Discharge.

Sec.-fl. 

944

509

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at Flatrock, Mich.,for 1906.

Day. Jan.

1. .............. ......:

2............... .......

3............... .......

4............... .......

6............... .......

7............... .......

8............... .......

9............... .......

10............... .......

11............... .......

12............... .......

13............... .......

14............... .......

16............... .......

17............... .......

18............... .......

19

20............... 3.1

21............... 3.75

22............... 5.85

23............... 6.85

24............... 7.05

25............... 6.45

26............... 5.9

27............... 5.55

28............... 5.4

29 53

31............... 5.05

Feb.

4.85

4.35

5.65

5.7

5.3

5.1

4.65

4.05

3.6

3.95

3.6

3.45

3.0

3.05

3.0

2.8

3.3

3.3

3.6

3.5

3.2

3.0

3.4

3.75

3.4

Mar.

2.8

3.0

3.0

4.5

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.65

3.55

3.5

3.35

3.4

3.15

3.05

2.85

2.7

2.65

2.45

2.65

2.4

2.4

2.25

1.85

2,15

2.05

3.45

5.1

5.0

4.85

4.35

Apr.

4.1

4.0

4.1

3.85

3.9

3.8

3.65

n o

4.6

4.55

4.5

4.25

4.2

4.9

5.3

5.15

4.65

4.25

4.05

3.95

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.3

3.25

3.2

2.9

2.85

2.7

May.

2.8

2.65

2.7

2.7

2.4

2.1

2.2

2.35

2.45

2.25

2.15

3.25

4.5

4.5

4.35

3.6

3.0

2.55

2.35

2.5

2.1

2.15

2.3

2.4

2.25

2.3

3.3

3.6

3.05

June.

2.6

2.25

2.05

1.75

1.9

1.75

1.6

3.15

3.35

3.25

2.95

2.65

2.35

2.2

2.25

2.05

2.35

2.0

2.0

1.85

1.65

1.7

1.3

1.8

1.65

1.45

1.25

1.35

July.

1.25

1.15

1.0

2.25

2.05

1.0

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.25

1.25

1.1

1.15

1.25

1.15

1.0

1.1

.95

1.0

1.25

1.2

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.35

1.8

Aug.

1.9

1.65

1.35

1.1

1.55

1.4

1.35

1.35

1.4

1.3

1.25

1.5

1.4

1.0

1.05

.95

1.0

.95

1.0

1.15

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.1

1.05

1.1

1.3

1.15

1.1

Sept.

1.0

.7

1.05

.85

1.15

1.1

1.0

.85

.85

.85

1.0

.7

.8

.7

.65

.6

.85

.75

.8

.65

.6

.85

.7

.65

.8

.75

.85

1.05

Oct.

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.35

1.35

1.15

1.15

1.25

1.2

1 2

1.25

1.15

1.1

1.05

1.2

1.3

1.35

1.35

1.3

1.35

1.5

1.9

1.75

Nov.

1.7

1.8

1.85

1.85

1 65

1.45

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.35

1.4

1.6

1.75

2.35

3.0

3.2

3.0

2.6

2.7

2.65

2.5

2 35

2.35

Dec.

2.3

2.1

2.05

2.1

1 9

4 9

4.8

4.2

3.85

 > 25

3.15

3.4

3.75

3.75

3.45

3.2

2.65

3.7

5.15

5.65

4.1

4.1

4.3

4.2

4.25

4.15

3.7

3.5

NOTE. The flow is somewhat affected by ice during the winter months; slush ice is noted on February 3 and anchor ice on March 21.

Rating table for Huron River at Flatrock, Mich.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

141

158

176

194

213

232

252

272

293

314

335

357

J79

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

401

424

447

471

495

519

543

568

593

618 i

644

670

696

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

400

420

440

4.60

4.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

722

748

774

801

828

856

884

913

942

1,002

1,064

1,128

1,194

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

8.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,261

1,331

1,403

1,476

1,550

1,624

1,699

1,775

1,852

1,930

2,010

2,416

1

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1904-1906, and is well defined between gage heights 0.3 foot and 2.6 feet,

IBB 206 07 4
44 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Huron River at Flatrock, Midi., for 1906.

July.........-.....-.-.--....-.--.----------.--.----------.---------.

Dischai

Maximum.

2,030

1,620

1,300

1,370

1,100

898

483

401

242

401

722

1,490

ge in second

Minimum.

696

618

390

593

447

262

204

204

141

213

282

401

-feet.

Mean.

1,450

967

758

938

617

462

277

263

180

259

419

859

 NOTE. Values are good.

MATJMEE RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Maumee River is formed at Fort Wayne, Ind., by the junction of St. 

Joseph and St. Marys rivers and flows northeastward into Lake Erie 

at Toledo. The chief tributaries are Auglaize and Tiffin rivers. The 

total drainage area is 6,723 square miles.

MAUMEE RIVER NEAR SHERWOOD, OHIO.

This station was established May 19, 1903, and was discontinued 

July 21, 1906. It is located at the highway bridge 2.5 miles south 

of Sherwood, Ohio, and 200 feet upstream from the Cincinnati Northern Railroad bridge. The conditions at this station and the bench 

marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 50, where 

are given also references to publications that contain data for previous 

years.

Discharge measurements of Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, in 1906.

Date. Hydrographer.

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

236

266

242

Area of

section.

Sq. ft.

597

1,540

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.34

6.51

2.30

Discharge.

Sec. ft. 

458

1 920

3,360

a River entirely frozen over; average thickness of ice, 0.6 foot; gage height to top of ice, 3.39 feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Maumee River at Sherwood, Ohio, for 1906.

Day.

1. ...........................................

3.....-......--....-----...-...--...-........

5...........-.--------...-.-......--.-...--..

7.---.--.....-.-.....---.....-..--..-.....-..

9

10............................................

Jan.

4.4

4.0

3.72

q 7

4.2

4.4

4.6

5.0

5.4

5.6

Feb.

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.3

Mar.

5.0

3.8

3.9

5.3

5.1

4.6

4.1

Apr.

10.5

10.1

9.5

7.2

6.5

5.6

5.2

5.2

8.5

May.

3.C

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.4

June.

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.25

2.4

2.55

July.

2.45

2.45

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.7
LAKE EKIE DRAINAGE. 45

Daily gage height, in feet, of Maumee River at Sherwood, Ohio, for 1906 Continued.

Day.

11............................................

14............................................

16............................................

17............................................

18............................................

19

20............................................

21. ............. ..............................

22

oq

24

OK

26............................................

27...................... -.... .......-.-......-

98

29

OA

Q1

Jan.

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.3

6.2

8.1

9.0

10.7

10.1

Q fi

9 0

o 1

7.3

5.9

5.3

Feb.

4.6

3.5

o o

3.3

4.4

5.3

Mar.

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.6

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

9 Q

2.8

2.8

12.8

13.0

11.6

11.2

Apr.

7.6

6.4

5.8

6.3

7.8

7.2

6.9

6.4

5.9

5.0

4.4

4.0

3.4

4.3

3.4

3.3

3.2

May.

2.35

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.5

2.5

2.45

2.2

2.15

2.15

2.2

2.65

June.

2.6

4.2

5.2

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.0

3.6

3.35

3.1

3.0

3.2

2.85

2.7

2.55

2.5

2.5

July.

3.55

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.95

2 9

2

0

NOTE. The river was frozen January 9 to 19 and February 5 to 24; ice was about 0.5 foot thick February 15 to 19.

Rating table for Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

Discharge.

Sec. -ft. 

370

425

480

535

590

645

700

760

820

880

940

1,000

1,060

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

Discharge.

Sec. -ft. 

1,120

1,180

1,240

1,300

3.80 ! i;370

o.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

1,440

1,510

1,580

1,650

1,720

1,790

1,860

1,930

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,000

2,070

2,140

2,210

5.20 i 2;350

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

2,490

2,650

2,810

2,970

3,] 30

3,290

3,450

3,610

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,770

3,930

4,090

4,270

4,450

4,630

5,530

6,470

7,470

8,570

9,680

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on three discharge measurements made during 1906, and the form of the 1905 curve. It is well defined below gage 

height 6. 5 feet.

Monthly discharge of Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 2,190 square miles.]

Month.

July (1-21)....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

7,170 

2,420 

9,680 

6,970 

880 

2,350 

1,210

Minimum.

760 

1,000 

370 

425 

562

Mean.

2,730 

1,030 

2,400 

2,980 

527 

930 

787

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.25 

.470 

1.10 

1.36 

.241 

.425 

.359

Depth in 

inches.

1.44 

.49 

1.27 

1.52

.28 

.47 

.28

a January and February corrected for effect of ice conditions. 

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January and February, fair; March to July, good.
46 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

ST. JOSEPH RIVER AT FORT WAYNE, IND.

This station was established March 20, 1905, and was discontinued 

July 20, 1906. It was located on the first highway bridge, about 

1 mile above the junction with St. Marys River. The gage was read 

during 1906 by S. F. Mills. The conditions at this station and the 

bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 52.

Discharge measurements of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1906.

Date.

May 10........

Hydrographer.

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

70

163

165

154

152

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

270

448

549

269

233

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.59

3.40

3.84

2.24

2.04

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

122

814

1,020

222

145

a Ice along edges. The flow was diminished by about 65 per cent of the open-channel rating. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind., for 1906.

Day.

1. ...........................................

2............................................

3............................................

4.... ....................... ...............

5............................................

6. ...........................................

8............................................

9. ...........................................

10............................................

11 ............................................

12............................................

13............................................

14............................................

15............................................

16............................................

18. ...... .....................................

19............................................

20............................................

21............................................

22............................................

23............................................

24............................................

25............................................

26............................................

27.....-----...-----...-----...-----...-..--..

29............................................

30............................................

31 ............................................

Jan.

3.0

2.9

2.75

3.3

3.6

3.25

3.3

3.25

3.05

2.9

2.85

2.55

2.35

2.3

9 f;^

2.75

2.75

2.95

2.75

4.1

7.3

8.0

7.95

7.1

6.45

6.1

4.0

3.7

Feb.

3.55

3.25

2.85

2.7

2.7

3.1

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.4

2.15

2.2

2.5

9 ^

2.55

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.2

2.2

9 ?

2.85

3.7

3.25

Mar.

3.0

3.5

4.9

4.75

4.35

4.05

3.75

3.4

3.3

3.35

3.05

2.9

2.85

2.75

2.45

2.45

2.3

2.6

2.45

2.4

2.4

3.4

7.7

9 1 %

7.9

8.65

Apr.

8.05

6.9

5.2

4.85

3.4

3.45

3.55

3.15

4.5

4.55

3.9

5.95

5 7

4.55

4.1

3.65

3.3

3.0

2.9

2.75

2.65

3.0

2.9

2.75

2.55

May.

2.45

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.5

2.55

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.2

9 1 1;

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.35

2.65

2.55

2.3

2.25

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.0

2.35

9 7H

2.5

2.35

2.3

June.

2.2

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95

3.05

4.55

4.45

4 i e

4.0

3.95

3.7

q fi

2.55

2.45

2.75

2.8

2.6

2.35

2.25

2.2

2.1

O AC

July.

2.0

2.05

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.8

1.8

1.75

2.4

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.9

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

NOTE. Flow affected by ice conditions during part of February.
LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE. 47

Rating table for St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

80

105

135

165

200

240

280

325

370

420

470

525

580

 Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

635

695

755

815

880

945

1,010

1,080

1,150

1,220

1,290

1,365

1,440

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.20

5.40

6.60

5.80

6.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,515

1,590

1,670

1,V50

1,830

1,910

2,000

2,180

2,365

2,560

2,760

2,970

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

9.00

10.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

3,190

3,420

3,660

3,900

4,150

4,410

4,670

4,940

5,220

5,500

7.000

8,600

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel condition. It is based on discharg 

measurements made during 1905-6, and is well defined between gage heights 2 feet and 6 feet.

Monthly discharge of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,for 1906.

Discharge in second-feet.

July (1-20)...........-.....................-........--....-.-.-......

Maximum.

5.500

1,010

7,240

5,580

445

1,630

280

Minimum.

240

220

348

135

120

68

Mean.

1,430

330

1,570

1,420

243

490

156

a Discharge corrected for effect of ice conditions. 

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: February, fair; remainder of period, excellent.

ST. MARYS RIVER AT FORT WAYNE, IND.

This station was established March 20, 1905, and was discontinued 

July 21, 1906. It was located on the Taylor Street Bridge, in Fort 

Wayne, about 2.5 miles above the junction of the stream with the 

St. Joseph. The conditions at this station and the bench marks 

are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 55.

Discharge measurements of St. Marys Rixer at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1905-6.

Date.

1905. 

March 20.......

May 26.........

July 13.........

October 4. .....

1906.

May 11.........

May 11.........

Hydrographer.

S. K. Clapp...................................

..-..do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do.... ....................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

120

104

105

104

105

113

104

138

120

65

85

46

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

600

199

254

173

182

516

226

745

609

56

117

22

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.59

2.17

2.51

1.87

1.92

5.00

2.60

6.42

5.60

1.40

1.40

1.07

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,360

246

133

451

306

1,870

55

31
48 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,for 1906.

Day.

1.. ..........................................

2. ....... ........-....---...----.....---... .-

3............................................

4............................................

5............................................

6............................................

8............................................

9

10.....................-....--....-----.-----.

11............................................

12............................................

13............................................

14............................................

15............................................

16............................................

17............................................

18............................................

19............................................

20............................................

21............................................

22............................................

23............................................

24............................................

25............................................

26............................................

27............................................

28............................................

29............................................

30..........-....--....-.-...---....---...-...

31............................................

Jan.

3.25

3.50

3.85

4.10

4.35

4.05

3.85

3.40

3.05

3.00

2.95

2.80

2.79

2.85

5.37

7.00

6.15

5.40

4.33

3.51

3.10

2.70

2.51

2.42

2.33

Feb.

2.38

2.53

2.15

2.05

1.95

1.94

1.93

1.90

1.87

1.85

1.82

1.80

1.74

1.70

1.68

1.65

1.63

1.60

1.57

1.68

1.75

1.80

1.89

2.02

2.86

2.83

2.90

3.22

Mar.

2.20

2.25

2.68

2.67

2.60

2.57

2.51

2.45

2.55

2.53

2.51

2.48

2.45

2.43

2.35

2.15

2.15

2.45

2.30

2.20

2.10

2.05

2.00

1.82

1.85

2.05

10.42

10.92

10.20

10.20

11.60

Apr.

11.25

9.95

8.12

6.42

5.40

5 08

4.45

4.49

7.98

6.05

4.77

3.96

3.50

6.38

6.28

4.95

4.06

3.55

3.11

2.80

2.52

2.27

2.14

2.01

1.90

1.85

1.83

1.80

1.72

1.57

May.

1.54

1.50

1.48

1.45

1.43

1.40

1.37

1.35

1.33

1.32

1.32

1.32

1.29

1.25

1.22

1.20

1.18

1.17

1.16

1.15

1.15

1.14

1.13

1.12

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.10

1.09

1.09

1.22

June.

1.26

1.28

1.29

1.30

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.80

1.89

1.90

1.80

1.72

1.65

1.56

1.40

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.45

1.40

1.35

1.33

1.30

1.24

1.18

1.15

1.12

1.10

1.06

1.02

July.

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.20

1.35

1.49

1.60

1.63

1.65

1.72

1.95

2.90

2.65

2.39

1.90

1.50

1.35

1.32

1.29

1.26

1.24

NOTE. The river was frozen January 14 to 20, the ice reaching a thickness of 4 inches. The river was 

clear of ice on January 21, and was probably not obstructed after that date, except on February 28 and 

March 18 to 20, on which dates there was backwater caused by an ice gorge below.

Rating table for St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind., for 1905-6.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.00

1.10

1.20

' 1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

23

30

38

47

57

69

82

96

111

127

145

165

187

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

210

234

260

286

314

342

370

400

430

460

490

522

554

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

586

620

655

690

725

800

880

960

1,040

1,130

1,230

1,330

1,430

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

12.00

Discharge.

Sec. -ft.

1,530

1,630

1,730

1,850

1,970

2,090

2,210

2,810

3,510

4,210

5,010

5,810

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on twelve discharge measurements made during 1905-6. It is well defined between gage heights 1.0 foot and 2.7 feet, 

and is fairly well defined above 2.7 feet.
LAKE EEIE DRAINAGE. 49

Monthly discharge of St. Marys River at Fort Wuyne, Ind.,for 1905-6. 

[Drainage area, 740 square miles.]

Month.

1905. 

May 26-31 a. ..................................

July. ..........................................

December b

1906.

April ..........................................

July 1-21 .....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

234 

2,660 

325 

300 

880 

165 

992 

760

2,210 

370 

5,490 

5,210 

74 

127 

370

Minimum.

117 

69 

27 

26 

26 

50 

47 

90

78 

114 

78 

29 

24 

24

Mean.

174 

309 

90.9 

98.1 

270 

81.9 

145 

386

586 

157 

945 

1,120 

43.6 

61.1 

97.7

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.235 

.418 

.123 

.133 

.365 

.111 

.196 

.522

.792 

.212 

L28 

1.51 

.059 

.083 

.132

Depth in 

inches.

0.05 

.47 

.14 

.15 

.41 

.13 

.22 

.60

.91 

.22 

1.48 

1.68 

.07 

.09 

.10

i Owing to errors in chain length, no reliable estimates of discharge can be made prior to May 26, 

1905.

b Backwater caused by ice gorge below gage December 4 to 8 and 13 to 16, 1905; discharge estimated, 

c During ice periods discharge estimated. 

NOTE. Values for 1905 and 1906 are good.

TIFFIN EIVER NEAR DEFIANCE, OHIO.

This station was established May 19, 1903, and was discontinued 

March 31,1906. It was located at the highway bridge on the new road 

to Evansport, one-half mile above the settlement of Brunnesburg and 3 

miles by river above the center of the city of Defiance. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are described in WaterSupply Paper No. 170, page 56, where are given also references to 

publications that contain data for previous years.

A measurement was made March 8, 1906, by E. F. Kriegsman, with 

the following results:

Width, 107 feet; area, 434 square feet; gage height, 4.69 feet; discharge, 507 secondfeet.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, for 1906.

Day.

1..... ...........

2 ......... .....

3................

5................

6................

8................

9

10................

11.......... .....

Feb. Mar.

4.4 '

3.9

4.65

5.1

5.7

4.6

4.75

a4.6

Day.

12..;...........

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17---........-..

18..............

19

22..............

Feb. Mar.

4.4

4.2

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.2

3.1

Day.

23..............

24..............

25..............

26......... ...

28. .............

29..............

30..............

31.... ..........

Feb.

4.5

4.7

Mar.

3.3

3.4

"3.4

3.4

10.0

10.4

9.1

a Gage heights interpolated.
50 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Rating table for Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

159

178

198

219

240

262

285

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

309

334

360

387

414

442

470

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

6.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

499

528

558

588

619

650

970

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,320

1,690

2,090

2, 500

2,930

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1903-1906, and is well defined below gage height 5.7 feet.

Monthly discharge of Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 748 square rr'iles.]

Month.

February (26-28) ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

558 

2,760

Minimum.

470 

159

Mean.

509 

714

R un-off .

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.680 

.955

Depth in 

inches.

0.08 

1.10

NOTE. Values for 1906 are excellent.

BLACK RIVER BASIN. 

BLACK RIVER NEAR ELYRIA, OHIO.

This station was established May 23, 1903, the object being to 

furnish data for the water supply of nearby towns, and was discontinued July 21, 1906. It was located at the North Ridge Road 

Bridge, about 5 miles from the center of the city of Elyria. The 

conditions at this station and the bench marks are described in 

Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 59, where are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Black River near Elyna, Ohio, in 1904-1906.

Date.

1904. 

March 9........

May 17.........

Do.........

July 6..........

July 28.........

1905.

May 24.........

1906. 

March 7........ 

May 14.........

Hydrographer.

R. W. Pratt...... ........ ....................

.....do........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do.........................................

R. W. Pratt..................................

.....do.........................................

E. F. Kriegsman. ............................. 

.....do.........................................

Width.

Feet. 

79

63

35

80

41

34

35

33

69

55

68 

66

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft.

188

66

20

19

246

24

14

17

13

119

52

30

66 

42

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.55

1.70

1.15

4.11

1.28

1.05

1.14

0.96

2.80

1.75

1.44

1.08

1.15

1.62 

1.33

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

691

68

12

11.4

894

25

8.2

10.5

2.8

114

24

56

10.3

12

103 

48

o River frozen over; measurements indicate tli.it flow is about 25 per cent of the open-channel discharge for the same gage heights.
LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE. 51

Daily gage height, infect, of Black River near Elyria, Ohio, for 1905-6.

19O5.

Day.

1.... ...........

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

9

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

16...............

17...............

18............... 

19...............

20. ..............

21 ............... 

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

27...............

99

30

31...............

Jan.

o 4

2.35

2.3

2.15

2.1

2.4

2.4

9 2

2.1

1.7

2.1

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.7

2.1

2.8

3.3 

2.1

2.0

1.7 

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.1

Feb.

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.05

1.05

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.0 

1.0

1.05

1.3

1.35

3.0

3.0

4.0 

4.0

6.0

7.0

Mar.

6.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.]

6.0

5.0

5.1

5.0

5.0

4.1

4.0

2.1

2.1

3.0 

5.1

6.0

5.0

4.1

3.0

3.0

2.5 

2.5

2.5

' 2.5

2.0

1.8

1.7

Apr.

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1 2

1.2

1.4

1.5

5.0

4.0

3.5

9 O

2.5

2.5

3.0 

2.1

2.1

6.1 

6.0

4.1

3.0

2.1

3.1

2.1

1.8

May.

l.S

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.9

11.1

S.O

4.1

3.0

3.5

3.5

3.5 

3.0

2.1

2.0 

2.0

1.9

1.5

1.4 

1.6

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

June.

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.2

2.5

2.5

3.5

3.5

3.0

2.0

3.0

2.1

?.05

1.1

2.0

3.5

3.0 

2.5

2.0

2.0 

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.0

July.

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0 

1.0

1.05

1.0 

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.05 

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

Aug.

0.9

9

.9

1.0

1.4

1.5

1.4

9

9

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.5

2.5

2.5

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0 

1.8

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

Sept.

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.05

1.05

1.0

1.05

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

2.5 

2.0

1.8

2.0 

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.1

Oct.

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1 1.1 1.1

1.05

.9

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2 

1.3

1.2

1.5 

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.1

1.2

Nov.

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.9

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3 

1.2

1.2

1,2 

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.9

4.5

Dec.

4.3

4.0

3.7

3.4

3.1

2.8

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.6 

1.5

1.3

1.3 

3.3

3.0

2.6

2.4 

2.0

1.6

1.8

2.1

2.0

19O6.

1...............

2

3...............

6........ .......

7............... 

8...............

9...............

10...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17............... 

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

24...............

25............... 

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31 ...............

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.0 

2.0

2.2

2.2

1.8

1.9

2.5

3.8 

3 9

4.1 

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.8

2.4

2.4 

2.3

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.6 

1.5

1.4

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.5

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.5

4.1

4.3

3.9

3.5

3.3 

3.2

3.1

2.8

2.5 

2.1

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6 

1.7

1.8

1.8

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.3

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.0

1.8

1.7

J.7 

1.8

12.4

7.7

7.9

8.2

7.5 

7.1

5.2

4.0

3.9

3.5

3.1 

3.0

2.8

2.9

2.7

2.5

2.1

1.8 

1.9

2.1 

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3 

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.3

1 25

1.2 

1.2

1.4

1.5

1 A.^

1.3

1.25

1.4

1.3

1.3 

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.3

1 ?5

1.2

1.2

1.15 

1.15

1 25

1.2

1.2

2.15

2.05

2.0 

1.7

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.2

1.3 

1.1

1.1

1.15 

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

.95 

9

1.0

.95

1.0

1.0

.9 

.9

.95

.95

.9

.9

0.9 

9

.95

1.1

1.15

1.05 

1.0

1.0

.05 

.95

9

9

1.8 

1 9

1.6

1.2

1.1

.......

NOTE. The above gage heights for 1905-6 were recorded erroneously In some cases, but have been 

corrected as far as possible. They are still liable to some error. Ice conditions January 1 to February 

28 1905. River frozen February 1 to 18,1906; thickness of ice, 0.2 to 0.8 foot.
52 SUBFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906. 

Rating table for Black River near Elyna, Ohio, for 1904-1906.

height.

Feet. 

0.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.70 

1.80 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

2.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2

5

10

18

31

48

70

94

120

148

177

206

235

264

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.30 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

3.20 

3.30 

3.40 

3.50 

3.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

294 

324 

355 

386 

417 

448 

479 

510 

544 

578 

612 

646 

680 

714

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.70 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

4.20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

748

782

816

850

920

990

1,060

1,130

1,200

1,270

1,340

1,410

1,480

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

17.00 

18.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,550 

1,900 

2,250 

2,600 

2,950 

3,300 

3,650 

4,000 

4,350 

4,700 

5,050 

5,400 

5,750

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1904-1906, and is riot well defined.

Monthly discharge of Black River near Elyria, Ohio, for 1904-1906. 

[Drainage area, 417 square miles.]

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per Depth in 

sq. mile. inches.

1904.

January...................................... 5,920

February..................................... 3,720

March......................................... 4,210

April.......................................... 4,140

May........................................... 1,480

June.......................................... 2,500

July........................................... 2,500

August....................................... 177

September.................................... 31

October....................................... 31

November.................................... 177

December (1-18).............................. 94

1905.

March......................................... 1,550

April.......................................... 1,580

May........................................... 3,340

June.......................................... 680

July........................................... 48

August....................................... 355

September.................................... 355

October....................................... 177

November.................................... 1,020

December..................................... 955

1906.

January...................................... 885

February 19-28................................ 955

March......................................... 3,790

April.......................................... 2,080

May........................................... 250

June.......................................... 206

July 1-21...................................... 177

31

235

70

18

5

5

5

2

2

2

2

5

120

18

31

5

5

2

5

2

5

31

94

448

94

18

14

2

1,210

676

227

300

255 

68.8 

11.0 

a 12.1 

75.1 

48.0

799

371

440

215

16.5

112

56.2

32.1

94.7

319

346

684

616

410

40.8

20.6

28.7

1.94

2.09

2.90

1.62

.544

.719

.612

.165

.026

.029

.180

.115

1.92

.890

1.06

.516

.040

.269

.135

.077

.227

.765

.830

1.64

1.48

.049

.069

2.24

2.25

3.34

1.81

.63

.80

.71

.19

.03

.03

.20

2.21

.99

1.22

.58

.05

.31

.15

.09

.25

.61

1.71

1.10

.11

.05

.05

a Gage heights published as 1.01,1.02, and 1.03 in Water-Supply Paper No. 129 should be 1.1,1.2, and 1.3.

NOTE. The above values are rated as fair with'the exception of January to March, 1904. No data 

concerning ice conditions during these months were available and hence the open-channel rating was 

applied for this period. The procedure may involve large errors.
LAKE EEIE DRAINAGE. 53

CUYAHOGA RIVER BASEST.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Cuyahoga River rises in eastern Geauga County, flows southsouthwestward to a point within about 2 miles of Akron, then turns 

sharply and flows northwestward to Lake Erie. Its course is extremely tortuous. In one place a straight line 5 miles long would 

connect two points 12 miles apart by the channel. The valley consists largely of a series of basins, the hills reaching 200 feet or more 

in height. Many lakes and swamps occur in the headwater region.

CUYAHOGA RIVER AT INDEPENDENCE, OHIO.

This station was established September 21, 1903, and was discontinued July 21, 1906. It was located at the highway bridge at the 

town of Independence, 10 miles south of Cleveland and 4 miles south 

of the gaging station formerly located on the highway bridge between 

Brooklyn and Newberg, Ohio. The conditions at this station and 

the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, 

page 60, where are given also references to publications that contain 

data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, in 1906.

Date.

March 7 ........ 

May 14.........

llydrographer.

E. P. Kriegsman .............................

Width.

Feet. 

78 

62

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

335 

264

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.26 

5.39

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

803 

419

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, for 1906. _

Day.

1. ...........................................

2............................................

3............................................

4........ ....... . ..... ..............

5............................................

6............................................

7............................. ..............

8............................................

9............................................ 10.............................................

II.............................................

12.......................... .................

13............................................

14......... ................ .................

15............................................

16............................................

17............................................

18............................................

19............................................

20............................................

Jan.

5.75

5.4

5.35

7.2

6.85

6.55

6.4

6.25

5.75

5.45

5.4

5.4

5.35

5.3

6.25

5.95

6.0

6.95

6.7

Feb. «

5.25

4.75

4.9

5.0

5.25

5.25

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.45

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

Mar.

5.4

5.25

5.45

5.9

6.4

6.2

6.25

6.2

6.05

6.3

6.5

6.4

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.25

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2

Apr.

9.1

8.8

7.75

6.65

6.4

7.0

6.7

6.0

6.35

7.5

7.1

7.0

7.0

6.85

6.6

6.35

6.15

5.8

5.65

5.4

May.

5.1

5.05

5.0

5.05

5.65

5.9

6.4

6.05

5.8

6.0

6.75

5.6

5.6

5.55

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.05

5.0

June.

4.8

5.5

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.95

5.05

5.1

5.0

4.95

4.65

4.8

4.65

4.6

4.7

4.6

4.55

4.45

5.0

5.0

July.

4.5

4.5

4.55

5.0

4.85

5.0

5.2

5.1

4.85

5.0

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.5

5.05

4.85

4.75

4.7

' Ice conditions during month.
54 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, for 1906 Cont'd.

Day.

21............................................

22............................................

23. ...........................................

24............................................

25............................................

26.. ...... ....................................

27 ............................................

28.................................... .......

29............................................

30............................................

31............................................

Jan.

7.0

8.25

7.6

6.9

6.3

5.85

5.45

5.3

5.25

Feb.

5.4

8.0

7.35

6.6

6.3

5.9

Mar.

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.5

5.45

5.3

15.9

11.5

11 9

12.15

Apr.

5.3

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.2

May.

4.8

4 9

4.95

4 Q

4.85

4 Q

4.8

4 t\

4.85

4.55

June.

4.9

4.85

4.75

4.6

4.4

4.8

4.75

4.55

4.6

July.

4.75

NOTE. The rating table published for 1905 will give approximate results if applied to the above gage 

heights.

LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

In the northwestern part of the State of New York, between Niagara 

and St. Lawrence rivers, is an area aggregating 12,400 square miles 

drained by streams which flow into Lake Ontario. The divide which 

controls this drainage is very irregular. Extending to the south and 

southeast from Fort Niagara, it passes around the headwaters of the 

Genesee a short distance into Pennsylvania; thence reentering New 

York it runs southward and eastward from the interior group of lakes, 

turns to the north, encircles the sources of Black River, turns again to 

the west, and descends to the lake. The country thus included is level 

or gently undulating in the counties bordering the lake, but farther 

south it becomes more rolling, and a series of ridges, gradually increasing in height, stretch down between Cayuga and Seneca and their 

companion lakes, finally becoming merged with the elevated, broken 

country forming the principal divide, the abrupt slopes of which 

attain altitudes of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet about the headwaters of 

the Genesee.

The easterly or Black River lobe of the drainage basin receives the 

run-off from the southwestern slope of the Adirondack Mountains 

largely a rugged and forest-covered area receiving heavy precipitation, 

especially in the winter.

The principal streams of the area are the Oswego, formed by the 

union of Seneca and Oneida rivers, which drain the chain of lakes in 

central New York, and Genesee, Salmon., and Black rivers.

GENESEE RIYER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Genesee River rises in Potter County, Pa., 8 or 10 miles south of the 

New York-Pennsylvania boundary, flows northwestward for about 32 

miles by general course, then turns to the northeast, and empties into
LAKE ONTAKIO DKAINAGE. 55

Lake Ontario 7 miles north of Rochester. The entire length of the 

stream, following bends, is about 135 miles, and the drainage area is 

2,496 square miles.

In the 39 miles between Belmont, in central Allegany County, and 

Portage, in southwestern Livingston County, the fall of the water surface is 253 feet, an average of 6.4 feet per mile. At Portage the river 

plunges dowTn in three magnificent falls, and thence nearly to Mount 

Morris flows at the bottom of a deep gorge. From Mount Morris to 

Rochester the valley is broad and open and the stream is bordered by 

meadows subject to occasional overflow. At Rochester there is 

another abrupt descent over three heavy falls, amounting to about 260 

feet within the city.

The series of remarkable lakes tributary to the Oswego basin is 

continued westward into the basin of the Genesee and includes Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, and Honeoye lakes. These lakes serve as 

natural reservoirs and have inlets draining considerable areas at their 

upper ends. The slopes adjacent to the lakes themselves are narrow 

and steep and are drained by gulleys and torrential* brooks. The 

area below the lakes is rolling and the soil is rich and extensively cultivated. The areas and elevations of these lakes are shown in the 

following table:

Areas and elevations of lakes in Genesee River basin.a

Lake. Elevation.

Feet. 

896

800

Watersurface 

area.

Sq. miles. 

2.8

.7

2.5

Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

46.8

39.6

Per cent 

water 

surface.

6.41

Above all the private dams at Rochester the State has a dam for 

diverting water to the Erie Canal, and in the basin of Black Creek, 

one of the upper tributaries of the Genesee from the west, are two 

reservoirs, owned by the State, also used for the benefit of the Erie 

Canal.

Cuba reservoir, on the Genesee-Allegheny divide, receives the drainage from a tributary area of 26.6 square miles. The storage volume is 

454,000,000 cubic feet. The overflow from this reservoir enters Allegheny River. The storage water may be turned into the summit 

level of the abandoned Genesee Valley Canal and thence into Genesee 

River.
56 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

GENESEE RIVER AND CANASERAGA CREEK NEAR MOUNT MORRIS,

N. Y.

This station was established May 22, 1903, and was discontinued 

April 30, 1906. It was located at the highway bridge near Mount 

Morris, a short distance below the inflow of Canaseraga Creek. The 

conditions at this station and the bench marks are described in WaterSupply Paper No. 170, page 65, where are given also references to 

publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Genesce River near Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1906.

Date.

March 31.......

April 1.. .......

April 2.........

Aprils.........

April 14. .......

April 21 ........

April 22........

Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert ..................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do................----.-...------.........

.....do........................................

.....do..............---.......-----...........

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

118

118

127

171

166

193

193

1S5 163

161

161

153

129

127

127

70

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

298

290

373

1,640

2,660

1,750

1,210

1,050

1,120

864

502

460

 50-1

191

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.78

6.00

19. 05

14.33

11.60

10.85

9.38

6.89

6.60

6.90

4.15

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

A CO

479

proc

5,780

10,200

4,360

4,460

3,080

1 660

1,520

1,740

238

a Measurements made under ice cover, average thickness of ice, 0.49 foot, 0.41 foot, and 0.68 foot, respectively. Gage height to bottom of ice, 5.36 feet, 5.47 feet, and 5.42 feet, respectively.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Genesee River near Mount Morris, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

2................

5... .............

6.... ........... .

8.......--.--....

11.:..............

12................

i q

1 ^

16................

Jan.

8.2

7.3

6.8

7.2

9.7

7.7

6.3

6.1

7.2

9.0

8.8

8.9

8.3

7.7

7.05

Feb.

6.4

5.8

7.5

7.35

7.1

6.65

6.4

6.3

6.05

5.55

6.0

5.8

Mar.

6.65

6.85

6.3

8.25

8.0

6.1

5.9

5.7

5.5

5.25

5.25

5.25

5.0

5.1

Apr.

13.85

11.2

10.3

10.5

13.4

12.35

11.45

9.95

9.55

13.2

14.1

11.7

10.35

10.55

11.1

Day.

17. .. ............

18. . .............

19...............

I 20...............

; 21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31 ...............

Jan.

8.95

7.95

7.2

6.55

12.05

16.25

15.45

15.3

10.5

8.35

7.45

7.0

6.7

6.3

6.15

Feb.

5.75

5.8

5.6

5.5

5.6

6.5

6.55

6.1

5.85

6.05

5.65

7.05

Mar.

4.95

4.8

4.8

5.9

5.15

5.0

5.0

4.7

4.85

5.05

9.1

21.43

14.7

13.5

18.45

Apr.

9.45

8.4

7.65

7.2

6.8

6.6

6.8

6.5

6.25

5.95

5.75

5.5

5.5

NOTE. River frozen over from February 1 to March 20, approximately. During frozen period gage 

readings were taken to water surface through a hole cut in ice. Ice averaged from 0.2 to 0.6 foot thick at 

gage and from 0.3 to 0.8 foot thick 200 feet below.

This station has backwater conditions during the spring floods; also considerable water flows around 

the left-hand end of the bridge above gage height 18.0 feet.
LAKE ONTAKIO DKAINAGE. 57

Rating table for Genesee River near Mount Morris, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

' 5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

490

535

580

625

675

725

775

830

885

940

995

1,050

1,105

1,160

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.10

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

7.00

7.10

7.20

7.30

7.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,215

1,270

1,325

1,380

1,435

1,490

1,550

1,610

1,670

1,730

1,790

1,850

1,910

1,970

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.50

7.60

7.70,

7.80

7.90

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,030

2,090

2,155

2,220

2,285

2,350

2,480

2,610

2,740

2,870

3,000

3,140

3,280

3,420

1 Gage 

height.

Feet.

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80

11.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

15.00

16.00

17.00

18.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

3,560

3,700

3,840

3,980

4,120

4,270

4,420

5,170

5,960

6,760

7,560

8,360

9,160

9,960

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1906 and is fairly well defined.

Monthly discharge of Genesee River near Mount Morris, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,070 square miles.]

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8,560 

1,080 

11,000 

6,840

Minimum.

1,220

442 

268 

885

Mean.

2,830 

650 

1,690 

3,290

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

2.64 

.607 

1.58 

3.07

Depth in

inches.

3.04 

.63 

1.82 

3.42

NOTE. Discharges February 1 to March 20 have been taken as 50 per cent of the open-water flow: 

backwater assumed March 28, discharge corrected. 

Values are rated as follows: January and April, good; March, fair; February, approximate.

Discharge measurements of Canaseraga Creek near Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1906.

Date.

April 2.........

Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert ..................................

.....do........................................

..:.. do......... ...............................

.....do....................-.-.-----.---.......

.....do........................................

.....do..........-.----.-.---------.-..........

Width.

Feet.

84

84

94

81

75

66

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

500

456

900

368

310

142

Gage » 

height.

Feet. 

9.22

8.90

13.55

7.85

7.00

4.45

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,880

1,620

1,670

1,430

1,150

478

a Backwater from Genesee River. 

GENESEE KIVER AT HIGH DAM NEAR MOUNT MORRIS, N. Y.

A gaging station has been established at the dam of the Mount 

Morris Water Power Company, in the village of Mount Morris, N. Y., 

and readings have been taken regularly twice each day, by John 

McAstocker, since September 1, 1905.

The dam is of masonry construction, having a horizontal crest of 

open cross section 255 feet long. There are two waste ways, having 

crests each 12 inches wide and 18.0 feet and 17.9 feet long, respectively, closed by stop planks to about 2 feet above the main crest; 

also one short spillway with crest 6 inches wide and 17 feet long and 

about 1 foot higher than the wasteways. The dam and the spillways
58 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

are separated by masonry piers 6 feet, 8 feet, and 6 feet in width, 

respectively.

A portion of the flow is diverted through a section of the old Genesee 

Valley Canal, which is utilized as a headrace, the power being used to 

drive a number of mills and factories. In order to determine the 

amount of this diversion, a gage has been placed in the tailrace below 

the mills. It is read twice each day by F. M. Goff, electrical engineer 

in the employ of the power company. A number of meter measurements have been made, and a rating curve to determine the daily 

flow through the canal is partly developed. When the complete 

curve is developed, the data will be published.

GENESEE RIVER AT ROCHESTER, N. Y.

This station was established February 9, 1904. It is located at the 

Elmwood Avenue Bridge, in Rochester, N. Y. The conditions at this 

station61 and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper 

No. 170, page 69, where are given also references to publications that 

contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Genesee River at Rochester, N. Y., in 1904-1906.

Date.

1904. 

July 20........

1905.

March 27......

April 2........

Aprils........

1906.

April 1........

April 1........

April 2........

April 2.. ......

Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert..................................

E. H. Fisher. .................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do. .......................................

.....do........................................

....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

C. C. Covert ..................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do.........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet.

382

382

382

382

382

373

372

372

352

306

360

383

383

383

383

384

383

376

375

374

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,010

976

957

QAA

963

973

972

916

994

4,200

o (\t\r\

2,140

1,890

1,820

974

1,710

3,160

3,320

2,680

2,860

3,040

3,050

2,330

2,100

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.30

1.18

1.10

1.20

1.10

1.22

1.05

10.00

9.92

9.82

9.50

9.08

3.28

1.11

1.40

1.53

6.85

7.32

5.64

6.06

6.60

6.36

4.70

4.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

614

589

ry\A

667

587

703

CC4

511

534

94 7OH

25, 500

25,200

24 800

99 f^nn

5,200

4,580

728

894

14, 100

15, 100

9,580

12, 400

14,200

13, 000

7,160

5,860

a The gage datum is 245.59 feet above the city topographic datum, to which gage heights published for 

1904 refer.

6 Measured under ice cover, about one-fourth mile above regular section; gage height to top of ice, 1.50 

feet; average thickness of ice, 0.50 foot.

c Measured under ice cover at regular section; gage height to top of ice, 1.63 feet; average thickness of 

ice, 0.46 foot; some needle ice. 
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. 59

Daily gage height, in feet, o/Oenesec River at Rochester, JV. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1. ..............

2. ..............

3. ..............

4. ..............

5. ..............

6.. ............ 

7. ..............

8............... 

9...............

11...............

12...............

13. ..............

15...............

16. .............. 

17...............

19............... 

20...............

21...............

22...............

24...............

26...............

27...............

28

29. .............. 

30

31...............

Jan.

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.5

2.3

3.3

2.9

2.4 

2.4

2.3

2.1

1.9

2.2

1 9

1.7 

1.9

9 9

2.3

2.2 

2.1

2 7

4.9

5.3

4.9

2.7

2.4

2.1 

2.4

2.1

Feb.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9 

1.9

1.8

1.4

1.5

2.0 

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.5

2.0

2.1

1.6

Mar.

1.7

2.0

1.5

1.9

9 7

3.1 

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.6

1.5 

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.6

2.4

6.0

7.3

5.8

6.0

Apr.

6.5

5.6

4.2

3.8

4.0

4.9 

4.6

4.0

5.0

5.9

4.5

3.8

3.5 

4.0

3.0

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.2

1.9

1.8

I 0

May.

1.8

1.9

2.2

3.5

3.0

3.1 

2.9

2.5 

2.2

2.1

2.4

2.3

2.1

2.2

9 9 

9 1

9 1

2." 3

2.0

1.8

1 Q

2.2

1.9

1.9

3.2

9 2

June.

2.4

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.5

2.7

2.5

2.7

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.5

1.5

1.8

1.9 

1.9

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

July.

1.5

1.4

1.4

2.2

2.6

2.0

1.8

1. G 

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.1 

1. 1

1.4 

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

Aug.

1.1

1.2

1-.3

1.2

1.6

1.7 

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.6

1 S

1.5

1.5 

1.4

1.3

1.2 

1.1

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.8

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

Sept.

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1 

1.0

1.0 

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0 

1.0

1.0 

i n

1.0 i **

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.1

Oct.

1.2

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.0

2.5

3.5

2.8

2.6

2.1

2.0 

1.9

1.7 

1.9

? 4

0 1

2.5

2.3

3.6

3.3

2.6

2.4

9 ^

Nov.

3.0

2.8

2.4

2.3

2.1

2.0

2.0

9 3

3 01

2.09 

2.08

2.08

4.07

c no

4.06

o f\A

Q no

3.00

3.01

Dec.

9 o^

2.01

6.08 

5.0

q nl

3 0

3.02 

6.0

4.0

3.05

2.06

2.1

9 n

3 2

Q n

2.8

2.7 

2 3

2.3

Rating table for Genesee River at Rochester, N. Y.,for 1904-1906.

Gage Dis- Gage

height. charge. height.

Feet.

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

Sec.-ft. Feet.

400 2.30

490

580

670

760

850

1,000

1,150

1,300

1,450

1, GOO

1,780

1,960

2.40

2.50

2. CO

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

Dis- Gage

charge. height.

Sec.-ft.

2,140

2,320

2,500

2,700

2,900

3, 100

3,300

3,500

3,720

3,940

4,160

4,380

4,600

Discharge.

Feet. Sec.-ft.

3.60 , 4,840

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.20

5.40

5,080

5,320

5,560

5,800

6,320

6,840

7,380

7,940

8,500

9,060

9, 620

5.60 ! 10,200

Gage

height.

Feet.

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

11.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

10, 800

11,400

12,000

12,600

13, 220

13, 860

14, 500

17, 800

21, 400

25, 100

29, 000

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1904-1906 and is well defined.

IRE 206 07 5
60 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Genesee River at Rochester, N. Y.,for 1904-1906. 

[Drainage area, 2,360 square miles.]

Month.

1904. a

March 2-31 6 ..................................

July..........................................

1905. c

July. .........................................

1906. d

July..........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

31,800 

27,000 

13, 200 

7,660 

8,500 

3,100 

1,150 

850 

2,500 

760 

13, 200

5,560 

25,900 

13, 200 

2,140 

7,660 

4,380 

3,720 

850 

1,000 

7,940 

7,380

10,200 

1,780 

15,500 

12,900 

4,600 

2,900 

2,700 

1,600 

760 

4,840 

11,600 

11,600

15,500

Minimum.

14,500 

2,500 

4,160 

1,450 

670 

670 

400 

400 

490 

490 

490

1,600 

1,960 

2,320 

1,300 

850 

715 

535 

400 

400 

580 

580

1,150 

760 

670 

1,300 

1,000 

670 

400 

490 

400 

580 

1,600 

1,600

400

Mean.

24,000 

12,900 

7,460 

3,160 

2,230 

1,310 

634 

523 

986 

562 

1,570

2,800 

20,200 

4,150 

1,460 

2,670 

1,340 

1,230 

580 

589 

1,400 

2,690

3,250 

1,320 

2,680 

5,110 

2,130 

1,300 

783 

878 

484 

2,280 

3,650 

4,070

2,330

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

10.17 

5.47 

3.16 

1.34 

.945 

.555 

.269 

.222 

.418 

.238 

.665

1.19 

8.56 

1.76 

.619 

1.13 

.568 

.521 

.246 

.250 

.593 

1.14

1.38 

.559 

1.14 

2.17 

.902 

.551 

.332 

.371 

.205 

.966 

1.55 

1.72

-987

Depth in 

inches.

1.51 

6.10 

3.53 

1.54 

1.05 

.64 

.31 

.25 

.48 

.27 

.77

1.20 

4.46 

1.96 

.71 

1.26 

.65 

.60 

.27 

.29 

.66 

1.31

1.59 

.58 

1.31 

2.42 

1.04 

.61 

.38 

.43 

.23 

1.11 

1.72 

1.98

13.4

i Values for 1904 are rated as follows: February to May, good; June, July, October, and December, 

fair; August, September, and November, approximate.

6 Discharge interpolated for missing days.

c Values for 1905 are rated as follows: January, May to August, November, and December, fair; March 

and April, good; September and October, approximate.

d Values for 1906 are rated as follows: January, April, November, and December, good; February, 

March, May to August, and October, fair; September, approximate.

CANADICE LAKE OUTLET NEAR HEMLOCK, N. Y.

This station is located at a weir constructed at the outlet at the 

foot of the lake by the city engineer's department "of Rochester, N. Y., 

in February, 1903. The entire yield of the drainage basin passes this 

weir. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are 

described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 71, where are given 

also references to publications that contain data for previous years.
LAKE ONTAKIO DRAINAGE. 61

Monthly discharge of Canadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 12.6 square miles.]

Month.

July....................----.....-.-..........--.------.-............

December

^he vear

Mean discharge in 

second-feet.

9.52 

9.33 

11.1 

27.7 

13.1 

10.9 

8.74 

8.14 

6.54 

6.97 

27.1 

33.0

14.3

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.755 

.740 

.880 

2.20 

1.04 

.864 

.693 

.646 

.519 

.552 

2.15 

2.62

1.13

Depth in 

inches.

0.87 

.77 

1.01 

2.45 

1.20 

.95 

.79 

.75 

.58 

.63 

2.40 

3.02

15.02

HONEOYE CREEK AT EAST RUSH, N. Y.

This station was established February 13, 1903, and was discontinued April 30, 1906. It was located at the gristmill dam in the 

village of East Rush. The conditions at this station and the bench 

marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 72, where 

are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Honeoye Creek at East Rush, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1....... .........

2................

3................

4................

5................

8................

9................

10................

11................

12................

13......-.-.-.--..

15.....-- ---------

16................

Jan.

84

60

52

123

141

111

44

44

31

29

61

88

43

54

60

Feb.

84

42

42

43

42

37

33

42

40

43

25

38

39

70

70

70

Mar.

60

60

148

194

172

123

84

99

70

70

77

52

52

52

52

52

Apr.

527

445

329

282

553

505

444

541

1,176

764

574

497

411

366

345

Day.

17................

18................

19................

! 20. ...............

21................

22

23. ...............

24. ...............

25. ...............

26. ...............

27................

28. ...............

29. ...............

30. ...............

31................

Jan.

60

60

84

104

169

246

321

132

84

70

70

77

60

70

84

Feb.

70

77

70

70

172

196

104

148

169

172

84

60

Mar.

60

77

44

53

74

94

70

60

25

70

1,107

1,073

512

510

1,023

Apr.

305

301

305

229

231

91 Q

214

179

149

149

125

131

121

131

NOTE. From January 1 to March 26 tho discharge is approximate; the flow over crest of dam was 

obstructed by ice.
62 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Honeoye Creek at East Rush, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 238 square miles.]

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

321 

196 

1,110 

1,180

Minimum.

i 29 

', 25 

I 25 

| 121

1

Mean.

90.0 

76.8 

202 

370

Run-off.

Sec -ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.378 

.323 

.848 

1.55

Depth in 

inches.

0.44 

.34 

.98 

1.73

NOTE. Above values are rated as approximate.

OSWEGO RIVER BASIK. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Oswego River is formed by the union of Seneca and Oneida rivers 

about 12 miles northwest of Syracuse, N. Y., whence its course is 

northwestward to Oswego, where it enters Lake Ontario. The 

length of the river from the junction to the mouth is about 20.5 

miles, and the drainage basin along this distance is a narrow strip of 

country, moderately rolling. Above the junction of Seneca and 

Oneida rivers the basin spreads out, attaining an extreme width east 

and west of about 100 miles and north and south of from 70 to 80 

miles.

The most remarkable feature of the drainage basin is the chain of 

lakes stretching across its southern border. From west to east the 

principal lakes are, in order, Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, 

Owasco, Skaneateles, and Oneida. These seven lakes include a water 

surface of approximately 280 square miles, increased by four smaller 

lakes Cross, Onondaga, Otisco, and Cazenovia to about 295 square 

miles. The larger of the lakes, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca, are used 

for steam-towing navigation, having connection with the Erie and 

Oswego canals. Cayuga and Seneca lakes are noted for their depth 

and for the abrupt slopes of their beds The influence of the lakes on 

Oswego River is of the utmost importance in contributing to the 

steadiness of its flow.

A fall of 100 feet in the course of the main river is largely utilized 

by seven dams, which also partly canalize the stream. The intervening stretches are covered by the Oswego Canal, which draws its 

water supply from the river.

OSWEGO RIVER AT BATTLE ISLAND, N. Y.

This station was established September 14, 1900, and was discontinued April 30, 1906. It was located 3 miles above the mouth of the 

river and 0.6 mile below the State dam at Battle Island. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are described in Water-
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. 63

Supply Paper No. 170, page 74, where are given also references to 

publications that contain data for previous years.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswego River at Battle Island, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day. Jan.

5.9 

0.35 

G. 65 

G. 55 

G. 4 

G. 25 

5. 75

0.8

5.75

5.5

5.25

5.7

5.75

Feb.

5.15

4.7

5.0

4 92

4 9

4.82

Mar.

c 1 c

5.05

5.8

5.0

5.65

C K.

5.0

5.0

Apr.

7 5

7.4

7.3

8.3

8.3

8 2

8.25

Day.

18................

19................

23................

24................

27................

28................

29................

30................

31................

Jan.

5.75

5.8

5.55

C AK

6.2

6.95

6 9

6.6

6.1

6.3

6.15

Feb.

4.88

4.68

4.82

4.82

4.9

4.85

5.3

5.1

Mar.

5.05

5.05

6.2

6.8

7.05

7.2

7.3

Apr.

8.05

8.0

8.0

7.85

7.78

6.55

6.95

6.8

6.65

6.5

6.45

6.4

6.15

6.55

NOTE. Gage height below 5.0 feet on March 18 and March 20 to 26. River does not freeze over entirely 

at gage; shore ice extends from 10 to 50 feet out, leaving an open channel in center of stream. The frozen 

period is affected by needle ice at times. Ice period for 1906, from January 31 to February 26, ice 0.5 to 0.8 

foot thick at gage." Backwater from ice jam below gage on February 26'to 28. During frozen period 

readings were taken to water surface through a hole cut in ice.

Rating table for Osicego River at Battle Island, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage Disheight. i charge.

Feet.

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

Sec.-ft.

7,300

7,490

7, 690

7,890

8,090

8,290

8,490

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

8,690

8,890

9.090

9,300

9,500

9,710

9,920

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

7.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

10, 120

10, 330

10, 5<0

10, 750

10, 950

11, 170

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

11,390 8.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

11,820

12, 260

12, 700

13, 130

13,580

14,020

14, 470

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1900-1904, and is fairly well defined.

Monthly discharge of Oswego River at Battle Island, N. Y., for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 4,990 square miles.]

Month.

January. 

March a. 

April....

11,300

12,000

14,500

e in secona-ieet.

dinimum.

7,790

7,200

9,610

Mean.

9,610

8,670

12,400

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile

1.93

1.74

2.48

Depth in 

inches.

2.22

1.55

2.77

a March 1-19, 27-31; discharge for March 18 estimated. 

NOTE. Values for 1906 are excellent.

CANANDAIGUA OUTLET AT ALLOW AY, N. Y.

A temporary gage was erected by F. P. Williams, at the highway 

bridge across the Canandaigua Outlet at Alloway September 18, 1906. 

The gage consists of a board divided to feet and tenths, secured vertically to the northwest wing wall of the bridge. The zero mark is at
64 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

elevation 408.0 and is referred to a bench mark consisting of a chisel 

draft on the northwest abutment of the bridge having an approximate elevation of 420.25 feet. The gage was read each day from 

September 18 to October 30, 1906, inclusive, by George Tuscher; 

observations were taken at 7 a. m., at noon, and at 6 p. m. The 

mean daily elevation has been obtained by adding together twice the 

morning reading, plus the noon reading, plus twice the afternoon 

reading, and dividing the sum by 5. Measurements by means of 

surface floats were made at a point about 500 feet below the bridge. 

Current-meter measurements are made on the downstream side of 

the Alloway Bridge. Owing to regulation by storage in Canandaigua 

Lake, the flow in the outlet ordinarily fluctuates but little during the 

day. There are, however, a number of dams in the outlet by which 

the flow may be temporarily held back as pondage.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Canandmgua Outlet at Alloway, N. Y., for 1906.

Day.

1. ................................

2.................................

3.................................

4......................... ... . .

5................... . ..... . . .

6.................................

7.................................

8.................................

9................. ... . ... ...

10.................................

11.................................

12.................................

13............................... .

14.................................

15.................................

Sept. Oct.

........ 0. 76

........ .86

........ .86

80

80

........ .78

........' 1. 52

........ 1. 00

........ .86

........ .94

.... ... 1.04

........ 1. 10

........ 1.10

........ .82

Day. Sept.

16.............. .. ... ......... .......

17................................ ........

19................................. .56

20................................ .66

21 ................................ .78

22....................... ........ .78

23................................ .96

94 OH

25 ................................ .80

26................................ .82

27 ................................ .62

29.. .............................. .80

; 30................................ 1.08

Oct.

on

.78

90

1 90

1.32

1.16

1.22

1.20

1.26

SENECA LAKE AT GENEVA, N. Y.

A gaging station was established at the foot of Seneca Lake, October 

18, 1905. The record is furnished by the department of public 

works, Geneva, N. Y., C. T. Church, superintendent. Readings are 

taken Wednesday night of each week by the engineer, Reynolds Hill, 

after the pumps are stopped.

The station is at the pump house of the city water supply, about 2 

miles south of Geneva, along the west shore of the lake. Two 5-foot 

sections of galvanized iron gage, divided into feet and tenths, are 

fastened to a center post in the intake well; elevation of zero referred 

to United States Geological Survey tablet at Geneva, 440.78.

Drainage areas tributary to Seneca Lake.

Keuka Lake: Square miles. 

Above outlet......................................................... 161

Water surface........................................................ 17.5

Between Keuka Outlet and Seneca Lake................................ 24. 80

Total.............................................................. 203.3
LAKE ONTARIO 65

Catherine Creek: Square miles. 

Above Montaur Falls................................................... 66. 5

Montaur Falls to Seneca Lake......................................... 29.9

96.4

23.5

All other drainage........................................................ 317.:

Total..................

Water surface of Seneca Lake.

641

67.2

Grand total.. ......................................t .............. 708. 2

Gage heights of Seneca Lake at Geneva, N. Y., 1905-6.

1905. Feet.

October 25.......................... 5. 0

October 31.......................... 4.8

November 8........................ 4. 6

November 15....................... 5.0

November 22....................... 4. 3

November 29....................... 4. 3

December 6........................ 4.5

December 13....................... 4.4

December 21....................... 4.5

December 30....................... 4.7

1906.

January 3.......................... 4.7

January 10......................... 4.8

January 17......................... 4.6

January 24........................... 4.7

January 31......................... 4. 7

February 7......................... 4.5

February 14........................ 4. 4

February 21........................ 4.4

February 28........................ 4. 3

March 7........................... 4. 4

March 14.......................... 4.4

March 21.......................... 3.9

March 28.......................... 4.3

April 4............................. 4. 7

April 11............................ 4. 9

April 18............................ 5.1

April 25............................ 5. 3

May 2............................. 5.1

May 9............................. 5.1

May 16..........................".. 5.1

May 23............................ 5.1

« Water over gage.

1906. Feet. 

May 30............................ 5. 2

June 6............................. 5.2

June 13............................ 5.2

June 20............'................ 5. 3

June 27............................ 5. 3

July 4.............................. 5.4

July 11............................. 5.5

July 18............................. 5.4

July 26............................. 5. 4

August 1............................ 5.3

August 8............................ (a)

August 15........................... (a)

August 22............................ (a)

August 29........................... 5. 5

September 5....................... 5.4

September 12...................... 5. 2

September 19...................... 5. 0

September 26...................... 4. 9

October 3........................... 4.8

October 10.......................... 4. 8

October 17.......................... 4.7

October 24.......................... 4.8

October 30.......................... 4.5

November 7........................ 4.4

November 14....................... 4.4

November 21....................... 4.6

November 28....................... 4. 5

December 5........................ 4. 3

December 12....................... 4.4

December 19....................... 4. 5

December 26....................... 4.5
66 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 19C6.

CAYUGA LAKE AT ITHACA, N. Y.

A gaging station was established at the head of Cayuga Lake August 

6, 1905. A staff gage is used, attached to the wall of the breakwater 

about 150 feet from the light-house. Gage readings are taken once 

each day during the open season and once a week during the winter by 

Fred Thomas.

Gage height of Cayuga Lalce at Ithaca, N. Y., for 1906.

	Feet. 

January 6.......................... 1.35

January 13........................ 1.25

January 20........................ .85

January 27........................ 1.10

February 3........................ .65

February 10....................... .55

February 17....................... .40

February 24........................ .35

March 3.......................... .50

March 10......................... .70

March 17......................... .65

March 24......................... .35

March 31......................... 1. 60

April 7............................ 1.85

April 14........................... 2.30

April 21........................... 2.15

April 28........................... 1. 65

May 1............................ 1.65

May 5............................ 1.70

May 12........................... 1.50

May 19........................... 1.35

May 26........................... 1.10

June 2............................ 1.40

June 9............................ 1.35

June 16........................... 1.50

June 23........................... 1. 75

June 30........................... 1.90

July 1............................. 2.1

Feet. 

July 7..1.......................... 2.1

July 14............................ 2.2

July 21............................ 2. 3

August 4........................... 2.15

August 11.......................... 2. 35

August 18.......................... 2. 2

August 25.......................... 2.1

September 1...................... 2.15

September 8...................... 2. 0

September 15..................... 1. 95

September 22..................... 1.9

September 29..................... 1. 85

October 1.......................... 1. 85

October 6.

October 13.

October 20.

October 27.

October 31.

November 3.

November 1C

November 17.

November 24...................... 1. 35

November 30...................... 1. 2

December 1....................... 1. 25

December 8....................... 1.3

December 15...................... 1.4

| December 29...................... 1.35

3...............

3.. .............

1... ............

1. ..............

r 3.... .........

rlO............

-17............

.......... 1.7

.......... 1.4

.......... 1.65

.......... 1.7

.......... 1.75

.......... 1.3

.......... 1.25

.......... .95

SENECA RIVER AT BALD WINS VILLE, N. Y.

This station was established November 12, 1898. It is located at 

the State dam in Baldwinsville, 12 miles along the river from the 

junction of Seneca and Oneida rivers. The conditions at this station 

and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, 

page 76, where are given also references to publications that contain 

data for previous years.
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. 69

ONEIDA RIVER NEAR EUCLID, N. Y.

This station was established August 30, 1902. It is located 7 miles 

upstream from Three River Point. The conditions at this station 

and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, 

page 80, where are given also references to publications that contain 

data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y., in 1906.

Date.

May 17.........

October 18.. ...

Ilydrographer.

.....do........................................

E. F. Weeks..................................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

245

240

238

Area of 

section.

 Sq.ft. 

1,400

1,010

867

860

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.71

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,280

705

906

° Gage heights uncertain. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9.. .............

10...............

12...............

13.. .............

14...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3,720

4,030

4,030

4,130

4,230

4,180

3,980

3,830

4,030

4,230

4,030

3,830

3,620

3,620

3,620

3,570

3,620

3,520

3,570

3,880

5,180

5,350

5,240

5,240

5,130

4,900

Feb.

5,240

5,240

5,130

4,900

4,680

4,280

4,180

3,980

3,620

3,620

3,370

3,220

3,050

2,880

2,880

2,790

2,540

2,540

2,580

2,540

2 880

3,000

3,140

Mar.

3,270

3,100

3,370

3,420

3,570

3,720

3,720

3,570

3,470

3,420

3,220

3,220

3,220

2,880

2,880

2,880

2,790

2,710

2,630

2,370

2,370

2,410

2 790

3' 570

3,930

4,450

4,790

Apr.

4,900

5,240

5,240

5,350

5,350

5,600

5,470

6,580

6,330

0,520

6,710

6,710

0,710

6,970

6,840

6,840

6,580

6,330

6,330

6,025

5,840

5,545

5,130

4,955

4,680

May.

4,180

4,070

3,920

4,130

4,180

4,240

4,070

3,770

3,560

3,560

3,460

3,670

3,460

3,460

3,260

3,210

3,110

2,980

9 030

2,590

2,470

2,080

2,760

2,590

2,470

June.

2,380

2,380

2,290

2,250

2 4'0

2^590

2 630

2,630

2,630

2,550

2,800

2,800

2,760

2,590

2,420

2,250

2,180

2,070

2,070

2,070

2,070

July.

2,070

2,210

2,180

2,040

1 990

i g^

1,780

1,780

1,740

1,640

1,600

1,500

1,500

1 rriA

1,400

1,380

1,300

1,400

1,710

1,920

Aug.

1,570

1,380

1,350

1,140

907

907

907

990

990

990

907

845

990

1,300

1,240

1,170

1,090

1,140

1,300

1,270

1,190

1 090

1,070

990

990

907

949

907

866

Sept.

866

783

742

742

742

742

742

824

742

658

658

658

658

637

495

679

742

742

824

824

824

824

824

886

Oct.

783

804

907

845

949

1,070

907

990

990

990

969

928

1,020

1,120

1,140

990

Q4Q

949

949

1,020

1,090

1,090

1,090

Nov.

1,120

1,090

1,090

1,C90

1,090

1,090

1,170

1,120

1,190

1,300

1,330

1,500

1,300

1,450

1,640

1,680

1,780

1,780

Dec.

1,980

1,980

1,970

2,260

2,370

2,370

2,580

2,7cO

2 880

2,710

2,630

2,630

2,670

2,710

2,710

2,710

2,830

2,880

2,880

9 880

3,050

2,960

2,670

2,370

2,230

2,580

2,710

NOTE. During January, February, and a part of March the river was partly frozen above dam, but 

not enough to modify flow.
70 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Oneida Rrier near Euclid, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,310 square miles.]

Month.

May..........................................

July. .........................................

The year ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,350 

5,240 

4,790 

6,970 

4,240 

2,800 

2,340 

1,570 

886 

1,140 

1,780 

5,050

<>,970

Minimum.

3,570 

2,540 

2,370 

4,680 

2,470 

2,070 

1,300 

866 

495 

762 

1,020 

l;S70

495

Mean.

4,240 

3,470 

3,200 

5,970 

3,350 

2,390 

1,780 

1,080 

744 

962 

1,280 

2,570

2,570

Run-off.

Sec.-ft.per 

sq. mile.

3.24 

2.65 

2.44 

4.56 

2.56 

1.83 

1.36 

.824 

.508 

.734 

.977 

1.96

1.98

Depth in

inches.

3.74 

2.76 

2.81 

5.09 

2.95 

2.04 

1.57 

.950 

.634 

.846 

1.09 

2.26

26.74

NOTE. Above values are good.

ONEIDA CREEK AT KENWOOD, N. Y.

A report of the flow of this stream during the latter portion of the 

low- water season of 1906 has-been furnished by the Oneida Community. The record includes the flow through a 24-inch Hercules wheel 

and a 24-inch Camden water wheel, as well as the flow over the dam 

when any occur. The Camden water wheel was little used during 

this period. The water was drawn below crest level of Sunset Lake 

storage pond and nearly the entire twenty-four hour flow of the 

stream passed through the wheels during the ten and one-fourth 

hours daily run. No adequate records were kept during the first 

three weeks of September. The run of the mill, however, indicates 

that the flow was considerably less than during the period covered 

by the record. A gaging record of this stream in 1900 showed a minimum flow for several days of 13 to 15 second-feet, or an average of 

0.222 second-foot per square mile from a tributary drainage area of 

63 square miles.

Discharge of Oneida Creek at Kenwood, N. Y.,for 1906.

Second-feet.

September 22.................... 22. 5

September 24.................... 19. 0

September 25.................... 17. 9

September 26.................... 17. 3

September 27.................... 15. 0

September 28.................... 13. 8

September 29.................... 16. 2

October 1......................... 19.3

October 2......................... 13.8

October 3......................... 13.8

October 5......................... 21.0

October 6......................... 26.2

October 7......................... 61.5

October 8......................... 46.0

Second-feet.

October 10........................ 19. 6

October 11........................ 23. 5

October 12........................ 23. 2

October 13........................ 24. 5

October 14........................ 19.2

October 15........................ 32. 3

October 16........................ 17.9

October 17........................ 16.1

October IS........................ 16.1

October 19........................ 17. 3

October 20........................ 16. 9

October 21........................ 136.0

October 22........................ 61. 7

October 23........................ 39. 4

October 24........................ 24. 2
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. 71

CHITTENANGO CREEK AT CHITTENANGO, N. Y.

This station was established May 22, 1901. It is located at- the 

Main Street Bridge in the village of Chittenango and is one-half mile 

above the State dam diverting water for the supply of the summit 

level of Erie Canal. The conditions at this station and the bench 

marks are described in Water-Supply Paper Xo. 170, page 82, where 

are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y., in 1906.

Date.

April 16........

April 21 ........

Hydrographer.

E. F. Weeks................ . ...............

.....do........................................

.....do....................... ................

Width.

Feet. 

58

57

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

170

132

101

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.60

2.11

1.52

Discharge.

Sec.-fl.

201

Daily gage height, infect, of Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1...............

3...............

4...............

Q

9--.-.......----

10----.........--

11...............

12--... ......... -

13.-----..------- 

14...............

16----.---.---.-- 

17--------------.

18-. -------------

19

20-- ---..--.-.---

21 -.-----...-...-

22-----.....-.---

23

24

OK

oft

9Q

on

0-1

Jan.

2.05

1.95

1.95

2.3

2.2

2. 15

1.95

2.0

1.95

1.95

2.0 

2.0

1.95 

1.9

1.9

2.0 

1.95

2.05 

1.95

2.05

2.3

2.55

2.7

2.1

1.95

2 05

1.85

1.75

1.95

1.85

Feb.

1.75

1.55

1.45

1.5

1.4

1.35

1.45

1.35

1.35 

1.45

1.45

1.35 

1.45

1.45 

1.25

1.3

2.1 

2.3

1.85

1.85

2.1

2.0

1.75

1. 55

Mar.

2.35

2.65

2.0

1.75

1.45

1.55

1.6

1.45 

1.5

1.4

1.35 

1.4

1.45 

1.5

1.4

1.35 

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.9

3.7

3.15

3. 15 ,

Apr/

2.05

2.05

2.2

2.5

2.45

2.3

2.8

2.25 

2.4

2.85

2. 05 

2.35

2.25 

2.2

2.1

1.95 

1.85

1.75

1.7

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.65

May.

1.55

2.4

2.15

1.75

1.85

1.95

2.15

1. 05 

1.6

1.55

2.05

1.85

1.-65 

1. 45

1.45

1.25

1.35

1.45

3.05

2.85

2.65

2.45

June.

1.75

1.65

1.45

1.25

1.45

1. 35

1.75

1.65

1.8 

2.1

2.75 

2.8

2.5

2.2 

2.05

2.5

2.45

2.25

2.05

1.95

2. 15

2.05

2.15

July.

2.2

1.8

2.0

1.8

1.0

1.0

1.4

1.4

1.4 

1.4

1.2 

1.4

1.4 

1.2

1.2 

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 3

1.2

1.2

Aug.

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4 

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2 

1.2

1.2 

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.5

1. 4

1 9

1.2

1.2 i n

1.0

.8

1.0

1.0

Sept.

1.0

1.0

1.0 1.1

1.2

1.1

1 9

1.2

1.2

1.2 

1.2

1.0 

1.0

1.2

1.2 

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.0

1.7

1 6

i <!

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.6

Oct.

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.5

1 5

1 6

1.6

1.5

1.4 

1.6

1.6

1.6 

1.0

1.8 

1.6

1.6 

1.6

1.6

1.8

1 9

2,0

1.8

1.8

2.0

1.8

1.6

Nov.

1.5

1.4

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7 i ft

1.7 

1.6

1.6 

1.6

2.4 

2.2

1.6

1.6

1.2

1.5

1.8

1.6

1. 4

1.4

.......

Dec.

1.4

1.6

1.6

2.5

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.8

2. 4 

1.8

1.6 

1.4

1.2

1.0

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

1. 4

1.5
72 SUEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Rating table for Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.80

0.90

.00

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

20

25

30

35

40

50

60

70

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

85

100

115

135

155

180

210

240

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

275

315

355

395

440

485

530

580

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

630

680

735

790

850

910

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1904-1906, and is well defined.

Monthly discharge of Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 79 square miles.]

Month.

July. .........................................

The year

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

395 

240 

910 

508 

555 

440 

210 

85 

100 

155 

275 

630

910

Minimum.

108 

45

55 

78 

45

45

40 

20 

30 

60 

40 

30

20

Mean.

177 

87.8 

169 

217 

166 

164 

68.9 

52.6 

£1. 7 

91.6 

92.7 

113

121

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

2.24 

1.11 

2.14 

2.75 

2.10 

2.08 

.872 

.666 

.654 

1.16 

1.17 

1.43

1.53

Depth in 

inches.

2.58 

1.16 

2.47 

3.07 

2.42 

2.32 

1.01 

. Ti 

.73 

1.34 

1.30 

1.65

20.82

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January, March to July, and October to December, good; February, August, and September, fair.

SALMON EIVER BASrNT.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Salmon River rises in the southwestern part of Lewis County, N. Y., 

flows first southward then northwestward, and enters Lake Ontario 

near Port Ontario. The basin above the gaging station is rolling and 

very sandy, rock lying near the surface in the upper part of the watershed, where there are also extensive tracts of original forest. The 

region is subject to heavy falls of snow, which sometimes accumulates 

in the forest areas to a depth of several feet and melts gradually during 

March and April, feeding the stream.
LAKE ONTAEIO DRAINAGE.

Drainage areas tributary to Salmon River.a

73

North Branch Salmon River: 

Above Mill Creek. ..............................................................

Mill Creek. .....................................................................

Total...........................................................................

Trout Brook. ......................................................................

Area.

Sq. miles. 

44.04

26.03

83.05

2.35

99.65

23.70

15.44

1.03

2.10

14.40

1.92

7.49

5 90

Total 

area.

Sq. miles. 

44.04

70.07

193. 42

igg 47

215. 94

240. 35

242. 45

256. 85

258. 77

266.26

272. 16

i From 0. S. Geological Survey topographic maps. 

SALMON RIVER NEAR PULASKI, N. Y.

This station was established September 5, 1900. It is located at 

Fox Bridge, near Pulaski, N. Y. The conditions at this station and 

the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 

84, where are given also references to publications that contain data for 

previous years.

Discharge measurements of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y., in 1906.

Date.

April 18.......

October 25. ....

Hydrographer.

E . F . Weeks ..................................

.....do.........................................

Width.

Feet. 

182

158

175

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft.

787

198

176

312

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.60

2.40

2.25

3.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,980

94

54

450

Daily gage height, in feet, of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1... ............

2............... 

3...............

4...............

5. ..............

8...............

9

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20...............

Jan.

4.18

3.78 

3.68

3.90

4 00

3.90

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.40

3.42

3.50

3.40

3.35

3.35

3.38

3.35

3.35

3.32

3.28

Feb.

3.25 

3.18

3.20

q oc

3.12

3.15

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.18

3.15

3.15

3.20

3.18

3.15

3.12

3.08

3.08

Mar.

3.42

3.30 

3.60

4.25

3.72

3.65

3.50

3.42

3.42

3.20

3.25

3.10

3.08

3.08

3.05

3.02

2.95

3.00

3.00

Apr.

4.42

4.15 

4.00

4.25

4.85

4.45

4.12

4.00

4.08

408

4.20

4.22

4.50

4.72

6.90

6.35

5.75

5.58

5.52

5.60

May.

4.02

3.90 

4.38

4.65

4.32

3.90

3.60

3.55

3.80

3.78

3.55

3.70

5.10

4.48

3.88

3.58

3.48

3.32

3.20

June.

2.92

2.88 

2.82

2.80

2.78

2.95

2.92

3.65

4.35

3.65

3.45

3.18

2.98

2.95

2.82

2 80

2.80

2.80

2.88

2.82

July.

4.45

3.80 

3.30

3.75

4.18

3.45

3.15

2.95

2.88

2.90

3.32

3.15

2.90

2.75

2.70

2.65

2.68

2.70

2.65

2.65

Aug.

2.62

2.52 

2.55

2.65

2.70

2.70

2.75

2.65

2.55

2.5

2.62

2.68

2.58

2.50

2.50

2.45

2.42

2.38

2.35

2.35

Sept.

2.30

2.30 

2.38

2.65

2.40

2.38

2.40

2.32

2.30

2.30

2.25

2.25

2.30

2.25

2.25

2.28

2.25

2.20

2.25

Oct.

3.30

2.95

2.78

2.50

2.58

2.68

3.82

3.50

3.10

3.55

3.48

3.22

3.05

2.98

2.90

2.80

2.75

2.70

2.62

4.15

Nov.

3.22

3.10 

3.05

3.00

2.98

2.92

2.88

2.85

2.92

3.18

3.40

3.25

3.12

2.98

2.98

2.95

3.02

4.08

3.88

Dec.

3.50

3.15 

2.92

3.10

3.18

3.40

3.25

3.22

3.15

3.10

3.00

3.00

3.05

3.25

4.50

4.30

3.70

3.32

3.25
74 SUEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. T.,for 1906 Continued.

Day.

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25. ..............

26...............

28. ..............

9Q

30...............

Jan.

3.68

4 40

5. 75

6.80

5.40

4.75

4.12

3.70

Feb.

3.38

3.92

3.85

4.05

4.30

3.80

3.55

Mar.

2.98

2.92

2.98

2.95

2.98

4.45

5.28

r 9

4.95

Apr.

5.02

4.45

4.20

4 02

4.08

4.00

'4.05

May.

3.12

3.02

2 98

3 98

3.75

3.12 

3.00

June. ' July.

2. 72 2. 70

2.78 2.68

2. 70 2. 52

2. 60 2. 50

2. 68 2. 50

3. 30 2. 52

Aug.

2.38

2.45

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.35

Sept.

2.58

2.40

2.48

9 A^

3.32

Oct.

0 QC

3 45

3.18

3.30

3.75

3.55 

3 40

Nov.

0 CO

o 4n

3

o~

3 92

4 60

4.05

3.50

Dec.

0 OO

3

1 Q

3.00

2 95

3 02

3 1 ft

3 10

0 Af\

3 ATI

3.00 

3.70

NOTE. Stream not entirely closed by ice during winter period, but channel obstructed at times by 

needle and anchor ice.

Bating table for Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

46

67

93

124

161

2.70 204

2.80 253

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

307

364

422

480

3. 30 j 550

Gage 

height.

Discharge.

Feet. Sec.-ft.

3. 40 ' 020

3. 50 697

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

781

865

965

1,060

1,170

1,300

1,420

1,550

1,680

1,830

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.60

4 70

4.80

4 90

5 00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,980

2,140

2,300

2,470

2,640

2,840

3,020

3.240

3,460

3,700

3,950

4,200

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5 80

5 90

6 00

6.20

6.40

6 60

6 80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

4,490

4,780

5,100

5,770

6.530

7,340

8,190

9,070

10,000

11,000

12,060

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1902 to 1906, and is fairly well denned.

Monthly discharge of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 259 square miles.]

Month.

February

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

D ecember

8,620 

2,840 

1,620 

1,750 

228 

567 

1,360 

1,980 

1,830

8,620

Minimum.

1,180 

349 

161 

124 

67 

46 

124 

280 

323

46

Mean.

1,340 

640 

880 

2,350 

943 

370 

390 

125 

104 

519 

606 

554

735

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per Depth in 

sq. mile. inches.

5.17 

2.47 

3.40 

9.07 

3.64 

1.43 

1.51 

.483 

.402 

2.00 

2.34 

2.14

5.96 

2.57 

3.92 

10.12 

4.20 

1.60 

1.74 

.56 

.45 

2.31 

2.61 

2.47

2. 84 38. 51

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January to March, fair, on account of ice obstruction; 

remainder of 1906, good.
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. 75 

BLACK RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Black River rises in the western part of Hamilton Count}7", X. Y., 

flows southwestward across Herkimer County into Oneida County, 

turns near Forestport and runs somewhat west of north through 

Lewis County to eastern Jefferson County, and then flows westward 

to Black River Bay, at the eastern extremity of Lake Ontario. The 

upper part of the basin is very rugged and mountainous and contains 

a large number of lakes.

The flow of the river is controlled by storage on its upper tributaries, 

including Beaver River at Beaver, a series of reservoirs at the headwaters of Moose River, and additional reservoirs at Forestport and 

on the headwaters of the main river.

Water is diverted from Black River through Forestport feeder to 

supply the Black River Canal at Boonville. A portion of this diverted 

water flows northward from Boonville and enters Black River again 

at Lyons Falls; the remainder flows southward through the Black 

River Canal and enters the Erie Canal at Rome. The amount of this 

diversion, which takes place during the season of canal navigation, is 

not recorded.

BLACK RIVER, NEAR FELTS MILLS, N. Y.

This station was established August 29, 1902. It is located at the 

dam of the Black River Traction Company, near the village of Felts 

Mills. The dam is 9 miles upstream from Watertown and 7 miles 

upstream from the old Huntingtonville gaging station on this stream. 

The conditions a at this station and the bench marks are described 

in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 87, where are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Slack River at Felts Mills, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1.... .........

2.............

3.............

4.............

6.............

 7

8.............

9...

10.............

11.............

12

13.............

14.............

15.............

Jan.

7,630

4,640

4,790

4,000

5,OSO

3,690

3,190

2, 680

2.630

Feb.

5, 390

3,190

3,080

2,740

2, 350

2, 350

2,950

2,160

2.740

Mar.

2,970

2,440

4,220

2,540

3,690

2,540

2.540

Apr.

5, 230

6.930

May.

4, 790

4,940

4, 360

4,360

4 360

8,010

8.400

June.

3,220

1,920

2,170

2,290

2,290

2, 950

3,520

3,220

3,220

2.170

July.

5, 280

5 990

2,810

2, 540

2,420

2,810

3, OS'0

2,040

1.170

Aug.

1,530

1,430

1,450

1,620

1,590

1,790

1,680

1,500

1,470

1,080

1,410

1,440

1.830

Sept.

880

1,420

1,350

1,440

1,560

1,060

1 260

890

980

980

700

1,410

1,380

1,240

Oct.

2,360

2,340

2,010

1,290

1,370

1,720

2,190

2,190

2,600

2,500

2,690

2,120

1,790

Nov.

2,240

2,020

1,540

1,470

'1,530

1,450

1,440

1,500

1,350

1,470

2,410

2,320

2,230

2,150

Dec.

2,700

1,610

2,200

1,750

2,260

1,780

1,860

1,780

2,390

1,890

a Owing to high water it was impossible to obtain a profile

IRE 206 07
76 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Black River at Felts Mills, N. Y.,for 1906 Cont'd,

Day.

17.............

19

20.............

21.............

24. ............

25.............

26. ............

27.............

29.............

30

31.............

Jan.

2,630

2,540

3,690

3,690

3,220

7,710

13,400

18, 100

18,800

19,000

19,000

11,600

9,000

6,200

6,030

Feb.

2,350

2,160

1,920

2,970

1,990

1,990

4,790

4,490

4,490

4,440

5,710

4,490

4,490

Mar.

2,350

1,990

2,440

1,910

1,630

2,250

1,750

2,070

1,360

2,250

2,630

7,630

7,440

Apr.

13,400

14,200

12,900

11,900

11,600

11,300

11,600

10,500

10,000

8,590

7,260

6,370

5,450

May.

8,790

4,870

3,220

3,220

2,680

2,540

2,420

3,220

5,100

3,960

June.

2,290

1,920

1 990

1,700

1,700

1,920

1,810

1,470

1,430

790

July.

1,470

1,470

1,080

1,080

1 080

1,850

1,380

1,840

1,230

1,070

800

1,650

1,330

Aug.

1,110

80

1,700

1,300

1,680

1,910

1,540

1,310

1,840

1,390

Sept.

1,220

1 280

960

1,480

1,180

970

1,700

1,180

i njn

Oct.

1,470

1,440

2,380

3,570

3,120

2,560

2,280

2,370

3,740

Dec.

9 fl^ft

2,110

4,730

3,580

Dec.

o 01 n

3,340

9 son

2,740

1,700

1,280

1,080

1,710

NOTE. The Harmon Paper Company began operations January 2, using a part of the flow; and no 

records were kept of run of wheels or tailrace gage until after May 1; hence the discharges for this 

period are considerably in error. On October 26 and 27 and November 17 and 18, the crest of dam was 

obstructed by logs. The following ice conditions prevailed during December, 1906: December 1 to 3, 

anchor ice in wheel racks, river partly frozen over; December 7, pond frozen over, ice within 75 feet of 

crest of dam; December 8, ice up to crest; December 21, ice frozen on crest and holding water back; 

December 31, ice gone from crest.

Monthly discharge of Black River at Felts Mills, N. Y., for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,850 square miles.]

Month.

July...........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

19,000 

5,710 

7,630 

14,200 

D,210 

3,520 

6,170 

1,910 

1,700 

3,740 

5,230 

3,340

19,000

Minimum.

2,540 

1,920 

1,360 

4,350 

2,420 

723 

800 

80 

590 

1,290 

1,350 

1,080

80

Mean.

7,070 

3,220 

3,330 

7,710 

5,110 

2,170 

2,310 

1,390 

1,190 

2,280 

2,790 

2,110

3,380

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

3.82 

1.74 

1.80 

4.17 

2.76 

1.17 

1.25 

.750 

.643 

1.23 

1.51 

1.14

1.83

Depth in 

inches.

4.40 

1.81 

2.08 

4.65 

3.18 

.30 

.44 

.86 

.72 

.42 

.68 

.31

24.85

NOTE. Values May to December are rated as good; prior to May the probable error is greater than 

10 per cent.

MOOSE RIVER AT MOOSE RIVER, N. Y.

This station was established June 5, 1900. It is located at Moose 

River village. The conditions at this station and the bench marks are 

described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 89, where are given 

also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y., in 1906.

Date.

April 7........

Hydrographer.

Covert and Weeks. ............................

.....do........................................

.....do.............---.-----..--...............

Width.

Feet. 

217 

212

215

213

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

730 

440

630

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.52 

.97

1.72

1 68

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

791 

238

582

545
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. *77 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1.. .............

2.. .............

3...............

4...............

5...... .........

6...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

10

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.------.----...

18...............

19

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

Jan.

2.92

2.67

2.72

2.72

2.72

2.62

2.52

0 CO

2.62

2.72

2.62

2.57

2.27

2.22

2.12

2.12

2.25

2.45

3.47

3.97

5.27

7.77

5.27

4.72

4.37

4.08

3.53

2.93

Feb.

2.78

2.68

2.53

2.38

2.23

2.03

1.93

2.03

2.03

2.13

2.13

1.93

1.93

2.03

2.03

2.13

2.13

2.28

2.53

2.78

2.93

3..03

3.08

2.98

2.78

2.63

Mar.

2.53

2.43

2.33

2.58

2.68

2.48

2.28

2.03

2.03

1.93

1.83

1.68

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.53

1.53

1.43

1.23

1.43

1.53

1.63

1.73

1.73

2.13

2.53

2.73

2.63

Apr.

2.58

2.58

2.48

2.38

2.63

2.73

2.53

2.23

2.23

2.43

2.38

2.23

2.43

5.73

5.98

5.23

5.03

5.33

5.58

5.83

5.33

4.63

4.28

3.93

3.83

3.53

3.13

May.

3.38

3.33

4.28

4.38

4.43

4.93

4.53

3.33

3.33

3.13

3.03

6.13

5.13

4.28

4.13

3.98

3.78

2.93

2.63

2.28

2.18

2.08

2.83

3.38

3.93

3.48

June.

2.03

1.88

1.73

1.63

1.53

1.43

1.53

3.63

3.18

2.73

2.53

2.38

1.98

1.83

1.73

1.98

1.83

1.93

1.83

1.83

1.73

1.73

1.78

1.73

1.63

1.53

1.43

July.

2.83

3,43

2.93

3,18

2.93

2.43

3.13

1.78

1.88

1.83

1.73

1.63

1.73

1.73

1.63

1.53

1.43

1.38

1.28

1.18

1.13

1.03

1.03

.93

.93

.93

.83

.83

.83

QQ

Aug.

1.73

1.68

1.73

1.73

1.63

1.63

1.53

1.03

1.03

.93

1.03

1.13

1.03

.93

.83

.73

.73

.63

.63

1.03

1.23

1.33

1.43

1.53

1.53

1.53

1.43

1.33

1.33

1.23

Sept.

0.90

.80

.95

1.60

1.20

.75

.60

^rt

.50

.55

.85

1.00

1.30

1.00

1.00

.90

.00

.65

.85

.75

.80

1.65

1.60

1.65

1.25

.95

.75

1.15

1 90

Oct.

1.95

1.20

1.20

1.00

.90

1.05

1.25

1.40

1.30

1.25

1.70

1.65

1.65

1.45

1.40

1.40

1.50

1.65

2.05

2.00

2.05

1.90 1*80

1.70

1.80

1.90

1.80

1.60

Nov.

1.10

1.50

1.50

1.40

1.40

1.40

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.60

1.60

1.70

1.65

1.70

1.85

2.20

2.85

3.05

2

QK

2.75

2.55

2.35

2.15

1.95

2.15

2.50

2.75

2.95

2

CC

Dec.

2.25

2.00

1.70 1*60

1.40

1.55

1.60

1.70

1.55

1.35

1.15

1.20

1 ^

1.60

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.75 freo

1 CA

1.50

1.40

1.40

1.40

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.20

1.20

1.20

NOTE. The river was not entirely closed by ice during 1906. There was considerable shore ice during 

the latter part of February and through March, ice going out the 4th of April. At times needle ice forms 

on the rifts below the gage and causes backwater. During the frozen period, gage heights were taken to 

water surface through a ho^e in the ice.

Rating table for Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.00

0.10

0.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

103

115

127

0. 30 140

0. 40 154

0. 50 170

0. GO 187

0. 70 205

0. 80 223

0.90 242

1.00 262

1.10

1.20

1.30

 282

304

328

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

354

382

412

444

477

511

547

585

626

669

715

763

812

862

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.20

3.40

3.60

3.80

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

914

968

1,023

1,139

1,264

1,399

1,545

1,700

1,870

2,060

2,260

2,480

2,700

5. 20 ' 2, 940

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

3,180

3,440

3,700

3,980

4,260

4,555

4,855

6. 80 5, 160

7.00 5,480

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

5,800

6,130

6,470

6,810

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1903-1906, and is well defined between gage heights 1.0 foot and 5.0 feet. 

Measurements above gage height 6.0 feet are impossible at this station, owing to the flashy character of 

the stream and to large quantities of ice and logs running during high stages. Hence discharges of over 

4,000 second-feet are liable to error.
78 SUKFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y., for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 346 square miles.]

Month.

July.......... ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

6,760 

3,950 

4,100 

1,420 

1,280 

454 

511 

626 

1,050

Minimum.

593 

639

577 

362 

228 

192 

a 103 

242 

- 282

Mean.

1,320 

1,710 

1,530 

557 

500 

324 

267 

413 

580

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

3.82 

4.94 

4.42 

1.61 

1.45 

.936 

.772 

1.19 

1.68

Depth in 

inches.

4.40 

5.51 

5 10 

1.80 

1.67 

1.08 

.86 

1.37 

1.87

a- The low minimum for September was caused by the storage of water by the dam at McKeever.

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January to May and September, good; June to August, October, 

and November, excellent.

ST. LAWKENCE RIVER DRAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

St. Lawrence River receives the flow of a number of New York 

streams having their sources in a northerly slope of the Adirondacks 

and fed by the innumerable lakes with which the region is dotted. 

Some of these rivers, as the Grass, Raquette, and St. Regis, lie 

entirely within the United States; others, notably Salmon, Trout, 

Chateaugay, and English rivers, cross the international boundary and 

now northward into the St. Lawrence in Canada, as does also Richelieu River, the outlet of Lake Champlain. The following table gives 

a list of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence in the United 

States, with the areas drained by them:

Drainage areas of St. Lawrence River tributaries in the United States.

Square miles. 

Oswegatchie River................ 1, 609

Grass River...................... 637

Raquette River.................. 1, 219

St. Regis River.................. 910

Little Salmon River «............ 103

Square miles. 

Salmon River «................... 273

Trout River &.................... 129

Chateaugay River 6............... 199

English River b. .................. 53

Lake Champlain 6................ 8,187

The St. Lawrence drains, through Lake Champlain, an area of 4,561 

square miles in the State of Vermont. This drainage is practically 

all from Missisquoi, Lamoille, and Winooski rivers and Otter Creek.

OSWEGATCHIE RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Oswegatchie River has its source in the region of lakes and timbered swamps in the southern part of St. Lawrence County, N. Y.

"Above junction near international boundary. t> Above New York State line.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 79

The largest of the lakes is Cranberry Lake, which affords valuable 

storage to water-power users on its outlet, East Branch of Oswegatchie River. East and West branches flow in a general northwesterly 

direction and unite near Talcville. From Gouverneur to Oxbow the 

river flows southwestward; it then turns sharply and flows northeastward to Rensselaer Falls, turns again to the northwest, receives 

the outlet of Black Lake at Galilee, and finally enters the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg.

OSWEGATCHIE RIVER NEAR OGDENSBURG, N. Y.

This station was established May 16, 1903. It is located at Eel 

Weir Bridge, just below the junction of Oswegatchie River and 

Black Lake outlet. The conditions at this station and the bench 

marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 93, where 

are given also references to publications that contain data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y., in 1903-1906.

Date.

1903.

May 14

May 14.........

1904.

October 23.....

1905.

April 16........

1906. 

April 19........

October 27

Hydrographer.

.....do........................................

.....do. ......................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.-...do.....-...- .............................

.....do........................................

C. C. Covert . . ..............................

.....do-.-.....-----.. ....-.-------------------

Width.

Feet.

269

269

267

267

267

267

267

240

254

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

269

256

256

261

1,170

1,180

306

549

536

1,200

1,230

1,000

975

925

854

842

377

814

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.70

4.60

4.60

8.10

8.05

4.80

5.68

5.64

8.02

8.15

7.24

7.12

6.92

6.60

6.60

4.90

6.61

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,040

&30

729

812

9,460

9,550

1,210

2,410

2,370

9,240

9,010

7,240

6,930

6,190

5,430

5,380

987

4,640

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1.. .............

2............... 

3...............

5...............

6............... 

7...............

8............... 

9...............

10...............

Jan.

" 9

".4 

".3

7 ">

7.1 

7.1 

7.1 

6.85 

6.8

Feb.

7.0

6.85 

6.5

6.0

5.9 

5.7 

5.55 

5.45 

5.4

Mar.

5.75

5.4

5.25 

5.25

5.6

5.7 

5.7 

5.65 

5.55 

5.45

Apr.

6.8

6.65 

6.5

6.3

6.1 

6.05 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9

May.

5.55

5.4 

5.5 

5.55

5.5

5.7 

5.65 

5.55 

5.55 

5.5

June.

5.2

5.1 

5.1 

5.0

5.0

4.9 

4.8 

5.25 

5.75 

6.2

July.

4.9

4.9 

4.85 

4.9

5.05

5.3 

5.45 

5.55 

5.55 

5.5

Aug.

4.7

4.7 

4.7 

4.95

5.1

5.3 

5.35 

5.2 

5.1 

5.0

Sept.

4.5

4.5 

4 5 

4.5

4.55

4.75 

4.9 

4.9 

4.85 

4.8

Oct.

4.65

4.7 

4.75 

4.8

4.8

4.95 

5.1 

5.3 

5.75 

5.75

Nov.

6.4

6.35 

6.15 

6.0

5.95

5.85 

5.7 

5.7 

5.7 

5.55

Dec.

6.6

6.55 

6.45 

6.25

6.05

5.9 

5.9 

5.95 

5.95

5.8
80 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N". Y., for 1906

Continued.

Day.

12...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21............... 

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

6.65

6.4

6.35

6.2 

6.05

^ Q

5.9

5.85

6.1

5.85

7.15

7.45

7.8 

7 9

8.1

7.95

7.9

7.55

7.3

Feb.

5.2

5.1

5.1 

5.1

5.0

4 9

4 9

A Q

5.0

5.65

5.7

5.8 

6.9

5.85

5.85

Mar.

5 4

5.25

5 9

5.2 

5.15

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.0

4.9

4.85

4.75 

4.7

5.0

5.5

6.1

6.65

6.8

Apr.

6.1

f, 1 C

6.3 

6.2

6.35

6.45

6.5

6.5

6.3

6.3

6.25

6.2

6.0

5.9

5.9

May.

5.5

5.4

5 4

5.36 

5.55

5.95

5.95

5.9

5.85

5.6

5.55

5.4

5 4

5.15

5.2

5.2

5.25

5.2

June.

6.4

6.5

6.6 '

6.5 

6.4

6.35

6.15

6.0

6.0

5.8

5.65 

5.55

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.15

5.1

5.1

4.9

July.

5.5

5.4

5.4 

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.2

4.95

A Q

4.9 

4 9

4 9

4.8

4.8 

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

Aug.

5.0

4.8

4.8 

4.75

4.75

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.6 

4.55

4.45

4.4

4.4

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Sept.

4.8

4.8

4.8 

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.6 

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.75

4.7

Oct.

5.75

6.0

6.1 

6.15

6.1

6.1

6.05

6.0

6.1 

6.55

6.65

6.65

6.7 

6.7

6.6

6.7

6.65

6.45

6.3

Nov.

5.4

5.4

5.65 

5.4

5.45

5.4

5.45

5.65

5.7

5.7 

6.6

6.45

6.35

6.35 

6.3

6.3

6.35

6.5

6.55

Dec.

5.8

5.8

5.5 

5.55

5.7

5.95

6.15

C Q

5.8

5.8

5.5

5.6 

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

NOTE. The river never freezes over at the gage owing to the swift current. Ice forming on rifts, 

about one-half mile below, occasionally causes backwater.

Rating table for Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y.,for 1903-1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

590

680

780

890

1,010

1,140

1,280

1,440

1,610

1,790

1,980

2,180

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,400

2, 640

2,890

3, ICO

3,440

3,730

4,020

4,310

4,600

4,890

5,185

5, 480

Gage 

height..

Feet.

6.80

6.90

7.00

7.10

7.20

7.30

7.40

7.50

7.60

7.70

7.80

7.90

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

5.775

6,076

6,365

6,660

6, 955

7,260

7, 550

7,850

8,150

8,450

8,750

9,050

Gage 

height.

Feet.

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

9,350

9,960

10, 570

11,180

11, 790

12,400

13,020

13,640

14, 260

14,880

15, 500

Monthly discharge of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y.,for 1903-1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,580 square miles.]

Discharge in second-feet Kun-off.

Month.

1903. 

April (22-30) ..................................

May . . ........................................

July..........................................

Maximum.

4,020

1,520

2,180

1,790

2,890

1,010

5,480

2,400

1,610

Minimum.

1,790

590

590

680

950

680

680

1,010

890

Mean.

2,670

903

1,210

1,220

2,070

87fi

3,090

1,660

1,060

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.69

.572

.766

.772

1.31

.554

1.96

1.05

Depth in

inches.

0.67

.66

.85

.89

1.51

.62

2.26

1.17

.77
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 81

Monthly discharge of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y.,for 1903-1906 Cont'd.

Month.

1904. 

January ............... . . .... .....

March ................. . . . . ...... . .....

April. .........................................

May .............. .... . . ..............

July. .........................................

August ................. .... . .............

1905.

March. ................ ....... ....... .......

April. .........................................

May. .......................... ...............

July...........................................

1906.

July ..........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,880 

1,980 

15,300 

14,300 

5,480 

2,520 

1,610 

1,520 

3,730 

5,180 

2,890 

1,520

15, 300

5,630 

890 

15,800 

15,800 

4,160 

5,480 

5,480 

3,730 

2,400 

3,160 

3,160 

6,660

15,800

9,660 

6,360 

5,780 

5,780 

3,300 

5,180 

2,290 

1,880 

1,140 

5,480 

5,180 

5,180

9, 660

Minimum.

780 

1,280 

1,610 

4,160 

1,790 

780 

780 

680 

1,140 

1,980 

780 

680

680

890 

680 

680 

2,760 

2,180 

1,790 

1,440 

1,440 

1,140 

1,010 

 1, 610 

1,440

680

3,020 

1,140 

890 

3,160 

1,520 

1,010 

890 

590 

680 

835 

1,980 

1,790

590

Mean.

1,400 

1,610 

6, 150 

7,860 

3,260 

1,360 

1,120 

1,020 

1,460 

3,040 

1,480 

838

2,550

1,83C 

796 

3,750 

7,470 

2,960 

4,000 

2,770 

2,310 

1,710 

1,690 

2,210 

3,120

2,880

6,070 

2,520 

2,030 

4,120 

2,280 

2,600 

1,460 

977 

886 

3,410 

3,320 

2,910

2,720

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

0.886 

1.02 

3.89 

4.97 

2.06 

.861 

.709 

.646 

.924 

1.92 

.937 

.530

1.61

1.16 

.504 

2.37 

4.73 

1.87 

2.53 

1.75 

1.46 

1.08 

1.07 

1.40 

1.97

1.82

3.84 

1.59 

1.28 

2.61 

1.44 

1.65 

.924 

.618 

.561 

2.16 

2.10 

1.84

1.72

Depth in 

inches.

1.02 

1.10 

4.48 

5.54 

2.38 

.96 

.82 

.74 

1.03 

2.21 

1.05 

.61

21.94

1.34 

.52 

2.73 

5.28 

2.16 

2 82 

2'. 02 

1.68 

1.20 

1.23 

1.56 

2.27

24.81

4.43 

1.66 

1.48 

2.91 

1.66 

1.84 

1.07 

.71 

.63 

2.49 

2.34 

2.12

23.34

NOTE. Above values 1903-1906 are rated as good.

RAQUETTE RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Raquette River drains a long, narrow basin extending from northern 

Hamilton County to St. Lawrence River. Its sources are on an elevated plateau, dotted with mountains interspersed with lakes. The 

region is timbered, but numerous marsh and swamp areas exist, many 

of which are on the divide and feed streams flowing in opposite directions. The lakes of the headwaters afford ample opportunities for 

storage development.

Observations at the dam of the Hannawa Falls Power Company 

were taken from September, 1902, to March 31, 1903. The discharge 

has not been computed. The Sunday flow of this stream, like many
82 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1906.

others in this State, is often held back during the low-water season 

while ponds at mills above are being refilled. Where there is extensive 

pondage of this character the resultant effect may be shown in the 

stream for several days.

RAQUETTE RIVER AT MASSENA SPRINGS, N. Y.

This station wT as established at the highway bridge at Massena 

Springs, September 21, 1903. Observations were continued until 

October 17, 1903, when the station was temporarily abandoned. It 

was resumed April 9, 1904. The conditions at this station and the 

bench marks'1 are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 94, 

where are given also references to publications that contain data for 

previous years.

Discharge measurements of Baguette River at Massena Springs, N. Y., in 1906.

August 14 ..... i Covert and Weeks

August 15 .....i E. F. Weeks..................................

Width.

Feet. 

170 

170 

175 

175 

172

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

954

975

581

426

629

heiglt. Discharge.

Feet. 

5.38 

5.45 

3.38 

2.53 

3.65

Sec.-ft. 

3,390 

3,500 

1, 440 

1,010 

1,780

Daily gage height, in feet, of Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

1.... ...........

2. ..............

3........... ... 

4...............

5, ..............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

18............... 

19...............

20...............

21...............

22............... 

23............... 

24............... 

25...............

Jan.

5.2

4.75 

4.8

5.7

5.8 

5.8

4.4

5.65 

5.8

5. 7 

5. 7

5.45

4.75

5.3 

4.95

5.0 

5.05

5.3

9. 65 

10.6 

9.05

7. 5

Feb.

6.65

6.45 

6.25 

5.8

6.2 

5.8

5.95 

6.0

6.1

5. 75 

6.5

6.05

6.0

5.95

5.6 

5.8

5.7

5.75

5.85 

6.0 

6.0

5. 85

Mar.

5.5

5.15 

5.1 

5.0

4.65 

4.55

4.45

4.6 

4.75

4.9

4.9 

4.75

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.55 

4.45

4. 35 

4.2

4.2

4.1

4.3 

4.6 

4.7 

3.45

Apr.

4.0

5.1 

5.2

4.15 

4.0

4.0

3.75 

4.05

3. 95

3.8 

3.7

3.75

3.7

3.05

5.3 

5.1

5.75 

5.6

5.35

5.5

5.45 

6.1 

5.95 

6.05

May.

5.85

5.75 

5.55 

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5 

5.6

5. 45

5. 35 

5. 55

5.1

6.9

0.45

6.3 

6.25

6.05 

5.85

5.05

5.85

5.70 

5. 65 

5.55 

5. 45

June.

5.45

5. 5 

5. 35 

5.3

5.35

5.4

5.55 

6.3

5.95

6.45 

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.95 

5.6

5.35

5.05

4.75 

4. 55 

4.1 

4.0

July.

3.55

4.0 

3.9 

2.5

4.15 

4.0

4.1

3.65 

3.95

4.0

4.0 

4.0

4.0

3.9

3. 25

4.0 

4.0

4.0 

4.0

4.0

3.85

3.5 

3.65 

3.55 

3.4

Aug.

3.6

3.45 

3.15 

2.9

1.8 

2.85

2.9

2.8 

2.8

2.9

2.9 

2.05

2.85

2.75

2.35

2.1

2.25

2.3 

1.2

1.95

1.85

1.8 

1.75 

1.7 

1. 7

Sept.

2.2

1.5 

2.1 

2.0

1.95

1.8

1.8 

1.65

2.8

2.8 

2.7

2.65

2.6

2.6

1.8 

2.6

2.7 

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6 

1.7 

2.65 

2.7

Oct.

2.45

2.4

2.35 

2.2

2.1 

2.1

1.6

2.05 

2.15

2.2

2.45 

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.5

2.5 

2.6

2.6 

2.6

2.6

2.2

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

3.85

Nov.

3.2

3.5 

3.35 

2.2

3.15 

3.15

3.0

2.4 

3.05

3.25

3.05 

3.4

3.35

3.05

2.75

2.7 

3.05

2.6 

4.05

3.95

3.6

3.8 

3.8 

3.85 

3.45

Dec.

4.0

3.9 

4.75 

5.75

7.0

7.9

8.5 

8.05

7.85

8.05 

7.35

7.6

7.5

7.5

7.4

7.7

7.3

6.7

6.9

6.9

6.9 

6.9 

6.5 

5.7

a During 1906 the vortical staff gago used in previous years was replaced by a standard chain gage, 

length of chain 28.84 feet. All 1900 gage heights are referred to its datum which is 1 foot below that
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 83

Daily gage height, in feet, of Raquctte River at Massena Springs, N. Y.,for 1906 Con.

Day. Mar. Apr. June. July. ' Aug.

2.8

3.7

3.8

1.45

1.9

1.95

2.1

2. 2

9 9

Sept.

2.7 

2. 65 

2.6 

2.6 

1.5

Oct.

4.05

3.85

3.4

3. 85

3.6

3.15

Nov.

4.05

4.15

4.1

3.95

4.1

Dec.

5.2

6.3 

6.1 

5.2 

6.3 

5.6

NOTE. The following ice conditions prevailed during 1906: River began to freeze over about the 

middle of January, one-fourth mile below gage being entirely closed: ice about 0.6£ foot thick. Freezing 

began at the gage about February L; February 28 ice all gone at gage; river still frozen over about onefourth mile below. Ice went out'of river about March 31. Needle ice forms at times and causes backwater. December 2, river began filling with needle ice below gage, causing a rise of nearly 4 feet. During the frozen period in December gage heights were taken to top of ice. The following comparative 

readings were also taken:

Date.

December 22. . . ... . ..........

December 29 .. .......... ....

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

7.5

G.5

6.8

5.0

4.9

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

7.4

G. 7

6.9

5.2

5.2

Thickness of 

ice at 

gage.

Feet. 

a 0.65

a. 83

.83

1.16

bl. 70

a Anchor ice. b Anchor ice gone. 

Rating table for Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

265

310

355

400

445

495

545

595

650

705

760

820

880

940

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3. 10

Discharge.

Gage 

height.

Sec.-ft. ' Feet.

1,005 3.90

Di«- 

eharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,040

1.070 4.00 2,130

1,140 4.10 2,220

1.210 ! i 4.20 2,310

1.285 1 4.30

1.360

3.20 1.435

3.30 1.515

3.40 1,595

3. 50 1, 680

3. 60 1, 770

3.70 1,860

3.80 1,950

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.20

2, 400

2, 490

2,580

2,675

2,770

2,865

2 960

3.055

3, 245

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.40

5.60

Discharg

Sec.-f

3,43

3,62

5. 80 ' 3', 82

6. 00 4, 02

6. 20 4, 22

6.40

0. 0

G. 80

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

4,42

4,62

4,82

5,02

6,02

7,02

8.02

11.00 9,02

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1904-1906, and is well denned below gage height 7 feet.

Monthly discharge of Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 1,170 square miles.]

Month.

April ..........................................

July-. .........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8, 620 

4,470 

4,120 

4,920 

4,470 

2,260 

1.770 

1,140 

2,180 

2, 260

Minimum. Mean.

2,490 

1,640 

1,320 

2,860 

2,040 

940 

265 

400 

445 

760

4

2 

2 

3 

3 

1

1

1

140 

910 

920 

640 

250 

900 

875 

851 

100 

600

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

3.54 

2.49 

2.50 

3.11

2.78 

1.62 

.748 

.727 

.940 

1.37

Depth in 

inches.

4.08 

2.87 

2.79 

3.58 

3.10 

1.87 

.86 

.81 

1.08 

1.53

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January and March, fair; April to November, excellent.
84 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1906.

LAKE CHAMPLAm DKAINAGE BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Lake Champlain occupies a long and narrow valley, extending in a 

north-south direction, and forming a part of the boundary between 

New York and Vermont. The elevation of the lake is about 95 feet 

above tide, and the water-surface area is 436 square miles.

The drainage basin is irregular in form, being about 75 miles wide 

from a point opposite Middlebury, Vt., northward to the outlet of the 

lake at Rouse Point, on the international boundary. South of Middlebury the average width of the basin is about 35 miles and the lake 

itself is very narrow, forming virtually a drowned river. The drainage is received almost entirely through large tributaries, there being 

little direct coast drainage into the lake. The outlet of the lake is 

Richelieu River, which flows northward from Rouse Point to St. 

Lawrence River.

In estimating the run-off from this basin in previous years the 

drainage area has been taken as 7,500 square miles. The areas of the 

tributary basins are given in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, pages 

97-98.

The land drainage area above Rouse Point is 7,463 square miles; 

hence the run-off as heretofore computed represents substantially 

the outflow expressed as depth in inches on the land surface. As the 

precipitation on the lake probably exceeds the evaporation, the water 

surface of the lake, 436 square miles, should be added to the land 

area and the run-off computed for the whole drainage basin, 7,899 

square miles.

The daily discharge of the lake has been determined from observations of the depth and discharge over the Chambly dam, 35 miles 

below the head of Richelieu River, made in 1898 by the United States 

Board on Deep Waterways. A rating table has been derived from 

the observations at the Chambly dam and the gage readings taken 

at Rouse Point. The area tributary to the river between Rouse 

Point and Chambly is 310 square miles, making the total drainage 

basin above Chambly 8,209 square miles.

RICHELIEU RIVER AT FORT MONTGOMERY, N. Y.

A record of the height of Lake Champlain at Rouse Point, at the 

head of Richelieu River, the outlet of the lake, has been kept by the 

United States Corps of Engineers, beginning in 1875. Through the 

courtesy of Capt. Harry Taylor, the gage readings taken by William 

McComb, the fort keeper, at 9 a. m. each day are reported weekly to 

the United States Geological Survey. The conditions at this station 

and the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, 

page 98, where are given also references to publications that contain 

data for previous years.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 85 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

I................

2...............

4

5...............

6...............

8...............

9............... 

10...............

11............... 

12...............

14...............

16...............

17............... 

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.05

2.2

2.15

2.3

2.25

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.25 

2.3

2.25 

2.2

2.1

2.15

2.2

2.4

2.1 

2.2

2.1

2.4

2.25

2.3

2.45

2.95

3.2

3.6

3.5

3.55 

3.7

3.5

Feb.

3.55

3.4

3.5

3.7

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.15 

3.2

3.2 

3.15

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.05 

3.1

3.0

3.1

3.15

3.0

3.05

3.2

3.1

3.05

3.05

3.0

Mar.

3.0

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.05

3.2

3.1

3.05 

3.05

3.05 

3.0

3.05

2.95

2.9

2.85

2.85 

2.75

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.65

2.55

2.52

2.5

2.55

2.7

2.55

2.75 

2.95

3.0

Apr.

3.1

3.15

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.2

3.3

3.4 

3.4

3.45 

3.5

3.55

4.1

3 9

3.8

4.0 

4.25

4.3

4.45

4.6

4.7

4.75

4.75

4.85

4.9

4.8

4.85

4.9

4.85

May.

4.7

4.75

4.7

4.75

4.65

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.65 

4.5

4.4

4.7

4.65

4.55

4.65

4.7

4.65 

4.7

4.55

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.35

4.45

4.35

4.25

4.3 

4.3

June.

4.3

4.25

4.2

4.1

4.05

4.1

4.0

4.15

4.1 

4.15

4.05 

4.1

4.05

4.1

4.0

4.1

4.1 

3.95

3.85

3.75

3.75

3.65

3.6

3.6

3.65

3.75

3.7

3.6

3.7 

3.65

July.

3.5

3.65

3.4

3.45

3.4

3.4

3.35

3.3

3.4 

3.25

3.2 

3.2

3.3

3.15

3.25

3.2

3.0 

3.0

3.05

3.15

3.0

2.95

2.8

2.75

2.6

2.75

2.7

2.6

2.75 

2.8

2.5

Aug.

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.55

2.5

2.45

2.3

2.25

2.25 

2.4

2.6 

2.4

2.3

2.05

1.95

2.0

2.15 

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.65

1 9

1.85

.8

.6

.5

.55

.45

Sept.

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.45

1.6

1.75

1.5

1.55 

1.5

1.55 

1.65

1.8

1.45

1.3

1.45

1.5 

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.05

1.1

1.4 

1.05

Oct.

1.1

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.5 

.9

.9 

.8

.9

9

.85 

.8

1.0

.75

.8

.9

.9

.9

1.2

.9

Nov.

0.7

.8

.9

.8

.75

.8

.75

.7 

.75

.8

.7

.75

.8

.8

.8

.85 

1.05

.95

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.35

1.4

1.3

1.45

1.4 

1.6

Dec.

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 45

1.5

1.5 

1.5

1.5 

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.5 

1.4

1.45

1.45

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 A*\

1.5

1.55

1.6 

1.6

1.65

NOTE. The following ice conditions prevailed during 1906: December 6, 1905, to January 15, 1906, 

lake closed; ice from 0.5 to 1.0 foot thick. January 20 to February 2, lake open. February 3, lake 

frozen over, no ice in channel near gage; ice a,bout 0.3 foot thick above gage near breakwater. February 14, ice 0.65 foot thick below gage and 0.35 foot thick above gage. March 15, channel open below 

gage; ice 0.35 foot thick above gage. March 31, ice all out below breakwater.

Rating table for Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.,for 1906.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

5,680

6,020

6,360

6,700

7,040

7,380

7,720

8,060

8,400

8,740

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

9,080

9,420

9,760

10,100

10,440

10,780

11, 120

11,460

11,800

12,160

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

12,520

12,880

13,240

13,600

13,980

14,360

14,740

15, 120

15,500

15,880

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

16,260

16,640

17,020

17,400

18, 2-40

19,080

19,940

20,820

21,700

NOTE. The above table is based on discharge measurements made at Chambly dam in 1898 by the 

United States Board on Deep Waterways.
86 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Monthly discharge of Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 7,750 square miles.]

Month.

July..........................................

September ....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

16,300 

16,300 

14,400 

21,300 

20,600 

18,700 

16,100 

12, 200 

9,420 

8,400 

8,740 

8,910

21, 300

Minimum.

10,300 

13,600 

11,800 

14,000 

18,700 

15,900 

11, 800 

8,230 

6,870 

5,680 

5,680 

8,060

5,680

Mean.

12,000 

14,300 

13,200 

17,500 

19,600 

17,200 

14,000 

10,400 

8,070 

6,580 

6,650 

8,370

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

1.55 

1.85 

1.70 

2.26 

2.53 

2.22 

1.81 

1.34 

1.04 

.849 

.858 

1.08

12,300 i 1.59

I

D^th in 

iridhes.

- 1.79 

-..1.93 

' 1.96 

.--2.52 

2.92 

2.48 

2.09 

1.54 

1.16 

.98 

.96 

1.24

21.57

NOTE. Discharge not affected 1'y ice conditions on the lake.

SARAXAC RIVER NEAR PLATTSBURG, N. Y.

A gaging station was established at the dam of the Plattsburg 

Electric Light and Power Company, 6 miles above Plattsburg, 

March 17, 1903. The conditions at this station and the bench marks 

are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 102, where are 

given also references to publications that contain data for previous 

years.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y.,for 1906.

Day.

2. ............. .

3. ..............

4. ..............

6. ..............

7... . .........

8...............

9

10...............

12...............

13...............

14. ... ....... .

15...............

16. ..............

17.. .............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. .............. 

27...............

28. ..............

29. ..............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

763

600

603

718

770

796

547

582

518

518

a 408

299

554

403

717

572

496

469

497

748

1,770

2,260

2,940

2,350

1,820 

1,700

1,880

1,450

1,150

1,010

Feb.

994

828

742

538

528

513

496

554

539

624

714

760

671

660

554

539

562

695

678

479

940

1,510

1,130

1,050

1,200

1,610 

1,030

602

Mar.

551

595

524

1,100

1,300

977

781

654

613

639

546

416

510

532

502

363

321

329

370

348

374

318

372

308

419

534

878

1,640

1,450

1,450

1,530

Apr.

1,100

946

723

980

1,100

1,160

961

842

782

811

7QQ

663

738

1 , 130

1,880

1,710

1,550

1 , 790

1,500

1,270

1,340

1,000

1,110

1,040

731

576 

740

710

674

614

May.

512

488

889

1,130

1,350

1,120

877

882

785

754

769

1,350

2,120

2,090

1,820

1,520

1,600

1 , 260

1,100

984

930

094

928

1,280

1,250 

1,250

1,080

1,110

1,020

1,000

June.

966

1,050

708

1,060

688

749

893

739

1,020

861

1,040

980

1,020

898

863

844

762

945

795

609

704

1,000

1,160

587

647

376 

613

.502

482

540

July.

1,020

1,140

964

950

994

958

806

800

1,160

1,000

1,210

513

445

278

316

333

506

202

314

421

«425

430

580

493

514 

638

656

170

514

544

Aug.

610

501

477

509

585

831

520

599

484

390

319

«338

356

399

539

476

438

330

o489

648

296

365

276

338

339

o332 

a332

324

338

309

325

Sept.

381

72

162

310

385

373

447

338

106

491

447

305

335

426

291

59

224

395

419

381

404

415

128

185

411

372

265

309

287

210

Oct.

181

312

337

412

330

242

80

336

617

471

434

417

478

136

400

4!7

491

437

382

364

42

246

398

476

597

680 

628

328

557

637

Nov.

722

581

550

206

222

363

390

537

384

394

70

479

346

307

286

408

487

109

843

564

898 75'

870

742

321

848 

648

784

906

465

Dec.

210

606

403

326

548

313

550

264

411

368

359

492

492

458

706

809

403

453

383

423

332

275

454

456 

491

400

530

308

286

NOTE. During January, February 

and discharges are liable to error.

« Discharge interpolated. 

March, and December the dam is slightly obstructed by ice,
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 87

Monthly discharge of Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 024 square, miles.]

*#K

 v.;- Month.

July. ..........................................

December

Discharge in second-foot.

Maximum.

2,940 

1,630 

1,640 

1,790 

2,090 

1,160 

1,210 

831 

491 

680 

90li 

S09

2,940

Minimum.

299 

513 

318 

576 

488 

376 

170 

276 

52 

42 

70 

150

42

Mean.

991 

770 

687 

1,030 

3,120 

803 

049 

431) 

311 

401 

510 

431

079

Run-off.

See. -It. per Depth in 

sq. mile. inches.

1. 59 

1.24 

1.10 

1. 05 

1.79 

1.29 

1.04 

.099 

.498 

.043 

.827 

.091

1.09

1.83 

1.29 

1.27 

1.84 

2.00 

1.44 

1.20 

.81 

.57 

.74 

.92 

.80

14.70

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: January to March and December, good; April to November, 

excellent.

OTTER CREEK AT MIDDLEBTIRY, VT.

This station was established April 1, 1903, by H. K. Barrows. It 

is located at the railway bridge about one-half mile south of the railway station at Middlebury, Vt. The conditions at this station and 

the bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 

106, where are given also references to publications that contain data 

for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt., in 1905-6.

Date.

1905.

^pril 10 a

April 106.......

May I'o

1900.

April 14........

Ilydrographer.

A. D. Butterfield .............................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

.....do........................................

G. M. Brett. ..................................

G. M. Brett .................................. 

A. D. Butterfield .............................

.....do........................................

Width.

Feet. 

120

120

120

120

189

120

118

106

133 

117

117

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

1,520

334

352

465 

229

ooq

Gage 

height.

Feet.

17.22

15.52

15. 50

13.40

19 90

13.40

14.25 

12.35

12.27

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

5,500

3,430

940

1,100

2,100 

310

344

« From arch bridge. 

b From railroad bridge.

c River frozen at gage, but open 500 feet below gage for some 800 feet to arch bridge and dam. Gage 

height to bottom of ice, 12.77 feet; average thickness of ice, 0.70 foot.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt.,for 1906.

Day.

1. ..... . ...

2. ....... .....

3...............

G. ....... . ...

7...............

8...............

10...,.....,...,.

Jan.

13.4

Feb.

13.4

13.2

13.2

Mar.

13.2

13. 45

Apr.

15.0

15.5

15.15

14.75

14.45

14.0

14.5

14.2

13.7

May.

14.0

13.75

14.0

14.45

14.4

14.1

13.8

14.15

June.

15. 45

15.5

15. 55

15. 3

14.25

13.9

14.1

14.5

July.

13. 95

14.2

13.8

13.4

13.0

13.4

13.1

12.85

12.8

Aug.

13.2

12.8

12.0

12.5

12.9

13. 15

13.0

12. 75

12.55

Sept.

12.0

12. 45

12.35

12.7

12.0

12.5

12.4

12.4

12.4

12.1

Oct.

12.2

12.8

12.3

12.3

19 9

12.15

12. 1

12.0

12.2

Nov.

12.0

12.0

12.5

12.5

12.4'

12.4

12.35

12.3

Dec.

12.85

12.8

12.55
88 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt.,for 1906 Continued.

Day.

11...............

12...............

13...............

U. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23............... 

24. ..............

25............... 

26...............

27. .............. 

28...............

29. ..............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

12.8

'i5.~5"~

15.25 

15.25

15.55 

15.25

14.7

14.4

13.7

Feb.

12.5

12.4

Mar.

12.4

12.3

'U.7~'

15.7

Apr.

13.7

13.9

13.95

14.25

15.3

15.5

15.5

15.7

15.95

16.4

16. 45

16.35 

16.25

16.15 

15.9

15. 65 

15.3

14.9

14.5

May.

14.4

14.35

14.3

14.5

14.55

14.3

14.05

13.8

IS. 6

10 oc

13.1

12.95

12.8 

12.8

12.85 

13.1

13.5 

14.6

14.9

15.1

15.3

June.

14.45

14.2

13.7

13.2

12.95

12.9

13.0

13.7

la. 7

100

13.0

12 9

12.85 

13.2

13.5 

13.4

13.1 

12.85

12.7

12.9

July.

13.0

12.85

12.7

12.6

12.5

12.4

12.4

12.45

12.4

12.4

12.4

12.4

12.9 

12.9

12.7 

12.5

12.4 

12.4

12.7

13.4

13.6

Aug.

12.5

12.6

12.5

12.5

12.4.

12.4

12.4

12.4

12.25

12.0

12.5

12.5

12.45 

12.5

12.5 

12.6

13.05 

14.7

13.6

13.2

12.8

Sept.

12.25

12.3

12.3

12.4

12.4

12.3

32.0

12.15

12.3

12 3

12.2

12.2

12.3

12.3 

12.35

12.3 

12.2

12.2

12.3

Oct.

12.2

12.35

12.4

12.6

12.1

12.3

12.3

12.25

12.15

12. 05

12.85

12.5 

12.7

12.9 

12.75

12.6

12.6

12.6

Nov.

12.3

12.6

12.6

12.55

12.4

12.45

13.6

14 3

13.85

13.6 

13.3

13.15 

12.9

13.25 

13.5

13.45

13.1

Dec.

12.35

12.3

NOTE. Creek was frozen January 1 to 24, February 3 to March 31, and December 3 to 31. During 

the frozen period gage heights were taken to water surface through a hole in the ice. The following 

comparative readings were taken:

Comparative ice and water readings.

Date.

March 2............

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

13.4

12.8

13.2

12.5

12.4

13.2

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

13.45

12.9

13.3

12.3

12.5

13.3

Thickness 

of ice.

Feet. 

0.3

.6

.5

.5

.5

.9

.7

Date.

March 10..........

March 16..........

March 22..........

March 28 a ........

December 13. ......

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

13.45

12.4

12.3

14.7

12.35

12.5

12.3

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

13.5

12.4

12.35

12.6

12.45

Thickness 

of ice.

Feet. 

0.6

.5

.6

.5

.6

.7

a Water flowing on top of ice. 

Rating table for Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt.,for 1905-6.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

12:00

12.10

12.20

12.30

12.40

12.50

12.60

12.70

12.80

12.90

13.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

275

335

400

470

540

615

695

775

860

945

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

13.10

13.20

13.30

13.40

13.50

13.60

13.70

13.80

13.90

14.00

14.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,030

1,120

1,210

1,300

1,390

1,480

1,580

1,680

1,780

1,880

1,980

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

14.20

14.30

14.40

14.50

14.60

14.70

14.80

14.90

15.00

15.20

15.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,080

2,180

2,290

2,400

2,510

2,620

2,730

2,840

2,950

3,170

3,390

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

15.60

15.80

16.00

16.20

16.40

16.60

16.80

17.00

17.20

17.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,610

3,830

4,070

4,310

4,550

4.790

5,030

5,270

5,510

5,750

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1905-6, and is well denned between gage heights 13.0 feet and 18.0 feet. Mean 

monthly discharge computed from the above should be reasonably close, but daily discharges for gage 

heights below 13.0 feet are liable to considerable error. Fluctuations caused by the dam below render 

variable the relation between gage height and the elevation of the water surface at the measuring 

section.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 89

Monthly discharge of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt.,for 1905-6. 

[Drainage area, 615 square miles.]

J Discharge in second-feet.

Month. 

Maximum.

1905.

May. .......................................... 1,300

June. ......................................... ! 2, 400

July . . ......................................... 2, 620

August ....................................... 2, 730

September. ................................... 2,890

December. .................................... 2, 130

1906. 

April ......................................... J 4, 610

May. .......................................... 3, 280

June. ......................................... 3, 560

July. .......................................... 2, 080

October. ...................................... 945

November. ................................... 2, 180

Minimum.

1,210 

400 

335 

220 

305 

655 

400 

400 

600

1,580 

775 

695 

470 

220 

220 

220 

400

Mean.

2,950 

871 

1,210 

904 

951 

1,570 

590 

625 

969

3,130 

1,870 

1,710 

881 

738 

421 

498 

869

Run-off.

Sec. -ft. per 

sq. mile.

4.80 

1.42 

1.97 

1.47 

1.55 

2.55 

.960 

1.02 

1.58

5.09 

3.04 

2.78 

1.43 

1.20 

.685 

.810 

1.41

Depth in 

inches.

5.36 

1.64 

2.20 

1.70 

1.79 

2.84 

1.11 

1.14 

1.82

5.68 

3.50 

3.10 

1.65 

1.38 

.76 

.93 

1.57

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: October to December, 1905, September and October, 1906, 

fair; all others, good.

WINOOSKI RIVER AT RICHMOND, VT.

This station was established June 25, 1903, by H. K. Barrows, at 

the steel highway bridge one-fourth mile south of the railway station at Richmond, Vt. The conditions a at this station and the 

bench marks are described in Water-Supply Paper No. 170, page 

108, where are given also references to publications that contain 

data for previous years.

Discharge measurements of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt., in 1906.

Date.

April 13........

April 18. .......

April 25. .......

April 25........

May 23.........

May 23.. .......

Ilydrographer.

.....do.........................................

A. D. Butterfield.. ............ ...............

G. M. Brett...................................

.....do................--.--......-.---....---..

.....do--------:-.---------------.----------....

Width.

Feet. 

70

182

182

183

180

180

180

180

145

178

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

348

1,590

1,470

1,960

1,430

1,430

1,130

1,130

180

1,110

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.53

6.96

6.57

9.55

6.50

6.50

4.97

4.97

3.92

5.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

585

3,500

3,380

1,240

qon

1,350

a Length of chain, 29.47 feet. Gage datum is at elevation 287.63 feet above mean sea level, as determined during 1906 by connecting with the aluminum tablet bench mark of United States Geological 

Survey in Universalist church foundation.

6 River frozen at gage; channel open 1,000 feet upstream and one-half mile downstream. Ice very 

rough, broken, and tirtod, reaching to bottom for about two-thirds of section. Gage height is to water 

surface; gage height to bottom of ice about 3.4 feet; average thickness of ice about 2.8 feet.
90 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1906.

Daily gage height, infect, of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt., for 1906.

Day.

2

4.... ...........

5...............

6

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. \ May.

.......' 6.3 ....

....... 6.3 ....

5.9

8..---------..-- ------- 5.9 ... 

9..---------..-- ------ - : 5.8 5. 

10..--------...-- .-.-----------.---

11............... .......'. ...... ...

12.---.-.--....-. 5.5 .......... 

 13............... .................

14............... ....... ....... ...

16............... ....... 

17..... ........ ..'.......

18............... .......

20............... -

22............... 

23........;...... 

24............... 

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

"ii.Y"

13.8

6.7

6.35

5.6

5.5

5.5

5 . 5o 5 .

"~8.~o~5 "5

IT

....... 6

... 5.7

... 5.3

... 6.5

... 7.35

... 6.3

... 6.3,3 

5 6.1 

... 5.9

... 5.6

... 6.6

3 11.4

... 9.25

... 9.5

... 9.9 

4 8.1 

... 7.0

... 6.3

6 6.05 

9 r) 9

45 6.4

3 .......

6.6 

6.15 

6.9

6.7 

6.45

6.15

5.8 

5.5 

5.75 

7.3

6.5

6.05 

10.2

8.4

6.35

5.35

5.15

5.25 

4.95 

4.85

6.5

7.25

8.15

5.65

June.

5.4 

5.25 

5.3 

5.1

4.85

5.1

6.55 

5.9 

6.1 

5.6

5.5

5.2 

4.95

4.8

4.5 

4.5

5.45

5.05

4.7

4.5 

4.7 

5.35

7.7

5.2

4.8 

5.1

5.35

July.

5.45 

5.1 

4.75 

4.9 

5.2

4.8 

4.45 

4.35 

4.3 

4.3

4.85 

4.5

4.3

4.05

4.25 

3.95

3.95

4.3

4.05

4.65 

5.15 

4.55

4.25 

4.05

4.0

4.15

3.95 

3 9

6.05

Aug.

5.05 

4.45 

4.25 

4.15 

4.1

4.25 

5.75 

4.7 

4.25 

4.15

4.15

3.75

3.85

3.95

3.85 

3.85

3.75

3.95 

3.75 

3.75 

4.0

3.65

7.9

4.35

Sept.

4.05 

3.85 

5.55 

6.25 

5.0

4.6 

4.4 

4.05 

3.95

4.15

4.1

3.85

3.95

3.95

3.75 

3.7

3.85

3.85 

3.85 

3.75 

3.95

3.95

4.0

4.65

Oct.

4-25 

4.05 

4.1 

3.8 

3.8

3.9 

4.1 

3.8 

4.15 

4.25

4.25

4.75 

4.7

4.6

4.7 

4.45

4 2

4.15

5.7 

5.0 

4.7 

4.55 

4.8

5.3

4 9

4.6

4.5

4.4

Nov

4.5 

4.4 

4.3 

4.3 

4.35

4.3

4.25 

4.1 

4.0 

4.2

4.6

4.6

4.4 

4.3

4.8 

4 9

5.3

5.8 

5.7 

5.8 

5.3 

4 9

4.95

6.15

5.15

Dec.

5.15 

5.5

5.4 

6.5 

6.2

6.1 

6.0

5.9

5.7

5.7

NOTE. River frozen January ] to 22, Fcbrnary7toMarch28,<"ndDecember4 to 31. Duringthe frozen 

period gage heights were taken to water surface through a hole in the ice. The following comparative 

readings were taken:

Comparative ice and water readings.

Bate. Water 

surface.

Feet. 

5.95

5.5

5.5

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

5.7

5.65

6.2

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

1.1

Date. Water

surface.

Feet. 

6.0

5.9

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

6.15

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet.

1.5

1.5

a Water on top of ice.

6 During the period from about January 23 to March 28 gage heights give little or no indication of 

discharge owing to an ice jam at the bridge. See note to measurement made March 9, 1906.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 91

Rating table for Winooski River at Richmond; Vt.,for 1906.

Gage ', Disheight. charge.

Feet. Sec.-ft.

3.40

3.50

3.60 

3.70

215

235

260 

290

3.80 330

3.90 380

4.00 ' 435

4. 10 495

4.20 500

4.30

4.40

630

705

4.50 '. 785

4.60

4.70

870

960

Gage 

height.

Feet.

Dis- Gage 

charge. height.

Sec.-ft.

4.80 . 1,060

4.90

5.00 

5.10

1,165

1,275

1,385

5.20 1,500

5.30 1,615

5. 40 1, 735

5.50 1,860

5. CO

5.70

5.80

1,985

2,115

2,250 ,

Discharge.

Feet. Sec.-ft.

6.20

6.30

6.40 

6.50

2,830

2,980

3,140 

3,300

6.60 3,460

6.70 3,620

6.80 3,790

6.90 3,960

7.00

7.20

7.40

5.90 2,390 7.60

6.00

6.10

2,530 7.80

2,680 8.00

4,130

4,470

4,830

5.190

5,570

5,950

Gage 

height.

Feet.

8.20

8.40

8.60 

8.80

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

11.00

12.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

6,350

6,750

7,160 

7,580

8,000

8,420

8,840

9,270

9,710

10, 150

12, 400

14,700

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1906 and the form of previous curves. It is well defined between gage 

heights 3.9 feet and 10.0 feet. An increase in discharge for a given gage height is taking place at this 

station from year to year. These yearly changes may be due to the scouring effect of ice jams.

Monthly discharge of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt.,for 1906. 

[Drainage area, 885 square miles.]

Discharge in second-feet.

Month. 

Maximum.

May ........................................... 10, 600

Julv .. . .....----...--..-...-.....-............. 3, 540

September. ................................... 2, 900

October. ...................................... 2, 120

Minimum.

1,620 

1,110

785 

380 

225 

290 

330 

435

Mean.

5,000 

3,230 

1,700 

964 

753 

615 

831 

1,390

Run-off.

Sec.-ft. per 

sq. mile.

5.65 

3.65 

1.92 

1.09 

.851 

.695 

.939 

1.57

Depth in 

inches.

6.30 

4.21 

2.14

1.26 

.98 

.78 

1.08 

1.75

NOTE. Values are rated as follows: April to June, good; July to November, fair. 

IRR 206 07 7
INDEX.

A. Page. 

16 

4

Acknowledgments........................

Acre-foot, definition of...................

Albion, Mich.,

Reed's springs near:

description......................... 30

gage heights........................ 30

Allegan, Mich.,

Kalamazoo River near:

description......................... 28

discharge, daily.................... 28

discharge, monthly................. 28

Alloway, N. Y.,

Canandaigua Outlet at:

description......................... 63-64

gage heights........................ 64

Au Sable River at 

Bamfield, Mich.:

description......................... 36

discharge, monthly................. 37

gage heights........................ 36-37

rating table......................... 37

B.

Baldwinsville, N. Y., 

Seneca River at:

description......................... 66

discharge, daily..................... 67

discharge, monthly................. 67

Bamfield, Mich.,

Au Sable River near:

description......................... 36

discharge, monthly................. 37

gage heights........................ 36-37

rating table......................... 37

Barrows, H. K., work in charge of.... .... 1

Battle Island, N. Y., 

Oswego River at:

description......................... 62-63

discharge, monthly...............

gage heights......................

rating table.......................

Black River (of Lake Erie) near 

Elyria:

description.......................

discharge.........................

discharge, monthly...............

gage heights......................

rating table.......................

Black River (of Lake Ontario) near 

Felts Mills, N. Y.:

description......................... 75

discharge, daily..................... 75-76

discharge, monthly................. 76

Black River (of Lake Ontario) basin: 

description ...................

Bolster, R. H., work of ...............

Brennan, M. S., work of ..............

Buchanan, Mich.,

St. Joseph River near: 

description .

Page. 

. 75 

. 1 

. 1

discharge, daily. .................... 27-28

discharge, monthly. ................ 27

Cable station, figure showing. ......

Canadice Lake outlet near 

Hemlock, N. Y.:

description .................

discharge, monthly. ........

Canandaigua Outlet at 

Alloway, N. Y.:

description .................

gage heights ................

Cayuga Lake at 

Ithaca, N. Y.:

description. ................

gage heights . ...............

Cham plain, Lake, drainage basin:

description .................

Chittenango Creek at 

Chittenango, N. Y.:

description .................

discharge. ..................

discharge, monthly. ........

gage heights ................

rating table .................

Computation, methods of ..........

Cooperation, acknowledgments for. 

Covert, C. C., work of. .............

Crivitz, Wis.,

Peshtigo River at:

description .................

discharge ...................

gage heights ................

Peshtigo River near:

description. ................

discharge ...................

discharge, monthly. ........

gage heights ................

rating table. ................

Current meters, classes of ..........

methods of using. ..............

plate showing. .................

Current meter station, view of .....

Curves (discharge, area, and velocity), figure showing. ...................

93

63-64 

64

84

71

71

72

71

72

13-16 

16 

1

20-21 

21

21

21-22

22 

22 

22 

22 

10

10-11 

10 

10

15
94 INDEX.

Cuyahoga River at Page.

Independence, Ohio:

description..............._......... 53

discharge........................... 53

gage heights........................ 53-54

Cuyahoga River basin:

description......................... 53

D.

Defiance, Ohio,

Tiffin River near:

description......................... 49

discharge........................... 49

discharge, monthly................. 50

gage heights........................ 49

rating table......................... 50

Definitions of terms used................... 3-4

Dexter, Mich.,

Huron River at:

description......................... 41

gage heights........................ 41-42

Discharge, methods of measuring and computing.......................... 13-16

Drainage basins, list of..................... 2-3

map showing......

Dugan, D. II., work of.

E.

East Rush, N. Y., 

Honeoye Creek at:

description........... ............. 61

discharge, daily..................... 61

discharge, monthly................. 62

Elyria, Ohio,

Black River (of Lake Erie) near:

description......................... 50

discharge........................... 50

discharge, monthly................. 52

gage heights........................ 51

rating table......................... 52

Equivalents, table of....................... 6-7

Erie, Lake, drainage:

general features........................ 40

station data............................ 41-54

Escanaba River near 

Escanaba, Mich.:

description......................... 17

discharge........................... 17

discharge, monthly................. 18

gage heights........................ 17

rating table......................... 18

Euclid, N. Y.,

Oneida River near:

description......................... 69

discharge........................... 69

discharge, daily................... 09

discharge, monthly................. 70

F.

Pelts Mills, N. Y., 

Black River near:

description......................... 75

discharge, daily..................... 75-76

discharge, monthly................. 76

Flatrock, Mich., 

Huron River at:

description......................... 42-43

 discharge........................... 43

discharge, monthly................. 44

gage heights........................ 43

rating table......................... 43

Floats, use of, in measuring discharge...... 9-10

Follansbee, Robert, work of................ 1

Fort Montgomery, N. Y., 

Richelieu River at:

description......................... 84

discharge, monthly................. 85

gage heights........................ 85

rating table......................... C5

Fort Wayne, Ind.,

St. Joseph (of the Maumee) River at:

description......................... 40

discharge........................... 4G

discharge, monthly................. 47

gage heights........................ 46

rating table......................... 46

St. Marys River at:

description......................... 47

discharge........................... 47

discharge, monthly................. 49

gage heights........................ 48

rating table......................... 48

Freeland, Mich.,

Tittabawassee River at:

description......................... 39

discharge........................... 39

gage heights........................ 39-40

Gaging stations, equipment of............. 9-10

location of, map showing............... 2

Geddes, Mich.,

Huron River at:

description......................... 42

discharge, monthly................. 42

Genesee River at or near 

High dam near Mount Morris, N. Y.:

description......................... 57-58

Mount Morris, N. Y.:

description......................... 56

discharge........................... 56

discharge, monthly._..""....._....._. 57

gage heights........................ 56

rating table......................... 57

Rochester, N. Y.:

description......................... 58

discharge........................... 58

discharge, monthly................. 60

gage heights........................ 58

rating table......................... 59

Genesee River basin:

description......................... 54-55

Geneva, N. Y.,

Seneca Lake at:

description......................... 64-65

gage heights........................ 65

Gillett, Wis.,

Oconto River at:

description......................... 23

discharge........................... 23

gage heights........................ 23-24

Grand River at 

Grand Rapids, Mich.:

description......................... 32

discharge........................... 32

gage heights........................ 32-33
INDEX.

Grand River at Page. K.

North Lansing, Mich. :

description .........................

discharge. ..........................

discharge, monthly. ................

gage heights ........................

rating table. ........................

Grand River basin, Mich.:

description .........................

H.

Hemlock, N. Y.,

Canadice Lake outlet near:

description .........................

discharge, monthly. . ...............

Henshaw, F. F. , work of ...................

Honeoye Creek at 

East Rush, X. Y. :

description .........................

discharge, daily. ....................

discharge, monthly. ................

Horsepower, calculation of .................

Horton, A. H., work in charge of. ..........

Horton, R. E., work of ..................... 

Hoyt, J. C. , work of ........................ 

Huron, Lake, drainage:

general features . .......................

station data ............................

Huron River at 

Dexter, Mich. :

description ........................

gage heights ........................

JFlatrock, Mich. : 

description .........................

discharge ...........................

discharge, monthly. ................

gage heights ........................

rating table. ........................

Geddes, Mich.:

description .........................

discharge, monthly. ................

Huron River basin:

description .........................

Ilydrographic surveys, organization and

scope of .........................

I.

Ice-covered streams, method of measuring

flow of. .........................

Independence, Ohio,

Cuyahoga River at:

description .........................

discharge. ..........................

gage heights ........................

Iron Mountain, Mich.,

Menominee River near:

description .........................

discha rge ...........................

discharge, monthly. ................

gage heights ........................

rating table. ........................

Ithaca, N. Y.,

Cayuga Lake at:

description .........................

gage heights ........................

Kalamazoo River near 

30 Allegan, Mich.:

31

32

description ..................

discharge, daily. ............

31 ' discharge, monthly. .........

3 1 Kalamazoo River basin:

description. . ................

3° ' Kenwood, X. Y.,

Oneida Creek at:

description ..................

gage heights. ................

60

61

Jj.

Lakes. See particular names.

1 M.

Manistee River near 

Sherman, Mich. :

fil description ..................

discharge ...................

0 Manistee River basin:

description ..................

Massena Springs, N. Y. 

Raquette River at: 

description ..................

36

36-40

41

41-42

42-43

discharge ....................

discharge, monthly. .........

gage heights .................

rating table. .................

Maumee River near 

Sherwood, Ohio:

description .................. 

discharge ....................

43 discharge, monthly.. .......

gage heights .................

43 rating table..................

43

42

42

41

2

Maumee River basin:

description .................

Mend on, Mich.,

St. Joseph River near:

description .................

discharge ...................

Menominee River near 

Iron Mountain, Mich.:

description .................

discharge ...................

discharge, monthly. ........

13 gage heights ................

rating table. ................

Michigan, Lake, drainage:

53

53

53-54

general features ................

station data. ...................

Middlebury, Vt.,

Otter Creek at:

description. ................

18 discharge... ................

18 discharge, monthly. ........

20 gage heights ................

19 rating table ................

19 Miner's inch, definition of ..........

Moose River at 

Moose River, N. Y.:

66 description .................

66 discharge. ..................

95

Page.

....... 28

....... 28

....... 28

....... 28

....... 70

....... 70

....... 35

....... 35

....... 35

....... 35

....... 82

....... 82

....... 83

....... 82-83

....... 83

....... 44 

....... 44

....... 45

....... 44-45

....... 45

....... 44

....... 27

....... 27

....... 18

....... 18

....... 20

....... 19

....... 19

....... 16-17

....... 17-35

....... 87

....... 87

....... 89

....... 87-88

....... 88

....... 4

....... 76

....... 76
96 INDEX.

Moose River at Page. 

Moose River N. Y. Continued.

discharge, monthly................. 77

gage heights........................ 77

rating table......................... 77

Mount Morris, N. Y.,

Genesee River at high dam near:

description......................... .57-58

Genesee River near:

description......................... 06

discharge........................... 56

discharge, monthly................. 57

gage heights........................ 56

rating table........................ 57

Multiple-point method of measuring discharge, description of........... 11-12

Muskegon River at 

Newaygo, Mich.:

description......................... 34

discharge, daily.................... 34

discharge, monthly................. 34

Muskegon River basin:

description......................... 33

Newaygo, Mich.,

Muskegon River at:

description.........

discharge, daily....

discharge, monthly. 

North Lansing, Mich., 

Grand River at:

description.........

discharge...........

discharge, monthly.

gage heights........

rating table........

Oconto River at 

Gillett, Wis.:

description......................... 23 j

discharge........................... 23 !

gage heights........................ 23-24 [

Stiles, Wis.:

description......................... 24

discharge........................... 24

gage heights........................ 24

Oconto River basin:

description......................... 23

Ogdensburg, N. Y.,

Oswegatchie River near:

description......................... 79

discharge........................... 79

discharge, monthly................. 80-81

gage heights........................ 78

rating table......................... 80

Oneida Creek at 

Kenwood, N. Y.:

description......................... 70

gage heights........................ 70

Oneida River near 

Euclid, N. Y.:

description......................... 69

discharge........................... 69

discharge, daily.................... 69

discharge, monthly................. 70

Ontario, Lake, drainage:

general features........................ 54

station data............................ 54-78

Oswegatchie River near 

Ogdensburg. N. Y.:

description......................... 79

discharge........................... 79

t discharge, monthly................. f 0-81

gage heights........................ 79

rating table........................ CO

Oswegatchie River basin:

description......................... 78-79

Oswego River at 

Battle Island, N. Y.:

description......................... 62-63

discharge, monthly................. 63

gage heights........................ 63

rating table........................ 63

Oswego River basin:

description......................... 62

Otter Creek at 

Middlebury, Vt.:

description......................... 87

discharge........................... 87

discharge, monthly................. 89

gage heights........................ 87-88

rating table........................ 88

Padgett, H. D., work of.................... 1

Peshtigo River at 

Crivitz, Wis.:

description......................... 20-21

discharge........................... 21

gage heights........................ 21

Herman's farm, near Crivitz, Wis.:

description......................... 21-22

discharge........................... 22

discharge, monthly................. 22

gage heights........................ 22

rating table......................... 22

Peshtigo River basin:

description......................... 20

Plattsburg, N. Y.,

Saranac River near:

description......................... 86

discharge, daily.................... 86

discharge, monthly................. 87

Price current meter, views of............... 10

PulasM, N. Y.,

Salmon River near:

description......................... 73

discharge........................... 73

discharge, monthly................. 74

gage heights........................ 73-74

rating table......................... 74

R.

Raquette River at 

Massena Springs, N. Y.:

description......................... 82

discharge........................... 82

discharge, monthly................. 83

gage heights........................ 82-83

rating table......................... 83

Raquette River basin:

description......................... 81-82

Rating tables, construction of.............. 13-15
INDEX. 97

Reed's springs near 

Albion, Mich.:

description....................

gage heights and discharge....

Ileineking, V. II., work of.............

Richelieu River at 

Fort Montgomery, N. Y.:

description....................

discharge, monthly............

gage heights...................

rating table....................

Richmond, Yt.,

Winooski River at:

description....................

discha rge......................

discharge, monthly............

gage heights...................

rating table....................

Rifle River nearSterling, Mich.:

description....................

discharge......................

gage heights...................

Rifle River basin:

description....................

Rochester, N. Y., 

Genesee River at:

description....................

discharge......................

discharge, monthly............

gage heights...................

rating table....................

Run-off, computation of...............

Run-off in inches, definition of........

38

38

38-39

38

59

13-16 

4

Saginaw River basin:

description......................... 39

St. Joseph [of the Maumee] River at 

Fort Wayne, Ind.:

description......................... 46

discharge........................... 40

discharge, monthly................. 4"

gage heights........................ 46

rating table......................... 47

St. Joseph River near 

Buchanan, Mich.:

description......................... 27

discha rge, daily..................... 27-28

discharge, monthly................. 28

Mendon, Mich.:

description......................... 27

discharge........................... 27

St. Joseph River basin:

description......................... 26-27

St. Lawrence River drainage:

general features........................ 78

station data............................ 78-91

St. Marys River at 

Fort Wayne, Ind.:

description......................... 47

discharge........................... 47

discharge, monthly................. 49

gage heights........................ 48

rating table......................... 48

Salmon River near Page. 

Pulaski, N. Y.:

description......................... 73

discharge........................... 73

discharge, monthly................. 74

gage heights........................ 73-74

rating table......................... 74

Salmon River basin:

description......................... 72-73

Saranac River near 

Plattsburg, N. Y.:

description......................... 86

discharge, daily..................... 86

discharge, monthly................. 86

Second-feet per square mile, definition of... 4

Second-foot, definition of................... 4

Seneca Lake at 

Geneva, N. Y.:

description......................... 64-65

gage heights........................ 65

Seneca River at 

Baldwinsville, N. Y.:

description......................... 66

discharge, daily..................... 67

discharge, monthly................. 67

Shawano, Wis.,

Wolf River at Barrow's bridge near:

description......................... 25

discharge........................... 25

gage heights........................ 25

Wolf River at White House bridge near:

description......................... 25

discharge........................... 26

gage heights........................ 26

Sherman, Mich.,

Manistee River near:

description......................... 35

discharge........................... 35

gage heights........................ 35

Sherwood, Ohio,

Maumee River near:

description......................... 44

discharge........................... 44

discharge, monthly................. <o

gage heights........................ 44-45

rating table......................... V.

Single-point method of measuring discharge,

description of................... \':.

Skaneateles Lake outlet at 

Willow Glen, N. Y.:

description......................... 67

discharge, daily..................... 68

discharge, monthly................. 68

Slope method of measuring discharge, description of..................... 7-8

Smith, L. S., work of....................... 1

Sterling, Mich.,

Rifle River near:

description......................... 38

discharge........................... 38

gage heights........................ 3S-39

Stewart, I. E., work of..................... 1
98 INDEX.

Stiles, Wis., Page. 

Oconto River at:

description......................... 24

discharge........................... 24

gage heights........................ 24

Stream flow, measurement and computation of.......................... 7-13

papers on, list of....................... 3

Surface water supply, papers on, list of..... 2-3

T.

Tables, explanation of...................... 4-6

Tiffin River near 

Defiance, Ohio:

description......................... 49

discharge........................... 49

discharge, monthly................. 50

gage heights........................ 49

rating table......................... oO

Tittabawassee River at 

Freeland, Mich.:

description......................... 39

discharge........................... 39

gage heights........................ 39-40

Velocity methods of measuring discharge,

description of................... 9-13

Vertical-integration method of measuring

discharge, description of........ 12

"VV. Page.

Water power, calculation of................ 5

Water supply, surface, papers on, list of.... 2-3

Weir method of measuring discharge, description of..................... 8-9

Willow Glen, N. Y.,

Skaneateles Lake outlet at:

description......................... 67

discharge, daily..................... 68

discharge, monthly................. 68

Winooski River at 

Richmond, Vt.:

description......................... 89

discharge........................... 88

discharge, monthly................. 91

gage heights........................ 90

rating table......................... 91

Wolf River at 

Barrow's bridge near Shawano, Wis.:

description......................... 25

discharge........................... 25

gage heights........................ 25

White House bridge near Shawano, Wis.:

description......................... 25

discharge........................... 20

gage heights........................ 26

Wolf River basin:

description............................. 24-25
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL

SURVEY.

[Water-Supply Paper No. 20T>.]

The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual 

Reports, (2} Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral 

Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of 

United States folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of United 

States folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists can be had on 

application.

Most of the above publications can be obtained or consulted in the following 

ways:

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 

can be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application.

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress, for 

distribution.

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 

D. C., from whom they can be had at practically cost.

 i. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 

libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they can be consulted by those interested.

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of 

subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified 

into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and 

physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investigations; X. Water power; O, Underground waters; P, hydrographic progress reports.

Series P. The hydrographic progress reports contain the results of stream measurements. A report 

is issued for every calendar year, containing the results of data collected during that year. These 

reports were first published as a part of the Director's annual report or as a bulletin: they are now 

published as water-supply and irrigation papers. The following is a list, by years, of the publications containing the progress reports of stream measurements (* means out of stock). A detailed 

index of these reports (1888-1903) is published as Water-Supply Paper No. 119. 

1S88. Tenth Annual Report, Part II*.

1889. Eleventh Annual Report, Part II*.

1890. Twelfth Annual Report, Part II*.

1891. Thirteenth Annual Report, Part III*.

1892. Fourteenth Annual Report, Part II*.

1893. Bulletin No. 131*.

1894. Bulletin No. 131*: Sixteenth Annual Report, Part II*.

1895. Bulletin No. 140*.

1896. Water-Supply Paper N'o. 11*; Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV*.

1897. Water-Supply Papers Nos. 15* and 16*; Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV*.

1898. Water-Supply Papers Nos. 27* and 28*; Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV*.

1899. Water-Supply Papers Nos. 35*, 36*, 37*, 38*, and 39*; Twenty-first Annual Report, Part IV*.

1900. Water-Supply Papers Nos. 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52; Twenty-second Annual Report, Part IV.
II SERIES LIST.

1901. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 65* and 75*. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 66 and 75*.

1902. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 82 and 83. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 84 and 85.

1903. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 97 and 98. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 99 and 100.

1904. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, and 129. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, and 135.

1905. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 165*, 166*, 167, 168*, 169, 170, and 171.

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 171, 172*. 173*, 174,175*, 176,177, and 178.

1906. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, and 207,

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, '212, 213, and 214.

Correspondence should be addressed to

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

JULY, 1907.

o